Wikibooks:Requests for deletion

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== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] ==

Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC)

:Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it &quot;abandoned&quot;: it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though).
:I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope.
:I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book.
:Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book?
::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC)
::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]]
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>poqep4a66dnvtmrlheo883l22w1ofw3</sha1>
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      <minor />
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[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
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{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] ==

Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC)

:Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it &quot;abandoned&quot;: it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though).
:I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope.
:I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book.
:Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book?
::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC)
::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8f8h8m5lm7i2og4461d82j5lovx1nsu</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <id>4632779</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-27T17:32:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Kingofnuthin</username>
        <id>3566511</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23 */ Reply</comment>
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      <text bytes="37402" sha1="abd7yfeqgrvq0i7aozfhw424p1ppnua" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] ==

Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC)

:Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it &quot;abandoned&quot;: it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though).
:I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope.
:I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book.
:Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book?
::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC)
::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] ==

Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC)

:Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it &quot;abandoned&quot;: it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though).
:I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope.
:I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book.
:Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book?
::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC)
::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] ==

Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC)

:Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it &quot;abandoned&quot;: it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though).
:I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope.
:I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book.
:Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book?
::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC)
::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] ==

Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC)

:Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it &quot;abandoned&quot;: it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though).
:I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope.
:I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book.
:Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book?
::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC)
::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
== [[History Books]] ==
Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] ==

Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC)

:Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it &quot;abandoned&quot;: it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though).
:I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope.
:I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book.
:Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book?
::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC)
::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
== [[History Books]] ==
Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
== [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] ==
no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] ==

Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC)

:Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it &quot;abandoned&quot;: it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though).
:I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope.
:I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book.
:Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book?
::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC)
::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thanks for looping me in.
:::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine.
:::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable.
:::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context.
:::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order.
:::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated).
:::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development).
:::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task.
:::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
== [[History Books]] ==
Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
== [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] ==
no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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        <id>3427146</id>
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[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] ==

Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC)

:Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it &quot;abandoned&quot;: it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though).
:I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope.
:I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book.
:Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book?
::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC)
::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:Deleted page]] ==

Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template:
* [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]]
* [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]]
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC)

:This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[Cereal Grains Through History]] ==
Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page:
{{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}}
:{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] ==
Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thanks for looping me in.
:::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine.
:::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable.
:::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context.
:::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order.
:::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated).
:::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development).
:::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task.
:::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
: As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
== [[History Books]] ==
Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
== [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] ==
no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader.
:As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Ruby Programming/Overview</title>
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      <comment>Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated.</comment>
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      <text bytes="9028" sha1="ittqyl0azpovv3c1gxqdvu6n2dg2lvp" xml:space="preserve">{{Ruby Programming/TopNav|next=Installing Ruby}}

Ruby is an [[w:Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[w:Scripting programming language|scripting language]] originally developed by [[w:Yukihiro Matsumoto|Yukihiro Matsumoto]] (also known as Matz). The main website of the Ruby programming language is [http://www.ruby-lang.org/ ruby-lang.org]. Development began in February 1993 and the first alpha version of Ruby was released in December 1994. It was developed as an alternative to scripting languages like [[w:Perl|Perl]] and [[w:Python programming language|Python]].&lt;ref name=oreilly-matz-interview&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html | title=An Interview with the Creator of Ruby | author=Bruce Stewart | date=November 29, 2001 | publisher=O'Reilly | accessdate=2006-09-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruby borrows heavily from Perl and the class library is essentially an object-oriented reorganization of Perl's functionality. Ruby also borrows from [[w:Lisp|Lisp]] and [[w:Smalltalk|Smalltalk]]. While Ruby does not borrow many features from Python, reading the code for Python helped Matz develop Ruby.&lt;ref name=oreilly-matz-interview/&gt;

[[w:macOS|MacOS]] comes with Ruby already installed. Most [[w:Linux|Linux]] distributions either come with Ruby preinstalled or allow you to easily install Ruby from the distribution's repository of [[w:free software|free software]]. You can also download and install Ruby on [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. The more technically adept can download the Ruby source code&lt;ref name=ruby-download&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/ | title=Download Ruby | accessdate=2006-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; and compile it for most [[w:operating system|operating systems]], including [[w:Unix|Unix]], [[w:DOS|DOS]], [[w:BeOS|BeOS]], [[w:OS/2|OS/2]], Windows, and Linux.&lt;ref name=ruby-about&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/about/ | title=About Ruby | accessdate=2006-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Features ==

Ruby combines features from Perl, Smalltalk, [[w:Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]], [[w:Ada (programming language)|Ada]], Lisp, and Python.&lt;ref name=ruby-about/&gt;

=== Object Oriented ===

Ruby goes to great lengths to be a purely object oriented language. Every value in Ruby is an object, even the most primitive things: strings, numbers and even &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;. Every object has a ''class'' and every class has one ''superclass''. At the root of the class hierarchy is the class &lt;code&gt;BasicObject&lt;/code&gt;, from which all other classes, including &lt;code&gt;Object&lt;/code&gt;, inherit.

Every class has a set of ''methods'' which can be called on objects of that class. Methods are always called on an object — there are no “class methods”, as there are in many other languages (though Ruby does a great job at faking them).{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}}

Every object has a set of ''instance variables'' which hold the state of the object. Instance variables are created and accessed from within methods called on the object. Instance variables are completely private to an object. No other object can see them, not even other objects of the same class, or the class itself. All communication between Ruby objects happens through methods.

=== Mixins ===

In addition to classes, Ruby has ''modules''. A module has methods, just like a class, but it has no instances. Instead, a module can be included, or “mixed in,” to a class, which adds the methods of that module to the class. This is very much like inheritance but far more flexible because a class can include many different modules. By building individual features into separate modules, functionality can be combined in elaborate ways and code easily reused. Mix-ins help keep Ruby code free of complicated and restrictive class hierarchies.

=== Dynamic ===

Ruby is a very ''dynamic'' programming language. Ruby programs aren’t compiled, in the way that C or Java programs are. All of the class, module and method definitions in a program are built by the code when it is run. A program can also modify its own definitions while it’s running. Even the most primitive classes of the language like String and Integer can be opened up and extended. Rubyists call this ''monkey patching'' and it’s the kind of thing you can’t get away with in most other languages.

Variables in Ruby are dynamically typed, which means that any variable can hold any type of object. When you call a method on an object, Ruby looks up the method by name alone — it doesn't care about the type of the object. This is called ''duck typing'' and it lets you make classes that can pretend to be other classes, just by implementing the same methods.

=== Singleton Classes ===

When I said that every Ruby object has a class, I lied. The truth is, every object has ''two'' classes: a “regular” class and a ''singleton class''. An object’s singleton class is a nameless class whose only instance is that object. Every object has its very own singleton class, created automatically along with the object. Singleton classes inherit from their object’s regular class and are initially empty, but you can open them up and add methods to them, which can then be called on the lone object belonging to them. This is Ruby’s secret trick to avoid “class methods” and keep its type system simple and elegant.

=== Metaprogramming ===

Ruby is so object oriented that even classes, modules and methods are themselves objects! Every class is an instance of the class &lt;code&gt;Class&lt;/code&gt; and every module is an instance of the class &lt;code&gt;Module&lt;/code&gt;. You can call their methods to learn about them or even modify them, while your program is running. That means that you can use Ruby code to generate classes and modules, a technique known as ''metaprogramming''. Used wisely, metaprogramming allows you to capture highly abstract design patterns in code and implement them as easily as calling a method.

=== Flexibility ===

In Ruby, everything is malleable. Methods can be added to existing classes without [[w:Subclass (computer science)|subclassing]], operators can be [[w:Operator overloading|overloaded]], and even the behavior of the standard library can be redefined at runtime.

=== Variables and scope ===

You do not need to declare variables or variable scope in Ruby. The name of the variable automatically determines its scope.

* &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; is a local variable (or something other than a variable).
* &lt;code&gt;'''$'''x&lt;/code&gt; is a global variable.
* &lt;code&gt;'''@'''x&lt;/code&gt; is an instance variable.
* &lt;code&gt;'''@@'''x&lt;/code&gt; is a class variable.     

=== Blocks ===

Blocks are one of Ruby’s most unique and most loved features. A block is a piece of code that can appear after a call to a method, like this:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;ruby&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# The block takes two arguments named a and b
laundry_list.sort do |a,b| # Returns a new array sorted by each item's color attribute (ascending).
  a.color &lt;=&gt; b.color      # Uses the spaceship operator: -1, 0, or 1 when a.color is &lt;, ==, or &gt; b.color.
end
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The block is everything between the &lt;code&gt;do&lt;/code&gt; and the &lt;code&gt;end&lt;/code&gt;. The code in the block is not evaluated right away, rather it is packaged into an object and passed to the &lt;code&gt;sort&lt;/code&gt; method as an argument. That object can be called at any time, just like calling a method. The &lt;code&gt;sort&lt;/code&gt; method calls the block whenever it needs to compare two values in the list. The block gives you a lot of control over how &lt;code&gt;sort&lt;/code&gt; behaves. A block object, like any other object, can be stored in a variable, passed along to other methods, or even copied.

Many programming languages support code objects like this. They’re called ''closures'' and they are a very powerful feature in any language, but they are typically underused because the code to create them tends to look ugly and unnatural. A Ruby block is simply a special, clean syntax for the common case of creating a closure and passing it to a method. This simple feature has inspired Rubyists to use closures extensively, in all sorts of creative new ways.

=== Advanced features ===

Ruby contains many advanced features.

* [[w:Exception handling|Exceptions]] for error-handling.
* A mark-and-sweep [[w:Garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collector]] instead of [[w:Reference counting|reference counting]].
* OS-independent [[w:Thread (computer science)|threading]], which allows you to write multi-threaded applications even on operating systems such as DOS. (this feature will disappear in [[w:YARV | 1.9]], which will use native threads)

You can also write extensions to Ruby in [[w:C (programming language)|C]] or embed Ruby in other software.

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[de:Ruby-Programmierung: Einleitung]]
[[fr:Programmation Ruby/Introduction]]
[[nl:Programmeren in Ruby/Over]]
[[pl:Ruby/Czym jest Ruby?]]
[[ru:Ruby/Основные свойства Ruby]]
[[zh:Ruby_Programming/Overview]]</text>
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    <title>JavaScript/JavaScript within HTML</title>
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      <text bytes="8905" sha1="ig6vs7idd4fm8qbj7ljejzwantng567" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{JavaScript}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;nonumtoc&quot;&gt;
__TOC__
&lt;/div&gt;

The language JavaScript was originally introduced to run in browsers and handle the dynamic aspects of user interfaces, e.g., validation of user input, modifications of page content (DOM) or appearance of the user interface (CSS), or any event handling. This implies that an interconnection point from HTML to JS must exist. The HTML element &lt;code&gt;&lt;script&gt;&lt;/code&gt; plays this role. It is a regular HTML element, and its content is JS.

The &lt;code&gt;&lt;script&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element may appear almost anywhere within the HTML file, within &lt;code&gt;&lt;head&gt;&lt;/code&gt; as well as in &lt;code&gt;&lt;body&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. There are only a few criteria for choosing an optimal place; see [[#Location_of_&lt;script&gt;_elements|below]].

== Internal vs. external JavaScript ==
The &lt;code&gt;&lt;script&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element either contains JS code directly, or it points to an external file resp. URL containing the JS code through its &lt;code&gt;src&lt;/code&gt; attribute. The first variant is called ''Internal JavaScript'' or ''Inline JavaScript'', the second ''External JavaScript''.

In the case of ''Internal JavaScript'' the &lt;code&gt;&lt;script&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element looks like:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
&lt;script&gt;
  // write your JS code directly here. (This line is a comment in JS syntax)
  alert(&quot;Hello World!&quot;);
&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

''Internal scripting'' has the advantage that both your HTML and your JS are in one file, which is convenient for quick development. This is commonly used for temporarily testing out some ideas, and in situations where the script code is small or specific to that one page.

For the ''External JavaScript'' the &lt;code&gt;&lt;script&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element looks like:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--  point to a file or to a URL where the code is located. (This line is a comment in HTML syntax) --&gt;
&lt;script src=&quot;myScript.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script src=&quot;js/myScript2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script src=&quot;https://example.com/dist/js/externallib.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script src=&quot;https://example.com/dist/js/externallib.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;!-- although there is nothing within the script element, you should consider that the HTML5 spec  --&gt;
&lt;!-- doesn't allow the abbreviation of the script element to: &lt;script src=&quot;myScript.js&quot; /&gt;         --&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Separate Files for Javascript Code ===
Having your JS in a separate file is recommended for larger programs, especially for such which are used on multiple pages. Furthermore, such splits support the pattern of [[w:Separation of Concerns|Separation of Concerns]]: One specialist works on HTML, and another on JS. Also, it supports the division of the page's content (HTML) from its behavior (JS).

Overall, using ''External scripting'' is considered a [[w:best practice|best practice]] for software development.

=== Remote Code Injection vs. Local Library ===
With the example &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;&lt;script src=&quot;https://example.com/dist/js/externallib.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; you can inject remotely maintained code from the server &lt;code&gt;https://example.com&lt;/code&gt; in your local web project. Remote code updates may break your local project or unwanted code features may be injected into your web project. On the other hand, centralized maintained and updated libraries serve your project due to bugfixes that are automatically updated in your project when the library is fetched again from the remote server.

=== Minified vs. Non-Minified Code ===
Minified Javascript code compresses the source code e.g. by shorting comprehensive variables like &lt;code&gt;vImage&lt;/code&gt; into a single character variable &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;. This reduces significantly the size of the library and therefore reduces network traffic and response time until the web page is ready. For development and learning it might be helpful to have the uncompressed libraries locally available.

== External JavaScript ==
For more detailed information you can refer to MDN &lt;ref&gt;MDN: [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/script The script element]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== The &lt;code&gt;src&lt;/code&gt; attribute ===
Adding &lt;code&gt;src=&quot;myScript.js&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to the opening &lt;code&gt;script&lt;/code&gt; tag means that the JS code will be located in a file called ''myScript.js'' in the same directory as the HTML file. If the JS file is located somewhere else, you must change the &lt;code&gt;src&lt;/code&gt; attribute to that path. For example, if it is located in a subdirectory called ''js'', it reads &lt;code&gt;src=&quot;js/myScript.js&quot;&lt;/code&gt;.

=== The &lt;code&gt;type&lt;/code&gt; attribute ===
JS is not the only scripting language for Web development, but JS is the most common one on client-side (PHP runs on server-side). Therefore it's considered the default script type for HTML5. The formal notation for the type is: &lt;code&gt;type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. Older HTML versions know a lot of other script types. Nowadays, all of them are graded as ''legacy''. Some examples are: &lt;code&gt;application/javascript&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;text/javascript1.5&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;text/jscript&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;text/livescript&lt;/code&gt;.

In HTML5, the spec says that - if you use JS - the &lt;code&gt;type&lt;/code&gt; attribute should be omitted from the script element &lt;ref&gt;WHATWG: [https://html.spec.whatwg.org/dev/scripting.html#attr-script-type The type attribute]&lt;/ref&gt;, for ''Internal Scripting'' as well as for ''External Scripting''.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
&lt;!-- Nowadays the type attribute is unnecessary --&gt;
&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;...&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;!-- HTML5 code --&gt;
&lt;script&gt;...&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== The &lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;defer&lt;/code&gt; attributes ===
Old browsers use only one or two threads to read and parse HTML, JS, CSS, ... . This may lead to a bad [[w:user experience|user experience (UX)]] because of the latency time when loading HTML, JS, CSS, images, ... sequentially one after the next. When the page loads for the first time, the user may have the impression of a slow system.

Current browsers can execute many tasks in parallel. To initiate this parallel execution with regards to JS loading and execution, the &lt;code&gt;&lt;script&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element can be extended with the two attributes &lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;defer&lt;/code&gt;.

The attribute &lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt; leads to asynchronous script loading (in parallel with other tasks), and execution as soon as it is available.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
&lt;script async src=&quot;myScript.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;code&gt;defer&lt;/code&gt; acts similar. It differs from &lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt; in that the execution is deferred until the page is fully parsed.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
&lt;script defer src=&quot;myScript.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Location of &lt;code&gt;&lt;script&gt;&lt;/code&gt; elements ==
The &lt;code&gt;script&lt;/code&gt; element may appear almost anywhere within the HTML file. But there are, however, some best practices for speeding up a website &lt;ref&gt;Yahoo: [http://developer.yahoo.com/performance/rules.html Best practices for speeding up your website]&lt;/ref&gt;. Some people suggest to locate it just before the closing &lt;code&gt;&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag. This speeds up downloading, and also allows for direct manipulation of the Document Object Model (DOM) while it is rendered. But a similar behavior is initiated by the above-described &lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;defer&lt;/code&gt; attributes.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
  &lt;title&gt;Example page&lt;/title&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
  &lt;!-- HTML code goes here --&gt;
  &lt;script src=&quot;myScript.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== The &lt;code&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element ==
It may happen that people have deactivated JS in their browsers for security or other reasons. Or, they use very old browsers which are not able to run JS at all. To inform users in such cases about the situation, there is the &lt;code&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element. It contains text that will be shown in the browser. The text shall explain that no JS code will be executed.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
  &lt;title&gt;Example page&lt;/title&gt;
  &lt;script&gt;
    alert(&quot;Hello World!&quot;);
  &lt;/script&gt;
  &lt;noscript&gt;
    alert(&quot;Sorry, the JavaScript part of this page will not be executed because JavaScript is not running in your browser. Is JavaScript intentionally deactivated?&quot;);
  &lt;/noscript&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
  &lt;!-- HTML code goes here --&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== JavaScript in XHTML files ==
XHTML uses a stricter syntax than HTML. This leads to small differences.

First, for ''Internal JavaScript'' it's necessary that the scripts are introduced and finished with the two additional lines shown in the following example.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
&lt;script&gt;
  // &lt;![CDATA[
  alert(&quot;Hello World!&quot;);
  // ]]&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Second, for  ''External JavaScript'' the &lt;code&gt;type&lt;/code&gt; attribute is required.

== Reference ==
{{Reflist|40em}}


[[de:Websiteentwicklung: JavaScript: Der script-Tag]]
[[pl:JavaScript/Skrypt w przeglądarce]]</text>
      <sha1>ig6vs7idd4fm8qbj7ljejzwantng567</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Fried Chicken</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>4632880</id>
      <parentid>4511452</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T06:37:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lukameron</username>
        <id>3579682</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Corrected English type</comment>
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      <text bytes="5550" sha1="kth20fpf6si8eq7cboejcj85thfp2kw" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{Recipe summary
| Category = Chicken recipes
| Difficulty = 3
}}{{recipe}}

'''Fried chicken''' has a dual origin in the rural American South. The Scots had a tradition of  deep-frying chicken in fat with seasonings, unlike their English counterparts who roast chicken. Later, as African slaves were introduced to households they brought different seasonings along with pan frying the chicken.   Since slaves were often allowed to keep only chickens, frying chicken as a special occasion spread through the African American community. After slavery, poor rural southern blacks continued the tradition since chickens were often the only animals they could afford to raise. Since fried chicken could keep for several days, it travelled well, and also gained favor during segregation when blacks normally could not find places to eat and had to carry their own food. Southern whites also continued the tradition of frying chicken. Therefore, fried chicken continued to dominate as &quot;Sunday dinner&quot; or on other special occasions.

==Ingredients==

* Dry ground seasonings as desired (e.g. [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]], paprika, onion powder, garlic powder, etc.)
* 1 fryer [[Cookbook:Chicken|chicken]], cut up (see notes below)
* 1 [[Cookbook:Quart|quart]] [[Cookbook:Milk|buttermilk]]
* ½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
* [[Cookbook:Flour|Flour]]
* A quantity of [[Cookbook:Oil|oil]] suitable for the desired cooking method (see notes below)

==Procedure==
===Brining===

# Combine all seasonings in desired quantities to make a spice rub.
# Pour the buttermilk into a bowl and dissolve in the salt.
# Piece by piece, roll the chicken around in the spice rub.
# Submerge each chicken piece in the buttermilk.
# Cover the bowl of buttermilk and chicken and refrigerate. You can get by with as few as two hours if you are in a hurry, but the flavor will suffer. You can also park it overnight, but in this case you should reduce the salt to ⅓ cup.
# Shortly before you want to cook the chicken, remove it from the buttermilk and drain. Roll it around in flour so that it is well covered in flour. Shake off the excess flour.

===Deep frying===
The safest cooking method is [[Cookbook:Deep Fat Frying|deep frying]].

# Immerse chicken in 360°F oil. Cooking according to the specified time for each chicken part:
#* Breasts: 10 minutes
#* Drumsticks: 12 minutes
#* Thighs: 13–14 minutes
#* Wings: 10 minutes
# Drain the chicken on a [[Cookbook:Cooling Rack|wire rack]] over a sheet pan.

===Pan frying===
# Heat enough oil (or shortening) to come 3–4 mm up the side of the pan to 325°F.
# Carefully place chicken in pan, skin side down. Cook until brown (10–12 minutes). Turn over and cook other side. Doing this will require some careful placement in the pan so as to cook the slow-cooking meat (such as thighs) more intensely than the fast-cooking meat (such as wings and breasts).
# Drain the chicken on a [[Cookbook:Cooling Rack|wire rack]] over a sheet pan.

===Pressure frying===
Pressure frying gives excellent results, but special equipment is needed. A typical pressure cooker is not suitable for cooking with large quantities of oil; a pressure fryer must be used. Follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully.

# Put the chicken pieces into hot oil (larger pieces first) and fry about 3 minutes until very light brown. Then put on the lid and lock it.
# Cook at a pressure of 5–6 pounds for about 7 minutes.
# Drain the chicken on a [[Cookbook:Cooling Rack|wire rack]] over a sheet pan.

==Notes, tips, and variations==

* The key to this recipe is the buttermilk brine, which seasons the chicken with a salty tanginess inside. Combined with a suitably zingy spice rub, this works out beautifully.
* This recipe is death to oil, so it's one you might want to save until you're thinking about changing your fryer oil anyway.
* As with all respectable fried chicken recipes, this recipe may be even better 24 hours after you cook it, when the chicken has been refrigerated.
* If you can get a pre-cut chicken, this is ultimately easier. Alternatively, if you have a real preference for drumsticks, thighs, breasts, or some other part, feel free to buy just those. The quantities in the ingredient list, however, reflect two breasts, two thighs, and two drumsticks. Don't waste the other parts on fried chicken; save them for chicken soup! But if you like fried chicken wings, increase the quantities a bit.
* If you are kosher, lactose intolerant, not fond of buttermilk, or feeling experimental, feel free to play around with other possible brines here. If you use a less [[wikipedia:viscous|viscous]] liquid than buttermilk, however, you may need to use an egg wash to make sure that the flour sticks to the chicken in sufficient quantity.
* Wings can also be saved, along with other leftover bits of carcass, to make [[Cookbook:Chicken Soup|chicken soup]].
* Personal preference chooses which spice to use as a base. A [[Cookbook:Paprika|paprika]]-based rub works very well for this recipe, but others will work just fine. [[Cookbook:Cumin|Cumin]] or [[Cookbook:Curry Powder|curry powder]] would also both be good choices. You can use [[Cookbook:Rosemary|rosemary powder]] and [[Cookbook:Bell Pepper|green bell pepper powder]] in order to give a more mediterranean taste to fried chicken.

[[Category:Recipes using whole chicken]]
[[Category:Deep fried recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Southern U.S. recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using buttermilk]]
[[Category:Recipes using wheat flour]]</text>
      <sha1>kth20fpf6si8eq7cboejcj85thfp2kw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
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        <username>Conan</username>
        <id>3188</id>
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      <minor />
      <origin>4632730</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7121" sha1="6dxbr9rqwyy9qy68ezlv2t06ialk6cl" xml:space="preserve">Costa Shulyupin 

https://github.com/makelinux/

----


: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|kernel docs|}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|process|process}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|doc-guide|doc-guide}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|dev-tools|dev-tools}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|admin-guide|admin-guide}}


----

Workspace
: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Linux_Kernel
: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Computer_Security/Further_Reading
: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded_Systems/Linux
: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Computer_Security/Map


----

[[Template:Wc]]

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Merge_templates

⌨️&lt;big&gt;⌨⌨️&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
wget -q -O- https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/core-api/index.html | sed 's@&lt;h.&gt;\([^&lt;]\+\).*headerlink.*href=&quot;\(#[^&quot;]\+\).*@* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|\1|core-api\2}}@p;d'

wget -q -O- https://docs.kernel.org/driver-api/basics.html | sed 's@&lt;h.&gt;\([^&lt;]\+\).*headerlink.*href=&quot;\(#[^&quot;]\+\).*@: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|\1|driver-api/basics.html\2}}@p;d'
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Core API Documentation|core-api#core-api-documentation}}
* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Core utilities|core-api#core-utilities}}

* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency primitives|core-api#concurrency-primitives}}
* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Low-level hardware management|core-api#low-level-hardware-management}}
* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory management|core-api#memory-management}}
* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interfaces for kernel debugging|core-api#interfaces-for-kernel-debugging}}
* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything else|core-api#everything-else}}

&lt;nowiki&gt;
wget -q -O- https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/core-api/kernel-api.html | sed 's@&lt;\(h.\)&gt;\([^&lt;]\+\).*headerlink.*href=&quot;\(#[^&quot;]\+\).*@*\1 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|\2|core-api/kernel-api.html\3}}@p;d' 
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The Linux Kernel API|core-api/kernel-api.html#the-linux-kernel-api}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Basic C Library Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#basic-c-library-functions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|String Conversions|core-api/kernel-api.html#string-conversions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|String Manipulation|core-api/kernel-api.html#string-manipulation}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Basic Kernel Library Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#basic-kernel-library-functions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Bit Operations|core-api/kernel-api.html#bit-operations}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Bitmap Operations|core-api/kernel-api.html#bitmap-operations}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command-line Parsing|core-api/kernel-api.html#command-line-parsing}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sorting|core-api/kernel-api.html#sorting}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Text Searching|core-api/kernel-api.html#text-searching}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CRC and Math Functions in Linux|core-api/kernel-api.html#crc-and-math-functions-in-linux}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CRC Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#crc-functions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Base 2 log and power Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#base-2-log-and-power-functions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Integer power Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#integer-power-functions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Division Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#division-functions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|UUID/GUID|core-api/kernel-api.html#uuid-guid}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel IPC facilities|core-api/kernel-api.html#kernel-ipc-facilities}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IPC utilities|core-api/kernel-api.html#ipc-utilities}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|relay interface support|core-api/kernel-api.html#relay-interface-support}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|relay interface|core-api/kernel-api.html#relay-interface}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Module Support|core-api/kernel-api.html#module-support}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Module Loading|core-api/kernel-api.html#module-loading}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Inter Module support|core-api/kernel-api.html#inter-module-support}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hardware Interfaces|core-api/kernel-api.html#hardware-interfaces}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|DMA Channels|core-api/kernel-api.html#dma-channels}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Resources Management|core-api/kernel-api.html#resources-management}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|MTRR Handling|core-api/kernel-api.html#mtrr-handling}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Security Framework|core-api/kernel-api.html#security-framework}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Audit Interfaces|core-api/kernel-api.html#audit-interfaces}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Accounting Framework|core-api/kernel-api.html#accounting-framework}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Block Devices|core-api/kernel-api.html#block-devices}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Char devices|core-api/kernel-api.html#char-devices}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock Framework|core-api/kernel-api.html#clock-framework}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Synchronization Primitives|core-api/kernel-api.html#synchronization-primitives}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Read-Copy Update (RCU)|core-api/kernel-api.html#read-copy-update-rcu}}


[[:Category:Book:The_Linux_Kernel]]

[[:Category:Book:The_Linux_Kernel/Templates]]

==colors==
{|style=&quot;text-align:center;border-spacing: 0;width=100%&quot; cellpadding=5pc width=100%
|-
  |bgcolor=#555| 5
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  |bgcolor=#AAA| A
  |bgcolor=#BBB| B
|-
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|-
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|-
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|-
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|-
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  |bgcolor=#DCB| B
|}

Templates:

{{linux ident|page}}at {{linux include|linux/mm.h}}

{{Template:Ext_link|Ext_link test|http://en.wikibooks.org/}}

https://www.google.com/search?q=socket&amp;sitesearch=lxr.free-electrons.com%2Fsource

http://www.makelinux.net/

[[wikipedia:User:Conan]]</text>
      <sha1>6dxbr9rqwyy9qy68ezlv2t06ialk6cl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632731</id>
      <parentid>4632730</parentid>
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        <username>Conan</username>
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      <text bytes="7011" sha1="1km2f7wrfj64nl2prl7wnzouztv91g2" xml:space="preserve">Costa Shulyupin 

https://github.com/makelinux/

----


: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|kernel docs|}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|process|process}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|doc-guide|doc-guide}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|dev-tools|dev-tools}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|admin-guide|admin-guide}}


----

Workspace
: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Linux_Kernel
: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Computer_Security/Further_Reading
: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded_Systems/Linux
: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Computer_Security/Map


----

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https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Merge_templates

⌨️&lt;big&gt;⌨⌨️&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
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wget -q -O- https://docs.kernel.org/driver-api/basics.html | sed 's@&lt;h.&gt;\([^&lt;]\+\).*headerlink.*href=&quot;\(#[^&quot;]\+\).*@: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|\1|driver-api/basics.html\2}}@p;d'
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Core API Documentation|core-api#core-api-documentation}}
* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Core utilities|core-api#core-utilities}}

* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency primitives|core-api#concurrency-primitives}}
* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Low-level hardware management|core-api#low-level-hardware-management}}
* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory management|core-api#memory-management}}
* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interfaces for kernel debugging|core-api#interfaces-for-kernel-debugging}}
* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything else|core-api#everything-else}}

&lt;nowiki&gt;
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&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The Linux Kernel API|core-api/kernel-api.html#the-linux-kernel-api}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Basic C Library Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#basic-c-library-functions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|String Conversions|core-api/kernel-api.html#string-conversions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|String Manipulation|core-api/kernel-api.html#string-manipulation}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Basic Kernel Library Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#basic-kernel-library-functions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Bit Operations|core-api/kernel-api.html#bit-operations}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Bitmap Operations|core-api/kernel-api.html#bitmap-operations}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command-line Parsing|core-api/kernel-api.html#command-line-parsing}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sorting|core-api/kernel-api.html#sorting}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Text Searching|core-api/kernel-api.html#text-searching}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CRC and Math Functions in Linux|core-api/kernel-api.html#crc-and-math-functions-in-linux}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CRC Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#crc-functions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Base 2 log and power Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#base-2-log-and-power-functions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Integer power Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#integer-power-functions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Division Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#division-functions}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|UUID/GUID|core-api/kernel-api.html#uuid-guid}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel IPC facilities|core-api/kernel-api.html#kernel-ipc-facilities}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IPC utilities|core-api/kernel-api.html#ipc-utilities}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|relay interface support|core-api/kernel-api.html#relay-interface-support}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|relay interface|core-api/kernel-api.html#relay-interface}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Module Support|core-api/kernel-api.html#module-support}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Module Loading|core-api/kernel-api.html#module-loading}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Inter Module support|core-api/kernel-api.html#inter-module-support}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hardware Interfaces|core-api/kernel-api.html#hardware-interfaces}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|DMA Channels|core-api/kernel-api.html#dma-channels}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Resources Management|core-api/kernel-api.html#resources-management}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|MTRR Handling|core-api/kernel-api.html#mtrr-handling}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Security Framework|core-api/kernel-api.html#security-framework}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Audit Interfaces|core-api/kernel-api.html#audit-interfaces}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Accounting Framework|core-api/kernel-api.html#accounting-framework}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Block Devices|core-api/kernel-api.html#block-devices}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Char devices|core-api/kernel-api.html#char-devices}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock Framework|core-api/kernel-api.html#clock-framework}}
** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Synchronization Primitives|core-api/kernel-api.html#synchronization-primitives}}
*** {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Read-Copy Update (RCU)|core-api/kernel-api.html#read-copy-update-rcu}}


[[:Category:Book:The_Linux_Kernel]]

[[:Category:Book:The_Linux_Kernel/Templates]]

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Templates:

{{linux ident|page}}at {{linux include|linux/mm.h}}

{{Template:Ext_link|Ext_link test|http://en.wikibooks.org/}}

[[wikipedia:User:Conan]]</text>
      <sha1>1km2f7wrfj64nl2prl7wnzouztv91g2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Acoustics/Fundamentals of Room Acoustics</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65750</id>
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      <id>4632909</id>
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      <text bytes="4475" sha1="34hlc7ctm862zm5yo25xr2rr9sw1jcj" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Acoustics fundamentals of room acoustics.JPG|center]]

== Introduction ==

Three theories are used to understand room acoustics :

# The modal theory
# The geometric theory
# The theory of Sabine

== The modal theory ==

This theory comes from the homogeneous Helmoltz equation &lt;math&gt;\nabla ^2 \hat \Phi  + k^2 \hat \Phi  = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Considering a simple geometry of a parallelepiped (L1,L2,L3), the solution of this problem is with separated variables :

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;P(x,y,z)=X(x)Y(y)Z(z)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Hence each function X, Y and Z has this form :

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;X(x) = Ae^{ - ikx}  + Be^{ikx}&lt;/math&gt;}}
With the boundary condition &lt;math&gt;\frac{{\partial P}}
{{\partial x}} = 0
&lt;/math&gt;, for &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x=L1&lt;/math&gt; (idem in the other directions), the expression of pressure is :

{{center/top}}
&lt;math&gt;P\left( {x,y,z} \right) = C\cos \left( {\frac{{m\pi x}}
{{L1}}} \right)\cos \left( {\frac{{n\pi y}}
{{L2}}} \right)\cos \left( {\frac{{p\pi z}}
{{L3}}} \right)
&lt;/math&gt;
{{center/end}}

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;k^2  = \left( {\frac{{m\pi }}{{L1}}} \right)^2  + \left( {\frac{{n\pi }}{{L2}}} \right)^2  + \left( {\frac{{p\pi }}{{L3}}} \right)^2&lt;/math&gt;}}

where &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt;,&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;,&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; are whole numbers

It is a three-dimensional stationary wave. Acoustic modes appear with their modal frequencies and their modal forms.
With a non-homogeneous problem, a problem with an acoustic source &lt;math&gt;Q&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;r_0&lt;/math&gt;, the final pressure in &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; is the sum of the contribution of all the modes described above.

The modal density &lt;math&gt;\frac{{dN}}{{df}}&lt;/math&gt; is the number of modal frequencies contained in a range of 1&amp;nbsp;Hz. It depends on the frequency &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, the volume of the room &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and the speed of sound &lt;math&gt;c_0&lt;/math&gt; :

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;\frac{{dN}}{{df}} \simeq \frac{{4\pi V}}{{c_0^3 }}f^2&lt;/math&gt;}}

The modal density depends on the square frequency, so it increase rapidly with the frequency. At a certain level of frequency, the modes are not distinguished and the modal theory is no longer relevant.

== The geometry theory ==

For rooms of high volume or with a complex geometry, the theory of acoustical geometry is critical and can be applied. The waves are modelised with rays carrying acoustical energy. This energy decreases with the reflection of the rays on the walls of the room. The reason of this phenomenon is the absorption of the walls.

The problem is this theory needs a very high power of calculation and that is why the theory of Sabine is often chosen because it is easier.

== The theory of Sabine ==

=== Description of the theory ===

This theory uses the hypothesis of the diffuse field, the acoustical field is homogeneous and isotropic. In order to obtain this field, the room has to be sufficiently reverberant and the frequencies have to be high enough to avoid the effects of predominating modes.

The variation of the acoustical energy E in the room can be written as :

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;\frac{{dE}}{{dt}} = W_s  - W_{abs}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Where &lt;math&gt;W_s&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W_{abs}&lt;/math&gt; are respectively the power generated by the acoustical source and the power absorbed by the walls.

The power absorbed is related to the voluminal energy in the room e :

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;W_{abs}  = \frac{{ec_0 }}{4}a&lt;/math&gt;}}

Where a is the equivalent absorption area defined by the sum of the product of the absorption coefficient and the area of each material in the room :

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;a = \sum\limits_i {\alpha _i S_i }&lt;/math&gt;}}

The final equation is : &lt;math&gt;V\frac{{de}}{{dt}} = W_s  - \frac{{ec_0 }}{4}a&lt;/math&gt;

The level of stationary energy is : &lt;math&gt;e_{sat}  = 4\frac{{W_{abs} }}{{ac_0 }}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Reverberation time ===

With this theory described, the reverberation time can be defined. It is the time for the level of energy to decrease of 60&amp;nbsp;dB. It depends on the volume of the room V and the equivalent absorption area a :

{{center|1=&lt;math&gt;T_{60}  = \frac{{0.16V}}{a}&lt;/math&gt; Sabine formula}}

This reverberation time is the fundamental parameter in room acoustics and depends trough the equivalent absorption area and the absorption coefficients on the frequency.
It is used for several measurement :

* Measurement of an absorption coefficient of a material
* Measurement of the power of a source
* Measurement of the transmission of a wall

{{Chapter navigation|Fundamentals of Acoustics|Fundamentals of Psychoacoustics|Acoustics (book)}}</text>
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|108x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA|&amp;#x1080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN HA|&amp;#x1081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN SHAN MEDIAL WA|&amp;#x1082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SHAN AA|&amp;#x1083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SHAN E|&amp;#x1084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SHAN E ABOVE|&amp;#x1085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SHAN FINAL Y|&amp;#x1086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-2|&amp;#x1087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-3|&amp;#x1088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-5|&amp;#x1089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-6|&amp;#x108a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN COUNCIL TONE-2|&amp;#x108b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN COUNCIL TONE-3|&amp;#x108c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN COUNCIL EMPHATIC TONE|&amp;#x108d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER RUMAI PALAUNG FA|&amp;#x108e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN RUMAI PALAUNG TONE-5|&amp;#x108f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|109x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1090;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1091;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1092;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1093;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1094;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1095;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1096;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1097;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1098;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1099;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN KHAMTI TONE-1|&amp;#x109a;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN KHAMTI TONE-3|&amp;#x109b;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN AITON A|&amp;#x109c;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN AITON AI|&amp;#x109d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SYMBOL SHAN ONE|&amp;#x109e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SYMBOL SHAN EXCLAMATION|&amp;#x109f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Georgian'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|10Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER AN|&amp;#x10a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER BAN|&amp;#x10a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER GAN|&amp;#x10a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER DON|&amp;#x10a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER EN|&amp;#x10a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER VIN|&amp;#x10a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER ZEN|&amp;#x10a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER TAN|&amp;#x10a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER IN|&amp;#x10a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER KAN|&amp;#x10a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER LAS|&amp;#x10aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER MAN|&amp;#x10ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER NAR|&amp;#x10ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER ON|&amp;#x10ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER PAR|&amp;#x10ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER ZHAR|&amp;#x10af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|10Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER RAE|&amp;#x10b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER SAN|&amp;#x10b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER TAR|&amp;#x10b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER UN|&amp;#x10b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER PHAR|&amp;#x10b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER KHAR|&amp;#x10b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER GHAN|&amp;#x10b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER QAR|&amp;#x10b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER SHIN|&amp;#x10b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER CHIN|&amp;#x10b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER CAN|&amp;#x10ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER JIL|&amp;#x10bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER CIL|&amp;#x10bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER CHAR|&amp;#x10bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER XAN|&amp;#x10be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER JHAN|&amp;#x10bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|10Cx
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HAE|&amp;#x10c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HE|&amp;#x10c1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HIE|&amp;#x10c2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER WE|&amp;#x10c3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HAR|&amp;#x10c4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HOE|&amp;#x10c5;}}||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER YN|&amp;#x10c7;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER AEN|&amp;#x10cd;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|10Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER AN|&amp;#x10d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER BAN|&amp;#x10d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER GAN|&amp;#x10d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER DON|&amp;#x10d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER EN|&amp;#x10d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER VIN|&amp;#x10d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER ZEN|&amp;#x10d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER TAN|&amp;#x10d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER IN|&amp;#x10d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER KAN|&amp;#x10d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER LAS|&amp;#x10da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER MAN|&amp;#x10db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER NAR|&amp;#x10dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER ON|&amp;#x10dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER PAR|&amp;#x10de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER ZHAR|&amp;#x10df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|10Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER RAE|&amp;#x10e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER SAN|&amp;#x10e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER TAR|&amp;#x10e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER UN|&amp;#x10e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER PHAR|&amp;#x10e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER KHAR|&amp;#x10e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER GHAN|&amp;#x10e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER QAR|&amp;#x10e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER SHIN|&amp;#x10e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER CHIN|&amp;#x10e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER CAN|&amp;#x10ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER JIL|&amp;#x10eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER CIL|&amp;#x10ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER CHAR|&amp;#x10ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER XAN|&amp;#x10ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER JHAN|&amp;#x10ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|10Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER HAE|&amp;#x10f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER HE|&amp;#x10f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER HIE|&amp;#x10f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER WE|&amp;#x10f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER HAR|&amp;#x10f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER HOE|&amp;#x10f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER FI|&amp;#x10f6;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER YN|&amp;#x10f7;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER ELIFI|&amp;#x10f8;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER TURNED GAN|&amp;#x10f9;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER AIN|&amp;#x10fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR|&amp;#x10fb;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER GEORGIAN NAR|&amp;#x10fc;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER AEN|&amp;#x10fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER HARD SIGN|&amp;#x10fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER LABIAL SIGN|&amp;#x10ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Hangul Jamo'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|110x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KIYEOK|&amp;#x1100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGKIYEOK|&amp;#x1101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN|&amp;#x1102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT|&amp;#x1103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGTIKEUT|&amp;#x1104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL|&amp;#x1105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM|&amp;#x1106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP|&amp;#x1107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGPIEUP|&amp;#x1108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS|&amp;#x1109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGSIOS|&amp;#x110a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG|&amp;#x110b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CIEUC|&amp;#x110c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGCIEUC|&amp;#x110d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHIEUCH|&amp;#x110e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KHIEUKH|&amp;#x110f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|111x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG THIEUTH|&amp;#x1110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PHIEUPH|&amp;#x1111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG HIEUH|&amp;#x1112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-KIYEOK|&amp;#x1113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGNIEUN|&amp;#x1114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-TIKEUT|&amp;#x1115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-PIEUP|&amp;#x1116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-KIYEOK|&amp;#x1117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-NIEUN|&amp;#x1118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGRIEUL|&amp;#x1119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-HIEUH|&amp;#x111a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNRIEUL|&amp;#x111b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM-PIEUP|&amp;#x111c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNMIEUM|&amp;#x111d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-KIYEOK|&amp;#x111e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-NIEUN|&amp;#x111f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|112x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-TIKEUT|&amp;#x1120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS|&amp;#x1121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-KIYEOK|&amp;#x1122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-TIKEUT|&amp;#x1123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-PIEUP|&amp;#x1124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SSANGSIOS|&amp;#x1125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-CIEUC|&amp;#x1126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-CIEUC|&amp;#x1127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-CHIEUCH|&amp;#x1128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-THIEUTH|&amp;#x1129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-PHIEUPH|&amp;#x112a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNPIEUP|&amp;#x112b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNSSANGPIEUP|&amp;#x112c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-KIYEOK|&amp;#x112d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-NIEUN|&amp;#x112e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-TIKEUT|&amp;#x112f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|113x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-RIEUL|&amp;#x1130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-MIEUM|&amp;#x1131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-PIEUP|&amp;#x1132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-PIEUP-KIYEOK|&amp;#x1133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-SSANGSIOS|&amp;#x1134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-IEUNG|&amp;#x1135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-CIEUC|&amp;#x1136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-CHIEUCH|&amp;#x1137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-KHIEUKH|&amp;#x1138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-THIEUTH|&amp;#x1139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-PHIEUPH|&amp;#x113a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-HIEUH|&amp;#x113b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMSIOS|&amp;#x113c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMSSANGSIOS|&amp;#x113d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMSIOS|&amp;#x113e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMSSANGSIOS|&amp;#x113f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|114x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PANSIOS|&amp;#x1140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-KIYEOK|&amp;#x1141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-TIKEUT|&amp;#x1142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-MIEUM|&amp;#x1143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-PIEUP|&amp;#x1144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-SIOS|&amp;#x1145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-PANSIOS|&amp;#x1146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGIEUNG|&amp;#x1147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-CIEUC|&amp;#x1148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-CHIEUCH|&amp;#x1149;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-THIEUTH|&amp;#x114a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-PHIEUPH|&amp;#x114b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG YESIEUNG|&amp;#x114c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CIEUC-IEUNG|&amp;#x114d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMCIEUC|&amp;#x114e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMSSANGCIEUC|&amp;#x114f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|115x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMCIEUC|&amp;#x1150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMSSANGCIEUC|&amp;#x1151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHIEUCH-KHIEUKH|&amp;#x1152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHIEUCH-HIEUH|&amp;#x1153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMCHIEUCH|&amp;#x1154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMCHIEUCH|&amp;#x1155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PHIEUPH-PIEUP|&amp;#x1156;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNPHIEUPH|&amp;#x1157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGHIEUH|&amp;#x1158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG YEORINHIEUH|&amp;#x1159;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KIYEOK-TIKEUT|&amp;#x115a;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-SIOS|&amp;#x115b;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-CIEUC|&amp;#x115c;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-HIEUH|&amp;#x115d;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-RIEUL|&amp;#x115e;}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG FILLER|[HCF]}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|116x
|style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG FILLER|[HJF]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG A|&amp;#x1161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG AE|&amp;#x1162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA|&amp;#x1163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YAE|&amp;#x1164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO|&amp;#x1165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG E|&amp;#x1166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO|&amp;#x1167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YE|&amp;#x1168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O|&amp;#x1169;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG WA|&amp;#x116a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG WAE|&amp;#x116b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG OE|&amp;#x116c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO|&amp;#x116d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG U|&amp;#x116e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG WEO|&amp;#x116f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|117x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG WE|&amp;#x1170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG WI|&amp;#x1171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU|&amp;#x1172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU|&amp;#x1173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YI|&amp;#x1174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I|&amp;#x1175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG A-O|&amp;#x1176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG A-U|&amp;#x1177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA-O|&amp;#x1178;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA-YO|&amp;#x1179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO-O|&amp;#x117a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO-U|&amp;#x117b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO-EU|&amp;#x117c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO-O|&amp;#x117d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO-U|&amp;#x117e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-EO|&amp;#x117f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|118x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-E|&amp;#x1180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-YE|&amp;#x1181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-O|&amp;#x1182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-U|&amp;#x1183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-YA|&amp;#x1184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-YAE|&amp;#x1185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-YEO|&amp;#x1186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-O|&amp;#x1187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-I|&amp;#x1188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-A|&amp;#x1189;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-AE|&amp;#x118a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-EO-EU|&amp;#x118b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-YE|&amp;#x118c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-U|&amp;#x118d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-A|&amp;#x118e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-EO|&amp;#x118f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|119x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-E|&amp;#x1190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-YEO|&amp;#x1191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-YE|&amp;#x1192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-U|&amp;#x1193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-I|&amp;#x1194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU-U|&amp;#x1195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU-EU|&amp;#x1196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YI-U|&amp;#x1197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-A|&amp;#x1198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-YA|&amp;#x1199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-O|&amp;#x119a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-U|&amp;#x119b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-EU|&amp;#x119c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-ARAEA|&amp;#x119d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA|&amp;#x119e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA-EO|&amp;#x119f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|11Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA-U|&amp;#x11a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA-I|&amp;#x11a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG SSANGARAEA|&amp;#x11a2;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG A-EU|&amp;#x11a3;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA-U|&amp;#x11a4;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO-YA|&amp;#x11a5;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-YA|&amp;#x11a6;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-YAE|&amp;#x11a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK|&amp;#x11a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGKIYEOK|&amp;#x11a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-SIOS|&amp;#x11aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN|&amp;#x11ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-CIEUC|&amp;#x11ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-HIEUH|&amp;#x11ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT|&amp;#x11ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL|&amp;#x11af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|11Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KIYEOK|&amp;#x11b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-MIEUM|&amp;#x11b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP|&amp;#x11b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-SIOS|&amp;#x11b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-THIEUTH|&amp;#x11b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PHIEUPH|&amp;#x11b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-HIEUH|&amp;#x11b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM|&amp;#x11b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP|&amp;#x11b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-SIOS|&amp;#x11b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS|&amp;#x11ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGSIOS|&amp;#x11bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG IEUNG|&amp;#x11bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG CIEUC|&amp;#x11bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG CHIEUCH|&amp;#x11be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KHIEUKH|&amp;#x11bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|11Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG THIEUTH|&amp;#x11c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PHIEUPH|&amp;#x11c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH|&amp;#x11c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-RIEUL|&amp;#x11c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-SIOS-KIYEOK|&amp;#x11c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-KIYEOK|&amp;#x11c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-TIKEUT|&amp;#x11c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-SIOS|&amp;#x11c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-PANSIOS|&amp;#x11c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-THIEUTH|&amp;#x11c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT-KIYEOK|&amp;#x11ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT-RIEUL|&amp;#x11cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KIYEOK-SIOS|&amp;#x11cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-NIEUN|&amp;#x11cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-TIKEUT|&amp;#x11ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-TIKEUT-HIEUH|&amp;#x11cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|11Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGRIEUL|&amp;#x11d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-MIEUM-KIYEOK|&amp;#x11d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-MIEUM-SIOS|&amp;#x11d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP-SIOS|&amp;#x11d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP-HIEUH|&amp;#x11d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KAPYEOUNPIEUP|&amp;#x11d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-SSANGSIOS|&amp;#x11d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PANSIOS|&amp;#x11d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KHIEUKH|&amp;#x11d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-YEORINHIEUH|&amp;#x11d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-KIYEOK|&amp;#x11da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-RIEUL|&amp;#x11db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-PIEUP|&amp;#x11dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-SIOS|&amp;#x11dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-SSANGSIOS|&amp;#x11de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-PANSIOS|&amp;#x11df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|11Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-CHIEUCH|&amp;#x11e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-HIEUH|&amp;#x11e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KAPYEOUNMIEUM|&amp;#x11e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-RIEUL|&amp;#x11e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-PHIEUPH|&amp;#x11e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-HIEUH|&amp;#x11e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KAPYEOUNPIEUP|&amp;#x11e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-KIYEOK|&amp;#x11e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-TIKEUT|&amp;#x11e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-RIEUL|&amp;#x11e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-PIEUP|&amp;#x11ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PANSIOS|&amp;#x11eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-KIYEOK|&amp;#x11ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-SSANGKIYEOK|&amp;#x11ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGYESIEUNG|&amp;#x11ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-KHIEUKH|&amp;#x11ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|11Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG|&amp;#x11f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-SIOS|&amp;#x11f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-PANSIOS|&amp;#x11f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PHIEUPH-PIEUP|&amp;#x11f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KAPYEOUNPHIEUPH|&amp;#x11f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH-NIEUN|&amp;#x11f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH-RIEUL|&amp;#x11f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH-MIEUM|&amp;#x11f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH-PIEUP|&amp;#x11f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YEORINHIEUH|&amp;#x11f9;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-NIEUN|&amp;#x11fa;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-PIEUP|&amp;#x11fb;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-CHIEUCH|&amp;#x11fc;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-KHIEUKH|&amp;#x11fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-HIEUH|&amp;#x11fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGNIEUN|&amp;#x11ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ethiopic'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|120x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HA|&amp;#x1200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HU|&amp;#x1201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HI|&amp;#x1202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HAA|&amp;#x1203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HEE|&amp;#x1204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HE|&amp;#x1205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HO|&amp;#x1206;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HOA|&amp;#x1207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LA|&amp;#x1208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LU|&amp;#x1209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LI|&amp;#x120a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LAA|&amp;#x120b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LEE|&amp;#x120c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LE|&amp;#x120d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LO|&amp;#x120e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LWA|&amp;#x120f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|121x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHA|&amp;#x1210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHU|&amp;#x1211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHI|&amp;#x1212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHAA|&amp;#x1213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHEE|&amp;#x1214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHE|&amp;#x1215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHO|&amp;#x1216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWA|&amp;#x1217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MA|&amp;#x1218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MU|&amp;#x1219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MI|&amp;#x121a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MAA|&amp;#x121b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MEE|&amp;#x121c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ME|&amp;#x121d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MO|&amp;#x121e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWA|&amp;#x121f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|122x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZA|&amp;#x1220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZU|&amp;#x1221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZI|&amp;#x1222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZAA|&amp;#x1223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZEE|&amp;#x1224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZE|&amp;#x1225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZO|&amp;#x1226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZWA|&amp;#x1227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RA|&amp;#x1228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RU|&amp;#x1229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RI|&amp;#x122a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RAA|&amp;#x122b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE REE|&amp;#x122c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RE|&amp;#x122d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RO|&amp;#x122e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RWA|&amp;#x122f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|123x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SA|&amp;#x1230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SU|&amp;#x1231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SI|&amp;#x1232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SAA|&amp;#x1233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEE|&amp;#x1234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SE|&amp;#x1235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SO|&amp;#x1236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SWA|&amp;#x1237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHA|&amp;#x1238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHU|&amp;#x1239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHI|&amp;#x123a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHAA|&amp;#x123b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHEE|&amp;#x123c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHE|&amp;#x123d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHO|&amp;#x123e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHWA|&amp;#x123f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|124x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QA|&amp;#x1240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QU|&amp;#x1241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QI|&amp;#x1242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QAA|&amp;#x1243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QEE|&amp;#x1244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QE|&amp;#x1245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QO|&amp;#x1246;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QOA|&amp;#x1247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWA|&amp;#x1248;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWI|&amp;#x124a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWAA|&amp;#x124b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWEE|&amp;#x124c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWE|&amp;#x124d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|125x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHA|&amp;#x1250;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHU|&amp;#x1251;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHI|&amp;#x1252;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHAA|&amp;#x1253;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHEE|&amp;#x1254;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHE|&amp;#x1255;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHO|&amp;#x1256;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWA|&amp;#x1258;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWI|&amp;#x125a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWAA|&amp;#x125b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWEE|&amp;#x125c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWE|&amp;#x125d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|126x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BA|&amp;#x1260;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BU|&amp;#x1261;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BI|&amp;#x1262;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BAA|&amp;#x1263;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BEE|&amp;#x1264;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BE|&amp;#x1265;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BO|&amp;#x1266;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWA|&amp;#x1267;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VA|&amp;#x1268;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VU|&amp;#x1269;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VI|&amp;#x126a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VAA|&amp;#x126b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VEE|&amp;#x126c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VE|&amp;#x126d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VO|&amp;#x126e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VWA|&amp;#x126f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|127x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TA|&amp;#x1270;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TU|&amp;#x1271;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TI|&amp;#x1272;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TAA|&amp;#x1273;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TEE|&amp;#x1274;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TE|&amp;#x1275;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TO|&amp;#x1276;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TWA|&amp;#x1277;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CA|&amp;#x1278;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CU|&amp;#x1279;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CI|&amp;#x127a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CAA|&amp;#x127b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CEE|&amp;#x127c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CE|&amp;#x127d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CO|&amp;#x127e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CWA|&amp;#x127f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|128x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XA|&amp;#x1280;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XU|&amp;#x1281;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XI|&amp;#x1282;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XAA|&amp;#x1283;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XEE|&amp;#x1284;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XE|&amp;#x1285;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XO|&amp;#x1286;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XOA|&amp;#x1287;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWA|&amp;#x1288;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWI|&amp;#x128a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWAA|&amp;#x128b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWEE|&amp;#x128c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWE|&amp;#x128d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|129x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NA|&amp;#x1290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NU|&amp;#x1291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NI|&amp;#x1292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NAA|&amp;#x1293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NEE|&amp;#x1294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NE|&amp;#x1295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NO|&amp;#x1296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NWA|&amp;#x1297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYA|&amp;#x1298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYU|&amp;#x1299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYI|&amp;#x129a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYAA|&amp;#x129b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYEE|&amp;#x129c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYE|&amp;#x129d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYO|&amp;#x129e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYWA|&amp;#x129f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|12Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL A|&amp;#x12a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL U|&amp;#x12a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL I|&amp;#x12a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL AA|&amp;#x12a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL EE|&amp;#x12a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL E|&amp;#x12a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL O|&amp;#x12a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL WA|&amp;#x12a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KA|&amp;#x12a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KU|&amp;#x12a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KI|&amp;#x12aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KAA|&amp;#x12ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KEE|&amp;#x12ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KE|&amp;#x12ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KO|&amp;#x12ae;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KOA|&amp;#x12af;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|12Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWA|&amp;#x12b0;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWI|&amp;#x12b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWAA|&amp;#x12b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWEE|&amp;#x12b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWE|&amp;#x12b5;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXA|&amp;#x12b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXU|&amp;#x12b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXI|&amp;#x12ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXAA|&amp;#x12bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXEE|&amp;#x12bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXE|&amp;#x12bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXO|&amp;#x12be;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|12Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWA|&amp;#x12c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWI|&amp;#x12c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWAA|&amp;#x12c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWEE|&amp;#x12c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWE|&amp;#x12c5;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WA|&amp;#x12c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WU|&amp;#x12c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WI|&amp;#x12ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WAA|&amp;#x12cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WEE|&amp;#x12cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WE|&amp;#x12cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WO|&amp;#x12ce;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WOA|&amp;#x12cf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|12Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL A|&amp;#x12d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL U|&amp;#x12d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL I|&amp;#x12d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL AA|&amp;#x12d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL EE|&amp;#x12d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL E|&amp;#x12d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL O|&amp;#x12d6;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZA|&amp;#x12d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZU|&amp;#x12d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZI|&amp;#x12da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZAA|&amp;#x12db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZEE|&amp;#x12dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZE|&amp;#x12dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZO|&amp;#x12de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZWA|&amp;#x12df;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|12Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHA|&amp;#x12e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHU|&amp;#x12e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHI|&amp;#x12e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHAA|&amp;#x12e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHEE|&amp;#x12e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHE|&amp;#x12e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHO|&amp;#x12e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHWA|&amp;#x12e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YA|&amp;#x12e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YU|&amp;#x12e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YI|&amp;#x12ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YAA|&amp;#x12eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YEE|&amp;#x12ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YE|&amp;#x12ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YO|&amp;#x12ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YOA|&amp;#x12ef;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|12Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DA|&amp;#x12f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DU|&amp;#x12f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DI|&amp;#x12f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DAA|&amp;#x12f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DEE|&amp;#x12f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DE|&amp;#x12f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DO|&amp;#x12f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DWA|&amp;#x12f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDA|&amp;#x12f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDU|&amp;#x12f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDI|&amp;#x12fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDAA|&amp;#x12fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDEE|&amp;#x12fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDE|&amp;#x12fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDO|&amp;#x12fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDWA|&amp;#x12ff;}}
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!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|130x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JA|&amp;#x1300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JU|&amp;#x1301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JI|&amp;#x1302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JAA|&amp;#x1303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JEE|&amp;#x1304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JE|&amp;#x1305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JO|&amp;#x1306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JWA|&amp;#x1307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GA|&amp;#x1308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GU|&amp;#x1309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GI|&amp;#x130a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GAA|&amp;#x130b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GEE|&amp;#x130c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GE|&amp;#x130d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GO|&amp;#x130e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GOA|&amp;#x130f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|131x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWA|&amp;#x1310;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWI|&amp;#x1312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWAA|&amp;#x1313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWEE|&amp;#x1314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWE|&amp;#x1315;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGA|&amp;#x1318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGU|&amp;#x1319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGI|&amp;#x131a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGAA|&amp;#x131b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGEE|&amp;#x131c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGE|&amp;#x131d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGO|&amp;#x131e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWAA|&amp;#x131f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|132x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THA|&amp;#x1320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THU|&amp;#x1321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THI|&amp;#x1322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THAA|&amp;#x1323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THEE|&amp;#x1324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THE|&amp;#x1325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THO|&amp;#x1326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THWA|&amp;#x1327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHA|&amp;#x1328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHU|&amp;#x1329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHI|&amp;#x132a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHAA|&amp;#x132b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHEE|&amp;#x132c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHE|&amp;#x132d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHO|&amp;#x132e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHWA|&amp;#x132f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|133x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHA|&amp;#x1330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHU|&amp;#x1331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHI|&amp;#x1332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHAA|&amp;#x1333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHEE|&amp;#x1334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHE|&amp;#x1335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHO|&amp;#x1336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHWA|&amp;#x1337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSA|&amp;#x1338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSU|&amp;#x1339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSI|&amp;#x133a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSAA|&amp;#x133b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSEE|&amp;#x133c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSE|&amp;#x133d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSO|&amp;#x133e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSWA|&amp;#x133f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|134x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZA|&amp;#x1340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZU|&amp;#x1341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZI|&amp;#x1342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZAA|&amp;#x1343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZEE|&amp;#x1344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZE|&amp;#x1345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZO|&amp;#x1346;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZOA|&amp;#x1347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FA|&amp;#x1348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FU|&amp;#x1349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FI|&amp;#x134a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FAA|&amp;#x134b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FEE|&amp;#x134c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FE|&amp;#x134d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FO|&amp;#x134e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWA|&amp;#x134f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|135x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PA|&amp;#x1350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PU|&amp;#x1351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PI|&amp;#x1352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PAA|&amp;#x1353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PEE|&amp;#x1354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PE|&amp;#x1355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PO|&amp;#x1356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWA|&amp;#x1357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RYA|&amp;#x1358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MYA|&amp;#x1359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FYA|&amp;#x135a;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x135d;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x135e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x135f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|136x
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK|&amp;#x1360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE|&amp;#x1361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC FULL STOP|&amp;#x1362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC COMMA|&amp;#x1363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON|&amp;#x1364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC COLON|&amp;#x1365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON|&amp;#x1366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x1367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR|&amp;#x1368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x136a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x136b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x136c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x136d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x136e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x136f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|137x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x1372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY|&amp;#x1373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY|&amp;#x1374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY|&amp;#x1375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY|&amp;#x1376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY|&amp;#x1377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY|&amp;#x1378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY|&amp;#x1379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY|&amp;#x137a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED|&amp;#x137b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND|&amp;#x137c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ethiopic Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|138x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT MWA|&amp;#x1380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWI|&amp;#x1381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWEE|&amp;#x1382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWE|&amp;#x1383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT BWA|&amp;#x1384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWI|&amp;#x1385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWEE|&amp;#x1386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWE|&amp;#x1387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT FWA|&amp;#x1388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWI|&amp;#x1389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWEE|&amp;#x138a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWE|&amp;#x138b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT PWA|&amp;#x138c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWI|&amp;#x138d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWEE|&amp;#x138e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWE|&amp;#x138f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|139x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK YIZET|&amp;#x1390;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK DERET|&amp;#x1391;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK RIKRIK|&amp;#x1392;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK SHORT RIKRIK|&amp;#x1393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK DIFAT|&amp;#x1394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK KENAT|&amp;#x1395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK CHIRET|&amp;#x1396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK HIDET|&amp;#x1397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK DERET-HIDET|&amp;#x1398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK KURT|&amp;#x1399;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Cherokee'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|13Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER A|&amp;#x13a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER E|&amp;#x13a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER I|&amp;#x13a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER O|&amp;#x13a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER U|&amp;#x13a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER V|&amp;#x13a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER GA|&amp;#x13a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER KA|&amp;#x13a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER GE|&amp;#x13a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER GI|&amp;#x13a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER GO|&amp;#x13aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER GU|&amp;#x13ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER GV|&amp;#x13ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HA|&amp;#x13ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HE|&amp;#x13ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HI|&amp;#x13af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|13Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HO|&amp;#x13b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HU|&amp;#x13b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HV|&amp;#x13b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER LA|&amp;#x13b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER LE|&amp;#x13b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER LI|&amp;#x13b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER LO|&amp;#x13b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER LU|&amp;#x13b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER LV|&amp;#x13b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER MA|&amp;#x13b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER ME|&amp;#x13ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER MI|&amp;#x13bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER MO|&amp;#x13bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER MU|&amp;#x13bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NA|&amp;#x13be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HNA|&amp;#x13bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|13Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NAH|&amp;#x13c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NE|&amp;#x13c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NI|&amp;#x13c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NO|&amp;#x13c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NU|&amp;#x13c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NV|&amp;#x13c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER QUA|&amp;#x13c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER QUE|&amp;#x13c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER QUI|&amp;#x13c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER QUO|&amp;#x13c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER QUU|&amp;#x13ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER QUV|&amp;#x13cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER SA|&amp;#x13cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER S|&amp;#x13cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER SE|&amp;#x13ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER SI|&amp;#x13cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|13Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER SO|&amp;#x13d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER SU|&amp;#x13d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER SV|&amp;#x13d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DA|&amp;#x13d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TA|&amp;#x13d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DE|&amp;#x13d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TE|&amp;#x13d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DI|&amp;#x13d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TI|&amp;#x13d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DO|&amp;#x13d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DU|&amp;#x13da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DV|&amp;#x13db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DLA|&amp;#x13dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TLA|&amp;#x13dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TLE|&amp;#x13de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TLI|&amp;#x13df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|13Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TLO|&amp;#x13e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TLU|&amp;#x13e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TLV|&amp;#x13e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TSA|&amp;#x13e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TSE|&amp;#x13e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TSI|&amp;#x13e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TSO|&amp;#x13e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TSU|&amp;#x13e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TSV|&amp;#x13e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER WA|&amp;#x13e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER WE|&amp;#x13ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER WI|&amp;#x13eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER WO|&amp;#x13ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER WU|&amp;#x13ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER WV|&amp;#x13ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER YA|&amp;#x13ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|13Fx
|style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER YE|&amp;#x13f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER YI|&amp;#x13f1;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER YO|&amp;#x13f2;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER YU|&amp;#x13f3;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER YV|&amp;#x13f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER MV|&amp;#x13f5;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YE|&amp;#x13f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YI|&amp;#x13f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YO|&amp;#x13fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YU|&amp;#x13fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YV|&amp;#x13fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MV|&amp;#x13fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|140x
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS HYPHEN|&amp;#x1400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS E|&amp;#x1401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAI|&amp;#x1402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS I|&amp;#x1403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS II|&amp;#x1404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS O|&amp;#x1405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OO|&amp;#x1406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE OO|&amp;#x1407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER EE|&amp;#x1408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER I|&amp;#x1409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS A|&amp;#x140a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AA|&amp;#x140b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WE|&amp;#x140c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WE|&amp;#x140d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WI|&amp;#x140e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WI|&amp;#x140f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|141x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WII|&amp;#x1410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WII|&amp;#x1411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WO|&amp;#x1412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WO|&amp;#x1413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOO|&amp;#x1414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WOO|&amp;#x1415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI WOO|&amp;#x1416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WA|&amp;#x1417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WA|&amp;#x1418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WAA|&amp;#x1419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WAA|&amp;#x141a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI WAA|&amp;#x141b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AI|&amp;#x141c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE W|&amp;#x141d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS GLOTTAL STOP|&amp;#x141e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL ACUTE|&amp;#x141f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|142x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL GRAVE|&amp;#x1420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL BOTTOM HALF RING|&amp;#x1421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL TOP HALF RING|&amp;#x1422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RIGHT HALF RING|&amp;#x1423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RING|&amp;#x1424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL DOUBLE ACUTE|&amp;#x1425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL DOUBLE SHORT VERTICAL STROKES|&amp;#x1426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL MIDDLE DOT|&amp;#x1427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL SHORT HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x1428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL PLUS|&amp;#x1429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL DOWN TACK|&amp;#x142a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS EN|&amp;#x142b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS IN|&amp;#x142c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS ON|&amp;#x142d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AN|&amp;#x142e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PE|&amp;#x142f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|143x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAAI|&amp;#x1430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PI|&amp;#x1431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PII|&amp;#x1432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PO|&amp;#x1433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS POO|&amp;#x1434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE POO|&amp;#x1435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER HEE|&amp;#x1436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER HI|&amp;#x1437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PA|&amp;#x1438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAA|&amp;#x1439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWE|&amp;#x143a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWE|&amp;#x143b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWI|&amp;#x143c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWI|&amp;#x143d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWII|&amp;#x143e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWII|&amp;#x143f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|144x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWO|&amp;#x1440;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWO|&amp;#x1441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWOO|&amp;#x1442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWOO|&amp;#x1443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWA|&amp;#x1444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWA|&amp;#x1445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWAA|&amp;#x1446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWAA|&amp;#x1447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE PWAA|&amp;#x1448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS P|&amp;#x1449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE P|&amp;#x144a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER H|&amp;#x144b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TE|&amp;#x144c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAAI|&amp;#x144d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TI|&amp;#x144e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TII|&amp;#x144f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|145x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TO|&amp;#x1450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TOO|&amp;#x1451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE TOO|&amp;#x1452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DEE|&amp;#x1453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DI|&amp;#x1454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TA|&amp;#x1455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAA|&amp;#x1456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWE|&amp;#x1457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWE|&amp;#x1458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWI|&amp;#x1459;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWI|&amp;#x145a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWII|&amp;#x145b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWII|&amp;#x145c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWO|&amp;#x145d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWO|&amp;#x145e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWOO|&amp;#x145f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|146x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWOO|&amp;#x1460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWA|&amp;#x1461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWA|&amp;#x1462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWAA|&amp;#x1463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWAA|&amp;#x1464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI TWAA|&amp;#x1465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS T|&amp;#x1466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTE|&amp;#x1467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTI|&amp;#x1468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTO|&amp;#x1469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTA|&amp;#x146a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KE|&amp;#x146b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAAI|&amp;#x146c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KI|&amp;#x146d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KII|&amp;#x146e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KO|&amp;#x146f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|147x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KOO|&amp;#x1470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE KOO|&amp;#x1471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KA|&amp;#x1472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAA|&amp;#x1473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWE|&amp;#x1474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWE|&amp;#x1475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWI|&amp;#x1476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWI|&amp;#x1477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWII|&amp;#x1478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWII|&amp;#x1479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWO|&amp;#x147a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWO|&amp;#x147b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWOO|&amp;#x147c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWOO|&amp;#x147d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWA|&amp;#x147e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWA|&amp;#x147f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|148x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWAA|&amp;#x1480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWAA|&amp;#x1481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI KWAA|&amp;#x1482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS K|&amp;#x1483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KW|&amp;#x1484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOUTH-SLAVEY KEH|&amp;#x1485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOUTH-SLAVEY KIH|&amp;#x1486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOUTH-SLAVEY KOH|&amp;#x1487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOUTH-SLAVEY KAH|&amp;#x1488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CE|&amp;#x1489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CAAI|&amp;#x148a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CI|&amp;#x148b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CII|&amp;#x148c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CO|&amp;#x148d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS COO|&amp;#x148e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE COO|&amp;#x148f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|149x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CA|&amp;#x1490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CAA|&amp;#x1491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWE|&amp;#x1492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWE|&amp;#x1493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWI|&amp;#x1494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWI|&amp;#x1495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWII|&amp;#x1496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWII|&amp;#x1497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWO|&amp;#x1498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWO|&amp;#x1499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWOO|&amp;#x149a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWOO|&amp;#x149b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWA|&amp;#x149c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWA|&amp;#x149d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWAA|&amp;#x149e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWAA|&amp;#x149f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|14Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI CWAA|&amp;#x14a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS C|&amp;#x14a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI TH|&amp;#x14a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS ME|&amp;#x14a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAAI|&amp;#x14a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MI|&amp;#x14a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MII|&amp;#x14a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MO|&amp;#x14a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MOO|&amp;#x14a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE MOO|&amp;#x14a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MA|&amp;#x14aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAA|&amp;#x14ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWE|&amp;#x14ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWE|&amp;#x14ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWI|&amp;#x14ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWI|&amp;#x14af;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|14Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWII|&amp;#x14b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWII|&amp;#x14b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWO|&amp;#x14b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWO|&amp;#x14b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWOO|&amp;#x14b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWOO|&amp;#x14b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWA|&amp;#x14b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWA|&amp;#x14b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWAA|&amp;#x14b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWAA|&amp;#x14b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI MWAA|&amp;#x14ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS M|&amp;#x14bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE M|&amp;#x14bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MH|&amp;#x14bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS ATHAPASCAN M|&amp;#x14be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI M|&amp;#x14bf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|14Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NE|&amp;#x14c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAAI|&amp;#x14c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NI|&amp;#x14c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NII|&amp;#x14c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NO|&amp;#x14c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NOO|&amp;#x14c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE NOO|&amp;#x14c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NA|&amp;#x14c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAA|&amp;#x14c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWE|&amp;#x14c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE NWE|&amp;#x14ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWA|&amp;#x14cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE NWA|&amp;#x14cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWAA|&amp;#x14cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE NWAA|&amp;#x14ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI NWAA|&amp;#x14cf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|14Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS N|&amp;#x14d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NG|&amp;#x14d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NH|&amp;#x14d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LE|&amp;#x14d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAAI|&amp;#x14d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LI|&amp;#x14d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LII|&amp;#x14d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LO|&amp;#x14d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LOO|&amp;#x14d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE LOO|&amp;#x14d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LA|&amp;#x14da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAA|&amp;#x14db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWE|&amp;#x14dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWE|&amp;#x14dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWI|&amp;#x14de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWI|&amp;#x14df;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|14Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWII|&amp;#x14e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWII|&amp;#x14e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWO|&amp;#x14e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWO|&amp;#x14e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWOO|&amp;#x14e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWOO|&amp;#x14e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWA|&amp;#x14e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWA|&amp;#x14e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWAA|&amp;#x14e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWAA|&amp;#x14e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS L|&amp;#x14ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE L|&amp;#x14eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MEDIAL L|&amp;#x14ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SE|&amp;#x14ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAAI|&amp;#x14ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SI|&amp;#x14ef;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|14Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SII|&amp;#x14f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SO|&amp;#x14f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOO|&amp;#x14f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE SOO|&amp;#x14f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SA|&amp;#x14f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAA|&amp;#x14f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWE|&amp;#x14f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWE|&amp;#x14f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWI|&amp;#x14f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWI|&amp;#x14f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWII|&amp;#x14fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWII|&amp;#x14fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWO|&amp;#x14fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWO|&amp;#x14fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWOO|&amp;#x14fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWOO|&amp;#x14ff;}}
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!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|150x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWA|&amp;#x1500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWA|&amp;#x1501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWAA|&amp;#x1502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWAA|&amp;#x1503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI SWAA|&amp;#x1504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS S|&amp;#x1505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS ATHAPASCAN S|&amp;#x1506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SW|&amp;#x1507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT S|&amp;#x1508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MOOSE-CREE SK|&amp;#x1509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI SKW|&amp;#x150a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI S-W|&amp;#x150b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI SPWA|&amp;#x150c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI STWA|&amp;#x150d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI SKWA|&amp;#x150e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI SCWA|&amp;#x150f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|151x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHE|&amp;#x1510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHI|&amp;#x1511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHII|&amp;#x1512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHO|&amp;#x1513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHOO|&amp;#x1514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHA|&amp;#x1515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHAA|&amp;#x1516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWE|&amp;#x1517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWE|&amp;#x1518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWI|&amp;#x1519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWI|&amp;#x151a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWII|&amp;#x151b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWII|&amp;#x151c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWO|&amp;#x151d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWO|&amp;#x151e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWOO|&amp;#x151f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWOO|&amp;#x1520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWA|&amp;#x1521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWA|&amp;#x1522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWAA|&amp;#x1523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWAA|&amp;#x1524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SH|&amp;#x1525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YE|&amp;#x1526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAAI|&amp;#x1527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YI|&amp;#x1528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YII|&amp;#x1529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YO|&amp;#x152a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YOO|&amp;#x152b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE YOO|&amp;#x152c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YA|&amp;#x152d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAA|&amp;#x152e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWE|&amp;#x152f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWE|&amp;#x1530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWI|&amp;#x1531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWI|&amp;#x1532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWII|&amp;#x1533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWII|&amp;#x1534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWO|&amp;#x1535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWO|&amp;#x1536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWOO|&amp;#x1537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWOO|&amp;#x1538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWA|&amp;#x1539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWA|&amp;#x153a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWAA|&amp;#x153b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWAA|&amp;#x153c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI YWAA|&amp;#x153d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y|&amp;#x153e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BIBLE-CREE Y|&amp;#x153f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS R|&amp;#x1550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE R|&amp;#x1551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MEDIAL R|&amp;#x1552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FE|&amp;#x1553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FAAI|&amp;#x1554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FI|&amp;#x1555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FII|&amp;#x1556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FO|&amp;#x1557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FOO|&amp;#x1558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FA|&amp;#x1559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FAA|&amp;#x155a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FWAA|&amp;#x155b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE FWAA|&amp;#x155c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS F|&amp;#x155d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THE|&amp;#x155e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS N-CREE THE|&amp;#x155f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THI|&amp;#x1560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS N-CREE THI|&amp;#x1561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THII|&amp;#x1562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS N-CREE THII|&amp;#x1563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THO|&amp;#x1564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THOO|&amp;#x1565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THA|&amp;#x1566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THAA|&amp;#x1567;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THWAA|&amp;#x1568;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE THWAA|&amp;#x1569;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH|&amp;#x156a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHE|&amp;#x156b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHI|&amp;#x156c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHO|&amp;#x156d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHA|&amp;#x156e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTH|&amp;#x156f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TYE|&amp;#x1570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TYI|&amp;#x1571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TYO|&amp;#x1572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TYA|&amp;#x1573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HE|&amp;#x1574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HI|&amp;#x1575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HII|&amp;#x1576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HO|&amp;#x1577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HOO|&amp;#x1578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HA|&amp;#x1579;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HAA|&amp;#x157a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK H|&amp;#x157b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVUT H|&amp;#x157c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS HK|&amp;#x157d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QAAI|&amp;#x157e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QI|&amp;#x157f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QII|&amp;#x1580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QO|&amp;#x1581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QOO|&amp;#x1582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QA|&amp;#x1583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QAA|&amp;#x1584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Q|&amp;#x1585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHE|&amp;#x1586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHI|&amp;#x1587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHO|&amp;#x1588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHA|&amp;#x1589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE RE|&amp;#x158a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE RI|&amp;#x158b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE RO|&amp;#x158c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE RA|&amp;#x158d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAAI|&amp;#x158e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGI|&amp;#x158f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|159x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGII|&amp;#x1590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGO|&amp;#x1591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGOO|&amp;#x1592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGA|&amp;#x1593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAA|&amp;#x1594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NG|&amp;#x1595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNG|&amp;#x1596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHE|&amp;#x1597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHI|&amp;#x1598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHO|&amp;#x1599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHA|&amp;#x159a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THE|&amp;#x159b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THI|&amp;#x159c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THO|&amp;#x159d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THA|&amp;#x159e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE TH|&amp;#x159f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|15Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHI|&amp;#x15a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHII|&amp;#x15a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHO|&amp;#x15a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHOO|&amp;#x15a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHA|&amp;#x15a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHAA|&amp;#x15a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LH|&amp;#x15a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THE|&amp;#x15a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THI|&amp;#x15a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THII|&amp;#x15a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THO|&amp;#x15aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THOO|&amp;#x15ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THA|&amp;#x15ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THAA|&amp;#x15ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE TH|&amp;#x15ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AIVILIK B|&amp;#x15af;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|15Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT E|&amp;#x15b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT I|&amp;#x15b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT O|&amp;#x15b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT A|&amp;#x15b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT WE|&amp;#x15b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT WI|&amp;#x15b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT WO|&amp;#x15b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT WA|&amp;#x15b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT NE|&amp;#x15b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT NI|&amp;#x15b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT NO|&amp;#x15ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT NA|&amp;#x15bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT KE|&amp;#x15bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT KI|&amp;#x15bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT KO|&amp;#x15be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT KA|&amp;#x15bf;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI HE|&amp;#x15c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI HI|&amp;#x15c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI HO|&amp;#x15c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI HA|&amp;#x15c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GHU|&amp;#x15c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GHO|&amp;#x15c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GHE|&amp;#x15c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GHEE|&amp;#x15c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GHI|&amp;#x15c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GHA|&amp;#x15c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER RU|&amp;#x15ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER RO|&amp;#x15cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER RE|&amp;#x15cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER REE|&amp;#x15cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER RI|&amp;#x15ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER RA|&amp;#x15cf;}}
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|15Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GO|&amp;#x15f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GE|&amp;#x15f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GEE|&amp;#x15f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GI|&amp;#x15f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GA|&amp;#x15f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KHU|&amp;#x15f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KHO|&amp;#x15f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KHE|&amp;#x15f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KHEE|&amp;#x15f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KHI|&amp;#x15f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KHA|&amp;#x15fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKU|&amp;#x15fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKO|&amp;#x15fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKE|&amp;#x15fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKEE|&amp;#x15fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKI|&amp;#x15ff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|160x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKA|&amp;#x1600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KK|&amp;#x1601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NU|&amp;#x1602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NO|&amp;#x1603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NE|&amp;#x1604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NEE|&amp;#x1605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NI|&amp;#x1606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NA|&amp;#x1607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER MU|&amp;#x1608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER MO|&amp;#x1609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ME|&amp;#x160a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER MEE|&amp;#x160b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER MI|&amp;#x160c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER MA|&amp;#x160d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YU|&amp;#x160e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YO|&amp;#x160f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|161x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YE|&amp;#x1610;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YEE|&amp;#x1611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YI|&amp;#x1612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YA|&amp;#x1613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JU|&amp;#x1614;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI JU|&amp;#x1615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JO|&amp;#x1616;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JE|&amp;#x1617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JEE|&amp;#x1618;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JI|&amp;#x1619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI JI|&amp;#x161a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JA|&amp;#x161b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJU|&amp;#x161c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJO|&amp;#x161d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJE|&amp;#x161e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJEE|&amp;#x161f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|162x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJI|&amp;#x1620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJA|&amp;#x1621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LU|&amp;#x1622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LO|&amp;#x1623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LE|&amp;#x1624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LEE|&amp;#x1625;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LI|&amp;#x1626;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LA|&amp;#x1627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLU|&amp;#x1628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLO|&amp;#x1629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLE|&amp;#x162a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLEE|&amp;#x162b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLI|&amp;#x162c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLA|&amp;#x162d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHU|&amp;#x162e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHO|&amp;#x162f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|163x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHE|&amp;#x1630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHEE|&amp;#x1631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHI|&amp;#x1632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHA|&amp;#x1633;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHU|&amp;#x1634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHO|&amp;#x1635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHE|&amp;#x1636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHEE|&amp;#x1637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHI|&amp;#x1638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHA|&amp;#x1639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLU|&amp;#x163a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLO|&amp;#x163b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLE|&amp;#x163c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLEE|&amp;#x163d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLI|&amp;#x163e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLA|&amp;#x163f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|164x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZU|&amp;#x1640;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZO|&amp;#x1641;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZE|&amp;#x1642;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZEE|&amp;#x1643;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZI|&amp;#x1644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZA|&amp;#x1645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER Z|&amp;#x1646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER INITIAL Z|&amp;#x1647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZU|&amp;#x1648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZO|&amp;#x1649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZE|&amp;#x164a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZEE|&amp;#x164b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZI|&amp;#x164c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZA|&amp;#x164d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SU|&amp;#x164e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SO|&amp;#x164f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|165x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SE|&amp;#x1650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SEE|&amp;#x1651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SI|&amp;#x1652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SA|&amp;#x1653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHU|&amp;#x1654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHO|&amp;#x1655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHE|&amp;#x1656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHEE|&amp;#x1657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHI|&amp;#x1658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHA|&amp;#x1659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SH|&amp;#x165a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSU|&amp;#x165b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSO|&amp;#x165c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSE|&amp;#x165d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSEE|&amp;#x165e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSI|&amp;#x165f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|166x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSA|&amp;#x1660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHU|&amp;#x1661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHO|&amp;#x1662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHE|&amp;#x1663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHEE|&amp;#x1664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHI|&amp;#x1665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHA|&amp;#x1666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSU|&amp;#x1667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSO|&amp;#x1668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSE|&amp;#x1669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSEE|&amp;#x166a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSI|&amp;#x166b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSA|&amp;#x166c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CHI SIGN|&amp;#x166d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FULL STOP|&amp;#x166e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QAI|&amp;#x166f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|167x
|style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAI|&amp;#x1670;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGI|&amp;#x1671;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGII|&amp;#x1672;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGO|&amp;#x1673;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGOO|&amp;#x1674;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGA|&amp;#x1675;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGAA|&amp;#x1676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWEE|&amp;#x1677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWI|&amp;#x1678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWII|&amp;#x1679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWO|&amp;#x167a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWOO|&amp;#x167b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWA|&amp;#x167c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWAA|&amp;#x167d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE FINAL TH|&amp;#x167e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT W|&amp;#x167f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ogham'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|168x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM SPACE MARK|&amp;#x1680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER BEITH|&amp;#x1681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER LUIS|&amp;#x1682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER FEARN|&amp;#x1683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER SAIL|&amp;#x1684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER NION|&amp;#x1685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER UATH|&amp;#x1686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER DAIR|&amp;#x1687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER TINNE|&amp;#x1688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER COLL|&amp;#x1689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER CEIRT|&amp;#x168a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER MUIN|&amp;#x168b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER GORT|&amp;#x168c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER NGEADAL|&amp;#x168d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER STRAIF|&amp;#x168e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER RUIS|&amp;#x168f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|169x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER AILM|&amp;#x1690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER ONN|&amp;#x1691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER UR|&amp;#x1692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER EADHADH|&amp;#x1693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER IODHADH|&amp;#x1694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER EABHADH|&amp;#x1695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER OR|&amp;#x1696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER UILLEANN|&amp;#x1697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER IFIN|&amp;#x1698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER EAMHANCHOLL|&amp;#x1699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER PEITH|&amp;#x169a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM FEATHER MARK|&amp;#x169b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM REVERSED FEATHER MARK|&amp;#x169c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Runic'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|16Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER FEHU FEOH FE F|&amp;#x16a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER V|&amp;#x16a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER URUZ UR U|&amp;#x16a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER YR|&amp;#x16a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER Y|&amp;#x16a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER W|&amp;#x16a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER THURISAZ THURS THORN|&amp;#x16a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ETH|&amp;#x16a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ANSUZ A|&amp;#x16a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER OS O|&amp;#x16a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER AC A|&amp;#x16aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER AESC|&amp;#x16ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-OSS O|&amp;#x16ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-OSS O|&amp;#x16ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER O|&amp;#x16ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER OE|&amp;#x16af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|16Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ON|&amp;#x16b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER RAIDO RAD REID R|&amp;#x16b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER KAUNA|&amp;#x16b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER CEN|&amp;#x16b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER KAUN K|&amp;#x16b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER G|&amp;#x16b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ENG|&amp;#x16b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER GEBO GYFU G|&amp;#x16b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER GAR|&amp;#x16b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER WUNJO WYNN W|&amp;#x16b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER HAGLAZ H|&amp;#x16ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER HAEGL H|&amp;#x16bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-HAGALL H|&amp;#x16bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-HAGALL H|&amp;#x16bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER NAUDIZ NYD NAUD N|&amp;#x16be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-NAUD N|&amp;#x16bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|16Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER DOTTED-N|&amp;#x16c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ISAZ IS ISS I|&amp;#x16c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER E|&amp;#x16c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER JERAN J|&amp;#x16c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER GER|&amp;#x16c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-AR AE|&amp;#x16c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-AR A|&amp;#x16c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER IWAZ EOH|&amp;#x16c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER PERTHO PEORTH P|&amp;#x16c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ALGIZ EOLHX|&amp;#x16c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SOWILO S|&amp;#x16ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SIGEL LONG-BRANCH-SOL S|&amp;#x16cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-SOL S|&amp;#x16cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER C|&amp;#x16cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER Z|&amp;#x16ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER TIWAZ TIR TYR T|&amp;#x16cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|16Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-TYR T|&amp;#x16d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER D|&amp;#x16d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER BERKANAN BEORC BJARKAN B|&amp;#x16d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-BJARKAN B|&amp;#x16d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER DOTTED-P|&amp;#x16d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER OPEN-P|&amp;#x16d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER EHWAZ EH E|&amp;#x16d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER MANNAZ MAN M|&amp;#x16d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-MADR M|&amp;#x16d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-MADR M|&amp;#x16d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER LAUKAZ LAGU LOGR L|&amp;#x16da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER DOTTED-L|&amp;#x16db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER INGWAZ|&amp;#x16dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ING|&amp;#x16dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER DAGAZ DAEG D|&amp;#x16de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER OTHALAN ETHEL O|&amp;#x16df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|16Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER EAR|&amp;#x16e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER IOR|&amp;#x16e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER CWEORTH|&amp;#x16e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER CALC|&amp;#x16e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER CEALC|&amp;#x16e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER STAN|&amp;#x16e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-YR|&amp;#x16e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-YR|&amp;#x16e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ICELANDIC-YR|&amp;#x16e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER Q|&amp;#x16e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER X|&amp;#x16ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC SINGLE PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x16eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC MULTIPLE PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x16ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC CROSS PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x16ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC ARLAUG SYMBOL|&amp;#x16ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC TVIMADUR SYMBOL|&amp;#x16ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|16Fx
|style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC BELGTHOR SYMBOL|&amp;#x16f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER K|&amp;#x16f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SH|&amp;#x16f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER OO|&amp;#x16f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET OS|&amp;#x16f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET IS|&amp;#x16f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET EH|&amp;#x16f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET AC|&amp;#x16f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET AESC|&amp;#x16f8;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tagalog'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|170x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER A|&amp;#x1700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER I|&amp;#x1701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER U|&amp;#x1702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER KA|&amp;#x1703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER GA|&amp;#x1704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER TA|&amp;#x1706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER DA|&amp;#x1707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER NA|&amp;#x1708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER PA|&amp;#x1709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER BA|&amp;#x170a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER MA|&amp;#x170b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER YA|&amp;#x170c;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER RA|&amp;#x170d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER LA|&amp;#x170e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER WA|&amp;#x170f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|171x
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER SA|&amp;#x1710;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER HA|&amp;#x1711;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#x1712;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#x1713;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG SIGN VIRAMA|&amp;#x1714;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG SIGN PAMUDPOD|&amp;#x1715;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER ARCHAIC RA|&amp;#x171f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Hanunoo'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|172x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER A|&amp;#x1720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER I|&amp;#x1721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER U|&amp;#x1722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER KA|&amp;#x1723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER GA|&amp;#x1724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER TA|&amp;#x1726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER DA|&amp;#x1727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER NA|&amp;#x1728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER PA|&amp;#x1729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER BA|&amp;#x172a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER MA|&amp;#x172b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER YA|&amp;#x172c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER RA|&amp;#x172d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER LA|&amp;#x172e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER WA|&amp;#x172f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|173x
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER SA|&amp;#x1730;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER HA|&amp;#x1731;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#x1732;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#x1733;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO SIGN PAMUDPOD|&amp;#x1734;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PHILIPPINE SINGLE PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x1735;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PHILIPPINE DOUBLE PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x1736;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Buhid'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|174x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER A|&amp;#x1740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER I|&amp;#x1741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER U|&amp;#x1742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER KA|&amp;#x1743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER GA|&amp;#x1744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER TA|&amp;#x1746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER DA|&amp;#x1747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER NA|&amp;#x1748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER PA|&amp;#x1749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER BA|&amp;#x174a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER MA|&amp;#x174b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER YA|&amp;#x174c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER RA|&amp;#x174d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER LA|&amp;#x174e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER WA|&amp;#x174f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|175x
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER SA|&amp;#x1750;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER HA|&amp;#x1751;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#x1752;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#x1753;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tagbanwa'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|176x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER A|&amp;#x1760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER I|&amp;#x1761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER U|&amp;#x1762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER KA|&amp;#x1763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER GA|&amp;#x1764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER TA|&amp;#x1766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER DA|&amp;#x1767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER NA|&amp;#x1768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER PA|&amp;#x1769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER BA|&amp;#x176a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER MA|&amp;#x176b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER YA|&amp;#x176c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER LA|&amp;#x176e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER WA|&amp;#x176f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|177x
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER SA|&amp;#x1770;}}||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#x1772;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#x1773;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Khmer'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|178x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER KA|&amp;#x1780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER KHA|&amp;#x1781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER KO|&amp;#x1782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER KHO|&amp;#x1783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER NGO|&amp;#x1784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER CA|&amp;#x1785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER CHA|&amp;#x1786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER CO|&amp;#x1787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER CHO|&amp;#x1788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER NYO|&amp;#x1789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER DA|&amp;#x178a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER TTHA|&amp;#x178b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER DO|&amp;#x178c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER TTHO|&amp;#x178d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER NNO|&amp;#x178e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER TA|&amp;#x178f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|179x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER THA|&amp;#x1790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER TO|&amp;#x1791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER THO|&amp;#x1792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER NO|&amp;#x1793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER BA|&amp;#x1794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER PHA|&amp;#x1795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER PO|&amp;#x1796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER PHO|&amp;#x1797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER MO|&amp;#x1798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER YO|&amp;#x1799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER RO|&amp;#x179a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER LO|&amp;#x179b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER VO|&amp;#x179c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER SHA|&amp;#x179d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER SSO|&amp;#x179e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER SA|&amp;#x179f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|17Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER HA|&amp;#x17a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER LA|&amp;#x17a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER QA|&amp;#x17a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAQ|&amp;#x17a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAA|&amp;#x17a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QI|&amp;#x17a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QII|&amp;#x17a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QU|&amp;#x17a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUK|&amp;#x17a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUU|&amp;#x17a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUUV|&amp;#x17aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL RY|&amp;#x17ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL RYY|&amp;#x17ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL LY|&amp;#x17ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL LYY|&amp;#x17ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QE|&amp;#x17af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|17Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAI|&amp;#x17b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QOO TYPE ONE|&amp;#x17b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QOO TYPE TWO|&amp;#x17b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAU|&amp;#x17b3;}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL INHERENT AQ|[KIV AQ]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL INHERENT AA|[KIV AA]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN AA|&amp;#x17b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#x17b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN II|&amp;#x17b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN Y|&amp;#x17b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN YY|&amp;#x17ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#x17bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN UU|&amp;#x17bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN UA|&amp;#x17bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN OE|&amp;#x17be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN YA|&amp;#x17bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|17Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN IE|&amp;#x17c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN E|&amp;#x17c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN AE|&amp;#x17c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN AI|&amp;#x17c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN OO|&amp;#x17c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN AU|&amp;#x17c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN NIKAHIT|&amp;#x17c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN REAHMUK|&amp;#x17c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN YUUKALEAPINTU|&amp;#x17c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN MUUSIKATOAN|&amp;#x17c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN TRIISAP|&amp;#x17ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN BANTOC|&amp;#x17cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN ROBAT|&amp;#x17cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN TOANDAKHIAT|&amp;#x17cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN KAKABAT|&amp;#x17ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN AHSDA|&amp;#x17cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|17Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN SAMYOK SANNYA|&amp;#x17d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN VIRIAM|&amp;#x17d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN COENG|&amp;#x17d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN BATHAMASAT|&amp;#x17d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN KHAN|&amp;#x17d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN BARIYOOSAN|&amp;#x17d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN CAMNUC PII KUUH|&amp;#x17d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN LEK TOO|&amp;#x17d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN BEYYAL|&amp;#x17d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN PHNAEK MUAN|&amp;#x17d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN KOOMUUT|&amp;#x17da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER CURRENCY SYMBOL RIEL|&amp;#x17db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN AVAKRAHASANYA|&amp;#x17dc;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN ATTHACAN|&amp;#x17dd;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|17Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x17e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x17e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x17e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x17e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x17e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x17e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x17e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x17e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x17e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x17e9;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|17Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK SON|&amp;#x17f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK MUOY|&amp;#x17f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PII|&amp;#x17f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK BEI|&amp;#x17f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK BUON|&amp;#x17f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM|&amp;#x17f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM-MUOY|&amp;#x17f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM-PII|&amp;#x17f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM-BEI|&amp;#x17f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM-BUON|&amp;#x17f9;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Mongolian'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|180x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN BIRGA|&amp;#x1800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN ELLIPSIS|&amp;#x1801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN COMMA|&amp;#x1802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN FULL STOP|&amp;#x1803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN COLON|&amp;#x1804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN FOUR DOTS|&amp;#x1805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN TODO SOFT HYPHEN|&amp;#x1806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN SIBE SYLLABLE BOUNDARY MARKER|&amp;#x1807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN MANCHU COMMA|&amp;#x1808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN MANCHU FULL STOP|&amp;#x1809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN NIRUGU|&amp;#x180a;}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR ONE|[FV S1]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR TWO|[FV S2]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR THREE|[FV S3]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR|[MV S]}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR FOUR|[FV S4]}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|181x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1819;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|182x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER A|&amp;#x1820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER E|&amp;#x1821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER I|&amp;#x1822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER O|&amp;#x1823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER U|&amp;#x1824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER OE|&amp;#x1825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER UE|&amp;#x1826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER EE|&amp;#x1827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER NA|&amp;#x1828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ANG|&amp;#x1829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER BA|&amp;#x182a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER PA|&amp;#x182b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER QA|&amp;#x182c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER GA|&amp;#x182d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MA|&amp;#x182e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER LA|&amp;#x182f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|183x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SA|&amp;#x1830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SHA|&amp;#x1831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TA|&amp;#x1832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER DA|&amp;#x1833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER CHA|&amp;#x1834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER JA|&amp;#x1835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER YA|&amp;#x1836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER RA|&amp;#x1837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER WA|&amp;#x1838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER FA|&amp;#x1839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER KA|&amp;#x183a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER KHA|&amp;#x183b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TSA|&amp;#x183c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ZA|&amp;#x183d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER HAA|&amp;#x183e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ZRA|&amp;#x183f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|184x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER LHA|&amp;#x1840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ZHI|&amp;#x1841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER CHI|&amp;#x1842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO LONG VOWEL SIGN|&amp;#x1843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO E|&amp;#x1844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO I|&amp;#x1845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO O|&amp;#x1846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO U|&amp;#x1847;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO OE|&amp;#x1848;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO UE|&amp;#x1849;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO ANG|&amp;#x184a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO BA|&amp;#x184b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO PA|&amp;#x184c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO QA|&amp;#x184d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO GA|&amp;#x184e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO MA|&amp;#x184f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|185x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO TA|&amp;#x1850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO DA|&amp;#x1851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO CHA|&amp;#x1852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO JA|&amp;#x1853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO TSA|&amp;#x1854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO YA|&amp;#x1855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO WA|&amp;#x1856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO KA|&amp;#x1857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO GAA|&amp;#x1858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO HAA|&amp;#x1859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO JIA|&amp;#x185a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO NIA|&amp;#x185b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO DZA|&amp;#x185c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE E|&amp;#x185d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE I|&amp;#x185e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE IY|&amp;#x185f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|186x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE UE|&amp;#x1860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE U|&amp;#x1861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE ANG|&amp;#x1862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE KA|&amp;#x1863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE GA|&amp;#x1864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE HA|&amp;#x1865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE PA|&amp;#x1866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE SHA|&amp;#x1867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE TA|&amp;#x1868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE DA|&amp;#x1869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE JA|&amp;#x186a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE FA|&amp;#x186b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE GAA|&amp;#x186c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE HAA|&amp;#x186d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE TSA|&amp;#x186e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE ZA|&amp;#x186f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|187x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE RAA|&amp;#x1870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE CHA|&amp;#x1871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE ZHA|&amp;#x1872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU I|&amp;#x1873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU KA|&amp;#x1874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU RA|&amp;#x1875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU FA|&amp;#x1876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ZHA|&amp;#x1877;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER CHA WITH TWO DOTS|&amp;#x1878;}}||style=&quot;{{18.0}}&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALTERNATE UE|&amp;#x1879;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|188x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI ANUSVARA ONE|&amp;#x1880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI VISARGA ONE|&amp;#x1881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DAMARU|&amp;#x1882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI UBADAMA|&amp;#x1883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI INVERTED UBADAMA|&amp;#x1884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI BALUDA|&amp;#x1885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI THREE BALUDA|&amp;#x1886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI A|&amp;#x1887;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI I|&amp;#x1888;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI KA|&amp;#x1889;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI NGA|&amp;#x188a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI CA|&amp;#x188b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI TTA|&amp;#x188c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI TTHA|&amp;#x188d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DDA|&amp;#x188e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI NNA|&amp;#x188f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|189x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI TA|&amp;#x1890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DA|&amp;#x1891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI PA|&amp;#x1892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI PHA|&amp;#x1893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI SSA|&amp;#x1894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI ZHA|&amp;#x1895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI ZA|&amp;#x1896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI AH|&amp;#x1897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO ALI GALI TA|&amp;#x1898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO ALI GALI ZHA|&amp;#x1899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI GHA|&amp;#x189a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI NGA|&amp;#x189b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI CA|&amp;#x189c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI JHA|&amp;#x189d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI TTA|&amp;#x189e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI DDHA|&amp;#x189f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI TA|&amp;#x18a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI DHA|&amp;#x18a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI SSA|&amp;#x18a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI CYA|&amp;#x18a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI ZHA|&amp;#x18a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI ZA|&amp;#x18a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI HALF U|&amp;#x18a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI HALF YA|&amp;#x18a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI BHA|&amp;#x18a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DAGALGA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x18a9;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI LHA|&amp;#x18aa;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OY|&amp;#x18b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AY|&amp;#x18b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAY|&amp;#x18b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WAY|&amp;#x18b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS POY|&amp;#x18b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAY|&amp;#x18b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWOY|&amp;#x18b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAY|&amp;#x18b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAY|&amp;#x18b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWAY|&amp;#x18b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAY|&amp;#x18ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NOY|&amp;#x18bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAY|&amp;#x18bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAY|&amp;#x18bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOY|&amp;#x18be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAY|&amp;#x18bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHOY|&amp;#x18c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHAY|&amp;#x18c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWOY|&amp;#x18c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YOY|&amp;#x18c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAY|&amp;#x18c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAY|&amp;#x18c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWI|&amp;#x18c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY NWI|&amp;#x18c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWII|&amp;#x18c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY NWII|&amp;#x18c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWO|&amp;#x18ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY NWO|&amp;#x18cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWOO|&amp;#x18cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY NWOO|&amp;#x18cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWEE|&amp;#x18ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWI|&amp;#x18cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWII|&amp;#x18d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWO|&amp;#x18d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWOO|&amp;#x18d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWA|&amp;#x18d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY P|&amp;#x18d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY T|&amp;#x18d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY K|&amp;#x18d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY C|&amp;#x18d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY M|&amp;#x18d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY N|&amp;#x18d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY S|&amp;#x18da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY SH|&amp;#x18db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS EASTERN W|&amp;#x18dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WESTERN W|&amp;#x18dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL SMALL RING|&amp;#x18de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RAISED DOT|&amp;#x18df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS R-CREE RWE|&amp;#x18e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LOO|&amp;#x18e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LAA|&amp;#x18e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THWE|&amp;#x18e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THWA|&amp;#x18e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHWE|&amp;#x18e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHOO|&amp;#x18e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHAA|&amp;#x18e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHWE|&amp;#x18e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHOO|&amp;#x18e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHWE|&amp;#x18ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHOO|&amp;#x18eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI HOO|&amp;#x18ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GWU|&amp;#x18ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DENE GEE|&amp;#x18ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GAA|&amp;#x18ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18Fx
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GWA|&amp;#x18f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI JUU|&amp;#x18f1;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JWA|&amp;#x18f2;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BEAVER DENE L|&amp;#x18f3;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BEAVER DENE R|&amp;#x18f4;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DENTAL S|&amp;#x18f5;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Limbu'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|190x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL-CARRIER LETTER|&amp;#x1900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER KA|&amp;#x1901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER KHA|&amp;#x1902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER GA|&amp;#x1903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER GHA|&amp;#x1904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER CA|&amp;#x1906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER CHA|&amp;#x1907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER JA|&amp;#x1908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER JHA|&amp;#x1909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER YAN|&amp;#x190a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER TA|&amp;#x190b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER THA|&amp;#x190c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER DA|&amp;#x190d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER DHA|&amp;#x190e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER NA|&amp;#x190f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|191x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER PA|&amp;#x1910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER PHA|&amp;#x1911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER BA|&amp;#x1912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER BHA|&amp;#x1913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER MA|&amp;#x1914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER YA|&amp;#x1915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER RA|&amp;#x1916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER LA|&amp;#x1917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER WA|&amp;#x1918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER SHA|&amp;#x1919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER SSA|&amp;#x191a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER SA|&amp;#x191b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER HA|&amp;#x191c;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER GYAN|&amp;#x191d;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER TRA|&amp;#x191e;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|192x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN A|&amp;#x1920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#x1921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#x1922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN EE|&amp;#x1923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN AI|&amp;#x1924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN OO|&amp;#x1925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN AU|&amp;#x1926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN E|&amp;#x1927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN O|&amp;#x1928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SUBJOINED LETTER YA|&amp;#x1929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SUBJOINED LETTER RA|&amp;#x192a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SUBJOINED LETTER WA|&amp;#x192b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|193x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER KA|&amp;#x1930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER ANUSVARA|&amp;#x1932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER TA|&amp;#x1933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER NA|&amp;#x1934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER PA|&amp;#x1935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER MA|&amp;#x1936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER RA|&amp;#x1937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER LA|&amp;#x1938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SIGN MUKPHRENG|&amp;#x1939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SIGN KEMPHRENG|&amp;#x193a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SIGN SA-I|&amp;#x193b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|194x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SIGN LOO|&amp;#x1940;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x1944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x1945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x194a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x194b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x194c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x194d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x194e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x194f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tai Le'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|195x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER KA|&amp;#x1950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER XA|&amp;#x1951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TSA|&amp;#x1953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER SA|&amp;#x1954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER YA|&amp;#x1955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TA|&amp;#x1956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER THA|&amp;#x1957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER LA|&amp;#x1958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER PA|&amp;#x1959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER PHA|&amp;#x195a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER MA|&amp;#x195b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER FA|&amp;#x195c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER VA|&amp;#x195d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER HA|&amp;#x195e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER QA|&amp;#x195f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|196x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER KHA|&amp;#x1960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TSHA|&amp;#x1961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER NA|&amp;#x1962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER A|&amp;#x1963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER I|&amp;#x1964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER EE|&amp;#x1965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER EH|&amp;#x1966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER U|&amp;#x1967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER OO|&amp;#x1968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER O|&amp;#x1969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER UE|&amp;#x196a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER E|&amp;#x196b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER AUE|&amp;#x196c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER AI|&amp;#x196d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|197x
|style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TONE-2|&amp;#x1970;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TONE-3|&amp;#x1971;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TONE-4|&amp;#x1972;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TONE-5|&amp;#x1973;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TONE-6|&amp;#x1974;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''New Tai Lue'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|198x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH QA|&amp;#x1980;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW QA|&amp;#x1981;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH KA|&amp;#x1982;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH XA|&amp;#x1983;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH NGA|&amp;#x1984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW KA|&amp;#x1985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW XA|&amp;#x1986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW NGA|&amp;#x1987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH TSA|&amp;#x1988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH SA|&amp;#x1989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH YA|&amp;#x198a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW TSA|&amp;#x198b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW SA|&amp;#x198c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW YA|&amp;#x198d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH TA|&amp;#x198e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH THA|&amp;#x198f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|199x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH NA|&amp;#x1990;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW TA|&amp;#x1991;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW THA|&amp;#x1992;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW NA|&amp;#x1993;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH PA|&amp;#x1994;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH PHA|&amp;#x1995;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH MA|&amp;#x1996;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW PA|&amp;#x1997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW PHA|&amp;#x1998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW MA|&amp;#x1999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH FA|&amp;#x199a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH VA|&amp;#x199b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH LA|&amp;#x199c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW FA|&amp;#x199d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW VA|&amp;#x199e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW LA|&amp;#x199f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|19Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH HA|&amp;#x19a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH DA|&amp;#x19a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH BA|&amp;#x19a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW HA|&amp;#x19a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW DA|&amp;#x19a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW BA|&amp;#x19a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH KVA|&amp;#x19a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH XVA|&amp;#x19a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW KVA|&amp;#x19a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW XVA|&amp;#x19a9;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH SUA|&amp;#x19aa;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW SUA|&amp;#x19ab;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|19Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN VOWEL SHORTENER|&amp;#x19b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AA|&amp;#x19b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN II|&amp;#x19b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#x19b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN UU|&amp;#x19b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN E|&amp;#x19b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AE|&amp;#x19b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN O|&amp;#x19b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN OA|&amp;#x19b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN UE|&amp;#x19b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AY|&amp;#x19ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AAY|&amp;#x19bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN UY|&amp;#x19bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN OY|&amp;#x19bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN OAY|&amp;#x19be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN UEY|&amp;#x19bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|19Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN IY|&amp;#x19c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL V|&amp;#x19c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL NG|&amp;#x19c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL N|&amp;#x19c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL M|&amp;#x19c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL K|&amp;#x19c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL D|&amp;#x19c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL B|&amp;#x19c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE TONE MARK-1|&amp;#x19c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE TONE MARK-2|&amp;#x19c9;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|19Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x19d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x19d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x19d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x19d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x19d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x19d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x19d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x19d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x19d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x19d9;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE THAM DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x19da;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE SIGN LAE|&amp;#x19de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE SIGN LAEV|&amp;#x19df;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Khmer Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|19Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PATHAMASAT|&amp;#x19e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL MUOY KOET|&amp;#x19e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PII KOET|&amp;#x19e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL BEI KOET|&amp;#x19e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL BUON KOET|&amp;#x19e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM KOET|&amp;#x19e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-MUOY KOET|&amp;#x19e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-PII KOET|&amp;#x19e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-BEI KOET|&amp;#x19e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-BUON KOET|&amp;#x19e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP KOET|&amp;#x19ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-MUOY KOET|&amp;#x19eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PII KOET|&amp;#x19ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-BEI KOET|&amp;#x19ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-BUON KOET|&amp;#x19ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PRAM KOET|&amp;#x19ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|19Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL TUTEYASAT|&amp;#x19f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL MUOY ROC|&amp;#x19f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PII ROC|&amp;#x19f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL BEI ROC|&amp;#x19f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL BUON ROC|&amp;#x19f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM ROC|&amp;#x19f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-MUOY ROC|&amp;#x19f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-PII ROC|&amp;#x19f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-BEI ROC|&amp;#x19f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-BUON ROC|&amp;#x19f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP ROC|&amp;#x19fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-MUOY ROC|&amp;#x19fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PII ROC|&amp;#x19fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-BEI ROC|&amp;#x19fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-BUON ROC|&amp;#x19fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PRAM ROC|&amp;#x19ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Buginese'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1A0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER KA|&amp;#x1a00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER GA|&amp;#x1a01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1a02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER NGKA|&amp;#x1a03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER PA|&amp;#x1a04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER BA|&amp;#x1a05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER MA|&amp;#x1a06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER MPA|&amp;#x1a07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER TA|&amp;#x1a08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER DA|&amp;#x1a09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER NA|&amp;#x1a0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER NRA|&amp;#x1a0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER CA|&amp;#x1a0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER JA|&amp;#x1a0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER NYA|&amp;#x1a0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER NYCA|&amp;#x1a0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1A1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER YA|&amp;#x1a10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER RA|&amp;#x1a11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER LA|&amp;#x1a12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER VA|&amp;#x1a13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER SA|&amp;#x1a14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER A|&amp;#x1a15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER HA|&amp;#x1a16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#x1a17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#x1a18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN E|&amp;#x1a19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN O|&amp;#x1a1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN AE|&amp;#x1a1b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE PALLAWA|&amp;#x1a1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE END OF SECTION|&amp;#x1a1f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tai Tham'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1A2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH KA|&amp;#x1a20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH KHA|&amp;#x1a21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH KXA|&amp;#x1a22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW KA|&amp;#x1a23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW KXA|&amp;#x1a24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW KHA|&amp;#x1a25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1a26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH CA|&amp;#x1a27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH CHA|&amp;#x1a28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW CA|&amp;#x1a29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW SA|&amp;#x1a2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW CHA|&amp;#x1a2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER NYA|&amp;#x1a2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER RATA|&amp;#x1a2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH RATHA|&amp;#x1a2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER DA|&amp;#x1a2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1A3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW RATHA|&amp;#x1a30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER RANA|&amp;#x1a31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH TA|&amp;#x1a32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH THA|&amp;#x1a33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW TA|&amp;#x1a34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW THA|&amp;#x1a35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER NA|&amp;#x1a36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER BA|&amp;#x1a37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH PA|&amp;#x1a38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH PHA|&amp;#x1a39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH FA|&amp;#x1a3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW PA|&amp;#x1a3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW FA|&amp;#x1a3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW PHA|&amp;#x1a3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER MA|&amp;#x1a3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA|&amp;#x1a3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1A4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH YA|&amp;#x1a40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER RA|&amp;#x1a41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER RUE|&amp;#x1a42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LA|&amp;#x1a43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LUE|&amp;#x1a44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER WA|&amp;#x1a45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SHA|&amp;#x1a46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SSA|&amp;#x1a47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SA|&amp;#x1a48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH HA|&amp;#x1a49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LLA|&amp;#x1a4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER A|&amp;#x1a4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW HA|&amp;#x1a4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER I|&amp;#x1a4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER II|&amp;#x1a4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER U|&amp;#x1a4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1A5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER UU|&amp;#x1a50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER EE|&amp;#x1a51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER OO|&amp;#x1a52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LAE|&amp;#x1a53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER GREAT SA|&amp;#x1a54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA|&amp;#x1a55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL LA|&amp;#x1a56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN LA TANG LAI|&amp;#x1a57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN MAI KANG LAI|&amp;#x1a58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL NGA|&amp;#x1a59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN LOW PA|&amp;#x1a5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA|&amp;#x1a5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MA|&amp;#x1a5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN BA|&amp;#x1a5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN SA|&amp;#x1a5e;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1A6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT|&amp;#x1a60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A|&amp;#x1a61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT|&amp;#x1a62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA|&amp;#x1a63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN TALL AA|&amp;#x1a64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#x1a65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN II|&amp;#x1a66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UE|&amp;#x1a67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE|&amp;#x1a68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#x1a69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UU|&amp;#x1a6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN O|&amp;#x1a6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW|&amp;#x1a6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OY|&amp;#x1a6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E|&amp;#x1a6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AE|&amp;#x1a6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1A7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OO|&amp;#x1a70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AI|&amp;#x1a71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN THAM AI|&amp;#x1a72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA ABOVE|&amp;#x1a73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN MAI KANG|&amp;#x1a74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN TONE-1|&amp;#x1a75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN TONE-2|&amp;#x1a76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN TONE-3|&amp;#x1a77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN TONE-4|&amp;#x1a78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN TONE-5|&amp;#x1a79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN RA HAAM|&amp;#x1a7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN MAI SAM|&amp;#x1a7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN-LUE KARAN|&amp;#x1a7c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM COMBINING CRYPTOGRAMMIC DOT|&amp;#x1a7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1A8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1a80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1a81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1a82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1a83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1a84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1a85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1a86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1a87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1a88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1a89;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1A9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1a90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1a91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1a92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1a93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1a94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1a95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1a96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1a97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1a98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1a99;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1AAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN WIANG|&amp;#x1aa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN WIANGWAAK|&amp;#x1aa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN SAWAN|&amp;#x1aa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KEOW|&amp;#x1aa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN HOY|&amp;#x1aa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN DOKMAI|&amp;#x1aa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN REVERSED ROTATED RANA|&amp;#x1aa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN MAI YAMOK|&amp;#x1aa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KAAN|&amp;#x1aa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KAANKUU|&amp;#x1aa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN SATKAAN|&amp;#x1aaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN SATKAANKUU|&amp;#x1aab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN HANG|&amp;#x1aac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN CAANG|&amp;#x1aad;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ABx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLED CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ab0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DIAERESIS-RING|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ab1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING INFINITY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ab2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ab3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING TRIPLE DOT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ab4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING X-X BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ab5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING WIGGLY LINE BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ab6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING OPEN MARK BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ab7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE OPEN MARK BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ab8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LIGHT CENTRALIZATION STROKE BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ab9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING STRONG CENTRALIZATION STROKE BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1aba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING PARENTHESES ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1abb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE PARENTHESES ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1abc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING PARENTHESES BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1abd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING PARENTHESES OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1abe;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER W BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1abf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ACx
|style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED W BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ac0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT PARENTHESIS ABOVE LEFT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ac1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT PARENTHESIS ABOVE RIGHT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ac2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT PARENTHESIS BELOW LEFT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ac3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT PARENTHESIS BELOW RIGHT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ac4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SQUARE BRACKETS ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ac5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING NUMBER SIGN ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ac6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING INVERTED DOUBLE ARCH ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ac7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING PLUS SIGN ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ac8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE PLUS SIGN ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ac9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE PLUS SIGN BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1aca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING TRIPLE ACUTE ACCENT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1acb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR G|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1acc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR R|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1acd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR T|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ace;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE CARON|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1acf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ADx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING VERTICAL-LINE-ACUTE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ad0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRAVE-VERTICAL-LINE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ad1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING VERTICAL-LINE-GRAVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ad2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ACUTE-VERTICAL-LINE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ad3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING VERTICAL-LINE-MACRON|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ad4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING MACRON-VERTICAL-LINE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ad5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING VERTICAL-LINE-ACUTE-GRAVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ad6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING VERTICAL-LINE-GRAVE-ACUTE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ad7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE-GRAVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ad8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SHARP SIGN|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ad9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING FLAT SIGN|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ada;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOWN TACK ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1adb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DIAERESIS WITH RAISED LEFT DOT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1adc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOT-AND-RING BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1add;}}||style=&quot;{{18.0}}&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRAVE-DOT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ade;}}||style=&quot;{{18.0}}&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOT-ACUTE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1adf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1AEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT TACK ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT TACK ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING MINUS SIGN ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SQUARE ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SEAGULL ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE ARCH BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE ARCH ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ae7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING EQUALS SIGN ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ae8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT ANGLE CENTRED ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ae9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING UPWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1aea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE RIGHTWARDS ARROW
ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1aeb;}}||style=&quot;{{18.0}}&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CARON-ACUTE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1aec;}}||style=&quot;{{18.0}}&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING VERTICAL-LINE-DOUBLE-ACUTE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1aed;}}||style=&quot;{{18.0}}&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE GRAVE ACCENT BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1aee;}}||style=&quot;{{18.0}}&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1aef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1AFx
|style=&quot;{{18.0}}&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE COMMA ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1af0;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Balinese'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1B0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE SIGN ULU RICEM|&amp;#x1b00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE SIGN ULU CANDRA|&amp;#x1b01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE SIGN CECEK|&amp;#x1b02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE SIGN SURANG|&amp;#x1b03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE SIGN BISAH|&amp;#x1b04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER AKARA|&amp;#x1b05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER AKARA TEDUNG|&amp;#x1b06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER IKARA|&amp;#x1b07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER IKARA TEDUNG|&amp;#x1b08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER UKARA|&amp;#x1b09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER UKARA TEDUNG|&amp;#x1b0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER RA REPA|&amp;#x1b0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER RA REPA TEDUNG|&amp;#x1b0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER LA LENGA|&amp;#x1b0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER LA LENGA TEDUNG|&amp;#x1b0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER EKARA|&amp;#x1b0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1B1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER AIKARA|&amp;#x1b10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER OKARA|&amp;#x1b11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER OKARA TEDUNG|&amp;#x1b12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER KA|&amp;#x1b13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER KA MAHAPRANA|&amp;#x1b14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER GA|&amp;#x1b15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER GA GORA|&amp;#x1b16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1b17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER CA|&amp;#x1b18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER CA LACA|&amp;#x1b19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER JA|&amp;#x1b1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER JA JERA|&amp;#x1b1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER NYA|&amp;#x1b1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER TA LATIK|&amp;#x1b1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER TA MURDA MAHAPRANA|&amp;#x1b1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER DA MURDA ALPAPRANA|&amp;#x1b1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1B2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER DA MURDA MAHAPRANA|&amp;#x1b20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER NA RAMBAT|&amp;#x1b21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER TA|&amp;#x1b22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER TA TAWA|&amp;#x1b23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER DA|&amp;#x1b24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER DA MADU|&amp;#x1b25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER NA|&amp;#x1b26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER PA|&amp;#x1b27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER PA KAPAL|&amp;#x1b28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER BA|&amp;#x1b29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER BA KEMBANG|&amp;#x1b2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER MA|&amp;#x1b2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER YA|&amp;#x1b2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER RA|&amp;#x1b2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER LA|&amp;#x1b2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER WA|&amp;#x1b2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1B3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER SA SAGA|&amp;#x1b30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER SA SAPA|&amp;#x1b31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER SA|&amp;#x1b32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER HA|&amp;#x1b33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE SIGN REREKAN|&amp;#x1b34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN TEDUNG|&amp;#x1b35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN ULU|&amp;#x1b36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN ULU SARI|&amp;#x1b37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN SUKU|&amp;#x1b38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN SUKU ILUT|&amp;#x1b39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN RA REPA|&amp;#x1b3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN RA REPA TEDUNG|&amp;#x1b3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN LA LENGA|&amp;#x1b3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN LA LENGA TEDUNG|&amp;#x1b3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN TALING|&amp;#x1b3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN TALING REPA|&amp;#x1b3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1B4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN TALING TEDUNG|&amp;#x1b40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN TALING REPA TEDUNG|&amp;#x1b41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN PEPET|&amp;#x1b42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN PEPET TEDUNG|&amp;#x1b43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE ADEG ADEG|&amp;#x1b44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER KAF SASAK|&amp;#x1b45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER KHOT SASAK|&amp;#x1b46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER TZIR SASAK|&amp;#x1b47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER EF SASAK|&amp;#x1b48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER VE SASAK|&amp;#x1b49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER ZAL SASAK|&amp;#x1b4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER ASYURA SASAK|&amp;#x1b4b;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER ARCHAIC JNYA|&amp;#x1b4c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE INVERTED CARIK SIKI|&amp;#x1b4e;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE INVERTED CARIK PAREREN|&amp;#x1b4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1B5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1b50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1b51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1b52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1b53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1b54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1b55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1b56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1b57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1b58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1b59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE PANTI|&amp;#x1b5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE PAMADA|&amp;#x1b5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE WINDU|&amp;#x1b5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE CARIK PAMUNGKAH|&amp;#x1b5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE CARIK SIKI|&amp;#x1b5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE CARIK PAREREN|&amp;#x1b5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1B6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE PAMENENG|&amp;#x1b60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DONG|&amp;#x1b61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DENG|&amp;#x1b62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DUNG|&amp;#x1b63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DANG|&amp;#x1b64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DANG SURANG|&amp;#x1b65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DING|&amp;#x1b66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DAENG|&amp;#x1b67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DEUNG|&amp;#x1b68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DAING|&amp;#x1b69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DANG GEDE|&amp;#x1b6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING TEGEH|&amp;#x1b6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING ENDEP|&amp;#x1b6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING KEMPUL|&amp;#x1b6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING KEMPLI|&amp;#x1b6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING JEGOGAN|&amp;#x1b6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1B7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING KEMPUL WITH JEGOGAN|&amp;#x1b70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING KEMPLI WITH JEGOGAN|&amp;#x1b71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING BENDE|&amp;#x1b72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING GONG|&amp;#x1b73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL RIGHT-HAND OPEN DUG|&amp;#x1b74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL RIGHT-HAND OPEN DAG|&amp;#x1b75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL RIGHT-HAND CLOSED TUK|&amp;#x1b76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL RIGHT-HAND CLOSED TAK|&amp;#x1b77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEFT-HAND OPEN PANG|&amp;#x1b78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEFT-HAND OPEN PUNG|&amp;#x1b79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEFT-HAND CLOSED PLAK|&amp;#x1b7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEFT-HAND CLOSED PLUK|&amp;#x1b7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEFT-HAND OPEN PING|&amp;#x1b7c;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE PANTI LANTANG|&amp;#x1b7d;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE PAMADA LANTANG|&amp;#x1b7e;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE PANTI BAWAK|&amp;#x1b7f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Sundanese'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1B8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE SIGN PANYECEK|&amp;#x1b80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE SIGN PANGLAYAR|&amp;#x1b81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE SIGN PANGWISAD|&amp;#x1b82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER A|&amp;#x1b83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER I|&amp;#x1b84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER U|&amp;#x1b85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER AE|&amp;#x1b86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER O|&amp;#x1b87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER E|&amp;#x1b88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER EU|&amp;#x1b89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER KA|&amp;#x1b8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER QA|&amp;#x1b8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER GA|&amp;#x1b8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1b8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER CA|&amp;#x1b8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER JA|&amp;#x1b8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1B9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER ZA|&amp;#x1b90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER NYA|&amp;#x1b91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER TA|&amp;#x1b92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER DA|&amp;#x1b93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER NA|&amp;#x1b94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER PA|&amp;#x1b95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER FA|&amp;#x1b96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER VA|&amp;#x1b97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER BA|&amp;#x1b98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER MA|&amp;#x1b99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER YA|&amp;#x1b9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER RA|&amp;#x1b9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER LA|&amp;#x1b9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER WA|&amp;#x1b9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER SA|&amp;#x1b9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER XA|&amp;#x1b9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1BAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER HA|&amp;#x1ba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE CONSONANT SIGN PAMINGKAL|&amp;#x1ba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE CONSONANT SIGN PANYAKRA|&amp;#x1ba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE CONSONANT SIGN PANYIKU|&amp;#x1ba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE VOWEL SIGN PANGHULU|&amp;#x1ba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE VOWEL SIGN PANYUKU|&amp;#x1ba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE VOWEL SIGN PANAELAENG|&amp;#x1ba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE VOWEL SIGN PANOLONG|&amp;#x1ba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE VOWEL SIGN PAMEPET|&amp;#x1ba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE VOWEL SIGN PANEULEUNG|&amp;#x1ba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE SIGN PAMAAEH|&amp;#x1baa;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE SIGN VIRAMA|&amp;#x1bab;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE CONSONANT SIGN PASANGAN MA|&amp;#x1bac;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE CONSONANT SIGN PASANGAN WA|&amp;#x1bad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER KHA|&amp;#x1bae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER SYA|&amp;#x1baf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1BBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1bb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1bb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1bb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1bb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1bb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1bb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1bb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1bb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1bb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1bb9;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE AVAGRAHA|&amp;#x1bba;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER REU|&amp;#x1bbb;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER LEU|&amp;#x1bbc;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER ARCHAIC I|&amp;#x1bbd;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER FINAL K|&amp;#x1bbe;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER FINAL M|&amp;#x1bbf;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Batak'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1BCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER A|&amp;#x1bc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN A|&amp;#x1bc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER HA|&amp;#x1bc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN HA|&amp;#x1bc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER MANDAILING HA|&amp;#x1bc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER BA|&amp;#x1bc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER KARO BA|&amp;#x1bc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER PA|&amp;#x1bc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN PA|&amp;#x1bc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER NA|&amp;#x1bc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER MANDAILING NA|&amp;#x1bca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER WA|&amp;#x1bcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN WA|&amp;#x1bcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER PAKPAK WA|&amp;#x1bcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER GA|&amp;#x1bce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN GA|&amp;#x1bcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1BDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER JA|&amp;#x1bd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER DA|&amp;#x1bd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER RA|&amp;#x1bd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN RA|&amp;#x1bd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER MA|&amp;#x1bd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN MA|&amp;#x1bd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SOUTHERN TA|&amp;#x1bd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER NORTHERN TA|&amp;#x1bd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SA|&amp;#x1bd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN SA|&amp;#x1bd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER MANDAILING SA|&amp;#x1bda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER YA|&amp;#x1bdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN YA|&amp;#x1bdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1bdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER LA|&amp;#x1bde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN LA|&amp;#x1bdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1BEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER NYA|&amp;#x1be0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER CA|&amp;#x1be1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER NDA|&amp;#x1be2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER MBA|&amp;#x1be3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER I|&amp;#x1be4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER U|&amp;#x1be5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK SIGN TOMPI|&amp;#x1be6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN E|&amp;#x1be7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN PAKPAK E|&amp;#x1be8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN EE|&amp;#x1be9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#x1bea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN KARO I|&amp;#x1beb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN O|&amp;#x1bec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN KARO O|&amp;#x1bed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#x1bee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN U FOR SIMALUNGUN SA|&amp;#x1bef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1BFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK CONSONANT SIGN NG|&amp;#x1bf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK CONSONANT SIGN H|&amp;#x1bf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK PANGOLAT|&amp;#x1bf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK PANONGONAN|&amp;#x1bf3;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK SYMBOL BINDU NA METEK|&amp;#x1bfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK SYMBOL BINDU PINARBORAS|&amp;#x1bfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK SYMBOL BINDU JUDUL|&amp;#x1bfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK SYMBOL BINDU PANGOLAT|&amp;#x1bff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Lepcha'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1C0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER KA|&amp;#x1c00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER KLA|&amp;#x1c01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER KHA|&amp;#x1c02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER GA|&amp;#x1c03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER GLA|&amp;#x1c04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER NGA|&amp;#x1c05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER CA|&amp;#x1c06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER CHA|&amp;#x1c07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER JA|&amp;#x1c08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER NYA|&amp;#x1c09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER TA|&amp;#x1c0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER THA|&amp;#x1c0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER DA|&amp;#x1c0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER NA|&amp;#x1c0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER PA|&amp;#x1c0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER PLA|&amp;#x1c0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1C1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER PHA|&amp;#x1c10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER FA|&amp;#x1c11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER FLA|&amp;#x1c12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER BA|&amp;#x1c13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER BLA|&amp;#x1c14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER MA|&amp;#x1c15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER MLA|&amp;#x1c16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER TSA|&amp;#x1c17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER TSHA|&amp;#x1c18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER DZA|&amp;#x1c19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER YA|&amp;#x1c1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER RA|&amp;#x1c1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER LA|&amp;#x1c1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER HA|&amp;#x1c1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER HLA|&amp;#x1c1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER VA|&amp;#x1c1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1C2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER SA|&amp;#x1c20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER SHA|&amp;#x1c21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER WA|&amp;#x1c22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER A|&amp;#x1c23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA SUBJOINED LETTER YA|&amp;#x1c24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA SUBJOINED LETTER RA|&amp;#x1c25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN AA|&amp;#x1c26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#x1c27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN O|&amp;#x1c28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN OO|&amp;#x1c29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#x1c2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN UU|&amp;#x1c2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN E|&amp;#x1c2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN K|&amp;#x1c2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN M|&amp;#x1c2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN L|&amp;#x1c2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1C3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN N|&amp;#x1c30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN P|&amp;#x1c31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN R|&amp;#x1c32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN T|&amp;#x1c33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN NYIN-DO|&amp;#x1c34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN KANG|&amp;#x1c35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA SIGN RAN|&amp;#x1c36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA SIGN NUKTA|&amp;#x1c37;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA PUNCTUATION TA-ROL|&amp;#x1c3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA PUNCTUATION NYET THYOOM TA-ROL|&amp;#x1c3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA PUNCTUATION CER-WA|&amp;#x1c3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA PUNCTUATION TSHOOK CER-WA|&amp;#x1c3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA PUNCTUATION TSHOOK|&amp;#x1c3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1C4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1c40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1c41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1c42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1c43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1c44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1c45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1c46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1c47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1c48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1c49;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER TTA|&amp;#x1c4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER TTHA|&amp;#x1c4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER DDA|&amp;#x1c4f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ol Chiki'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1C5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1c50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1c51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1c52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1c53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1c54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1c55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1c56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1c57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1c58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1c59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER LA|&amp;#x1c5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AT|&amp;#x1c5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AG|&amp;#x1c5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER ANG|&amp;#x1c5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AL|&amp;#x1c5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER LAA|&amp;#x1c5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1C6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AAK|&amp;#x1c60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AAJ|&amp;#x1c61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AAM|&amp;#x1c62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AAW|&amp;#x1c63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER LI|&amp;#x1c64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER IS|&amp;#x1c65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER IH|&amp;#x1c66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER INY|&amp;#x1c67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER IR|&amp;#x1c68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER LU|&amp;#x1c69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER UC|&amp;#x1c6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER UD|&amp;#x1c6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER UNN|&amp;#x1c6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER UY|&amp;#x1c6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER LE|&amp;#x1c6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER EP|&amp;#x1c6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1C7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER EDD|&amp;#x1c70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER EN|&amp;#x1c71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER ERR|&amp;#x1c72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER LO|&amp;#x1c73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER OTT|&amp;#x1c74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER OB|&amp;#x1c75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER OV|&amp;#x1c76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER OH|&amp;#x1c77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI MU TTUDDAG|&amp;#x1c78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI GAAHLAA TTUDDAAG|&amp;#x1c79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI MU-GAAHLAA TTUDDAAG|&amp;#x1c7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI RELAA|&amp;#x1c7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI PHAARKAA|&amp;#x1c7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI AHAD|&amp;#x1c7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI PUNCTUATION MUCAAD|&amp;#x1c7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI PUNCTUATION DOUBLE MUCAAD|&amp;#x1c7f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1C8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ROUNDED VE|&amp;#x1c80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER LONG-LEGGED DE|&amp;#x1c81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O|&amp;#x1c82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER WIDE ES|&amp;#x1c83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL TE|&amp;#x1c84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER THREE-LEGGED TE|&amp;#x1c85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL HARD SIGN|&amp;#x1c86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL YAT|&amp;#x1c87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UNBLENDED UK|&amp;#x1c88;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TJE|&amp;#x1c89;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TJE|&amp;#x1c8a;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Georgian Extended'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1C9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER AN|&amp;#x1c90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER BAN|&amp;#x1c91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER GAN|&amp;#x1c92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER DON|&amp;#x1c93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER EN|&amp;#x1c94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER VIN|&amp;#x1c95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER ZEN|&amp;#x1c96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER TAN|&amp;#x1c97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER IN|&amp;#x1c98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER KAN|&amp;#x1c99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER LAS|&amp;#x1c9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER MAN|&amp;#x1c9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER NAR|&amp;#x1c9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER ON|&amp;#x1c9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER PAR|&amp;#x1c9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER ZHAR|&amp;#x1c9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1CAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER RAE|&amp;#x1ca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER SAN|&amp;#x1ca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER TAR|&amp;#x1ca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER UN|&amp;#x1ca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER PHAR|&amp;#x1ca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER KHAR|&amp;#x1ca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER GHAN|&amp;#x1ca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER QAR|&amp;#x1ca7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER SHIN|&amp;#x1ca8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER CHIN|&amp;#x1ca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER CAN|&amp;#x1caa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER JIL|&amp;#x1cab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER CIL|&amp;#x1cac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER CHAR|&amp;#x1cad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER XAN|&amp;#x1cae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER JHAN|&amp;#x1caf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1CBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HAE|&amp;#x1cb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HE|&amp;#x1cb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HIE|&amp;#x1cb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER WE|&amp;#x1cb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HAR|&amp;#x1cb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HOE|&amp;#x1cb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER FI|&amp;#x1cb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER YN|&amp;#x1cb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER ELIFI|&amp;#x1cb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER TURNED GAN|&amp;#x1cb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER AIN|&amp;#x1cba;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER AEN|&amp;#x1cbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HARD SIGN|&amp;#x1cbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER LABIAL SIGN|&amp;#x1cbf;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Sundanese Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1CCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU SURYA|&amp;#x1cc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU PANGLONG|&amp;#x1cc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU PURNAMA|&amp;#x1cc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU CAKRA|&amp;#x1cc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU LEU SATANGA|&amp;#x1cc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU KA SATANGA|&amp;#x1cc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU DA SATANGA|&amp;#x1cc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU BA SATANGA|&amp;#x1cc7;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Vedic Extensions'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1CDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE KARSHANA|&amp;#x1cd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE SHARA|&amp;#x1cd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE PRENKHA|&amp;#x1cd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN NIHSHVASA|&amp;#x1cd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN YAJURVEDIC MIDLINE SVARITA|&amp;#x1cd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC AGGRAVATED INDEPENDENT SVARITA|&amp;#x1cd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC INDEPENDENT SVARITA|&amp;#x1cd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC KATHAKA INDEPENDENT SVARITA|&amp;#x1cd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE CANDRA BELOW|&amp;#x1cd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC KATHAKA INDEPENDENT SVARITA SCHROEDER|&amp;#x1cd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE DOUBLE SVARITA|&amp;#x1cda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE TRIPLE SVARITA|&amp;#x1cdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE KATHAKA ANUDATTA|&amp;#x1cdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1cdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE TWO DOTS BELOW|&amp;#x1cde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE THREE DOTS BELOW|&amp;#x1cdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1CEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE RIGVEDIC KASHMIRI INDEPENDENT SVARITA|&amp;#x1ce0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE ATHARVAVEDIC INDEPENDENT SVARITA|&amp;#x1ce1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN VISARGA SVARITA|&amp;#x1ce2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN VISARGA UDATTA|&amp;#x1ce3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN REVERSED VISARGA UDATTA|&amp;#x1ce4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN VISARGA ANUDATTA|&amp;#x1ce5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN REVERSED VISARGA ANUDATTA|&amp;#x1ce6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN VISARGA UDATTA WITH TAIL|&amp;#x1ce7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN VISARGA ANUDATTA WITH TAIL|&amp;#x1ce8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA ANTARGOMUKHA|&amp;#x1ce9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA BAHIRGOMUKHA|&amp;#x1cea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA VAMAGOMUKHA|&amp;#x1ceb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA VAMAGOMUKHA WITH TAIL|&amp;#x1cec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN TIRYAK|&amp;#x1ced;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN HEXIFORM LONG ANUSVARA|&amp;#x1cee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN LONG ANUSVARA|&amp;#x1cef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1CFx
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN RTHANG LONG ANUSVARA|&amp;#x1cf0;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA UBHAYATO MUKHA|&amp;#x1cf1;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ARDHAVISARGA|&amp;#x1cf2;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ROTATED ARDHAVISARGA|&amp;#x1cf3;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE CANDRA ABOVE|&amp;#x1cf4;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN JIHVAMULIYA|&amp;#x1cf5;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN UPADHMANIYA|&amp;#x1cf6;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ATIKRAMA|&amp;#x1cf7;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE RING ABOVE|&amp;#x1cf8;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE DOUBLE RING ABOVE|&amp;#x1cf9;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN DOUBLE ANUSVARA ANTARGOMUKHA|&amp;#x1cfa;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Phonetic Extensions'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL AE|&amp;#x1d01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED AE|&amp;#x1d02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL BARRED B|&amp;#x1d03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL C|&amp;#x1d04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL ETH|&amp;#x1d06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OPEN E|&amp;#x1d08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED I|&amp;#x1d09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED N|&amp;#x1d0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OPEN O|&amp;#x1d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O|&amp;#x1d11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS OPEN O|&amp;#x1d12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OE|&amp;#x1d14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OU|&amp;#x1d15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TOP HALF O|&amp;#x1d16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER BOTTOM HALF O|&amp;#x1d17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED R|&amp;#x1d19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED R|&amp;#x1d1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS U|&amp;#x1d1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS DIAERESIZED U|&amp;#x1d1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS TURNED M|&amp;#x1d1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL V|&amp;#x1d20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x1d22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL EZH|&amp;#x1d23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER VOICED LARYNGEAL SPIRANT|&amp;#x1d24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER AIN|&amp;#x1d25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL GAMMA|&amp;#x1d26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL LAMDA|&amp;#x1d27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL PI|&amp;#x1d28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL RHO|&amp;#x1d29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL PSI|&amp;#x1d2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC LETTER SMALL CAPITAL EL|&amp;#x1d2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL A|&amp;#x1d2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL AE|&amp;#x1d2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL B|&amp;#x1d2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL BARRED B|&amp;#x1d2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL D|&amp;#x1d30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL E|&amp;#x1d31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL REVERSED E|&amp;#x1d32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL G|&amp;#x1d33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL H|&amp;#x1d34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1d35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL J|&amp;#x1d36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL K|&amp;#x1d37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1d38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL M|&amp;#x1d39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1d3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL REVERSED N|&amp;#x1d3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL O|&amp;#x1d3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL OU|&amp;#x1d3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL P|&amp;#x1d3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL R|&amp;#x1d3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL T|&amp;#x1d40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1d41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL W|&amp;#x1d42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL A|&amp;#x1d43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED A|&amp;#x1d44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL ALPHA|&amp;#x1d45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED AE|&amp;#x1d46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL B|&amp;#x1d47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL D|&amp;#x1d48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL E|&amp;#x1d49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL SCHWA|&amp;#x1d4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL OPEN E|&amp;#x1d4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED OPEN E|&amp;#x1d4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL G|&amp;#x1d4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED I|&amp;#x1d4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL K|&amp;#x1d4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL M|&amp;#x1d50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL ENG|&amp;#x1d51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL O|&amp;#x1d52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL OPEN O|&amp;#x1d53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TOP HALF O|&amp;#x1d54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL BOTTOM HALF O|&amp;#x1d55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL P|&amp;#x1d56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL T|&amp;#x1d57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL U|&amp;#x1d58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL SIDEWAYS U|&amp;#x1d59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED M|&amp;#x1d5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL V|&amp;#x1d5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL AIN|&amp;#x1d5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL BETA|&amp;#x1d5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL GREEK GAMMA|&amp;#x1d5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL DELTA|&amp;#x1d5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL GREEK PHI|&amp;#x1d60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CHI|&amp;#x1d61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER I|&amp;#x1d62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER R|&amp;#x1d63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER U|&amp;#x1d64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER V|&amp;#x1d65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER BETA|&amp;#x1d66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER GAMMA|&amp;#x1d67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER RHO|&amp;#x1d68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER PHI|&amp;#x1d69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER CHI|&amp;#x1d6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER UE|&amp;#x1d6b;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x1d6c;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x1d6d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x1d6e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x1d6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x1d70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x1d71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x1d72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK AND MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x1d73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x1d74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x1d75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x1d76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED G|&amp;#x1d77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC EN|&amp;#x1d78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR G|&amp;#x1d79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TH WITH STRIKETHROUGH|&amp;#x1d7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER I WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER U WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1d7f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1d8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1d8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1D9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1d90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK AND TAIL|&amp;#x1d91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1d92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1d93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1d94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1d95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1d96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1d97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1d98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1d99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1d9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED ALPHA|&amp;#x1d9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL C|&amp;#x1d9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL C WITH CURL|&amp;#x1d9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL ETH|&amp;#x1d9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED OPEN E|&amp;#x1d9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL F|&amp;#x1da0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL DOTLESS J WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1da1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL SCRIPT G|&amp;#x1da2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED H|&amp;#x1da3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL I WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1da4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL IOTA|&amp;#x1da5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I|&amp;#x1da6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I WITH STROKE|&amp;#x1da7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL J WITH CROSSED-TAIL|&amp;#x1da8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1da9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1daa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L|&amp;#x1dab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL M WITH HOOK|&amp;#x1dac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED M WITH LONG LEG|&amp;#x1dad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL N WITH LEFT HOOK|&amp;#x1dae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL N WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1daf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N|&amp;#x1db0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL BARRED O|&amp;#x1db1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL PHI|&amp;#x1db2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL S WITH HOOK|&amp;#x1db3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL ESH|&amp;#x1db4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL T WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#x1db5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL U BAR|&amp;#x1db6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL UPSILON|&amp;#x1db7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL U|&amp;#x1db8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL V WITH HOOK|&amp;#x1db9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED V|&amp;#x1dba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL Z|&amp;#x1dbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL Z WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#x1dbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL Z WITH CURL|&amp;#x1dbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL EZH|&amp;#x1dbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL THETA|&amp;#x1dbf;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DCx
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOTTED GRAVE ACCENT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dc0;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOTTED ACUTE ACCENT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dc1;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SNAKE BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dc2;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SUSPENSION MARK|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING MACRON-GRAVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ACUTE-MACRON|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRAVE-ACUTE-GRAVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ACUTE-GRAVE-ACUTE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER R BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dca;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING BREVE-MACRON|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dcb;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING MACRON-BREVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dcc;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE CIRCUMFLEX ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dcd;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING OGONEK ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dce;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ZIGZAG BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING IS BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING UR ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING US ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER FLATTENED OPEN A ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AO|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AV|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER C CEDILLA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR D|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER G|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ddb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER K|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ddc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER L|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ddd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL M|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ddf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DEx
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER N|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1de0;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1de1;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1de2;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER R ROTUNDA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1de3;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER S|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1de4;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1de5;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER Z|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1de6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1de7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER B|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1de8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER BETA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1de9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER F|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1deb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH LIGHT CENTRALIZATION STROKE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1ded;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER P|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1def;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1DFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH LIGHT CENTRALIZATION STROKE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1df0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER W|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1df1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1df2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1df3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1df4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING UP TACK ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1df5;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING KAVYKA ABOVE RIGHT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1df6;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING KAVYKA ABOVE LEFT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1df7;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOT ABOVE LEFT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1df8;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING WIDE INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1df9;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOT BELOW LEFT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dfa;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DELETION MARK|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dfb;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dfc;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ALMOST EQUAL TO BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dfd;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT ARROWHEAD ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dfe;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT ARROWHEAD AND DOWN ARROWHEAD BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x1dff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Latin Extended Additional'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW|&amp;#x1e00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW|&amp;#x1e01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1e08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1e09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH CEDILLA|&amp;#x1e10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CEDILLA|&amp;#x1e11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&amp;#x1e12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&amp;#x1e13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH MACRON AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1e14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1e15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH MACRON AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1e16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1e17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&amp;#x1e18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&amp;#x1e19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW|&amp;#x1e1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW|&amp;#x1e1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CEDILLA AND BREVE|&amp;#x1e1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CEDILLA AND BREVE|&amp;#x1e1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH MACRON|&amp;#x1e20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH MACRON|&amp;#x1e21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DIAERESIS|&amp;#x1e26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DIAERESIS|&amp;#x1e27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH CEDILLA|&amp;#x1e28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH CEDILLA|&amp;#x1e29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH BREVE BELOW|&amp;#x1e2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH BREVE BELOW|&amp;#x1e2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW|&amp;#x1e2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW|&amp;#x1e2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1e2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1e2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH ACUTE|&amp;#x1e30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH ACUTE|&amp;#x1e31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON|&amp;#x1e38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON|&amp;#x1e39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&amp;#x1e3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&amp;#x1e3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH ACUTE|&amp;#x1e3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH ACUTE|&amp;#x1e3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&amp;#x1e4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&amp;#x1e4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1e4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1e4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS|&amp;#x1e4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS|&amp;#x1e4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MACRON AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1e50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1e51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MACRON AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1e52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1e53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH ACUTE|&amp;#x1e54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH ACUTE|&amp;#x1e55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON|&amp;#x1e5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON|&amp;#x1e5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH ACUTE AND DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE AND DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON AND DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON AND DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&amp;#x1e70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&amp;#x1e71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS BELOW|&amp;#x1e72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS BELOW|&amp;#x1e73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW|&amp;#x1e74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW|&amp;#x1e75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&amp;#x1e76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&amp;#x1e77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1e78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1e79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH MACRON AND DIAERESIS|&amp;#x1e7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON AND DIAERESIS|&amp;#x1e7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH TILDE|&amp;#x1e7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH TILDE|&amp;#x1e7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH GRAVE|&amp;#x1e80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH GRAVE|&amp;#x1e81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH ACUTE|&amp;#x1e82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH ACUTE|&amp;#x1e83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DIAERESIS|&amp;#x1e84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DIAERESIS|&amp;#x1e85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X WITH DIAERESIS|&amp;#x1e8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH DIAERESIS|&amp;#x1e8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1E9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CIRCUMFLEX|&amp;#x1e90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CIRCUMFLEX|&amp;#x1e91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1e93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH LINE BELOW|&amp;#x1e96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DIAERESIS|&amp;#x1e97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH RING ABOVE|&amp;#x1e98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH RING ABOVE|&amp;#x1e99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RIGHT HALF RING|&amp;#x1e9a;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x1e9b;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#x1e9c;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH HIGH STROKE|&amp;#x1e9d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S|&amp;#x1e9e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER DELTA|&amp;#x1e9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ea0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ea1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ea2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ea3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1ea4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1ea5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1ea6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1ea7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ea8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ea9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE|&amp;#x1eaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE|&amp;#x1eab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1eac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ead;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1eae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1eaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1eb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1eb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1eb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1eb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE|&amp;#x1eb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE|&amp;#x1eb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1eb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1eb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1eb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1eb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1eba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ebb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE|&amp;#x1ebc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE|&amp;#x1ebd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1ebe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1ebf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1ECx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1ec0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1ec1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ec2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ec3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE|&amp;#x1ec4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE|&amp;#x1ec5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ec6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ec7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ec8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ec9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1eca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ecb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ecc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ecd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ece;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ecf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1ed0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1ed1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1ed2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1ed3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ed4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ed5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE|&amp;#x1ed6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE|&amp;#x1ed7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ed8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ed9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1eda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1edb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1edc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1edd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ede;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1edf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE|&amp;#x1ee0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE|&amp;#x1ee1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ee2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ee3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ee4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ee5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ee6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ee7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1ee8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND ACUTE|&amp;#x1ee9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1eea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND GRAVE|&amp;#x1eeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1eec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1eed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE|&amp;#x1eee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE|&amp;#x1eef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1EFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ef0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ef1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE|&amp;#x1ef2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE|&amp;#x1ef3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ef4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x1ef5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ef6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE|&amp;#x1ef7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH TILDE|&amp;#x1ef8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE|&amp;#x1ef9;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH LL|&amp;#x1efa;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH LL|&amp;#x1efb;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH V|&amp;#x1efc;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH V|&amp;#x1efd;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH LOOP|&amp;#x1efe;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH LOOP|&amp;#x1eff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Greek Extended'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f15;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f1d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f45;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f4d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f57;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f59;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f5b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f5d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1f68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1f69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1f6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1f6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1f6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1f70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1f71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1f72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1f73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1f74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1f75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1f76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1f77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1f78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1f79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1f7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1f7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1f7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1f7d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1f9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1faa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1faf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VRACHY|&amp;#x1fb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH MACRON|&amp;#x1fb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fb4;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1fb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH VRACHY|&amp;#x1fb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH MACRON|&amp;#x1fb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1fba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1fbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK KORONIS|&amp;#x1fbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK PSILI|&amp;#x1fbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1fc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1fc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fc4;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1fc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1fc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1fc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1fca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1fcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1fcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK PSILI AND VARIA|&amp;#x1fcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK PSILI AND OXIA|&amp;#x1fce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1fcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VRACHY|&amp;#x1fd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH MACRON|&amp;#x1fd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1fd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1fd3;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1fd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1fd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH VRACHY|&amp;#x1fd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH MACRON|&amp;#x1fd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1fda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1fdb;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DASIA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1fdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DASIA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1fde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1fdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VRACHY|&amp;#x1fe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH MACRON|&amp;#x1fe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1fe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1fe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH PSILI|&amp;#x1fe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1fe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1fe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1fe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VRACHY|&amp;#x1fe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH MACRON|&amp;#x1fe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1fea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1feb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA|&amp;#x1fec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DIALYTIKA AND VARIA|&amp;#x1fed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DIALYTIKA AND OXIA|&amp;#x1fee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VARIA|&amp;#x1fef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FFx
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1ff2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1ff3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1ff4;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI|&amp;#x1ff6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1ff7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1ff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1ff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA|&amp;#x1ffa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA|&amp;#x1ffb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI|&amp;#x1ffc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK OXIA|&amp;#x1ffd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DASIA|&amp;#x1ffe;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|}
{{:Unicode/Character/footer}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Unicode/Character reference/2000-2FFF</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632864</id>
      <parentid>4631960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T04:23:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25678-06</username>
        <id>3579663</id>
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      <text bytes="270766" sha1="iqpc4mztoizpg8jfjfugeuyfhw69p97" xml:space="preserve">{{:Unicode/Character reference}}

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:sans-serif,'Monofett';&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''General Punctuation'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555;font-size:75%&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;font-size:133%&quot;|200x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|EN QUAD|[NQ SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EM QUAD|[MQ SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EN SPACE|[EN SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EM SPACE|[EM SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-PER-EM SPACE|[3/M SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR-PER-EM SPACE|[4/M SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX-PER-EM SPACE|[6/M SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIGURE SPACE|[F SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUNCTUATION SPACE|[P SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN SPACE|[TH SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIR SPACE|[H SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZERO WIDTH SPACE|[ZW SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER|[ZW NJ]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZERO WIDTH JOINER|[ZW J]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK|[LRM]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK|[RLM]}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|201x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYPHEN|&amp;#x2010;}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NON-BREAKING HYPHEN|[NB -]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIGURE DASH|&amp;#x2012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EN DASH|&amp;#x2013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EM DASH|&amp;#x2014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL BAR|&amp;#x2015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE|&amp;#x2016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE LOW LINE|&amp;#x2017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x2018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x2019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x201a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINGLE HIGH-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x201b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x201c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x201d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x201e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE HIGH-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x201f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|202x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DAGGER|&amp;#x2020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE DAGGER|&amp;#x2021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLET|&amp;#x2022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR BULLET|&amp;#x2023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE DOT LEADER|&amp;#x2024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO DOT LEADER|&amp;#x2025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS|&amp;#x2026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HYPHENATION POINT|&amp;#x2027;}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LINE SEPARATOR|[L SEP]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR|[P SEP]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING|[LRE]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING|[RLE]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING|[PDF]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE|[LRO]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE|[RLO]}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE|[NNB SP]}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|203x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PER MILLE SIGN|&amp;#x2030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN|&amp;#x2031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRIME|&amp;#x2032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE PRIME|&amp;#x2033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE PRIME|&amp;#x2034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED PRIME|&amp;#x2035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME|&amp;#x2036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED TRIPLE PRIME|&amp;#x2037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARET|&amp;#x2038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x2039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x203a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REFERENCE MARK|&amp;#x203b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x203c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERROBANG|&amp;#x203d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLINE|&amp;#x203e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UNDERTIE|&amp;#x203f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|204x
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHARACTER TIE|&amp;#x2040;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CARET INSERTION POINT|&amp;#x2041;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTERISM|&amp;#x2042;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYPHEN BULLET|&amp;#x2043;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FRACTION SLASH|&amp;#x2044;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH QUILL|&amp;#x2045;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH QUILL|&amp;#x2046;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x2047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUESTION EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x2048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXCLAMATION QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x2049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRONIAN SIGN ET|&amp;#x204a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED PILCROW SIGN|&amp;#x204b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFTWARDS BULLET|&amp;#x204c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHTWARDS BULLET|&amp;#x204d;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW ASTERISK|&amp;#x204e;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED SEMICOLON|&amp;#x204f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|205x
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSE UP|&amp;#x2050;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO ASTERISKS ALIGNED VERTICALLY|&amp;#x2051;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMMERCIAL MINUS SIGN|&amp;#x2052;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SWUNG DASH|&amp;#x2053;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED UNDERTIE|&amp;#x2054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOWER PUNCTUATION MARK|&amp;#x2055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE DOT PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x2056;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRUPLE PRIME|&amp;#x2057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR DOT PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x2058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIVE DOT PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x2059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO DOT PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x205a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR DOT MARK|&amp;#x205b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED CROSS|&amp;#x205c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRICOLON|&amp;#x205d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL FOUR DOTS|&amp;#x205e;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE|[MM SP]}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a;font-size:75%&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;font-size:133%&quot;|206x
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORD JOINER|[WJ]}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FUNCTION APPLICATION|[ƒ( )]}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVISIBLE TIMES|[×]}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVISIBLE SEPARATOR|[,]}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVISIBLE PLUS|[+]}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#84c4ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-TO-RIGHT ISOLATE|[LRI]}}||style=&quot;background:#84c4ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-TO-LEFT ISOLATE|[RLI]}}||style=&quot;background:#84c4ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST STRONG ISOLATE|[FSI]}}||style=&quot;background:#84c4ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE|[PDI]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INHIBIT SYMMETRIC SWAPPING|[I S S]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ACTIVATE SYMMETRIC SWAPPING|[A S S]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INHIBIT ARABIC FORM SHAPING|[I AFS]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ACTIVATE ARABIC FORM SHAPING|[A AFS]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NATIONAL DIGIT SHAPES|[NA DS]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOMINAL DIGIT SHAPES|[NO DS]}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|207x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT ZERO|&amp;#x2070;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL LETTER I|&amp;#x2071;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT FOUR|&amp;#x2074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT FIVE|&amp;#x2075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT SIX|&amp;#x2076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT SEVEN|&amp;#x2077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT EIGHT|&amp;#x2078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT NINE|&amp;#x2079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT PLUS SIGN|&amp;#x207a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT MINUS|&amp;#x207b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x207c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT LEFT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x207d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT RIGHT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x207e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL LETTER N|&amp;#x207f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|208x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT ZERO|&amp;#x2080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT ONE|&amp;#x2081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT TWO|&amp;#x2082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT THREE|&amp;#x2083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT FOUR|&amp;#x2084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT FIVE|&amp;#x2085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT SIX|&amp;#x2086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT SEVEN|&amp;#x2087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT EIGHT|&amp;#x2088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT NINE|&amp;#x2089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT PLUS SIGN|&amp;#x208a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT MINUS|&amp;#x208b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x208c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT LEFT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x208d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT RIGHT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x208e;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER HIGH AND LOW VERTICAL LINE|&amp;#x208f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|209x
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER A|&amp;#x2090;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER E|&amp;#x2091;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER O|&amp;#x2092;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER X|&amp;#x2093;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER SCHWA|&amp;#x2094;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER H|&amp;#x2095;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER K|&amp;#x2096;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER L|&amp;#x2097;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER M|&amp;#x2098;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER N|&amp;#x2099;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER P|&amp;#x209a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER S|&amp;#x209b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER T|&amp;#x209c;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER W|&amp;#x209d;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER Y|&amp;#x209e;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER Z|&amp;#x209f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Currency Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|20Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|EURO-CURRENCY SIGN|&amp;#x20a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COLON SIGN|&amp;#x20a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRUZEIRO SIGN|&amp;#x20a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRENCH FRANC SIGN|&amp;#x20a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIRA SIGN|&amp;#x20a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILL SIGN|&amp;#x20a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIRA SIGN|&amp;#x20a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PESETA SIGN|&amp;#x20a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUPEE SIGN|&amp;#x20a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WON SIGN|&amp;#x20a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW SHEQEL SIGN|&amp;#x20aa;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DONG SIGN|&amp;#x20ab;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffea60&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EURO SIGN|&amp;#x20ac;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KIP SIGN|&amp;#x20ad;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TUGRIK SIGN|&amp;#x20ae;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRACHMA SIGN|&amp;#x20af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|20Bx
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GERMAN PENNY SIGN|&amp;#x20b0;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PESO SIGN|&amp;#x20b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUARANI SIGN|&amp;#x20b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUSTRAL SIGN|&amp;#x20b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HRYVNIA SIGN|&amp;#x20b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CEDI SIGN|&amp;#x20b5;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIVRE TOURNOIS SIGN|&amp;#x20b6;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPESMILO SIGN|&amp;#x20b7;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TENGE SIGN|&amp;#x20b8;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIAN RUPEE SIGN|&amp;#x20b9;}}||style=&quot;background:#81deff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURKISH LIRA SIGN|&amp;#x20ba;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORDIC MARK SIGN|&amp;#x20bb;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANAT SIGN|&amp;#x20bc;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RUBLE SIGN|&amp;#x20bd;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LARI SIGN|&amp;#x20be;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BITCOIN SIGN|&amp;#x20bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|20Cx||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOM SIGN|&amp;#x20c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAUDI RIYAL SIGN|&amp;#x20c1;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RUFIYAA SIGN|&amp;#x20c2;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UAE DIRHAM SIGN|&amp;#x20c3;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OMANI RIYAL SIGN|&amp;#x20c4;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|20Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT HARPOON ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT HARPOON ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LONG VERTICAL LINE OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SHORT VERTICAL LINE OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CLOCKWISE ARROW ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT ARROW ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT ARROW ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RING OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CLOCKWISE RING OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ANTICLOCKWISE RING OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING THREE DOTS ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING FOUR DOTS ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING CIRCLE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING SQUARE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING DIAMOND|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|20Ex
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING CIRCLE BACKSLASH|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT RIGHT ARROW ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e1;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING SCREEN|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e2;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING KEYCAP|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING UPWARD POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING REVERSE SOLIDUS OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ANNUITY SYMBOL|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING TRIPLE UNDERDOT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING WIDE BRIDGE ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFTWARDS ARROW OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20ea;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LONG DOUBLE SOLIDUS OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWNWARDS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWNWARDS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT ARROW BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT ARROW BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|20Fx
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ASTERISK ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20f0;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Letterlike Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|210x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ACCOUNT OF|&amp;#x2100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADDRESSED TO THE SUBJECT|&amp;#x2101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL C|&amp;#x2102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEGREE CELSIUS|&amp;#x2103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CENTRE LINE SYMBOL|&amp;#x2104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARE OF|&amp;#x2105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CADA UNA|&amp;#x2106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EULER CONSTANT|&amp;#x2107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRUPLE|&amp;#x2108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEGREE FAHRENHEIT|&amp;#x2109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT SMALL G|&amp;#x210a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL H|&amp;#x210b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL H|&amp;#x210c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL H|&amp;#x210d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLANCK CONSTANT|&amp;#x210e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLANCK CONSTANT OVER TWO PI|&amp;#x210f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|211x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL I|&amp;#x2110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL I|&amp;#x2111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL L|&amp;#x2112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT SMALL L|&amp;#x2113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|L B BAR SYMBOL|&amp;#x2114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N|&amp;#x2115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMERO SIGN|&amp;#x2116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUND RECORDING COPYRIGHT|&amp;#x2117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC FUNCTION|&amp;#x2118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL P|&amp;#x2119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x211a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL R|&amp;#x211b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL R|&amp;#x211c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL R|&amp;#x211d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRESCRIPTION TAKE|&amp;#x211e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RESPONSE|&amp;#x211f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|212x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SERVICE MARK|&amp;#x2120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE SIGN|&amp;#x2121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRADE MARK SIGN|&amp;#x2122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERSICLE|&amp;#x2123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x2124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUNCE SIGN|&amp;#x2125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OHM SIGN|&amp;#x2126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED OHM SIGN|&amp;#x2127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x2128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA|&amp;#x2129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KELVIN SIGN|&amp;#x212a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGSTROM SIGN|&amp;#x212b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL B|&amp;#x212c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL C|&amp;#x212d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ESTIMATED SYMBOL|&amp;#x212e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT SMALL E|&amp;#x212f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|213x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL E|&amp;#x2130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL F|&amp;#x2131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED CAPITAL F|&amp;#x2132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL M|&amp;#x2133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT SMALL O|&amp;#x2134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALEF SYMBOL|&amp;#x2135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BET SYMBOL|&amp;#x2136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIMEL SYMBOL|&amp;#x2137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DALET SYMBOL|&amp;#x2138;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INFORMATION SOURCE|&amp;#x2139;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROTATED CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x213a;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACSIMILE SIGN|&amp;#x213b;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL PI|&amp;#x213c;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL GAMMA|&amp;#x213d;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL GAMMA|&amp;#x213e;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL PI|&amp;#x213f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|214x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK N-ARY SUMMATION|&amp;#x2140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL G|&amp;#x2141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL L|&amp;#x2142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL L|&amp;#x2143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x2144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC CAPITAL D|&amp;#x2145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL D|&amp;#x2146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL E|&amp;#x2147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL I|&amp;#x2148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL J|&amp;#x2149;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROPERTY LINE|&amp;#x214a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED AMPERSAND|&amp;#x214b;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PER SIGN|&amp;#x214c;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|AKTIESELSKAB|&amp;#x214d;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SMALL F|&amp;#x214e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SAMARITAN SOURCE|&amp;#x214f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Number Forms'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|215x
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE SEVENTH|&amp;#x2150;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE NINTH|&amp;#x2151;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE TENTH|&amp;#x2152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE THIRD|&amp;#x2153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION TWO THIRDS|&amp;#x2154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE FIFTH|&amp;#x2155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION TWO FIFTHS|&amp;#x2156;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION THREE FIFTHS|&amp;#x2157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION FOUR FIFTHS|&amp;#x2158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE SIXTH|&amp;#x2159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION FIVE SIXTHS|&amp;#x215a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE EIGHTH|&amp;#x215b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION THREE EIGHTHS|&amp;#x215c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION FIVE EIGHTHS|&amp;#x215d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION SEVEN EIGHTHS|&amp;#x215e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRACTION NUMERATOR ONE|&amp;#x215f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|216x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL ONE|&amp;#x2160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL TWO|&amp;#x2161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL THREE|&amp;#x2162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FOUR|&amp;#x2163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE|&amp;#x2164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL SIX|&amp;#x2165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL SEVEN|&amp;#x2166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL EIGHT|&amp;#x2167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL NINE|&amp;#x2168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL TEN|&amp;#x2169;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL ELEVEN|&amp;#x216a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL TWELVE|&amp;#x216b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FIFTY|&amp;#x216c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL ONE HUNDRED|&amp;#x216d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE HUNDRED|&amp;#x216e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL ONE THOUSAND|&amp;#x216f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|217x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL ONE|&amp;#x2170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL TWO|&amp;#x2171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL THREE|&amp;#x2172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL FOUR|&amp;#x2173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE|&amp;#x2174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL SIX|&amp;#x2175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL SEVEN|&amp;#x2176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL EIGHT|&amp;#x2177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL NINE|&amp;#x2178;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL TEN|&amp;#x2179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL ELEVEN|&amp;#x217a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL TWELVE|&amp;#x217b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL FIFTY|&amp;#x217c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL ONE HUNDRED|&amp;#x217d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE HUNDRED|&amp;#x217e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL ONE THOUSAND|&amp;#x217f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|218x
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL ONE THOUSAND C D|&amp;#x2180;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE THOUSAND|&amp;#x2181;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL TEN THOUSAND|&amp;#x2182;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL REVERSED ONE HUNDRED|&amp;#x2183;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C|&amp;#x2184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL SIX LATE FORM|&amp;#x2185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FIFTY EARLY FORM|&amp;#x2186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FIFTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x2187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND|&amp;#x2188;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ZERO THIRDS|&amp;#x2189;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x218a;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x218b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Arrows'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|219x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT ARROW|&amp;#x2194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN ARROW|&amp;#x2195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW|&amp;#x2196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST ARROW|&amp;#x2199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH STROKE|&amp;#x219a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH STROKE|&amp;#x219b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS WAVE ARROW|&amp;#x219c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS WAVE ARROW|&amp;#x219d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x219e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TWO HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x219f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|21Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x21a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TWO HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x21a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL|&amp;#x21a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL|&amp;#x21a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x21a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x21a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x21a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x21a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN ARROW WITH BASE|&amp;#x21a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x21a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x21aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LOOP|&amp;#x21ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LOOP|&amp;#x21ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT WAVE ARROW|&amp;#x21ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT ARROW WITH STROKE|&amp;#x21ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ZIGZAG ARROW|&amp;#x21af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|21Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH TIP LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x21b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH TIP RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x21b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH TIP LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x21b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH TIP RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x21b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH CORNER DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x21b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH CORNER LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x21b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE TOP SEMICIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x21b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE TOP SEMICIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x21b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW TO LONG BAR|&amp;#x21b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW TO BAR OVER RIGHTWARDS ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x21b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE OPEN CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x21ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE OPEN CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x21bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UPWARDS|&amp;#x21bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x21bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x21be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x21bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|21Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UPWARDS|&amp;#x21c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x21c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x21c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x21c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW OVER LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x21c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW LEFTWARDS OF DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x21c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW OVER RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x21c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x21c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x21c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x21c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x21ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON OVER RIGHTWARDS HARPOON|&amp;#x21cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON OVER LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&amp;#x21cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW WITH STROKE|&amp;#x21cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW WITH STROKE|&amp;#x21ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW WITH STROKE|&amp;#x21cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|21Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIPLE ARROW|&amp;#x21da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIPLE ARROW|&amp;#x21db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SQUIGGLE ARROW|&amp;#x21dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SQUIGGLE ARROW|&amp;#x21dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE STROKE|&amp;#x21de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE STROKE|&amp;#x21df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|21Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x21e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x21e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x21e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x21e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x21e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x21e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x21e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x21e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x21e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x21e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x21ea;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW ON PEDESTAL|&amp;#x21eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW ON PEDESTAL WITH HORIZONTAL BAR|&amp;#x21ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW ON PEDESTAL WITH VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x21ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE DOUBLE ARROW ON PEDESTAL|&amp;#x21ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|21Fx
|style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS WHITE ARROW FROM WALL|&amp;#x21f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW TO CORNER|&amp;#x21f1;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW TO CORNER|&amp;#x21f2;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x21f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ARROW WITH SMALL CIRCLE|&amp;#x21f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW LEFTWARDS OF UPWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x21f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RIGHTWARDS ARROWS|&amp;#x21f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x21f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x21f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x21f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x21fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x21fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x21fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS OPEN-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x21fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS OPEN-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x21fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT OPEN-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x21ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Mathematical Operators'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|220x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FOR ALL|&amp;#x2200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPLEMENT|&amp;#x2201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL|&amp;#x2202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THERE EXISTS|&amp;#x2203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THERE DOES NOT EXIST|&amp;#x2204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY SET|&amp;#x2205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCREMENT|&amp;#x2206;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NABLA|&amp;#x2207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF|&amp;#x2208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT AN ELEMENT OF|&amp;#x2209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ELEMENT OF|&amp;#x220a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTAINS AS MEMBER|&amp;#x220b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT CONTAIN AS MEMBER|&amp;#x220c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL CONTAINS AS MEMBER|&amp;#x220d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|END OF PROOF|&amp;#x220e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY PRODUCT|&amp;#x220f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|221x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY COPRODUCT|&amp;#x2210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY SUMMATION|&amp;#x2211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS SIGN|&amp;#x2212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS-OR-PLUS SIGN|&amp;#x2213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOT PLUS|&amp;#x2214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVISION SLASH|&amp;#x2215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SET MINUS|&amp;#x2216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTERISK OPERATOR|&amp;#x2217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RING OPERATOR|&amp;#x2218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLET OPERATOR|&amp;#x2219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ROOT|&amp;#x221a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUBE ROOT|&amp;#x221b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOURTH ROOT|&amp;#x221c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROPORTIONAL TO|&amp;#x221d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INFINITY|&amp;#x221e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE|&amp;#x221f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|222x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGLE|&amp;#x2220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE|&amp;#x2221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPHERICAL ANGLE|&amp;#x2222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVIDES|&amp;#x2223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT DIVIDE|&amp;#x2224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARALLEL TO|&amp;#x2225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT PARALLEL TO|&amp;#x2226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x2227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x2228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION|&amp;#x222a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL|&amp;#x222b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE INTEGRAL|&amp;#x222c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE INTEGRAL|&amp;#x222d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTOUR INTEGRAL|&amp;#x222e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SURFACE INTEGRAL|&amp;#x222f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|223x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VOLUME INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE CONTOUR INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE CONTOUR INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THEREFORE|&amp;#x2234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BECAUSE|&amp;#x2235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RATIO|&amp;#x2236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROPORTION|&amp;#x2237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOT MINUS|&amp;#x2238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXCESS|&amp;#x2239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEOMETRIC PROPORTION|&amp;#x223a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOMOTHETIC|&amp;#x223b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x223c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED TILDE|&amp;#x223d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED LAZY S|&amp;#x223e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINE WAVE|&amp;#x223f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|224x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WREATH PRODUCT|&amp;#x2240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT TILDE|&amp;#x2241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS TILDE|&amp;#x2242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APPROXIMATELY BUT NOT ACTUALLY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER APPROXIMATELY NOR ACTUALLY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2248;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2249;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALMOST EQUAL OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x224a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE TILDE|&amp;#x224b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALL EQUAL TO|&amp;#x224c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x224d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEOMETRICALLY EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x224e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIFFERENCE BETWEEN|&amp;#x224f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|225x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|APPROACHES THE LIMIT|&amp;#x2250;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEOMETRICALLY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2251;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO OR THE IMAGE OF|&amp;#x2252;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IMAGE OF OR APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2253;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COLON EQUALS|&amp;#x2254;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS COLON|&amp;#x2255;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RING IN EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2256;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RING EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2257;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CORRESPONDS TO|&amp;#x2258;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ESTIMATES|&amp;#x2259;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUIANGULAR TO|&amp;#x225a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAR EQUALS|&amp;#x225b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DELTA EQUAL TO|&amp;#x225c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUAL TO BY DEFINITION|&amp;#x225d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED BY|&amp;#x225e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUESTIONED EQUAL TO|&amp;#x225f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|226x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2260;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDENTICAL TO|&amp;#x2261;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT IDENTICAL TO|&amp;#x2262;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRICTLY EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x2263;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2264;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2265;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OVER EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2266;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OVER EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2267;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN BUT NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2268;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN BUT NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2269;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUCH LESS-THAN|&amp;#x226a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUCH GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x226b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BETWEEN|&amp;#x226c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x226d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT LESS-THAN|&amp;#x226e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x226f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|227x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER LESS-THAN NOR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2270;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER GREATER-THAN NOR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2271;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x2272;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x2273;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER LESS-THAN NOR EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x2274;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER GREATER-THAN NOR EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x2275;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2276;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2277;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER LESS-THAN NOR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2278;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER GREATER-THAN NOR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2279;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES|&amp;#x227a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS|&amp;#x227b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x227c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x227d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES OR EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x227e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS OR EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x227f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|228x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT PRECEDE|&amp;#x2280;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT SUCCEED|&amp;#x2281;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF|&amp;#x2282;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF|&amp;#x2283;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT A SUBSET OF|&amp;#x2284;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT A SUPERSET OF|&amp;#x2285;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2286;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2287;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER A SUBSET OF NOR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2288;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER A SUPERSET OF NOR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2289;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x228a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x228b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTISET|&amp;#x228c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTISET MULTIPLICATION|&amp;#x228d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTISET UNION|&amp;#x228e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE IMAGE OF|&amp;#x228f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|229x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ORIGINAL OF|&amp;#x2290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE IMAGE OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ORIGINAL OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CAP|&amp;#x2293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CUP|&amp;#x2294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED PLUS|&amp;#x2295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED MINUS|&amp;#x2296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED TIMES|&amp;#x2297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIVISION SLASH|&amp;#x2298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DOT OPERATOR|&amp;#x2299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED RING OPERATOR|&amp;#x229a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ASTERISK OPERATOR|&amp;#x229b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED EQUALS|&amp;#x229c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DASH|&amp;#x229d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED PLUS|&amp;#x229e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED MINUS|&amp;#x229f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|22Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TIMES|&amp;#x22a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED DOT OPERATOR|&amp;#x22a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TACK|&amp;#x22a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TACK|&amp;#x22a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN TACK|&amp;#x22a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP TACK|&amp;#x22a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASSERTION|&amp;#x22a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODELS|&amp;#x22a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRUE|&amp;#x22a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FORCES|&amp;#x22a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE VERTICAL BAR RIGHT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x22aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE VERTICAL BAR DOUBLE RIGHT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x22ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT PROVE|&amp;#x22ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT TRUE|&amp;#x22ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT FORCE|&amp;#x22ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATED DOUBLE VERTICAL BAR DOUBLE RIGHT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x22af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|22Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES UNDER RELATION|&amp;#x22b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS UNDER RELATION|&amp;#x22b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORMAL SUBGROUP OF|&amp;#x22b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTAINS AS NORMAL SUBGROUP|&amp;#x22b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORMAL SUBGROUP OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTAINS AS NORMAL SUBGROUP OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORIGINAL OF|&amp;#x22b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IMAGE OF|&amp;#x22b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIMAP|&amp;#x22b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HERMITIAN CONJUGATE MATRIX|&amp;#x22b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERCALATE|&amp;#x22ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XOR|&amp;#x22bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAND|&amp;#x22bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOR|&amp;#x22bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE WITH ARC|&amp;#x22be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x22bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|22Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x22c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x22c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY INTERSECTION|&amp;#x22c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY UNION|&amp;#x22c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND OPERATOR|&amp;#x22c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOT OPERATOR|&amp;#x22c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAR OPERATOR|&amp;#x22c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVISION TIMES|&amp;#x22c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWTIE|&amp;#x22c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT NORMAL FACTOR SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT|&amp;#x22c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT NORMAL FACTOR SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT|&amp;#x22ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT|&amp;#x22cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT|&amp;#x22cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED TILDE EQUALS|&amp;#x22cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLY LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x22ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLY LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x22cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|22Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SUBSET|&amp;#x22d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SUPERSET|&amp;#x22d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE INTERSECTION|&amp;#x22d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE UNION|&amp;#x22d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PITCHFORK|&amp;#x22d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUAL AND PARALLEL TO|&amp;#x22d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN WITH DOT|&amp;#x22d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN WITH DOT|&amp;#x22d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY MUCH LESS-THAN|&amp;#x22d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY MUCH GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x22d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x22da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x22db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x22dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x22dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUAL TO OR PRECEDES|&amp;#x22de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUAL TO OR SUCCEEDS|&amp;#x22df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|22Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT PRECEDE OR EQUAL|&amp;#x22e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT SUCCEED OR EQUAL|&amp;#x22e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT SQUARE IMAGE OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT SQUARE ORIGINAL OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE IMAGE OF OR NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ORIGINAL OF OR NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN BUT NOT EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x22e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN BUT NOT EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x22e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES BUT NOT EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x22e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS BUT NOT EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x22e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT NORMAL SUBGROUP OF|&amp;#x22ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT CONTAIN AS NORMAL SUBGROUP|&amp;#x22eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT NORMAL SUBGROUP OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT CONTAIN AS NORMAL SUBGROUP OR EQUAL|&amp;#x22ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ELLIPSIS|&amp;#x22ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDLINE HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS|&amp;#x22ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|22Fx
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UP RIGHT DIAGONAL ELLIPSIS|&amp;#x22f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN RIGHT DIAGONAL ELLIPSIS|&amp;#x22f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF WITH LONG HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x22f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF WITH VERTICAL BAR AT END OF HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x22f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ELEMENT OF WITH VERTICAL BAR AT END OF HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x22f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x22f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x22f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ELEMENT OF WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x22f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x22f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF WITH TWO HORIZONTAL STROKES|&amp;#x22f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTAINS WITH LONG HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x22fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTAINS WITH VERTICAL BAR AT END OF HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x22fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL CONTAINS WITH VERTICAL BAR AT END OF HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x22fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTAINS WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x22fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL CONTAINS WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x22fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION BAG MEMBERSHIP|&amp;#x22ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Miscellaneous Technical'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|230x
|style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMETER SIGN|&amp;#x2300;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC ARROW|&amp;#x2301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE|&amp;#x2302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROJECTIVE|&amp;#x2305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSPECTIVE|&amp;#x2306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVY LINE|&amp;#x2307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT CEILING|&amp;#x2308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT CEILING|&amp;#x2309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT FLOOR|&amp;#x230a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT FLOOR|&amp;#x230b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM RIGHT CROP|&amp;#x230c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM LEFT CROP|&amp;#x230d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP RIGHT CROP|&amp;#x230e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP LEFT CROP|&amp;#x230f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|231x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED NOT SIGN|&amp;#x2310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE LOZENGE|&amp;#x2311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARC|&amp;#x2312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENT|&amp;#x2313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SECTOR|&amp;#x2314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECORDER|&amp;#x2315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSITION INDICATOR|&amp;#x2316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIEWDATA SQUARE|&amp;#x2317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACE OF INTEREST SIGN|&amp;#x2318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NOT SIGN|&amp;#x2319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATCH|&amp;#x231a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOURGLASS|&amp;#x231b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP LEFT CORNER|&amp;#x231c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP RIGHT CORNER|&amp;#x231d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM LEFT CORNER|&amp;#x231e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM RIGHT CORNER|&amp;#x231f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|232x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HALF INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM HALF INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FROWN|&amp;#x2322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILE|&amp;#x2323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP ARROWHEAD BETWEEN TWO HORIZONTAL BARS|&amp;#x2324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTION KEY|&amp;#x2325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERASE TO THE RIGHT|&amp;#x2326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|X IN A RECTANGLE BOX|&amp;#x2327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYBOARD|&amp;#x2328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x2329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x232a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERASE TO THE LEFT|&amp;#x232b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BENZENE RING|&amp;#x232c;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYLINDRICITY|&amp;#x232d;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALL AROUND-PROFILE|&amp;#x232e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMMETRY|&amp;#x232f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|233x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTAL RUNOUT|&amp;#x2330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIMENSION ORIGIN|&amp;#x2331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONICAL TAPER|&amp;#x2332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOPE|&amp;#x2333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTERBORE|&amp;#x2334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTERSINK|&amp;#x2335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL I-BEAM|&amp;#x2336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL SQUISH QUAD|&amp;#x2337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD EQUAL|&amp;#x2338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DIVIDE|&amp;#x2339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DIAMOND|&amp;#x233a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD JOT|&amp;#x233b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD CIRCLE|&amp;#x233c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE STILE|&amp;#x233d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE JOT|&amp;#x233e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL SLASH BAR|&amp;#x233f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|234x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL BACKSLASH BAR|&amp;#x2340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD SLASH|&amp;#x2341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD BACKSLASH|&amp;#x2342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL LEFTWARDS VANE|&amp;#x2345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL RIGHTWARDS VANE|&amp;#x2346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE BACKSLASH|&amp;#x2349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN TACK UNDERBAR|&amp;#x234a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DELTA STILE|&amp;#x234b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DOWN CARET|&amp;#x234c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DELTA|&amp;#x234d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN TACK JOT|&amp;#x234e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UPWARDS VANE|&amp;#x234f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|235x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD UPWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP TACK OVERBAR|&amp;#x2351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL STILE|&amp;#x2352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD UP CARET|&amp;#x2353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DEL|&amp;#x2354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP TACK JOT|&amp;#x2355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWNWARDS VANE|&amp;#x2356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUOTE UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DELTA UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DIAMOND UNDERBAR|&amp;#x235a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL JOT UNDERBAR|&amp;#x235b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE UNDERBAR|&amp;#x235c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP SHOE JOT|&amp;#x235d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUOTE QUAD|&amp;#x235e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE STAR|&amp;#x235f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|236x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD COLON|&amp;#x2360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP TACK DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL STAR DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL JOT DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN SHOE STILE|&amp;#x2366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL LEFT SHOE STILE|&amp;#x2367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL TILDE DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL GREATER-THAN DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL COMMA BAR|&amp;#x236a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL TILDE|&amp;#x236b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL ZILDE|&amp;#x236c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL STILE TILDE|&amp;#x236d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL SEMICOLON UNDERBAR|&amp;#x236e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD NOT EQUAL|&amp;#x236f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|237x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD QUESTION|&amp;#x2370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN CARET TILDE|&amp;#x2371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP CARET TILDE|&amp;#x2372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL IOTA|&amp;#x2373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL RHO|&amp;#x2374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL OMEGA|&amp;#x2375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL ALPHA UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL EPSILON UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL IOTA UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL OMEGA UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL ALPHA|&amp;#x237a;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT CHECK MARK|&amp;#x237b;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE WITH DOWNWARDS ZIGZAG ARROW|&amp;#x237c;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOULDERED OPEN BOX|&amp;#x237d;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL SYMBOL|&amp;#x237e;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL LINE WITH MIDDLE DOT|&amp;#x237f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|238x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|INSERTION SYMBOL|&amp;#x2380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTINUOUS UNDERLINE SYMBOL|&amp;#x2381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISCONTINUOUS UNDERLINE SYMBOL|&amp;#x2382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPHASIS SYMBOL|&amp;#x2383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPOSITION SYMBOL|&amp;#x2384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH CENTRE VERTICAL LINE|&amp;#x2385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENTER SYMBOL|&amp;#x2386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALTERNATIVE KEY SYMBOL|&amp;#x2387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HELM SYMBOL|&amp;#x2388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HORIZONTAL BAR WITH NOTCH|&amp;#x2389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED TRIANGLE DOWN|&amp;#x238a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROKEN CIRCLE WITH NORTHWEST ARROW|&amp;#x238b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNDO SYMBOL|&amp;#x238c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONOSTABLE SYMBOL|&amp;#x238d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HYSTERESIS SYMBOL|&amp;#x238e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN-CIRCUIT-OUTPUT H-TYPE SYMBOL|&amp;#x238f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff|239x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN-CIRCUIT-OUTPUT L-TYPE SYMBOL|&amp;#x2390;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSIVE-PULL-DOWN-OUTPUT SYMBOL|&amp;#x2391;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSIVE-PULL-UP-OUTPUT SYMBOL|&amp;#x2392;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIRECT CURRENT SYMBOL FORM TWO|&amp;#x2393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFTWARE-FUNCTION SYMBOL|&amp;#x2394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD|&amp;#x2395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECIMAL SEPARATOR KEY SYMBOL|&amp;#x2396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PREVIOUS PAGE|&amp;#x2397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEXT PAGE|&amp;#x2398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINT SCREEN SYMBOL|&amp;#x2399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLEAR SCREEN SYMBOL|&amp;#x239a;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT PARENTHESIS UPPER HOOK|&amp;#x239b;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT PARENTHESIS EXTENSION|&amp;#x239c;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT PARENTHESIS LOWER HOOK|&amp;#x239d;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT PARENTHESIS UPPER HOOK|&amp;#x239e;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT PARENTHESIS EXTENSION|&amp;#x239f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff|23Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT PARENTHESIS LOWER HOOK|&amp;#x23a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET UPPER CORNER|&amp;#x23a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET EXTENSION|&amp;#x23a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET LOWER CORNER|&amp;#x23a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET UPPER CORNER|&amp;#x23a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET EXTENSION|&amp;#x23a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET LOWER CORNER|&amp;#x23a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT CURLY BRACKET UPPER HOOK|&amp;#x23a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT CURLY BRACKET MIDDLE PIECE|&amp;#x23a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT CURLY BRACKET LOWER HOOK|&amp;#x23a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLY BRACKET EXTENSION|&amp;#x23aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT CURLY BRACKET UPPER HOOK|&amp;#x23ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT CURLY BRACKET MIDDLE PIECE|&amp;#x23ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT CURLY BRACKET LOWER HOOK|&amp;#x23ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL EXTENSION|&amp;#x23ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL LINE EXTENSION|&amp;#x23af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;height:30px&quot;|23Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT OR LOWER RIGHT CURLY BRACKET SECTION|&amp;#x23b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT OR LOWER LEFT CURLY BRACKET SECTION|&amp;#x23b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUMMATION TOP|&amp;#x23b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUMMATION BOTTOM|&amp;#x23b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x23b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x23b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM SQUARE BRACKET OVER TOP SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x23b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADICAL SYMBOL BOTTOM|&amp;#x23b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT VERTICAL BOX LINE|&amp;#x23b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT VERTICAL BOX LINE|&amp;#x23b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL SCAN LINE-1|&amp;#x23ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL SCAN LINE-3|&amp;#x23bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL SCAN LINE-7|&amp;#x23bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL SCAN LINE-9|&amp;#x23bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL AND TOP RIGHT|&amp;#x23be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL AND BOTTOM RIGHT|&amp;#x23bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|23Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL WITH CIRCLE|&amp;#x23c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT DOWN AND HORIZONTAL WITH CIRCLE|&amp;#x23c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT UP AND HORIZONTAL WITH CIRCLE|&amp;#x23c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL WITH TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT DOWN AND HORIZONTAL WITH TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT UP AND HORIZONTAL WITH TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL AND WAVE|&amp;#x23c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT DOWN AND HORIZONTAL WITH WAVE|&amp;#x23c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT UP AND HORIZONTAL WITH WAVE|&amp;#x23c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT DOWN AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x23c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT UP AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x23ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL AND TOP LEFT|&amp;#x23cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL AND BOTTOM LEFT|&amp;#x23cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE FOOT|&amp;#x23cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RETURN SYMBOL|&amp;#x23ce;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EJECT SYMBOL|&amp;#x23cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|23Dx
|style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL LINE EXTENSION|&amp;#x23d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL BREVE|&amp;#x23d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL LONG OVER SHORT|&amp;#x23d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL SHORT OVER LONG|&amp;#x23d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL LONG OVER TWO SHORTS|&amp;#x23d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL TWO SHORTS OVER LONG|&amp;#x23d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL TWO SHORTS JOINED|&amp;#x23d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL TRISEME|&amp;#x23d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL TETRASEME|&amp;#x23d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL PENTASEME|&amp;#x23d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GROUND|&amp;#x23da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FUSE|&amp;#x23db;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x23dc;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x23dd;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP CURLY BRACKET|&amp;#x23de;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM CURLY BRACKET|&amp;#x23df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|23Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x23e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x23e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TRAPEZIUM|&amp;#x23e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BENZENE RING WITH CIRCLE|&amp;#x23e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAIGHTNESS|&amp;#x23e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLATNESS|&amp;#x23e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AC CURRENT|&amp;#x23e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRICAL INTERSECTION|&amp;#x23e7;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DECIMAL EXPONENT SYMBOL|&amp;#x23e8;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23e9;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23ea;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP-POINTING DOUBLE TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN-POINTING DOUBLE TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE TRIANGLE WITH VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x23ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE TRIANGLE WITH VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x23ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x23ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|23Fx
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALARM CLOCK|&amp;#x23f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOPWATCH|&amp;#x23f1;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIMER CLOCK|&amp;#x23f2;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOURGLASS WITH FLOWING SAND|&amp;#x23f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM LEFT-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM UP-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x23f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SQUARE FOR STOP|&amp;#x23f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE FOR RECORD|&amp;#x23fa;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POWER SYMBOL|&amp;#x23fb;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POWER ON-OFF SYMBOL|&amp;#x23fc;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POWER ON SYMBOL|&amp;#x23fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POWER SLEEP SYMBOL|&amp;#x23fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OBSERVER EYE SYMBOL|&amp;#x23ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Control Pictures'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|240x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR NULL|&amp;#x2400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR START OF HEADING|&amp;#x2401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR START OF TEXT|&amp;#x2402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR END OF TEXT|&amp;#x2403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR END OF TRANSMISSION|&amp;#x2404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR ENQUIRY|&amp;#x2405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR ACKNOWLEDGE|&amp;#x2406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR BELL|&amp;#x2407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR BACKSPACE|&amp;#x2408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR HORIZONTAL TABULATION|&amp;#x2409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR LINE FEED|&amp;#x240a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR VERTICAL TABULATION|&amp;#x240b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR FORM FEED|&amp;#x240c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR CARRIAGE RETURN|&amp;#x240d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SHIFT OUT|&amp;#x240e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SHIFT IN|&amp;#x240f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|241x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DATA LINK ESCAPE|&amp;#x2410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DEVICE CONTROL ONE|&amp;#x2411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DEVICE CONTROL TWO|&amp;#x2412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DEVICE CONTROL THREE|&amp;#x2413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DEVICE CONTROL FOUR|&amp;#x2414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE|&amp;#x2415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SYNCHRONOUS IDLE|&amp;#x2416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK|&amp;#x2417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR CANCEL|&amp;#x2418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR END OF MEDIUM|&amp;#x2419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SUBSTITUTE|&amp;#x241a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR ESCAPE|&amp;#x241b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR FILE SEPARATOR|&amp;#x241c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR GROUP SEPARATOR|&amp;#x241d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR RECORD SEPARATOR|&amp;#x241e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR UNIT SEPARATOR|&amp;#x241f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|242x
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SPACE|&amp;#x2420;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DELETE|&amp;#x2421;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLANK SYMBOL|&amp;#x2422;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN BOX|&amp;#x2423;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR NEWLINE|&amp;#x2424;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DELETE FORM TWO|&amp;#x2425;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SUBSTITUTE FORM TWO|&amp;#x2426;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DELETE SQUARE CHECKERBOARD FORM|&amp;#x2427;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DELETE RECTANGULAR CHECKERBOARD FORM|&amp;#x2428;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DELETE MEDIUM SHADE FORM|&amp;#x2429;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|243x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Optical Character Recognition'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|244x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR HOOK|&amp;#x2440;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR CHAIR|&amp;#x2441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR FORK|&amp;#x2442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR INVERTED FORK|&amp;#x2443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR BELT BUCKLE|&amp;#x2444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR BOW TIE|&amp;#x2445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR BRANCH BANK IDENTIFICATION|&amp;#x2446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR AMOUNT OF CHECK|&amp;#x2447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICR ON US SYMBOL|&amp;#x2448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICR DASH SYMBOL|&amp;#x2449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR DOUBLE BACKSLASH|&amp;#x244a;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|245x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|246x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x2460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x2461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x2462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x2463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x2464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x2465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x2466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x2467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x2468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x2469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER ELEVEN|&amp;#x246a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWELVE|&amp;#x246b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTEEN|&amp;#x246c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FOURTEEN|&amp;#x246d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTEEN|&amp;#x246e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER SIXTEEN|&amp;#x246f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|247x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER SEVENTEEN|&amp;#x2470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER EIGHTEEN|&amp;#x2471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER NINETEEN|&amp;#x2472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY|&amp;#x2473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x2474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x2475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x2476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x2477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x2478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x2479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x247a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x247b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x247c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x247d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER ELEVEN|&amp;#x247e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER TWELVE|&amp;#x247f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|248x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER THIRTEEN|&amp;#x2480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER FOURTEEN|&amp;#x2481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER FIFTEEN|&amp;#x2482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER SIXTEEN|&amp;#x2483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER SEVENTEEN|&amp;#x2484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER EIGHTEEN|&amp;#x2485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER NINETEEN|&amp;#x2486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER TWENTY|&amp;#x2487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ONE FULL STOP|&amp;#x2488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT TWO FULL STOP|&amp;#x2489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT THREE FULL STOP|&amp;#x248a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FOUR FULL STOP|&amp;#x248b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FIVE FULL STOP|&amp;#x248c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SIX FULL STOP|&amp;#x248d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SEVEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x248e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT EIGHT FULL STOP|&amp;#x248f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|249x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT NINE FULL STOP|&amp;#x2490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER TEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER ELEVEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER TWELVE FULL STOP|&amp;#x2493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER THIRTEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER FOURTEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER FIFTEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER SIXTEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER SEVENTEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER EIGHTEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER NINETEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x249a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER TWENTY FULL STOP|&amp;#x249b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER A|&amp;#x249c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER B|&amp;#x249d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER C|&amp;#x249e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER D|&amp;#x249f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|24Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER E|&amp;#x24a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER F|&amp;#x24a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER G|&amp;#x24a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER H|&amp;#x24a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER I|&amp;#x24a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER J|&amp;#x24a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER K|&amp;#x24a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER L|&amp;#x24a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER M|&amp;#x24a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER N|&amp;#x24a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER O|&amp;#x24aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER P|&amp;#x24ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER Q|&amp;#x24ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER R|&amp;#x24ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER S|&amp;#x24ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER T|&amp;#x24af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|24Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER U|&amp;#x24b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER V|&amp;#x24b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER W|&amp;#x24b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER X|&amp;#x24b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER Y|&amp;#x24b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER Z|&amp;#x24b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&amp;#x24b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&amp;#x24b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&amp;#x24b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&amp;#x24b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&amp;#x24ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&amp;#x24bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&amp;#x24bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&amp;#x24bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&amp;#x24be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&amp;#x24bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|24Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&amp;#x24c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&amp;#x24c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&amp;#x24c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&amp;#x24c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&amp;#x24c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&amp;#x24c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&amp;#x24c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&amp;#x24c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&amp;#x24c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&amp;#x24c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&amp;#x24ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&amp;#x24cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&amp;#x24cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&amp;#x24cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&amp;#x24ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&amp;#x24cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|24Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER A|&amp;#x24d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER B|&amp;#x24d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER C|&amp;#x24d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER D|&amp;#x24d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER E|&amp;#x24d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER F|&amp;#x24d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER G|&amp;#x24d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER H|&amp;#x24d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER I|&amp;#x24d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER J|&amp;#x24d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER K|&amp;#x24da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER L|&amp;#x24db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER M|&amp;#x24dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER N|&amp;#x24dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER O|&amp;#x24de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER P|&amp;#x24df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|24Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER Q|&amp;#x24e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER R|&amp;#x24e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER S|&amp;#x24e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER T|&amp;#x24e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER U|&amp;#x24e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER V|&amp;#x24e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER W|&amp;#x24e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER X|&amp;#x24e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER Y|&amp;#x24e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER Z|&amp;#x24e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x24ea;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER ELEVEN|&amp;#x24eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER TWELVE|&amp;#x24ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTEEN|&amp;#x24ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER FOURTEEN|&amp;#x24ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTEEN|&amp;#x24ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|24Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER SIXTEEN|&amp;#x24f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER SEVENTEEN|&amp;#x24f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER EIGHTEEN|&amp;#x24f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER NINETEEN|&amp;#x24f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY|&amp;#x24f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x24f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x24f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x24f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x24f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x24f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x24fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x24fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x24fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x24fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x24fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x24ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Box Drawing'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|250x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL|&amp;#x2502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY VERTICAL|&amp;#x2503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT TRIPLE DASH HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY TRIPLE DASH HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT TRIPLE DASH VERTICAL|&amp;#x2506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY TRIPLE DASH VERTICAL|&amp;#x2507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT QUADRUPLE DASH HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY QUADRUPLE DASH HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT QUADRUPLE DASH VERTICAL|&amp;#x250a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY QUADRUPLE DASH VERTICAL|&amp;#x250b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN AND RIGHT|&amp;#x250c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND RIGHT HEAVY|&amp;#x250d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND RIGHT LIGHT|&amp;#x250e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOWN AND RIGHT|&amp;#x250f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|251x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN AND LEFT|&amp;#x2510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND LEFT HEAVY|&amp;#x2511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND LEFT LIGHT|&amp;#x2512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOWN AND LEFT|&amp;#x2513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND RIGHT HEAVY|&amp;#x2515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND RIGHT LIGHT|&amp;#x2516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY UP AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND LEFT|&amp;#x2518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND LEFT HEAVY|&amp;#x2519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND LEFT LIGHT|&amp;#x251a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY UP AND LEFT|&amp;#x251b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL AND RIGHT|&amp;#x251c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL LIGHT AND RIGHT HEAVY|&amp;#x251d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND RIGHT DOWN LIGHT|&amp;#x251e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND RIGHT UP LIGHT|&amp;#x251f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|252x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL HEAVY AND RIGHT LIGHT|&amp;#x2520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND RIGHT UP HEAVY|&amp;#x2521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND RIGHT DOWN HEAVY|&amp;#x2522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY VERTICAL AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL AND LEFT|&amp;#x2524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL LIGHT AND LEFT HEAVY|&amp;#x2525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND LEFT DOWN LIGHT|&amp;#x2526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND LEFT UP LIGHT|&amp;#x2527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL HEAVY AND LEFT LIGHT|&amp;#x2528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND LEFT UP HEAVY|&amp;#x2529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND LEFT DOWN HEAVY|&amp;#x252a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY VERTICAL AND LEFT|&amp;#x252b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x252c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT HEAVY AND RIGHT DOWN LIGHT|&amp;#x252d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT HEAVY AND LEFT DOWN LIGHT|&amp;#x252e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND HORIZONTAL HEAVY|&amp;#x252f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|253x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND HORIZONTAL LIGHT|&amp;#x2530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT LIGHT AND LEFT DOWN HEAVY|&amp;#x2531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT LIGHT AND RIGHT DOWN HEAVY|&amp;#x2532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOWN AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT HEAVY AND RIGHT UP LIGHT|&amp;#x2535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT HEAVY AND LEFT UP LIGHT|&amp;#x2536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND HORIZONTAL HEAVY|&amp;#x2537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND HORIZONTAL LIGHT|&amp;#x2538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT LIGHT AND LEFT UP HEAVY|&amp;#x2539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT LIGHT AND RIGHT UP HEAVY|&amp;#x253a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY UP AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x253b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x253c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT HEAVY AND RIGHT VERTICAL LIGHT|&amp;#x253d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT HEAVY AND LEFT VERTICAL LIGHT|&amp;#x253e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL LIGHT AND HORIZONTAL HEAVY|&amp;#x253f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|254x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND DOWN HORIZONTAL LIGHT|&amp;#x2540;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND UP HORIZONTAL LIGHT|&amp;#x2541;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL HEAVY AND HORIZONTAL LIGHT|&amp;#x2542;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT UP HEAVY AND RIGHT DOWN LIGHT|&amp;#x2543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT UP HEAVY AND LEFT DOWN LIGHT|&amp;#x2544;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT DOWN HEAVY AND RIGHT UP LIGHT|&amp;#x2545;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT DOWN HEAVY AND LEFT UP LIGHT|&amp;#x2546;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND UP HORIZONTAL HEAVY|&amp;#x2547;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND DOWN HORIZONTAL HEAVY|&amp;#x2548;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT LIGHT AND LEFT VERTICAL HEAVY|&amp;#x2549;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT LIGHT AND RIGHT VERTICAL HEAVY|&amp;#x254a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x254b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOUBLE DASH HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x254c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOUBLE DASH HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x254d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOUBLE DASH VERTICAL|&amp;#x254e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOUBLE DASH VERTICAL|&amp;#x254f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|255x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL|&amp;#x2551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE AND RIGHT DOUBLE|&amp;#x2552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE AND RIGHT SINGLE|&amp;#x2553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE AND LEFT DOUBLE|&amp;#x2555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE AND LEFT SINGLE|&amp;#x2556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN AND LEFT|&amp;#x2557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP SINGLE AND RIGHT DOUBLE|&amp;#x2558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP DOUBLE AND RIGHT SINGLE|&amp;#x2559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE UP AND RIGHT|&amp;#x255a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP SINGLE AND LEFT DOUBLE|&amp;#x255b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP DOUBLE AND LEFT SINGLE|&amp;#x255c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE UP AND LEFT|&amp;#x255d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL SINGLE AND RIGHT DOUBLE|&amp;#x255e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL DOUBLE AND RIGHT SINGLE|&amp;#x255f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|256x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL SINGLE AND LEFT DOUBLE|&amp;#x2561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL DOUBLE AND LEFT SINGLE|&amp;#x2562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL AND LEFT|&amp;#x2563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE AND HORIZONTAL DOUBLE|&amp;#x2564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE AND HORIZONTAL SINGLE|&amp;#x2565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP SINGLE AND HORIZONTAL DOUBLE|&amp;#x2567;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP DOUBLE AND HORIZONTAL SINGLE|&amp;#x2568;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE UP AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2569;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL SINGLE AND HORIZONTAL DOUBLE|&amp;#x256a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL DOUBLE AND HORIZONTAL SINGLE|&amp;#x256b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x256c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT ARC DOWN AND RIGHT|&amp;#x256d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT ARC DOWN AND LEFT|&amp;#x256e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT ARC UP AND LEFT|&amp;#x256f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|257x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT ARC UP AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x2571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x2572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL CROSS|&amp;#x2573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT LEFT|&amp;#x2574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP|&amp;#x2575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT RIGHT|&amp;#x2576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN|&amp;#x2577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY LEFT|&amp;#x2578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY UP|&amp;#x2579;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY RIGHT|&amp;#x257a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOWN|&amp;#x257b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT LEFT AND HEAVY RIGHT|&amp;#x257c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND HEAVY DOWN|&amp;#x257d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY LEFT AND LIGHT RIGHT|&amp;#x257e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY UP AND LIGHT DOWN|&amp;#x257f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Block Elements'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|258x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF BLOCK|&amp;#x2580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x2581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x2582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x2583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER HALF BLOCK|&amp;#x2584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x2585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&amp;#x2586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x2587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL BLOCK|&amp;#x2588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x2589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&amp;#x258a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x258b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF BLOCK|&amp;#x258c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x258d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x258e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x258f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|259x
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF BLOCK|&amp;#x2590;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SHADE|&amp;#x2591;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SHADE|&amp;#x2592;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DARK SHADE|&amp;#x2593;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x2594;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x2595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x2596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x2597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER LEFT|&amp;#x2598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER LEFT AND LOWER LEFT AND LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x2599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER LEFT AND LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x259a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER LEFT AND UPPER RIGHT AND LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x259b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER LEFT AND UPPER RIGHT AND LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x259c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER RIGHT|&amp;#x259d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER RIGHT AND LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x259e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER RIGHT AND LOWER LEFT AND LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x259f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Geometric Shapes'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|25Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x25a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x25a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&amp;#x25a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x25a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH HORIZONTAL FILL|&amp;#x25a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH VERTICAL FILL|&amp;#x25a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH ORTHOGONAL CROSSHATCH FILL|&amp;#x25a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH UPPER LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT FILL|&amp;#x25a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT FILL|&amp;#x25a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH DIAGONAL CROSSHATCH FILL|&amp;#x25a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x25aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x25ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RECTANGLE|&amp;#x25ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RECTANGLE|&amp;#x25ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERTICAL RECTANGLE|&amp;#x25ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE VERTICAL RECTANGLE|&amp;#x25af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|25Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PARALLELOGRAM|&amp;#x25b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE PARALLELOGRAM|&amp;#x25b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING POINTER|&amp;#x25ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT-POINTING POINTER|&amp;#x25bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|25Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING POINTER|&amp;#x25c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT-POINTING POINTER|&amp;#x25c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DIAMOND|&amp;#x25c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND|&amp;#x25c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK SMALL DIAMOND|&amp;#x25c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISHEYE|&amp;#x25c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOZENGE|&amp;#x25ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x25cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED CIRCLE|&amp;#x25cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH VERTICAL FILL|&amp;#x25cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLSEYE|&amp;#x25ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x25cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|25Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH LOWER HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH UPPER HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT BLACK|&amp;#x25d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH ALL BUT UPPER LEFT QUADRANT BLACK|&amp;#x25d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x25d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x25d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE BULLET|&amp;#x25d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x25d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF INVERSE WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x25da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER HALF INVERSE WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x25db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT QUADRANT CIRCULAR ARC|&amp;#x25dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT CIRCULAR ARC|&amp;#x25dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT CIRCULAR ARC|&amp;#x25de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT QUADRANT CIRCULAR ARC|&amp;#x25df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|25Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x25e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x25e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LOWER RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LOWER LEFT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UPPER LEFT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UPPER RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE BULLET|&amp;#x25e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH UPPER LEFT DIAGONAL HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH LOWER RIGHT DIAGONAL HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH VERTICAL BISECTING LINE|&amp;#x25eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP-POINTING TRIANGLE WITH DOT|&amp;#x25ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING TRIANGLE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING TRIANGLE WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE CIRCLE|&amp;#x25ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|25Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH UPPER LEFT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH LOWER LEFT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH UPPER LEFT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH LOWER LEFT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f7;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25f8;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25f9;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25fa;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE MEDIUM SQUARE|&amp;#x25fb;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SQUARE|&amp;#x25fc;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE MEDIUM SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x25fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x25fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|260x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SUN WITH RAYS|&amp;#x2600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD|&amp;#x2601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UMBRELLA|&amp;#x2602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOWMAN|&amp;#x2603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMET|&amp;#x2604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE STAR|&amp;#x2606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING|&amp;#x2607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THUNDERSTORM|&amp;#x2608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUN|&amp;#x2609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASCENDING NODE|&amp;#x260a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESCENDING NODE|&amp;#x260b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONJUNCTION|&amp;#x260c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPPOSITION|&amp;#x260d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TELEPHONE|&amp;#x260e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TELEPHONE|&amp;#x260f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|261x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX|&amp;#x2610;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH CHECK|&amp;#x2611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH X|&amp;#x2612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SALTIRE|&amp;#x2613;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UMBRELLA WITH RAIN DROPS|&amp;#x2614;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT BEVERAGE|&amp;#x2615;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SHOGI PIECE|&amp;#x2616;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SHOGI PIECE|&amp;#x2617;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAMROCK|&amp;#x2618;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET|&amp;#x2619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x261a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x261b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x261c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x261d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x261e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x261f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|262x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SKULL AND CROSSBONES|&amp;#x2620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAUTION SIGN|&amp;#x2621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIOACTIVE SIGN|&amp;#x2622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIOHAZARD SIGN|&amp;#x2623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CADUCEUS|&amp;#x2624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANKH|&amp;#x2625;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORTHODOX CROSS|&amp;#x2626;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHI RHO|&amp;#x2627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS OF LORRAINE|&amp;#x2628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS OF JERUSALEM|&amp;#x2629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAR AND CRESCENT|&amp;#x262a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FARSI SYMBOL|&amp;#x262b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADI SHAKTI|&amp;#x262c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER AND SICKLE|&amp;#x262d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACE SYMBOL|&amp;#x262e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YIN YANG|&amp;#x262f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|263x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR HEAVEN|&amp;#x2630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR LAKE|&amp;#x2631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR FIRE|&amp;#x2632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR THUNDER|&amp;#x2633;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR WIND|&amp;#x2634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR WATER|&amp;#x2635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR MOUNTAIN|&amp;#x2636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR EARTH|&amp;#x2637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHEEL OF DHARMA|&amp;#x2638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FROWNING FACE|&amp;#x2639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SMILING FACE|&amp;#x263a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMILING FACE|&amp;#x263b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN WITH RAYS|&amp;#x263c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON|&amp;#x263d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON|&amp;#x263e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MERCURY|&amp;#x263f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|264x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FEMALE SIGN|&amp;#x2640;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH|&amp;#x2641;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MALE SIGN|&amp;#x2642;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JUPITER|&amp;#x2643;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SATURN|&amp;#x2644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|URANUS|&amp;#x2645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEPTUNE|&amp;#x2646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUTO|&amp;#x2647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARIES|&amp;#x2648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAURUS|&amp;#x2649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEMINI|&amp;#x264a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANCER|&amp;#x264b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEO|&amp;#x264c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIRGO|&amp;#x264d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIBRA|&amp;#x264e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCORPIUS|&amp;#x264f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|265x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAGITTARIUS|&amp;#x2650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAPRICORN|&amp;#x2651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AQUARIUS|&amp;#x2652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PISCES|&amp;#x2653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING|&amp;#x2654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN|&amp;#x2655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK|&amp;#x2656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP|&amp;#x2657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT|&amp;#x2658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN|&amp;#x2659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING|&amp;#x265a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN|&amp;#x265b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK|&amp;#x265c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP|&amp;#x265d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT|&amp;#x265e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN|&amp;#x265f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|266x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SPADE SUIT|&amp;#x2660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEART SUIT|&amp;#x2661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND SUIT|&amp;#x2662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CLUB SUIT|&amp;#x2663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SPADE SUIT|&amp;#x2664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HEART SUIT|&amp;#x2665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DIAMOND SUIT|&amp;#x2666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CLUB SUIT|&amp;#x2667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT SPRINGS|&amp;#x2668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUARTER NOTE|&amp;#x2669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHTH NOTE|&amp;#x266a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAMED EIGHTH NOTES|&amp;#x266b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAMED SIXTEENTH NOTES|&amp;#x266c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSIC FLAT SIGN|&amp;#x266d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSIC NATURAL SIGN|&amp;#x266e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSIC SHARP SIGN|&amp;#x266f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|267x
|style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WEST SYRIAC CROSS|&amp;#x2670;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EAST SYRIAC CROSS|&amp;#x2671;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNIVERSAL RECYCLING SYMBOL|&amp;#x2672;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-1 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2673;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-2 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2674;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-3 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2675;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-4 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-5 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-6 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-7 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR GENERIC MATERIALS|&amp;#x267a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UNIVERSAL RECYCLING SYMBOL|&amp;#x267b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLED PAPER SYMBOL|&amp;#x267c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTIALLY-RECYCLED PAPER SYMBOL|&amp;#x267d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERMANENT PAPER SIGN|&amp;#x267e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHEELCHAIR SYMBOL|&amp;#x267f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|268x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIE FACE-1|&amp;#x2680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIE FACE-2|&amp;#x2681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIE FACE-3|&amp;#x2682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIE FACE-4|&amp;#x2683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIE FACE-5|&amp;#x2684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIE FACE-6|&amp;#x2685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH DOT RIGHT|&amp;#x2686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS|&amp;#x2687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE DOT RIGHT|&amp;#x2688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE WITH TWO WHITE DOTS|&amp;#x2689;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONOGRAM FOR YANG|&amp;#x268a;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONOGRAM FOR YIN|&amp;#x268b;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR GREATER YANG|&amp;#x268c;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR LESSER YIN|&amp;#x268d;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR LESSER YANG|&amp;#x268e;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR GREATER YIN|&amp;#x268f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|269x
|style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FLAG|&amp;#x2690;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK FLAG|&amp;#x2691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER AND PICK|&amp;#x2692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANCHOR|&amp;#x2693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED SWORDS|&amp;#x2694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAFF OF AESCULAPIUS|&amp;#x2695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCALES|&amp;#x2696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALEMBIC|&amp;#x2697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOWER|&amp;#x2698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEAR|&amp;#x2699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAFF OF HERMES|&amp;#x269a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ATOM SYMBOL|&amp;#x269b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLEUR-DE-LIS|&amp;#x269c;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTLINED WHITE STAR|&amp;#x269d;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE LINES CONVERGING RIGHT|&amp;#x269e;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE LINES CONVERGING LEFT|&amp;#x269f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|26Ax
|style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WARNING SIGN|&amp;#x26a0;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH VOLTAGE SIGN|&amp;#x26a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLED FEMALE SIGN|&amp;#x26a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLED MALE SIGN|&amp;#x26a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERLOCKED FEMALE AND MALE SIGN|&amp;#x26a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MALE AND FEMALE SIGN|&amp;#x26a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MALE WITH STROKE SIGN|&amp;#x26a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MALE WITH STROKE AND MALE AND FEMALE SIGN|&amp;#x26a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL MALE WITH STROKE SIGN|&amp;#x26a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL MALE WITH STROKE SIGN|&amp;#x26a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x26aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x26ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SMALL WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x26ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARRIAGE SYMBOL|&amp;#x26ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVORCE SYMBOL|&amp;#x26ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNMARRIED PARTNERSHIP SYMBOL|&amp;#x26af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|26Bx
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COFFIN|&amp;#x26b0;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FUNERAL URN|&amp;#x26b1;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTER|&amp;#x26b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CERES|&amp;#x26b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PALLAS|&amp;#x26b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JUNO|&amp;#x26b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VESTA|&amp;#x26b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHIRON|&amp;#x26b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MOON LILITH|&amp;#x26b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEXTILE|&amp;#x26b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEMISEXTILE|&amp;#x26ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUINCUNX|&amp;#x26bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SESQUIQUADRATE|&amp;#x26bc;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOCCER BALL|&amp;#x26bd;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BASEBALL|&amp;#x26be;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KEY|&amp;#x26bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|26Cx
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DRAUGHTS MAN|&amp;#x26c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DRAUGHTS KING|&amp;#x26c1;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DRAUGHTS MAN|&amp;#x26c2;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DRAUGHTS KING|&amp;#x26c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOWMAN WITHOUT SNOW|&amp;#x26c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUN BEHIND CLOUD|&amp;#x26c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAIN|&amp;#x26c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SNOWMAN|&amp;#x26c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THUNDER CLOUD AND RAIN|&amp;#x26c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED WHITE SHOGI PIECE|&amp;#x26c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED BLACK SHOGI PIECE|&amp;#x26ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND IN SQUARE|&amp;#x26cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSING LANES|&amp;#x26cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISABLED CAR|&amp;#x26cd;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OPHIUCHUS|&amp;#x26ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PICK|&amp;#x26cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|26Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CAR SLIDING|&amp;#x26d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HELMET WITH WHITE CROSS|&amp;#x26d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSSING LANES|&amp;#x26d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAINS|&amp;#x26d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ENTRY|&amp;#x26d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALTERNATE ONE-WAY LEFT WAY TRAFFIC|&amp;#x26d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TWO-WAY LEFT WAY TRAFFIC|&amp;#x26d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TWO-WAY LEFT WAY TRAFFIC|&amp;#x26d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT LANE MERGE|&amp;#x26d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT LANE MERGE|&amp;#x26d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRIVE SLOW SIGN|&amp;#x26da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x26db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT CLOSED ENTRY|&amp;#x26dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SALTIRE|&amp;#x26dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALLING DIAGONAL IN WHITE CIRCLE IN BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x26de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TRUCK|&amp;#x26df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|26Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RESTRICTED LEFT ENTRY-1|&amp;#x26e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RESTRICTED LEFT ENTRY-2|&amp;#x26e1;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTRONOMICAL SYMBOL FOR URANUS|&amp;#x26e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CIRCLE WITH STROKE AND TWO DOTS ABOVE|&amp;#x26e3;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PENTAGRAM|&amp;#x26e4;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-HANDED INTERLACED PENTAGRAM|&amp;#x26e5;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-HANDED INTERLACED PENTAGRAM|&amp;#x26e6;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED PENTAGRAM|&amp;#x26e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CROSS ON SHIELD|&amp;#x26e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHINTO SHRINE|&amp;#x26e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHURCH|&amp;#x26ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CASTLE|&amp;#x26eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HISTORIC SITE|&amp;#x26ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEAR WITHOUT HUB|&amp;#x26ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEAR WITH HANDLES|&amp;#x26ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAP SYMBOL FOR LIGHTHOUSE|&amp;#x26ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|26Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN|&amp;#x26f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UMBRELLA ON GROUND|&amp;#x26f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUNTAIN|&amp;#x26f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAG IN HOLE|&amp;#x26f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FERRY|&amp;#x26f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAILBOAT|&amp;#x26f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE FOUR CORNERS|&amp;#x26f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SKIER|&amp;#x26f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE SKATE|&amp;#x26f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH BALL|&amp;#x26f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TENT|&amp;#x26fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE BANK SYMBOL|&amp;#x26fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEADSTONE GRAVEYARD SYMBOL|&amp;#x26fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FUEL PUMP|&amp;#x26fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUP ON BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x26fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FLAG WITH HORIZONTAL MIDDLE BLACK STRIPE|&amp;#x26ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Dingbats'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|270x
|style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SAFETY SCISSORS|&amp;#x2700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER BLADE SCISSORS|&amp;#x2701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SCISSORS|&amp;#x2702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER BLADE SCISSORS|&amp;#x2703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SCISSORS|&amp;#x2704;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEAVY CHECK MARK|&amp;#x2705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE LOCATION SIGN|&amp;#x2706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAPE DRIVE|&amp;#x2707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE|&amp;#x2708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE|&amp;#x2709;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED FIST|&amp;#x270a;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED HAND|&amp;#x270b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VICTORY HAND|&amp;#x270c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRITING HAND|&amp;#x270d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT PENCIL|&amp;#x270e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PENCIL|&amp;#x270f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|271x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT PENCIL|&amp;#x2710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE NIB|&amp;#x2711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK NIB|&amp;#x2712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECK MARK|&amp;#x2713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CHECK MARK|&amp;#x2714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION X|&amp;#x2715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY MULTIPLICATION X|&amp;#x2716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT X|&amp;#x2717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BALLOT X|&amp;#x2718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTLINED GREEK CROSS|&amp;#x2719;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&amp;#x271a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN CENTRE CROSS|&amp;#x271b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY OPEN CENTRE CROSS|&amp;#x271c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CROSS|&amp;#x271d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHADOWED WHITE LATIN CROSS|&amp;#x271e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTLINED LATIN CROSS|&amp;#x271f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|272x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MALTESE CROSS|&amp;#x2720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAR OF DAVID|&amp;#x2721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x2722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR BALLOON-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x2723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FOUR BALLOON-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x2724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR CLUB-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x2725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK FOUR POINTED STAR|&amp;#x2726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FOUR POINTED STAR|&amp;#x2727;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPARKLES|&amp;#x2728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRESS OUTLINED WHITE STAR|&amp;#x2729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED WHITE STAR|&amp;#x272a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN CENTRE BLACK STAR|&amp;#x272b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CENTRE WHITE STAR|&amp;#x272c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTLINED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x272d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY OUTLINED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x272e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PINWHEEL STAR|&amp;#x272f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|273x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHADOWED WHITE STAR|&amp;#x2730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ASTERISK|&amp;#x2731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN CENTRE ASTERISK|&amp;#x2732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x2733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHT POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&amp;#x2735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHT POINTED RECTILINEAR BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED RECTILINEAR BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIXTEEN POINTED ASTERISK|&amp;#x273a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x273b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN CENTRE TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x273c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x273d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX PETALLED BLACK AND WHITE FLORETTE|&amp;#x273e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK FLORETTE|&amp;#x273f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|274x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FLORETTE|&amp;#x2740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHT PETALLED OUTLINED BLACK FLORETTE|&amp;#x2741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED OPEN CENTRE EIGHT POINTED STAR|&amp;#x2742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TEARDROP-SPOKED PINWHEEL ASTERISK|&amp;#x2743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOWFLAKE|&amp;#x2744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIGHT TRIFOLIATE SNOWFLAKE|&amp;#x2745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CHEVRON SNOWFLAKE|&amp;#x2746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPARKLE|&amp;#x2747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SPARKLE|&amp;#x2748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOON-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x2749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHT TEARDROP-SPOKED PROPELLER ASTERISK|&amp;#x274a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT TEARDROP-SPOKED PROPELLER ASTERISK|&amp;#x274b;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS MARK|&amp;#x274c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x274d;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED CROSS MARK|&amp;#x274e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT DROP-SHADOWED WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x274f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|275x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT DROP-SHADOWED WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x2750;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x2751;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x2752;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK QUESTION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2753;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE QUESTION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2754;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2755;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DIAMOND MINUS WHITE X|&amp;#x2756;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EXCLAMATION MARK SYMBOL|&amp;#x2757;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x2758;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x2759;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x275a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SINGLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x275b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SINGLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x275c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOUBLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x275d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x275e;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LOW SINGLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x275f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|276x
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LOW DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2760;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CURVED STEM PARAGRAPH SIGN ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2761;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2762;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY HEART EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2763;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BLACK HEART|&amp;#x2764;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROTATED HEAVY BLACK HEART BULLET|&amp;#x2765;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLORAL HEART|&amp;#x2766;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET|&amp;#x2767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM LEFT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM RIGHT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FLATTENED LEFT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT|&amp;#x276a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FLATTENED RIGHT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT|&amp;#x276b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x276c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x276d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x276e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x276f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|277x
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2770;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2771;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2772;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2773;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM LEFT CURLY BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2774;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM RIGHT CURLY BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x2776;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x2777;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x2778;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x2779;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x277a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x277b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x277c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x277d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x277e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x277f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|278x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x2780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x2781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x2782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x2783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x2784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x2785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x2786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x2787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x2788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x2789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x278a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x278b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x278c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x278d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x278e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x278f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|279x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x2790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x2791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x2792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x2793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2794;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY PLUS SIGN|&amp;#x2795;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY MINUS SIGN|&amp;#x2796;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DIVISION SIGN|&amp;#x2797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x279a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAFTING POINT RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x279b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ROUND-TIPPED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x279c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x279d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TRIANGLE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x279e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DASHED TRIANGLE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x279f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|27Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DASHED TRIANGLE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-D TOP-LIGHTED RIGHTWARDS ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x27a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-D BOTTOM-LIGHTED RIGHTWARDS ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x27a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHTWARDS ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x27a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BLACK CURVED DOWNWARDS AND RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BLACK CURVED UPWARDS AND RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUAT BLACK RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CONCAVE-POINTED BLACK RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-SHADED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-SHADED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LOWER RIGHT-SHADOWED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPPER RIGHT-SHADOWED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED LOWER RIGHT-SHADOWED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|27Bx
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLY LOOP|&amp;#x27b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED UPPER RIGHT-SHADOWED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HEAVY WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE-FEATHERED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-FEATHERED SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x27b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-FEATHERED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-FEATHERED NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x27b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BLACK-FEATHERED SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x27b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BLACK-FEATHERED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BLACK-FEATHERED NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x27b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEARDROP-BARBED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TEARDROP-SHANKED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEDGE-TAILED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WEDGE-TAILED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN-OUTLINED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27be;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CURLY LOOP|&amp;#x27bf;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|27Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE DIMENSIONAL ANGLE|&amp;#x27c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TRIANGLE CONTAINING SMALL WHITE TRIANGLE|&amp;#x27c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERPENDICULAR|&amp;#x27c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN SUBSET|&amp;#x27c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN SUPERSET|&amp;#x27c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT S-SHAPED BAG DELIMITER|&amp;#x27c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT S-SHAPED BAG DELIMITER|&amp;#x27c6;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OR WITH DOT INSIDE|&amp;#x27c7;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE SOLIDUS PRECEDING SUBSET|&amp;#x27c8;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET PRECEDING SOLIDUS|&amp;#x27c9;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL BAR WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x27ca;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL RISING DIAGONAL|&amp;#x27cb;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG DIVISION|&amp;#x27cc;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FALLING DIAGONAL|&amp;#x27cd;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x27ce;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x27cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|27Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND WITH CENTRED DOT|&amp;#x27d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AND WITH DOT|&amp;#x27d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF OPENING UPWARDS|&amp;#x27d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT CORNER WITH DOT|&amp;#x27d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT CORNER WITH DOT|&amp;#x27d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT OUTER JOIN|&amp;#x27d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT OUTER JOIN|&amp;#x27d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL OUTER JOIN|&amp;#x27d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE UP TACK|&amp;#x27d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE DOWN TACK|&amp;#x27d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND RIGHT DOUBLE TURNSTILE|&amp;#x27da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND RIGHT TACK|&amp;#x27db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT MULTIMAP|&amp;#x27dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHT TACK|&amp;#x27dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFT TACK|&amp;#x27de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP TACK WITH CIRCLE ABOVE|&amp;#x27df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|27Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOZENGE DIVIDED BY HORIZONTAL RULE|&amp;#x27e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CONCAVE-SIDED DIAMOND|&amp;#x27e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CONCAVE-SIDED DIAMOND WITH LEFTWARDS TICK|&amp;#x27e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CONCAVE-SIDED DIAMOND WITH RIGHTWARDS TICK|&amp;#x27e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH LEFTWARDS TICK|&amp;#x27e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH RIGHTWARDS TICK|&amp;#x27e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL LEFT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x27e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL RIGHT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x27e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL LEFT ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x27e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x27e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x27ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x27eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL LEFT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x27ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL RIGHT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x27ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL LEFT FLATTENED PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x27ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL RIGHT FLATTENED PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x27ef;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Supplemental Arrows-A'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|27Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS QUADRUPLE ARROW|&amp;#x27f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS QUADRUPLE ARROW|&amp;#x27f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE GAPPED CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x27f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE GAPPED CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x27f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ARROW WITH CIRCLED PLUS|&amp;#x27f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFT RIGHT ARROW|&amp;#x27f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x27f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x27f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x27fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x27fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x27fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x27fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x27fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS SQUIGGLE ARROW|&amp;#x27ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Braille Patterns'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|280x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN BLANK|&amp;#x2800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1|&amp;#x2801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2|&amp;#x2802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12|&amp;#x2803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3|&amp;#x2804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13|&amp;#x2805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23|&amp;#x2806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123|&amp;#x2807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4|&amp;#x2808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14|&amp;#x2809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24|&amp;#x280a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124|&amp;#x280b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34|&amp;#x280c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134|&amp;#x280d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234|&amp;#x280e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234|&amp;#x280f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|281x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-5|&amp;#x2810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-15|&amp;#x2811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-25|&amp;#x2812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-125|&amp;#x2813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-35|&amp;#x2814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-135|&amp;#x2815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-235|&amp;#x2816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1235|&amp;#x2817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-45|&amp;#x2818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-145|&amp;#x2819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-245|&amp;#x281a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1245|&amp;#x281b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-345|&amp;#x281c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1345|&amp;#x281d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2345|&amp;#x281e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12345|&amp;#x281f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|282x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-6|&amp;#x2820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-16|&amp;#x2821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-26|&amp;#x2822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-126|&amp;#x2823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-36|&amp;#x2824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-136|&amp;#x2825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-236|&amp;#x2826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1236|&amp;#x2827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-46|&amp;#x2828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-146|&amp;#x2829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-246|&amp;#x282a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1246|&amp;#x282b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-346|&amp;#x282c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1346|&amp;#x282d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2346|&amp;#x282e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12346|&amp;#x282f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|283x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-56|&amp;#x2830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-156|&amp;#x2831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-256|&amp;#x2832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1256|&amp;#x2833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-356|&amp;#x2834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1356|&amp;#x2835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2356|&amp;#x2836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12356|&amp;#x2837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-456|&amp;#x2838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1456|&amp;#x2839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2456|&amp;#x283a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12456|&amp;#x283b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3456|&amp;#x283c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13456|&amp;#x283d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23456|&amp;#x283e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123456|&amp;#x283f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|284x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-7|&amp;#x2840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-17|&amp;#x2841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-27|&amp;#x2842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-127|&amp;#x2843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-37|&amp;#x2844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-137|&amp;#x2845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-237|&amp;#x2846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1237|&amp;#x2847;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-47|&amp;#x2848;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-147|&amp;#x2849;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-247|&amp;#x284a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1247|&amp;#x284b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-347|&amp;#x284c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1347|&amp;#x284d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2347|&amp;#x284e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12347|&amp;#x284f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|285x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-57|&amp;#x2850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-157|&amp;#x2851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-257|&amp;#x2852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1257|&amp;#x2853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-357|&amp;#x2854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1357|&amp;#x2855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2357|&amp;#x2856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12357|&amp;#x2857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-457|&amp;#x2858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1457|&amp;#x2859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2457|&amp;#x285a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12457|&amp;#x285b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3457|&amp;#x285c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13457|&amp;#x285d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23457|&amp;#x285e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123457|&amp;#x285f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|286x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-67|&amp;#x2860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-167|&amp;#x2861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-267|&amp;#x2862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1267|&amp;#x2863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-367|&amp;#x2864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1367|&amp;#x2865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2367|&amp;#x2866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12367|&amp;#x2867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-467|&amp;#x2868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1467|&amp;#x2869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2467|&amp;#x286a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12467|&amp;#x286b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3467|&amp;#x286c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13467|&amp;#x286d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23467|&amp;#x286e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123467|&amp;#x286f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|287x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-567|&amp;#x2870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1567|&amp;#x2871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2567|&amp;#x2872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12567|&amp;#x2873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3567|&amp;#x2874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13567|&amp;#x2875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23567|&amp;#x2876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123567|&amp;#x2877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4567|&amp;#x2878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14567|&amp;#x2879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24567|&amp;#x287a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124567|&amp;#x287b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34567|&amp;#x287c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134567|&amp;#x287d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234567|&amp;#x287e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234567|&amp;#x287f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|288x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-8|&amp;#x2880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-18|&amp;#x2881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-28|&amp;#x2882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-128|&amp;#x2883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-38|&amp;#x2884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-138|&amp;#x2885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-238|&amp;#x2886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1238|&amp;#x2887;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-48|&amp;#x2888;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-148|&amp;#x2889;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-248|&amp;#x288a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1248|&amp;#x288b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-348|&amp;#x288c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1348|&amp;#x288d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2348|&amp;#x288e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12348|&amp;#x288f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|289x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-58|&amp;#x2890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-158|&amp;#x2891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-258|&amp;#x2892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1258|&amp;#x2893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-358|&amp;#x2894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1358|&amp;#x2895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2358|&amp;#x2896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12358|&amp;#x2897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-458|&amp;#x2898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1458|&amp;#x2899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2458|&amp;#x289a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12458|&amp;#x289b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3458|&amp;#x289c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13458|&amp;#x289d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23458|&amp;#x289e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123458|&amp;#x289f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|28Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-68|&amp;#x28a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-168|&amp;#x28a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-268|&amp;#x28a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1268|&amp;#x28a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-368|&amp;#x28a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1368|&amp;#x28a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2368|&amp;#x28a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12368|&amp;#x28a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-468|&amp;#x28a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1468|&amp;#x28a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2468|&amp;#x28aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12468|&amp;#x28ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3468|&amp;#x28ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13468|&amp;#x28ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23468|&amp;#x28ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123468|&amp;#x28af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|28Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-568|&amp;#x28b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1568|&amp;#x28b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2568|&amp;#x28b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12568|&amp;#x28b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3568|&amp;#x28b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13568|&amp;#x28b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23568|&amp;#x28b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123568|&amp;#x28b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4568|&amp;#x28b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14568|&amp;#x28b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24568|&amp;#x28ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124568|&amp;#x28bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34568|&amp;#x28bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134568|&amp;#x28bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234568|&amp;#x28be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234568|&amp;#x28bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|28Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-78|&amp;#x28c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-178|&amp;#x28c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-278|&amp;#x28c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1278|&amp;#x28c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-378|&amp;#x28c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1378|&amp;#x28c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2378|&amp;#x28c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12378|&amp;#x28c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-478|&amp;#x28c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1478|&amp;#x28c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2478|&amp;#x28ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12478|&amp;#x28cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3478|&amp;#x28cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13478|&amp;#x28cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23478|&amp;#x28ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123478|&amp;#x28cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|28Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-578|&amp;#x28d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1578|&amp;#x28d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2578|&amp;#x28d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12578|&amp;#x28d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3578|&amp;#x28d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13578|&amp;#x28d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23578|&amp;#x28d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123578|&amp;#x28d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4578|&amp;#x28d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14578|&amp;#x28d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24578|&amp;#x28da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124578|&amp;#x28db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34578|&amp;#x28dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134578|&amp;#x28dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234578|&amp;#x28de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234578|&amp;#x28df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|28Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-678|&amp;#x28e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1678|&amp;#x28e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2678|&amp;#x28e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12678|&amp;#x28e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3678|&amp;#x28e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13678|&amp;#x28e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23678|&amp;#x28e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123678|&amp;#x28e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4678|&amp;#x28e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14678|&amp;#x28e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24678|&amp;#x28ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124678|&amp;#x28eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34678|&amp;#x28ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134678|&amp;#x28ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234678|&amp;#x28ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234678|&amp;#x28ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|28Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-5678|&amp;#x28f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-15678|&amp;#x28f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-25678|&amp;#x28f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-125678|&amp;#x28f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-35678|&amp;#x28f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-135678|&amp;#x28f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-235678|&amp;#x28f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1235678|&amp;#x28f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-45678|&amp;#x28f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-145678|&amp;#x28f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-245678|&amp;#x28fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1245678|&amp;#x28fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-345678|&amp;#x28fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1345678|&amp;#x28fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2345678|&amp;#x28fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12345678|&amp;#x28ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Supplemental Arrows-B'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|290x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x2905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x2906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x2907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x2908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x2909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIPLE ARROW|&amp;#x290a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIPLE ARROW|&amp;#x290b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DOUBLE DASH ARROW|&amp;#x290c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE DASH ARROW|&amp;#x290d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIPLE DASH ARROW|&amp;#x290e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIPLE DASH ARROW|&amp;#x290f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|291x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED TRIPLE DASH ARROW|&amp;#x2910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH DOTTED STEM|&amp;#x2911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL|&amp;#x2916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW-TAIL|&amp;#x2919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW-TAIL|&amp;#x291a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW-TAIL|&amp;#x291b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW-TAIL|&amp;#x291c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW TO BLACK DIAMOND|&amp;#x291d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW TO BLACK DIAMOND|&amp;#x291e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR TO BLACK DIAMOND|&amp;#x291f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|292x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR TO BLACK DIAMOND|&amp;#x2920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST AND SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST AND SOUTH WEST ARROW|&amp;#x2922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW AND NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW AND SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW AND SOUTH WEST ARROW|&amp;#x2929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST ARROW AND NORTH WEST ARROW|&amp;#x292a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RISING DIAGONAL CROSSING FALLING DIAGONAL|&amp;#x292b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALLING DIAGONAL CROSSING RISING DIAGONAL|&amp;#x292c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW CROSSING NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x292d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW CROSSING SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x292e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALLING DIAGONAL CROSSING NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x292f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|293x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RISING DIAGONAL CROSSING SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW CROSSING NORTH WEST ARROW|&amp;#x2931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW CROSSING NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVE ARROW POINTING DIRECTLY RIGHT|&amp;#x2933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING UPWARDS|&amp;#x2934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x2935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING DOWNWARDS THEN CURVING LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x2936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING DOWNWARDS THEN CURVING RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x2937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-SIDE ARC CLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x2938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-SIDE ARC ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x2939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP ARC ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x293a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM ARC ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x293b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP ARC CLOCKWISE ARROW WITH MINUS|&amp;#x293c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP ARC ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW WITH PLUS|&amp;#x293d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT SEMICIRCULAR CLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x293e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT SEMICIRCULAR ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x293f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|294x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE CLOSED CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x2940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE CLOSED CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x2941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE SHORT RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH PLUS BELOW|&amp;#x2945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH PLUS BELOW|&amp;#x2946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH X|&amp;#x2947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT ARROW THROUGH SMALL CIRCLE|&amp;#x2948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW FROM SMALL CIRCLE|&amp;#x2949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT BARB UP RIGHT BARB DOWN HARPOON|&amp;#x294a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT BARB DOWN RIGHT BARB UP HARPOON|&amp;#x294b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP BARB RIGHT DOWN BARB LEFT HARPOON|&amp;#x294c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP BARB LEFT DOWN BARB RIGHT HARPOON|&amp;#x294d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT BARB UP RIGHT BARB UP HARPOON|&amp;#x294e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP BARB RIGHT DOWN BARB RIGHT HARPOON|&amp;#x294f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|295x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT BARB DOWN RIGHT BARB DOWN HARPOON|&amp;#x2950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP BARB LEFT DOWN BARB LEFT HARPOON|&amp;#x2951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP TO BAR|&amp;#x2952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP TO BAR|&amp;#x2953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT TO BAR|&amp;#x2954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT TO BAR|&amp;#x2955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN TO BAR|&amp;#x2956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN TO BAR|&amp;#x2957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT TO BAR|&amp;#x2958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT TO BAR|&amp;#x2959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP FROM BAR|&amp;#x295a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP FROM BAR|&amp;#x295b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT FROM BAR|&amp;#x295c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT FROM BAR|&amp;#x295d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN FROM BAR|&amp;#x295e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN FROM BAR|&amp;#x295f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|296x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT FROM BAR|&amp;#x2960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT FROM BAR|&amp;#x2961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN|&amp;#x2962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT BESIDE UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT|&amp;#x2963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN|&amp;#x2964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT BESIDE DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT|&amp;#x2965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP|&amp;#x2966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN ABOVE RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN|&amp;#x2967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP|&amp;#x2968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN ABOVE LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN|&amp;#x2969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE LONG DASH|&amp;#x296a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN BELOW LONG DASH|&amp;#x296b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE LONG DASH|&amp;#x296c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN BELOW LONG DASH|&amp;#x296d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT BESIDE DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT|&amp;#x296e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT BESIDE UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT|&amp;#x296f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|297x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW WITH ROUNDED HEAD|&amp;#x2970;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2971;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2972;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2973;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2974;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2975;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2976;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW THROUGH LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2977;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2978;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2979;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW THROUGH SUBSET|&amp;#x297a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x297b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT FISH TAIL|&amp;#x297c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT FISH TAIL|&amp;#x297d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP FISH TAIL|&amp;#x297e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN FISH TAIL|&amp;#x297f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|298x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE VERTICAL BAR DELIMITER|&amp;#x2980;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION SPOT|&amp;#x2981;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION TYPE COLON|&amp;#x2982;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WHITE CURLY BRACKET|&amp;#x2983;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WHITE CURLY BRACKET|&amp;#x2984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WHITE PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WHITE PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION LEFT IMAGE BRACKET|&amp;#x2987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION RIGHT IMAGE BRACKET|&amp;#x2988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION LEFT BINDING BRACKET|&amp;#x2989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION RIGHT BINDING BRACKET|&amp;#x298a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x298b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x298c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN TOP CORNER|&amp;#x298d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN BOTTOM CORNER|&amp;#x298e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN BOTTOM CORNER|&amp;#x298f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|299x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN TOP CORNER|&amp;#x2990;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ANGLE BRACKET WITH DOT|&amp;#x2991;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET WITH DOT|&amp;#x2992;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ARC LESS-THAN BRACKET|&amp;#x2993;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ARC GREATER-THAN BRACKET|&amp;#x2994;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE LEFT ARC GREATER-THAN BRACKET|&amp;#x2995;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE RIGHT ARC LESS-THAN BRACKET|&amp;#x2996;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT BLACK TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x2997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT BLACK TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x2998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED FENCE|&amp;#x2999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ZIGZAG LINE|&amp;#x299a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE OPENING LEFT|&amp;#x299b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE VARIANT WITH SQUARE|&amp;#x299c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED RIGHT ANGLE WITH DOT|&amp;#x299d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGLE WITH S INSIDE|&amp;#x299e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ACUTE ANGLE|&amp;#x299f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|29Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPHERICAL ANGLE OPENING LEFT|&amp;#x29a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPHERICAL ANGLE OPENING UP|&amp;#x29a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED ANGLE|&amp;#x29a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED ANGLE|&amp;#x29a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGLE WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x29a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED ANGLE WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x29a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OBLIQUE ANGLE OPENING UP|&amp;#x29a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OBLIQUE ANGLE OPENING DOWN|&amp;#x29a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING UP AND RIGHT|&amp;#x29a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING UP AND LEFT|&amp;#x29a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING DOWN AND RIGHT|&amp;#x29aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING DOWN AND LEFT|&amp;#x29ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING RIGHT AND UP|&amp;#x29ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING LEFT AND UP|&amp;#x29ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING RIGHT AND DOWN|&amp;#x29ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING LEFT AND DOWN|&amp;#x29af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|29Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED EMPTY SET|&amp;#x29b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY SET WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x29b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY SET WITH SMALL CIRCLE ABOVE|&amp;#x29b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY SET WITH RIGHT ARROW ABOVE|&amp;#x29b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY SET WITH LEFT ARROW ABOVE|&amp;#x29b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH HORIZONTAL BAR|&amp;#x29b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x29b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED PARALLEL|&amp;#x29b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED REVERSE SOLIDUS|&amp;#x29b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED PERPENDICULAR|&amp;#x29b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE DIVIDED BY HORIZONTAL BAR AND TOP HALF DIVIDED BY VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x29ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH SUPERIMPOSED X|&amp;#x29bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE-ROTATED DIVISION SIGN|&amp;#x29bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP ARROW THROUGH CIRCLE|&amp;#x29bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED WHITE BULLET|&amp;#x29be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED BULLET|&amp;#x29bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|29Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LESS-THAN|&amp;#x29c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x29c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH SMALL CIRCLE TO THE RIGHT|&amp;#x29c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH TWO HORIZONTAL STROKES TO THE RIGHT|&amp;#x29c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED RISING DIAGONAL SLASH|&amp;#x29c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FALLING DIAGONAL SLASH|&amp;#x29c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ASTERISK|&amp;#x29c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SMALL CIRCLE|&amp;#x29c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SQUARE|&amp;#x29c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO JOINED SQUARES|&amp;#x29c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x29ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x29cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|S IN TRIANGLE|&amp;#x29cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE WITH SERIFS AT BOTTOM|&amp;#x29cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TRIANGLE ABOVE LEFT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x29ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TRIANGLE BESIDE VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x29cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|29Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL BAR BESIDE RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x29d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWTIE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x29d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWTIE WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x29d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK BOWTIE|&amp;#x29d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIMES WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x29d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIMES WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x29d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HOURGLASS|&amp;#x29d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HOURGLASS|&amp;#x29d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WIGGLY FENCE|&amp;#x29d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WIGGLY FENCE|&amp;#x29d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT DOUBLE WIGGLY FENCE|&amp;#x29da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT DOUBLE WIGGLY FENCE|&amp;#x29db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCOMPLETE INFINITY|&amp;#x29dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIE OVER INFINITY|&amp;#x29dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INFINITY NEGATED WITH VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x29de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-ENDED MULTIMAP|&amp;#x29df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|29Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH CONTOURED OUTLINE|&amp;#x29e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCREASES AS|&amp;#x29e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHUFFLE PRODUCT|&amp;#x29e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN AND SLANTED PARALLEL|&amp;#x29e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN AND SLANTED PARALLEL WITH TILDE ABOVE|&amp;#x29e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDENTICAL TO AND SLANTED PARALLEL|&amp;#x29e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLEICH STARK|&amp;#x29e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THERMODYNAMIC|&amp;#x29e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x29e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x29e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DIAMOND WITH DOWN ARROW|&amp;#x29ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LOZENGE|&amp;#x29eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH DOWN ARROW|&amp;#x29ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE WITH DOWN ARROW|&amp;#x29ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERROR-BARRED WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x29ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERROR-BARRED BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x29ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;height:30px&quot;|29Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ERROR-BARRED WHITE DIAMOND|&amp;#x29f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERROR-BARRED BLACK DIAMOND|&amp;#x29f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERROR-BARRED WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x29f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERROR-BARRED BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x29f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RULE-DELAYED|&amp;#x29f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE SOLIDUS OPERATOR|&amp;#x29f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLIDUS WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x29f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE SOLIDUS WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x29f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIG SOLIDUS|&amp;#x29f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIG REVERSE SOLIDUS|&amp;#x29f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE PLUS|&amp;#x29fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE PLUS|&amp;#x29fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-POINTING CURVED ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x29fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-POINTING CURVED ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x29fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TINY|&amp;#x29fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINY|&amp;#x29ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY CIRCLED DOT OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY CIRCLED PLUS OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY CIRCLED TIMES OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY UNION OPERATOR WITH DOT|&amp;#x2a03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY UNION OPERATOR WITH PLUS|&amp;#x2a04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY SQUARE INTERSECTION OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY SQUARE UNION OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO LOGICAL AND OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO LOGICAL OR OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY TIMES OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODULO TWO SUM|&amp;#x2a0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUMMATION WITH INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2a0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRUPLE INTEGRAL OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FINITE PART INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2a0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH DOUBLE STROKE|&amp;#x2a0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL AVERAGE WITH SLASH|&amp;#x2a0f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCULATION FUNCTION|&amp;#x2a10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE INTEGRATION|&amp;#x2a11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINE INTEGRATION WITH RECTANGULAR PATH AROUND POLE|&amp;#x2a12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINE INTEGRATION WITH SEMICIRCULAR PATH AROUND POLE|&amp;#x2a13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINE INTEGRATION NOT INCLUDING THE POLE|&amp;#x2a14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL AROUND A POINT OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUATERNION INTEGRAL OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2a17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH TIMES SIGN|&amp;#x2a18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2a19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH UNION|&amp;#x2a1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x2a1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2a1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JOIN|&amp;#x2a1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE LEFT TRIANGLE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION SCHEMA COMPOSITION|&amp;#x2a1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION SCHEMA PIPING|&amp;#x2a20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION SCHEMA PROJECTION|&amp;#x2a21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH SMALL CIRCLE ABOVE|&amp;#x2a22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE ABOVE|&amp;#x2a24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x2a25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE BELOW|&amp;#x2a26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH SUBSCRIPT TWO|&amp;#x2a27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH BLACK TRIANGLE|&amp;#x2a28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS SIGN WITH COMMA ABOVE|&amp;#x2a29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS SIGN WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x2a2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS SIGN WITH FALLING DOTS|&amp;#x2a2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS SIGN WITH RISING DOTS|&amp;#x2a2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN IN LEFT HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x2a2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN IN RIGHT HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x2a2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT|&amp;#x2a2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2a31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT WITH BOTTOM CLOSED|&amp;#x2a32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMASH PRODUCT|&amp;#x2a33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN LEFT HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x2a34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN RIGHT HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x2a35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT|&amp;#x2a36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN DOUBLE CIRCLE|&amp;#x2a37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIVISION SIGN|&amp;#x2a38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN IN TRIANGLE|&amp;#x2a39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS SIGN IN TRIANGLE|&amp;#x2a3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN TRIANGLE|&amp;#x2a3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERIOR PRODUCT|&amp;#x2a3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTHAND INTERIOR PRODUCT|&amp;#x2a3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION RELATIONAL COMPOSITION|&amp;#x2a3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMALGAMATION OR COPRODUCT|&amp;#x2a3f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION WITH DOT|&amp;#x2a40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION WITH MINUS SIGN|&amp;#x2a41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x2a42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x2a43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION WITH LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x2a44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION WITH LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x2a45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION ABOVE INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2a46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION ABOVE UNION|&amp;#x2a47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION ABOVE BAR ABOVE INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2a48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION ABOVE BAR ABOVE UNION|&amp;#x2a49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION BESIDE AND JOINED WITH UNION|&amp;#x2a4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION BESIDE AND JOINED WITH INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2a4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED UNION WITH SERIFS|&amp;#x2a4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED INTERSECTION WITH SERIFS|&amp;#x2a4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SQUARE INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2a4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SQUARE UNION|&amp;#x2a4f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED UNION WITH SERIFS AND SMASH PRODUCT|&amp;#x2a50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x2a53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x2a54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO INTERSECTING LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x2a55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO INTERSECTING LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x2a56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOPING LARGE OR|&amp;#x2a57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOPING LARGE AND|&amp;#x2a58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR OVERLAPPING LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x2a59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND WITH MIDDLE STEM|&amp;#x2a5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR WITH MIDDLE STEM|&amp;#x2a5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND WITH HORIZONTAL DASH|&amp;#x2a5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR WITH HORIZONTAL DASH|&amp;#x2a5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND WITH DOUBLE OVERBAR|&amp;#x2a5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2a5f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND WITH DOUBLE UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2a60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL VEE WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2a61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR WITH DOUBLE OVERBAR|&amp;#x2a62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR WITH DOUBLE UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2a63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION DOMAIN ANTIRESTRICTION|&amp;#x2a64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION RANGE ANTIRESTRICTION|&amp;#x2a65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x2a66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDENTICAL WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE HORIZONTAL BAR WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2a68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE HORIZONTAL BAR WITH TRIPLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2a69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE OPERATOR WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE OPERATOR WITH RISING DOTS|&amp;#x2a6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIMILAR MINUS SIMILAR|&amp;#x2a6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONGRUENT WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS WITH ASTERISK|&amp;#x2a6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALMOST EQUAL TO WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT|&amp;#x2a6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|APPROXIMATELY EQUAL OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2a70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN ABOVE PLUS SIGN|&amp;#x2a71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2a72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE COLON EQUAL|&amp;#x2a74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO CONSECUTIVE EQUALS SIGNS|&amp;#x2a75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE CONSECUTIVE EQUALS SIGNS|&amp;#x2a76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE AND TWO DOTS BELOW|&amp;#x2a77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUIVALENT WITH FOUR DOTS ABOVE|&amp;#x2a78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN WITH CIRCLE INSIDE|&amp;#x2a79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN WITH CIRCLE INSIDE|&amp;#x2a7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN WITH QUESTION MARK ABOVE|&amp;#x2a7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN WITH QUESTION MARK ABOVE|&amp;#x2a7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2a7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2a7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO WITH DOT INSIDE|&amp;#x2a7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO WITH DOT INSIDE|&amp;#x2a80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO WITH DOT ABOVE RIGHT|&amp;#x2a83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO WITH DOT ABOVE LEFT|&amp;#x2a84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR APPROXIMATE|&amp;#x2a85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR APPROXIMATE|&amp;#x2a86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN AND SINGLE-LINE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2a87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN AND SINGLE-LINE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2a88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN AND NOT APPROXIMATE|&amp;#x2a89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN AND NOT APPROXIMATE|&amp;#x2a8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN ABOVE DOUBLE-LINE EQUAL ABOVE GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2a8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN ABOVE DOUBLE-LINE EQUAL ABOVE LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2a8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN ABOVE SIMILAR OR EQUAL|&amp;#x2a8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN ABOVE SIMILAR OR EQUAL|&amp;#x2a8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN ABOVE SIMILAR ABOVE GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2a8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN ABOVE SIMILAR ABOVE LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2a90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN ABOVE GREATER-THAN ABOVE DOUBLE-LINE EQUAL|&amp;#x2a91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN ABOVE LESS-THAN ABOVE DOUBLE-LINE EQUAL|&amp;#x2a92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN ABOVE SLANTED EQUAL ABOVE GREATER-THAN ABOVE SLANTED EQUAL|&amp;#x2a93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN ABOVE SLANTED EQUAL ABOVE LESS-THAN ABOVE SLANTED EQUAL|&amp;#x2a94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLANTED EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2a95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLANTED EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2a96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLANTED EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN WITH DOT INSIDE|&amp;#x2a97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLANTED EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN WITH DOT INSIDE|&amp;#x2a98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-LINE EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2a99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-LINE EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2a9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-LINE SLANTED EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2a9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-LINE SLANTED EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2a9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIMILAR OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2a9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIMILAR OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2a9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIMILAR ABOVE LESS-THAN ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2a9f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2AAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIMILAR ABOVE GREATER-THAN ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2aa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE NESTED LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2aa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE NESTED GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2aa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE NESTED LESS-THAN WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2aa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OVERLAPPING LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2aa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN BESIDE LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2aa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN CLOSED BY CURVE|&amp;#x2aa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN CLOSED BY CURVE|&amp;#x2aa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN CLOSED BY CURVE ABOVE SLANTED EQUAL|&amp;#x2aa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN CLOSED BY CURVE ABOVE SLANTED EQUAL|&amp;#x2aa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALLER THAN|&amp;#x2aaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGER THAN|&amp;#x2aab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALLER THAN OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2aac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGER THAN OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2aad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN WITH BUMPY ABOVE|&amp;#x2aae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES ABOVE SINGLE-LINE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2aaf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2ABx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS ABOVE SINGLE-LINE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2ab0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES ABOVE SINGLE-LINE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS ABOVE SINGLE-LINE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2ab3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2ab4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES ABOVE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS ABOVE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES ABOVE NOT ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS ABOVE NOT ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2aba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE PRECEDES|&amp;#x2abb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SUCCEEDS|&amp;#x2abc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET WITH DOT|&amp;#x2abd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET WITH DOT|&amp;#x2abe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET WITH PLUS SIGN BELOW|&amp;#x2abf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2ACx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET WITH PLUS SIGN BELOW|&amp;#x2ac0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET WITH MULTIPLICATION SIGN BELOW|&amp;#x2ac1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET WITH MULTIPLICATION SIGN BELOW|&amp;#x2ac2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF OR EQUAL TO WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2ac3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF OR EQUAL TO WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2ac4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2ac5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2ac6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2ac7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2ac8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ac9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2aca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF ABOVE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2acb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF ABOVE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2acc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE LEFT OPEN BOX OPERATOR|&amp;#x2acd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RIGHT OPEN BOX OPERATOR|&amp;#x2ace;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED SUBSET|&amp;#x2acf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2ADx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED SUPERSET|&amp;#x2ad0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED SUBSET OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ad1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED SUPERSET OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ad2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET ABOVE SUPERSET|&amp;#x2ad3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET ABOVE SUBSET|&amp;#x2ad4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET ABOVE SUBSET|&amp;#x2ad5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET ABOVE SUPERSET|&amp;#x2ad6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET BESIDE SUBSET|&amp;#x2ad7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET BESIDE AND JOINED BY DASH WITH SUBSET|&amp;#x2ad8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF OPENING DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x2ad9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PITCHFORK WITH TEE TOP|&amp;#x2ada;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRANSVERSAL INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2adb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FORKING|&amp;#x2adc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NONFORKING|&amp;#x2add;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT LEFT TACK|&amp;#x2ade;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT DOWN TACK|&amp;#x2adf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2AEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT UP TACK|&amp;#x2ae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERPENDICULAR WITH S|&amp;#x2ae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL BAR TRIPLE RIGHT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x2ae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE VERTICAL BAR LEFT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x2ae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL BAR DOUBLE LEFT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x2ae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE VERTICAL BAR DOUBLE LEFT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x2ae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG DASH FROM LEFT MEMBER OF DOUBLE VERTICAL|&amp;#x2ae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT DOWN TACK WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x2ae7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT UP TACK WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2ae8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT UP TACK ABOVE SHORT DOWN TACK|&amp;#x2ae9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE DOWN TACK|&amp;#x2aea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE UP TACK|&amp;#x2aeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE STROKE NOT SIGN|&amp;#x2aec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED DOUBLE STROKE NOT SIGN|&amp;#x2aed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT DIVIDE WITH REVERSED NEGATION SLASH|&amp;#x2aee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL LINE WITH CIRCLE ABOVE|&amp;#x2aef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2AFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL LINE WITH CIRCLE BELOW|&amp;#x2af0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN TACK WITH CIRCLE BELOW|&amp;#x2af1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARALLEL WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x2af2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARALLEL WITH TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2af3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE VERTICAL BAR BINARY RELATION|&amp;#x2af4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE VERTICAL BAR WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x2af5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE COLON OPERATOR|&amp;#x2af6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE NESTED LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2af7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE NESTED GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2af8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-LINE SLANTED LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2af9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-LINE SLANTED GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2afa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE SOLIDUS BINARY RELATION|&amp;#x2afb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE TRIPLE VERTICAL BAR OPERATOR|&amp;#x2afc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SOLIDUS OPERATOR|&amp;#x2afd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x2afe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY WHITE VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x2aff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b0d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH TIP DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x2b0e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH TIP UPWARDS|&amp;#x2b0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B1x
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH TIP DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x2b10;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH TIP UPWARDS|&amp;#x2b11;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH TOP HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b12;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH BOTTOM HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH UPPER RIGHT DIAGONAL HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH LOWER LEFT DIAGONAL HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND WITH TOP HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND WITH BOTTOM HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED SQUARE|&amp;#x2b1a;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LARGE SQUARE|&amp;#x2b1b;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LARGE SQUARE|&amp;#x2b1c;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x2b1d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE VERY SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x2b1e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PENTAGON|&amp;#x2b1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B2x
|style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE PENTAGON|&amp;#x2b20;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEXAGON|&amp;#x2b21;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HEXAGON|&amp;#x2b22;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL BLACK HEXAGON|&amp;#x2b23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LARGE CIRCLE|&amp;#x2b24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM DIAMOND|&amp;#x2b25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE MEDIUM DIAMOND|&amp;#x2b26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM LOZENGE|&amp;#x2b27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE MEDIUM LOZENGE|&amp;#x2b28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL DIAMOND|&amp;#x2b29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL LOZENGE|&amp;#x2b2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SMALL LOZENGE|&amp;#x2b2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HORIZONTAL ELLIPSE|&amp;#x2b2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HORIZONTAL ELLIPSE|&amp;#x2b2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERTICAL ELLIPSE|&amp;#x2b2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE VERTICAL ELLIPSE|&amp;#x2b2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ARROW WITH SMALL CIRCLE|&amp;#x2b30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE LEFTWARDS ARROWS|&amp;#x2b31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ARROW WITH CIRCLED PLUS|&amp;#x2b32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFTWARDS SQUIGGLE ARROW|&amp;#x2b33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x2b36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED TRIPLE DASH ARROW|&amp;#x2b37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH DOTTED STEM|&amp;#x2b38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL|&amp;#x2b3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW THROUGH X|&amp;#x2b3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVE ARROW POINTING DIRECTLY LEFT|&amp;#x2b3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2b40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2b41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2b42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2b43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH SUPERSET|&amp;#x2b44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS QUADRUPLE ARROW|&amp;#x2b45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS QUADRUPLE ARROW|&amp;#x2b46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2b47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2b48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2b49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2b4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2b4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2b4c;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ZIGZAG ARROW|&amp;#x2b4d;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT SLANTED NORTH ARROW|&amp;#x2b4e;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT BACKSLANTED SOUTH ARROW|&amp;#x2b4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B5x
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE MEDIUM STAR|&amp;#x2b50;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL STAR|&amp;#x2b51;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SMALL STAR|&amp;#x2b52;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING PENTAGON|&amp;#x2b53;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT-POINTING PENTAGON|&amp;#x2b54;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LARGE CIRCLE|&amp;#x2b55;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY OVAL WITH OVAL INSIDE|&amp;#x2b56;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CIRCLE WITH CIRCLE INSIDE|&amp;#x2b57;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CIRCLE|&amp;#x2b58;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CIRCLED SALTIRE|&amp;#x2b59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLANTED NORTH ARROW WITH HOOKED HEAD|&amp;#x2b5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACKSLANTED SOUTH ARROW WITH HOOKED TAIL|&amp;#x2b5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLANTED NORTH ARROW WITH HORIZONTAL TAIL|&amp;#x2b5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACKSLANTED SOUTH ARROW WITH HORIZONTAL TAIL|&amp;#x2b5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BENT ARROW POINTING DOWNWARDS THEN NORTH EAST|&amp;#x2b5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT BENT ARROW POINTING DOWNWARDS THEN NORTH EAST|&amp;#x2b5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x2b6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x2b6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x2b6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x2b6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE TRIANGLE-HEADED OPEN CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x2b6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE TRIANGLE-HEADED OPEN CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x2b6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b73;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL TAB KEY|&amp;#x2b7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL TAB KEY|&amp;#x2b7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW OVER RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW LEFTWARDS OF DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW OVER LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW LEFTWARDS OF UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x2b84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x2b85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x2b86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x2b87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BLACK CIRCLED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS BLACK CIRCLED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BLACK CIRCLED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS BLACK CIRCLED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE TRIANGLE-HEADED RIGHT U-SHAPED ARROW|&amp;#x2b8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE TRIANGLE-HEADED BOTTOM U-SHAPED ARROW|&amp;#x2b8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE TRIANGLE-HEADED LEFT U-SHAPED ARROW|&amp;#x2b8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE TRIANGLE-HEADED TOP U-SHAPED ARROW|&amp;#x2b8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RETURN LEFT|&amp;#x2b90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RETURN RIGHT|&amp;#x2b91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWLINE LEFT|&amp;#x2b92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWLINE RIGHT|&amp;#x2b93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR CORNER ARROWS CIRCLING ANTICLOCKWISE|&amp;#x2b94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b95;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN WITH INFINITY ABOVE|&amp;#x2b96;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR TYPE A ELECTRONICS|&amp;#x2b97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-D TOP-LIGHTED LEFTWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-D RIGHT-LIGHTED UPWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-D TOP-LIGHTED RIGHTWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-D LEFT-LIGHTED DOWNWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFTWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UPWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHTWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWNWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2BAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x2ba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x2ba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x2ba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x2ba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP UPWARDS|&amp;#x2ba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP UPWARDS|&amp;#x2ba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x2ba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x2ba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED DOWNWARDS AND LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2ba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED DOWNWARDS AND RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2ba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED UPWARDS AND LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2baa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED UPWARDS AND RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2bab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED LEFTWARDS AND UPWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2bac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED RIGHTWARDS AND UPWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2bad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED LEFTWARDS AND DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2bae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED RIGHTWARDS AND DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2baf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2BBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW DOWN LEFT|&amp;#x2bb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW DOWN RIGHT|&amp;#x2bb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW UP LEFT|&amp;#x2bb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW UP RIGHT|&amp;#x2bb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW LEFT UP|&amp;#x2bb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW RIGHT UP|&amp;#x2bb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW LEFT DOWN|&amp;#x2bb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW RIGHT DOWN|&amp;#x2bb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW FROM BAR WITH HORIZONTAL BAR|&amp;#x2bb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP ARROWHEAD IN A RECTANGLE BOX|&amp;#x2bb9;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLAPPING WHITE SQUARES|&amp;#x2bba;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLAPPING WHITE AND BLACK SQUARES|&amp;#x2bbb;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLAPPING BLACK SQUARES|&amp;#x2bbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH LIGHT X|&amp;#x2bbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED X|&amp;#x2bbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED BOLD X|&amp;#x2bbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2BCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SQUARE CENTRED|&amp;#x2bc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DIAMOND CENTRED|&amp;#x2bc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED BLACK PENTAGON|&amp;#x2bc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL BLACK OCTAGON|&amp;#x2bc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK OCTAGON|&amp;#x2bc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM UP-POINTING TRIANGLE CENTRED|&amp;#x2bc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE CENTRED|&amp;#x2bc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM LEFT-POINTING TRIANGLE CENTRED|&amp;#x2bc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE CENTRED|&amp;#x2bc8;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEPTUNE FORM TWO|&amp;#x2bc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x2bca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x2bcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FOUR POINTED BLACK CUSP|&amp;#x2bcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROTATED LIGHT FOUR POINTED BLACK CUSP|&amp;#x2bcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FOUR POINTED CUSP|&amp;#x2bce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROTATED WHITE FOUR POINTED CUSP|&amp;#x2bcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2BDx
|style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE POSITION INDICATOR|&amp;#x2bd0;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UNCERTAINTY SIGN|&amp;#x2bd1;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GROUP MARK|&amp;#x2bd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUTO FORM TWO|&amp;#x2bd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUTO FORM THREE|&amp;#x2bd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUTO FORM FOUR|&amp;#x2bd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUTO FORM FIVE|&amp;#x2bd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRANSPLUTO|&amp;#x2bd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROSERPINA|&amp;#x2bd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTRAEA|&amp;#x2bd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HYGIEA|&amp;#x2bda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHOLUS|&amp;#x2bdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NESSUS|&amp;#x2bdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE MOON SELENA|&amp;#x2bdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DIAMOND ON CROSS|&amp;#x2bde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRUE LIGHT MOON ARTA|&amp;#x2bdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2BEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUPIDO|&amp;#x2be0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HADES|&amp;#x2be1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZEUS|&amp;#x2be2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KRONOS|&amp;#x2be3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APOLLON|&amp;#x2be4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADMETOS|&amp;#x2be5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULCANUS|&amp;#x2be6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSEIDON|&amp;#x2be7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2be8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2be9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAR WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2bea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAR WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2beb;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TRIANGLE ARROWHEADS|&amp;#x2bec;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TRIANGLE ARROWHEADS|&amp;#x2bed;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TRIANGLE ARROWHEADS|&amp;#x2bee;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TRIANGLE ARROWHEADS|&amp;#x2bef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2BFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ERIS FORM ONE|&amp;#x2bf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERIS FORM TWO|&amp;#x2bf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEDNA|&amp;#x2bf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUSSIAN ASTROLOGICAL SYMBOL VIGINTILE|&amp;#x2bf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUSSIAN ASTROLOGICAL SYMBOL NOVILE|&amp;#x2bf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUSSIAN ASTROLOGICAL SYMBOL QUINTILE|&amp;#x2bf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUSSIAN ASTROLOGICAL SYMBOL BINOVILE|&amp;#x2bf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUSSIAN ASTROLOGICAL SYMBOL SENTAGON|&amp;#x2bf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUSSIAN ASTROLOGICAL SYMBOL TREDECILE|&amp;#x2bf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN WITH INFINITY BELOW|&amp;#x2bf9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNITED SYMBOL|&amp;#x2bfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEPARATED SYMBOL|&amp;#x2bfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLED SYMBOL|&amp;#x2bfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSED SYMBOL|&amp;#x2bfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED RIGHT ANGLE|&amp;#x2bfe;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HELLSCHREIBER PAUSE SYMBOL|&amp;#x2bff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Glagolitic'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER AZU|&amp;#x2c00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER BUKY|&amp;#x2c01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER VEDE|&amp;#x2c02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER GLAGOLI|&amp;#x2c03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER DOBRO|&amp;#x2c04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER YESTU|&amp;#x2c05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHIVETE|&amp;#x2c06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER DZELO|&amp;#x2c07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER ZEMLJA|&amp;#x2c08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER IZHE|&amp;#x2c09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER INITIAL IZHE|&amp;#x2c0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER I|&amp;#x2c0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER DJERVI|&amp;#x2c0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER KAKO|&amp;#x2c0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER LJUDIJE|&amp;#x2c0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER MYSLITE|&amp;#x2c0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER NASHI|&amp;#x2c10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER ONU|&amp;#x2c11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER POKOJI|&amp;#x2c12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER RITSI|&amp;#x2c13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SLOVO|&amp;#x2c14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER TVRIDO|&amp;#x2c15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER UKU|&amp;#x2c16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER FRITU|&amp;#x2c17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER HERU|&amp;#x2c18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER OTU|&amp;#x2c19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER PE|&amp;#x2c1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SHTA|&amp;#x2c1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER TSI|&amp;#x2c1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER CHRIVI|&amp;#x2c1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA|&amp;#x2c1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER YERU|&amp;#x2c1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER YERI|&amp;#x2c20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER YATI|&amp;#x2c21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SPIDERY HA|&amp;#x2c22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER YU|&amp;#x2c23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SMALL YUS|&amp;#x2c24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SMALL YUS WITH TAIL|&amp;#x2c25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER YO|&amp;#x2c26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER IOTATED SMALL YUS|&amp;#x2c27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER BIG YUS|&amp;#x2c28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER IOTATED BIG YUS|&amp;#x2c29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER FITA|&amp;#x2c2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER IZHITSA|&amp;#x2c2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SHTAPIC|&amp;#x2c2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER TROKUTASTI A|&amp;#x2c2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER LATINATE MYSLITE|&amp;#x2c2e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER CAUDATE CHRIVI|&amp;#x2c2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER AZU|&amp;#x2c30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER BUKY|&amp;#x2c31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER VEDE|&amp;#x2c32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER GLAGOLI|&amp;#x2c33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER DOBRO|&amp;#x2c34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER YESTU|&amp;#x2c35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER ZHIVETE|&amp;#x2c36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER DZELO|&amp;#x2c37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER ZEMLJA|&amp;#x2c38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER IZHE|&amp;#x2c39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER INITIAL IZHE|&amp;#x2c3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER I|&amp;#x2c3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER DJERVI|&amp;#x2c3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER KAKO|&amp;#x2c3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER LJUDIJE|&amp;#x2c3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER MYSLITE|&amp;#x2c3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER NASHI|&amp;#x2c40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER ONU|&amp;#x2c41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER POKOJI|&amp;#x2c42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER RITSI|&amp;#x2c43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SLOVO|&amp;#x2c44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER TVRIDO|&amp;#x2c45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER UKU|&amp;#x2c46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER FRITU|&amp;#x2c47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER HERU|&amp;#x2c48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER OTU|&amp;#x2c49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER PE|&amp;#x2c4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SHTA|&amp;#x2c4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER TSI|&amp;#x2c4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER CHRIVI|&amp;#x2c4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SHA|&amp;#x2c4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER YERU|&amp;#x2c4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER YERI|&amp;#x2c50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER YATI|&amp;#x2c51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SPIDERY HA|&amp;#x2c52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER YU|&amp;#x2c53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SMALL YUS|&amp;#x2c54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SMALL YUS WITH TAIL|&amp;#x2c55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER YO|&amp;#x2c56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER IOTATED SMALL YUS|&amp;#x2c57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER BIG YUS|&amp;#x2c58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER IOTATED BIG YUS|&amp;#x2c59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER FITA|&amp;#x2c5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER IZHITSA|&amp;#x2c5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SHTAPIC|&amp;#x2c5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER TROKUTASTI A|&amp;#x2c5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER LATINATE MYSLITE|&amp;#x2c5e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER CAUDATE CHRIVI|&amp;#x2c5f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Latin Extended-C'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE BAR|&amp;#x2c60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE BAR|&amp;#x2c61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x2c62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH STROKE|&amp;#x2c63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH TAIL|&amp;#x2c64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH STROKE|&amp;#x2c65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#x2c66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x2c67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x2c68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x2c69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x2c6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x2c6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x2c6c;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA|&amp;#x2c6d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2c6e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED A|&amp;#x2c6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C7x
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED ALPHA|&amp;#x2c70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH RIGHT HOOK|&amp;#x2c71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2c72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2c73;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH CURL|&amp;#x2c74;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER HALF H|&amp;#x2c75;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER HALF H|&amp;#x2c76;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TAILLESS PHI|&amp;#x2c77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH NOTCH|&amp;#x2c78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH TAIL|&amp;#x2c79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH LOW RING INSIDE|&amp;#x2c7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED E|&amp;#x2c7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER J|&amp;#x2c7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL V|&amp;#x2c7d;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH SWASH TAIL|&amp;#x2c7e;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH SWASH TAIL|&amp;#x2c7f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Coptic'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER ALFA|&amp;#x2c80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER ALFA|&amp;#x2c81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER VIDA|&amp;#x2c82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER VIDA|&amp;#x2c83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA|&amp;#x2c84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER GAMMA|&amp;#x2c85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DALDA|&amp;#x2c86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER DALDA|&amp;#x2c87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER EIE|&amp;#x2c88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER EIE|&amp;#x2c89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SOU|&amp;#x2c8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER SOU|&amp;#x2c8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER ZATA|&amp;#x2c8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER ZATA|&amp;#x2c8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER HATE|&amp;#x2c8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER HATE|&amp;#x2c8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER THETHE|&amp;#x2c90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER THETHE|&amp;#x2c91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER IAUDA|&amp;#x2c92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER IAUDA|&amp;#x2c93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KAPA|&amp;#x2c94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER KAPA|&amp;#x2c95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER LAULA|&amp;#x2c96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER LAULA|&amp;#x2c97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER MI|&amp;#x2c98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER MI|&amp;#x2c99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER NI|&amp;#x2c9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER NI|&amp;#x2c9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KSI|&amp;#x2c9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER KSI|&amp;#x2c9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER O|&amp;#x2c9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER O|&amp;#x2c9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2CAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER PI|&amp;#x2ca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER PI|&amp;#x2ca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER RO|&amp;#x2ca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER RO|&amp;#x2ca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SIMA|&amp;#x2ca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER SIMA|&amp;#x2ca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER TAU|&amp;#x2ca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER TAU|&amp;#x2ca7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER UA|&amp;#x2ca8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER UA|&amp;#x2ca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER FI|&amp;#x2caa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER FI|&amp;#x2cab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KHI|&amp;#x2cac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER KHI|&amp;#x2cad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER PSI|&amp;#x2cae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER PSI|&amp;#x2caf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2CBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OOU|&amp;#x2cb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OOU|&amp;#x2cb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P ALEF|&amp;#x2cb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P ALEF|&amp;#x2cb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC AIN|&amp;#x2cb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC AIN|&amp;#x2cb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC EIE|&amp;#x2cb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC EIE|&amp;#x2cb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA|&amp;#x2cb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA|&amp;#x2cb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P NI|&amp;#x2cba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P NI|&amp;#x2cbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC NI|&amp;#x2cbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC NI|&amp;#x2cbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC OOU|&amp;#x2cbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC OOU|&amp;#x2cbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2CCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SAMPI|&amp;#x2cc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER SAMPI|&amp;#x2cc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CROSSED SHEI|&amp;#x2cc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER CROSSED SHEI|&amp;#x2cc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHEI|&amp;#x2cc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHEI|&amp;#x2cc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC ESH|&amp;#x2cc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC ESH|&amp;#x2cc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER AKHMIMIC KHEI|&amp;#x2cc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER AKHMIMIC KHEI|&amp;#x2cc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P HORI|&amp;#x2cca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P HORI|&amp;#x2ccb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HORI|&amp;#x2ccc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HORI|&amp;#x2ccd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HA|&amp;#x2cce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HA|&amp;#x2ccf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2CDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER L-SHAPED HA|&amp;#x2cd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER L-SHAPED HA|&amp;#x2cd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HEI|&amp;#x2cd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HEI|&amp;#x2cd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HAT|&amp;#x2cd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HAT|&amp;#x2cd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC GANGIA|&amp;#x2cd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC GANGIA|&amp;#x2cd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC DJA|&amp;#x2cd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC DJA|&amp;#x2cd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHIMA|&amp;#x2cda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHIMA|&amp;#x2cdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN SHIMA|&amp;#x2cdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN SHIMA|&amp;#x2cdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NGI|&amp;#x2cde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NGI|&amp;#x2cdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2CEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NYI|&amp;#x2ce0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NYI|&amp;#x2ce1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN WAU|&amp;#x2ce2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN WAU|&amp;#x2ce3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL KAI|&amp;#x2ce4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL MI RO|&amp;#x2ce5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL PI RO|&amp;#x2ce6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL STAUROS|&amp;#x2ce7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL TAU RO|&amp;#x2ce8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL KHI RO|&amp;#x2ce9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL SHIMA SIMA|&amp;#x2cea;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC SHEI|&amp;#x2ceb;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC SHEI|&amp;#x2cec;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC GANGIA|&amp;#x2ced;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC GANGIA|&amp;#x2cee;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC COMBINING NI ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2cef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2CFx
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC COMBINING SPIRITUS ASPER|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2cf0;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC COMBINING SPIRITUS LENIS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2cf1;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER BOHAIRIC KHEI|&amp;#x2cf2;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER BOHAIRIC KHEI|&amp;#x2cf3;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC OLD NUBIAN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2cf9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC OLD NUBIAN DIRECT QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x2cfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC OLD NUBIAN INDIRECT QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x2cfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC OLD NUBIAN VERSE DIVIDER|&amp;#x2cfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC FRACTION ONE HALF|&amp;#x2cfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC FULL STOP|&amp;#x2cfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC MORPHOLOGICAL DIVIDER|&amp;#x2cff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Georgian Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER AN|&amp;#x2d00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER BAN|&amp;#x2d01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER GAN|&amp;#x2d02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER DON|&amp;#x2d03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER EN|&amp;#x2d04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER VIN|&amp;#x2d05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER ZEN|&amp;#x2d06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER TAN|&amp;#x2d07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER IN|&amp;#x2d08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER KAN|&amp;#x2d09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER LAS|&amp;#x2d0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER MAN|&amp;#x2d0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER NAR|&amp;#x2d0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER ON|&amp;#x2d0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER PAR|&amp;#x2d0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER ZHAR|&amp;#x2d0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER RAE|&amp;#x2d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER SAN|&amp;#x2d11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER TAR|&amp;#x2d12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER UN|&amp;#x2d13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER PHAR|&amp;#x2d14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER KHAR|&amp;#x2d15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER GHAN|&amp;#x2d16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER QAR|&amp;#x2d17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER SHIN|&amp;#x2d18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER CHIN|&amp;#x2d19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER CAN|&amp;#x2d1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER JIL|&amp;#x2d1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER CIL|&amp;#x2d1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER CHAR|&amp;#x2d1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER XAN|&amp;#x2d1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER JHAN|&amp;#x2d1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D2x
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HAE|&amp;#x2d20;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HE|&amp;#x2d21;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HIE|&amp;#x2d22;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER WE|&amp;#x2d23;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HAR|&amp;#x2d24;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HOE|&amp;#x2d25;}}||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER YN|&amp;#x2d27;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER AEN|&amp;#x2d2d;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tifinagh'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YA|&amp;#x2d30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAB|&amp;#x2d31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YABH|&amp;#x2d32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAG|&amp;#x2d33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAGHH|&amp;#x2d34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER BERBER ACADEMY YAJ|&amp;#x2d35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAJ|&amp;#x2d36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAD|&amp;#x2d37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YADH|&amp;#x2d38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YADD|&amp;#x2d39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YADDH|&amp;#x2d3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YEY|&amp;#x2d3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAF|&amp;#x2d3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAK|&amp;#x2d3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAK|&amp;#x2d3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAKHH|&amp;#x2d3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAH|&amp;#x2d40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER BERBER ACADEMY YAH|&amp;#x2d41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAH|&amp;#x2d42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAHH|&amp;#x2d43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAA|&amp;#x2d44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAKH|&amp;#x2d45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAKH|&amp;#x2d46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAQ|&amp;#x2d47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAQ|&amp;#x2d48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YI|&amp;#x2d49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAZH|&amp;#x2d4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER AHAGGAR YAZH|&amp;#x2d4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAZH|&amp;#x2d4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAL|&amp;#x2d4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAM|&amp;#x2d4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAN|&amp;#x2d4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAGN|&amp;#x2d50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YANG|&amp;#x2d51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAP|&amp;#x2d52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YU|&amp;#x2d53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAR|&amp;#x2d54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YARR|&amp;#x2d55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAGH|&amp;#x2d56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAGH|&amp;#x2d57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER AYER YAGH|&amp;#x2d58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAS|&amp;#x2d59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YASS|&amp;#x2d5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YASH|&amp;#x2d5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAT|&amp;#x2d5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YATH|&amp;#x2d5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YACH|&amp;#x2d5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YATT|&amp;#x2d5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAV|&amp;#x2d60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAW|&amp;#x2d61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAY|&amp;#x2d62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAZ|&amp;#x2d63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TAWELLEMET YAZ|&amp;#x2d64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAZZ|&amp;#x2d65;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YE|&amp;#x2d66;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YO|&amp;#x2d67;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH MODIFIER LETTER LABIALIZATION MARK|&amp;#x2d6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D7x
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH SEPARATOR MARK|&amp;#x2d70;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH CONSONANT JOINER|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2d7f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ethiopic Extended'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LOA|&amp;#x2d80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MOA|&amp;#x2d81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ROA|&amp;#x2d82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SOA|&amp;#x2d83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHOA|&amp;#x2d84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BOA|&amp;#x2d85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TOA|&amp;#x2d86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE COA|&amp;#x2d87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NOA|&amp;#x2d88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYOA|&amp;#x2d89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL OA|&amp;#x2d8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZOA|&amp;#x2d8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DOA|&amp;#x2d8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDOA|&amp;#x2d8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JOA|&amp;#x2d8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THOA|&amp;#x2d8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D9x
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHOA|&amp;#x2d90;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHOA|&amp;#x2d91;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE POA|&amp;#x2d92;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWA|&amp;#x2d93;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWI|&amp;#x2d94;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWEE|&amp;#x2d95;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWE|&amp;#x2d96;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2DAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSA|&amp;#x2da0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSU|&amp;#x2da1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSI|&amp;#x2da2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSAA|&amp;#x2da3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSEE|&amp;#x2da4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSE|&amp;#x2da5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSO|&amp;#x2da6;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCA|&amp;#x2da8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCU|&amp;#x2da9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCI|&amp;#x2daa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCAA|&amp;#x2dab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCEE|&amp;#x2dac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCE|&amp;#x2dad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCO|&amp;#x2dae;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2DBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZA|&amp;#x2db0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZU|&amp;#x2db1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZI|&amp;#x2db2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZAA|&amp;#x2db3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZEE|&amp;#x2db4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZE|&amp;#x2db5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZO|&amp;#x2db6;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHA|&amp;#x2db8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHU|&amp;#x2db9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHI|&amp;#x2dba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHAA|&amp;#x2dbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHEE|&amp;#x2dbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHE|&amp;#x2dbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHO|&amp;#x2dbe;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2DCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYA|&amp;#x2dc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYU|&amp;#x2dc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYI|&amp;#x2dc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYAA|&amp;#x2dc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYEE|&amp;#x2dc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYE|&amp;#x2dc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYO|&amp;#x2dc6;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYA|&amp;#x2dc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYU|&amp;#x2dc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYI|&amp;#x2dca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYAA|&amp;#x2dcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYEE|&amp;#x2dcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYE|&amp;#x2dcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYO|&amp;#x2dce;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2DDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYA|&amp;#x2dd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYU|&amp;#x2dd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYI|&amp;#x2dd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYAA|&amp;#x2dd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYEE|&amp;#x2dd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYE|&amp;#x2dd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYO|&amp;#x2dd6;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYA|&amp;#x2dd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYU|&amp;#x2dd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYI|&amp;#x2dda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYAA|&amp;#x2ddb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYEE|&amp;#x2ddc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYE|&amp;#x2ddd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYO|&amp;#x2dde;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Cyrillic Extended-A'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2DEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER BE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER VE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER GHE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER DE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER ZHE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER ZE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER KA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER EL|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER EM|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER EN|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER O|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER PE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2deb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER ER|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER ES|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2ded;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER TE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER HA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2def;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2DFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER TSE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER CHE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER SHA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER SHCHA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER FITA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER ES-TE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER A|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER IE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER DJERV|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER MONOGRAPH UK|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER YAT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER YU|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER IOTIFIED A|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER LITTLE YUS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER BIG YUS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER IOTIFIED BIG YUS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Supplemental Punctuation'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE SUBSTITUTION MARKER|&amp;#x2e00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE DOTTED SUBSTITUTION MARKER|&amp;#x2e01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SUBSTITUTION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SUBSTITUTION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT DOTTED SUBSTITUTION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT DOTTED SUBSTITUTION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED INTERPOLATION MARKER|&amp;#x2e06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED DOTTED INTERPOLATION MARKER|&amp;#x2e07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED TRANSPOSITION MARKER|&amp;#x2e08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TRANSPOSITION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TRANSPOSITION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED SQUARE|&amp;#x2e0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RAISED OMISSION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT RAISED OMISSION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EDITORIAL CORONIS|&amp;#x2e0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARAGRAPHOS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2e0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORKED PARAGRAPHOS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2e10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED FORKED PARAGRAPHOS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2e11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HYPODIASTOLE|&amp;#x2e12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED OBELOS|&amp;#x2e13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ANCORA|&amp;#x2e14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ANCORA|&amp;#x2e15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE|&amp;#x2e16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE OBLIQUE HYPHEN|&amp;#x2e17;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED INTERROBANG|&amp;#x2e18;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM BRANCH|&amp;#x2e19;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYPHEN WITH DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2e1a;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE WITH RING ABOVE|&amp;#x2e1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT LOW PARAPHRASE BRACKET|&amp;#x2e1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT LOW PARAPHRASE BRACKET|&amp;#x2e1d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2e1e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x2e1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT VERTICAL BAR WITH QUILL|&amp;#x2e20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT VERTICAL BAR WITH QUILL|&amp;#x2e21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP LEFT HALF BRACKET|&amp;#x2e22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP RIGHT HALF BRACKET|&amp;#x2e23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM LEFT HALF BRACKET|&amp;#x2e24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM RIGHT HALF BRACKET|&amp;#x2e25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SIDEWAYS U BRACKET|&amp;#x2e26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SIDEWAYS U BRACKET|&amp;#x2e27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT DOUBLE PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2e28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT DOUBLE PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2e29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x2e2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE DOT OVER TWO DOTS PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x2e2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FOUR DOT PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x2e2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIVE DOT MARK|&amp;#x2e2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x2e2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL TILDE|&amp;#x2e2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E3x
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RING POINT|&amp;#x2e30;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORD SEPARATOR MIDDLE DOT|&amp;#x2e31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED COMMA|&amp;#x2e32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED DOT|&amp;#x2e33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED COMMA|&amp;#x2e34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SEMICOLON|&amp;#x2e35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DAGGER WITH LEFT GUARD|&amp;#x2e36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DAGGER WITH RIGHT GUARD|&amp;#x2e37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED DAGGER|&amp;#x2e38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HALF SECTION SIGN|&amp;#x2e39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO-EM DASH|&amp;#x2e3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-EM DASH|&amp;#x2e3b;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|STENOGRAPHIC FULL STOP|&amp;#x2e3c;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL SIX DOTS|&amp;#x2e3d;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIGGLY VERTICAL LINE|&amp;#x2e3e;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CAPITULUM|&amp;#x2e3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E4x
|style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE HYPHEN|&amp;#x2e40;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED COMMA|&amp;#x2e41;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE LOW-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x2e42;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DASH WITH LEFT UPTURN|&amp;#x2e43;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SUSPENSION MARK|&amp;#x2e44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED LOW KAVYKA|&amp;#x2e45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED LOW KAVYKA WITH KAVYKA ABOVE|&amp;#x2e46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW KAVYKA|&amp;#x2e47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW KAVYKA WITH DOT|&amp;#x2e48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE STACKED COMMA|&amp;#x2e49;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED SOLIDUS|&amp;#x2e4a;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE DAGGER|&amp;#x2e4b;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIEVAL COMMA|&amp;#x2e4c;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARAGRAPHUS MARK|&amp;#x2e4d;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PUNCTUS ELEVATUS MARK|&amp;#x2e4e;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CORNISH VERSE DIVIDER|&amp;#x2e4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E5x
|style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS PATTY WITH RIGHT CROSSBAR|&amp;#x2e50;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS PATTY WITH LEFT CROSSBAR|&amp;#x2e51;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRONIAN SIGN CAPITAL ET|&amp;#x2e52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIEVAL EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x2e53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIEVAL QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x2e54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH STROKE|&amp;#x2e55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH STROKE|&amp;#x2e56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH DOUBLE STROKE|&amp;#x2e57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH DOUBLE STROKE|&amp;#x2e58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HALF LEFT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2e59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HALF RIGHT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2e5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM HALF LEFT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2e5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM HALF RIGHT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2e5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OBLIQUE HYPHEN|&amp;#x2e5d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E6x
|style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIGGLY EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x2e60;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED WIGGLY EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x2e61;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT PARENTHESIS WITH MIDDLE RING|&amp;#x2e62;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT PARENTHESIS WITH MIDDLE RING|&amp;#x2e63;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
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|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''CJK Radicals Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL REPEAT|&amp;#x2e80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL CLIFF|&amp;#x2e81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SECOND ONE|&amp;#x2e82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SECOND TWO|&amp;#x2e83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SECOND THREE|&amp;#x2e84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL PERSON|&amp;#x2e85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BOX|&amp;#x2e86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL TABLE|&amp;#x2e87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL KNIFE ONE|&amp;#x2e88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL KNIFE TWO|&amp;#x2e89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL DIVINATION|&amp;#x2e8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SEAL|&amp;#x2e8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SMALL ONE|&amp;#x2e8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SMALL TWO|&amp;#x2e8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL LAME ONE|&amp;#x2e8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL LAME TWO|&amp;#x2e8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL LAME THREE|&amp;#x2e90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL LAME FOUR|&amp;#x2e91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SNAKE|&amp;#x2e92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL THREAD|&amp;#x2e93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SNOUT ONE|&amp;#x2e94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SNOUT TWO|&amp;#x2e95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL HEART ONE|&amp;#x2e96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL HEART TWO|&amp;#x2e97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL HAND|&amp;#x2e98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL RAP|&amp;#x2e99;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL CHOKE|&amp;#x2e9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SUN|&amp;#x2e9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MOON|&amp;#x2e9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL DEATH|&amp;#x2e9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MOTHER|&amp;#x2e9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2EAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL CIVILIAN|&amp;#x2ea0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL WATER ONE|&amp;#x2ea1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL WATER TWO|&amp;#x2ea2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL FIRE|&amp;#x2ea3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL PAW ONE|&amp;#x2ea4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL PAW TWO|&amp;#x2ea5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SIMPLIFIED HALF TREE TRUNK|&amp;#x2ea6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL COW|&amp;#x2ea7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL DOG|&amp;#x2ea8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL JADE|&amp;#x2ea9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BOLT OF CLOTH|&amp;#x2eaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL EYE|&amp;#x2eab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SPIRIT ONE|&amp;#x2eac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SPIRIT TWO|&amp;#x2ead;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BAMBOO|&amp;#x2eae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SILK|&amp;#x2eaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2EBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED SILK|&amp;#x2eb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL NET ONE|&amp;#x2eb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL NET TWO|&amp;#x2eb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL NET THREE|&amp;#x2eb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL NET FOUR|&amp;#x2eb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MESH|&amp;#x2eb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SHEEP|&amp;#x2eb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL RAM|&amp;#x2eb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL EWE|&amp;#x2eb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL OLD|&amp;#x2eb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BRUSH ONE|&amp;#x2eba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BRUSH TWO|&amp;#x2ebb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MEAT|&amp;#x2ebc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MORTAR|&amp;#x2ebd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL GRASS ONE|&amp;#x2ebe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL GRASS TWO|&amp;#x2ebf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2ECx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL GRASS THREE|&amp;#x2ec0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL TIGER|&amp;#x2ec1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL CLOTHES|&amp;#x2ec2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL WEST ONE|&amp;#x2ec3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL WEST TWO|&amp;#x2ec4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED SEE|&amp;#x2ec5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SIMPLIFIED HORN|&amp;#x2ec6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL HORN|&amp;#x2ec7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED SPEECH|&amp;#x2ec8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED SHELL|&amp;#x2ec9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL FOOT|&amp;#x2eca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED CART|&amp;#x2ecb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SIMPLIFIED WALK|&amp;#x2ecc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL WALK ONE|&amp;#x2ecd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL WALK TWO|&amp;#x2ece;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL CITY|&amp;#x2ecf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2EDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED GOLD|&amp;#x2ed0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL LONG ONE|&amp;#x2ed1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL LONG TWO|&amp;#x2ed2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED LONG|&amp;#x2ed3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED GATE|&amp;#x2ed4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MOUND ONE|&amp;#x2ed5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MOUND TWO|&amp;#x2ed6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL RAIN|&amp;#x2ed7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BLUE|&amp;#x2ed8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED TANNED LEATHER|&amp;#x2ed9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED LEAF|&amp;#x2eda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED WIND|&amp;#x2edb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED FLY|&amp;#x2edc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL EAT ONE|&amp;#x2edd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL EAT TWO|&amp;#x2ede;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL EAT THREE|&amp;#x2edf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2EEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED EAT|&amp;#x2ee0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL HEAD|&amp;#x2ee1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED HORSE|&amp;#x2ee2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BONE|&amp;#x2ee3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL GHOST|&amp;#x2ee4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED FISH|&amp;#x2ee5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED BIRD|&amp;#x2ee6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED SALT|&amp;#x2ee7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SIMPLIFIED WHEAT|&amp;#x2ee8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SIMPLIFIED YELLOW|&amp;#x2ee9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED FROG|&amp;#x2eea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL J-SIMPLIFIED EVEN|&amp;#x2eeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED EVEN|&amp;#x2eec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL J-SIMPLIFIED TOOTH|&amp;#x2eed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED TOOTH|&amp;#x2eee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL J-SIMPLIFIED DRAGON|&amp;#x2eef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2EFx
|style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED DRAGON|&amp;#x2ef0;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL TURTLE|&amp;#x2ef1;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL J-SIMPLIFIED TURTLE|&amp;#x2ef2;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED TURTLE|&amp;#x2ef3;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Kangxi Radicals'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ONE|&amp;#x2f00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LINE|&amp;#x2f01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOT|&amp;#x2f02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SLASH|&amp;#x2f03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SECOND|&amp;#x2f04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HOOK|&amp;#x2f05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TWO|&amp;#x2f06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LID|&amp;#x2f07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MAN|&amp;#x2f08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LEGS|&amp;#x2f09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ENTER|&amp;#x2f0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EIGHT|&amp;#x2f0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOWN BOX|&amp;#x2f0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL COVER|&amp;#x2f0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ICE|&amp;#x2f0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TABLE|&amp;#x2f0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL OPEN BOX|&amp;#x2f10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL KNIFE|&amp;#x2f11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL POWER|&amp;#x2f12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WRAP|&amp;#x2f13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SPOON|&amp;#x2f14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RIGHT OPEN BOX|&amp;#x2f15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HIDING ENCLOSURE|&amp;#x2f16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TEN|&amp;#x2f17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DIVINATION|&amp;#x2f18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SEAL|&amp;#x2f19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CLIFF|&amp;#x2f1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL PRIVATE|&amp;#x2f1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL AGAIN|&amp;#x2f1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MOUTH|&amp;#x2f1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ENCLOSURE|&amp;#x2f1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EARTH|&amp;#x2f1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SCHOLAR|&amp;#x2f20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GO|&amp;#x2f21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GO SLOWLY|&amp;#x2f22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EVENING|&amp;#x2f23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BIG|&amp;#x2f24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WOMAN|&amp;#x2f25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CHILD|&amp;#x2f26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ROOF|&amp;#x2f27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL INCH|&amp;#x2f28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SMALL|&amp;#x2f29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LAME|&amp;#x2f2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CORPSE|&amp;#x2f2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SPROUT|&amp;#x2f2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MOUNTAIN|&amp;#x2f2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RIVER|&amp;#x2f2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WORK|&amp;#x2f2f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ONESELF|&amp;#x2f30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TURBAN|&amp;#x2f31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DRY|&amp;#x2f32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SHORT THREAD|&amp;#x2f33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOTTED CLIFF|&amp;#x2f34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LONG STRIDE|&amp;#x2f35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TWO HANDS|&amp;#x2f36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SHOOT|&amp;#x2f37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BOW|&amp;#x2f38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SNOUT|&amp;#x2f39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BRISTLE|&amp;#x2f3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL STEP|&amp;#x2f3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HEART|&amp;#x2f3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HALBERD|&amp;#x2f3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOOR|&amp;#x2f3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HAND|&amp;#x2f3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BRANCH|&amp;#x2f40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RAP|&amp;#x2f41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SCRIPT|&amp;#x2f42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DIPPER|&amp;#x2f43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL AXE|&amp;#x2f44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SQUARE|&amp;#x2f45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL NOT|&amp;#x2f46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SUN|&amp;#x2f47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SAY|&amp;#x2f48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MOON|&amp;#x2f49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TREE|&amp;#x2f4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LACK|&amp;#x2f4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL STOP|&amp;#x2f4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DEATH|&amp;#x2f4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WEAPON|&amp;#x2f4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DO NOT|&amp;#x2f4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL COMPARE|&amp;#x2f50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FUR|&amp;#x2f51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CLAN|&amp;#x2f52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL STEAM|&amp;#x2f53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WATER|&amp;#x2f54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FIRE|&amp;#x2f55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CLAW|&amp;#x2f56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FATHER|&amp;#x2f57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOUBLE X|&amp;#x2f58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HALF TREE TRUNK|&amp;#x2f59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SLICE|&amp;#x2f5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FANG|&amp;#x2f5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL COW|&amp;#x2f5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOG|&amp;#x2f5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL PROFOUND|&amp;#x2f5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL JADE|&amp;#x2f5f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MELON|&amp;#x2f60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TILE|&amp;#x2f61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SWEET|&amp;#x2f62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LIFE|&amp;#x2f63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL USE|&amp;#x2f64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FIELD|&amp;#x2f65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BOLT OF CLOTH|&amp;#x2f66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SICKNESS|&amp;#x2f67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOTTED TENT|&amp;#x2f68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WHITE|&amp;#x2f69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SKIN|&amp;#x2f6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DISH|&amp;#x2f6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EYE|&amp;#x2f6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SPEAR|&amp;#x2f6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ARROW|&amp;#x2f6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL STONE|&amp;#x2f6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SPIRIT|&amp;#x2f70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TRACK|&amp;#x2f71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GRAIN|&amp;#x2f72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CAVE|&amp;#x2f73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL STAND|&amp;#x2f74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BAMBOO|&amp;#x2f75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RICE|&amp;#x2f76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SILK|&amp;#x2f77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL JAR|&amp;#x2f78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL NET|&amp;#x2f79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SHEEP|&amp;#x2f7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FEATHER|&amp;#x2f7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL OLD|&amp;#x2f7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL AND|&amp;#x2f7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL PLOW|&amp;#x2f7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EAR|&amp;#x2f7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BRUSH|&amp;#x2f80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MEAT|&amp;#x2f81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MINISTER|&amp;#x2f82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SELF|&amp;#x2f83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ARRIVE|&amp;#x2f84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MORTAR|&amp;#x2f85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TONGUE|&amp;#x2f86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL OPPOSE|&amp;#x2f87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BOAT|&amp;#x2f88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL STOPPING|&amp;#x2f89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL COLOR|&amp;#x2f8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GRASS|&amp;#x2f8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TIGER|&amp;#x2f8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL INSECT|&amp;#x2f8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BLOOD|&amp;#x2f8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WALK ENCLOSURE|&amp;#x2f8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CLOTHES|&amp;#x2f90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WEST|&amp;#x2f91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SEE|&amp;#x2f92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HORN|&amp;#x2f93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SPEECH|&amp;#x2f94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL VALLEY|&amp;#x2f95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BEAN|&amp;#x2f96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL PIG|&amp;#x2f97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BADGER|&amp;#x2f98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SHELL|&amp;#x2f99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RED|&amp;#x2f9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RUN|&amp;#x2f9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FOOT|&amp;#x2f9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BODY|&amp;#x2f9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CART|&amp;#x2f9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BITTER|&amp;#x2f9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MORNING|&amp;#x2fa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WALK|&amp;#x2fa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CITY|&amp;#x2fa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WINE|&amp;#x2fa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DISTINGUISH|&amp;#x2fa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL VILLAGE|&amp;#x2fa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GOLD|&amp;#x2fa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LONG|&amp;#x2fa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GATE|&amp;#x2fa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MOUND|&amp;#x2fa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SLAVE|&amp;#x2faa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SHORT TAILED BIRD|&amp;#x2fab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RAIN|&amp;#x2fac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BLUE|&amp;#x2fad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WRONG|&amp;#x2fae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FACE|&amp;#x2faf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LEATHER|&amp;#x2fb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TANNED LEATHER|&amp;#x2fb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LEEK|&amp;#x2fb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SOUND|&amp;#x2fb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LEAF|&amp;#x2fb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WIND|&amp;#x2fb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FLY|&amp;#x2fb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EAT|&amp;#x2fb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HEAD|&amp;#x2fb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FRAGRANT|&amp;#x2fb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HORSE|&amp;#x2fba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BONE|&amp;#x2fbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TALL|&amp;#x2fbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HAIR|&amp;#x2fbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FIGHT|&amp;#x2fbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SACRIFICIAL WINE|&amp;#x2fbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CAULDRON|&amp;#x2fc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GHOST|&amp;#x2fc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FISH|&amp;#x2fc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BIRD|&amp;#x2fc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SALT|&amp;#x2fc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DEER|&amp;#x2fc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WHEAT|&amp;#x2fc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HEMP|&amp;#x2fc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL YELLOW|&amp;#x2fc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MILLET|&amp;#x2fc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BLACK|&amp;#x2fca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EMBROIDERY|&amp;#x2fcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FROG|&amp;#x2fcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TRIPOD|&amp;#x2fcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DRUM|&amp;#x2fce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RAT|&amp;#x2fcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FDx
|style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL NOSE|&amp;#x2fd0;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EVEN|&amp;#x2fd1;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TOOTH|&amp;#x2fd2;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DRAGON|&amp;#x2fd3;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TURTLE|&amp;#x2fd4;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FLUTE|&amp;#x2fd5;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ideographic Description Characters'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER LEFT TO RIGHT|&amp;#x2ff0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER ABOVE TO BELOW|&amp;#x2ff1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER LEFT TO MIDDLE AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2ff2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER ABOVE TO MIDDLE AND BELOW|&amp;#x2ff3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER FULL SURROUND|&amp;#x2ff4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM ABOVE|&amp;#x2ff5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM BELOW|&amp;#x2ff6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM LEFT|&amp;#x2ff7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM UPPER LEFT|&amp;#x2ff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM UPPER RIGHT|&amp;#x2ff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x2ffa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER OVERLAID|&amp;#x2ffb;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffd0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM RIGHT|&amp;#x2ffc;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffd0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x2ffd;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffd0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER HORIZONTAL REFLECTION|&amp;#x2ffe;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffd0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER ROTATION|&amp;#x2fff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|}
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{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:sans-serif,'Malgun Gothic','Arial Unicode MS','MS PGothic','Noto Color Emoji','Noto Sans Symbols';&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''General Punctuation'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555;font-size:75%&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;font-size:133%&quot;|200x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|EN QUAD|[NQ SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EM QUAD|[MQ SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EN SPACE|[EN SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EM SPACE|[EM SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-PER-EM SPACE|[3/M SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR-PER-EM SPACE|[4/M SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX-PER-EM SPACE|[6/M SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIGURE SPACE|[F SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUNCTUATION SPACE|[P SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN SPACE|[TH SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIR SPACE|[H SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZERO WIDTH SPACE|[ZW SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER|[ZW NJ]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZERO WIDTH JOINER|[ZW J]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK|[LRM]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK|[RLM]}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|201x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYPHEN|&amp;#x2010;}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NON-BREAKING HYPHEN|[NB -]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIGURE DASH|&amp;#x2012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EN DASH|&amp;#x2013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EM DASH|&amp;#x2014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL BAR|&amp;#x2015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE|&amp;#x2016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE LOW LINE|&amp;#x2017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x2018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x2019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x201a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINGLE HIGH-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x201b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x201c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x201d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x201e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE HIGH-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x201f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|202x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DAGGER|&amp;#x2020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE DAGGER|&amp;#x2021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLET|&amp;#x2022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR BULLET|&amp;#x2023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE DOT LEADER|&amp;#x2024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO DOT LEADER|&amp;#x2025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS|&amp;#x2026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HYPHENATION POINT|&amp;#x2027;}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LINE SEPARATOR|[L SEP]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR|[P SEP]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING|[LRE]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING|[RLE]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING|[PDF]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE|[LRO]}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE|[RLO]}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE|[NNB SP]}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|203x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PER MILLE SIGN|&amp;#x2030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN|&amp;#x2031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRIME|&amp;#x2032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE PRIME|&amp;#x2033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE PRIME|&amp;#x2034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED PRIME|&amp;#x2035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME|&amp;#x2036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED TRIPLE PRIME|&amp;#x2037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARET|&amp;#x2038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x2039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x203a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REFERENCE MARK|&amp;#x203b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x203c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERROBANG|&amp;#x203d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLINE|&amp;#x203e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UNDERTIE|&amp;#x203f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|204x
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHARACTER TIE|&amp;#x2040;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CARET INSERTION POINT|&amp;#x2041;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTERISM|&amp;#x2042;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYPHEN BULLET|&amp;#x2043;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FRACTION SLASH|&amp;#x2044;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH QUILL|&amp;#x2045;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH QUILL|&amp;#x2046;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x2047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUESTION EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x2048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXCLAMATION QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x2049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRONIAN SIGN ET|&amp;#x204a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED PILCROW SIGN|&amp;#x204b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFTWARDS BULLET|&amp;#x204c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHTWARDS BULLET|&amp;#x204d;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW ASTERISK|&amp;#x204e;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED SEMICOLON|&amp;#x204f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|205x
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSE UP|&amp;#x2050;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO ASTERISKS ALIGNED VERTICALLY|&amp;#x2051;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMMERCIAL MINUS SIGN|&amp;#x2052;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SWUNG DASH|&amp;#x2053;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED UNDERTIE|&amp;#x2054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOWER PUNCTUATION MARK|&amp;#x2055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE DOT PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x2056;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRUPLE PRIME|&amp;#x2057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR DOT PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x2058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIVE DOT PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x2059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO DOT PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x205a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR DOT MARK|&amp;#x205b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED CROSS|&amp;#x205c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRICOLON|&amp;#x205d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL FOUR DOTS|&amp;#x205e;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE|[MM SP]}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a;font-size:75%&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;font-size:133%&quot;|206x
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORD JOINER|[WJ]}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FUNCTION APPLICATION|[ƒ( )]}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVISIBLE TIMES|[×]}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVISIBLE SEPARATOR|[,]}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVISIBLE PLUS|[+]}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#84c4ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-TO-RIGHT ISOLATE|[LRI]}}||style=&quot;background:#84c4ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-TO-LEFT ISOLATE|[RLI]}}||style=&quot;background:#84c4ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST STRONG ISOLATE|[FSI]}}||style=&quot;background:#84c4ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE|[PDI]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INHIBIT SYMMETRIC SWAPPING|[I S S]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ACTIVATE SYMMETRIC SWAPPING|[A S S]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INHIBIT ARABIC FORM SHAPING|[I AFS]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ACTIVATE ARABIC FORM SHAPING|[A AFS]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NATIONAL DIGIT SHAPES|[NA DS]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOMINAL DIGIT SHAPES|[NO DS]}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|207x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT ZERO|&amp;#x2070;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL LETTER I|&amp;#x2071;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT FOUR|&amp;#x2074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT FIVE|&amp;#x2075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT SIX|&amp;#x2076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT SEVEN|&amp;#x2077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT EIGHT|&amp;#x2078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT NINE|&amp;#x2079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT PLUS SIGN|&amp;#x207a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT MINUS|&amp;#x207b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x207c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT LEFT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x207d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT RIGHT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x207e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL LETTER N|&amp;#x207f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|208x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT ZERO|&amp;#x2080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT ONE|&amp;#x2081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT TWO|&amp;#x2082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT THREE|&amp;#x2083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT FOUR|&amp;#x2084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT FIVE|&amp;#x2085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT SIX|&amp;#x2086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT SEVEN|&amp;#x2087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT EIGHT|&amp;#x2088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT NINE|&amp;#x2089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT PLUS SIGN|&amp;#x208a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT MINUS|&amp;#x208b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x208c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT LEFT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x208d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSCRIPT RIGHT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x208e;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER HIGH AND LOW VERTICAL LINE|&amp;#x208f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|209x
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER A|&amp;#x2090;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER E|&amp;#x2091;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER O|&amp;#x2092;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER X|&amp;#x2093;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER SCHWA|&amp;#x2094;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER H|&amp;#x2095;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER K|&amp;#x2096;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER L|&amp;#x2097;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER M|&amp;#x2098;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER N|&amp;#x2099;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER P|&amp;#x209a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER S|&amp;#x209b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER T|&amp;#x209c;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER W|&amp;#x209d;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER Y|&amp;#x209e;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER Z|&amp;#x209f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Currency Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|20Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|EURO-CURRENCY SIGN|&amp;#x20a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COLON SIGN|&amp;#x20a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRUZEIRO SIGN|&amp;#x20a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRENCH FRANC SIGN|&amp;#x20a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIRA SIGN|&amp;#x20a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILL SIGN|&amp;#x20a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIRA SIGN|&amp;#x20a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PESETA SIGN|&amp;#x20a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUPEE SIGN|&amp;#x20a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WON SIGN|&amp;#x20a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW SHEQEL SIGN|&amp;#x20aa;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DONG SIGN|&amp;#x20ab;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffea60&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EURO SIGN|&amp;#x20ac;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KIP SIGN|&amp;#x20ad;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TUGRIK SIGN|&amp;#x20ae;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRACHMA SIGN|&amp;#x20af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|20Bx
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GERMAN PENNY SIGN|&amp;#x20b0;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PESO SIGN|&amp;#x20b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUARANI SIGN|&amp;#x20b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUSTRAL SIGN|&amp;#x20b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HRYVNIA SIGN|&amp;#x20b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CEDI SIGN|&amp;#x20b5;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIVRE TOURNOIS SIGN|&amp;#x20b6;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPESMILO SIGN|&amp;#x20b7;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TENGE SIGN|&amp;#x20b8;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIAN RUPEE SIGN|&amp;#x20b9;}}||style=&quot;background:#81deff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURKISH LIRA SIGN|&amp;#x20ba;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORDIC MARK SIGN|&amp;#x20bb;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANAT SIGN|&amp;#x20bc;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RUBLE SIGN|&amp;#x20bd;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LARI SIGN|&amp;#x20be;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BITCOIN SIGN|&amp;#x20bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|20Cx||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOM SIGN|&amp;#x20c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAUDI RIYAL SIGN|&amp;#x20c1;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RUFIYAA SIGN|&amp;#x20c2;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UAE DIRHAM SIGN|&amp;#x20c3;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OMANI RIYAL SIGN|&amp;#x20c4;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|20Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT HARPOON ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT HARPOON ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LONG VERTICAL LINE OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SHORT VERTICAL LINE OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CLOCKWISE ARROW ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT ARROW ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT ARROW ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RING OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CLOCKWISE RING OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ANTICLOCKWISE RING OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING THREE DOTS ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING FOUR DOTS ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING CIRCLE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING SQUARE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING DIAMOND|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|20Ex
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING CIRCLE BACKSLASH|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT RIGHT ARROW ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e1;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING SCREEN|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e2;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING KEYCAP|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ENCLOSING UPWARD POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING REVERSE SOLIDUS OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ANNUITY SYMBOL|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING TRIPLE UNDERDOT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING WIDE BRIDGE ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFTWARDS ARROW OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20ea;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LONG DOUBLE SOLIDUS OVERLAY|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWNWARDS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWNWARDS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT ARROW BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT ARROW BELOW|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|20Fx
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ASTERISK ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20f0;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Letterlike Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|210x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ACCOUNT OF|&amp;#x2100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADDRESSED TO THE SUBJECT|&amp;#x2101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL C|&amp;#x2102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEGREE CELSIUS|&amp;#x2103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CENTRE LINE SYMBOL|&amp;#x2104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARE OF|&amp;#x2105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CADA UNA|&amp;#x2106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EULER CONSTANT|&amp;#x2107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRUPLE|&amp;#x2108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEGREE FAHRENHEIT|&amp;#x2109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT SMALL G|&amp;#x210a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL H|&amp;#x210b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL H|&amp;#x210c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL H|&amp;#x210d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLANCK CONSTANT|&amp;#x210e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLANCK CONSTANT OVER TWO PI|&amp;#x210f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|211x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL I|&amp;#x2110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL I|&amp;#x2111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL L|&amp;#x2112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT SMALL L|&amp;#x2113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|L B BAR SYMBOL|&amp;#x2114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N|&amp;#x2115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMERO SIGN|&amp;#x2116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUND RECORDING COPYRIGHT|&amp;#x2117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC FUNCTION|&amp;#x2118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL P|&amp;#x2119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x211a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL R|&amp;#x211b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL R|&amp;#x211c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL R|&amp;#x211d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRESCRIPTION TAKE|&amp;#x211e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RESPONSE|&amp;#x211f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|212x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SERVICE MARK|&amp;#x2120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE SIGN|&amp;#x2121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRADE MARK SIGN|&amp;#x2122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERSICLE|&amp;#x2123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x2124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUNCE SIGN|&amp;#x2125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OHM SIGN|&amp;#x2126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED OHM SIGN|&amp;#x2127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL Z|&amp;#x2128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA|&amp;#x2129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KELVIN SIGN|&amp;#x212a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGSTROM SIGN|&amp;#x212b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL B|&amp;#x212c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL C|&amp;#x212d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ESTIMATED SYMBOL|&amp;#x212e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT SMALL E|&amp;#x212f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|213x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL E|&amp;#x2130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL F|&amp;#x2131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED CAPITAL F|&amp;#x2132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT CAPITAL M|&amp;#x2133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT SMALL O|&amp;#x2134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALEF SYMBOL|&amp;#x2135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BET SYMBOL|&amp;#x2136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIMEL SYMBOL|&amp;#x2137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DALET SYMBOL|&amp;#x2138;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INFORMATION SOURCE|&amp;#x2139;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROTATED CAPITAL Q|&amp;#x213a;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACSIMILE SIGN|&amp;#x213b;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL PI|&amp;#x213c;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK SMALL GAMMA|&amp;#x213d;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL GAMMA|&amp;#x213e;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL PI|&amp;#x213f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|214x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK N-ARY SUMMATION|&amp;#x2140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL G|&amp;#x2141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL L|&amp;#x2142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL L|&amp;#x2143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL Y|&amp;#x2144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC CAPITAL D|&amp;#x2145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL D|&amp;#x2146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL E|&amp;#x2147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL I|&amp;#x2148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL J|&amp;#x2149;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROPERTY LINE|&amp;#x214a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED AMPERSAND|&amp;#x214b;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PER SIGN|&amp;#x214c;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|AKTIESELSKAB|&amp;#x214d;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SMALL F|&amp;#x214e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SAMARITAN SOURCE|&amp;#x214f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Number Forms'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|215x
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE SEVENTH|&amp;#x2150;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE NINTH|&amp;#x2151;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE TENTH|&amp;#x2152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE THIRD|&amp;#x2153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION TWO THIRDS|&amp;#x2154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE FIFTH|&amp;#x2155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION TWO FIFTHS|&amp;#x2156;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION THREE FIFTHS|&amp;#x2157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION FOUR FIFTHS|&amp;#x2158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE SIXTH|&amp;#x2159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION FIVE SIXTHS|&amp;#x215a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ONE EIGHTH|&amp;#x215b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION THREE EIGHTHS|&amp;#x215c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION FIVE EIGHTHS|&amp;#x215d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION SEVEN EIGHTHS|&amp;#x215e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRACTION NUMERATOR ONE|&amp;#x215f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|216x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL ONE|&amp;#x2160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL TWO|&amp;#x2161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL THREE|&amp;#x2162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FOUR|&amp;#x2163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE|&amp;#x2164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL SIX|&amp;#x2165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL SEVEN|&amp;#x2166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL EIGHT|&amp;#x2167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL NINE|&amp;#x2168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL TEN|&amp;#x2169;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL ELEVEN|&amp;#x216a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL TWELVE|&amp;#x216b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FIFTY|&amp;#x216c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL ONE HUNDRED|&amp;#x216d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE HUNDRED|&amp;#x216e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL ONE THOUSAND|&amp;#x216f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|217x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL ONE|&amp;#x2170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL TWO|&amp;#x2171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL THREE|&amp;#x2172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL FOUR|&amp;#x2173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE|&amp;#x2174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL SIX|&amp;#x2175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL SEVEN|&amp;#x2176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL EIGHT|&amp;#x2177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL NINE|&amp;#x2178;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL TEN|&amp;#x2179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL ELEVEN|&amp;#x217a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL TWELVE|&amp;#x217b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL FIFTY|&amp;#x217c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL ONE HUNDRED|&amp;#x217d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE HUNDRED|&amp;#x217e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL ONE THOUSAND|&amp;#x217f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|218x
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL ONE THOUSAND C D|&amp;#x2180;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE THOUSAND|&amp;#x2181;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL TEN THOUSAND|&amp;#x2182;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL REVERSED ONE HUNDRED|&amp;#x2183;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C|&amp;#x2184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL SIX LATE FORM|&amp;#x2185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FIFTY EARLY FORM|&amp;#x2186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL FIFTY THOUSAND|&amp;#x2187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROMAN NUMERAL ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND|&amp;#x2188;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VULGAR FRACTION ZERO THIRDS|&amp;#x2189;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x218a;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x218b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Arrows'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|219x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT ARROW|&amp;#x2194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN ARROW|&amp;#x2195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW|&amp;#x2196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST ARROW|&amp;#x2199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH STROKE|&amp;#x219a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH STROKE|&amp;#x219b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS WAVE ARROW|&amp;#x219c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS WAVE ARROW|&amp;#x219d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x219e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TWO HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x219f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|21Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x21a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TWO HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x21a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL|&amp;#x21a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL|&amp;#x21a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x21a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x21a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x21a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x21a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN ARROW WITH BASE|&amp;#x21a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x21a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x21aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LOOP|&amp;#x21ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LOOP|&amp;#x21ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT WAVE ARROW|&amp;#x21ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT ARROW WITH STROKE|&amp;#x21ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ZIGZAG ARROW|&amp;#x21af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|21Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH TIP LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x21b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH TIP RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x21b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH TIP LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x21b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH TIP RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x21b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH CORNER DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x21b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH CORNER LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x21b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE TOP SEMICIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x21b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE TOP SEMICIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x21b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW TO LONG BAR|&amp;#x21b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW TO BAR OVER RIGHTWARDS ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x21b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE OPEN CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x21ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE OPEN CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x21bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UPWARDS|&amp;#x21bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x21bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x21be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x21bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|21Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UPWARDS|&amp;#x21c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x21c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x21c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x21c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW OVER LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x21c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW LEFTWARDS OF DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x21c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW OVER RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x21c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x21c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x21c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x21c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x21ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON OVER RIGHTWARDS HARPOON|&amp;#x21cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON OVER LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&amp;#x21cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW WITH STROKE|&amp;#x21cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW WITH STROKE|&amp;#x21ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW WITH STROKE|&amp;#x21cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|21Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIPLE ARROW|&amp;#x21da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIPLE ARROW|&amp;#x21db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SQUIGGLE ARROW|&amp;#x21dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SQUIGGLE ARROW|&amp;#x21dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE STROKE|&amp;#x21de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE STROKE|&amp;#x21df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|21Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x21e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x21e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x21e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x21e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x21e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x21e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x21e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x21e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x21e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x21e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x21ea;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW ON PEDESTAL|&amp;#x21eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW ON PEDESTAL WITH HORIZONTAL BAR|&amp;#x21ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW ON PEDESTAL WITH VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x21ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x21ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE DOUBLE ARROW ON PEDESTAL|&amp;#x21ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|21Fx
|style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS WHITE ARROW FROM WALL|&amp;#x21f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW TO CORNER|&amp;#x21f1;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW TO CORNER|&amp;#x21f2;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x21f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ARROW WITH SMALL CIRCLE|&amp;#x21f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW LEFTWARDS OF UPWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x21f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RIGHTWARDS ARROWS|&amp;#x21f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x21f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x21f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x21f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x21fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x21fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x21fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS OPEN-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x21fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS OPEN-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x21fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT OPEN-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x21ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Mathematical Operators'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|220x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FOR ALL|&amp;#x2200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPLEMENT|&amp;#x2201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL|&amp;#x2202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THERE EXISTS|&amp;#x2203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THERE DOES NOT EXIST|&amp;#x2204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY SET|&amp;#x2205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCREMENT|&amp;#x2206;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NABLA|&amp;#x2207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF|&amp;#x2208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT AN ELEMENT OF|&amp;#x2209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ELEMENT OF|&amp;#x220a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTAINS AS MEMBER|&amp;#x220b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT CONTAIN AS MEMBER|&amp;#x220c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL CONTAINS AS MEMBER|&amp;#x220d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|END OF PROOF|&amp;#x220e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY PRODUCT|&amp;#x220f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|221x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY COPRODUCT|&amp;#x2210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY SUMMATION|&amp;#x2211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS SIGN|&amp;#x2212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS-OR-PLUS SIGN|&amp;#x2213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOT PLUS|&amp;#x2214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVISION SLASH|&amp;#x2215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SET MINUS|&amp;#x2216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTERISK OPERATOR|&amp;#x2217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RING OPERATOR|&amp;#x2218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLET OPERATOR|&amp;#x2219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ROOT|&amp;#x221a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUBE ROOT|&amp;#x221b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOURTH ROOT|&amp;#x221c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROPORTIONAL TO|&amp;#x221d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INFINITY|&amp;#x221e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE|&amp;#x221f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|222x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGLE|&amp;#x2220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE|&amp;#x2221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPHERICAL ANGLE|&amp;#x2222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVIDES|&amp;#x2223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT DIVIDE|&amp;#x2224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARALLEL TO|&amp;#x2225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT PARALLEL TO|&amp;#x2226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x2227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x2228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION|&amp;#x222a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL|&amp;#x222b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE INTEGRAL|&amp;#x222c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE INTEGRAL|&amp;#x222d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTOUR INTEGRAL|&amp;#x222e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SURFACE INTEGRAL|&amp;#x222f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|223x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VOLUME INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE CONTOUR INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE CONTOUR INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THEREFORE|&amp;#x2234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BECAUSE|&amp;#x2235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RATIO|&amp;#x2236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROPORTION|&amp;#x2237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOT MINUS|&amp;#x2238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXCESS|&amp;#x2239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEOMETRIC PROPORTION|&amp;#x223a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOMOTHETIC|&amp;#x223b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x223c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED TILDE|&amp;#x223d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED LAZY S|&amp;#x223e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINE WAVE|&amp;#x223f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|224x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WREATH PRODUCT|&amp;#x2240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT TILDE|&amp;#x2241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS TILDE|&amp;#x2242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APPROXIMATELY BUT NOT ACTUALLY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER APPROXIMATELY NOR ACTUALLY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2248;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2249;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALMOST EQUAL OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x224a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE TILDE|&amp;#x224b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALL EQUAL TO|&amp;#x224c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x224d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEOMETRICALLY EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x224e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIFFERENCE BETWEEN|&amp;#x224f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|225x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|APPROACHES THE LIMIT|&amp;#x2250;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEOMETRICALLY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2251;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO OR THE IMAGE OF|&amp;#x2252;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IMAGE OF OR APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2253;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COLON EQUALS|&amp;#x2254;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS COLON|&amp;#x2255;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RING IN EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2256;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RING EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2257;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CORRESPONDS TO|&amp;#x2258;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ESTIMATES|&amp;#x2259;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUIANGULAR TO|&amp;#x225a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAR EQUALS|&amp;#x225b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DELTA EQUAL TO|&amp;#x225c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUAL TO BY DEFINITION|&amp;#x225d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED BY|&amp;#x225e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUESTIONED EQUAL TO|&amp;#x225f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|226x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2260;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDENTICAL TO|&amp;#x2261;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT IDENTICAL TO|&amp;#x2262;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRICTLY EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x2263;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2264;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2265;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OVER EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2266;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OVER EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2267;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN BUT NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2268;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN BUT NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2269;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUCH LESS-THAN|&amp;#x226a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUCH GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x226b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BETWEEN|&amp;#x226c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x226d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT LESS-THAN|&amp;#x226e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x226f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|227x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER LESS-THAN NOR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2270;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER GREATER-THAN NOR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2271;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x2272;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x2273;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER LESS-THAN NOR EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x2274;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER GREATER-THAN NOR EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x2275;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2276;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2277;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER LESS-THAN NOR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2278;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER GREATER-THAN NOR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2279;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES|&amp;#x227a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS|&amp;#x227b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x227c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x227d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES OR EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x227e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS OR EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x227f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|228x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT PRECEDE|&amp;#x2280;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT SUCCEED|&amp;#x2281;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF|&amp;#x2282;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF|&amp;#x2283;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT A SUBSET OF|&amp;#x2284;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT A SUPERSET OF|&amp;#x2285;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2286;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2287;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER A SUBSET OF NOR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2288;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEITHER A SUPERSET OF NOR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2289;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x228a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x228b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTISET|&amp;#x228c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTISET MULTIPLICATION|&amp;#x228d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTISET UNION|&amp;#x228e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE IMAGE OF|&amp;#x228f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|229x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ORIGINAL OF|&amp;#x2290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE IMAGE OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ORIGINAL OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CAP|&amp;#x2293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CUP|&amp;#x2294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED PLUS|&amp;#x2295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED MINUS|&amp;#x2296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED TIMES|&amp;#x2297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIVISION SLASH|&amp;#x2298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DOT OPERATOR|&amp;#x2299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED RING OPERATOR|&amp;#x229a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ASTERISK OPERATOR|&amp;#x229b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED EQUALS|&amp;#x229c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DASH|&amp;#x229d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED PLUS|&amp;#x229e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED MINUS|&amp;#x229f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|22Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TIMES|&amp;#x22a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED DOT OPERATOR|&amp;#x22a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TACK|&amp;#x22a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TACK|&amp;#x22a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN TACK|&amp;#x22a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP TACK|&amp;#x22a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASSERTION|&amp;#x22a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODELS|&amp;#x22a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRUE|&amp;#x22a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FORCES|&amp;#x22a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE VERTICAL BAR RIGHT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x22aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE VERTICAL BAR DOUBLE RIGHT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x22ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT PROVE|&amp;#x22ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT TRUE|&amp;#x22ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT FORCE|&amp;#x22ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATED DOUBLE VERTICAL BAR DOUBLE RIGHT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x22af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|22Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES UNDER RELATION|&amp;#x22b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS UNDER RELATION|&amp;#x22b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORMAL SUBGROUP OF|&amp;#x22b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTAINS AS NORMAL SUBGROUP|&amp;#x22b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORMAL SUBGROUP OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTAINS AS NORMAL SUBGROUP OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORIGINAL OF|&amp;#x22b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IMAGE OF|&amp;#x22b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIMAP|&amp;#x22b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HERMITIAN CONJUGATE MATRIX|&amp;#x22b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERCALATE|&amp;#x22ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XOR|&amp;#x22bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAND|&amp;#x22bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOR|&amp;#x22bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE WITH ARC|&amp;#x22be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x22bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|22Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x22c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x22c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY INTERSECTION|&amp;#x22c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY UNION|&amp;#x22c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND OPERATOR|&amp;#x22c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOT OPERATOR|&amp;#x22c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAR OPERATOR|&amp;#x22c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVISION TIMES|&amp;#x22c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWTIE|&amp;#x22c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT NORMAL FACTOR SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT|&amp;#x22c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT NORMAL FACTOR SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT|&amp;#x22ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT|&amp;#x22cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT|&amp;#x22cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED TILDE EQUALS|&amp;#x22cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLY LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x22ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLY LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x22cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|22Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SUBSET|&amp;#x22d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SUPERSET|&amp;#x22d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE INTERSECTION|&amp;#x22d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE UNION|&amp;#x22d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PITCHFORK|&amp;#x22d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUAL AND PARALLEL TO|&amp;#x22d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN WITH DOT|&amp;#x22d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN WITH DOT|&amp;#x22d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY MUCH LESS-THAN|&amp;#x22d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY MUCH GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x22d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x22da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x22db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x22dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x22dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUAL TO OR PRECEDES|&amp;#x22de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUAL TO OR SUCCEEDS|&amp;#x22df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|22Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT PRECEDE OR EQUAL|&amp;#x22e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT SUCCEED OR EQUAL|&amp;#x22e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT SQUARE IMAGE OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT SQUARE ORIGINAL OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE IMAGE OF OR NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ORIGINAL OF OR NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN BUT NOT EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x22e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN BUT NOT EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x22e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES BUT NOT EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x22e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS BUT NOT EQUIVALENT TO|&amp;#x22e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT NORMAL SUBGROUP OF|&amp;#x22ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT CONTAIN AS NORMAL SUBGROUP|&amp;#x22eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT NORMAL SUBGROUP OF OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x22ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT CONTAIN AS NORMAL SUBGROUP OR EQUAL|&amp;#x22ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ELLIPSIS|&amp;#x22ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDLINE HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS|&amp;#x22ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|22Fx
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UP RIGHT DIAGONAL ELLIPSIS|&amp;#x22f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN RIGHT DIAGONAL ELLIPSIS|&amp;#x22f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF WITH LONG HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x22f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF WITH VERTICAL BAR AT END OF HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x22f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ELEMENT OF WITH VERTICAL BAR AT END OF HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x22f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x22f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x22f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ELEMENT OF WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x22f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x22f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF WITH TWO HORIZONTAL STROKES|&amp;#x22f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTAINS WITH LONG HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x22fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTAINS WITH VERTICAL BAR AT END OF HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x22fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL CONTAINS WITH VERTICAL BAR AT END OF HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x22fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTAINS WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x22fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL CONTAINS WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x22fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION BAG MEMBERSHIP|&amp;#x22ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Miscellaneous Technical'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|230x
|style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMETER SIGN|&amp;#x2300;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC ARROW|&amp;#x2301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE|&amp;#x2302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROJECTIVE|&amp;#x2305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSPECTIVE|&amp;#x2306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVY LINE|&amp;#x2307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT CEILING|&amp;#x2308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT CEILING|&amp;#x2309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT FLOOR|&amp;#x230a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT FLOOR|&amp;#x230b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM RIGHT CROP|&amp;#x230c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM LEFT CROP|&amp;#x230d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP RIGHT CROP|&amp;#x230e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP LEFT CROP|&amp;#x230f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|231x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED NOT SIGN|&amp;#x2310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE LOZENGE|&amp;#x2311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARC|&amp;#x2312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENT|&amp;#x2313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SECTOR|&amp;#x2314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECORDER|&amp;#x2315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSITION INDICATOR|&amp;#x2316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIEWDATA SQUARE|&amp;#x2317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACE OF INTEREST SIGN|&amp;#x2318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NOT SIGN|&amp;#x2319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATCH|&amp;#x231a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOURGLASS|&amp;#x231b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP LEFT CORNER|&amp;#x231c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP RIGHT CORNER|&amp;#x231d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM LEFT CORNER|&amp;#x231e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM RIGHT CORNER|&amp;#x231f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|232x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HALF INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM HALF INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FROWN|&amp;#x2322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILE|&amp;#x2323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP ARROWHEAD BETWEEN TWO HORIZONTAL BARS|&amp;#x2324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTION KEY|&amp;#x2325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERASE TO THE RIGHT|&amp;#x2326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|X IN A RECTANGLE BOX|&amp;#x2327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYBOARD|&amp;#x2328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x2329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x232a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERASE TO THE LEFT|&amp;#x232b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BENZENE RING|&amp;#x232c;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYLINDRICITY|&amp;#x232d;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALL AROUND-PROFILE|&amp;#x232e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMMETRY|&amp;#x232f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|233x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTAL RUNOUT|&amp;#x2330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIMENSION ORIGIN|&amp;#x2331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONICAL TAPER|&amp;#x2332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOPE|&amp;#x2333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTERBORE|&amp;#x2334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUNTERSINK|&amp;#x2335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL I-BEAM|&amp;#x2336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL SQUISH QUAD|&amp;#x2337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD EQUAL|&amp;#x2338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DIVIDE|&amp;#x2339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DIAMOND|&amp;#x233a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD JOT|&amp;#x233b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD CIRCLE|&amp;#x233c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE STILE|&amp;#x233d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE JOT|&amp;#x233e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL SLASH BAR|&amp;#x233f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|234x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL BACKSLASH BAR|&amp;#x2340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD SLASH|&amp;#x2341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD BACKSLASH|&amp;#x2342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL LEFTWARDS VANE|&amp;#x2345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL RIGHTWARDS VANE|&amp;#x2346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE BACKSLASH|&amp;#x2349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN TACK UNDERBAR|&amp;#x234a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DELTA STILE|&amp;#x234b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DOWN CARET|&amp;#x234c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DELTA|&amp;#x234d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN TACK JOT|&amp;#x234e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UPWARDS VANE|&amp;#x234f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|235x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD UPWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP TACK OVERBAR|&amp;#x2351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL STILE|&amp;#x2352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD UP CARET|&amp;#x2353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DEL|&amp;#x2354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP TACK JOT|&amp;#x2355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWNWARDS VANE|&amp;#x2356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUOTE UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DELTA UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DIAMOND UNDERBAR|&amp;#x235a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL JOT UNDERBAR|&amp;#x235b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE UNDERBAR|&amp;#x235c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP SHOE JOT|&amp;#x235d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUOTE QUAD|&amp;#x235e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE STAR|&amp;#x235f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|236x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD COLON|&amp;#x2360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP TACK DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL STAR DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL JOT DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN SHOE STILE|&amp;#x2366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL LEFT SHOE STILE|&amp;#x2367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL TILDE DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL GREATER-THAN DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL COMMA BAR|&amp;#x236a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL TILDE|&amp;#x236b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL ZILDE|&amp;#x236c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL STILE TILDE|&amp;#x236d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL SEMICOLON UNDERBAR|&amp;#x236e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD NOT EQUAL|&amp;#x236f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|237x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD QUESTION|&amp;#x2370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN CARET TILDE|&amp;#x2371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP CARET TILDE|&amp;#x2372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL IOTA|&amp;#x2373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL RHO|&amp;#x2374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL OMEGA|&amp;#x2375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL ALPHA UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL EPSILON UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL IOTA UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL OMEGA UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL ALPHA|&amp;#x237a;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NOT CHECK MARK|&amp;#x237b;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE WITH DOWNWARDS ZIGZAG ARROW|&amp;#x237c;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOULDERED OPEN BOX|&amp;#x237d;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL SYMBOL|&amp;#x237e;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL LINE WITH MIDDLE DOT|&amp;#x237f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|238x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|INSERTION SYMBOL|&amp;#x2380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTINUOUS UNDERLINE SYMBOL|&amp;#x2381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISCONTINUOUS UNDERLINE SYMBOL|&amp;#x2382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPHASIS SYMBOL|&amp;#x2383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPOSITION SYMBOL|&amp;#x2384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH CENTRE VERTICAL LINE|&amp;#x2385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENTER SYMBOL|&amp;#x2386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALTERNATIVE KEY SYMBOL|&amp;#x2387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HELM SYMBOL|&amp;#x2388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HORIZONTAL BAR WITH NOTCH|&amp;#x2389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED TRIANGLE DOWN|&amp;#x238a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROKEN CIRCLE WITH NORTHWEST ARROW|&amp;#x238b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNDO SYMBOL|&amp;#x238c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONOSTABLE SYMBOL|&amp;#x238d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HYSTERESIS SYMBOL|&amp;#x238e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN-CIRCUIT-OUTPUT H-TYPE SYMBOL|&amp;#x238f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff|239x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN-CIRCUIT-OUTPUT L-TYPE SYMBOL|&amp;#x2390;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSIVE-PULL-DOWN-OUTPUT SYMBOL|&amp;#x2391;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSIVE-PULL-UP-OUTPUT SYMBOL|&amp;#x2392;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIRECT CURRENT SYMBOL FORM TWO|&amp;#x2393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFTWARE-FUNCTION SYMBOL|&amp;#x2394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD|&amp;#x2395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECIMAL SEPARATOR KEY SYMBOL|&amp;#x2396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PREVIOUS PAGE|&amp;#x2397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEXT PAGE|&amp;#x2398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINT SCREEN SYMBOL|&amp;#x2399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLEAR SCREEN SYMBOL|&amp;#x239a;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT PARENTHESIS UPPER HOOK|&amp;#x239b;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT PARENTHESIS EXTENSION|&amp;#x239c;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT PARENTHESIS LOWER HOOK|&amp;#x239d;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT PARENTHESIS UPPER HOOK|&amp;#x239e;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT PARENTHESIS EXTENSION|&amp;#x239f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff|23Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT PARENTHESIS LOWER HOOK|&amp;#x23a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET UPPER CORNER|&amp;#x23a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET EXTENSION|&amp;#x23a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET LOWER CORNER|&amp;#x23a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET UPPER CORNER|&amp;#x23a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET EXTENSION|&amp;#x23a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET LOWER CORNER|&amp;#x23a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT CURLY BRACKET UPPER HOOK|&amp;#x23a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT CURLY BRACKET MIDDLE PIECE|&amp;#x23a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT CURLY BRACKET LOWER HOOK|&amp;#x23a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLY BRACKET EXTENSION|&amp;#x23aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT CURLY BRACKET UPPER HOOK|&amp;#x23ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT CURLY BRACKET MIDDLE PIECE|&amp;#x23ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT CURLY BRACKET LOWER HOOK|&amp;#x23ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL EXTENSION|&amp;#x23ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL LINE EXTENSION|&amp;#x23af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;height:30px&quot;|23Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT OR LOWER RIGHT CURLY BRACKET SECTION|&amp;#x23b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT OR LOWER LEFT CURLY BRACKET SECTION|&amp;#x23b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUMMATION TOP|&amp;#x23b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUMMATION BOTTOM|&amp;#x23b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x23b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x23b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM SQUARE BRACKET OVER TOP SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x23b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADICAL SYMBOL BOTTOM|&amp;#x23b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT VERTICAL BOX LINE|&amp;#x23b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT VERTICAL BOX LINE|&amp;#x23b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL SCAN LINE-1|&amp;#x23ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL SCAN LINE-3|&amp;#x23bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL SCAN LINE-7|&amp;#x23bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL SCAN LINE-9|&amp;#x23bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL AND TOP RIGHT|&amp;#x23be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL AND BOTTOM RIGHT|&amp;#x23bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|23Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL WITH CIRCLE|&amp;#x23c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT DOWN AND HORIZONTAL WITH CIRCLE|&amp;#x23c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT UP AND HORIZONTAL WITH CIRCLE|&amp;#x23c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL WITH TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT DOWN AND HORIZONTAL WITH TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT UP AND HORIZONTAL WITH TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL AND WAVE|&amp;#x23c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT DOWN AND HORIZONTAL WITH WAVE|&amp;#x23c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT UP AND HORIZONTAL WITH WAVE|&amp;#x23c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT DOWN AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x23c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT UP AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x23ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL AND TOP LEFT|&amp;#x23cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DENTISTRY SYMBOL LIGHT VERTICAL AND BOTTOM LEFT|&amp;#x23cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE FOOT|&amp;#x23cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RETURN SYMBOL|&amp;#x23ce;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EJECT SYMBOL|&amp;#x23cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|23Dx
|style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL LINE EXTENSION|&amp;#x23d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL BREVE|&amp;#x23d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL LONG OVER SHORT|&amp;#x23d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL SHORT OVER LONG|&amp;#x23d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL LONG OVER TWO SHORTS|&amp;#x23d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL TWO SHORTS OVER LONG|&amp;#x23d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL TWO SHORTS JOINED|&amp;#x23d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL TRISEME|&amp;#x23d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL TETRASEME|&amp;#x23d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRICAL PENTASEME|&amp;#x23d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GROUND|&amp;#x23da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FUSE|&amp;#x23db;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x23dc;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x23dd;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP CURLY BRACKET|&amp;#x23de;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM CURLY BRACKET|&amp;#x23df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|23Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x23e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x23e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TRAPEZIUM|&amp;#x23e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BENZENE RING WITH CIRCLE|&amp;#x23e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAIGHTNESS|&amp;#x23e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLATNESS|&amp;#x23e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AC CURRENT|&amp;#x23e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRICAL INTERSECTION|&amp;#x23e7;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DECIMAL EXPONENT SYMBOL|&amp;#x23e8;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23e9;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23ea;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP-POINTING DOUBLE TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN-POINTING DOUBLE TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE TRIANGLE WITH VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x23ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE TRIANGLE WITH VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x23ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x23ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|23Fx
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALARM CLOCK|&amp;#x23f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOPWATCH|&amp;#x23f1;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIMER CLOCK|&amp;#x23f2;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOURGLASS WITH FLOWING SAND|&amp;#x23f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM LEFT-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM UP-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x23f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x23f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SQUARE FOR STOP|&amp;#x23f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE FOR RECORD|&amp;#x23fa;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POWER SYMBOL|&amp;#x23fb;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POWER ON-OFF SYMBOL|&amp;#x23fc;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POWER ON SYMBOL|&amp;#x23fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POWER SLEEP SYMBOL|&amp;#x23fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OBSERVER EYE SYMBOL|&amp;#x23ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Control Pictures'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|240x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR NULL|&amp;#x2400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR START OF HEADING|&amp;#x2401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR START OF TEXT|&amp;#x2402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR END OF TEXT|&amp;#x2403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR END OF TRANSMISSION|&amp;#x2404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR ENQUIRY|&amp;#x2405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR ACKNOWLEDGE|&amp;#x2406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR BELL|&amp;#x2407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR BACKSPACE|&amp;#x2408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR HORIZONTAL TABULATION|&amp;#x2409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR LINE FEED|&amp;#x240a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR VERTICAL TABULATION|&amp;#x240b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR FORM FEED|&amp;#x240c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR CARRIAGE RETURN|&amp;#x240d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SHIFT OUT|&amp;#x240e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SHIFT IN|&amp;#x240f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|241x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DATA LINK ESCAPE|&amp;#x2410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DEVICE CONTROL ONE|&amp;#x2411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DEVICE CONTROL TWO|&amp;#x2412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DEVICE CONTROL THREE|&amp;#x2413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DEVICE CONTROL FOUR|&amp;#x2414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE|&amp;#x2415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SYNCHRONOUS IDLE|&amp;#x2416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK|&amp;#x2417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR CANCEL|&amp;#x2418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR END OF MEDIUM|&amp;#x2419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SUBSTITUTE|&amp;#x241a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR ESCAPE|&amp;#x241b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR FILE SEPARATOR|&amp;#x241c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR GROUP SEPARATOR|&amp;#x241d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR RECORD SEPARATOR|&amp;#x241e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR UNIT SEPARATOR|&amp;#x241f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|242x
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SPACE|&amp;#x2420;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DELETE|&amp;#x2421;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLANK SYMBOL|&amp;#x2422;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN BOX|&amp;#x2423;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR NEWLINE|&amp;#x2424;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DELETE FORM TWO|&amp;#x2425;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR SUBSTITUTE FORM TWO|&amp;#x2426;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DELETE SQUARE CHECKERBOARD FORM|&amp;#x2427;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DELETE RECTANGULAR CHECKERBOARD FORM|&amp;#x2428;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR DELETE MEDIUM SHADE FORM|&amp;#x2429;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|243x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Optical Character Recognition'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|244x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR HOOK|&amp;#x2440;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR CHAIR|&amp;#x2441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR FORK|&amp;#x2442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR INVERTED FORK|&amp;#x2443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR BELT BUCKLE|&amp;#x2444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR BOW TIE|&amp;#x2445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR BRANCH BANK IDENTIFICATION|&amp;#x2446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR AMOUNT OF CHECK|&amp;#x2447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICR ON US SYMBOL|&amp;#x2448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICR DASH SYMBOL|&amp;#x2449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCR DOUBLE BACKSLASH|&amp;#x244a;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|245x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|246x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x2460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x2461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x2462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x2463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x2464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x2465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x2466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x2467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x2468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x2469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER ELEVEN|&amp;#x246a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWELVE|&amp;#x246b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTEEN|&amp;#x246c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FOURTEEN|&amp;#x246d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTEEN|&amp;#x246e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER SIXTEEN|&amp;#x246f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|247x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER SEVENTEEN|&amp;#x2470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER EIGHTEEN|&amp;#x2471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER NINETEEN|&amp;#x2472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY|&amp;#x2473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x2474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x2475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x2476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x2477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x2478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x2479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x247a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x247b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x247c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x247d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER ELEVEN|&amp;#x247e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER TWELVE|&amp;#x247f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|248x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER THIRTEEN|&amp;#x2480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER FOURTEEN|&amp;#x2481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER FIFTEEN|&amp;#x2482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER SIXTEEN|&amp;#x2483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER SEVENTEEN|&amp;#x2484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER EIGHTEEN|&amp;#x2485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER NINETEEN|&amp;#x2486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED NUMBER TWENTY|&amp;#x2487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ONE FULL STOP|&amp;#x2488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT TWO FULL STOP|&amp;#x2489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT THREE FULL STOP|&amp;#x248a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FOUR FULL STOP|&amp;#x248b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FIVE FULL STOP|&amp;#x248c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SIX FULL STOP|&amp;#x248d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SEVEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x248e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT EIGHT FULL STOP|&amp;#x248f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|249x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT NINE FULL STOP|&amp;#x2490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER TEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER ELEVEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER TWELVE FULL STOP|&amp;#x2493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER THIRTEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER FOURTEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER FIFTEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER SIXTEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER SEVENTEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER EIGHTEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER NINETEEN FULL STOP|&amp;#x249a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUMBER TWENTY FULL STOP|&amp;#x249b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER A|&amp;#x249c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER B|&amp;#x249d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER C|&amp;#x249e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER D|&amp;#x249f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|24Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER E|&amp;#x24a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER F|&amp;#x24a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER G|&amp;#x24a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER H|&amp;#x24a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER I|&amp;#x24a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER J|&amp;#x24a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER K|&amp;#x24a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER L|&amp;#x24a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER M|&amp;#x24a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER N|&amp;#x24a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER O|&amp;#x24aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER P|&amp;#x24ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER Q|&amp;#x24ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER R|&amp;#x24ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER S|&amp;#x24ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER T|&amp;#x24af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|24Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER U|&amp;#x24b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER V|&amp;#x24b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER W|&amp;#x24b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER X|&amp;#x24b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER Y|&amp;#x24b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN SMALL LETTER Z|&amp;#x24b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&amp;#x24b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&amp;#x24b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&amp;#x24b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&amp;#x24b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&amp;#x24ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&amp;#x24bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&amp;#x24bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&amp;#x24bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&amp;#x24be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&amp;#x24bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|24Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&amp;#x24c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&amp;#x24c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&amp;#x24c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&amp;#x24c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&amp;#x24c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&amp;#x24c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&amp;#x24c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&amp;#x24c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&amp;#x24c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&amp;#x24c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&amp;#x24ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&amp;#x24cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&amp;#x24cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&amp;#x24cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&amp;#x24ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&amp;#x24cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|24Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER A|&amp;#x24d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER B|&amp;#x24d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER C|&amp;#x24d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER D|&amp;#x24d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER E|&amp;#x24d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER F|&amp;#x24d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER G|&amp;#x24d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER H|&amp;#x24d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER I|&amp;#x24d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER J|&amp;#x24d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER K|&amp;#x24da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER L|&amp;#x24db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER M|&amp;#x24dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER N|&amp;#x24dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER O|&amp;#x24de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER P|&amp;#x24df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|24Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER Q|&amp;#x24e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER R|&amp;#x24e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER S|&amp;#x24e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER T|&amp;#x24e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER U|&amp;#x24e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER V|&amp;#x24e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER W|&amp;#x24e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER X|&amp;#x24e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER Y|&amp;#x24e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER Z|&amp;#x24e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x24ea;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER ELEVEN|&amp;#x24eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER TWELVE|&amp;#x24ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTEEN|&amp;#x24ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER FOURTEEN|&amp;#x24ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTEEN|&amp;#x24ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|24Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER SIXTEEN|&amp;#x24f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER SEVENTEEN|&amp;#x24f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER EIGHTEEN|&amp;#x24f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER NINETEEN|&amp;#x24f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY|&amp;#x24f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x24f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x24f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x24f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x24f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x24f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x24fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x24fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x24fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x24fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLED NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x24fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x24ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Box Drawing'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|250x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL|&amp;#x2502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY VERTICAL|&amp;#x2503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT TRIPLE DASH HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY TRIPLE DASH HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT TRIPLE DASH VERTICAL|&amp;#x2506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY TRIPLE DASH VERTICAL|&amp;#x2507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT QUADRUPLE DASH HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY QUADRUPLE DASH HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT QUADRUPLE DASH VERTICAL|&amp;#x250a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY QUADRUPLE DASH VERTICAL|&amp;#x250b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN AND RIGHT|&amp;#x250c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND RIGHT HEAVY|&amp;#x250d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND RIGHT LIGHT|&amp;#x250e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOWN AND RIGHT|&amp;#x250f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|251x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN AND LEFT|&amp;#x2510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND LEFT HEAVY|&amp;#x2511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND LEFT LIGHT|&amp;#x2512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOWN AND LEFT|&amp;#x2513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND RIGHT HEAVY|&amp;#x2515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND RIGHT LIGHT|&amp;#x2516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY UP AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND LEFT|&amp;#x2518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND LEFT HEAVY|&amp;#x2519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND LEFT LIGHT|&amp;#x251a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY UP AND LEFT|&amp;#x251b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL AND RIGHT|&amp;#x251c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL LIGHT AND RIGHT HEAVY|&amp;#x251d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND RIGHT DOWN LIGHT|&amp;#x251e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND RIGHT UP LIGHT|&amp;#x251f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|252x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL HEAVY AND RIGHT LIGHT|&amp;#x2520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND RIGHT UP HEAVY|&amp;#x2521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND RIGHT DOWN HEAVY|&amp;#x2522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY VERTICAL AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL AND LEFT|&amp;#x2524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL LIGHT AND LEFT HEAVY|&amp;#x2525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND LEFT DOWN LIGHT|&amp;#x2526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND LEFT UP LIGHT|&amp;#x2527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL HEAVY AND LEFT LIGHT|&amp;#x2528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND LEFT UP HEAVY|&amp;#x2529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND LEFT DOWN HEAVY|&amp;#x252a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY VERTICAL AND LEFT|&amp;#x252b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x252c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT HEAVY AND RIGHT DOWN LIGHT|&amp;#x252d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT HEAVY AND LEFT DOWN LIGHT|&amp;#x252e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND HORIZONTAL HEAVY|&amp;#x252f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|253x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND HORIZONTAL LIGHT|&amp;#x2530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT LIGHT AND LEFT DOWN HEAVY|&amp;#x2531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT LIGHT AND RIGHT DOWN HEAVY|&amp;#x2532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOWN AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT HEAVY AND RIGHT UP LIGHT|&amp;#x2535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT HEAVY AND LEFT UP LIGHT|&amp;#x2536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND HORIZONTAL HEAVY|&amp;#x2537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND HORIZONTAL LIGHT|&amp;#x2538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT LIGHT AND LEFT UP HEAVY|&amp;#x2539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT LIGHT AND RIGHT UP HEAVY|&amp;#x253a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY UP AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x253b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x253c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT HEAVY AND RIGHT VERTICAL LIGHT|&amp;#x253d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT HEAVY AND LEFT VERTICAL LIGHT|&amp;#x253e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL LIGHT AND HORIZONTAL HEAVY|&amp;#x253f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|254x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND DOWN HORIZONTAL LIGHT|&amp;#x2540;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND UP HORIZONTAL LIGHT|&amp;#x2541;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL HEAVY AND HORIZONTAL LIGHT|&amp;#x2542;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT UP HEAVY AND RIGHT DOWN LIGHT|&amp;#x2543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT UP HEAVY AND LEFT DOWN LIGHT|&amp;#x2544;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT DOWN HEAVY AND RIGHT UP LIGHT|&amp;#x2545;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT DOWN HEAVY AND LEFT UP LIGHT|&amp;#x2546;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND UP HORIZONTAL HEAVY|&amp;#x2547;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND DOWN HORIZONTAL HEAVY|&amp;#x2548;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT LIGHT AND LEFT VERTICAL HEAVY|&amp;#x2549;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LEFT LIGHT AND RIGHT VERTICAL HEAVY|&amp;#x254a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x254b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOUBLE DASH HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x254c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOUBLE DASH HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x254d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOUBLE DASH VERTICAL|&amp;#x254e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOUBLE DASH VERTICAL|&amp;#x254f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|255x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL|&amp;#x2551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE AND RIGHT DOUBLE|&amp;#x2552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE AND RIGHT SINGLE|&amp;#x2553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE AND LEFT DOUBLE|&amp;#x2555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE AND LEFT SINGLE|&amp;#x2556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN AND LEFT|&amp;#x2557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP SINGLE AND RIGHT DOUBLE|&amp;#x2558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP DOUBLE AND RIGHT SINGLE|&amp;#x2559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE UP AND RIGHT|&amp;#x255a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP SINGLE AND LEFT DOUBLE|&amp;#x255b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP DOUBLE AND LEFT SINGLE|&amp;#x255c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE UP AND LEFT|&amp;#x255d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL SINGLE AND RIGHT DOUBLE|&amp;#x255e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL DOUBLE AND RIGHT SINGLE|&amp;#x255f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|256x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL SINGLE AND LEFT DOUBLE|&amp;#x2561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL DOUBLE AND LEFT SINGLE|&amp;#x2562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL AND LEFT|&amp;#x2563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE AND HORIZONTAL DOUBLE|&amp;#x2564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE AND HORIZONTAL SINGLE|&amp;#x2565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP SINGLE AND HORIZONTAL DOUBLE|&amp;#x2567;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS UP DOUBLE AND HORIZONTAL SINGLE|&amp;#x2568;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE UP AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x2569;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL SINGLE AND HORIZONTAL DOUBLE|&amp;#x256a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL DOUBLE AND HORIZONTAL SINGLE|&amp;#x256b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL|&amp;#x256c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT ARC DOWN AND RIGHT|&amp;#x256d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT ARC DOWN AND LEFT|&amp;#x256e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT ARC UP AND LEFT|&amp;#x256f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|257x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT ARC UP AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x2571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x2572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL CROSS|&amp;#x2573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT LEFT|&amp;#x2574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP|&amp;#x2575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT RIGHT|&amp;#x2576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN|&amp;#x2577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY LEFT|&amp;#x2578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY UP|&amp;#x2579;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY RIGHT|&amp;#x257a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOWN|&amp;#x257b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT LEFT AND HEAVY RIGHT|&amp;#x257c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND HEAVY DOWN|&amp;#x257d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY LEFT AND LIGHT RIGHT|&amp;#x257e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY UP AND LIGHT DOWN|&amp;#x257f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Block Elements'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|258x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF BLOCK|&amp;#x2580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x2581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x2582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x2583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER HALF BLOCK|&amp;#x2584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x2585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&amp;#x2586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x2587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL BLOCK|&amp;#x2588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x2589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&amp;#x258a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x258b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF BLOCK|&amp;#x258c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x258d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x258e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x258f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|259x
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF BLOCK|&amp;#x2590;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SHADE|&amp;#x2591;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SHADE|&amp;#x2592;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DARK SHADE|&amp;#x2593;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x2594;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x2595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x2596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x2597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER LEFT|&amp;#x2598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER LEFT AND LOWER LEFT AND LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x2599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER LEFT AND LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x259a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER LEFT AND UPPER RIGHT AND LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x259b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER LEFT AND UPPER RIGHT AND LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x259c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER RIGHT|&amp;#x259d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER RIGHT AND LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x259e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRANT UPPER RIGHT AND LOWER LEFT AND LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x259f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Geometric Shapes'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|25Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x25a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x25a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&amp;#x25a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x25a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH HORIZONTAL FILL|&amp;#x25a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH VERTICAL FILL|&amp;#x25a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH ORTHOGONAL CROSSHATCH FILL|&amp;#x25a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH UPPER LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT FILL|&amp;#x25a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT FILL|&amp;#x25a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH DIAGONAL CROSSHATCH FILL|&amp;#x25a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x25aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x25ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RECTANGLE|&amp;#x25ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RECTANGLE|&amp;#x25ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERTICAL RECTANGLE|&amp;#x25ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE VERTICAL RECTANGLE|&amp;#x25af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|25Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PARALLELOGRAM|&amp;#x25b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE PARALLELOGRAM|&amp;#x25b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING POINTER|&amp;#x25ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT-POINTING POINTER|&amp;#x25bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|25Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT-POINTING SMALL TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING POINTER|&amp;#x25c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT-POINTING POINTER|&amp;#x25c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DIAMOND|&amp;#x25c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND|&amp;#x25c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK SMALL DIAMOND|&amp;#x25c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISHEYE|&amp;#x25c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOZENGE|&amp;#x25ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x25cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED CIRCLE|&amp;#x25cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH VERTICAL FILL|&amp;#x25cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLSEYE|&amp;#x25ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x25cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|25Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH LOWER HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH UPPER HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT BLACK|&amp;#x25d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH ALL BUT UPPER LEFT QUADRANT BLACK|&amp;#x25d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x25d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x25d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE BULLET|&amp;#x25d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x25d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF INVERSE WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x25da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER HALF INVERSE WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x25db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT QUADRANT CIRCULAR ARC|&amp;#x25dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT CIRCULAR ARC|&amp;#x25dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT CIRCULAR ARC|&amp;#x25de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT QUADRANT CIRCULAR ARC|&amp;#x25df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|25Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x25e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x25e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LOWER RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LOWER LEFT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UPPER LEFT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UPPER RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE BULLET|&amp;#x25e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH UPPER LEFT DIAGONAL HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH LOWER RIGHT DIAGONAL HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH VERTICAL BISECTING LINE|&amp;#x25eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP-POINTING TRIANGLE WITH DOT|&amp;#x25ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING TRIANGLE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING TRIANGLE WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x25ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE CIRCLE|&amp;#x25ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|25Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH UPPER LEFT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH LOWER LEFT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH UPPER LEFT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH LOWER LEFT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT|&amp;#x25f7;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25f8;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25f9;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25fa;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE MEDIUM SQUARE|&amp;#x25fb;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SQUARE|&amp;#x25fc;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE MEDIUM SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x25fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x25fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x25ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|260x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SUN WITH RAYS|&amp;#x2600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD|&amp;#x2601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UMBRELLA|&amp;#x2602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOWMAN|&amp;#x2603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMET|&amp;#x2604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE STAR|&amp;#x2606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING|&amp;#x2607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THUNDERSTORM|&amp;#x2608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUN|&amp;#x2609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASCENDING NODE|&amp;#x260a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESCENDING NODE|&amp;#x260b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONJUNCTION|&amp;#x260c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPPOSITION|&amp;#x260d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TELEPHONE|&amp;#x260e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TELEPHONE|&amp;#x260f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|261x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX|&amp;#x2610;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH CHECK|&amp;#x2611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH X|&amp;#x2612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SALTIRE|&amp;#x2613;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UMBRELLA WITH RAIN DROPS|&amp;#x2614;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT BEVERAGE|&amp;#x2615;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SHOGI PIECE|&amp;#x2616;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SHOGI PIECE|&amp;#x2617;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAMROCK|&amp;#x2618;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET|&amp;#x2619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x261a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x261b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x261c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x261d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x261e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x261f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|262x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SKULL AND CROSSBONES|&amp;#x2620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAUTION SIGN|&amp;#x2621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIOACTIVE SIGN|&amp;#x2622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIOHAZARD SIGN|&amp;#x2623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CADUCEUS|&amp;#x2624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANKH|&amp;#x2625;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORTHODOX CROSS|&amp;#x2626;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHI RHO|&amp;#x2627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS OF LORRAINE|&amp;#x2628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS OF JERUSALEM|&amp;#x2629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAR AND CRESCENT|&amp;#x262a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FARSI SYMBOL|&amp;#x262b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADI SHAKTI|&amp;#x262c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER AND SICKLE|&amp;#x262d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACE SYMBOL|&amp;#x262e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YIN YANG|&amp;#x262f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|263x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR HEAVEN|&amp;#x2630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR LAKE|&amp;#x2631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR FIRE|&amp;#x2632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR THUNDER|&amp;#x2633;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR WIND|&amp;#x2634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR WATER|&amp;#x2635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR MOUNTAIN|&amp;#x2636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIGRAM FOR EARTH|&amp;#x2637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHEEL OF DHARMA|&amp;#x2638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FROWNING FACE|&amp;#x2639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SMILING FACE|&amp;#x263a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMILING FACE|&amp;#x263b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN WITH RAYS|&amp;#x263c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON|&amp;#x263d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON|&amp;#x263e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MERCURY|&amp;#x263f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|264x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FEMALE SIGN|&amp;#x2640;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH|&amp;#x2641;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MALE SIGN|&amp;#x2642;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JUPITER|&amp;#x2643;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SATURN|&amp;#x2644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|URANUS|&amp;#x2645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEPTUNE|&amp;#x2646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUTO|&amp;#x2647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARIES|&amp;#x2648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAURUS|&amp;#x2649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEMINI|&amp;#x264a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANCER|&amp;#x264b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEO|&amp;#x264c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIRGO|&amp;#x264d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIBRA|&amp;#x264e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCORPIUS|&amp;#x264f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|265x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAGITTARIUS|&amp;#x2650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAPRICORN|&amp;#x2651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AQUARIUS|&amp;#x2652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PISCES|&amp;#x2653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING|&amp;#x2654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN|&amp;#x2655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK|&amp;#x2656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP|&amp;#x2657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT|&amp;#x2658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN|&amp;#x2659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING|&amp;#x265a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN|&amp;#x265b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK|&amp;#x265c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP|&amp;#x265d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT|&amp;#x265e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN|&amp;#x265f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|266x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SPADE SUIT|&amp;#x2660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEART SUIT|&amp;#x2661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND SUIT|&amp;#x2662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CLUB SUIT|&amp;#x2663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SPADE SUIT|&amp;#x2664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HEART SUIT|&amp;#x2665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DIAMOND SUIT|&amp;#x2666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CLUB SUIT|&amp;#x2667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT SPRINGS|&amp;#x2668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUARTER NOTE|&amp;#x2669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHTH NOTE|&amp;#x266a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAMED EIGHTH NOTES|&amp;#x266b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAMED SIXTEENTH NOTES|&amp;#x266c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSIC FLAT SIGN|&amp;#x266d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSIC NATURAL SIGN|&amp;#x266e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSIC SHARP SIGN|&amp;#x266f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|267x
|style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WEST SYRIAC CROSS|&amp;#x2670;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EAST SYRIAC CROSS|&amp;#x2671;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNIVERSAL RECYCLING SYMBOL|&amp;#x2672;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-1 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2673;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-2 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2674;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-3 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2675;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-4 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-5 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-6 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-7 PLASTICS|&amp;#x2679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR GENERIC MATERIALS|&amp;#x267a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UNIVERSAL RECYCLING SYMBOL|&amp;#x267b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECYCLED PAPER SYMBOL|&amp;#x267c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTIALLY-RECYCLED PAPER SYMBOL|&amp;#x267d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERMANENT PAPER SIGN|&amp;#x267e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHEELCHAIR SYMBOL|&amp;#x267f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|268x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIE FACE-1|&amp;#x2680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIE FACE-2|&amp;#x2681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIE FACE-3|&amp;#x2682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIE FACE-4|&amp;#x2683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIE FACE-5|&amp;#x2684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIE FACE-6|&amp;#x2685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH DOT RIGHT|&amp;#x2686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS|&amp;#x2687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE DOT RIGHT|&amp;#x2688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE WITH TWO WHITE DOTS|&amp;#x2689;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONOGRAM FOR YANG|&amp;#x268a;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONOGRAM FOR YIN|&amp;#x268b;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR GREATER YANG|&amp;#x268c;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR LESSER YIN|&amp;#x268d;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR LESSER YANG|&amp;#x268e;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGRAM FOR GREATER YIN|&amp;#x268f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|269x
|style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FLAG|&amp;#x2690;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK FLAG|&amp;#x2691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER AND PICK|&amp;#x2692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANCHOR|&amp;#x2693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED SWORDS|&amp;#x2694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAFF OF AESCULAPIUS|&amp;#x2695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCALES|&amp;#x2696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALEMBIC|&amp;#x2697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOWER|&amp;#x2698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEAR|&amp;#x2699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAFF OF HERMES|&amp;#x269a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ATOM SYMBOL|&amp;#x269b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLEUR-DE-LIS|&amp;#x269c;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTLINED WHITE STAR|&amp;#x269d;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE LINES CONVERGING RIGHT|&amp;#x269e;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE LINES CONVERGING LEFT|&amp;#x269f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|26Ax
|style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WARNING SIGN|&amp;#x26a0;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH VOLTAGE SIGN|&amp;#x26a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLED FEMALE SIGN|&amp;#x26a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLED MALE SIGN|&amp;#x26a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERLOCKED FEMALE AND MALE SIGN|&amp;#x26a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MALE AND FEMALE SIGN|&amp;#x26a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MALE WITH STROKE SIGN|&amp;#x26a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MALE WITH STROKE AND MALE AND FEMALE SIGN|&amp;#x26a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL MALE WITH STROKE SIGN|&amp;#x26a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL MALE WITH STROKE SIGN|&amp;#x26a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x26aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x26ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SMALL WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x26ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARRIAGE SYMBOL|&amp;#x26ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVORCE SYMBOL|&amp;#x26ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNMARRIED PARTNERSHIP SYMBOL|&amp;#x26af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|26Bx
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COFFIN|&amp;#x26b0;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FUNERAL URN|&amp;#x26b1;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTER|&amp;#x26b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CERES|&amp;#x26b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PALLAS|&amp;#x26b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JUNO|&amp;#x26b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VESTA|&amp;#x26b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHIRON|&amp;#x26b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MOON LILITH|&amp;#x26b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEXTILE|&amp;#x26b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEMISEXTILE|&amp;#x26ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUINCUNX|&amp;#x26bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SESQUIQUADRATE|&amp;#x26bc;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOCCER BALL|&amp;#x26bd;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BASEBALL|&amp;#x26be;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KEY|&amp;#x26bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|26Cx
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DRAUGHTS MAN|&amp;#x26c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DRAUGHTS KING|&amp;#x26c1;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DRAUGHTS MAN|&amp;#x26c2;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DRAUGHTS KING|&amp;#x26c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOWMAN WITHOUT SNOW|&amp;#x26c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUN BEHIND CLOUD|&amp;#x26c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAIN|&amp;#x26c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SNOWMAN|&amp;#x26c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THUNDER CLOUD AND RAIN|&amp;#x26c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED WHITE SHOGI PIECE|&amp;#x26c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED BLACK SHOGI PIECE|&amp;#x26ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND IN SQUARE|&amp;#x26cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSING LANES|&amp;#x26cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISABLED CAR|&amp;#x26cd;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OPHIUCHUS|&amp;#x26ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PICK|&amp;#x26cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|26Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CAR SLIDING|&amp;#x26d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HELMET WITH WHITE CROSS|&amp;#x26d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSSING LANES|&amp;#x26d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAINS|&amp;#x26d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ENTRY|&amp;#x26d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALTERNATE ONE-WAY LEFT WAY TRAFFIC|&amp;#x26d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TWO-WAY LEFT WAY TRAFFIC|&amp;#x26d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TWO-WAY LEFT WAY TRAFFIC|&amp;#x26d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT LANE MERGE|&amp;#x26d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT LANE MERGE|&amp;#x26d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRIVE SLOW SIGN|&amp;#x26da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE|&amp;#x26db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT CLOSED ENTRY|&amp;#x26dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SALTIRE|&amp;#x26dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALLING DIAGONAL IN WHITE CIRCLE IN BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x26de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TRUCK|&amp;#x26df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|26Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RESTRICTED LEFT ENTRY-1|&amp;#x26e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RESTRICTED LEFT ENTRY-2|&amp;#x26e1;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTRONOMICAL SYMBOL FOR URANUS|&amp;#x26e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CIRCLE WITH STROKE AND TWO DOTS ABOVE|&amp;#x26e3;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PENTAGRAM|&amp;#x26e4;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-HANDED INTERLACED PENTAGRAM|&amp;#x26e5;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-HANDED INTERLACED PENTAGRAM|&amp;#x26e6;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED PENTAGRAM|&amp;#x26e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CROSS ON SHIELD|&amp;#x26e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHINTO SHRINE|&amp;#x26e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHURCH|&amp;#x26ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CASTLE|&amp;#x26eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HISTORIC SITE|&amp;#x26ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEAR WITHOUT HUB|&amp;#x26ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEAR WITH HANDLES|&amp;#x26ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAP SYMBOL FOR LIGHTHOUSE|&amp;#x26ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|26Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN|&amp;#x26f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UMBRELLA ON GROUND|&amp;#x26f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUNTAIN|&amp;#x26f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAG IN HOLE|&amp;#x26f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FERRY|&amp;#x26f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAILBOAT|&amp;#x26f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE FOUR CORNERS|&amp;#x26f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SKIER|&amp;#x26f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE SKATE|&amp;#x26f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH BALL|&amp;#x26f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TENT|&amp;#x26fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE BANK SYMBOL|&amp;#x26fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEADSTONE GRAVEYARD SYMBOL|&amp;#x26fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FUEL PUMP|&amp;#x26fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUP ON BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x26fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FLAG WITH HORIZONTAL MIDDLE BLACK STRIPE|&amp;#x26ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Dingbats'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|270x
|style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SAFETY SCISSORS|&amp;#x2700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER BLADE SCISSORS|&amp;#x2701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SCISSORS|&amp;#x2702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER BLADE SCISSORS|&amp;#x2703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SCISSORS|&amp;#x2704;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEAVY CHECK MARK|&amp;#x2705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE LOCATION SIGN|&amp;#x2706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAPE DRIVE|&amp;#x2707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE|&amp;#x2708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE|&amp;#x2709;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED FIST|&amp;#x270a;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED HAND|&amp;#x270b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VICTORY HAND|&amp;#x270c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRITING HAND|&amp;#x270d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT PENCIL|&amp;#x270e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PENCIL|&amp;#x270f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|271x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT PENCIL|&amp;#x2710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE NIB|&amp;#x2711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK NIB|&amp;#x2712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECK MARK|&amp;#x2713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CHECK MARK|&amp;#x2714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION X|&amp;#x2715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY MULTIPLICATION X|&amp;#x2716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT X|&amp;#x2717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BALLOT X|&amp;#x2718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTLINED GREEK CROSS|&amp;#x2719;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&amp;#x271a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN CENTRE CROSS|&amp;#x271b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY OPEN CENTRE CROSS|&amp;#x271c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CROSS|&amp;#x271d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHADOWED WHITE LATIN CROSS|&amp;#x271e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTLINED LATIN CROSS|&amp;#x271f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|272x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MALTESE CROSS|&amp;#x2720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAR OF DAVID|&amp;#x2721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x2722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR BALLOON-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x2723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FOUR BALLOON-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x2724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR CLUB-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x2725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK FOUR POINTED STAR|&amp;#x2726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FOUR POINTED STAR|&amp;#x2727;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPARKLES|&amp;#x2728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRESS OUTLINED WHITE STAR|&amp;#x2729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED WHITE STAR|&amp;#x272a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN CENTRE BLACK STAR|&amp;#x272b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CENTRE WHITE STAR|&amp;#x272c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTLINED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x272d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY OUTLINED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x272e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PINWHEEL STAR|&amp;#x272f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|273x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHADOWED WHITE STAR|&amp;#x2730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ASTERISK|&amp;#x2731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN CENTRE ASTERISK|&amp;#x2732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x2733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHT POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&amp;#x2735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHT POINTED RECTILINEAR BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED RECTILINEAR BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIXTEEN POINTED ASTERISK|&amp;#x273a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x273b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN CENTRE TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x273c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x273d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX PETALLED BLACK AND WHITE FLORETTE|&amp;#x273e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK FLORETTE|&amp;#x273f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|274x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FLORETTE|&amp;#x2740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHT PETALLED OUTLINED BLACK FLORETTE|&amp;#x2741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED OPEN CENTRE EIGHT POINTED STAR|&amp;#x2742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TEARDROP-SPOKED PINWHEEL ASTERISK|&amp;#x2743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOWFLAKE|&amp;#x2744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIGHT TRIFOLIATE SNOWFLAKE|&amp;#x2745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CHEVRON SNOWFLAKE|&amp;#x2746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPARKLE|&amp;#x2747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SPARKLE|&amp;#x2748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOON-SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x2749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EIGHT TEARDROP-SPOKED PROPELLER ASTERISK|&amp;#x274a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT TEARDROP-SPOKED PROPELLER ASTERISK|&amp;#x274b;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS MARK|&amp;#x274c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x274d;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED CROSS MARK|&amp;#x274e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT DROP-SHADOWED WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x274f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|275x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT DROP-SHADOWED WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x2750;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x2751;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x2752;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK QUESTION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2753;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE QUESTION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2754;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2755;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DIAMOND MINUS WHITE X|&amp;#x2756;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EXCLAMATION MARK SYMBOL|&amp;#x2757;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x2758;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x2759;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x275a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SINGLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x275b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SINGLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x275c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOUBLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x275d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x275e;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LOW SINGLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x275f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|276x
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LOW DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2760;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CURVED STEM PARAGRAPH SIGN ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2761;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2762;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY HEART EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2763;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BLACK HEART|&amp;#x2764;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROTATED HEAVY BLACK HEART BULLET|&amp;#x2765;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLORAL HEART|&amp;#x2766;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET|&amp;#x2767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM LEFT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM RIGHT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FLATTENED LEFT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT|&amp;#x276a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FLATTENED RIGHT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT|&amp;#x276b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x276c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x276d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x276e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x276f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|277x
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2770;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2771;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2772;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2773;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM LEFT CURLY BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2774;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM RIGHT CURLY BRACKET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x2775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x2776;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x2777;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x2778;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x2779;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x277a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x277b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x277c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x277d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x277e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x277f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|278x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x2780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x2781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x2782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x2783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x2784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x2785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x2786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x2787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x2788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x2789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x278a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x278b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x278c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x278d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x278e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x278f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|279x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x2790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x2791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x2792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF NUMBER TEN|&amp;#x2793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2794;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY PLUS SIGN|&amp;#x2795;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY MINUS SIGN|&amp;#x2796;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DIVISION SIGN|&amp;#x2797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x279a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAFTING POINT RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x279b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ROUND-TIPPED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x279c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x279d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TRIANGLE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x279e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DASHED TRIANGLE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x279f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|27Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DASHED TRIANGLE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-D TOP-LIGHTED RIGHTWARDS ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x27a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-D BOTTOM-LIGHTED RIGHTWARDS ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x27a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHTWARDS ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x27a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BLACK CURVED DOWNWARDS AND RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BLACK CURVED UPWARDS AND RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUAT BLACK RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CONCAVE-POINTED BLACK RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-SHADED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-SHADED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LOWER RIGHT-SHADOWED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPPER RIGHT-SHADOWED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED LOWER RIGHT-SHADOWED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|27Bx
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLY LOOP|&amp;#x27b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED UPPER RIGHT-SHADOWED WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HEAVY WHITE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE-FEATHERED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-FEATHERED SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x27b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-FEATHERED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK-FEATHERED NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x27b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BLACK-FEATHERED SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x27b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BLACK-FEATHERED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY BLACK-FEATHERED NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x27b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEARDROP-BARBED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TEARDROP-SHANKED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEDGE-TAILED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WEDGE-TAILED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN-OUTLINED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27be;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CURLY LOOP|&amp;#x27bf;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|27Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE DIMENSIONAL ANGLE|&amp;#x27c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TRIANGLE CONTAINING SMALL WHITE TRIANGLE|&amp;#x27c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERPENDICULAR|&amp;#x27c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN SUBSET|&amp;#x27c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN SUPERSET|&amp;#x27c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT S-SHAPED BAG DELIMITER|&amp;#x27c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT S-SHAPED BAG DELIMITER|&amp;#x27c6;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OR WITH DOT INSIDE|&amp;#x27c7;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE SOLIDUS PRECEDING SUBSET|&amp;#x27c8;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET PRECEDING SOLIDUS|&amp;#x27c9;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL BAR WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x27ca;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL RISING DIAGONAL|&amp;#x27cb;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG DIVISION|&amp;#x27cc;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL FALLING DIAGONAL|&amp;#x27cd;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x27ce;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x27cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|27Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND WITH CENTRED DOT|&amp;#x27d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AND WITH DOT|&amp;#x27d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF OPENING UPWARDS|&amp;#x27d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT CORNER WITH DOT|&amp;#x27d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT CORNER WITH DOT|&amp;#x27d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT OUTER JOIN|&amp;#x27d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT OUTER JOIN|&amp;#x27d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL OUTER JOIN|&amp;#x27d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE UP TACK|&amp;#x27d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE DOWN TACK|&amp;#x27d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND RIGHT DOUBLE TURNSTILE|&amp;#x27da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND RIGHT TACK|&amp;#x27db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT MULTIMAP|&amp;#x27dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHT TACK|&amp;#x27dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFT TACK|&amp;#x27de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP TACK WITH CIRCLE ABOVE|&amp;#x27df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|27Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOZENGE DIVIDED BY HORIZONTAL RULE|&amp;#x27e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CONCAVE-SIDED DIAMOND|&amp;#x27e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CONCAVE-SIDED DIAMOND WITH LEFTWARDS TICK|&amp;#x27e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CONCAVE-SIDED DIAMOND WITH RIGHTWARDS TICK|&amp;#x27e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH LEFTWARDS TICK|&amp;#x27e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH RIGHTWARDS TICK|&amp;#x27e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL LEFT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x27e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL RIGHT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x27e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL LEFT ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x27e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x27e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x27ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x27eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL LEFT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x27ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL RIGHT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x27ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL LEFT FLATTENED PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x27ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MATHEMATICAL RIGHT FLATTENED PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x27ef;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Supplemental Arrows-A'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|27Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS QUADRUPLE ARROW|&amp;#x27f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS QUADRUPLE ARROW|&amp;#x27f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE GAPPED CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x27f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE GAPPED CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x27f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ARROW WITH CIRCLED PLUS|&amp;#x27f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x27f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFT RIGHT ARROW|&amp;#x27f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x27f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x27f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW|&amp;#x27fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x27fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x27fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x27fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x27fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS SQUIGGLE ARROW|&amp;#x27ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Braille Patterns'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|280x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN BLANK|&amp;#x2800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1|&amp;#x2801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2|&amp;#x2802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12|&amp;#x2803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3|&amp;#x2804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13|&amp;#x2805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23|&amp;#x2806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123|&amp;#x2807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4|&amp;#x2808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14|&amp;#x2809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24|&amp;#x280a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124|&amp;#x280b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34|&amp;#x280c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134|&amp;#x280d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234|&amp;#x280e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234|&amp;#x280f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|281x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-5|&amp;#x2810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-15|&amp;#x2811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-25|&amp;#x2812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-125|&amp;#x2813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-35|&amp;#x2814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-135|&amp;#x2815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-235|&amp;#x2816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1235|&amp;#x2817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-45|&amp;#x2818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-145|&amp;#x2819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-245|&amp;#x281a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1245|&amp;#x281b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-345|&amp;#x281c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1345|&amp;#x281d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2345|&amp;#x281e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12345|&amp;#x281f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|282x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-6|&amp;#x2820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-16|&amp;#x2821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-26|&amp;#x2822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-126|&amp;#x2823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-36|&amp;#x2824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-136|&amp;#x2825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-236|&amp;#x2826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1236|&amp;#x2827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-46|&amp;#x2828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-146|&amp;#x2829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-246|&amp;#x282a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1246|&amp;#x282b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-346|&amp;#x282c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1346|&amp;#x282d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2346|&amp;#x282e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12346|&amp;#x282f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|283x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-56|&amp;#x2830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-156|&amp;#x2831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-256|&amp;#x2832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1256|&amp;#x2833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-356|&amp;#x2834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1356|&amp;#x2835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2356|&amp;#x2836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12356|&amp;#x2837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-456|&amp;#x2838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1456|&amp;#x2839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2456|&amp;#x283a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12456|&amp;#x283b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3456|&amp;#x283c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13456|&amp;#x283d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23456|&amp;#x283e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123456|&amp;#x283f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|284x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-7|&amp;#x2840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-17|&amp;#x2841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-27|&amp;#x2842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-127|&amp;#x2843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-37|&amp;#x2844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-137|&amp;#x2845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-237|&amp;#x2846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1237|&amp;#x2847;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-47|&amp;#x2848;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-147|&amp;#x2849;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-247|&amp;#x284a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1247|&amp;#x284b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-347|&amp;#x284c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1347|&amp;#x284d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2347|&amp;#x284e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12347|&amp;#x284f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|285x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-57|&amp;#x2850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-157|&amp;#x2851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-257|&amp;#x2852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1257|&amp;#x2853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-357|&amp;#x2854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1357|&amp;#x2855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2357|&amp;#x2856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12357|&amp;#x2857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-457|&amp;#x2858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1457|&amp;#x2859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2457|&amp;#x285a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12457|&amp;#x285b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3457|&amp;#x285c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13457|&amp;#x285d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23457|&amp;#x285e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123457|&amp;#x285f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|286x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-67|&amp;#x2860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-167|&amp;#x2861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-267|&amp;#x2862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1267|&amp;#x2863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-367|&amp;#x2864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1367|&amp;#x2865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2367|&amp;#x2866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12367|&amp;#x2867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-467|&amp;#x2868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1467|&amp;#x2869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2467|&amp;#x286a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12467|&amp;#x286b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3467|&amp;#x286c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13467|&amp;#x286d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23467|&amp;#x286e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123467|&amp;#x286f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|287x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-567|&amp;#x2870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1567|&amp;#x2871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2567|&amp;#x2872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12567|&amp;#x2873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3567|&amp;#x2874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13567|&amp;#x2875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23567|&amp;#x2876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123567|&amp;#x2877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4567|&amp;#x2878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14567|&amp;#x2879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24567|&amp;#x287a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124567|&amp;#x287b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34567|&amp;#x287c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134567|&amp;#x287d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234567|&amp;#x287e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234567|&amp;#x287f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|288x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-8|&amp;#x2880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-18|&amp;#x2881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-28|&amp;#x2882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-128|&amp;#x2883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-38|&amp;#x2884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-138|&amp;#x2885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-238|&amp;#x2886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1238|&amp;#x2887;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-48|&amp;#x2888;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-148|&amp;#x2889;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-248|&amp;#x288a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1248|&amp;#x288b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-348|&amp;#x288c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1348|&amp;#x288d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2348|&amp;#x288e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12348|&amp;#x288f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|289x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-58|&amp;#x2890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-158|&amp;#x2891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-258|&amp;#x2892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1258|&amp;#x2893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-358|&amp;#x2894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1358|&amp;#x2895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2358|&amp;#x2896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12358|&amp;#x2897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-458|&amp;#x2898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1458|&amp;#x2899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2458|&amp;#x289a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12458|&amp;#x289b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3458|&amp;#x289c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13458|&amp;#x289d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23458|&amp;#x289e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123458|&amp;#x289f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|28Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-68|&amp;#x28a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-168|&amp;#x28a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-268|&amp;#x28a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1268|&amp;#x28a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-368|&amp;#x28a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1368|&amp;#x28a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2368|&amp;#x28a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12368|&amp;#x28a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-468|&amp;#x28a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1468|&amp;#x28a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2468|&amp;#x28aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12468|&amp;#x28ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3468|&amp;#x28ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13468|&amp;#x28ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23468|&amp;#x28ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123468|&amp;#x28af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|28Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-568|&amp;#x28b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1568|&amp;#x28b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2568|&amp;#x28b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12568|&amp;#x28b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3568|&amp;#x28b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13568|&amp;#x28b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23568|&amp;#x28b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123568|&amp;#x28b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4568|&amp;#x28b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14568|&amp;#x28b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24568|&amp;#x28ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124568|&amp;#x28bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34568|&amp;#x28bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134568|&amp;#x28bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234568|&amp;#x28be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234568|&amp;#x28bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|28Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-78|&amp;#x28c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-178|&amp;#x28c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-278|&amp;#x28c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1278|&amp;#x28c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-378|&amp;#x28c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1378|&amp;#x28c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2378|&amp;#x28c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12378|&amp;#x28c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-478|&amp;#x28c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1478|&amp;#x28c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2478|&amp;#x28ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12478|&amp;#x28cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3478|&amp;#x28cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13478|&amp;#x28cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23478|&amp;#x28ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123478|&amp;#x28cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|28Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-578|&amp;#x28d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1578|&amp;#x28d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2578|&amp;#x28d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12578|&amp;#x28d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3578|&amp;#x28d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13578|&amp;#x28d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23578|&amp;#x28d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123578|&amp;#x28d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4578|&amp;#x28d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14578|&amp;#x28d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24578|&amp;#x28da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124578|&amp;#x28db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34578|&amp;#x28dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134578|&amp;#x28dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234578|&amp;#x28de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234578|&amp;#x28df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|28Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-678|&amp;#x28e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1678|&amp;#x28e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2678|&amp;#x28e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12678|&amp;#x28e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3678|&amp;#x28e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13678|&amp;#x28e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23678|&amp;#x28e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123678|&amp;#x28e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4678|&amp;#x28e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14678|&amp;#x28e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24678|&amp;#x28ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124678|&amp;#x28eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34678|&amp;#x28ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134678|&amp;#x28ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234678|&amp;#x28ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234678|&amp;#x28ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|28Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-5678|&amp;#x28f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-15678|&amp;#x28f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-25678|&amp;#x28f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-125678|&amp;#x28f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-35678|&amp;#x28f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-135678|&amp;#x28f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-235678|&amp;#x28f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1235678|&amp;#x28f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-45678|&amp;#x28f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-145678|&amp;#x28f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-245678|&amp;#x28fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1245678|&amp;#x28fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-345678|&amp;#x28fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1345678|&amp;#x28fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2345678|&amp;#x28fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12345678|&amp;#x28ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Supplemental Arrows-B'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|290x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x2905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x2906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x2907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x2908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x2909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIPLE ARROW|&amp;#x290a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIPLE ARROW|&amp;#x290b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DOUBLE DASH ARROW|&amp;#x290c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE DASH ARROW|&amp;#x290d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIPLE DASH ARROW|&amp;#x290e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIPLE DASH ARROW|&amp;#x290f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|291x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED TRIPLE DASH ARROW|&amp;#x2910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH DOTTED STEM|&amp;#x2911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL|&amp;#x2916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW-TAIL|&amp;#x2919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW-TAIL|&amp;#x291a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW-TAIL|&amp;#x291b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW-TAIL|&amp;#x291c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW TO BLACK DIAMOND|&amp;#x291d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW TO BLACK DIAMOND|&amp;#x291e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR TO BLACK DIAMOND|&amp;#x291f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|292x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR TO BLACK DIAMOND|&amp;#x2920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST AND SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST AND SOUTH WEST ARROW|&amp;#x2922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW AND NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW AND SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW AND SOUTH WEST ARROW|&amp;#x2929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST ARROW AND NORTH WEST ARROW|&amp;#x292a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RISING DIAGONAL CROSSING FALLING DIAGONAL|&amp;#x292b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALLING DIAGONAL CROSSING RISING DIAGONAL|&amp;#x292c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW CROSSING NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x292d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW CROSSING SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x292e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALLING DIAGONAL CROSSING NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x292f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|293x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RISING DIAGONAL CROSSING SOUTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW CROSSING NORTH WEST ARROW|&amp;#x2931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW CROSSING NORTH EAST ARROW|&amp;#x2932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVE ARROW POINTING DIRECTLY RIGHT|&amp;#x2933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING UPWARDS|&amp;#x2934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x2935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING DOWNWARDS THEN CURVING LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x2936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING DOWNWARDS THEN CURVING RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x2937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-SIDE ARC CLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x2938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-SIDE ARC ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x2939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP ARC ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x293a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM ARC ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x293b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP ARC CLOCKWISE ARROW WITH MINUS|&amp;#x293c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP ARC ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW WITH PLUS|&amp;#x293d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT SEMICIRCULAR CLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x293e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT SEMICIRCULAR ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x293f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|294x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE CLOSED CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x2940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE CLOSED CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x2941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE SHORT RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH PLUS BELOW|&amp;#x2945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH PLUS BELOW|&amp;#x2946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH X|&amp;#x2947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT ARROW THROUGH SMALL CIRCLE|&amp;#x2948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW FROM SMALL CIRCLE|&amp;#x2949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT BARB UP RIGHT BARB DOWN HARPOON|&amp;#x294a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT BARB DOWN RIGHT BARB UP HARPOON|&amp;#x294b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP BARB RIGHT DOWN BARB LEFT HARPOON|&amp;#x294c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP BARB LEFT DOWN BARB RIGHT HARPOON|&amp;#x294d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT BARB UP RIGHT BARB UP HARPOON|&amp;#x294e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP BARB RIGHT DOWN BARB RIGHT HARPOON|&amp;#x294f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|295x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT BARB DOWN RIGHT BARB DOWN HARPOON|&amp;#x2950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP BARB LEFT DOWN BARB LEFT HARPOON|&amp;#x2951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP TO BAR|&amp;#x2952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP TO BAR|&amp;#x2953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT TO BAR|&amp;#x2954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT TO BAR|&amp;#x2955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN TO BAR|&amp;#x2956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN TO BAR|&amp;#x2957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT TO BAR|&amp;#x2958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT TO BAR|&amp;#x2959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP FROM BAR|&amp;#x295a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP FROM BAR|&amp;#x295b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT FROM BAR|&amp;#x295c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT FROM BAR|&amp;#x295d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN FROM BAR|&amp;#x295e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN FROM BAR|&amp;#x295f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|296x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT FROM BAR|&amp;#x2960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT FROM BAR|&amp;#x2961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN|&amp;#x2962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT BESIDE UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT|&amp;#x2963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN|&amp;#x2964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT BESIDE DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT|&amp;#x2965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP|&amp;#x2966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN ABOVE RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN|&amp;#x2967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP|&amp;#x2968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN ABOVE LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN|&amp;#x2969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE LONG DASH|&amp;#x296a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN BELOW LONG DASH|&amp;#x296b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE LONG DASH|&amp;#x296c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN BELOW LONG DASH|&amp;#x296d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT BESIDE DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT|&amp;#x296e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT BESIDE UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT|&amp;#x296f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|297x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW WITH ROUNDED HEAD|&amp;#x2970;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2971;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2972;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2973;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2974;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2975;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2976;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW THROUGH LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2977;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2978;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2979;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW THROUGH SUBSET|&amp;#x297a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x297b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT FISH TAIL|&amp;#x297c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT FISH TAIL|&amp;#x297d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP FISH TAIL|&amp;#x297e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN FISH TAIL|&amp;#x297f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|298x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE VERTICAL BAR DELIMITER|&amp;#x2980;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION SPOT|&amp;#x2981;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION TYPE COLON|&amp;#x2982;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WHITE CURLY BRACKET|&amp;#x2983;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WHITE CURLY BRACKET|&amp;#x2984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WHITE PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WHITE PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION LEFT IMAGE BRACKET|&amp;#x2987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION RIGHT IMAGE BRACKET|&amp;#x2988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION LEFT BINDING BRACKET|&amp;#x2989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION RIGHT BINDING BRACKET|&amp;#x298a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x298b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x298c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN TOP CORNER|&amp;#x298d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN BOTTOM CORNER|&amp;#x298e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN BOTTOM CORNER|&amp;#x298f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|299x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN TOP CORNER|&amp;#x2990;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ANGLE BRACKET WITH DOT|&amp;#x2991;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET WITH DOT|&amp;#x2992;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ARC LESS-THAN BRACKET|&amp;#x2993;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ARC GREATER-THAN BRACKET|&amp;#x2994;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE LEFT ARC GREATER-THAN BRACKET|&amp;#x2995;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE RIGHT ARC LESS-THAN BRACKET|&amp;#x2996;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT BLACK TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x2997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT BLACK TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x2998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED FENCE|&amp;#x2999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ZIGZAG LINE|&amp;#x299a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE OPENING LEFT|&amp;#x299b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE VARIANT WITH SQUARE|&amp;#x299c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED RIGHT ANGLE WITH DOT|&amp;#x299d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGLE WITH S INSIDE|&amp;#x299e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ACUTE ANGLE|&amp;#x299f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|29Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPHERICAL ANGLE OPENING LEFT|&amp;#x29a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPHERICAL ANGLE OPENING UP|&amp;#x29a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED ANGLE|&amp;#x29a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED ANGLE|&amp;#x29a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGLE WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x29a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED ANGLE WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x29a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OBLIQUE ANGLE OPENING UP|&amp;#x29a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OBLIQUE ANGLE OPENING DOWN|&amp;#x29a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING UP AND RIGHT|&amp;#x29a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING UP AND LEFT|&amp;#x29a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING DOWN AND RIGHT|&amp;#x29aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING DOWN AND LEFT|&amp;#x29ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING RIGHT AND UP|&amp;#x29ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING LEFT AND UP|&amp;#x29ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING RIGHT AND DOWN|&amp;#x29ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEASURED ANGLE WITH OPEN ARM ENDING IN ARROW POINTING LEFT AND DOWN|&amp;#x29af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|29Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED EMPTY SET|&amp;#x29b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY SET WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x29b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY SET WITH SMALL CIRCLE ABOVE|&amp;#x29b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY SET WITH RIGHT ARROW ABOVE|&amp;#x29b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY SET WITH LEFT ARROW ABOVE|&amp;#x29b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH HORIZONTAL BAR|&amp;#x29b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x29b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED PARALLEL|&amp;#x29b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED REVERSE SOLIDUS|&amp;#x29b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED PERPENDICULAR|&amp;#x29b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE DIVIDED BY HORIZONTAL BAR AND TOP HALF DIVIDED BY VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x29ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH SUPERIMPOSED X|&amp;#x29bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE-ROTATED DIVISION SIGN|&amp;#x29bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP ARROW THROUGH CIRCLE|&amp;#x29bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED WHITE BULLET|&amp;#x29be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED BULLET|&amp;#x29bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|29Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED LESS-THAN|&amp;#x29c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x29c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH SMALL CIRCLE TO THE RIGHT|&amp;#x29c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH TWO HORIZONTAL STROKES TO THE RIGHT|&amp;#x29c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED RISING DIAGONAL SLASH|&amp;#x29c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FALLING DIAGONAL SLASH|&amp;#x29c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ASTERISK|&amp;#x29c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SMALL CIRCLE|&amp;#x29c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SQUARE|&amp;#x29c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO JOINED SQUARES|&amp;#x29c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x29ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x29cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|S IN TRIANGLE|&amp;#x29cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE WITH SERIFS AT BOTTOM|&amp;#x29cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TRIANGLE ABOVE LEFT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x29ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TRIANGLE BESIDE VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x29cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|29Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL BAR BESIDE RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x29d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWTIE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x29d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWTIE WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x29d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK BOWTIE|&amp;#x29d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIMES WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x29d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIMES WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x29d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HOURGLASS|&amp;#x29d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HOURGLASS|&amp;#x29d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WIGGLY FENCE|&amp;#x29d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WIGGLY FENCE|&amp;#x29d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT DOUBLE WIGGLY FENCE|&amp;#x29da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT DOUBLE WIGGLY FENCE|&amp;#x29db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCOMPLETE INFINITY|&amp;#x29dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIE OVER INFINITY|&amp;#x29dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INFINITY NEGATED WITH VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x29de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-ENDED MULTIMAP|&amp;#x29df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|29Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH CONTOURED OUTLINE|&amp;#x29e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCREASES AS|&amp;#x29e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHUFFLE PRODUCT|&amp;#x29e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN AND SLANTED PARALLEL|&amp;#x29e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN AND SLANTED PARALLEL WITH TILDE ABOVE|&amp;#x29e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDENTICAL TO AND SLANTED PARALLEL|&amp;#x29e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLEICH STARK|&amp;#x29e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THERMODYNAMIC|&amp;#x29e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x29e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x29e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DIAMOND WITH DOWN ARROW|&amp;#x29ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LOZENGE|&amp;#x29eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE WITH DOWN ARROW|&amp;#x29ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE WITH DOWN ARROW|&amp;#x29ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERROR-BARRED WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x29ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERROR-BARRED BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x29ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;height:30px&quot;|29Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ERROR-BARRED WHITE DIAMOND|&amp;#x29f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERROR-BARRED BLACK DIAMOND|&amp;#x29f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERROR-BARRED WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x29f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERROR-BARRED BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x29f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RULE-DELAYED|&amp;#x29f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE SOLIDUS OPERATOR|&amp;#x29f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLIDUS WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x29f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE SOLIDUS WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x29f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIG SOLIDUS|&amp;#x29f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIG REVERSE SOLIDUS|&amp;#x29f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE PLUS|&amp;#x29fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE PLUS|&amp;#x29fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-POINTING CURVED ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x29fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-POINTING CURVED ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x29fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TINY|&amp;#x29fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINY|&amp;#x29ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY CIRCLED DOT OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY CIRCLED PLUS OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY CIRCLED TIMES OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY UNION OPERATOR WITH DOT|&amp;#x2a03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY UNION OPERATOR WITH PLUS|&amp;#x2a04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY SQUARE INTERSECTION OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY SQUARE UNION OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO LOGICAL AND OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO LOGICAL OR OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY TIMES OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODULO TWO SUM|&amp;#x2a0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUMMATION WITH INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2a0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUADRUPLE INTEGRAL OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FINITE PART INTEGRAL|&amp;#x2a0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH DOUBLE STROKE|&amp;#x2a0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL AVERAGE WITH SLASH|&amp;#x2a0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCULATION FUNCTION|&amp;#x2a10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE INTEGRATION|&amp;#x2a11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINE INTEGRATION WITH RECTANGULAR PATH AROUND POLE|&amp;#x2a12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINE INTEGRATION WITH SEMICIRCULAR PATH AROUND POLE|&amp;#x2a13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINE INTEGRATION NOT INCLUDING THE POLE|&amp;#x2a14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL AROUND A POINT OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUATERNION INTEGRAL OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2a17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH TIMES SIGN|&amp;#x2a18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2a19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH UNION|&amp;#x2a1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x2a1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTEGRAL WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2a1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JOIN|&amp;#x2a1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE LEFT TRIANGLE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION SCHEMA COMPOSITION|&amp;#x2a1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION SCHEMA PIPING|&amp;#x2a20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION SCHEMA PROJECTION|&amp;#x2a21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH SMALL CIRCLE ABOVE|&amp;#x2a22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE ABOVE|&amp;#x2a24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x2a25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE BELOW|&amp;#x2a26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH SUBSCRIPT TWO|&amp;#x2a27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN WITH BLACK TRIANGLE|&amp;#x2a28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS SIGN WITH COMMA ABOVE|&amp;#x2a29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS SIGN WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x2a2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS SIGN WITH FALLING DOTS|&amp;#x2a2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS SIGN WITH RISING DOTS|&amp;#x2a2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN IN LEFT HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x2a2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN IN RIGHT HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x2a2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT|&amp;#x2a2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2a31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT WITH BOTTOM CLOSED|&amp;#x2a32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMASH PRODUCT|&amp;#x2a33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN LEFT HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x2a34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN RIGHT HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x2a35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT|&amp;#x2a36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN DOUBLE CIRCLE|&amp;#x2a37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DIVISION SIGN|&amp;#x2a38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN IN TRIANGLE|&amp;#x2a39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINUS SIGN IN TRIANGLE|&amp;#x2a3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN TRIANGLE|&amp;#x2a3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERIOR PRODUCT|&amp;#x2a3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTHAND INTERIOR PRODUCT|&amp;#x2a3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION RELATIONAL COMPOSITION|&amp;#x2a3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMALGAMATION OR COPRODUCT|&amp;#x2a3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION WITH DOT|&amp;#x2a40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION WITH MINUS SIGN|&amp;#x2a41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x2a42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x2a43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION WITH LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x2a44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION WITH LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x2a45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION ABOVE INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2a46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION ABOVE UNION|&amp;#x2a47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION ABOVE BAR ABOVE INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2a48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION ABOVE BAR ABOVE UNION|&amp;#x2a49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNION BESIDE AND JOINED WITH UNION|&amp;#x2a4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INTERSECTION BESIDE AND JOINED WITH INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2a4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED UNION WITH SERIFS|&amp;#x2a4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED INTERSECTION WITH SERIFS|&amp;#x2a4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SQUARE INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2a4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SQUARE UNION|&amp;#x2a4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED UNION WITH SERIFS AND SMASH PRODUCT|&amp;#x2a50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x2a53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x2a54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO INTERSECTING LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x2a55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO INTERSECTING LOGICAL OR|&amp;#x2a56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOPING LARGE OR|&amp;#x2a57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOPING LARGE AND|&amp;#x2a58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR OVERLAPPING LOGICAL AND|&amp;#x2a59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND WITH MIDDLE STEM|&amp;#x2a5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR WITH MIDDLE STEM|&amp;#x2a5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND WITH HORIZONTAL DASH|&amp;#x2a5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR WITH HORIZONTAL DASH|&amp;#x2a5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND WITH DOUBLE OVERBAR|&amp;#x2a5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2a5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL AND WITH DOUBLE UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2a60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL VEE WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2a61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR WITH DOUBLE OVERBAR|&amp;#x2a62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOGICAL OR WITH DOUBLE UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2a63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION DOMAIN ANTIRESTRICTION|&amp;#x2a64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|Z NOTATION RANGE ANTIRESTRICTION|&amp;#x2a65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x2a66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDENTICAL WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE HORIZONTAL BAR WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2a68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE HORIZONTAL BAR WITH TRIPLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2a69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE OPERATOR WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE OPERATOR WITH RISING DOTS|&amp;#x2a6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIMILAR MINUS SIMILAR|&amp;#x2a6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONGRUENT WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS WITH ASTERISK|&amp;#x2a6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALMOST EQUAL TO WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT|&amp;#x2a6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|APPROXIMATELY EQUAL OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2a70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN ABOVE PLUS SIGN|&amp;#x2a71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUS SIGN ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2a72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2a73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE COLON EQUAL|&amp;#x2a74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO CONSECUTIVE EQUALS SIGNS|&amp;#x2a75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE CONSECUTIVE EQUALS SIGNS|&amp;#x2a76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE AND TWO DOTS BELOW|&amp;#x2a77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUIVALENT WITH FOUR DOTS ABOVE|&amp;#x2a78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN WITH CIRCLE INSIDE|&amp;#x2a79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN WITH CIRCLE INSIDE|&amp;#x2a7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN WITH QUESTION MARK ABOVE|&amp;#x2a7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN WITH QUESTION MARK ABOVE|&amp;#x2a7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2a7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2a7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO WITH DOT INSIDE|&amp;#x2a7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO WITH DOT INSIDE|&amp;#x2a80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2a82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO WITH DOT ABOVE RIGHT|&amp;#x2a83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR SLANTED EQUAL TO WITH DOT ABOVE LEFT|&amp;#x2a84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN OR APPROXIMATE|&amp;#x2a85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OR APPROXIMATE|&amp;#x2a86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN AND SINGLE-LINE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2a87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN AND SINGLE-LINE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2a88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN AND NOT APPROXIMATE|&amp;#x2a89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN AND NOT APPROXIMATE|&amp;#x2a8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN ABOVE DOUBLE-LINE EQUAL ABOVE GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2a8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN ABOVE DOUBLE-LINE EQUAL ABOVE LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2a8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN ABOVE SIMILAR OR EQUAL|&amp;#x2a8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN ABOVE SIMILAR OR EQUAL|&amp;#x2a8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN ABOVE SIMILAR ABOVE GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2a8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2A9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN ABOVE SIMILAR ABOVE LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2a90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN ABOVE GREATER-THAN ABOVE DOUBLE-LINE EQUAL|&amp;#x2a91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN ABOVE LESS-THAN ABOVE DOUBLE-LINE EQUAL|&amp;#x2a92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN ABOVE SLANTED EQUAL ABOVE GREATER-THAN ABOVE SLANTED EQUAL|&amp;#x2a93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN ABOVE SLANTED EQUAL ABOVE LESS-THAN ABOVE SLANTED EQUAL|&amp;#x2a94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLANTED EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2a95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLANTED EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2a96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLANTED EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN WITH DOT INSIDE|&amp;#x2a97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLANTED EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN WITH DOT INSIDE|&amp;#x2a98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-LINE EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2a99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-LINE EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2a9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-LINE SLANTED EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2a9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-LINE SLANTED EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2a9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIMILAR OR LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2a9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIMILAR OR GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2a9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIMILAR ABOVE LESS-THAN ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2a9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2AAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIMILAR ABOVE GREATER-THAN ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2aa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE NESTED LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2aa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE NESTED GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2aa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE NESTED LESS-THAN WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2aa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN OVERLAPPING LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2aa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN BESIDE LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2aa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN CLOSED BY CURVE|&amp;#x2aa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN CLOSED BY CURVE|&amp;#x2aa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LESS-THAN CLOSED BY CURVE ABOVE SLANTED EQUAL|&amp;#x2aa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREATER-THAN CLOSED BY CURVE ABOVE SLANTED EQUAL|&amp;#x2aa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALLER THAN|&amp;#x2aaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGER THAN|&amp;#x2aab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALLER THAN OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2aac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGER THAN OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2aad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN WITH BUMPY ABOVE|&amp;#x2aae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES ABOVE SINGLE-LINE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2aaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2ABx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS ABOVE SINGLE-LINE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2ab0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES ABOVE SINGLE-LINE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS ABOVE SINGLE-LINE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2ab3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2ab4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES ABOVE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS ABOVE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRECEDES ABOVE NOT ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ab9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUCCEEDS ABOVE NOT ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2aba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE PRECEDES|&amp;#x2abb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SUCCEEDS|&amp;#x2abc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET WITH DOT|&amp;#x2abd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET WITH DOT|&amp;#x2abe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET WITH PLUS SIGN BELOW|&amp;#x2abf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2ACx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET WITH PLUS SIGN BELOW|&amp;#x2ac0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET WITH MULTIPLICATION SIGN BELOW|&amp;#x2ac1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET WITH MULTIPLICATION SIGN BELOW|&amp;#x2ac2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF OR EQUAL TO WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2ac3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF OR EQUAL TO WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2ac4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2ac5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF ABOVE EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x2ac6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2ac7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2ac8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ac9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2aca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET OF ABOVE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2acb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET OF ABOVE NOT EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2acc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE LEFT OPEN BOX OPERATOR|&amp;#x2acd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RIGHT OPEN BOX OPERATOR|&amp;#x2ace;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED SUBSET|&amp;#x2acf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2ADx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED SUPERSET|&amp;#x2ad0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED SUBSET OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ad1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED SUPERSET OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2ad2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET ABOVE SUPERSET|&amp;#x2ad3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET ABOVE SUBSET|&amp;#x2ad4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBSET ABOVE SUBSET|&amp;#x2ad5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET ABOVE SUPERSET|&amp;#x2ad6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET BESIDE SUBSET|&amp;#x2ad7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERSET BESIDE AND JOINED BY DASH WITH SUBSET|&amp;#x2ad8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEMENT OF OPENING DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x2ad9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PITCHFORK WITH TEE TOP|&amp;#x2ada;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRANSVERSAL INTERSECTION|&amp;#x2adb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FORKING|&amp;#x2adc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NONFORKING|&amp;#x2add;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT LEFT TACK|&amp;#x2ade;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT DOWN TACK|&amp;#x2adf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2AEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT UP TACK|&amp;#x2ae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERPENDICULAR WITH S|&amp;#x2ae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL BAR TRIPLE RIGHT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x2ae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE VERTICAL BAR LEFT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x2ae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL BAR DOUBLE LEFT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x2ae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE VERTICAL BAR DOUBLE LEFT TURNSTILE|&amp;#x2ae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG DASH FROM LEFT MEMBER OF DOUBLE VERTICAL|&amp;#x2ae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT DOWN TACK WITH OVERBAR|&amp;#x2ae7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT UP TACK WITH UNDERBAR|&amp;#x2ae8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT UP TACK ABOVE SHORT DOWN TACK|&amp;#x2ae9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE DOWN TACK|&amp;#x2aea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE UP TACK|&amp;#x2aeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE STROKE NOT SIGN|&amp;#x2aec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED DOUBLE STROKE NOT SIGN|&amp;#x2aed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOES NOT DIVIDE WITH REVERSED NEGATION SLASH|&amp;#x2aee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL LINE WITH CIRCLE ABOVE|&amp;#x2aef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2AFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL LINE WITH CIRCLE BELOW|&amp;#x2af0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN TACK WITH CIRCLE BELOW|&amp;#x2af1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARALLEL WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x2af2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARALLEL WITH TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2af3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE VERTICAL BAR BINARY RELATION|&amp;#x2af4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE VERTICAL BAR WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x2af5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE COLON OPERATOR|&amp;#x2af6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE NESTED LESS-THAN|&amp;#x2af7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE NESTED GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2af8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-LINE SLANTED LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2af9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE-LINE SLANTED GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2afa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE SOLIDUS BINARY RELATION|&amp;#x2afb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE TRIPLE VERTICAL BAR OPERATOR|&amp;#x2afc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SOLIDUS OPERATOR|&amp;#x2afd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x2afe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|N-ARY WHITE VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x2aff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b0d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH TIP DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x2b0e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH TIP UPWARDS|&amp;#x2b0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B1x
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH TIP DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x2b10;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH TIP UPWARDS|&amp;#x2b11;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH TOP HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b12;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH BOTTOM HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH UPPER RIGHT DIAGONAL HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WITH LOWER LEFT DIAGONAL HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND WITH TOP HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND WITH BOTTOM HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2b19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED SQUARE|&amp;#x2b1a;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LARGE SQUARE|&amp;#x2b1b;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LARGE SQUARE|&amp;#x2b1c;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x2b1d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE VERY SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x2b1e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PENTAGON|&amp;#x2b1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B2x
|style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE PENTAGON|&amp;#x2b20;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEXAGON|&amp;#x2b21;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HEXAGON|&amp;#x2b22;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL BLACK HEXAGON|&amp;#x2b23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LARGE CIRCLE|&amp;#x2b24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM DIAMOND|&amp;#x2b25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE MEDIUM DIAMOND|&amp;#x2b26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM LOZENGE|&amp;#x2b27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE MEDIUM LOZENGE|&amp;#x2b28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL DIAMOND|&amp;#x2b29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL LOZENGE|&amp;#x2b2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SMALL LOZENGE|&amp;#x2b2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HORIZONTAL ELLIPSE|&amp;#x2b2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HORIZONTAL ELLIPSE|&amp;#x2b2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERTICAL ELLIPSE|&amp;#x2b2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE VERTICAL ELLIPSE|&amp;#x2b2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ARROW WITH SMALL CIRCLE|&amp;#x2b30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE LEFTWARDS ARROWS|&amp;#x2b31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ARROW WITH CIRCLED PLUS|&amp;#x2b32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFTWARDS SQUIGGLE ARROW|&amp;#x2b33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x2b36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED TRIPLE DASH ARROW|&amp;#x2b37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH DOTTED STEM|&amp;#x2b38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL|&amp;#x2b3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW THROUGH X|&amp;#x2b3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVE ARROW POINTING DIRECTLY LEFT|&amp;#x2b3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2b40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2b41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2b42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH GREATER-THAN|&amp;#x2b43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH SUPERSET|&amp;#x2b44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS QUADRUPLE ARROW|&amp;#x2b45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS QUADRUPLE ARROW|&amp;#x2b46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2b47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2b48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2b49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO|&amp;#x2b4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2b4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR|&amp;#x2b4c;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ZIGZAG ARROW|&amp;#x2b4d;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT SLANTED NORTH ARROW|&amp;#x2b4e;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT BACKSLANTED SOUTH ARROW|&amp;#x2b4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B5x
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE MEDIUM STAR|&amp;#x2b50;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL STAR|&amp;#x2b51;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SMALL STAR|&amp;#x2b52;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING PENTAGON|&amp;#x2b53;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT-POINTING PENTAGON|&amp;#x2b54;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LARGE CIRCLE|&amp;#x2b55;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY OVAL WITH OVAL INSIDE|&amp;#x2b56;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CIRCLE WITH CIRCLE INSIDE|&amp;#x2b57;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CIRCLE|&amp;#x2b58;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY CIRCLED SALTIRE|&amp;#x2b59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLANTED NORTH ARROW WITH HOOKED HEAD|&amp;#x2b5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACKSLANTED SOUTH ARROW WITH HOOKED TAIL|&amp;#x2b5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLANTED NORTH ARROW WITH HORIZONTAL TAIL|&amp;#x2b5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACKSLANTED SOUTH ARROW WITH HORIZONTAL TAIL|&amp;#x2b5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BENT ARROW POINTING DOWNWARDS THEN NORTH EAST|&amp;#x2b5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT BENT ARROW POINTING DOWNWARDS THEN NORTH EAST|&amp;#x2b5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x2b6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x2b6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x2b6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED DASHED ARROW|&amp;#x2b6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE TRIANGLE-HEADED OPEN CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x2b6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE TRIANGLE-HEADED OPEN CIRCLE ARROW|&amp;#x2b6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b73;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x2b79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#x2b7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL TAB KEY|&amp;#x2b7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL TAB KEY|&amp;#x2b7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW OVER RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW LEFTWARDS OF DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW OVER LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW LEFTWARDS OF UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW|&amp;#x2b83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x2b84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x2b85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x2b86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED PAIRED ARROWS|&amp;#x2b87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BLACK CIRCLED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS BLACK CIRCLED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BLACK CIRCLED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS BLACK CIRCLED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x2b8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE TRIANGLE-HEADED RIGHT U-SHAPED ARROW|&amp;#x2b8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE TRIANGLE-HEADED BOTTOM U-SHAPED ARROW|&amp;#x2b8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE TRIANGLE-HEADED LEFT U-SHAPED ARROW|&amp;#x2b8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE TRIANGLE-HEADED TOP U-SHAPED ARROW|&amp;#x2b8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2B9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RETURN LEFT|&amp;#x2b90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RETURN RIGHT|&amp;#x2b91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWLINE LEFT|&amp;#x2b92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWLINE RIGHT|&amp;#x2b93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR CORNER ARROWS CIRCLING ANTICLOCKWISE|&amp;#x2b94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BLACK ARROW|&amp;#x2b95;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN WITH INFINITY ABOVE|&amp;#x2b96;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR TYPE A ELECTRONICS|&amp;#x2b97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-D TOP-LIGHTED LEFTWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-D RIGHT-LIGHTED UPWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-D TOP-LIGHTED RIGHTWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-D LEFT-LIGHTED DOWNWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFTWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UPWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHTWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWNWARDS EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x2b9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2BAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x2ba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x2ba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x2ba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP RIGHTWARDS|&amp;#x2ba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP UPWARDS|&amp;#x2ba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP UPWARDS|&amp;#x2ba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x2ba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH LONG TIP DOWNWARDS|&amp;#x2ba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED DOWNWARDS AND LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2ba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED DOWNWARDS AND RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2ba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED UPWARDS AND LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2baa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED UPWARDS AND RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2bab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED LEFTWARDS AND UPWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2bac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED RIGHTWARDS AND UPWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2bad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED LEFTWARDS AND DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2bae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CURVED RIGHTWARDS AND DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x2baf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2BBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW DOWN LEFT|&amp;#x2bb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW DOWN RIGHT|&amp;#x2bb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW UP LEFT|&amp;#x2bb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW UP RIGHT|&amp;#x2bb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW LEFT UP|&amp;#x2bb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW RIGHT UP|&amp;#x2bb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW LEFT DOWN|&amp;#x2bb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON ARROW RIGHT DOWN|&amp;#x2bb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW FROM BAR WITH HORIZONTAL BAR|&amp;#x2bb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP ARROWHEAD IN A RECTANGLE BOX|&amp;#x2bb9;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLAPPING WHITE SQUARES|&amp;#x2bba;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLAPPING WHITE AND BLACK SQUARES|&amp;#x2bbb;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLAPPING BLACK SQUARES|&amp;#x2bbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH LIGHT X|&amp;#x2bbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED X|&amp;#x2bbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED BOLD X|&amp;#x2bbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2BCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SQUARE CENTRED|&amp;#x2bc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DIAMOND CENTRED|&amp;#x2bc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED BLACK PENTAGON|&amp;#x2bc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL BLACK OCTAGON|&amp;#x2bc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK OCTAGON|&amp;#x2bc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM UP-POINTING TRIANGLE CENTRED|&amp;#x2bc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE CENTRED|&amp;#x2bc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM LEFT-POINTING TRIANGLE CENTRED|&amp;#x2bc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM RIGHT-POINTING TRIANGLE CENTRED|&amp;#x2bc8;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEPTUNE FORM TWO|&amp;#x2bc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x2bca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x2bcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FOUR POINTED BLACK CUSP|&amp;#x2bcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROTATED LIGHT FOUR POINTED BLACK CUSP|&amp;#x2bcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FOUR POINTED CUSP|&amp;#x2bce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROTATED WHITE FOUR POINTED CUSP|&amp;#x2bcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2BDx
|style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE POSITION INDICATOR|&amp;#x2bd0;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UNCERTAINTY SIGN|&amp;#x2bd1;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GROUP MARK|&amp;#x2bd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUTO FORM TWO|&amp;#x2bd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUTO FORM THREE|&amp;#x2bd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUTO FORM FOUR|&amp;#x2bd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUTO FORM FIVE|&amp;#x2bd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRANSPLUTO|&amp;#x2bd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROSERPINA|&amp;#x2bd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTRAEA|&amp;#x2bd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HYGIEA|&amp;#x2bda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHOLUS|&amp;#x2bdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NESSUS|&amp;#x2bdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE MOON SELENA|&amp;#x2bdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DIAMOND ON CROSS|&amp;#x2bde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRUE LIGHT MOON ARTA|&amp;#x2bdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2BEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUPIDO|&amp;#x2be0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HADES|&amp;#x2be1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZEUS|&amp;#x2be2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KRONOS|&amp;#x2be3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|APOLLON|&amp;#x2be4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADMETOS|&amp;#x2be5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VULCANUS|&amp;#x2be6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSEIDON|&amp;#x2be7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2be8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF BLACK STAR|&amp;#x2be9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAR WITH LEFT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2bea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAR WITH RIGHT HALF BLACK|&amp;#x2beb;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TRIANGLE ARROWHEADS|&amp;#x2bec;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TRIANGLE ARROWHEADS|&amp;#x2bed;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TRIANGLE ARROWHEADS|&amp;#x2bee;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TRIANGLE ARROWHEADS|&amp;#x2bef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2BFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ERIS FORM ONE|&amp;#x2bf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ERIS FORM TWO|&amp;#x2bf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEDNA|&amp;#x2bf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUSSIAN ASTROLOGICAL SYMBOL VIGINTILE|&amp;#x2bf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUSSIAN ASTROLOGICAL SYMBOL NOVILE|&amp;#x2bf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUSSIAN ASTROLOGICAL SYMBOL QUINTILE|&amp;#x2bf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUSSIAN ASTROLOGICAL SYMBOL BINOVILE|&amp;#x2bf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUSSIAN ASTROLOGICAL SYMBOL SENTAGON|&amp;#x2bf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUSSIAN ASTROLOGICAL SYMBOL TREDECILE|&amp;#x2bf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EQUALS SIGN WITH INFINITY BELOW|&amp;#x2bf9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNITED SYMBOL|&amp;#x2bfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEPARATED SYMBOL|&amp;#x2bfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLED SYMBOL|&amp;#x2bfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSED SYMBOL|&amp;#x2bfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED RIGHT ANGLE|&amp;#x2bfe;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HELLSCHREIBER PAUSE SYMBOL|&amp;#x2bff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Glagolitic'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER AZU|&amp;#x2c00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER BUKY|&amp;#x2c01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER VEDE|&amp;#x2c02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER GLAGOLI|&amp;#x2c03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER DOBRO|&amp;#x2c04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER YESTU|&amp;#x2c05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHIVETE|&amp;#x2c06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER DZELO|&amp;#x2c07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER ZEMLJA|&amp;#x2c08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER IZHE|&amp;#x2c09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER INITIAL IZHE|&amp;#x2c0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER I|&amp;#x2c0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER DJERVI|&amp;#x2c0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER KAKO|&amp;#x2c0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER LJUDIJE|&amp;#x2c0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER MYSLITE|&amp;#x2c0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER NASHI|&amp;#x2c10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER ONU|&amp;#x2c11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER POKOJI|&amp;#x2c12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER RITSI|&amp;#x2c13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SLOVO|&amp;#x2c14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER TVRIDO|&amp;#x2c15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER UKU|&amp;#x2c16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER FRITU|&amp;#x2c17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER HERU|&amp;#x2c18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER OTU|&amp;#x2c19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER PE|&amp;#x2c1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SHTA|&amp;#x2c1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER TSI|&amp;#x2c1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER CHRIVI|&amp;#x2c1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA|&amp;#x2c1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER YERU|&amp;#x2c1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER YERI|&amp;#x2c20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER YATI|&amp;#x2c21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SPIDERY HA|&amp;#x2c22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER YU|&amp;#x2c23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SMALL YUS|&amp;#x2c24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SMALL YUS WITH TAIL|&amp;#x2c25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER YO|&amp;#x2c26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER IOTATED SMALL YUS|&amp;#x2c27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER BIG YUS|&amp;#x2c28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER IOTATED BIG YUS|&amp;#x2c29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER FITA|&amp;#x2c2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER IZHITSA|&amp;#x2c2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER SHTAPIC|&amp;#x2c2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER TROKUTASTI A|&amp;#x2c2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER LATINATE MYSLITE|&amp;#x2c2e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER CAUDATE CHRIVI|&amp;#x2c2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER AZU|&amp;#x2c30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER BUKY|&amp;#x2c31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER VEDE|&amp;#x2c32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER GLAGOLI|&amp;#x2c33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER DOBRO|&amp;#x2c34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER YESTU|&amp;#x2c35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER ZHIVETE|&amp;#x2c36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER DZELO|&amp;#x2c37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER ZEMLJA|&amp;#x2c38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER IZHE|&amp;#x2c39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER INITIAL IZHE|&amp;#x2c3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER I|&amp;#x2c3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER DJERVI|&amp;#x2c3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER KAKO|&amp;#x2c3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER LJUDIJE|&amp;#x2c3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER MYSLITE|&amp;#x2c3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER NASHI|&amp;#x2c40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER ONU|&amp;#x2c41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER POKOJI|&amp;#x2c42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER RITSI|&amp;#x2c43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SLOVO|&amp;#x2c44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER TVRIDO|&amp;#x2c45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER UKU|&amp;#x2c46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER FRITU|&amp;#x2c47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER HERU|&amp;#x2c48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER OTU|&amp;#x2c49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER PE|&amp;#x2c4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SHTA|&amp;#x2c4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER TSI|&amp;#x2c4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER CHRIVI|&amp;#x2c4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SHA|&amp;#x2c4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER YERU|&amp;#x2c4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER YERI|&amp;#x2c50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER YATI|&amp;#x2c51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SPIDERY HA|&amp;#x2c52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER YU|&amp;#x2c53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SMALL YUS|&amp;#x2c54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SMALL YUS WITH TAIL|&amp;#x2c55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER YO|&amp;#x2c56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER IOTATED SMALL YUS|&amp;#x2c57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER BIG YUS|&amp;#x2c58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER IOTATED BIG YUS|&amp;#x2c59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER FITA|&amp;#x2c5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER IZHITSA|&amp;#x2c5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER SHTAPIC|&amp;#x2c5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER TROKUTASTI A|&amp;#x2c5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER LATINATE MYSLITE|&amp;#x2c5e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER CAUDATE CHRIVI|&amp;#x2c5f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Latin Extended-C'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE BAR|&amp;#x2c60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE BAR|&amp;#x2c61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#x2c62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH STROKE|&amp;#x2c63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH TAIL|&amp;#x2c64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH STROKE|&amp;#x2c65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#x2c66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x2c67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x2c68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x2c69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x2c6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x2c6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#x2c6c;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA|&amp;#x2c6d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2c6e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED A|&amp;#x2c6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C7x
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED ALPHA|&amp;#x2c70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH RIGHT HOOK|&amp;#x2c71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2c72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH HOOK|&amp;#x2c73;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH CURL|&amp;#x2c74;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER HALF H|&amp;#x2c75;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER HALF H|&amp;#x2c76;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TAILLESS PHI|&amp;#x2c77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH NOTCH|&amp;#x2c78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH TAIL|&amp;#x2c79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH LOW RING INSIDE|&amp;#x2c7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED E|&amp;#x2c7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER J|&amp;#x2c7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL V|&amp;#x2c7d;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH SWASH TAIL|&amp;#x2c7e;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH SWASH TAIL|&amp;#x2c7f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Coptic'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER ALFA|&amp;#x2c80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER ALFA|&amp;#x2c81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER VIDA|&amp;#x2c82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER VIDA|&amp;#x2c83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA|&amp;#x2c84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER GAMMA|&amp;#x2c85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DALDA|&amp;#x2c86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER DALDA|&amp;#x2c87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER EIE|&amp;#x2c88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER EIE|&amp;#x2c89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SOU|&amp;#x2c8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER SOU|&amp;#x2c8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER ZATA|&amp;#x2c8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER ZATA|&amp;#x2c8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER HATE|&amp;#x2c8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER HATE|&amp;#x2c8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2C9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER THETHE|&amp;#x2c90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER THETHE|&amp;#x2c91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER IAUDA|&amp;#x2c92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER IAUDA|&amp;#x2c93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KAPA|&amp;#x2c94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER KAPA|&amp;#x2c95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER LAULA|&amp;#x2c96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER LAULA|&amp;#x2c97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER MI|&amp;#x2c98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER MI|&amp;#x2c99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER NI|&amp;#x2c9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER NI|&amp;#x2c9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KSI|&amp;#x2c9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER KSI|&amp;#x2c9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER O|&amp;#x2c9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER O|&amp;#x2c9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2CAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER PI|&amp;#x2ca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER PI|&amp;#x2ca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER RO|&amp;#x2ca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER RO|&amp;#x2ca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SIMA|&amp;#x2ca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER SIMA|&amp;#x2ca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER TAU|&amp;#x2ca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER TAU|&amp;#x2ca7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER UA|&amp;#x2ca8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER UA|&amp;#x2ca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER FI|&amp;#x2caa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER FI|&amp;#x2cab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KHI|&amp;#x2cac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER KHI|&amp;#x2cad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER PSI|&amp;#x2cae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER PSI|&amp;#x2caf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2CBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OOU|&amp;#x2cb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OOU|&amp;#x2cb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P ALEF|&amp;#x2cb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P ALEF|&amp;#x2cb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC AIN|&amp;#x2cb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC AIN|&amp;#x2cb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC EIE|&amp;#x2cb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC EIE|&amp;#x2cb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA|&amp;#x2cb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA|&amp;#x2cb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P NI|&amp;#x2cba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P NI|&amp;#x2cbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC NI|&amp;#x2cbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC NI|&amp;#x2cbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC OOU|&amp;#x2cbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC OOU|&amp;#x2cbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2CCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SAMPI|&amp;#x2cc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER SAMPI|&amp;#x2cc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CROSSED SHEI|&amp;#x2cc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER CROSSED SHEI|&amp;#x2cc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHEI|&amp;#x2cc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHEI|&amp;#x2cc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC ESH|&amp;#x2cc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC ESH|&amp;#x2cc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER AKHMIMIC KHEI|&amp;#x2cc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER AKHMIMIC KHEI|&amp;#x2cc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P HORI|&amp;#x2cca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P HORI|&amp;#x2ccb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HORI|&amp;#x2ccc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HORI|&amp;#x2ccd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HA|&amp;#x2cce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HA|&amp;#x2ccf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2CDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER L-SHAPED HA|&amp;#x2cd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER L-SHAPED HA|&amp;#x2cd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HEI|&amp;#x2cd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HEI|&amp;#x2cd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HAT|&amp;#x2cd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HAT|&amp;#x2cd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC GANGIA|&amp;#x2cd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC GANGIA|&amp;#x2cd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC DJA|&amp;#x2cd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC DJA|&amp;#x2cd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHIMA|&amp;#x2cda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHIMA|&amp;#x2cdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN SHIMA|&amp;#x2cdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN SHIMA|&amp;#x2cdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NGI|&amp;#x2cde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NGI|&amp;#x2cdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2CEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NYI|&amp;#x2ce0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NYI|&amp;#x2ce1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN WAU|&amp;#x2ce2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN WAU|&amp;#x2ce3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL KAI|&amp;#x2ce4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL MI RO|&amp;#x2ce5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL PI RO|&amp;#x2ce6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL STAUROS|&amp;#x2ce7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL TAU RO|&amp;#x2ce8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL KHI RO|&amp;#x2ce9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SYMBOL SHIMA SIMA|&amp;#x2cea;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC SHEI|&amp;#x2ceb;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC SHEI|&amp;#x2cec;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC GANGIA|&amp;#x2ced;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC GANGIA|&amp;#x2cee;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC COMBINING NI ABOVE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2cef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2CFx
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC COMBINING SPIRITUS ASPER|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2cf0;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC COMBINING SPIRITUS LENIS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2cf1;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER BOHAIRIC KHEI|&amp;#x2cf2;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC SMALL LETTER BOHAIRIC KHEI|&amp;#x2cf3;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC OLD NUBIAN FULL STOP|&amp;#x2cf9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC OLD NUBIAN DIRECT QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x2cfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC OLD NUBIAN INDIRECT QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x2cfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC OLD NUBIAN VERSE DIVIDER|&amp;#x2cfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC FRACTION ONE HALF|&amp;#x2cfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC FULL STOP|&amp;#x2cfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COPTIC MORPHOLOGICAL DIVIDER|&amp;#x2cff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Georgian Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER AN|&amp;#x2d00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER BAN|&amp;#x2d01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER GAN|&amp;#x2d02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER DON|&amp;#x2d03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER EN|&amp;#x2d04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER VIN|&amp;#x2d05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER ZEN|&amp;#x2d06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER TAN|&amp;#x2d07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER IN|&amp;#x2d08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER KAN|&amp;#x2d09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER LAS|&amp;#x2d0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER MAN|&amp;#x2d0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER NAR|&amp;#x2d0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER ON|&amp;#x2d0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER PAR|&amp;#x2d0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER ZHAR|&amp;#x2d0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER RAE|&amp;#x2d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER SAN|&amp;#x2d11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER TAR|&amp;#x2d12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER UN|&amp;#x2d13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER PHAR|&amp;#x2d14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER KHAR|&amp;#x2d15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER GHAN|&amp;#x2d16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER QAR|&amp;#x2d17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER SHIN|&amp;#x2d18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER CHIN|&amp;#x2d19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER CAN|&amp;#x2d1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER JIL|&amp;#x2d1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER CIL|&amp;#x2d1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER CHAR|&amp;#x2d1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER XAN|&amp;#x2d1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER JHAN|&amp;#x2d1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D2x
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HAE|&amp;#x2d20;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HE|&amp;#x2d21;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HIE|&amp;#x2d22;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER WE|&amp;#x2d23;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HAR|&amp;#x2d24;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER HOE|&amp;#x2d25;}}||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER YN|&amp;#x2d27;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN SMALL LETTER AEN|&amp;#x2d2d;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tifinagh'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YA|&amp;#x2d30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAB|&amp;#x2d31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YABH|&amp;#x2d32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAG|&amp;#x2d33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAGHH|&amp;#x2d34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER BERBER ACADEMY YAJ|&amp;#x2d35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAJ|&amp;#x2d36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAD|&amp;#x2d37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YADH|&amp;#x2d38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YADD|&amp;#x2d39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YADDH|&amp;#x2d3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YEY|&amp;#x2d3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAF|&amp;#x2d3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAK|&amp;#x2d3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAK|&amp;#x2d3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAKHH|&amp;#x2d3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAH|&amp;#x2d40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER BERBER ACADEMY YAH|&amp;#x2d41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAH|&amp;#x2d42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAHH|&amp;#x2d43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAA|&amp;#x2d44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAKH|&amp;#x2d45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAKH|&amp;#x2d46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAQ|&amp;#x2d47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAQ|&amp;#x2d48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YI|&amp;#x2d49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAZH|&amp;#x2d4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER AHAGGAR YAZH|&amp;#x2d4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAZH|&amp;#x2d4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAL|&amp;#x2d4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAM|&amp;#x2d4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAN|&amp;#x2d4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAGN|&amp;#x2d50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YANG|&amp;#x2d51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAP|&amp;#x2d52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YU|&amp;#x2d53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAR|&amp;#x2d54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YARR|&amp;#x2d55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAGH|&amp;#x2d56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TUAREG YAGH|&amp;#x2d57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER AYER YAGH|&amp;#x2d58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAS|&amp;#x2d59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YASS|&amp;#x2d5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YASH|&amp;#x2d5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAT|&amp;#x2d5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YATH|&amp;#x2d5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YACH|&amp;#x2d5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YATT|&amp;#x2d5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAV|&amp;#x2d60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAW|&amp;#x2d61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAY|&amp;#x2d62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAZ|&amp;#x2d63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER TAWELLEMET YAZ|&amp;#x2d64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YAZZ|&amp;#x2d65;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YE|&amp;#x2d66;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH LETTER YO|&amp;#x2d67;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH MODIFIER LETTER LABIALIZATION MARK|&amp;#x2d6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D7x
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH SEPARATOR MARK|&amp;#x2d70;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIFINAGH CONSONANT JOINER|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2d7f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ethiopic Extended'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LOA|&amp;#x2d80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MOA|&amp;#x2d81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ROA|&amp;#x2d82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SOA|&amp;#x2d83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHOA|&amp;#x2d84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BOA|&amp;#x2d85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TOA|&amp;#x2d86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE COA|&amp;#x2d87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NOA|&amp;#x2d88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYOA|&amp;#x2d89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL OA|&amp;#x2d8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZOA|&amp;#x2d8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DOA|&amp;#x2d8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDOA|&amp;#x2d8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JOA|&amp;#x2d8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THOA|&amp;#x2d8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2D9x
|style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHOA|&amp;#x2d90;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHOA|&amp;#x2d91;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE POA|&amp;#x2d92;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWA|&amp;#x2d93;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWI|&amp;#x2d94;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWEE|&amp;#x2d95;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWE|&amp;#x2d96;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2DAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSA|&amp;#x2da0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSU|&amp;#x2da1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSI|&amp;#x2da2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSAA|&amp;#x2da3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSEE|&amp;#x2da4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSE|&amp;#x2da5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSO|&amp;#x2da6;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCA|&amp;#x2da8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCU|&amp;#x2da9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCI|&amp;#x2daa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCAA|&amp;#x2dab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCEE|&amp;#x2dac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCE|&amp;#x2dad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCO|&amp;#x2dae;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2DBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZA|&amp;#x2db0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZU|&amp;#x2db1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZI|&amp;#x2db2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZAA|&amp;#x2db3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZEE|&amp;#x2db4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZE|&amp;#x2db5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZZO|&amp;#x2db6;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHA|&amp;#x2db8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHU|&amp;#x2db9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHI|&amp;#x2dba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHAA|&amp;#x2dbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHEE|&amp;#x2dbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHE|&amp;#x2dbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHO|&amp;#x2dbe;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2DCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYA|&amp;#x2dc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYU|&amp;#x2dc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYI|&amp;#x2dc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYAA|&amp;#x2dc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYEE|&amp;#x2dc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYE|&amp;#x2dc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QYO|&amp;#x2dc6;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYA|&amp;#x2dc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYU|&amp;#x2dc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYI|&amp;#x2dca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYAA|&amp;#x2dcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYEE|&amp;#x2dcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYE|&amp;#x2dcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KYO|&amp;#x2dce;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2DDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYA|&amp;#x2dd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYU|&amp;#x2dd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYI|&amp;#x2dd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYAA|&amp;#x2dd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYEE|&amp;#x2dd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYE|&amp;#x2dd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XYO|&amp;#x2dd6;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYA|&amp;#x2dd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYU|&amp;#x2dd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYI|&amp;#x2dda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYAA|&amp;#x2ddb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYEE|&amp;#x2ddc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYE|&amp;#x2ddd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GYO|&amp;#x2dde;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Cyrillic Extended-A'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2DEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER BE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER VE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER GHE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER DE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER ZHE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER ZE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER KA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER EL|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER EM|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER EN|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2de9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER O|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER PE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2deb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER ER|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER ES|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2ded;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER TE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER HA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2def;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2DFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER TSE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER CHE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER SHA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER SHCHA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER FITA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER ES-TE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER A|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER IE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER DJERV|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER MONOGRAPH UK|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2df9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER YAT|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER YU|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER IOTIFIED A|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER LITTLE YUS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER BIG YUS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER IOTIFIED BIG YUS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2dff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Supplemental Punctuation'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE SUBSTITUTION MARKER|&amp;#x2e00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE DOTTED SUBSTITUTION MARKER|&amp;#x2e01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SUBSTITUTION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SUBSTITUTION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT DOTTED SUBSTITUTION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT DOTTED SUBSTITUTION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED INTERPOLATION MARKER|&amp;#x2e06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED DOTTED INTERPOLATION MARKER|&amp;#x2e07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED TRANSPOSITION MARKER|&amp;#x2e08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TRANSPOSITION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TRANSPOSITION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED SQUARE|&amp;#x2e0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RAISED OMISSION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT RAISED OMISSION BRACKET|&amp;#x2e0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EDITORIAL CORONIS|&amp;#x2e0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARAGRAPHOS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2e0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORKED PARAGRAPHOS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2e10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED FORKED PARAGRAPHOS|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2e11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HYPODIASTOLE|&amp;#x2e12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED OBELOS|&amp;#x2e13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ANCORA|&amp;#x2e14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ANCORA|&amp;#x2e15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE|&amp;#x2e16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE OBLIQUE HYPHEN|&amp;#x2e17;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED INTERROBANG|&amp;#x2e18;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM BRANCH|&amp;#x2e19;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYPHEN WITH DIAERESIS|&amp;#x2e1a;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE WITH RING ABOVE|&amp;#x2e1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT LOW PARAPHRASE BRACKET|&amp;#x2e1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT LOW PARAPHRASE BRACKET|&amp;#x2e1d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x2e1e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TILDE WITH DOT BELOW|&amp;#x2e1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT VERTICAL BAR WITH QUILL|&amp;#x2e20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT VERTICAL BAR WITH QUILL|&amp;#x2e21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP LEFT HALF BRACKET|&amp;#x2e22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP RIGHT HALF BRACKET|&amp;#x2e23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM LEFT HALF BRACKET|&amp;#x2e24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM RIGHT HALF BRACKET|&amp;#x2e25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SIDEWAYS U BRACKET|&amp;#x2e26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SIDEWAYS U BRACKET|&amp;#x2e27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT DOUBLE PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2e28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT DOUBLE PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2e29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x2e2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE DOT OVER TWO DOTS PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x2e2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FOUR DOT PUNCTUATION|&amp;#x2e2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIVE DOT MARK|&amp;#x2e2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x2e2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL TILDE|&amp;#x2e2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E3x
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RING POINT|&amp;#x2e30;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORD SEPARATOR MIDDLE DOT|&amp;#x2e31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED COMMA|&amp;#x2e32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED DOT|&amp;#x2e33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED COMMA|&amp;#x2e34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SEMICOLON|&amp;#x2e35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DAGGER WITH LEFT GUARD|&amp;#x2e36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DAGGER WITH RIGHT GUARD|&amp;#x2e37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED DAGGER|&amp;#x2e38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HALF SECTION SIGN|&amp;#x2e39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO-EM DASH|&amp;#x2e3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE-EM DASH|&amp;#x2e3b;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|STENOGRAPHIC FULL STOP|&amp;#x2e3c;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL SIX DOTS|&amp;#x2e3d;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIGGLY VERTICAL LINE|&amp;#x2e3e;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CAPITULUM|&amp;#x2e3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E4x
|style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE HYPHEN|&amp;#x2e40;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED COMMA|&amp;#x2e41;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE LOW-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x2e42;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DASH WITH LEFT UPTURN|&amp;#x2e43;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE SUSPENSION MARK|&amp;#x2e44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED LOW KAVYKA|&amp;#x2e45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED LOW KAVYKA WITH KAVYKA ABOVE|&amp;#x2e46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW KAVYKA|&amp;#x2e47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW KAVYKA WITH DOT|&amp;#x2e48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE STACKED COMMA|&amp;#x2e49;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED SOLIDUS|&amp;#x2e4a;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIPLE DAGGER|&amp;#x2e4b;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIEVAL COMMA|&amp;#x2e4c;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARAGRAPHUS MARK|&amp;#x2e4d;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PUNCTUS ELEVATUS MARK|&amp;#x2e4e;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CORNISH VERSE DIVIDER|&amp;#x2e4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E5x
|style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS PATTY WITH RIGHT CROSSBAR|&amp;#x2e50;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS PATTY WITH LEFT CROSSBAR|&amp;#x2e51;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRONIAN SIGN CAPITAL ET|&amp;#x2e52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIEVAL EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x2e53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIEVAL QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x2e54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH STROKE|&amp;#x2e55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH STROKE|&amp;#x2e56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH DOUBLE STROKE|&amp;#x2e57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH DOUBLE STROKE|&amp;#x2e58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HALF LEFT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2e59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HALF RIGHT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2e5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM HALF LEFT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2e5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM HALF RIGHT PARENTHESIS|&amp;#x2e5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OBLIQUE HYPHEN|&amp;#x2e5d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E6x
|style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIGGLY EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x2e60;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERTED WIGGLY EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x2e61;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT PARENTHESIS WITH MIDDLE RING|&amp;#x2e62;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT PARENTHESIS WITH MIDDLE RING|&amp;#x2e63;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''CJK Radicals Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL REPEAT|&amp;#x2e80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL CLIFF|&amp;#x2e81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SECOND ONE|&amp;#x2e82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SECOND TWO|&amp;#x2e83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SECOND THREE|&amp;#x2e84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL PERSON|&amp;#x2e85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BOX|&amp;#x2e86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL TABLE|&amp;#x2e87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL KNIFE ONE|&amp;#x2e88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL KNIFE TWO|&amp;#x2e89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL DIVINATION|&amp;#x2e8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SEAL|&amp;#x2e8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SMALL ONE|&amp;#x2e8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SMALL TWO|&amp;#x2e8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL LAME ONE|&amp;#x2e8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL LAME TWO|&amp;#x2e8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2E9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL LAME THREE|&amp;#x2e90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL LAME FOUR|&amp;#x2e91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SNAKE|&amp;#x2e92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL THREAD|&amp;#x2e93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SNOUT ONE|&amp;#x2e94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SNOUT TWO|&amp;#x2e95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL HEART ONE|&amp;#x2e96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL HEART TWO|&amp;#x2e97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL HAND|&amp;#x2e98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL RAP|&amp;#x2e99;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL CHOKE|&amp;#x2e9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SUN|&amp;#x2e9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MOON|&amp;#x2e9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL DEATH|&amp;#x2e9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MOTHER|&amp;#x2e9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2EAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL CIVILIAN|&amp;#x2ea0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL WATER ONE|&amp;#x2ea1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL WATER TWO|&amp;#x2ea2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL FIRE|&amp;#x2ea3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL PAW ONE|&amp;#x2ea4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL PAW TWO|&amp;#x2ea5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SIMPLIFIED HALF TREE TRUNK|&amp;#x2ea6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL COW|&amp;#x2ea7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL DOG|&amp;#x2ea8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL JADE|&amp;#x2ea9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BOLT OF CLOTH|&amp;#x2eaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL EYE|&amp;#x2eab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SPIRIT ONE|&amp;#x2eac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SPIRIT TWO|&amp;#x2ead;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BAMBOO|&amp;#x2eae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SILK|&amp;#x2eaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2EBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED SILK|&amp;#x2eb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL NET ONE|&amp;#x2eb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL NET TWO|&amp;#x2eb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL NET THREE|&amp;#x2eb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL NET FOUR|&amp;#x2eb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MESH|&amp;#x2eb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SHEEP|&amp;#x2eb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL RAM|&amp;#x2eb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL EWE|&amp;#x2eb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL OLD|&amp;#x2eb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BRUSH ONE|&amp;#x2eba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BRUSH TWO|&amp;#x2ebb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MEAT|&amp;#x2ebc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MORTAR|&amp;#x2ebd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL GRASS ONE|&amp;#x2ebe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL GRASS TWO|&amp;#x2ebf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2ECx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL GRASS THREE|&amp;#x2ec0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL TIGER|&amp;#x2ec1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL CLOTHES|&amp;#x2ec2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL WEST ONE|&amp;#x2ec3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL WEST TWO|&amp;#x2ec4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED SEE|&amp;#x2ec5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SIMPLIFIED HORN|&amp;#x2ec6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL HORN|&amp;#x2ec7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED SPEECH|&amp;#x2ec8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED SHELL|&amp;#x2ec9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL FOOT|&amp;#x2eca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED CART|&amp;#x2ecb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SIMPLIFIED WALK|&amp;#x2ecc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL WALK ONE|&amp;#x2ecd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL WALK TWO|&amp;#x2ece;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL CITY|&amp;#x2ecf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2EDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED GOLD|&amp;#x2ed0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL LONG ONE|&amp;#x2ed1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL LONG TWO|&amp;#x2ed2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED LONG|&amp;#x2ed3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED GATE|&amp;#x2ed4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MOUND ONE|&amp;#x2ed5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL MOUND TWO|&amp;#x2ed6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL RAIN|&amp;#x2ed7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BLUE|&amp;#x2ed8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED TANNED LEATHER|&amp;#x2ed9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED LEAF|&amp;#x2eda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED WIND|&amp;#x2edb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED FLY|&amp;#x2edc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL EAT ONE|&amp;#x2edd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL EAT TWO|&amp;#x2ede;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL EAT THREE|&amp;#x2edf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2EEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED EAT|&amp;#x2ee0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL HEAD|&amp;#x2ee1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED HORSE|&amp;#x2ee2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL BONE|&amp;#x2ee3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL GHOST|&amp;#x2ee4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED FISH|&amp;#x2ee5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED BIRD|&amp;#x2ee6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED SALT|&amp;#x2ee7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SIMPLIFIED WHEAT|&amp;#x2ee8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL SIMPLIFIED YELLOW|&amp;#x2ee9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED FROG|&amp;#x2eea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL J-SIMPLIFIED EVEN|&amp;#x2eeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED EVEN|&amp;#x2eec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL J-SIMPLIFIED TOOTH|&amp;#x2eed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED TOOTH|&amp;#x2eee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL J-SIMPLIFIED DRAGON|&amp;#x2eef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2EFx
|style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED DRAGON|&amp;#x2ef0;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL TURTLE|&amp;#x2ef1;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL J-SIMPLIFIED TURTLE|&amp;#x2ef2;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK RADICAL C-SIMPLIFIED TURTLE|&amp;#x2ef3;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Kangxi Radicals'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ONE|&amp;#x2f00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LINE|&amp;#x2f01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOT|&amp;#x2f02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SLASH|&amp;#x2f03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SECOND|&amp;#x2f04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HOOK|&amp;#x2f05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TWO|&amp;#x2f06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LID|&amp;#x2f07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MAN|&amp;#x2f08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LEGS|&amp;#x2f09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ENTER|&amp;#x2f0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EIGHT|&amp;#x2f0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOWN BOX|&amp;#x2f0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL COVER|&amp;#x2f0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ICE|&amp;#x2f0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TABLE|&amp;#x2f0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL OPEN BOX|&amp;#x2f10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL KNIFE|&amp;#x2f11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL POWER|&amp;#x2f12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WRAP|&amp;#x2f13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SPOON|&amp;#x2f14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RIGHT OPEN BOX|&amp;#x2f15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HIDING ENCLOSURE|&amp;#x2f16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TEN|&amp;#x2f17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DIVINATION|&amp;#x2f18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SEAL|&amp;#x2f19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CLIFF|&amp;#x2f1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL PRIVATE|&amp;#x2f1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL AGAIN|&amp;#x2f1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MOUTH|&amp;#x2f1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ENCLOSURE|&amp;#x2f1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EARTH|&amp;#x2f1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SCHOLAR|&amp;#x2f20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GO|&amp;#x2f21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GO SLOWLY|&amp;#x2f22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EVENING|&amp;#x2f23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BIG|&amp;#x2f24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WOMAN|&amp;#x2f25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CHILD|&amp;#x2f26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ROOF|&amp;#x2f27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL INCH|&amp;#x2f28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SMALL|&amp;#x2f29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LAME|&amp;#x2f2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CORPSE|&amp;#x2f2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SPROUT|&amp;#x2f2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MOUNTAIN|&amp;#x2f2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RIVER|&amp;#x2f2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WORK|&amp;#x2f2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ONESELF|&amp;#x2f30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TURBAN|&amp;#x2f31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DRY|&amp;#x2f32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SHORT THREAD|&amp;#x2f33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOTTED CLIFF|&amp;#x2f34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LONG STRIDE|&amp;#x2f35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TWO HANDS|&amp;#x2f36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SHOOT|&amp;#x2f37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BOW|&amp;#x2f38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SNOUT|&amp;#x2f39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BRISTLE|&amp;#x2f3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL STEP|&amp;#x2f3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HEART|&amp;#x2f3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HALBERD|&amp;#x2f3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOOR|&amp;#x2f3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HAND|&amp;#x2f3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BRANCH|&amp;#x2f40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RAP|&amp;#x2f41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SCRIPT|&amp;#x2f42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DIPPER|&amp;#x2f43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL AXE|&amp;#x2f44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SQUARE|&amp;#x2f45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL NOT|&amp;#x2f46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SUN|&amp;#x2f47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SAY|&amp;#x2f48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MOON|&amp;#x2f49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TREE|&amp;#x2f4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LACK|&amp;#x2f4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL STOP|&amp;#x2f4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DEATH|&amp;#x2f4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WEAPON|&amp;#x2f4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DO NOT|&amp;#x2f4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL COMPARE|&amp;#x2f50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FUR|&amp;#x2f51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CLAN|&amp;#x2f52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL STEAM|&amp;#x2f53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WATER|&amp;#x2f54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FIRE|&amp;#x2f55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CLAW|&amp;#x2f56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FATHER|&amp;#x2f57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOUBLE X|&amp;#x2f58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HALF TREE TRUNK|&amp;#x2f59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SLICE|&amp;#x2f5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FANG|&amp;#x2f5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL COW|&amp;#x2f5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOG|&amp;#x2f5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL PROFOUND|&amp;#x2f5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL JADE|&amp;#x2f5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MELON|&amp;#x2f60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TILE|&amp;#x2f61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SWEET|&amp;#x2f62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LIFE|&amp;#x2f63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL USE|&amp;#x2f64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FIELD|&amp;#x2f65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BOLT OF CLOTH|&amp;#x2f66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SICKNESS|&amp;#x2f67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DOTTED TENT|&amp;#x2f68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WHITE|&amp;#x2f69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SKIN|&amp;#x2f6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DISH|&amp;#x2f6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EYE|&amp;#x2f6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SPEAR|&amp;#x2f6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ARROW|&amp;#x2f6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL STONE|&amp;#x2f6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SPIRIT|&amp;#x2f70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TRACK|&amp;#x2f71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GRAIN|&amp;#x2f72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CAVE|&amp;#x2f73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL STAND|&amp;#x2f74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BAMBOO|&amp;#x2f75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RICE|&amp;#x2f76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SILK|&amp;#x2f77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL JAR|&amp;#x2f78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL NET|&amp;#x2f79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SHEEP|&amp;#x2f7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FEATHER|&amp;#x2f7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL OLD|&amp;#x2f7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL AND|&amp;#x2f7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL PLOW|&amp;#x2f7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EAR|&amp;#x2f7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BRUSH|&amp;#x2f80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MEAT|&amp;#x2f81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MINISTER|&amp;#x2f82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SELF|&amp;#x2f83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL ARRIVE|&amp;#x2f84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MORTAR|&amp;#x2f85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TONGUE|&amp;#x2f86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL OPPOSE|&amp;#x2f87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BOAT|&amp;#x2f88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL STOPPING|&amp;#x2f89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL COLOR|&amp;#x2f8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GRASS|&amp;#x2f8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TIGER|&amp;#x2f8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL INSECT|&amp;#x2f8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BLOOD|&amp;#x2f8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WALK ENCLOSURE|&amp;#x2f8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2F9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CLOTHES|&amp;#x2f90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WEST|&amp;#x2f91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SEE|&amp;#x2f92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HORN|&amp;#x2f93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SPEECH|&amp;#x2f94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL VALLEY|&amp;#x2f95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BEAN|&amp;#x2f96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL PIG|&amp;#x2f97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BADGER|&amp;#x2f98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SHELL|&amp;#x2f99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RED|&amp;#x2f9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RUN|&amp;#x2f9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FOOT|&amp;#x2f9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BODY|&amp;#x2f9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CART|&amp;#x2f9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BITTER|&amp;#x2f9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MORNING|&amp;#x2fa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WALK|&amp;#x2fa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CITY|&amp;#x2fa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WINE|&amp;#x2fa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DISTINGUISH|&amp;#x2fa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL VILLAGE|&amp;#x2fa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GOLD|&amp;#x2fa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LONG|&amp;#x2fa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GATE|&amp;#x2fa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MOUND|&amp;#x2fa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SLAVE|&amp;#x2faa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SHORT TAILED BIRD|&amp;#x2fab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RAIN|&amp;#x2fac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BLUE|&amp;#x2fad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WRONG|&amp;#x2fae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FACE|&amp;#x2faf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LEATHER|&amp;#x2fb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TANNED LEATHER|&amp;#x2fb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LEEK|&amp;#x2fb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SOUND|&amp;#x2fb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL LEAF|&amp;#x2fb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WIND|&amp;#x2fb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FLY|&amp;#x2fb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EAT|&amp;#x2fb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HEAD|&amp;#x2fb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FRAGRANT|&amp;#x2fb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HORSE|&amp;#x2fba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BONE|&amp;#x2fbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TALL|&amp;#x2fbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HAIR|&amp;#x2fbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FIGHT|&amp;#x2fbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SACRIFICIAL WINE|&amp;#x2fbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL CAULDRON|&amp;#x2fc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL GHOST|&amp;#x2fc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FISH|&amp;#x2fc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BIRD|&amp;#x2fc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL SALT|&amp;#x2fc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DEER|&amp;#x2fc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL WHEAT|&amp;#x2fc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL HEMP|&amp;#x2fc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL YELLOW|&amp;#x2fc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL MILLET|&amp;#x2fc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL BLACK|&amp;#x2fca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EMBROIDERY|&amp;#x2fcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FROG|&amp;#x2fcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TRIPOD|&amp;#x2fcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DRUM|&amp;#x2fce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL RAT|&amp;#x2fcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FDx
|style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL NOSE|&amp;#x2fd0;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL EVEN|&amp;#x2fd1;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TOOTH|&amp;#x2fd2;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL DRAGON|&amp;#x2fd3;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL TURTLE|&amp;#x2fd4;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGXI RADICAL FLUTE|&amp;#x2fd5;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ideographic Description Characters'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|2FFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER LEFT TO RIGHT|&amp;#x2ff0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER ABOVE TO BELOW|&amp;#x2ff1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER LEFT TO MIDDLE AND RIGHT|&amp;#x2ff2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER ABOVE TO MIDDLE AND BELOW|&amp;#x2ff3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER FULL SURROUND|&amp;#x2ff4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM ABOVE|&amp;#x2ff5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM BELOW|&amp;#x2ff6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM LEFT|&amp;#x2ff7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM UPPER LEFT|&amp;#x2ff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM UPPER RIGHT|&amp;#x2ff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x2ffa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER OVERLAID|&amp;#x2ffb;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffd0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM RIGHT|&amp;#x2ffc;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffd0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SURROUND FROM LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x2ffd;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffd0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER HORIZONTAL REFLECTION|&amp;#x2ffe;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffd0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER ROTATION|&amp;#x2fff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|}
{{:Unicode/Character/footer}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Unicode/Character reference/3000-3FFF</title>
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{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:sans-serif,'Malgun Gothic','Arial Unicode MS','MS PGothic','Noto Sans Symbols'&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|300x
|style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE|[ID SP]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA|&amp;#x3001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP|&amp;#x3002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DITTO MARK|&amp;#x3003;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARD SYMBOL|&amp;#x3004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK|&amp;#x3005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC CLOSING MARK|&amp;#x3006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC NUMBER ZERO|&amp;#x3007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x3008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x3009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x300a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET|&amp;#x300b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT CORNER BRACKET|&amp;#x300c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT CORNER BRACKET|&amp;#x300d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET|&amp;#x300e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET|&amp;#x300f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|301x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET|&amp;#x3010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET|&amp;#x3011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTAL MARK|&amp;#x3012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GETA MARK|&amp;#x3013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x3014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x3015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET|&amp;#x3016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET|&amp;#x3017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x3018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET|&amp;#x3019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x301a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x301b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVE DASH|&amp;#x301c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x301d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x301e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK|&amp;#x301f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|302x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTAL MARK FACE|&amp;#x3020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL ONE|&amp;#x3021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL TWO|&amp;#x3022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL THREE|&amp;#x3023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL FOUR|&amp;#x3024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL FIVE|&amp;#x3025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL SIX|&amp;#x3026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL SEVEN|&amp;#x3027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL EIGHT|&amp;#x3028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL NINE|&amp;#x3029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC LEVEL TONE MARK|&amp;#x302a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC RISING TONE MARK|&amp;#x302b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DEPARTING TONE MARK|&amp;#x302c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ENTERING TONE MARK|&amp;#x302d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SINGLE DOT TONE MARK|&amp;#x302e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL DOUBLE DOT TONE MARK|&amp;#x302f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|303x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVY DASH|&amp;#x3030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK|&amp;#x3031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL KANA REPEAT WITH VOICED SOUND MARK|&amp;#x3032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK UPPER HALF|&amp;#x3033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL KANA REPEAT WITH VOICED SOUND MARK UPPER HALF|&amp;#x3034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK LOWER HALF|&amp;#x3035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED POSTAL MARK|&amp;#x3036;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH LINE FEED SEPARATOR SYMBOL|&amp;#x3037;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL TEN|&amp;#x3038;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL TWENTY|&amp;#x3039;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGZHOU NUMERAL THIRTY|&amp;#x303a;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK|&amp;#x303b;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MASU MARK|&amp;#x303c;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PART ALTERNATION MARK|&amp;#x303d;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC VARIATION INDICATOR|&amp;#x303e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC HALF FILL SPACE|&amp;#x303f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Hiragana'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|304x
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL A|&amp;#x3041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER A|&amp;#x3042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL I|&amp;#x3043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER I|&amp;#x3044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL U|&amp;#x3045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER U|&amp;#x3046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL E|&amp;#x3047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER E|&amp;#x3048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL O|&amp;#x3049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER O|&amp;#x304a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER KA|&amp;#x304b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER GA|&amp;#x304c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER KI|&amp;#x304d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER GI|&amp;#x304e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER KU|&amp;#x304f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|305x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER GU|&amp;#x3050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER KE|&amp;#x3051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER GE|&amp;#x3052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER KO|&amp;#x3053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER GO|&amp;#x3054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SA|&amp;#x3055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ZA|&amp;#x3056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SI|&amp;#x3057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ZI|&amp;#x3058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SU|&amp;#x3059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ZU|&amp;#x305a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SE|&amp;#x305b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ZE|&amp;#x305c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SO|&amp;#x305d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ZO|&amp;#x305e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER TA|&amp;#x305f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|306x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER DA|&amp;#x3060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER TI|&amp;#x3061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER DI|&amp;#x3062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL TU|&amp;#x3063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER TU|&amp;#x3064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER DU|&amp;#x3065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER TE|&amp;#x3066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER DE|&amp;#x3067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER TO|&amp;#x3068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER DO|&amp;#x3069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER NA|&amp;#x306a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER NI|&amp;#x306b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER NU|&amp;#x306c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER NE|&amp;#x306d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER NO|&amp;#x306e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER HA|&amp;#x306f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|307x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER BA|&amp;#x3070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER PA|&amp;#x3071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER HI|&amp;#x3072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER BI|&amp;#x3073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER PI|&amp;#x3074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER HU|&amp;#x3075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER BU|&amp;#x3076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER PU|&amp;#x3077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER HE|&amp;#x3078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER BE|&amp;#x3079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER PE|&amp;#x307a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER HO|&amp;#x307b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER BO|&amp;#x307c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER PO|&amp;#x307d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER MA|&amp;#x307e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER MI|&amp;#x307f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|308x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER MU|&amp;#x3080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ME|&amp;#x3081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER MO|&amp;#x3082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YA|&amp;#x3083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER YA|&amp;#x3084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YU|&amp;#x3085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER YU|&amp;#x3086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YO|&amp;#x3087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER YO|&amp;#x3088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER RA|&amp;#x3089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER RI|&amp;#x308a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER RU|&amp;#x308b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER RE|&amp;#x308c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER RO|&amp;#x308d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL WA|&amp;#x308e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER WA|&amp;#x308f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|309x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER WI|&amp;#x3090;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER WE|&amp;#x3091;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER WO|&amp;#x3092;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER N|&amp;#x3093;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER VU|&amp;#x3094;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KA|&amp;#x3095;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KE|&amp;#x3096;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA VOICED SOUND MARK|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x3099;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x309a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA-HIRAGANA VOICED SOUND MARK|&amp;#x309b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK|&amp;#x309c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA ITERATION MARK|&amp;#x309d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA VOICED ITERATION MARK|&amp;#x309e;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA DIGRAPH YORI|&amp;#x309f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Katakana'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|30Ax
|style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA-HIRAGANA DOUBLE HYPHEN|&amp;#x30a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL A|&amp;#x30a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER A|&amp;#x30a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL I|&amp;#x30a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER I|&amp;#x30a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL U|&amp;#x30a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER U|&amp;#x30a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL E|&amp;#x30a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER E|&amp;#x30a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL O|&amp;#x30a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER O|&amp;#x30aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER KA|&amp;#x30ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER GA|&amp;#x30ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER KI|&amp;#x30ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER GI|&amp;#x30ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER KU|&amp;#x30af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|30Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER GU|&amp;#x30b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER KE|&amp;#x30b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER GE|&amp;#x30b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER KO|&amp;#x30b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER GO|&amp;#x30b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SA|&amp;#x30b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ZA|&amp;#x30b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SI|&amp;#x30b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ZI|&amp;#x30b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SU|&amp;#x30b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ZU|&amp;#x30ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SE|&amp;#x30bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ZE|&amp;#x30bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SO|&amp;#x30bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ZO|&amp;#x30be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER TA|&amp;#x30bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|30Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER DA|&amp;#x30c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER TI|&amp;#x30c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER DI|&amp;#x30c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL TU|&amp;#x30c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER TU|&amp;#x30c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER DU|&amp;#x30c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER TE|&amp;#x30c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER DE|&amp;#x30c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER TO|&amp;#x30c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER DO|&amp;#x30c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER NA|&amp;#x30ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER NI|&amp;#x30cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER NU|&amp;#x30cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER NE|&amp;#x30cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER NO|&amp;#x30ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER HA|&amp;#x30cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|30Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER BA|&amp;#x30d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER PA|&amp;#x30d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER HI|&amp;#x30d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER BI|&amp;#x30d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER PI|&amp;#x30d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER HU|&amp;#x30d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER BU|&amp;#x30d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER PU|&amp;#x30d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER HE|&amp;#x30d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER BE|&amp;#x30d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER PE|&amp;#x30da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER HO|&amp;#x30db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER BO|&amp;#x30dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER PO|&amp;#x30dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MA|&amp;#x30de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MI|&amp;#x30df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|30Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MU|&amp;#x30e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ME|&amp;#x30e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MO|&amp;#x30e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL YA|&amp;#x30e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER YA|&amp;#x30e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL YU|&amp;#x30e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER YU|&amp;#x30e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL YO|&amp;#x30e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER YO|&amp;#x30e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER RA|&amp;#x30e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER RI|&amp;#x30ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER RU|&amp;#x30eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER RE|&amp;#x30ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER RO|&amp;#x30ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL WA|&amp;#x30ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER WA|&amp;#x30ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|30Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER WI|&amp;#x30f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER WE|&amp;#x30f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER WO|&amp;#x30f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER N|&amp;#x30f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER VU|&amp;#x30f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL KA|&amp;#x30f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL KE|&amp;#x30f6;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER VA|&amp;#x30f7;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER VI|&amp;#x30f8;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER VE|&amp;#x30f9;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER VO|&amp;#x30fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT|&amp;#x30fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK|&amp;#x30fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA ITERATION MARK|&amp;#x30fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA VOICED ITERATION MARK|&amp;#x30fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA DIGRAPH KOTO|&amp;#x30ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Bopomofo'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|310x
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER B|&amp;#x3105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER P|&amp;#x3106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER M|&amp;#x3107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER F|&amp;#x3108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER D|&amp;#x3109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER T|&amp;#x310a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER N|&amp;#x310b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER L|&amp;#x310c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER G|&amp;#x310d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER K|&amp;#x310e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER H|&amp;#x310f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|311x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER J|&amp;#x3110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER Q|&amp;#x3111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER X|&amp;#x3112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ZH|&amp;#x3113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER CH|&amp;#x3114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER SH|&amp;#x3115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER R|&amp;#x3116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER Z|&amp;#x3117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER C|&amp;#x3118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER S|&amp;#x3119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER A|&amp;#x311a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER O|&amp;#x311b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER E|&amp;#x311c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER EH|&amp;#x311d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AI|&amp;#x311e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER EI|&amp;#x311f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|312x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AU|&amp;#x3120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER OU|&amp;#x3121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AN|&amp;#x3122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER EN|&amp;#x3123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ANG|&amp;#x3124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ENG|&amp;#x3125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ER|&amp;#x3126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER I|&amp;#x3127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER U|&amp;#x3128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER IU|&amp;#x3129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER V|&amp;#x312a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER NG|&amp;#x312b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER GN|&amp;#x312c;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER IH|&amp;#x312d;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE|&amp;#x312e;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER NN|&amp;#x312f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|313x
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KIYEOK|&amp;#x3131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGKIYEOK|&amp;#x3132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KIYEOK-SIOS|&amp;#x3133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER NIEUN|&amp;#x3134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-CIEUC|&amp;#x3135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-HIEUH|&amp;#x3136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER TIKEUT|&amp;#x3137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGTIKEUT|&amp;#x3138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL|&amp;#x3139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-KIYEOK|&amp;#x313a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-MIEUM|&amp;#x313b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PIEUP|&amp;#x313c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-SIOS|&amp;#x313d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-THIEUTH|&amp;#x313e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PHIEUPH|&amp;#x313f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|314x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-HIEUH|&amp;#x3140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER MIEUM|&amp;#x3141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP|&amp;#x3142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGPIEUP|&amp;#x3143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-SIOS|&amp;#x3144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SIOS|&amp;#x3145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGSIOS|&amp;#x3146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER IEUNG|&amp;#x3147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER CIEUC|&amp;#x3148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGCIEUC|&amp;#x3149;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER CHIEUCH|&amp;#x314a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KHIEUKH|&amp;#x314b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER THIEUTH|&amp;#x314c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PHIEUPH|&amp;#x314d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER HIEUH|&amp;#x314e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER A|&amp;#x314f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|315x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER AE|&amp;#x3150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YA|&amp;#x3151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YAE|&amp;#x3152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER EO|&amp;#x3153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER E|&amp;#x3154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YEO|&amp;#x3155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YE|&amp;#x3156;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER O|&amp;#x3157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER WA|&amp;#x3158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER WAE|&amp;#x3159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER OE|&amp;#x315a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YO|&amp;#x315b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER U|&amp;#x315c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER WEO|&amp;#x315d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER WE|&amp;#x315e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER WI|&amp;#x315f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|316x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YU|&amp;#x3160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER EU|&amp;#x3161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YI|&amp;#x3162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER I|&amp;#x3163;}}||style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL FILLER|[HF]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGNIEUN|&amp;#x3165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-TIKEUT|&amp;#x3166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-SIOS|&amp;#x3167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER NIEUN-PANSIOS|&amp;#x3168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-KIYEOK-SIOS|&amp;#x3169;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-TIKEUT|&amp;#x316a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PIEUP-SIOS|&amp;#x316b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-PANSIOS|&amp;#x316c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER RIEUL-YEORINHIEUH|&amp;#x316d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER MIEUM-PIEUP|&amp;#x316e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER MIEUM-SIOS|&amp;#x316f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|317x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER MIEUM-PANSIOS|&amp;#x3170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KAPYEOUNMIEUM|&amp;#x3171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-KIYEOK|&amp;#x3172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-TIKEUT|&amp;#x3173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-SIOS-KIYEOK|&amp;#x3174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-SIOS-TIKEUT|&amp;#x3175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-CIEUC|&amp;#x3176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PIEUP-THIEUTH|&amp;#x3177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KAPYEOUNPIEUP|&amp;#x3178;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KAPYEOUNSSANGPIEUP|&amp;#x3179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SIOS-KIYEOK|&amp;#x317a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SIOS-NIEUN|&amp;#x317b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SIOS-TIKEUT|&amp;#x317c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SIOS-PIEUP|&amp;#x317d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SIOS-CIEUC|&amp;#x317e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER PANSIOS|&amp;#x317f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|318x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGIEUNG|&amp;#x3180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YESIEUNG|&amp;#x3181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YESIEUNG-SIOS|&amp;#x3182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YESIEUNG-PANSIOS|&amp;#x3183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER KAPYEOUNPHIEUPH|&amp;#x3184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER SSANGHIEUH|&amp;#x3185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YEORINHIEUH|&amp;#x3186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YO-YA|&amp;#x3187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YO-YAE|&amp;#x3188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YO-I|&amp;#x3189;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YU-YEO|&amp;#x318a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YU-YE|&amp;#x318b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER YU-I|&amp;#x318c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER ARAEA|&amp;#x318d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL LETTER ARAEAE|&amp;#x318e;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Kanbun'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|319x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION LINKING MARK|&amp;#x3190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION REVERSE MARK|&amp;#x3191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION ONE MARK|&amp;#x3192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION TWO MARK|&amp;#x3193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION THREE MARK|&amp;#x3194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION FOUR MARK|&amp;#x3195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION TOP MARK|&amp;#x3196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION MIDDLE MARK|&amp;#x3197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION BOTTOM MARK|&amp;#x3198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION FIRST MARK|&amp;#x3199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION SECOND MARK|&amp;#x319a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION THIRD MARK|&amp;#x319b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION FOURTH MARK|&amp;#x319c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION HEAVEN MARK|&amp;#x319d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION EARTH MARK|&amp;#x319e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION MAN MARK|&amp;#x319f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Bopomofo Extended'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|31Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER BU|&amp;#x31a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ZI|&amp;#x31a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER JI|&amp;#x31a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER GU|&amp;#x31a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER EE|&amp;#x31a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ENN|&amp;#x31a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER OO|&amp;#x31a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ONN|&amp;#x31a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER IR|&amp;#x31a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ANN|&amp;#x31a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER INN|&amp;#x31aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER UNN|&amp;#x31ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER IM|&amp;#x31ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER NGG|&amp;#x31ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AINN|&amp;#x31ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AUNN|&amp;#x31af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|31Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AM|&amp;#x31b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER OM|&amp;#x31b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ONG|&amp;#x31b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER INNN|&amp;#x31b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO FINAL LETTER P|&amp;#x31b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO FINAL LETTER T|&amp;#x31b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO FINAL LETTER K|&amp;#x31b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO FINAL LETTER H|&amp;#x31b7;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER GH|&amp;#x31b8;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER LH|&amp;#x31b9;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER ZY|&amp;#x31ba;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO FINAL LETTER G|&amp;#x31bb;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER GW|&amp;#x31bc;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER KW|&amp;#x31bd;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER OE|&amp;#x31be;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOPOMOFO LETTER AH|&amp;#x31bf;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''CJK Strokes'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|31Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE T|&amp;#x31c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE WG|&amp;#x31c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE XG|&amp;#x31c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE BXG|&amp;#x31c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SW|&amp;#x31c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZZ|&amp;#x31c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZG|&amp;#x31c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HP|&amp;#x31c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZWG|&amp;#x31c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SZWG|&amp;#x31c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZT|&amp;#x31ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZZP|&amp;#x31cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HPWG|&amp;#x31cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZW|&amp;#x31cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZZZ|&amp;#x31ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE N|&amp;#x31cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|31Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE H|&amp;#x31d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE S|&amp;#x31d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE P|&amp;#x31d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SP|&amp;#x31d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE D|&amp;#x31d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZ|&amp;#x31d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HG|&amp;#x31d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SZ|&amp;#x31d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SWZ|&amp;#x31d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE ST|&amp;#x31d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SG|&amp;#x31da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE PD|&amp;#x31db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE PZ|&amp;#x31dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE TN|&amp;#x31dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SZZ|&amp;#x31de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SWG|&amp;#x31df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|31Ex
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HXWG|&amp;#x31e0;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HZZZG|&amp;#x31e1;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE PG|&amp;#x31e2;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE Q|&amp;#x31e3;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE HXG|&amp;#x31e4;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK STROKE SZP|&amp;#x31e5;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ffd0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARACTER SUBTRACTION|&amp;#x31ef;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|31Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL KU|&amp;#x31f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL SI|&amp;#x31f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL SU|&amp;#x31f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL TO|&amp;#x31f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL NU|&amp;#x31f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HA|&amp;#x31f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HI|&amp;#x31f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HU|&amp;#x31f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HE|&amp;#x31f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL HO|&amp;#x31f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL MU|&amp;#x31fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RA|&amp;#x31fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RI|&amp;#x31fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RU|&amp;#x31fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RE|&amp;#x31fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL RO|&amp;#x31ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|320x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL KIYEOK|&amp;#x3200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL NIEUN|&amp;#x3201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL TIKEUT|&amp;#x3202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL RIEUL|&amp;#x3203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL MIEUM|&amp;#x3204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL PIEUP|&amp;#x3205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL SIOS|&amp;#x3206;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL IEUNG|&amp;#x3207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CIEUC|&amp;#x3208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CHIEUCH|&amp;#x3209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL KHIEUKH|&amp;#x320a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL THIEUTH|&amp;#x320b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL PHIEUPH|&amp;#x320c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL HIEUH|&amp;#x320d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL KIYEOK A|&amp;#x320e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL NIEUN A|&amp;#x320f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|321x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL TIKEUT A|&amp;#x3210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL RIEUL A|&amp;#x3211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL MIEUM A|&amp;#x3212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL PIEUP A|&amp;#x3213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL SIOS A|&amp;#x3214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL IEUNG A|&amp;#x3215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CIEUC A|&amp;#x3216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CHIEUCH A|&amp;#x3217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL KHIEUKH A|&amp;#x3218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL THIEUTH A|&amp;#x3219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL PHIEUPH A|&amp;#x321a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL HIEUH A|&amp;#x321b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED HANGUL CIEUC U|&amp;#x321c;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED KOREAN CHARACTER OJEON|&amp;#x321d;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED KOREAN CHARACTER O HU|&amp;#x321e;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|322x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH ONE|&amp;#x3220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH TWO|&amp;#x3221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH THREE|&amp;#x3222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH FOUR|&amp;#x3223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH FIVE|&amp;#x3224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SIX|&amp;#x3225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SEVEN|&amp;#x3226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH EIGHT|&amp;#x3227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH NINE|&amp;#x3228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH TEN|&amp;#x3229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH MOON|&amp;#x322a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH FIRE|&amp;#x322b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH WATER|&amp;#x322c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH WOOD|&amp;#x322d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH METAL|&amp;#x322e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH EARTH|&amp;#x322f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|323x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SUN|&amp;#x3230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH STOCK|&amp;#x3231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH HAVE|&amp;#x3232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SOCIETY|&amp;#x3233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH NAME|&amp;#x3234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SPECIAL|&amp;#x3235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH FINANCIAL|&amp;#x3236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH CONGRATULATION|&amp;#x3237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH LABOR|&amp;#x3238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REPRESENT|&amp;#x3239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH CALL|&amp;#x323a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH STUDY|&amp;#x323b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SUPERVISE|&amp;#x323c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH ENTERPRISE|&amp;#x323d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH RESOURCE|&amp;#x323e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH ALLIANCE|&amp;#x323f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|324x
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH FESTIVAL|&amp;#x3240;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REST|&amp;#x3241;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SELF|&amp;#x3242;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REACH|&amp;#x3243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH QUESTION|&amp;#x3244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH KINDERGARTEN|&amp;#x3245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SCHOOL|&amp;#x3246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH KOTO|&amp;#x3247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TEN ON BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x3248;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x3249;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x324a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x324b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x324c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER SIXTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x324d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER SEVENTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x324e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER EIGHTY ON BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x324f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|325x
|style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTNERSHIP SIGN|&amp;#x3250;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY ONE|&amp;#x3251;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY TWO|&amp;#x3252;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY THREE|&amp;#x3253;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY FOUR|&amp;#x3254;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY FIVE|&amp;#x3255;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY SIX|&amp;#x3256;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY SEVEN|&amp;#x3257;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY EIGHT|&amp;#x3258;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY NINE|&amp;#x3259;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY|&amp;#x325a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY ONE|&amp;#x325b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY TWO|&amp;#x325c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY THREE|&amp;#x325d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY FOUR|&amp;#x325e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY FIVE|&amp;#x325f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|326x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL KIYEOK|&amp;#x3260;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL NIEUN|&amp;#x3261;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL TIKEUT|&amp;#x3262;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL RIEUL|&amp;#x3263;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL MIEUM|&amp;#x3264;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL PIEUP|&amp;#x3265;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL SIOS|&amp;#x3266;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL IEUNG|&amp;#x3267;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL CIEUC|&amp;#x3268;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL CHIEUCH|&amp;#x3269;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL KHIEUKH|&amp;#x326a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL THIEUTH|&amp;#x326b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL PHIEUPH|&amp;#x326c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL HIEUH|&amp;#x326d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL KIYEOK A|&amp;#x326e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL NIEUN A|&amp;#x326f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|327x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL TIKEUT A|&amp;#x3270;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL RIEUL A|&amp;#x3271;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL MIEUM A|&amp;#x3272;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL PIEUP A|&amp;#x3273;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL SIOS A|&amp;#x3274;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL IEUNG A|&amp;#x3275;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL CIEUC A|&amp;#x3276;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL CHIEUCH A|&amp;#x3277;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL KHIEUKH A|&amp;#x3278;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL THIEUTH A|&amp;#x3279;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL PHIEUPH A|&amp;#x327a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL HIEUH A|&amp;#x327b;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KOREAN CHARACTER CHAMKO|&amp;#x327c;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KOREAN CHARACTER JUEUI|&amp;#x327d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HANGUL IEUNG U|&amp;#x327e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KOREAN STANDARD SYMBOL|&amp;#x327f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|328x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ONE|&amp;#x3280;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH TWO|&amp;#x3281;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH THREE|&amp;#x3282;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH FOUR|&amp;#x3283;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH FIVE|&amp;#x3284;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SIX|&amp;#x3285;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SEVEN|&amp;#x3286;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH EIGHT|&amp;#x3287;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH NINE|&amp;#x3288;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH TEN|&amp;#x3289;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH MOON|&amp;#x328a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH FIRE|&amp;#x328b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH WATER|&amp;#x328c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH WOOD|&amp;#x328d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH METAL|&amp;#x328e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH EARTH|&amp;#x328f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|329x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SUN|&amp;#x3290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH STOCK|&amp;#x3291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH HAVE|&amp;#x3292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SOCIETY|&amp;#x3293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH NAME|&amp;#x3294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SPECIAL|&amp;#x3295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH FINANCIAL|&amp;#x3296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH CONGRATULATION|&amp;#x3297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH LABOR|&amp;#x3298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SECRET|&amp;#x3299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH MALE|&amp;#x329a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH FEMALE|&amp;#x329b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SUITABLE|&amp;#x329c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH EXCELLENT|&amp;#x329d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH PRINT|&amp;#x329e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ATTENTION|&amp;#x329f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|32Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ITEM|&amp;#x32a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH REST|&amp;#x32a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH COPY|&amp;#x32a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH CORRECT|&amp;#x32a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH HIGH|&amp;#x32a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH CENTRE|&amp;#x32a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH LOW|&amp;#x32a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH LEFT|&amp;#x32a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH RIGHT|&amp;#x32a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH MEDICINE|&amp;#x32a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH RELIGION|&amp;#x32aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH STUDY|&amp;#x32ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SUPERVISE|&amp;#x32ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ENTERPRISE|&amp;#x32ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH RESOURCE|&amp;#x32ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ALLIANCE|&amp;#x32af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|32Bx
|style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH NIGHT|&amp;#x32b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY SIX|&amp;#x32b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY SEVEN|&amp;#x32b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY EIGHT|&amp;#x32b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER THIRTY NINE|&amp;#x32b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY|&amp;#x32b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY ONE|&amp;#x32b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY TWO|&amp;#x32b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY THREE|&amp;#x32b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY FOUR|&amp;#x32b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY FIVE|&amp;#x32ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY SIX|&amp;#x32bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY SEVEN|&amp;#x32bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY EIGHT|&amp;#x32bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FORTY NINE|&amp;#x32be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED NUMBER FIFTY|&amp;#x32bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|32Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR JANUARY|&amp;#x32c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR FEBRUARY|&amp;#x32c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR MARCH|&amp;#x32c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR APRIL|&amp;#x32c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR MAY|&amp;#x32c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR JUNE|&amp;#x32c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR JULY|&amp;#x32c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR AUGUST|&amp;#x32c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR SEPTEMBER|&amp;#x32c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR OCTOBER|&amp;#x32c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR NOVEMBER|&amp;#x32ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DECEMBER|&amp;#x32cb;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HG|&amp;#x32cc;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ERG|&amp;#x32cd;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE EV|&amp;#x32ce;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMITED LIABILITY SIGN|&amp;#x32cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|32Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA A|&amp;#x32d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA I|&amp;#x32d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA U|&amp;#x32d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA E|&amp;#x32d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA O|&amp;#x32d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA KA|&amp;#x32d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA KI|&amp;#x32d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA KU|&amp;#x32d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA KE|&amp;#x32d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA KO|&amp;#x32d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA SA|&amp;#x32da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA SI|&amp;#x32db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA SU|&amp;#x32dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA SE|&amp;#x32dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA SO|&amp;#x32de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA TA|&amp;#x32df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|32Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA TI|&amp;#x32e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA TU|&amp;#x32e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA TE|&amp;#x32e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA TO|&amp;#x32e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA NA|&amp;#x32e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA NI|&amp;#x32e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA NU|&amp;#x32e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA NE|&amp;#x32e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA NO|&amp;#x32e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA HA|&amp;#x32e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA HI|&amp;#x32ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA HU|&amp;#x32eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA HE|&amp;#x32ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA HO|&amp;#x32ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA MA|&amp;#x32ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA MI|&amp;#x32ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|32Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA MU|&amp;#x32f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA ME|&amp;#x32f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA MO|&amp;#x32f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA YA|&amp;#x32f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA YU|&amp;#x32f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA YO|&amp;#x32f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA RA|&amp;#x32f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA RI|&amp;#x32f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA RU|&amp;#x32f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA RE|&amp;#x32f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA RO|&amp;#x32fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA WA|&amp;#x32fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA WI|&amp;#x32fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA WE|&amp;#x32fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED KATAKANA WO|&amp;#x32fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff99ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ERA NAME REIWA|&amp;#x32ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''CJK Compatibility'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|330x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE APAATO|&amp;#x3300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ARUHUA|&amp;#x3301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ANPEA|&amp;#x3302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE AARU|&amp;#x3303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ININGU|&amp;#x3304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE INTI|&amp;#x3305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE UON|&amp;#x3306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ESUKUUDO|&amp;#x3307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE EEKAA|&amp;#x3308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ONSU|&amp;#x3309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE OOMU|&amp;#x330a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KAIRI|&amp;#x330b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KARATTO|&amp;#x330c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KARORII|&amp;#x330d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GARON|&amp;#x330e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GANMA|&amp;#x330f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|331x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GIGA|&amp;#x3310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GINII|&amp;#x3311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KYURII|&amp;#x3312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GIRUDAA|&amp;#x3313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KIRO|&amp;#x3314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KIROGURAMU|&amp;#x3315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KIROMEETORU|&amp;#x3316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KIROWATTO|&amp;#x3317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GURAMU|&amp;#x3318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GURAMUTON|&amp;#x3319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KURUZEIRO|&amp;#x331a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KUROONE|&amp;#x331b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KEESU|&amp;#x331c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KORUNA|&amp;#x331d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KOOPO|&amp;#x331e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SAIKURU|&amp;#x331f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|332x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SANTIIMU|&amp;#x3320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SIRINGU|&amp;#x3321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SENTI|&amp;#x3322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SENTO|&amp;#x3323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DAASU|&amp;#x3324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DESI|&amp;#x3325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DORU|&amp;#x3326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE TON|&amp;#x3327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NANO|&amp;#x3328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NOTTO|&amp;#x3329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HAITU|&amp;#x332a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PAASENTO|&amp;#x332b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PAATU|&amp;#x332c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BAARERU|&amp;#x332d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PIASUTORU|&amp;#x332e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PIKURU|&amp;#x332f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|333x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PIKO|&amp;#x3330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BIRU|&amp;#x3331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HUARADDO|&amp;#x3332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HUIITO|&amp;#x3333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BUSSYERU|&amp;#x3334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HURAN|&amp;#x3335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HEKUTAARU|&amp;#x3336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PESO|&amp;#x3337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PENIHI|&amp;#x3338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HERUTU|&amp;#x3339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PENSU|&amp;#x333a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PEEZI|&amp;#x333b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BEETA|&amp;#x333c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE POINTO|&amp;#x333d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BORUTO|&amp;#x333e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HON|&amp;#x333f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|334x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PONDO|&amp;#x3340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HOORU|&amp;#x3341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HOON|&amp;#x3342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MAIKURO|&amp;#x3343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MAIRU|&amp;#x3344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MAHHA|&amp;#x3345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MARUKU|&amp;#x3346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MANSYON|&amp;#x3347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MIKURON|&amp;#x3348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MIRI|&amp;#x3349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MIRIBAARU|&amp;#x334a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MEGA|&amp;#x334b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MEGATON|&amp;#x334c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MEETORU|&amp;#x334d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE YAADO|&amp;#x334e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE YAARU|&amp;#x334f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|335x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE YUAN|&amp;#x3350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RITTORU|&amp;#x3351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RIRA|&amp;#x3352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RUPII|&amp;#x3353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RUUBURU|&amp;#x3354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE REMU|&amp;#x3355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RENTOGEN|&amp;#x3356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WATTO|&amp;#x3357;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR ZERO|&amp;#x3358;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR ONE|&amp;#x3359;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWO|&amp;#x335a;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR THREE|&amp;#x335b;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR FOUR|&amp;#x335c;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR FIVE|&amp;#x335d;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR SIX|&amp;#x335e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR SEVEN|&amp;#x335f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|336x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR EIGHT|&amp;#x3360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR NINE|&amp;#x3361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TEN|&amp;#x3362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR ELEVEN|&amp;#x3363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWELVE|&amp;#x3364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR THIRTEEN|&amp;#x3365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR FOURTEEN|&amp;#x3366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR FIFTEEN|&amp;#x3367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR SIXTEEN|&amp;#x3368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR SEVENTEEN|&amp;#x3369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR EIGHTEEN|&amp;#x336a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR NINETEEN|&amp;#x336b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWENTY|&amp;#x336c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWENTY-ONE|&amp;#x336d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWENTY-TWO|&amp;#x336e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWENTY-THREE|&amp;#x336f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|337x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR HOUR TWENTY-FOUR|&amp;#x3370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HPA|&amp;#x3371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DA|&amp;#x3372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE AU|&amp;#x3373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BAR|&amp;#x3374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE OV|&amp;#x3375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PC|&amp;#x3376;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DM|&amp;#x3377;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DM SQUARED|&amp;#x3378;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DM CUBED|&amp;#x3379;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE IU|&amp;#x337a;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ERA NAME HEISEI|&amp;#x337b;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ERA NAME SYOUWA|&amp;#x337c;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ERA NAME TAISYOU|&amp;#x337d;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ERA NAME MEIZI|&amp;#x337e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CORPORATION|&amp;#x337f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|338x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PA AMPS|&amp;#x3380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NA|&amp;#x3381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU A|&amp;#x3382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MA|&amp;#x3383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KA|&amp;#x3384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KB|&amp;#x3385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MB|&amp;#x3386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GB|&amp;#x3387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CAL|&amp;#x3388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KCAL|&amp;#x3389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PF|&amp;#x338a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NF|&amp;#x338b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU F|&amp;#x338c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU G|&amp;#x338d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MG|&amp;#x338e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KG|&amp;#x338f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|339x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HZ|&amp;#x3390;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KHZ|&amp;#x3391;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MHZ|&amp;#x3392;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GHZ|&amp;#x3393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE THZ|&amp;#x3394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU L|&amp;#x3395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE ML|&amp;#x3396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DL|&amp;#x3397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KL|&amp;#x3398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE FM|&amp;#x3399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NM|&amp;#x339a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU M|&amp;#x339b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MM|&amp;#x339c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CM|&amp;#x339d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KM|&amp;#x339e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MM SQUARED|&amp;#x339f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|33Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CM SQUARED|&amp;#x33a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE M SQUARED|&amp;#x33a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KM SQUARED|&amp;#x33a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MM CUBED|&amp;#x33a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CM CUBED|&amp;#x33a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE M CUBED|&amp;#x33a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KM CUBED|&amp;#x33a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE M OVER S|&amp;#x33a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE M OVER S SQUARED|&amp;#x33a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PA|&amp;#x33a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KPA|&amp;#x33aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MPA|&amp;#x33ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GPA|&amp;#x33ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RAD|&amp;#x33ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RAD OVER S|&amp;#x33ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE RAD OVER S SQUARED|&amp;#x33af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|33Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PS|&amp;#x33b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NS|&amp;#x33b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU S|&amp;#x33b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MS|&amp;#x33b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PV|&amp;#x33b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NV|&amp;#x33b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU V|&amp;#x33b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MV|&amp;#x33b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KV|&amp;#x33b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MV MEGA|&amp;#x33b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PW|&amp;#x33ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE NW|&amp;#x33bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MU W|&amp;#x33bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MW|&amp;#x33bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KW|&amp;#x33be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MW MEGA|&amp;#x33bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|33Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE K OHM|&amp;#x33c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE M OHM|&amp;#x33c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE AM|&amp;#x33c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE BQ|&amp;#x33c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CC|&amp;#x33c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CD|&amp;#x33c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE C OVER KG|&amp;#x33c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE CO|&amp;#x33c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DB|&amp;#x33c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GY|&amp;#x33c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HA|&amp;#x33ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HP|&amp;#x33cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE IN|&amp;#x33cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KK|&amp;#x33cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KM CAPITAL|&amp;#x33ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE KT|&amp;#x33cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff5555&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|33Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE LM|&amp;#x33d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE LN|&amp;#x33d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE LOG|&amp;#x33d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE LX|&amp;#x33d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MB SMALL|&amp;#x33d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MIL|&amp;#x33d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE MOL|&amp;#x33d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PH|&amp;#x33d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PM|&amp;#x33d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PPM|&amp;#x33d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE PR|&amp;#x33da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SR|&amp;#x33db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE SV|&amp;#x33dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE WB|&amp;#x33dd;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE V OVER M|&amp;#x33de;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE A OVER M|&amp;#x33df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|33Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY ONE|&amp;#x33e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWO|&amp;#x33e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY THREE|&amp;#x33e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY FOUR|&amp;#x33e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY FIVE|&amp;#x33e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY SIX|&amp;#x33e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY SEVEN|&amp;#x33e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY EIGHT|&amp;#x33e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY NINE|&amp;#x33e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TEN|&amp;#x33e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY ELEVEN|&amp;#x33ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWELVE|&amp;#x33eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY THIRTEEN|&amp;#x33ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY FOURTEEN|&amp;#x33ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY FIFTEEN|&amp;#x33ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY SIXTEEN|&amp;#x33ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffa25a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|33Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY SEVENTEEN|&amp;#x33f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY EIGHTEEN|&amp;#x33f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY NINETEEN|&amp;#x33f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY|&amp;#x33f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-ONE|&amp;#x33f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-TWO|&amp;#x33f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-THREE|&amp;#x33f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-FOUR|&amp;#x33f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-FIVE|&amp;#x33f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-SIX|&amp;#x33f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-SEVEN|&amp;#x33fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-EIGHT|&amp;#x33fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY TWENTY-NINE|&amp;#x33fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY THIRTY|&amp;#x33fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH SYMBOL FOR DAY THIRTY-ONE|&amp;#x33fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#92ff6c&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE GAL|&amp;#x33ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|340x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3400|&amp;#x3400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3401|&amp;#x3401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3402|&amp;#x3402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3403|&amp;#x3403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3404|&amp;#x3404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3405|&amp;#x3405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3406|&amp;#x3406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3407|&amp;#x3407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3408|&amp;#x3408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3409|&amp;#x3409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-340A|&amp;#x340a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-340B|&amp;#x340b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-340C|&amp;#x340c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-340D|&amp;#x340d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-340E|&amp;#x340e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-340F|&amp;#x340f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|341x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3410|&amp;#x3410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3411|&amp;#x3411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3412|&amp;#x3412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3413|&amp;#x3413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3414|&amp;#x3414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3415|&amp;#x3415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3416|&amp;#x3416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3417|&amp;#x3417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3418|&amp;#x3418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3419|&amp;#x3419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-341A|&amp;#x341a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-341B|&amp;#x341b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-341C|&amp;#x341c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-341D|&amp;#x341d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-341E|&amp;#x341e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-341F|&amp;#x341f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|342x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3420|&amp;#x3420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3421|&amp;#x3421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3422|&amp;#x3422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3423|&amp;#x3423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3424|&amp;#x3424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3425|&amp;#x3425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3426|&amp;#x3426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3427|&amp;#x3427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3428|&amp;#x3428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3429|&amp;#x3429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-342A|&amp;#x342a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-342B|&amp;#x342b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-342C|&amp;#x342c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-342D|&amp;#x342d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-342E|&amp;#x342e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-342F|&amp;#x342f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|343x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3430|&amp;#x3430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3431|&amp;#x3431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3432|&amp;#x3432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3433|&amp;#x3433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3434|&amp;#x3434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3435|&amp;#x3435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3436|&amp;#x3436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3437|&amp;#x3437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3438|&amp;#x3438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3439|&amp;#x3439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-343A|&amp;#x343a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-343B|&amp;#x343b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-343C|&amp;#x343c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-343D|&amp;#x343d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-343E|&amp;#x343e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-343F|&amp;#x343f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|344x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3440|&amp;#x3440;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3441|&amp;#x3441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3442|&amp;#x3442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3443|&amp;#x3443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3444|&amp;#x3444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3445|&amp;#x3445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3446|&amp;#x3446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3447|&amp;#x3447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3448|&amp;#x3448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3449|&amp;#x3449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-344A|&amp;#x344a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-344B|&amp;#x344b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-344C|&amp;#x344c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-344D|&amp;#x344d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-344E|&amp;#x344e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-344F|&amp;#x344f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|345x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3450|&amp;#x3450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3451|&amp;#x3451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3452|&amp;#x3452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3453|&amp;#x3453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3454|&amp;#x3454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3455|&amp;#x3455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3456|&amp;#x3456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3457|&amp;#x3457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3458|&amp;#x3458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3459|&amp;#x3459;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-345A|&amp;#x345a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-345B|&amp;#x345b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-345C|&amp;#x345c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-345D|&amp;#x345d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-345E|&amp;#x345e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-345F|&amp;#x345f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|346x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3460|&amp;#x3460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3461|&amp;#x3461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3462|&amp;#x3462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3463|&amp;#x3463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3464|&amp;#x3464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3465|&amp;#x3465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3466|&amp;#x3466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3467|&amp;#x3467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3468|&amp;#x3468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3469|&amp;#x3469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-346A|&amp;#x346a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-346B|&amp;#x346b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-346C|&amp;#x346c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-346D|&amp;#x346d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-346E|&amp;#x346e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-346F|&amp;#x346f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|347x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3470|&amp;#x3470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3471|&amp;#x3471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3472|&amp;#x3472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3473|&amp;#x3473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3474|&amp;#x3474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3475|&amp;#x3475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3476|&amp;#x3476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3477|&amp;#x3477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3478|&amp;#x3478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3479|&amp;#x3479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-347A|&amp;#x347a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-347B|&amp;#x347b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-347C|&amp;#x347c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-347D|&amp;#x347d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-347E|&amp;#x347e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-347F|&amp;#x347f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3480|&amp;#x3480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3481|&amp;#x3481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3482|&amp;#x3482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3483|&amp;#x3483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3484|&amp;#x3484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3485|&amp;#x3485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3486|&amp;#x3486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3487|&amp;#x3487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3488|&amp;#x3488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3489|&amp;#x3489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-348A|&amp;#x348a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-348B|&amp;#x348b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-348C|&amp;#x348c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-348D|&amp;#x348d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-348E|&amp;#x348e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-348F|&amp;#x348f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F70|&amp;#x3f70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F71|&amp;#x3f71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F72|&amp;#x3f72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F73|&amp;#x3f73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F74|&amp;#x3f74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F75|&amp;#x3f75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F76|&amp;#x3f76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F77|&amp;#x3f77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F78|&amp;#x3f78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F79|&amp;#x3f79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F7A|&amp;#x3f7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F7B|&amp;#x3f7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F7C|&amp;#x3f7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F7D|&amp;#x3f7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F7E|&amp;#x3f7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F7F|&amp;#x3f7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3F8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F80|&amp;#x3f80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F81|&amp;#x3f81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F82|&amp;#x3f82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F83|&amp;#x3f83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F84|&amp;#x3f84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F85|&amp;#x3f85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F86|&amp;#x3f86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F87|&amp;#x3f87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F88|&amp;#x3f88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F89|&amp;#x3f89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F8A|&amp;#x3f8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F8B|&amp;#x3f8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F8C|&amp;#x3f8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F8D|&amp;#x3f8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F8E|&amp;#x3f8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F8F|&amp;#x3f8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3F9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F90|&amp;#x3f90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F91|&amp;#x3f91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F92|&amp;#x3f92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F93|&amp;#x3f93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F94|&amp;#x3f94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F95|&amp;#x3f95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F96|&amp;#x3f96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F97|&amp;#x3f97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F98|&amp;#x3f98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F99|&amp;#x3f99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F9A|&amp;#x3f9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F9B|&amp;#x3f9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F9C|&amp;#x3f9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F9D|&amp;#x3f9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F9E|&amp;#x3f9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3F9F|&amp;#x3f9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3FAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA0|&amp;#x3fa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA1|&amp;#x3fa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA2|&amp;#x3fa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA3|&amp;#x3fa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA4|&amp;#x3fa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA5|&amp;#x3fa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA6|&amp;#x3fa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA7|&amp;#x3fa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA8|&amp;#x3fa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FA9|&amp;#x3fa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FAA|&amp;#x3faa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FAB|&amp;#x3fab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FAC|&amp;#x3fac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FAD|&amp;#x3fad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FAE|&amp;#x3fae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FAF|&amp;#x3faf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3FBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB0|&amp;#x3fb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB1|&amp;#x3fb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB2|&amp;#x3fb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB3|&amp;#x3fb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB4|&amp;#x3fb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB5|&amp;#x3fb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB6|&amp;#x3fb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB7|&amp;#x3fb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB8|&amp;#x3fb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FB9|&amp;#x3fb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FBA|&amp;#x3fba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FBB|&amp;#x3fbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FBC|&amp;#x3fbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FBD|&amp;#x3fbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FBE|&amp;#x3fbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FBF|&amp;#x3fbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3FCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC0|&amp;#x3fc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC1|&amp;#x3fc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC2|&amp;#x3fc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC3|&amp;#x3fc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC4|&amp;#x3fc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC5|&amp;#x3fc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC6|&amp;#x3fc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC7|&amp;#x3fc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC8|&amp;#x3fc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FC9|&amp;#x3fc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FCA|&amp;#x3fca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FCB|&amp;#x3fcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FCC|&amp;#x3fcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FCD|&amp;#x3fcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FCE|&amp;#x3fce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FCF|&amp;#x3fcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3FDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD0|&amp;#x3fd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD1|&amp;#x3fd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD2|&amp;#x3fd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD3|&amp;#x3fd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD4|&amp;#x3fd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD5|&amp;#x3fd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD6|&amp;#x3fd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD7|&amp;#x3fd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD8|&amp;#x3fd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FD9|&amp;#x3fd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FDA|&amp;#x3fda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FDB|&amp;#x3fdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FDC|&amp;#x3fdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FDD|&amp;#x3fdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FDE|&amp;#x3fde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FDF|&amp;#x3fdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3FEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE0|&amp;#x3fe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE1|&amp;#x3fe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE2|&amp;#x3fe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE3|&amp;#x3fe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE4|&amp;#x3fe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE5|&amp;#x3fe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE6|&amp;#x3fe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE7|&amp;#x3fe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE8|&amp;#x3fe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FE9|&amp;#x3fe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FEA|&amp;#x3fea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FEB|&amp;#x3feb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FEC|&amp;#x3fec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FED|&amp;#x3fed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FEE|&amp;#x3fee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FEF|&amp;#x3fef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3FFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF0|&amp;#x3ff0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF1|&amp;#x3ff1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF2|&amp;#x3ff2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF3|&amp;#x3ff3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF4|&amp;#x3ff4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF5|&amp;#x3ff5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF6|&amp;#x3ff6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF7|&amp;#x3ff7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF8|&amp;#x3ff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FF9|&amp;#x3ff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FFA|&amp;#x3ffa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FFB|&amp;#x3ffb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FFC|&amp;#x3ffc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FFD|&amp;#x3ffd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FFE|&amp;#x3ffe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3FFF|&amp;#x3fff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|}
{{:Unicode/Character/footer}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Unicode/Character reference/9000-9FFF</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632869</id>
      <parentid>4585845</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T04:29:18Z</timestamp>
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        <id>3579663</id>
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{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:sans-serif,'Arial Unicode MS';&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''CJK Unified Ideographs (ctd.)'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|900x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9000|&amp;#x9000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9001|&amp;#x9001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9002|&amp;#x9002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9003|&amp;#x9003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9004|&amp;#x9004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9005|&amp;#x9005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9006|&amp;#x9006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9007|&amp;#x9007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9008|&amp;#x9008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9009|&amp;#x9009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-900A|&amp;#x900a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-900B|&amp;#x900b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-900C|&amp;#x900c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-900D|&amp;#x900d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-900E|&amp;#x900e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-900F|&amp;#x900f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|901x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9010|&amp;#x9010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9011|&amp;#x9011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9012|&amp;#x9012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9013|&amp;#x9013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9014|&amp;#x9014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9015|&amp;#x9015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9016|&amp;#x9016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9017|&amp;#x9017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9018|&amp;#x9018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9019|&amp;#x9019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901A|&amp;#x901a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901B|&amp;#x901b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901C|&amp;#x901c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901D|&amp;#x901d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901E|&amp;#x901e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901F|&amp;#x901f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|902x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9020|&amp;#x9020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9021|&amp;#x9021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9022|&amp;#x9022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9023|&amp;#x9023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9024|&amp;#x9024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9025|&amp;#x9025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9026|&amp;#x9026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9027|&amp;#x9027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9028|&amp;#x9028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9029|&amp;#x9029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902A|&amp;#x902a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902B|&amp;#x902b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902C|&amp;#x902c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902D|&amp;#x902d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902E|&amp;#x902e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902F|&amp;#x902f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F80|&amp;#x9f80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F81|&amp;#x9f81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F82|&amp;#x9f82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F83|&amp;#x9f83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F84|&amp;#x9f84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F85|&amp;#x9f85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F86|&amp;#x9f86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F87|&amp;#x9f87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F88|&amp;#x9f88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F89|&amp;#x9f89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F8A|&amp;#x9f8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F8B|&amp;#x9f8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F8C|&amp;#x9f8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F8D|&amp;#x9f8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F8E|&amp;#x9f8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F8F|&amp;#x9f8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9F9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F90|&amp;#x9f90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F91|&amp;#x9f91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F92|&amp;#x9f92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F93|&amp;#x9f93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F94|&amp;#x9f94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F95|&amp;#x9f95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F96|&amp;#x9f96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F97|&amp;#x9f97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F98|&amp;#x9f98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F99|&amp;#x9f99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F9A|&amp;#x9f9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F9B|&amp;#x9f9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F9C|&amp;#x9f9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F9D|&amp;#x9f9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F9E|&amp;#x9f9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F9F|&amp;#x9f9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9FAx
|style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA0|&amp;#x9fa0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA1|&amp;#x9fa1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA2|&amp;#x9fa2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA3|&amp;#x9fa3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA4|&amp;#x9fa4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA5|&amp;#x9fa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA6|&amp;#x9fa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA7|&amp;#x9fa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA8|&amp;#x9fa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA9|&amp;#x9fa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FAA|&amp;#x9faa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FAB|&amp;#x9fab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FAC|&amp;#x9fac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FAD|&amp;#x9fad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FAE|&amp;#x9fae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FAF|&amp;#x9faf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9FBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB0|&amp;#x9fb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB1|&amp;#x9fb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB2|&amp;#x9fb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB3|&amp;#x9fb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB4|&amp;#x9fb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB5|&amp;#x9fb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB6|&amp;#x9fb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB7|&amp;#x9fb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB8|&amp;#x9fb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB9|&amp;#x9fb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FBA|&amp;#x9fba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FBB|&amp;#x9fbb;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FBC|&amp;#x9fbc;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FBD|&amp;#x9fbd;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FBE|&amp;#x9fbe;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FBF|&amp;#x9fbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9FCx
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC0|&amp;#x9fc0;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC1|&amp;#x9fc1;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC2|&amp;#x9fc2;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC3|&amp;#x9fc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC4|&amp;#x9fc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC5|&amp;#x9fc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC6|&amp;#x9fc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC7|&amp;#x9fc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC8|&amp;#x9fc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC9|&amp;#x9fc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FCA|&amp;#x9fca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FCB|&amp;#x9fcb;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FCC|&amp;#x9fcc;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FCD|&amp;#x9fcd;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FCE|&amp;#x9fce;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FCF|&amp;#x9fcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9FDx
|style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD0|&amp;#x9fd0;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD1|&amp;#x9fd1;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD2|&amp;#x9fd2;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD3|&amp;#x9fd3;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD4|&amp;#x9fd4;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD5|&amp;#x9fd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD6|&amp;#x9fd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD7|&amp;#x9fd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD8|&amp;#x9fd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD9|&amp;#x9fd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FDA|&amp;#x9fda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FDB|&amp;#x9fdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FDC|&amp;#x9fdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FDD|&amp;#x9fdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FDE|&amp;#x9fde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FDF|&amp;#x9fdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9FEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE0|&amp;#x9fe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE1|&amp;#x9fe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE2|&amp;#x9fe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE3|&amp;#x9fe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE4|&amp;#x9fe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE5|&amp;#x9fe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE6|&amp;#x9fe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE7|&amp;#x9fe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE8|&amp;#x9fe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE9|&amp;#x9fe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEA|&amp;#x9fea;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEB|&amp;#x9feb;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEC|&amp;#x9fec;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FED|&amp;#x9fed;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEE|&amp;#x9fee;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEF|&amp;#x9fef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9FFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF0|&amp;#x9ff0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF1|&amp;#x9ff1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF2|&amp;#x9ff2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF3|&amp;#x9ff3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF4|&amp;#x9ff4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF5|&amp;#x9ff5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF6|&amp;#x9ff6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF7|&amp;#x9ff7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF8|&amp;#x9ff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF9|&amp;#x9ff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FFA|&amp;#x9ffa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FFB|&amp;#x9ffb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FFC|&amp;#x9ffc;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FFD|&amp;#x9ffd;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FFE|&amp;#x9ffe;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FFF|&amp;#x9fff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|}
{{:Unicode/Character/footer}}</text>
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      <id>4632870</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-28T04:29:51Z</timestamp>
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{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:sans-serif,'Arial Unicode MS','MS PGothic','Noto Sans SC';&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''CJK Unified Ideographs (ctd.)'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|900x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9000|&amp;#x9000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9001|&amp;#x9001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9002|&amp;#x9002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9003|&amp;#x9003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9004|&amp;#x9004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9005|&amp;#x9005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9006|&amp;#x9006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9007|&amp;#x9007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9008|&amp;#x9008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9009|&amp;#x9009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-900A|&amp;#x900a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-900B|&amp;#x900b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-900C|&amp;#x900c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-900D|&amp;#x900d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-900E|&amp;#x900e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-900F|&amp;#x900f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|901x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9010|&amp;#x9010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9011|&amp;#x9011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9012|&amp;#x9012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9013|&amp;#x9013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9014|&amp;#x9014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9015|&amp;#x9015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9016|&amp;#x9016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9017|&amp;#x9017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9018|&amp;#x9018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9019|&amp;#x9019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901A|&amp;#x901a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901B|&amp;#x901b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901C|&amp;#x901c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901D|&amp;#x901d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901E|&amp;#x901e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901F|&amp;#x901f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|902x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9020|&amp;#x9020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9021|&amp;#x9021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9022|&amp;#x9022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9023|&amp;#x9023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9024|&amp;#x9024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9025|&amp;#x9025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9026|&amp;#x9026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9027|&amp;#x9027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9028|&amp;#x9028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9029|&amp;#x9029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902A|&amp;#x902a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902B|&amp;#x902b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902C|&amp;#x902c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902D|&amp;#x902d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902E|&amp;#x902e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902F|&amp;#x902f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|903x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9030|&amp;#x9030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9031|&amp;#x9031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9032|&amp;#x9032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9033|&amp;#x9033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9034|&amp;#x9034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9035|&amp;#x9035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9036|&amp;#x9036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9037|&amp;#x9037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9038|&amp;#x9038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9039|&amp;#x9039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-903A|&amp;#x903a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-903B|&amp;#x903b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-903C|&amp;#x903c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-903D|&amp;#x903d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-903E|&amp;#x903e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-903F|&amp;#x903f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F90|&amp;#x9f90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F91|&amp;#x9f91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F92|&amp;#x9f92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F93|&amp;#x9f93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F94|&amp;#x9f94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F95|&amp;#x9f95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F96|&amp;#x9f96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F97|&amp;#x9f97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F98|&amp;#x9f98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F99|&amp;#x9f99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F9A|&amp;#x9f9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F9B|&amp;#x9f9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F9C|&amp;#x9f9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F9D|&amp;#x9f9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F9E|&amp;#x9f9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9F9F|&amp;#x9f9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9FAx
|style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA0|&amp;#x9fa0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA1|&amp;#x9fa1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA2|&amp;#x9fa2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA3|&amp;#x9fa3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA4|&amp;#x9fa4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ff7c57&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA5|&amp;#x9fa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA6|&amp;#x9fa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA7|&amp;#x9fa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA8|&amp;#x9fa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FA9|&amp;#x9fa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FAA|&amp;#x9faa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FAB|&amp;#x9fab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FAC|&amp;#x9fac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FAD|&amp;#x9fad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FAE|&amp;#x9fae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FAF|&amp;#x9faf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9FBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB0|&amp;#x9fb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB1|&amp;#x9fb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB2|&amp;#x9fb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB3|&amp;#x9fb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB4|&amp;#x9fb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB5|&amp;#x9fb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB6|&amp;#x9fb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB7|&amp;#x9fb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB8|&amp;#x9fb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FB9|&amp;#x9fb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FBA|&amp;#x9fba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FBB|&amp;#x9fbb;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FBC|&amp;#x9fbc;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FBD|&amp;#x9fbd;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FBE|&amp;#x9fbe;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FBF|&amp;#x9fbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9FCx
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC0|&amp;#x9fc0;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC1|&amp;#x9fc1;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC2|&amp;#x9fc2;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC3|&amp;#x9fc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC4|&amp;#x9fc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC5|&amp;#x9fc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC6|&amp;#x9fc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC7|&amp;#x9fc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC8|&amp;#x9fc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FC9|&amp;#x9fc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FCA|&amp;#x9fca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FCB|&amp;#x9fcb;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FCC|&amp;#x9fcc;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FCD|&amp;#x9fcd;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FCE|&amp;#x9fce;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FCF|&amp;#x9fcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9FDx
|style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD0|&amp;#x9fd0;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD1|&amp;#x9fd1;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD2|&amp;#x9fd2;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD3|&amp;#x9fd3;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD4|&amp;#x9fd4;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD5|&amp;#x9fd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD6|&amp;#x9fd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD7|&amp;#x9fd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD8|&amp;#x9fd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FD9|&amp;#x9fd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FDA|&amp;#x9fda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FDB|&amp;#x9fdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FDC|&amp;#x9fdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FDD|&amp;#x9fdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FDE|&amp;#x9fde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FDF|&amp;#x9fdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9FEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE0|&amp;#x9fe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE1|&amp;#x9fe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE2|&amp;#x9fe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE3|&amp;#x9fe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE4|&amp;#x9fe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE5|&amp;#x9fe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE6|&amp;#x9fe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE7|&amp;#x9fe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE8|&amp;#x9fe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FE9|&amp;#x9fe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEA|&amp;#x9fea;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEB|&amp;#x9feb;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEC|&amp;#x9fec;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FED|&amp;#x9fed;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEE|&amp;#x9fee;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEF|&amp;#x9fef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|9FFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF0|&amp;#x9ff0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF1|&amp;#x9ff1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF2|&amp;#x9ff2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF3|&amp;#x9ff3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF4|&amp;#x9ff4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF5|&amp;#x9ff5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF6|&amp;#x9ff6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF7|&amp;#x9ff7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF8|&amp;#x9ff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FF9|&amp;#x9ff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FFA|&amp;#x9ffa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FFB|&amp;#x9ffb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FFC|&amp;#x9ffc;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FFD|&amp;#x9ffd;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FFE|&amp;#x9ffe;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FFF|&amp;#x9fff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|}
{{:Unicode/Character/footer}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Unicode/Character reference/A000-AFFF</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632871</id>
      <parentid>4631862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T04:30:51Z</timestamp>
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        <id>3579663</id>
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{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:sans-serif,'Arial Unicode MS','MS PGothic','Jura'&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Yi Syllables'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A00x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE IT|&amp;#xa000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE IX|&amp;#xa001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE I|&amp;#xa002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE IP|&amp;#xa003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE IET|&amp;#xa004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE IEX|&amp;#xa005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE IE|&amp;#xa006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE IEP|&amp;#xa007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE AT|&amp;#xa008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE AX|&amp;#xa009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE A|&amp;#xa00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE AP|&amp;#xa00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE UOX|&amp;#xa00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE UO|&amp;#xa00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE UOP|&amp;#xa00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE OT|&amp;#xa00f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A01x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE OX|&amp;#xa010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE O|&amp;#xa011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE OP|&amp;#xa012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE EX|&amp;#xa013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE E|&amp;#xa014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ITERATION MARK|&amp;#xa015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BIT|&amp;#xa016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BIX|&amp;#xa017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BI|&amp;#xa018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BIP|&amp;#xa019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BIET|&amp;#xa01a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BIEX|&amp;#xa01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BIE|&amp;#xa01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BIEP|&amp;#xa01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BAT|&amp;#xa01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BAX|&amp;#xa01f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A02x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BA|&amp;#xa020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BAP|&amp;#xa021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BUOX|&amp;#xa022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BUO|&amp;#xa023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BUOP|&amp;#xa024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BOT|&amp;#xa025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BOX|&amp;#xa026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BO|&amp;#xa027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BOP|&amp;#xa028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BEX|&amp;#xa029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BE|&amp;#xa02a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BEP|&amp;#xa02b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BUT|&amp;#xa02c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BUX|&amp;#xa02d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BU|&amp;#xa02e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BUP|&amp;#xa02f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A03x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BURX|&amp;#xa030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BUR|&amp;#xa031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BYT|&amp;#xa032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BYX|&amp;#xa033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BY|&amp;#xa034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BYP|&amp;#xa035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BYRX|&amp;#xa036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BYR|&amp;#xa037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PIT|&amp;#xa038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PIX|&amp;#xa039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PI|&amp;#xa03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PIP|&amp;#xa03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PIEX|&amp;#xa03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PIE|&amp;#xa03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PIEP|&amp;#xa03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PAT|&amp;#xa03f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A04x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PAX|&amp;#xa040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PA|&amp;#xa041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PAP|&amp;#xa042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PUOX|&amp;#xa043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PUO|&amp;#xa044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PUOP|&amp;#xa045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE POT|&amp;#xa046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE POX|&amp;#xa047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PO|&amp;#xa048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE POP|&amp;#xa049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PUT|&amp;#xa04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PUX|&amp;#xa04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PU|&amp;#xa04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PUP|&amp;#xa04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PURX|&amp;#xa04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PUR|&amp;#xa04f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A05x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PYT|&amp;#xa050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PYX|&amp;#xa051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PY|&amp;#xa052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PYP|&amp;#xa053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PYRX|&amp;#xa054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE PYR|&amp;#xa055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBIT|&amp;#xa056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBIX|&amp;#xa057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBI|&amp;#xa058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBIP|&amp;#xa059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBIET|&amp;#xa05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBIEX|&amp;#xa05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBIE|&amp;#xa05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBIEP|&amp;#xa05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBAT|&amp;#xa05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBAX|&amp;#xa05f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A06x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBA|&amp;#xa060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBAP|&amp;#xa061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBUOX|&amp;#xa062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBUO|&amp;#xa063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBUOP|&amp;#xa064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBOT|&amp;#xa065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBOX|&amp;#xa066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBO|&amp;#xa067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBOP|&amp;#xa068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBEX|&amp;#xa069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBE|&amp;#xa06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBEP|&amp;#xa06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBUT|&amp;#xa06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBUX|&amp;#xa06d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBU|&amp;#xa06e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBUP|&amp;#xa06f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A07x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBURX|&amp;#xa070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBUR|&amp;#xa071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBYT|&amp;#xa072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBYX|&amp;#xa073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBY|&amp;#xa074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE BBYP|&amp;#xa075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBIT|&amp;#xa076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBIX|&amp;#xa077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBI|&amp;#xa078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBIP|&amp;#xa079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBIEX|&amp;#xa07a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBIE|&amp;#xa07b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBIEP|&amp;#xa07c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBAT|&amp;#xa07d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBAX|&amp;#xa07e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBA|&amp;#xa07f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A08x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBAP|&amp;#xa080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBOT|&amp;#xa081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBOX|&amp;#xa082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBO|&amp;#xa083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBOP|&amp;#xa084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBUT|&amp;#xa085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBUX|&amp;#xa086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBU|&amp;#xa087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBUP|&amp;#xa088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBURX|&amp;#xa089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBUR|&amp;#xa08a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBYT|&amp;#xa08b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBYX|&amp;#xa08c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBY|&amp;#xa08d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBYP|&amp;#xa08e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBYRX|&amp;#xa08f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A09x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NBYR|&amp;#xa090;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMIT|&amp;#xa091;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMIX|&amp;#xa092;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMI|&amp;#xa093;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMIP|&amp;#xa094;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMIEX|&amp;#xa095;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMIE|&amp;#xa096;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMIEP|&amp;#xa097;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMAT|&amp;#xa098;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMAX|&amp;#xa099;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMA|&amp;#xa09a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMAP|&amp;#xa09b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMUOX|&amp;#xa09c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMUO|&amp;#xa09d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMUOP|&amp;#xa09e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMOT|&amp;#xa09f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A0Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMOX|&amp;#xa0a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMO|&amp;#xa0a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMOP|&amp;#xa0a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMUT|&amp;#xa0a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMUX|&amp;#xa0a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMU|&amp;#xa0a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMUP|&amp;#xa0a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMURX|&amp;#xa0a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMUR|&amp;#xa0a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMYX|&amp;#xa0a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMY|&amp;#xa0aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMYP|&amp;#xa0ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMYRX|&amp;#xa0ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HMYR|&amp;#xa0ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MIT|&amp;#xa0ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MIX|&amp;#xa0af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A0Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MI|&amp;#xa0b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MIP|&amp;#xa0b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MIEX|&amp;#xa0b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MIE|&amp;#xa0b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MIEP|&amp;#xa0b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MAT|&amp;#xa0b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MAX|&amp;#xa0b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MA|&amp;#xa0b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MAP|&amp;#xa0b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MUOT|&amp;#xa0b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MUOX|&amp;#xa0ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MUO|&amp;#xa0bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MUOP|&amp;#xa0bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MOT|&amp;#xa0bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MOX|&amp;#xa0be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MO|&amp;#xa0bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A0Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MOP|&amp;#xa0c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MEX|&amp;#xa0c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ME|&amp;#xa0c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MUT|&amp;#xa0c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MUX|&amp;#xa0c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MU|&amp;#xa0c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MUP|&amp;#xa0c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MURX|&amp;#xa0c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MUR|&amp;#xa0c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MYT|&amp;#xa0c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MYX|&amp;#xa0ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MY|&amp;#xa0cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MYP|&amp;#xa0cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FIT|&amp;#xa0cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FIX|&amp;#xa0ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FI|&amp;#xa0cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A0Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FIP|&amp;#xa0d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FAT|&amp;#xa0d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FAX|&amp;#xa0d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FA|&amp;#xa0d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FAP|&amp;#xa0d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FOX|&amp;#xa0d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FO|&amp;#xa0d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FOP|&amp;#xa0d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FUT|&amp;#xa0d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FUX|&amp;#xa0d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FU|&amp;#xa0da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FUP|&amp;#xa0db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FURX|&amp;#xa0dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FUR|&amp;#xa0dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FYT|&amp;#xa0de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FYX|&amp;#xa0df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A0Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FY|&amp;#xa0e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE FYP|&amp;#xa0e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VIT|&amp;#xa0e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VIX|&amp;#xa0e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VI|&amp;#xa0e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VIP|&amp;#xa0e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VIET|&amp;#xa0e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VIEX|&amp;#xa0e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VIE|&amp;#xa0e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VIEP|&amp;#xa0e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VAT|&amp;#xa0ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VAX|&amp;#xa0eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VA|&amp;#xa0ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VAP|&amp;#xa0ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VOT|&amp;#xa0ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VOX|&amp;#xa0ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A0Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VO|&amp;#xa0f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VOP|&amp;#xa0f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VEX|&amp;#xa0f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VEP|&amp;#xa0f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VUT|&amp;#xa0f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VUX|&amp;#xa0f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VU|&amp;#xa0f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VUP|&amp;#xa0f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VURX|&amp;#xa0f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VUR|&amp;#xa0f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VYT|&amp;#xa0fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VYX|&amp;#xa0fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VY|&amp;#xa0fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VYP|&amp;#xa0fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VYRX|&amp;#xa0fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE VYR|&amp;#xa0ff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A10x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DIT|&amp;#xa100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DIX|&amp;#xa101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DI|&amp;#xa102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DIP|&amp;#xa103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DIEX|&amp;#xa104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DIE|&amp;#xa105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DIEP|&amp;#xa106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DAT|&amp;#xa107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DAX|&amp;#xa108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DA|&amp;#xa109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DAP|&amp;#xa10a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DUOX|&amp;#xa10b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DUO|&amp;#xa10c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DOT|&amp;#xa10d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DOX|&amp;#xa10e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DO|&amp;#xa10f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A11x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DOP|&amp;#xa110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DEX|&amp;#xa111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DE|&amp;#xa112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DEP|&amp;#xa113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DUT|&amp;#xa114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DUX|&amp;#xa115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DU|&amp;#xa116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DUP|&amp;#xa117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DURX|&amp;#xa118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DUR|&amp;#xa119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TIT|&amp;#xa11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TIX|&amp;#xa11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TI|&amp;#xa11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TIP|&amp;#xa11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TIEX|&amp;#xa11e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TIE|&amp;#xa11f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A12x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TIEP|&amp;#xa120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TAT|&amp;#xa121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TAX|&amp;#xa122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TA|&amp;#xa123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TAP|&amp;#xa124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TUOT|&amp;#xa125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TUOX|&amp;#xa126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TUO|&amp;#xa127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TUOP|&amp;#xa128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TOT|&amp;#xa129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TOX|&amp;#xa12a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TO|&amp;#xa12b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TOP|&amp;#xa12c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TEX|&amp;#xa12d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TE|&amp;#xa12e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TEP|&amp;#xa12f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A13x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TUT|&amp;#xa130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TUX|&amp;#xa131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TU|&amp;#xa132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TUP|&amp;#xa133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TURX|&amp;#xa134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE TUR|&amp;#xa135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDIT|&amp;#xa136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDIX|&amp;#xa137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDI|&amp;#xa138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDIP|&amp;#xa139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDIEX|&amp;#xa13a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDIE|&amp;#xa13b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDIEP|&amp;#xa13c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDAT|&amp;#xa13d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDAX|&amp;#xa13e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDA|&amp;#xa13f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A14x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDAP|&amp;#xa140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDUOX|&amp;#xa141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDUO|&amp;#xa142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDUOP|&amp;#xa143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDOT|&amp;#xa144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDOX|&amp;#xa145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDO|&amp;#xa146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDOP|&amp;#xa147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDEX|&amp;#xa148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDE|&amp;#xa149;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDEP|&amp;#xa14a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDUT|&amp;#xa14b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDUX|&amp;#xa14c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDU|&amp;#xa14d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDUP|&amp;#xa14e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDURX|&amp;#xa14f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A15x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE DDUR|&amp;#xa150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDIT|&amp;#xa151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDIX|&amp;#xa152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDI|&amp;#xa153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDIP|&amp;#xa154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDIEX|&amp;#xa155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDIE|&amp;#xa156;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDAT|&amp;#xa157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDAX|&amp;#xa158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDA|&amp;#xa159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDAP|&amp;#xa15a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDOT|&amp;#xa15b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDOX|&amp;#xa15c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDO|&amp;#xa15d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDOP|&amp;#xa15e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDEX|&amp;#xa15f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A16x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDE|&amp;#xa160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDEP|&amp;#xa161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDUT|&amp;#xa162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDUX|&amp;#xa163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDU|&amp;#xa164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDUP|&amp;#xa165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDURX|&amp;#xa166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NDUR|&amp;#xa167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNIT|&amp;#xa168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNIX|&amp;#xa169;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNI|&amp;#xa16a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNIP|&amp;#xa16b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNIET|&amp;#xa16c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNIEX|&amp;#xa16d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNIE|&amp;#xa16e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNIEP|&amp;#xa16f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A17x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNAT|&amp;#xa170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNAX|&amp;#xa171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNA|&amp;#xa172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNAP|&amp;#xa173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNUOX|&amp;#xa174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNUO|&amp;#xa175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNOT|&amp;#xa176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNOX|&amp;#xa177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNOP|&amp;#xa178;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNEX|&amp;#xa179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNE|&amp;#xa17a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNEP|&amp;#xa17b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HNUT|&amp;#xa17c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NIT|&amp;#xa17d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NIX|&amp;#xa17e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NI|&amp;#xa17f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A18x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NIP|&amp;#xa180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NIEX|&amp;#xa181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NIE|&amp;#xa182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NIEP|&amp;#xa183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NAX|&amp;#xa184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NA|&amp;#xa185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NAP|&amp;#xa186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NUOX|&amp;#xa187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NUO|&amp;#xa188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NUOP|&amp;#xa189;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NOT|&amp;#xa18a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NOX|&amp;#xa18b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NO|&amp;#xa18c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NOP|&amp;#xa18d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NEX|&amp;#xa18e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NE|&amp;#xa18f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A19x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NEP|&amp;#xa190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NUT|&amp;#xa191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NUX|&amp;#xa192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NU|&amp;#xa193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NUP|&amp;#xa194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NURX|&amp;#xa195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NUR|&amp;#xa196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLIT|&amp;#xa197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLIX|&amp;#xa198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLI|&amp;#xa199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLIP|&amp;#xa19a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLIEX|&amp;#xa19b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLIE|&amp;#xa19c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLIEP|&amp;#xa19d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLAT|&amp;#xa19e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLAX|&amp;#xa19f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A1Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLA|&amp;#xa1a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLAP|&amp;#xa1a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLUOX|&amp;#xa1a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLUO|&amp;#xa1a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLUOP|&amp;#xa1a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLOX|&amp;#xa1a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLO|&amp;#xa1a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLOP|&amp;#xa1a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLEX|&amp;#xa1a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLE|&amp;#xa1a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLEP|&amp;#xa1aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLUT|&amp;#xa1ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLUX|&amp;#xa1ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLU|&amp;#xa1ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLUP|&amp;#xa1ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLURX|&amp;#xa1af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A1Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLUR|&amp;#xa1b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLYT|&amp;#xa1b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLYX|&amp;#xa1b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLY|&amp;#xa1b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLYP|&amp;#xa1b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLYRX|&amp;#xa1b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HLYR|&amp;#xa1b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LIT|&amp;#xa1b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LIX|&amp;#xa1b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LI|&amp;#xa1b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LIP|&amp;#xa1ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LIET|&amp;#xa1bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LIEX|&amp;#xa1bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LIE|&amp;#xa1bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LIEP|&amp;#xa1be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LAT|&amp;#xa1bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A1Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LAX|&amp;#xa1c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LA|&amp;#xa1c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LAP|&amp;#xa1c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LUOT|&amp;#xa1c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LUOX|&amp;#xa1c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LUO|&amp;#xa1c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LUOP|&amp;#xa1c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LOT|&amp;#xa1c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LOX|&amp;#xa1c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LO|&amp;#xa1c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LOP|&amp;#xa1ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LEX|&amp;#xa1cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LE|&amp;#xa1cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LEP|&amp;#xa1cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LUT|&amp;#xa1ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LUX|&amp;#xa1cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A1Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LU|&amp;#xa1d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LUP|&amp;#xa1d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LURX|&amp;#xa1d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LUR|&amp;#xa1d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LYT|&amp;#xa1d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LYX|&amp;#xa1d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LY|&amp;#xa1d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LYP|&amp;#xa1d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LYRX|&amp;#xa1d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE LYR|&amp;#xa1d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GIT|&amp;#xa1da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GIX|&amp;#xa1db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GI|&amp;#xa1dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GIP|&amp;#xa1dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GIET|&amp;#xa1de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GIEX|&amp;#xa1df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A1Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GIE|&amp;#xa1e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GIEP|&amp;#xa1e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GAT|&amp;#xa1e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GAX|&amp;#xa1e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GA|&amp;#xa1e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GAP|&amp;#xa1e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GUOT|&amp;#xa1e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GUOX|&amp;#xa1e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GUO|&amp;#xa1e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GUOP|&amp;#xa1e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GOT|&amp;#xa1ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GOX|&amp;#xa1eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GO|&amp;#xa1ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GOP|&amp;#xa1ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GET|&amp;#xa1ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GEX|&amp;#xa1ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A1Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GE|&amp;#xa1f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GEP|&amp;#xa1f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GUT|&amp;#xa1f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GUX|&amp;#xa1f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GU|&amp;#xa1f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GUP|&amp;#xa1f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GURX|&amp;#xa1f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GUR|&amp;#xa1f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KIT|&amp;#xa1f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KIX|&amp;#xa1f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KI|&amp;#xa1fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KIP|&amp;#xa1fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KIEX|&amp;#xa1fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KIE|&amp;#xa1fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KIEP|&amp;#xa1fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KAT|&amp;#xa1ff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A20x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KAX|&amp;#xa200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KA|&amp;#xa201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KAP|&amp;#xa202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KUOX|&amp;#xa203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KUO|&amp;#xa204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KUOP|&amp;#xa205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KOT|&amp;#xa206;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KOX|&amp;#xa207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KO|&amp;#xa208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KOP|&amp;#xa209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KET|&amp;#xa20a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KEX|&amp;#xa20b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KE|&amp;#xa20c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KEP|&amp;#xa20d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KUT|&amp;#xa20e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KUX|&amp;#xa20f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A21x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KU|&amp;#xa210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KUP|&amp;#xa211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KURX|&amp;#xa212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE KUR|&amp;#xa213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGIT|&amp;#xa214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGIX|&amp;#xa215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGI|&amp;#xa216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGIEX|&amp;#xa217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGIE|&amp;#xa218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGIEP|&amp;#xa219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGAT|&amp;#xa21a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGAX|&amp;#xa21b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGA|&amp;#xa21c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGAP|&amp;#xa21d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGUOT|&amp;#xa21e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGUOX|&amp;#xa21f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A22x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGUO|&amp;#xa220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGUOP|&amp;#xa221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGOT|&amp;#xa222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGOX|&amp;#xa223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGO|&amp;#xa224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGOP|&amp;#xa225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGET|&amp;#xa226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGEX|&amp;#xa227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGE|&amp;#xa228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGEP|&amp;#xa229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGUT|&amp;#xa22a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGUX|&amp;#xa22b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGU|&amp;#xa22c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGUP|&amp;#xa22d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGURX|&amp;#xa22e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE GGUR|&amp;#xa22f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A23x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGIEX|&amp;#xa230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGIE|&amp;#xa231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGAT|&amp;#xa232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGAX|&amp;#xa233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGA|&amp;#xa234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGAP|&amp;#xa235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGUOX|&amp;#xa236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGUO|&amp;#xa237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGUOP|&amp;#xa238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGOT|&amp;#xa239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGOX|&amp;#xa23a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGO|&amp;#xa23b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGOP|&amp;#xa23c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGEX|&amp;#xa23d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGE|&amp;#xa23e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGEP|&amp;#xa23f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A24x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGUT|&amp;#xa240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGUX|&amp;#xa241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGU|&amp;#xa242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGUP|&amp;#xa243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGURX|&amp;#xa244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE MGUR|&amp;#xa245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXIT|&amp;#xa246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXIX|&amp;#xa247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXI|&amp;#xa248;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXIP|&amp;#xa249;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXIET|&amp;#xa24a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXIEX|&amp;#xa24b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXIE|&amp;#xa24c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXIEP|&amp;#xa24d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXAT|&amp;#xa24e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXAX|&amp;#xa24f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A25x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXA|&amp;#xa250;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXAP|&amp;#xa251;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXUOT|&amp;#xa252;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXUOX|&amp;#xa253;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXUO|&amp;#xa254;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXUOP|&amp;#xa255;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXOT|&amp;#xa256;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXOX|&amp;#xa257;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXO|&amp;#xa258;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXOP|&amp;#xa259;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXEX|&amp;#xa25a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXE|&amp;#xa25b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HXEP|&amp;#xa25c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGIEX|&amp;#xa25d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGIE|&amp;#xa25e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGIEP|&amp;#xa25f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A26x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGAT|&amp;#xa260;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGAX|&amp;#xa261;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGA|&amp;#xa262;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGAP|&amp;#xa263;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGUOT|&amp;#xa264;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGUOX|&amp;#xa265;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGUO|&amp;#xa266;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGOT|&amp;#xa267;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGOX|&amp;#xa268;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGO|&amp;#xa269;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGOP|&amp;#xa26a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGEX|&amp;#xa26b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGE|&amp;#xa26c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NGEP|&amp;#xa26d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HIT|&amp;#xa26e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HIEX|&amp;#xa26f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A27x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HIE|&amp;#xa270;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HAT|&amp;#xa271;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HAX|&amp;#xa272;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HA|&amp;#xa273;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HAP|&amp;#xa274;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HUOT|&amp;#xa275;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HUOX|&amp;#xa276;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HUO|&amp;#xa277;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HUOP|&amp;#xa278;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HOT|&amp;#xa279;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HOX|&amp;#xa27a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HO|&amp;#xa27b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HOP|&amp;#xa27c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HEX|&amp;#xa27d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HE|&amp;#xa27e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE HEP|&amp;#xa27f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A28x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WAT|&amp;#xa280;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WAX|&amp;#xa281;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WA|&amp;#xa282;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WAP|&amp;#xa283;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WUOX|&amp;#xa284;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WUO|&amp;#xa285;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WUOP|&amp;#xa286;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WOX|&amp;#xa287;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WO|&amp;#xa288;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WOP|&amp;#xa289;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WEX|&amp;#xa28a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WE|&amp;#xa28b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE WEP|&amp;#xa28c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZIT|&amp;#xa28d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZIX|&amp;#xa28e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZI|&amp;#xa28f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A29x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZIP|&amp;#xa290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZIEX|&amp;#xa291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZIE|&amp;#xa292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZIEP|&amp;#xa293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZAT|&amp;#xa294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZAX|&amp;#xa295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZA|&amp;#xa296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZAP|&amp;#xa297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZUOX|&amp;#xa298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZUO|&amp;#xa299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZUOP|&amp;#xa29a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZOT|&amp;#xa29b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZOX|&amp;#xa29c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZO|&amp;#xa29d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZOP|&amp;#xa29e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZEX|&amp;#xa29f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A2Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZE|&amp;#xa2a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZEP|&amp;#xa2a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZUT|&amp;#xa2a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZUX|&amp;#xa2a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZU|&amp;#xa2a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZUP|&amp;#xa2a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZURX|&amp;#xa2a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZUR|&amp;#xa2a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZYT|&amp;#xa2a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZYX|&amp;#xa2a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZY|&amp;#xa2aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZYP|&amp;#xa2ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZYRX|&amp;#xa2ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZYR|&amp;#xa2ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CIT|&amp;#xa2ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CIX|&amp;#xa2af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A2Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CI|&amp;#xa2b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CIP|&amp;#xa2b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CIET|&amp;#xa2b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CIEX|&amp;#xa2b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CIE|&amp;#xa2b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CIEP|&amp;#xa2b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CAT|&amp;#xa2b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CAX|&amp;#xa2b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CA|&amp;#xa2b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CAP|&amp;#xa2b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CUOX|&amp;#xa2ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CUO|&amp;#xa2bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CUOP|&amp;#xa2bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE COT|&amp;#xa2bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE COX|&amp;#xa2be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CO|&amp;#xa2bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A2Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE COP|&amp;#xa2c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CEX|&amp;#xa2c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CE|&amp;#xa2c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CEP|&amp;#xa2c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CUT|&amp;#xa2c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CUX|&amp;#xa2c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CU|&amp;#xa2c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CUP|&amp;#xa2c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CURX|&amp;#xa2c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CUR|&amp;#xa2c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CYT|&amp;#xa2ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CYX|&amp;#xa2cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CY|&amp;#xa2cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CYP|&amp;#xa2cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CYRX|&amp;#xa2ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CYR|&amp;#xa2cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A2Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZIT|&amp;#xa2d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZIX|&amp;#xa2d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZI|&amp;#xa2d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZIP|&amp;#xa2d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZIET|&amp;#xa2d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZIEX|&amp;#xa2d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZIE|&amp;#xa2d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZIEP|&amp;#xa2d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZAT|&amp;#xa2d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZAX|&amp;#xa2d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZA|&amp;#xa2da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZAP|&amp;#xa2db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZOX|&amp;#xa2dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZO|&amp;#xa2dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZOP|&amp;#xa2de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZEX|&amp;#xa2df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A2Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZE|&amp;#xa2e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZEP|&amp;#xa2e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZUX|&amp;#xa2e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZU|&amp;#xa2e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZUP|&amp;#xa2e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZURX|&amp;#xa2e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZUR|&amp;#xa2e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZYT|&amp;#xa2e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZYX|&amp;#xa2e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZY|&amp;#xa2e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZYP|&amp;#xa2ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZYRX|&amp;#xa2eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZZYR|&amp;#xa2ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZIT|&amp;#xa2ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZIX|&amp;#xa2ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZI|&amp;#xa2ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A2Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZIP|&amp;#xa2f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZIEX|&amp;#xa2f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZIE|&amp;#xa2f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZIEP|&amp;#xa2f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZAT|&amp;#xa2f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZAX|&amp;#xa2f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZA|&amp;#xa2f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZAP|&amp;#xa2f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZUOX|&amp;#xa2f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZUO|&amp;#xa2f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZOX|&amp;#xa2fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZOP|&amp;#xa2fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZEX|&amp;#xa2fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZE|&amp;#xa2fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZUX|&amp;#xa2fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZU|&amp;#xa2ff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A30x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZUP|&amp;#xa300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZURX|&amp;#xa301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZUR|&amp;#xa302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZYT|&amp;#xa303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZYX|&amp;#xa304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZY|&amp;#xa305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZYP|&amp;#xa306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZYRX|&amp;#xa307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NZYR|&amp;#xa308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SIT|&amp;#xa309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SIX|&amp;#xa30a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SI|&amp;#xa30b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SIP|&amp;#xa30c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SIEX|&amp;#xa30d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SIE|&amp;#xa30e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SIEP|&amp;#xa30f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A31x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SAT|&amp;#xa310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SAX|&amp;#xa311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SA|&amp;#xa312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SAP|&amp;#xa313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SUOX|&amp;#xa314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SUO|&amp;#xa315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SUOP|&amp;#xa316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SOT|&amp;#xa317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SOX|&amp;#xa318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SO|&amp;#xa319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SOP|&amp;#xa31a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SEX|&amp;#xa31b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SE|&amp;#xa31c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SEP|&amp;#xa31d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SUT|&amp;#xa31e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SUX|&amp;#xa31f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A32x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SU|&amp;#xa320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SUP|&amp;#xa321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SURX|&amp;#xa322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SUR|&amp;#xa323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SYT|&amp;#xa324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SYX|&amp;#xa325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SY|&amp;#xa326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SYP|&amp;#xa327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SYRX|&amp;#xa328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SYR|&amp;#xa329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSIT|&amp;#xa32a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSIX|&amp;#xa32b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSI|&amp;#xa32c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSIP|&amp;#xa32d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSIEX|&amp;#xa32e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSIE|&amp;#xa32f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A33x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSIEP|&amp;#xa330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSAT|&amp;#xa331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSAX|&amp;#xa332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSA|&amp;#xa333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSAP|&amp;#xa334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSOT|&amp;#xa335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSOX|&amp;#xa336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSO|&amp;#xa337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSOP|&amp;#xa338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSEX|&amp;#xa339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSE|&amp;#xa33a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSEP|&amp;#xa33b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSUT|&amp;#xa33c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSUX|&amp;#xa33d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSU|&amp;#xa33e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSUP|&amp;#xa33f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A34x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSYT|&amp;#xa340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSYX|&amp;#xa341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSY|&amp;#xa342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSYP|&amp;#xa343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSYRX|&amp;#xa344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SSYR|&amp;#xa345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHAT|&amp;#xa346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHAX|&amp;#xa347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHA|&amp;#xa348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHAP|&amp;#xa349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHUOX|&amp;#xa34a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHUO|&amp;#xa34b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHUOP|&amp;#xa34c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHOT|&amp;#xa34d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHOX|&amp;#xa34e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHO|&amp;#xa34f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A35x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHOP|&amp;#xa350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHET|&amp;#xa351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHEX|&amp;#xa352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHE|&amp;#xa353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHEP|&amp;#xa354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHUT|&amp;#xa355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHUX|&amp;#xa356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHU|&amp;#xa357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHUP|&amp;#xa358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHURX|&amp;#xa359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHUR|&amp;#xa35a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHYT|&amp;#xa35b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHYX|&amp;#xa35c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHY|&amp;#xa35d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHYP|&amp;#xa35e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHYRX|&amp;#xa35f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A36x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ZHYR|&amp;#xa360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHAT|&amp;#xa361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHAX|&amp;#xa362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHA|&amp;#xa363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHAP|&amp;#xa364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHUOT|&amp;#xa365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHUOX|&amp;#xa366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHUO|&amp;#xa367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHUOP|&amp;#xa368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHOT|&amp;#xa369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHOX|&amp;#xa36a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHO|&amp;#xa36b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHOP|&amp;#xa36c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHET|&amp;#xa36d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHEX|&amp;#xa36e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHE|&amp;#xa36f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A37x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHEP|&amp;#xa370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHUX|&amp;#xa371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHU|&amp;#xa372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHUP|&amp;#xa373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHURX|&amp;#xa374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHUR|&amp;#xa375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHYT|&amp;#xa376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHYX|&amp;#xa377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHY|&amp;#xa378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHYP|&amp;#xa379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHYRX|&amp;#xa37a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE CHYR|&amp;#xa37b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRAX|&amp;#xa37c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRA|&amp;#xa37d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRUOX|&amp;#xa37e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRUO|&amp;#xa37f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A38x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RROT|&amp;#xa380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RROX|&amp;#xa381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRO|&amp;#xa382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RROP|&amp;#xa383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRET|&amp;#xa384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RREX|&amp;#xa385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRE|&amp;#xa386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RREP|&amp;#xa387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRUT|&amp;#xa388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRUX|&amp;#xa389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRU|&amp;#xa38a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRUP|&amp;#xa38b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRURX|&amp;#xa38c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRUR|&amp;#xa38d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRYT|&amp;#xa38e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRYX|&amp;#xa38f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A39x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRY|&amp;#xa390;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRYP|&amp;#xa391;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRYRX|&amp;#xa392;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RRYR|&amp;#xa393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRAT|&amp;#xa394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRAX|&amp;#xa395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRA|&amp;#xa396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRAP|&amp;#xa397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NROX|&amp;#xa398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRO|&amp;#xa399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NROP|&amp;#xa39a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRET|&amp;#xa39b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NREX|&amp;#xa39c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRE|&amp;#xa39d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NREP|&amp;#xa39e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRUT|&amp;#xa39f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A3Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRUX|&amp;#xa3a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRU|&amp;#xa3a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRUP|&amp;#xa3a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRURX|&amp;#xa3a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRUR|&amp;#xa3a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRYT|&amp;#xa3a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRYX|&amp;#xa3a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRY|&amp;#xa3a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRYP|&amp;#xa3a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRYRX|&amp;#xa3a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NRYR|&amp;#xa3aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHAT|&amp;#xa3ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHAX|&amp;#xa3ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHA|&amp;#xa3ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHAP|&amp;#xa3ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHUOX|&amp;#xa3af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A3Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHUO|&amp;#xa3b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHUOP|&amp;#xa3b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHOT|&amp;#xa3b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHOX|&amp;#xa3b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHO|&amp;#xa3b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHOP|&amp;#xa3b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHET|&amp;#xa3b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHEX|&amp;#xa3b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHE|&amp;#xa3b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHEP|&amp;#xa3b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHUT|&amp;#xa3ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHUX|&amp;#xa3bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHU|&amp;#xa3bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHUP|&amp;#xa3bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHURX|&amp;#xa3be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHUR|&amp;#xa3bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A3Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHYT|&amp;#xa3c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHYX|&amp;#xa3c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHY|&amp;#xa3c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHYP|&amp;#xa3c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHYRX|&amp;#xa3c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE SHYR|&amp;#xa3c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RAT|&amp;#xa3c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RAX|&amp;#xa3c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RA|&amp;#xa3c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RAP|&amp;#xa3c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RUOX|&amp;#xa3ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RUO|&amp;#xa3cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RUOP|&amp;#xa3cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ROT|&amp;#xa3cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ROX|&amp;#xa3ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RO|&amp;#xa3cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A3Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE ROP|&amp;#xa3d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE REX|&amp;#xa3d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RE|&amp;#xa3d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE REP|&amp;#xa3d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RUT|&amp;#xa3d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RUX|&amp;#xa3d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RU|&amp;#xa3d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RUP|&amp;#xa3d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RURX|&amp;#xa3d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RUR|&amp;#xa3d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RYT|&amp;#xa3da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RYX|&amp;#xa3db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RY|&amp;#xa3dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RYP|&amp;#xa3dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RYRX|&amp;#xa3de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE RYR|&amp;#xa3df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A3Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JIT|&amp;#xa3e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JIX|&amp;#xa3e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JI|&amp;#xa3e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JIP|&amp;#xa3e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JIET|&amp;#xa3e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JIEX|&amp;#xa3e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JIE|&amp;#xa3e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JIEP|&amp;#xa3e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JUOT|&amp;#xa3e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JUOX|&amp;#xa3e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JUO|&amp;#xa3ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JUOP|&amp;#xa3eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JOT|&amp;#xa3ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JOX|&amp;#xa3ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JO|&amp;#xa3ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JOP|&amp;#xa3ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A3Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JUT|&amp;#xa3f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JUX|&amp;#xa3f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JU|&amp;#xa3f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JUP|&amp;#xa3f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JURX|&amp;#xa3f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JUR|&amp;#xa3f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JYT|&amp;#xa3f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JYX|&amp;#xa3f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JY|&amp;#xa3f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JYP|&amp;#xa3f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JYRX|&amp;#xa3fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JYR|&amp;#xa3fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QIT|&amp;#xa3fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QIX|&amp;#xa3fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QI|&amp;#xa3fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QIP|&amp;#xa3ff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A40x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QIET|&amp;#xa400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QIEX|&amp;#xa401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QIE|&amp;#xa402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QIEP|&amp;#xa403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QUOT|&amp;#xa404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QUOX|&amp;#xa405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QUO|&amp;#xa406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QUOP|&amp;#xa407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QOT|&amp;#xa408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QOX|&amp;#xa409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QO|&amp;#xa40a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QOP|&amp;#xa40b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QUT|&amp;#xa40c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QUX|&amp;#xa40d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QU|&amp;#xa40e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QUP|&amp;#xa40f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A41x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QURX|&amp;#xa410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QUR|&amp;#xa411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QYT|&amp;#xa412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QYX|&amp;#xa413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QY|&amp;#xa414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QYP|&amp;#xa415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QYRX|&amp;#xa416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE QYR|&amp;#xa417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJIT|&amp;#xa418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJIX|&amp;#xa419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJI|&amp;#xa41a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJIP|&amp;#xa41b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJIET|&amp;#xa41c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJIEX|&amp;#xa41d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJIE|&amp;#xa41e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJIEP|&amp;#xa41f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A42x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJUOX|&amp;#xa420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJUO|&amp;#xa421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJUOP|&amp;#xa422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJOT|&amp;#xa423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJOX|&amp;#xa424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJO|&amp;#xa425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJOP|&amp;#xa426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJUT|&amp;#xa427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJUX|&amp;#xa428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJU|&amp;#xa429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJUP|&amp;#xa42a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJURX|&amp;#xa42b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJUR|&amp;#xa42c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJYT|&amp;#xa42d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJYX|&amp;#xa42e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJY|&amp;#xa42f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A43x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE JJYP|&amp;#xa430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJIT|&amp;#xa431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJIX|&amp;#xa432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJI|&amp;#xa433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJIP|&amp;#xa434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJIET|&amp;#xa435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJIEX|&amp;#xa436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJIE|&amp;#xa437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJIEP|&amp;#xa438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJUOX|&amp;#xa439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJUO|&amp;#xa43a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJOT|&amp;#xa43b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJOX|&amp;#xa43c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJO|&amp;#xa43d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJOP|&amp;#xa43e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJUX|&amp;#xa43f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A44x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJU|&amp;#xa440;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJUP|&amp;#xa441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJURX|&amp;#xa442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJUR|&amp;#xa443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJYT|&amp;#xa444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJYX|&amp;#xa445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJY|&amp;#xa446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJYP|&amp;#xa447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJYRX|&amp;#xa448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NJYR|&amp;#xa449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYIT|&amp;#xa44a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYIX|&amp;#xa44b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYI|&amp;#xa44c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYIP|&amp;#xa44d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYIET|&amp;#xa44e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYIEX|&amp;#xa44f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A45x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYIE|&amp;#xa450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYIEP|&amp;#xa451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYUOX|&amp;#xa452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYUO|&amp;#xa453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYUOP|&amp;#xa454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYOT|&amp;#xa455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYOX|&amp;#xa456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYO|&amp;#xa457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYOP|&amp;#xa458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYUT|&amp;#xa459;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYUX|&amp;#xa45a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYU|&amp;#xa45b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE NYUP|&amp;#xa45c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XIT|&amp;#xa45d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XIX|&amp;#xa45e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XI|&amp;#xa45f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A46x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XIP|&amp;#xa460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XIET|&amp;#xa461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XIEX|&amp;#xa462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XIE|&amp;#xa463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XIEP|&amp;#xa464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XUOX|&amp;#xa465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XUO|&amp;#xa466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XOT|&amp;#xa467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XOX|&amp;#xa468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XO|&amp;#xa469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XOP|&amp;#xa46a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XYT|&amp;#xa46b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XYX|&amp;#xa46c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XY|&amp;#xa46d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XYP|&amp;#xa46e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XYRX|&amp;#xa46f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A47x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE XYR|&amp;#xa470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YIT|&amp;#xa471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YIX|&amp;#xa472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YI|&amp;#xa473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YIP|&amp;#xa474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YIET|&amp;#xa475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YIEX|&amp;#xa476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YIE|&amp;#xa477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YIEP|&amp;#xa478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YUOT|&amp;#xa479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YUOX|&amp;#xa47a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YUO|&amp;#xa47b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YUOP|&amp;#xa47c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YOT|&amp;#xa47d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YOX|&amp;#xa47e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YO|&amp;#xa47f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A48x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YOP|&amp;#xa480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YUT|&amp;#xa481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YUX|&amp;#xa482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YU|&amp;#xa483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YUP|&amp;#xa484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YURX|&amp;#xa485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YUR|&amp;#xa486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YYT|&amp;#xa487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YYX|&amp;#xa488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YY|&amp;#xa489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YYP|&amp;#xa48a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YYRX|&amp;#xa48b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI SYLLABLE YYR|&amp;#xa48c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Yi Radicals'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A49x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL QOT|&amp;#xa490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL LI|&amp;#xa491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL KIT|&amp;#xa492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL NYIP|&amp;#xa493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL CYP|&amp;#xa494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL SSI|&amp;#xa495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL GGOP|&amp;#xa496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL GEP|&amp;#xa497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL MI|&amp;#xa498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL HXIT|&amp;#xa499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL LYR|&amp;#xa49a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL BBUT|&amp;#xa49b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL MOP|&amp;#xa49c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL YO|&amp;#xa49d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL PUT|&amp;#xa49e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL HXUO|&amp;#xa49f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A4Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL TAT|&amp;#xa4a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL GA|&amp;#xa4a1;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL ZUP|&amp;#xa4a2;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL CYT|&amp;#xa4a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL DDUR|&amp;#xa4a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL BUR|&amp;#xa4a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL GGUO|&amp;#xa4a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL NYOP|&amp;#xa4a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL TU|&amp;#xa4a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL OP|&amp;#xa4a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL JJUT|&amp;#xa4aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL ZOT|&amp;#xa4ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL PYT|&amp;#xa4ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL HMO|&amp;#xa4ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL YIT|&amp;#xa4ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL VUR|&amp;#xa4af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A4Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL SHY|&amp;#xa4b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL VEP|&amp;#xa4b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL ZA|&amp;#xa4b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL JO|&amp;#xa4b3;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL NZUP|&amp;#xa4b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL JJY|&amp;#xa4b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL GOT|&amp;#xa4b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL JJIE|&amp;#xa4b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL WO|&amp;#xa4b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL DU|&amp;#xa4b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL SHUR|&amp;#xa4ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL LIE|&amp;#xa4bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL CY|&amp;#xa4bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL CUOP|&amp;#xa4bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL CIP|&amp;#xa4be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL HXOP|&amp;#xa4bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A4Cx
|style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL SHAT|&amp;#xa4c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL ZUR|&amp;#xa4c1;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL SHOP|&amp;#xa4c2;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL CHE|&amp;#xa4c3;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL ZZIET|&amp;#xa4c4;}}||style=&quot;background:#b1ff69&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL NBIE|&amp;#xa4c5;}}||style=&quot;background:#f1ff63&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|YI RADICAL KE|&amp;#xa4c6;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Lisu'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A4Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER BA|&amp;#xa4d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER PA|&amp;#xa4d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER PHA|&amp;#xa4d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER DA|&amp;#xa4d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER TA|&amp;#xa4d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER THA|&amp;#xa4d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER GA|&amp;#xa4d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER KA|&amp;#xa4d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER KHA|&amp;#xa4d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER JA|&amp;#xa4d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER CA|&amp;#xa4da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER CHA|&amp;#xa4db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER DZA|&amp;#xa4dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER TSA|&amp;#xa4dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER TSHA|&amp;#xa4de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER MA|&amp;#xa4df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A4Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER NA|&amp;#xa4e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER LA|&amp;#xa4e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER SA|&amp;#xa4e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER ZHA|&amp;#xa4e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER ZA|&amp;#xa4e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER NGA|&amp;#xa4e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER HA|&amp;#xa4e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER XA|&amp;#xa4e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER HHA|&amp;#xa4e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER FA|&amp;#xa4e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER WA|&amp;#xa4ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER SHA|&amp;#xa4eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER YA|&amp;#xa4ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER GHA|&amp;#xa4ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER A|&amp;#xa4ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER AE|&amp;#xa4ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A4Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER E|&amp;#xa4f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER EU|&amp;#xa4f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER I|&amp;#xa4f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER O|&amp;#xa4f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER U|&amp;#xa4f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER UE|&amp;#xa4f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER UH|&amp;#xa4f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER OE|&amp;#xa4f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER TONE MYA TI|&amp;#xa4f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER TONE NA PO|&amp;#xa4f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER TONE MYA CYA|&amp;#xa4fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER TONE MYA BO|&amp;#xa4fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER TONE MYA NA|&amp;#xa4fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER TONE MYA JEU|&amp;#xa4fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU PUNCTUATION COMMA|&amp;#xa4fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU PUNCTUATION FULL STOP|&amp;#xa4ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Vai'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A50x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE EE|&amp;#xa500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE EEN|&amp;#xa501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE HEE|&amp;#xa502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WEE|&amp;#xa503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WEEN|&amp;#xa504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE PEE|&amp;#xa505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BHEE|&amp;#xa506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BEE|&amp;#xa507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MBEE|&amp;#xa508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KPEE|&amp;#xa509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MGBEE|&amp;#xa50a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GBEE|&amp;#xa50b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE FEE|&amp;#xa50c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE VEE|&amp;#xa50d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE TEE|&amp;#xa50e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE THEE|&amp;#xa50f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A51x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHEE|&amp;#xa510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHHEE|&amp;#xa511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE LEE|&amp;#xa512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE REE|&amp;#xa513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DEE|&amp;#xa514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NDEE|&amp;#xa515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SEE|&amp;#xa516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SHEE|&amp;#xa517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZEE|&amp;#xa518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZHEE|&amp;#xa519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE CEE|&amp;#xa51a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE JEE|&amp;#xa51b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NJEE|&amp;#xa51c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE YEE|&amp;#xa51d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KEE|&amp;#xa51e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NGGEE|&amp;#xa51f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A52x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GEE|&amp;#xa520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MEE|&amp;#xa521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NEE|&amp;#xa522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NYEE|&amp;#xa523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE I|&amp;#xa524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE IN|&amp;#xa525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE HI|&amp;#xa526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE HIN|&amp;#xa527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WI|&amp;#xa528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WIN|&amp;#xa529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE PI|&amp;#xa52a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BHI|&amp;#xa52b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BI|&amp;#xa52c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MBI|&amp;#xa52d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KPI|&amp;#xa52e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MGBI|&amp;#xa52f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A53x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GBI|&amp;#xa530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE FI|&amp;#xa531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE VI|&amp;#xa532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE TI|&amp;#xa533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE THI|&amp;#xa534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHI|&amp;#xa535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHHI|&amp;#xa536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE LI|&amp;#xa537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE RI|&amp;#xa538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DI|&amp;#xa539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NDI|&amp;#xa53a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SI|&amp;#xa53b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SHI|&amp;#xa53c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZI|&amp;#xa53d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZHI|&amp;#xa53e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE CI|&amp;#xa53f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A54x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE JI|&amp;#xa540;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NJI|&amp;#xa541;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE YI|&amp;#xa542;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KI|&amp;#xa543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NGGI|&amp;#xa544;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GI|&amp;#xa545;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MI|&amp;#xa546;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NI|&amp;#xa547;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NYI|&amp;#xa548;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE A|&amp;#xa549;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE AN|&amp;#xa54a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NGAN|&amp;#xa54b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE HA|&amp;#xa54c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE HAN|&amp;#xa54d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WA|&amp;#xa54e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WAN|&amp;#xa54f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A55x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE PA|&amp;#xa550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BHA|&amp;#xa551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BA|&amp;#xa552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MBA|&amp;#xa553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KPA|&amp;#xa554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KPAN|&amp;#xa555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MGBA|&amp;#xa556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GBA|&amp;#xa557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE FA|&amp;#xa558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE VA|&amp;#xa559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE TA|&amp;#xa55a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE THA|&amp;#xa55b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHA|&amp;#xa55c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHHA|&amp;#xa55d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE LA|&amp;#xa55e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE RA|&amp;#xa55f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A56x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DA|&amp;#xa560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NDA|&amp;#xa561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SA|&amp;#xa562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SHA|&amp;#xa563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZA|&amp;#xa564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZHA|&amp;#xa565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE CA|&amp;#xa566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE JA|&amp;#xa567;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NJA|&amp;#xa568;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE YA|&amp;#xa569;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KA|&amp;#xa56a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KAN|&amp;#xa56b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NGGA|&amp;#xa56c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GA|&amp;#xa56d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MA|&amp;#xa56e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NA|&amp;#xa56f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A57x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NYA|&amp;#xa570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE OO|&amp;#xa571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE OON|&amp;#xa572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE HOO|&amp;#xa573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WOO|&amp;#xa574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WOON|&amp;#xa575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE POO|&amp;#xa576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BHOO|&amp;#xa577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BOO|&amp;#xa578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MBOO|&amp;#xa579;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KPOO|&amp;#xa57a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MGBOO|&amp;#xa57b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GBOO|&amp;#xa57c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE FOO|&amp;#xa57d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE VOO|&amp;#xa57e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE TOO|&amp;#xa57f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A58x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE THOO|&amp;#xa580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHOO|&amp;#xa581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHHOO|&amp;#xa582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE LOO|&amp;#xa583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ROO|&amp;#xa584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DOO|&amp;#xa585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NDOO|&amp;#xa586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SOO|&amp;#xa587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SHOO|&amp;#xa588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZOO|&amp;#xa589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZHOO|&amp;#xa58a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE COO|&amp;#xa58b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE JOO|&amp;#xa58c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NJOO|&amp;#xa58d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE YOO|&amp;#xa58e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KOO|&amp;#xa58f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A59x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NGGOO|&amp;#xa590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GOO|&amp;#xa591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MOO|&amp;#xa592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NOO|&amp;#xa593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NYOO|&amp;#xa594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE U|&amp;#xa595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE UN|&amp;#xa596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE HU|&amp;#xa597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE HUN|&amp;#xa598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WU|&amp;#xa599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WUN|&amp;#xa59a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE PU|&amp;#xa59b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BHU|&amp;#xa59c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BU|&amp;#xa59d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MBU|&amp;#xa59e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KPU|&amp;#xa59f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A5Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MGBU|&amp;#xa5a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GBU|&amp;#xa5a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE FU|&amp;#xa5a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE VU|&amp;#xa5a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE TU|&amp;#xa5a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE THU|&amp;#xa5a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHU|&amp;#xa5a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHHU|&amp;#xa5a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE LU|&amp;#xa5a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE RU|&amp;#xa5a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DU|&amp;#xa5aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NDU|&amp;#xa5ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SU|&amp;#xa5ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SHU|&amp;#xa5ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZU|&amp;#xa5ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZHU|&amp;#xa5af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A5Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE CU|&amp;#xa5b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE JU|&amp;#xa5b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NJU|&amp;#xa5b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE YU|&amp;#xa5b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KU|&amp;#xa5b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NGGU|&amp;#xa5b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GU|&amp;#xa5b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MU|&amp;#xa5b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NU|&amp;#xa5b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NYU|&amp;#xa5b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE O|&amp;#xa5ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ON|&amp;#xa5bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NGON|&amp;#xa5bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE HO|&amp;#xa5bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE HON|&amp;#xa5be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WO|&amp;#xa5bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A5Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WON|&amp;#xa5c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE PO|&amp;#xa5c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BHO|&amp;#xa5c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BO|&amp;#xa5c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MBO|&amp;#xa5c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KPO|&amp;#xa5c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MGBO|&amp;#xa5c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GBO|&amp;#xa5c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GBON|&amp;#xa5c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE FO|&amp;#xa5c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE VO|&amp;#xa5ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE TO|&amp;#xa5cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE THO|&amp;#xa5cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHO|&amp;#xa5cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHHO|&amp;#xa5ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE LO|&amp;#xa5cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A5Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE RO|&amp;#xa5d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DO|&amp;#xa5d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NDO|&amp;#xa5d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SO|&amp;#xa5d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SHO|&amp;#xa5d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZO|&amp;#xa5d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZHO|&amp;#xa5d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE CO|&amp;#xa5d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE JO|&amp;#xa5d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NJO|&amp;#xa5d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE YO|&amp;#xa5da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KO|&amp;#xa5db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NGGO|&amp;#xa5dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GO|&amp;#xa5dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MO|&amp;#xa5de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NO|&amp;#xa5df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A5Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NYO|&amp;#xa5e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE E|&amp;#xa5e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE EN|&amp;#xa5e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NGEN|&amp;#xa5e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE HE|&amp;#xa5e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE HEN|&amp;#xa5e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WE|&amp;#xa5e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE WEN|&amp;#xa5e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE PE|&amp;#xa5e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BHE|&amp;#xa5e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE BE|&amp;#xa5ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MBE|&amp;#xa5eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KPE|&amp;#xa5ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KPEN|&amp;#xa5ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE MGBE|&amp;#xa5ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GBE|&amp;#xa5ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A5Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GBEN|&amp;#xa5f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE FE|&amp;#xa5f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE VE|&amp;#xa5f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE TE|&amp;#xa5f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE THE|&amp;#xa5f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHE|&amp;#xa5f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DHHE|&amp;#xa5f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE LE|&amp;#xa5f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE RE|&amp;#xa5f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE DE|&amp;#xa5f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NDE|&amp;#xa5fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SE|&amp;#xa5fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE SHE|&amp;#xa5fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZE|&amp;#xa5fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ZHE|&amp;#xa5fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE CE|&amp;#xa5ff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A60x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE JE|&amp;#xa600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NJE|&amp;#xa601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE YE|&amp;#xa602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE KE|&amp;#xa603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NGGE|&amp;#xa604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NGGEN|&amp;#xa605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GE|&amp;#xa606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE GEN|&amp;#xa607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE ME|&amp;#xa608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NE|&amp;#xa609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NYE|&amp;#xa60a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NG|&amp;#xa60b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE LENGTHENER|&amp;#xa60c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI COMMA|&amp;#xa60d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI FULL STOP|&amp;#xa60e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI QUESTION MARK|&amp;#xa60f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A61x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NDOLE FA|&amp;#xa610;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NDOLE KA|&amp;#xa611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NDOLE SOO|&amp;#xa612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL FEENG|&amp;#xa613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL KEENG|&amp;#xa614;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL TING|&amp;#xa615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL NII|&amp;#xa616;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL BANG|&amp;#xa617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL FAA|&amp;#xa618;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL TAA|&amp;#xa619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL DANG|&amp;#xa61a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL DOONG|&amp;#xa61b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL KUNG|&amp;#xa61c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL TONG|&amp;#xa61d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL DO-O|&amp;#xa61e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYMBOL JONG|&amp;#xa61f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A62x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#xa620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI DIGIT ONE|&amp;#xa621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI DIGIT TWO|&amp;#xa622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI DIGIT THREE|&amp;#xa623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#xa624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#xa625;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI DIGIT SIX|&amp;#xa626;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#xa627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#xa628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI DIGIT NINE|&amp;#xa629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NDOLE MA|&amp;#xa62a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAI SYLLABLE NDOLE DO|&amp;#xa62b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A63x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A64x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZEMLYA|&amp;#xa640;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZEMLYA|&amp;#xa641;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZELO|&amp;#xa642;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZELO|&amp;#xa643;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED DZE|&amp;#xa644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER REVERSED DZE|&amp;#xa645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IOTA|&amp;#xa646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IOTA|&amp;#xa647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DJERV|&amp;#xa648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DJERV|&amp;#xa649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK|&amp;#xa64a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK|&amp;#xa64b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BROAD OMEGA|&amp;#xa64c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BROAD OMEGA|&amp;#xa64d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER NEUTRAL YER|&amp;#xa64e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NEUTRAL YER|&amp;#xa64f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A65x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YERU WITH BACK YER|&amp;#xa650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU WITH BACK YER|&amp;#xa651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IOTIFIED YAT|&amp;#xa652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IOTIFIED YAT|&amp;#xa653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED YU|&amp;#xa654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER REVERSED YU|&amp;#xa655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IOTIFIED A|&amp;#xa656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IOTIFIED A|&amp;#xa657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CLOSED LITTLE YUS|&amp;#xa658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CLOSED LITTLE YUS|&amp;#xa659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BLENDED YUS|&amp;#xa65a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BLENDED YUS|&amp;#xa65b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IOTIFIED CLOSED LITTLE YUS|&amp;#xa65c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IOTIFIED CLOSED LITTLE YUS|&amp;#xa65d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YN|&amp;#xa65e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YN|&amp;#xa65f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A66x
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED TSE|&amp;#xa660;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER REVERSED TSE|&amp;#xa661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SOFT DE|&amp;#xa662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT DE|&amp;#xa663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SOFT EL|&amp;#xa664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT EL|&amp;#xa665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SOFT EM|&amp;#xa666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT EM|&amp;#xa667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER MONOCULAR O|&amp;#xa668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER MONOCULAR O|&amp;#xa669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BINOCULAR O|&amp;#xa66a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BINOCULAR O|&amp;#xa66b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DOUBLE MONOCULAR O|&amp;#xa66c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DOUBLE MONOCULAR O|&amp;#xa66d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC LETTER MULTIOCULAR O|&amp;#xa66e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC VZMET|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#xa66f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A67x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC TEN MILLIONS SIGN|&amp;#xa670;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC HUNDRED MILLIONS SIGN|&amp;#xa671;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC THOUSAND MILLIONS SIGN|&amp;#xa672;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLAVONIC ASTERISK|&amp;#xa673;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER UKRAINIAN IE|&amp;#xa674;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER I|&amp;#xa675;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER YI|&amp;#xa676;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER U|&amp;#xa677;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER HARD SIGN|&amp;#xa678;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER YERU|&amp;#xa679;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER SOFT SIGN|&amp;#xa67a;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER OMEGA|&amp;#xa67b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC KAVYKA|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#xa67c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC PAYEROK|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#xa67d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC KAVYKA|&amp;#xa67e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC PAYEROK|&amp;#xa67f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A68x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DWE|&amp;#xa680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DWE|&amp;#xa681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZWE|&amp;#xa682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZWE|&amp;#xa683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHWE|&amp;#xa684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHWE|&amp;#xa685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CCHE|&amp;#xa686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CCHE|&amp;#xa687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZZE|&amp;#xa688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZZE|&amp;#xa689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE WITH MIDDLE HOOK|&amp;#xa68a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE WITH MIDDLE HOOK|&amp;#xa68b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TWE|&amp;#xa68c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TWE|&amp;#xa68d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSWE|&amp;#xa68e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSWE|&amp;#xa68f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A69x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSSE|&amp;#xa690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSSE|&amp;#xa691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TCHE|&amp;#xa692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TCHE|&amp;#xa693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HWE|&amp;#xa694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HWE|&amp;#xa695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHWE|&amp;#xa696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHWE|&amp;#xa697;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DOUBLE O|&amp;#xa698;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DOUBLE O|&amp;#xa699;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CROSSED O|&amp;#xa69a;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CROSSED O|&amp;#xa69b;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC HARD SIGN|&amp;#xa69c;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SOFT SIGN|&amp;#xa69d;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER EF|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#xa69e;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER IOTIFIED E|&amp;#xa69f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Bamum'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A6Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER A|&amp;#xa6a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER KA|&amp;#xa6a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER U|&amp;#xa6a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER KU|&amp;#xa6a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER EE|&amp;#xa6a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER REE|&amp;#xa6a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER TAE|&amp;#xa6a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER O|&amp;#xa6a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NYI|&amp;#xa6a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER I|&amp;#xa6a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER LA|&amp;#xa6aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER PA|&amp;#xa6ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER RII|&amp;#xa6ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER RIEE|&amp;#xa6ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER LEEEE|&amp;#xa6ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER MEEEE|&amp;#xa6af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A6Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER TAA|&amp;#xa6b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NDAA|&amp;#xa6b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NJAEM|&amp;#xa6b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER M|&amp;#xa6b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER SUU|&amp;#xa6b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER MU|&amp;#xa6b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER SHII|&amp;#xa6b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER SI|&amp;#xa6b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER SHEUX|&amp;#xa6b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER SEUX|&amp;#xa6b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER KYEE|&amp;#xa6ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER KET|&amp;#xa6bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NUAE|&amp;#xa6bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NU|&amp;#xa6bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NJUAE|&amp;#xa6be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER YOQ|&amp;#xa6bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A6Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER SHU|&amp;#xa6c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER YUQ|&amp;#xa6c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER YA|&amp;#xa6c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NSHA|&amp;#xa6c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER KEUX|&amp;#xa6c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER PEUX|&amp;#xa6c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NJEE|&amp;#xa6c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NTEE|&amp;#xa6c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER PUE|&amp;#xa6c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER WUE|&amp;#xa6c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER PEE|&amp;#xa6ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER FEE|&amp;#xa6cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER RU|&amp;#xa6cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER LU|&amp;#xa6cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER MI|&amp;#xa6ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NI|&amp;#xa6cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A6Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER REUX|&amp;#xa6d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER RAE|&amp;#xa6d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER KEN|&amp;#xa6d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NGKWAEN|&amp;#xa6d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NGGA|&amp;#xa6d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NGA|&amp;#xa6d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER SHO|&amp;#xa6d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER PUAE|&amp;#xa6d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER FU|&amp;#xa6d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER FOM|&amp;#xa6d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER WA|&amp;#xa6da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NA|&amp;#xa6db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER LI|&amp;#xa6dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER PI|&amp;#xa6dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER LOQ|&amp;#xa6de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER KO|&amp;#xa6df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A6Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER MBEN|&amp;#xa6e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER REN|&amp;#xa6e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER MEN|&amp;#xa6e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER MA|&amp;#xa6e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER TI|&amp;#xa6e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER KI|&amp;#xa6e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER MO|&amp;#xa6e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER MBAA|&amp;#xa6e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER TET|&amp;#xa6e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER KPA|&amp;#xa6e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER TEN|&amp;#xa6ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER NTUU|&amp;#xa6eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER SAMBA|&amp;#xa6ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER FAAMAE|&amp;#xa6ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER KOVUU|&amp;#xa6ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM LETTER KOGHOM|&amp;#xa6ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A6Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM COMBINING MARK KOQNDON|&amp;#xa6f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM COMBINING MARK TUKWENTIS|&amp;#xa6f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM NJAEMLI|&amp;#xa6f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM FULL STOP|&amp;#xa6f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM COLON|&amp;#xa6f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM COMMA|&amp;#xa6f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM SEMICOLON|&amp;#xa6f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAMUM QUESTION MARK|&amp;#xa6f7;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Modifier Tone Letters'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A70x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CHINESE TONE YIN PING|&amp;#xa700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CHINESE TONE YANG PING|&amp;#xa701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CHINESE TONE YIN SHANG|&amp;#xa702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CHINESE TONE YANG SHANG|&amp;#xa703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CHINESE TONE YIN QU|&amp;#xa704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CHINESE TONE YANG QU|&amp;#xa705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CHINESE TONE YIN RU|&amp;#xa706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CHINESE TONE YANG RU|&amp;#xa707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH DOTTED TONE BAR|&amp;#xa708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER HIGH DOTTED TONE BAR|&amp;#xa709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER MID DOTTED TONE BAR|&amp;#xa70a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER LOW DOTTED TONE BAR|&amp;#xa70b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW DOTTED TONE BAR|&amp;#xa70c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR|&amp;#xa70d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER HIGH DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR|&amp;#xa70e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER MID DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR|&amp;#xa70f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A71x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER LOW DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR|&amp;#xa710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR|&amp;#xa711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH LEFT-STEM TONE BAR|&amp;#xa712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER HIGH LEFT-STEM TONE BAR|&amp;#xa713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER MID LEFT-STEM TONE BAR|&amp;#xa714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER LOW LEFT-STEM TONE BAR|&amp;#xa715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW LEFT-STEM TONE BAR|&amp;#xa716;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER DOT VERTICAL BAR|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#xa717;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER DOT SLASH|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#xa718;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER DOT HORIZONTAL BAR|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#xa719;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER LOWER RIGHT CORNER ANGLE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#xa71a;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER RAISED UP ARROW|&amp;#xa71b;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER RAISED DOWN ARROW|&amp;#xa71c;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER RAISED EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#xa71d;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER RAISED INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#xa71e;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER LOW INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#xa71f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Latin Extended-D'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A72x
|style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER STRESS AND HIGH TONE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#xa720;}}||style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER STRESS AND LOW TONE|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#xa721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF|&amp;#xa722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF|&amp;#xa723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN|&amp;#xa724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN|&amp;#xa725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER HENG|&amp;#xa726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER HENG|&amp;#xa727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TZ|&amp;#xa728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TZ|&amp;#xa729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TRESILLO|&amp;#xa72a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TRESILLO|&amp;#xa72b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER CUATRILLO|&amp;#xa72c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER CUATRILLO|&amp;#xa72d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER CUATRILLO WITH COMMA|&amp;#xa72e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER CUATRILLO WITH COMMA|&amp;#xa72f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A73x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL F|&amp;#xa730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL S|&amp;#xa731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AA|&amp;#xa732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER AA|&amp;#xa733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AO|&amp;#xa734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER AO|&amp;#xa735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AU|&amp;#xa736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER AU|&amp;#xa737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AV|&amp;#xa738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER AV|&amp;#xa739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AV WITH HORIZONTAL BAR|&amp;#xa73a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER AV WITH HORIZONTAL BAR|&amp;#xa73b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AY|&amp;#xa73c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER AY|&amp;#xa73d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED C WITH DOT|&amp;#xa73e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C WITH DOT|&amp;#xa73f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A74x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH STROKE|&amp;#xa740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH STROKE|&amp;#xa741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#xa742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#xa743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH STROKE AND DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#xa744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH STROKE AND DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#xa745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER BROKEN L|&amp;#xa746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER BROKEN L|&amp;#xa747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH HIGH STROKE|&amp;#xa748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH HIGH STROKE|&amp;#xa749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH LONG STROKE OVERLAY|&amp;#xa74a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH LONG STROKE OVERLAY|&amp;#xa74b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH LOOP|&amp;#xa74c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH LOOP|&amp;#xa74d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OO|&amp;#xa74e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER OO|&amp;#xa74f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A75x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER|&amp;#xa750;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER|&amp;#xa751;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH FLOURISH|&amp;#xa752;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH FLOURISH|&amp;#xa753;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH SQUIRREL TAIL|&amp;#xa754;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH SQUIRREL TAIL|&amp;#xa755;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER|&amp;#xa756;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Q WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER|&amp;#xa757;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q WITH DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#xa758;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Q WITH DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#xa759;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R ROTUNDA|&amp;#xa75a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R ROTUNDA|&amp;#xa75b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER RUM ROTUNDA|&amp;#xa75c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER RUM ROTUNDA|&amp;#xa75d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#xa75e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#xa75f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A76x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER VY|&amp;#xa760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER VY|&amp;#xa761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER VISIGOTHIC Z|&amp;#xa762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER VISIGOTHIC Z|&amp;#xa763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE|&amp;#xa764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE|&amp;#xa765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER|&amp;#xa766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER|&amp;#xa767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER VEND|&amp;#xa768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER VEND|&amp;#xa769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ET|&amp;#xa76a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER ET|&amp;#xa76b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER IS|&amp;#xa76c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER IS|&amp;#xa76d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER CON|&amp;#xa76e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER CON|&amp;#xa76f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A77x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER US|&amp;#xa770;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER DUM|&amp;#xa771;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER LUM|&amp;#xa772;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER MUM|&amp;#xa773;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER NUM|&amp;#xa774;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER RUM|&amp;#xa775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL RUM|&amp;#xa776;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TUM|&amp;#xa777;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER UM|&amp;#xa778;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR D|&amp;#xa779;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR D|&amp;#xa77a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR F|&amp;#xa77b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR F|&amp;#xa77c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR G|&amp;#xa77d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED INSULAR G|&amp;#xa77e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED INSULAR G|&amp;#xa77f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A78x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED L|&amp;#xa780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED L|&amp;#xa781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR R|&amp;#xa782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR R|&amp;#xa783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR S|&amp;#xa784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR S|&amp;#xa785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR T|&amp;#xa786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR T|&amp;#xa787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER LOW CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT|&amp;#xa788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER COLON|&amp;#xa789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SHORT EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#xa78a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SALTILLO|&amp;#xa78b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SALTILLO|&amp;#xa78c;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED H|&amp;#xa78d;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH RETROFLEX HOOK AND BELT|&amp;#xa78e;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SINOLOGICAL DOT|&amp;#xa78f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A79x
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#xa790;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DESCENDER|&amp;#xa791;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH BAR|&amp;#xa792;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH BAR|&amp;#xa793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#xa794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#xa795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH FLOURISH|&amp;#xa796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH FLOURISH|&amp;#xa797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F WITH STROKE|&amp;#xa798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH STROKE|&amp;#xa799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER VOLAPUK AE|&amp;#xa79a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER VOLAPUK AE|&amp;#xa79b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER VOLAPUK OE|&amp;#xa79c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER VOLAPUK OE|&amp;#xa79d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER VOLAPUK UE|&amp;#xa79e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER VOLAPUK UE|&amp;#xa79f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A7Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH OBLIQUE STROKE|&amp;#xa7a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH OBLIQUE STROKE|&amp;#xa7a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH OBLIQUE STROKE|&amp;#xa7a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH OBLIQUE STROKE|&amp;#xa7a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH OBLIQUE STROKE|&amp;#xa7a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH OBLIQUE STROKE|&amp;#xa7a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH OBLIQUE STROKE|&amp;#xa7a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH OBLIQUE STROKE|&amp;#xa7a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH OBLIQUE STROKE|&amp;#xa7a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH OBLIQUE STROKE|&amp;#xa7a9;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH HOOK|&amp;#xa7aa;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E|&amp;#xa7ab;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SCRIPT G|&amp;#xa7ac;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH BELT|&amp;#xa7ad;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I|&amp;#xa7ae;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL Q|&amp;#xa7af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A7Bx
|style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED K|&amp;#xa7b0;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED T|&amp;#xa7b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J WITH CROSSED-TAIL|&amp;#xa7b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER CHI|&amp;#xa7b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER BETA|&amp;#xa7b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER BETA|&amp;#xa7b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA|&amp;#xa7b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER OMEGA|&amp;#xa7b7;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH STROKE|&amp;#xa7b8;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH STROKE|&amp;#xa7b9;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GLOTTAL A|&amp;#xa7ba;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL A|&amp;#xa7bb;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GLOTTAL I|&amp;#xa7bc;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL I|&amp;#xa7bd;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GLOTTAL U|&amp;#xa7be;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL U|&amp;#xa7bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A7Cx
|style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OLD POLISH O|&amp;#xa7c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER OLD POLISH O|&amp;#xa7c1;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ANGLICANA W|&amp;#xa7c2;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER ANGLICANA W|&amp;#xa7c3;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#xa7c4;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH HOOK|&amp;#xa7c5;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH PALATAL HOOK|&amp;#xa7c6;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH SHORT STROKE OVERLAY|&amp;#xa7c7;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH SHORT STROKE OVERLAY|&amp;#xa7c8;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH SHORT STROKE OVERLAY|&amp;#xa7c9;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH SHORT STROKE OVERLAY|&amp;#xa7ca;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER RAMS HORN|&amp;#xa7cb;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#xa7cc;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DIAGONAL STROKE|&amp;#xa7cd;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED
FRICATIVE|&amp;#xa7ce;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED
FRICATIVE|&amp;#xa7cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A7Dx
|style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER CLOSED INSULAR G|&amp;#xa7d0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED INSULAR G|&amp;#xa7d1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER DOUBLE THORN|&amp;#xa7d2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE THORN|&amp;#xa7d3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER DOUBLE WYNN|&amp;#xa7d4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE WYNN|&amp;#xa7d5;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER MIDDLE SCOTS S|&amp;#xa7d6;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER MIDDLE SCOTS S|&amp;#xa7d7;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SIGMOID S|&amp;#xa7d8;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIGMOID S|&amp;#xa7d9;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA|&amp;#xa7da;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER LAMBDA|&amp;#xa7db;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA WITH STROKE|&amp;#xa7dc;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A7Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A7Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL S|&amp;#xa7f1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL C|&amp;#xa7f2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL F|&amp;#xa7f3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL Q|&amp;#xa7f4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED HALF H|&amp;#xa7f5;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED HALF H|&amp;#xa7f6;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN EPIGRAPHIC LETTER SIDEWAYS I|&amp;#xa7f7;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL H WITH STROKE|&amp;#xa7f8;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL LIGATURE OE|&amp;#xa7f9;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED M|&amp;#xa7fa;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN EPIGRAPHIC LETTER REVERSED F|&amp;#xa7fb;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN EPIGRAPHIC LETTER REVERSED P|&amp;#xa7fc;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN EPIGRAPHIC LETTER INVERTED M|&amp;#xa7fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN EPIGRAPHIC LETTER I LONGA|&amp;#xa7fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN EPIGRAPHIC LETTER ARCHAIC M|&amp;#xa7ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Syloti Nagri'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A80x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER A|&amp;#xa800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER I|&amp;#xa801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI SIGN DVISVARA|&amp;#xa802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER U|&amp;#xa803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER E|&amp;#xa804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER O|&amp;#xa805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI SIGN HASANTA|&amp;#xa806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER KO|&amp;#xa807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER KHO|&amp;#xa808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER GO|&amp;#xa809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER GHO|&amp;#xa80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI SIGN ANUSVARA|&amp;#xa80b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER CO|&amp;#xa80c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER CHO|&amp;#xa80d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER JO|&amp;#xa80e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER JHO|&amp;#xa80f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A81x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER TTO|&amp;#xa810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER TTHO|&amp;#xa811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER DDO|&amp;#xa812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER DDHO|&amp;#xa813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER TO|&amp;#xa814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER THO|&amp;#xa815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER DO|&amp;#xa816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER DHO|&amp;#xa817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER NO|&amp;#xa818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER PO|&amp;#xa819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER PHO|&amp;#xa81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER BO|&amp;#xa81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER BHO|&amp;#xa81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER MO|&amp;#xa81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER RO|&amp;#xa81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER LO|&amp;#xa81f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ff6f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A82x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER RRO|&amp;#xa820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER SO|&amp;#xa821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER HO|&amp;#xa822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI VOWEL SIGN A|&amp;#xa823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#xa824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#xa825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI VOWEL SIGN E|&amp;#xa826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI VOWEL SIGN OO|&amp;#xa827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI POETRY MARK-1|&amp;#xa828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI POETRY MARK-2|&amp;#xa829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI POETRY MARK-3|&amp;#xa82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI POETRY MARK-4|&amp;#xa82b;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYLOTI NAGRI SIGN ALTERNATE HASANTA|&amp;#xa82c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Common Indic Number Forms'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A83x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH INDIC FRACTION ONE QUARTER|&amp;#xa830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH INDIC FRACTION ONE HALF|&amp;#xa831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH INDIC FRACTION THREE QUARTERS|&amp;#xa832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH INDIC FRACTION ONE SIXTEENTH|&amp;#xa833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH INDIC FRACTION ONE EIGHTH|&amp;#xa834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH INDIC FRACTION THREE SIXTEENTHS|&amp;#xa835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH INDIC QUARTER MARK|&amp;#xa836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH INDIC PLACEHOLDER MARK|&amp;#xa837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH INDIC RUPEE MARK|&amp;#xa838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH INDIC QUANTITY MARK|&amp;#xa839;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Phags-pa'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A84x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER KA|&amp;#xa840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER KHA|&amp;#xa841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER GA|&amp;#xa842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER NGA|&amp;#xa843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER CA|&amp;#xa844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER CHA|&amp;#xa845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER JA|&amp;#xa846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER NYA|&amp;#xa847;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER TA|&amp;#xa848;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER THA|&amp;#xa849;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER DA|&amp;#xa84a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER NA|&amp;#xa84b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER PA|&amp;#xa84c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER PHA|&amp;#xa84d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER BA|&amp;#xa84e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER MA|&amp;#xa84f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A85x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER TSA|&amp;#xa850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER TSHA|&amp;#xa851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER DZA|&amp;#xa852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER WA|&amp;#xa853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER ZHA|&amp;#xa854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER ZA|&amp;#xa855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER SMALL A|&amp;#xa856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER YA|&amp;#xa857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER RA|&amp;#xa858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER LA|&amp;#xa859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER SHA|&amp;#xa85a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER SA|&amp;#xa85b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER HA|&amp;#xa85c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER A|&amp;#xa85d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER I|&amp;#xa85e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER U|&amp;#xa85f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A86x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER E|&amp;#xa860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER O|&amp;#xa861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER QA|&amp;#xa862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER XA|&amp;#xa863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER FA|&amp;#xa864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER GGA|&amp;#xa865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER EE|&amp;#xa866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA SUBJOINED LETTER WA|&amp;#xa867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA SUBJOINED LETTER YA|&amp;#xa868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER TTA|&amp;#xa869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER TTHA|&amp;#xa86a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER DDA|&amp;#xa86b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER NNA|&amp;#xa86c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER ALTERNATE YA|&amp;#xa86d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER VOICELESS SHA|&amp;#xa86e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER VOICED HA|&amp;#xa86f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#72ff8a&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A87x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER ASPIRATED FA|&amp;#xa870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA SUBJOINED LETTER RA|&amp;#xa871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA SUPERFIXED LETTER RA|&amp;#xa872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA LETTER CANDRABINDU|&amp;#xa873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA SINGLE HEAD MARK|&amp;#xa874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA DOUBLE HEAD MARK|&amp;#xa875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA MARK SHAD|&amp;#xa876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PHAGS-PA MARK DOUBLE SHAD|&amp;#xa877;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Saurashtra'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A88x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA SIGN ANUSVARA|&amp;#xa880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA SIGN VISARGA|&amp;#xa881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER A|&amp;#xa882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER AA|&amp;#xa883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER I|&amp;#xa884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER II|&amp;#xa885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER U|&amp;#xa886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER UU|&amp;#xa887;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER VOCALIC R|&amp;#xa888;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER VOCALIC RR|&amp;#xa889;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER VOCALIC L|&amp;#xa88a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER VOCALIC LL|&amp;#xa88b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER E|&amp;#xa88c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER EE|&amp;#xa88d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER AI|&amp;#xa88e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER O|&amp;#xa88f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A89x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER OO|&amp;#xa890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER AU|&amp;#xa891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER KA|&amp;#xa892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER KHA|&amp;#xa893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER GA|&amp;#xa894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER GHA|&amp;#xa895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER NGA|&amp;#xa896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER CA|&amp;#xa897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER CHA|&amp;#xa898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER JA|&amp;#xa899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER JHA|&amp;#xa89a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER NYA|&amp;#xa89b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER TTA|&amp;#xa89c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER TTHA|&amp;#xa89d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER DDA|&amp;#xa89e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER DDHA|&amp;#xa89f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A8Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER NNA|&amp;#xa8a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER TA|&amp;#xa8a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER THA|&amp;#xa8a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER DA|&amp;#xa8a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER DHA|&amp;#xa8a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER NA|&amp;#xa8a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER PA|&amp;#xa8a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER PHA|&amp;#xa8a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER BA|&amp;#xa8a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER BHA|&amp;#xa8a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER MA|&amp;#xa8aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER YA|&amp;#xa8ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER RA|&amp;#xa8ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER LA|&amp;#xa8ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER VA|&amp;#xa8ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER SHA|&amp;#xa8af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A8Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER SSA|&amp;#xa8b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER SA|&amp;#xa8b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER HA|&amp;#xa8b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA LETTER LLA|&amp;#xa8b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA CONSONANT SIGN HAARU|&amp;#xa8b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN AA|&amp;#xa8b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#xa8b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN II|&amp;#xa8b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#xa8b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN UU|&amp;#xa8b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&amp;#xa8ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&amp;#xa8bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&amp;#xa8bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&amp;#xa8bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN E|&amp;#xa8be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN EE|&amp;#xa8bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A8Cx
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN AI|&amp;#xa8c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN O|&amp;#xa8c1;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN OO|&amp;#xa8c2;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA VOWEL SIGN AU|&amp;#xa8c3;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA SIGN VIRAMA|&amp;#xa8c4;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA SIGN CANDRABINDU|&amp;#xa8c5;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA DANDA|&amp;#xa8ce;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA DOUBLE DANDA|&amp;#xa8cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A8Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#xa8d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA DIGIT ONE|&amp;#xa8d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA DIGIT TWO|&amp;#xa8d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA DIGIT THREE|&amp;#xa8d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#xa8d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#xa8d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA DIGIT SIX|&amp;#xa8d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#xa8d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#xa8d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAURASHTRA DIGIT NINE|&amp;#xa8d9;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Devanagari Extended'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A8Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#xa8e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT ONE|&amp;#xa8e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT TWO|&amp;#xa8e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT THREE|&amp;#xa8e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#xa8e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#xa8e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT SIX|&amp;#xa8e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#xa8e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#xa8e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT NINE|&amp;#xa8e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER A|&amp;#xa8ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER U|&amp;#xa8eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER KA|&amp;#xa8ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER NA|&amp;#xa8ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER PA|&amp;#xa8ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER RA|&amp;#xa8ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A8Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER VI|&amp;#xa8f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DEVANAGARI SIGN AVAGRAHA|&amp;#xa8f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN SPACING CANDRABINDU|&amp;#xa8f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU VIRAMA|&amp;#xa8f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN DOUBLE CANDRABINDU VIRAMA|&amp;#xa8f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU TWO|&amp;#xa8f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU THREE|&amp;#xa8f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU AVAGRAHA|&amp;#xa8f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN PUSHPIKA|&amp;#xa8f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI GAP FILLER|&amp;#xa8f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI CARET|&amp;nbsp;&amp;#xa8fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI HEADSTROKE|&amp;#xa8fb;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN SIDDHAM|&amp;#xa8fc;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI JAIN OM|&amp;#xa8fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI LETTER AY|&amp;#xa8fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AY|&amp;#xa8ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Kayah Li'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A90x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#xa900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI DIGIT ONE|&amp;#xa901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI DIGIT TWO|&amp;#xa902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI DIGIT THREE|&amp;#xa903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#xa904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#xa905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI DIGIT SIX|&amp;#xa906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#xa907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#xa908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI DIGIT NINE|&amp;#xa909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER KA|&amp;#xa90a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER KHA|&amp;#xa90b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER GA|&amp;#xa90c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER NGA|&amp;#xa90d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER SA|&amp;#xa90e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER SHA|&amp;#xa90f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A91x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER ZA|&amp;#xa910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER NYA|&amp;#xa911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER TA|&amp;#xa912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER HTA|&amp;#xa913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER NA|&amp;#xa914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER PA|&amp;#xa915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER PHA|&amp;#xa916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER MA|&amp;#xa917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER DA|&amp;#xa918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER BA|&amp;#xa919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER RA|&amp;#xa91a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER YA|&amp;#xa91b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER LA|&amp;#xa91c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER WA|&amp;#xa91d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER THA|&amp;#xa91e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER HA|&amp;#xa91f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A92x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER VA|&amp;#xa920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER CA|&amp;#xa921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER A|&amp;#xa922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER OE|&amp;#xa923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER I|&amp;#xa924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI LETTER OO|&amp;#xa925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI VOWEL UE|&amp;#xa926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI VOWEL E|&amp;#xa927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI VOWEL U|&amp;#xa928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI VOWEL EE|&amp;#xa929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI VOWEL O|&amp;#xa92a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI TONE PLOPHU|&amp;#xa92b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI TONE CALYA|&amp;#xa92c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI TONE CALYA PLOPHU|&amp;#xa92d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI SIGN CWI|&amp;#xa92e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAYAH LI SIGN SHYA|&amp;#xa92f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Rejang'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A93x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER KA|&amp;#xa930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER GA|&amp;#xa931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER NGA|&amp;#xa932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER TA|&amp;#xa933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER DA|&amp;#xa934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER NA|&amp;#xa935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER PA|&amp;#xa936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER BA|&amp;#xa937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER MA|&amp;#xa938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER CA|&amp;#xa939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER JA|&amp;#xa93a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER NYA|&amp;#xa93b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER SA|&amp;#xa93c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER RA|&amp;#xa93d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER LA|&amp;#xa93e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER YA|&amp;#xa93f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A94x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER WA|&amp;#xa940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER HA|&amp;#xa941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER MBA|&amp;#xa942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER NGGA|&amp;#xa943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER NDA|&amp;#xa944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER NYJA|&amp;#xa945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG LETTER A|&amp;#xa946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#xa947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#xa948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG VOWEL SIGN E|&amp;#xa949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG VOWEL SIGN AI|&amp;#xa94a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG VOWEL SIGN O|&amp;#xa94b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG VOWEL SIGN AU|&amp;#xa94c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG VOWEL SIGN EU|&amp;#xa94d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG VOWEL SIGN EA|&amp;#xa94e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG CONSONANT SIGN NG|&amp;#xa94f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A95x
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG CONSONANT SIGN N|&amp;#xa950;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG CONSONANT SIGN R|&amp;#xa951;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG CONSONANT SIGN H|&amp;#xa952;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG VIRAMA|&amp;#xa953;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|REJANG SECTION MARK|&amp;#xa95f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A96x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-MIEUM|&amp;#xa960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-PIEUP|&amp;#xa961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-SIOS|&amp;#xa962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-CIEUC|&amp;#xa963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-KIYEOK|&amp;#xa964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-SSANGKIYEOK|&amp;#xa965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-TIKEUT|&amp;#xa966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-SSANGTIKEUT|&amp;#xa967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-MIEUM|&amp;#xa968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP|&amp;#xa969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-SSANGPIEUP|&amp;#xa96a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-KAPYEOUNPIEUP|&amp;#xa96b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-SIOS|&amp;#xa96c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-CIEUC|&amp;#xa96d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-KHIEUKH|&amp;#xa96e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM-KIYEOK|&amp;#xa96f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A97x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM-TIKEUT|&amp;#xa970;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM-SIOS|&amp;#xa971;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-THIEUTH|&amp;#xa972;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-KHIEUKH|&amp;#xa973;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-HIEUH|&amp;#xa974;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGSIOS-PIEUP|&amp;#xa975;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-RIEUL|&amp;#xa976;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-HIEUH|&amp;#xa977;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGCIEUC-HIEUH|&amp;#xa978;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGTHIEUTH|&amp;#xa979;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PHIEUPH-HIEUH|&amp;#xa97a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG HIEUH-SIOS|&amp;#xa97b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGYEORINHIEUH|&amp;#xa97c;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Javanese'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;height:40px&quot;|A98x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE SIGN PANYANGGA|&amp;#xa980;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE SIGN CECAK|&amp;#xa981;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE SIGN LAYAR|&amp;#xa982;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE SIGN WIGNYAN|&amp;#xa983;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER A|&amp;#xa984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER I KAWI|&amp;#xa985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER I|&amp;#xa986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER II|&amp;#xa987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER U|&amp;#xa988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER PA CEREK|&amp;#xa989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER NGA LELET|&amp;#xa98a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER NGA LELET RASWADI|&amp;#xa98b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER E|&amp;#xa98c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER AI|&amp;#xa98d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER O|&amp;#xa98e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER KA|&amp;#xa98f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;height:40px&quot;|A99x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER KA SASAK|&amp;#xa990;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER KA MURDA|&amp;#xa991;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER GA|&amp;#xa992;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER GA MURDA|&amp;#xa993;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER NGA|&amp;#xa994;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER CA|&amp;#xa995;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER CA MURDA|&amp;#xa996;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER JA|&amp;#xa997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER NYA MURDA|&amp;#xa998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER JA MAHAPRANA|&amp;#xa999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER NYA|&amp;#xa99a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER TTA|&amp;#xa99b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER TTA MAHAPRANA|&amp;#xa99c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER DDA|&amp;#xa99d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER DDA MAHAPRANA|&amp;#xa99e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER NA MURDA|&amp;#xa99f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A9Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER TA|&amp;#xa9a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER TA MURDA|&amp;#xa9a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER DA|&amp;#xa9a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER DA MAHAPRANA|&amp;#xa9a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER NA|&amp;#xa9a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER PA|&amp;#xa9a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER PA MURDA|&amp;#xa9a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER BA|&amp;#xa9a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER BA MURDA|&amp;#xa9a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER MA|&amp;#xa9a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER YA|&amp;#xa9aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER RA|&amp;#xa9ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER RA AGUNG|&amp;#xa9ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER LA|&amp;#xa9ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER WA|&amp;#xa9ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER SA MURDA|&amp;#xa9af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;height:40px&quot;|A9Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER SA MAHAPRANA|&amp;#xa9b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER SA|&amp;#xa9b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LETTER HA|&amp;#xa9b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE SIGN CECAK TELU|&amp;#xa9b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TARUNG|&amp;#xa9b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TOLONG|&amp;#xa9b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN WULU|&amp;#xa9b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN WULU MELIK|&amp;#xa9b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN SUKU|&amp;#xa9b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN SUKU MENDUT|&amp;#xa9b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TALING|&amp;#xa9ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN DIRGA MURE|&amp;#xa9bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN PEPET|&amp;#xa9bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE CONSONANT SIGN KERET|&amp;#xa9bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE CONSONANT SIGN PENGKAL|&amp;#xa9be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE CONSONANT SIGN CAKRA|&amp;#xa9bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;height:40px&quot;|A9Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PANGKON|&amp;#xa9c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE LEFT RERENGGAN|&amp;#xa9c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE RIGHT RERENGGAN|&amp;#xa9c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PADA ANDAP|&amp;#xa9c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PADA MADYA|&amp;#xa9c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PADA LUHUR|&amp;#xa9c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PADA WINDU|&amp;#xa9c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PADA PANGKAT|&amp;#xa9c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PADA LINGSA|&amp;#xa9c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PADA LUNGSI|&amp;#xa9c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PADA ADEG|&amp;#xa9ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PADA ADEG ADEG|&amp;#xa9cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PADA PISELEH|&amp;#xa9cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE TURNED PADA PISELEH|&amp;#xa9cd;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PANGRANGKEP|&amp;#xa9cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;height:28px&quot;|A9Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#xa9d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE DIGIT ONE|&amp;#xa9d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE DIGIT TWO|&amp;#xa9d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE DIGIT THREE|&amp;#xa9d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#xa9d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#xa9d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE DIGIT SIX|&amp;#xa9d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#xa9d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#xa9d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE DIGIT NINE|&amp;#xa9d9;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PADA TIRTA TUMETES|&amp;#xa9de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAVANESE PADA ISEN-ISEN|&amp;#xa9df;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Myanmar Extended-B'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A9Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN GHA|&amp;#xa9e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CHA|&amp;#xa9e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN JHA|&amp;#xa9e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NNA|&amp;#xa9e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN BHA|&amp;#xa9e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN SAW|&amp;#xa9e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR MODIFIER LETTER SHAN REDUPLICATION|&amp;#xa9e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING NYA|&amp;#xa9e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING FA|&amp;#xa9e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING GA|&amp;#xa9e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING GHA|&amp;#xa9ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING JA|&amp;#xa9eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING JHA|&amp;#xa9ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING DDA|&amp;#xa9ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING DDHA|&amp;#xa9ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING NNA|&amp;#xa9ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|A9Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR TAI LAING DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#xa9f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR TAI LAING DIGIT ONE|&amp;#xa9f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR TAI LAING DIGIT TWO|&amp;#xa9f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR TAI LAING DIGIT THREE|&amp;#xa9f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR TAI LAING DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#xa9f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR TAI LAING DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#xa9f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR TAI LAING DIGIT SIX|&amp;#xa9f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR TAI LAING DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#xa9f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR TAI LAING DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#xa9f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR TAI LAING DIGIT NINE|&amp;#xa9f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING LLA|&amp;#xa9fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING DA|&amp;#xa9fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING DHA|&amp;#xa9fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING BA|&amp;#xa9fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TAI LAING BHA|&amp;#xa9fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Cham'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AA0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER A|&amp;#xaa00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER I|&amp;#xaa01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER U|&amp;#xaa02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER E|&amp;#xaa03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER AI|&amp;#xaa04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER O|&amp;#xaa05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER KA|&amp;#xaa06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER KHA|&amp;#xaa07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER GA|&amp;#xaa08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER GHA|&amp;#xaa09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER NGUE|&amp;#xaa0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER NGA|&amp;#xaa0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER CHA|&amp;#xaa0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER CHHA|&amp;#xaa0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER JA|&amp;#xaa0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER JHA|&amp;#xaa0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AA1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER NHUE|&amp;#xaa10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER NHA|&amp;#xaa11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER NHJA|&amp;#xaa12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER TA|&amp;#xaa13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER THA|&amp;#xaa14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER DA|&amp;#xaa15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER DHA|&amp;#xaa16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER NUE|&amp;#xaa17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER NA|&amp;#xaa18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER DDA|&amp;#xaa19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER PA|&amp;#xaa1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER PPA|&amp;#xaa1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER PHA|&amp;#xaa1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER BA|&amp;#xaa1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER BHA|&amp;#xaa1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER MUE|&amp;#xaa1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AA2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER MA|&amp;#xaa20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER BBA|&amp;#xaa21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER YA|&amp;#xaa22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER RA|&amp;#xaa23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER LA|&amp;#xaa24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER VA|&amp;#xaa25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER SSA|&amp;#xaa26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER SA|&amp;#xaa27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER HA|&amp;#xaa28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM VOWEL SIGN AA|&amp;#xaa29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM VOWEL SIGN I|&amp;#xaa2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM VOWEL SIGN II|&amp;#xaa2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM VOWEL SIGN EI|&amp;#xaa2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM VOWEL SIGN U|&amp;#xaa2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM VOWEL SIGN OE|&amp;#xaa2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM VOWEL SIGN O|&amp;#xaa2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AA3x
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM VOWEL SIGN AI|&amp;#xaa30;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM VOWEL SIGN AU|&amp;#xaa31;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM VOWEL SIGN UE|&amp;#xaa32;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM CONSONANT SIGN YA|&amp;#xaa33;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM CONSONANT SIGN RA|&amp;#xaa34;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM CONSONANT SIGN LA|&amp;#xaa35;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM CONSONANT SIGN WA|&amp;#xaa36;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AA4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER FINAL K|&amp;#xaa40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER FINAL G|&amp;#xaa41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER FINAL NG|&amp;#xaa42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL NG|&amp;#xaa43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER FINAL CH|&amp;#xaa44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER FINAL T|&amp;#xaa45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER FINAL N|&amp;#xaa46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER FINAL P|&amp;#xaa47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER FINAL Y|&amp;#xaa48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER FINAL R|&amp;#xaa49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER FINAL L|&amp;#xaa4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM LETTER FINAL SS|&amp;#xaa4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL M|&amp;#xaa4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL H|&amp;#xaa4d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AA5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#xaa50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM DIGIT ONE|&amp;#xaa51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM DIGIT TWO|&amp;#xaa52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM DIGIT THREE|&amp;#xaa53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#xaa54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#xaa55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM DIGIT SIX|&amp;#xaa56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#xaa57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#xaa58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM DIGIT NINE|&amp;#xaa59;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM PUNCTUATION SPIRAL|&amp;#xaa5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM PUNCTUATION DANDA|&amp;#xaa5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DANDA|&amp;#xaa5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAM PUNCTUATION TRIPLE DANDA|&amp;#xaa5f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Myanmar Extended-A'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AA6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA|&amp;#xaa60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA|&amp;#xaa61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA|&amp;#xaa62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA|&amp;#xaa63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA|&amp;#xaa64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA|&amp;#xaa65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA|&amp;#xaa66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTHA|&amp;#xaa67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI DDA|&amp;#xaa68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI DDHA|&amp;#xaa69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI DHA|&amp;#xaa6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA|&amp;#xaa6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA|&amp;#xaa6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI HA|&amp;#xaa6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI HHA|&amp;#xaa6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA|&amp;#xaa6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca;height:30px&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AA7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR MODIFIER LETTER KHAMTI REDUPLICATION|&amp;#xaa70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI XA|&amp;#xaa71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI ZA|&amp;#xaa72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI RA|&amp;#xaa73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LOGOGRAM KHAMTI OAY|&amp;#xaa74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LOGOGRAM KHAMTI QN|&amp;#xaa75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LOGOGRAM KHAMTI HM|&amp;#xaa76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SYMBOL AITON EXCLAMATION|&amp;#xaa77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SYMBOL AITON ONE|&amp;#xaa78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SYMBOL AITON TWO|&amp;#xaa79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA|&amp;#xaa7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN PAO KAREN TONE|&amp;#xaa7b;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN TAI LAING TONE-2|&amp;#xaa7c;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN TAI LAING TONE-5|&amp;#xaa7d;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHWE PALAUNG CHA|&amp;#xaa7e;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHWE PALAUNG SHA|&amp;#xaa7f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tai Viet'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AA8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW KO|&amp;#xaa80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH KO|&amp;#xaa81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW KHO|&amp;#xaa82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH KHO|&amp;#xaa83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW KHHO|&amp;#xaa84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH KHHO|&amp;#xaa85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW GO|&amp;#xaa86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH GO|&amp;#xaa87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW NGO|&amp;#xaa88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH NGO|&amp;#xaa89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW CO|&amp;#xaa8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH CO|&amp;#xaa8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW CHO|&amp;#xaa8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH CHO|&amp;#xaa8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW SO|&amp;#xaa8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH SO|&amp;#xaa8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AA9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW NYO|&amp;#xaa90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH NYO|&amp;#xaa91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW DO|&amp;#xaa92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH DO|&amp;#xaa93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW TO|&amp;#xaa94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH TO|&amp;#xaa95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW THO|&amp;#xaa96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH THO|&amp;#xaa97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW NO|&amp;#xaa98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH NO|&amp;#xaa99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW BO|&amp;#xaa9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH BO|&amp;#xaa9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW PO|&amp;#xaa9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH PO|&amp;#xaa9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW PHO|&amp;#xaa9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH PHO|&amp;#xaa9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AAAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW FO|&amp;#xaaa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH FO|&amp;#xaaa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW MO|&amp;#xaaa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH MO|&amp;#xaaa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW YO|&amp;#xaaa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH YO|&amp;#xaaa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW RO|&amp;#xaaa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH RO|&amp;#xaaa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW LO|&amp;#xaaa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH LO|&amp;#xaaa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW VO|&amp;#xaaaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH VO|&amp;#xaaab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW HO|&amp;#xaaac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH HO|&amp;#xaaad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER LOW O|&amp;#xaaae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET LETTER HIGH O|&amp;#xaaaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AABx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET MAI KANG|&amp;#xaab0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL AA|&amp;#xaab1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL I|&amp;#xaab2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL UE|&amp;#xaab3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL U|&amp;#xaab4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL E|&amp;#xaab5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL O|&amp;#xaab6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET MAI KHIT|&amp;#xaab7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL IA|&amp;#xaab8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL UEA|&amp;#xaab9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL UA|&amp;#xaaba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL AUE|&amp;#xaabb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL AY|&amp;#xaabc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL AN|&amp;#xaabd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET VOWEL AM|&amp;#xaabe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET TONE MAI EK|&amp;#xaabf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AACx
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET TONE MAI NUENG|&amp;#xaac0;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET TONE MAI THO|&amp;#xaac1;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET TONE MAI SONG|&amp;#xaac2;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AADx
||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET SYMBOL KON|&amp;#xaadb;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET SYMBOL NUENG|&amp;#xaadc;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET SYMBOL SAM|&amp;#xaadd;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET SYMBOL HO HOI|&amp;#xaade;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI VIET SYMBOL KOI KOI|&amp;#xaadf;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Meetei Mayek Extensions'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AAEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER E|&amp;#xaae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER O|&amp;#xaae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER CHA|&amp;#xaae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER NYA|&amp;#xaae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER TTA|&amp;#xaae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER TTHA|&amp;#xaae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER DDA|&amp;#xaae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER DDHA|&amp;#xaae7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER NNA|&amp;#xaae8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER SHA|&amp;#xaae9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER SSA|&amp;#xaaea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN II|&amp;#xaaeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN UU|&amp;#xaaec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN AAI|&amp;#xaaed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN AU|&amp;#xaaee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN AAU|&amp;#xaaef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AAFx
|style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK CHEIKHAN|&amp;#xaaf0;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK AHANG KHUDAM|&amp;#xaaf1;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK ANJI|&amp;#xaaf2;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK SYLLABLE REPETITION MARK|&amp;#xaaf3;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK WORD REPETITION MARK|&amp;#xaaf4;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN VISARGA|&amp;#xaaf5;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VIRAMA|&amp;#xaaf6;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ethiopic Extended-A'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AB0x
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHU|&amp;#xab01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHI|&amp;#xab02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHAA|&amp;#xab03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHEE|&amp;#xab04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHE|&amp;#xab05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TTHO|&amp;#xab06;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHU|&amp;#xab09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHI|&amp;#xab0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHAA|&amp;#xab0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHEE|&amp;#xab0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHE|&amp;#xab0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDHO|&amp;#xab0e;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AB1x
|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZU|&amp;#xab11;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZI|&amp;#xab12;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZAA|&amp;#xab13;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZEE|&amp;#xab14;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZE|&amp;#xab15;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DZO|&amp;#xab16;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AB2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHA|&amp;#xab20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHU|&amp;#xab21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHI|&amp;#xab22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHAA|&amp;#xab23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHEE|&amp;#xab24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHE|&amp;#xab25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CCHHO|&amp;#xab26;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBA|&amp;#xab28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBU|&amp;#xab29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBI|&amp;#xab2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBAA|&amp;#xab2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBEE|&amp;#xab2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBE|&amp;#xab2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BBO|&amp;#xab2e;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Latin Extended-E'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AB3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED ALPHA|&amp;#xab30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A REVERSED-SCHWA|&amp;#xab31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER E|&amp;#xab32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED E|&amp;#xab33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH FLOURISH|&amp;#xab34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER LENIS F|&amp;#xab35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G WITH CROSSED-TAIL|&amp;#xab36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH INVERTED LAZY S|&amp;#xab37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#xab38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE RING|&amp;#xab39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH CROSSED-TAIL|&amp;#xab3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CROSSED-TAIL|&amp;#xab3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG WITH CROSSED-TAIL|&amp;#xab3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER O|&amp;#xab3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER O WITH STROKE|&amp;#xab3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O WITH STROKE|&amp;#xab3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AB4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER INVERTED OE|&amp;#xab40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OE WITH STROKE|&amp;#xab41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OE WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE|&amp;#xab42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED O OPEN-O|&amp;#xab43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED O OPEN-O WITH STROKE|&amp;#xab44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R|&amp;#xab45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG|&amp;#xab46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITHOUT HANDLE|&amp;#xab47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R|&amp;#xab48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL|&amp;#xab49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R WITH CROSSED-TAIL|&amp;#xab4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R|&amp;#xab4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING|&amp;#xab4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER BASELINE ESH|&amp;#xab4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH SHORT RIGHT LEG|&amp;#xab4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR WITH SHORT RIGHT LEG|&amp;#xab4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AB5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER UI|&amp;#xab50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED UI|&amp;#xab51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH LEFT HOOK|&amp;#xab52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER CHI|&amp;#xab53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER CHI WITH LOW RIGHT RING|&amp;#xab54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER CHI WITH LOW LEFT SERIF|&amp;#xab55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LOW RIGHT RING|&amp;#xab56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG|&amp;#xab57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG AND LOW RIGHT RING|&amp;#xab58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG WITH SERIF|&amp;#xab59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH SHORT RIGHT LEG|&amp;#xab5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER BREVE WITH INVERTED BREVE|&amp;#xab5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL HENG|&amp;#xab5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L WITH INVERTED LAZY S|&amp;#xab5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#xab5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL U WITH LEFT HOOK|&amp;#xab5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AB6x
|style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SAKHA YAT|&amp;#xab60;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTIFIED E|&amp;#xab61;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN OE|&amp;#xab62;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER UO|&amp;#xab63;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER INVERTED ALPHA|&amp;#xab64;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OMEGA|&amp;#xab65;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER DZ DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#xab66;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TS DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&amp;#xab67;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&amp;#xab68;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER SMALL TURNED W|&amp;#xab69;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER LEFT TACK|&amp;#xab6a;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT TACK|&amp;#xab6b;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Cherokee Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AB7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER A|&amp;#xab70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER E|&amp;#xab71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER I|&amp;#xab72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER O|&amp;#xab73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER U|&amp;#xab74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER V|&amp;#xab75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GA|&amp;#xab76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER KA|&amp;#xab77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GE|&amp;#xab78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GI|&amp;#xab79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GO|&amp;#xab7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GU|&amp;#xab7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GV|&amp;#xab7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HA|&amp;#xab7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HE|&amp;#xab7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HI|&amp;#xab7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AB8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HO|&amp;#xab80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HU|&amp;#xab81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HV|&amp;#xab82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LA|&amp;#xab83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LE|&amp;#xab84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LI|&amp;#xab85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LO|&amp;#xab86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LU|&amp;#xab87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LV|&amp;#xab88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MA|&amp;#xab89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER ME|&amp;#xab8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MI|&amp;#xab8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MO|&amp;#xab8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MU|&amp;#xab8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NA|&amp;#xab8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HNA|&amp;#xab8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AB9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NAH|&amp;#xab90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NE|&amp;#xab91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NI|&amp;#xab92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NO|&amp;#xab93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NU|&amp;#xab94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NV|&amp;#xab95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUA|&amp;#xab96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUE|&amp;#xab97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUI|&amp;#xab98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUO|&amp;#xab99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUU|&amp;#xab9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUV|&amp;#xab9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SA|&amp;#xab9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER S|&amp;#xab9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SE|&amp;#xab9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SI|&amp;#xab9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|ABAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SO|&amp;#xaba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SU|&amp;#xaba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SV|&amp;#xaba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DA|&amp;#xaba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TA|&amp;#xaba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DE|&amp;#xaba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TE|&amp;#xaba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DI|&amp;#xaba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TI|&amp;#xaba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DO|&amp;#xaba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DU|&amp;#xabaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DV|&amp;#xabab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DLA|&amp;#xabac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLA|&amp;#xabad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLE|&amp;#xabae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLI|&amp;#xabaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|ABBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLO|&amp;#xabb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLU|&amp;#xabb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLV|&amp;#xabb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSA|&amp;#xabb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSE|&amp;#xabb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSI|&amp;#xabb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSO|&amp;#xabb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSU|&amp;#xabb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSV|&amp;#xabb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WA|&amp;#xabb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WE|&amp;#xabba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WI|&amp;#xabbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WO|&amp;#xabbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WU|&amp;#xabbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WV|&amp;#xabbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YA|&amp;#xabbf;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Meetei Mayek'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|ABCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER KOK|&amp;#xabc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER SAM|&amp;#xabc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER LAI|&amp;#xabc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER MIT|&amp;#xabc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER PA|&amp;#xabc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER NA|&amp;#xabc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER CHIL|&amp;#xabc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER TIL|&amp;#xabc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER KHOU|&amp;#xabc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER NGOU|&amp;#xabc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER THOU|&amp;#xabca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER WAI|&amp;#xabcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER YANG|&amp;#xabcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER HUK|&amp;#xabcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER UN|&amp;#xabce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER I|&amp;#xabcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|ABDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER PHAM|&amp;#xabd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER ATIYA|&amp;#xabd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER GOK|&amp;#xabd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER JHAM|&amp;#xabd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER RAI|&amp;#xabd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER BA|&amp;#xabd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER JIL|&amp;#xabd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER DIL|&amp;#xabd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER GHOU|&amp;#xabd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER DHOU|&amp;#xabd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER BHAM|&amp;#xabda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER KOK LONSUM|&amp;#xabdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER LAI LONSUM|&amp;#xabdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER MIT LONSUM|&amp;#xabdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER PA LONSUM|&amp;#xabde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER NA LONSUM|&amp;#xabdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|ABEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER TIL LONSUM|&amp;#xabe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER NGOU LONSUM|&amp;#xabe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LETTER I LONSUM|&amp;#xabe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN ONAP|&amp;#xabe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN INAP|&amp;#xabe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN ANAP|&amp;#xabe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN YENAP|&amp;#xabe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN SOUNAP|&amp;#xabe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN UNAP|&amp;#xabe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN CHEINAP|&amp;#xabe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK VOWEL SIGN NUNG|&amp;#xabea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK CHEIKHEI|&amp;#xabeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK LUM IYEK|&amp;#xabec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK APUN IYEK|&amp;#xabed;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|ABFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#xabf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK DIGIT ONE|&amp;#xabf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK DIGIT TWO|&amp;#xabf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK DIGIT THREE|&amp;#xabf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#xabf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#xabf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK DIGIT SIX|&amp;#xabf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#xabf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#xabf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEETEI MAYEK DIGIT NINE|&amp;#xabf9;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Hangul Syllables'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AC0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GA|&amp;#xac00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAG|&amp;#xac01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAGG|&amp;#xac02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAGS|&amp;#xac03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAN|&amp;#xac04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GANJ|&amp;#xac05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GANH|&amp;#xac06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAD|&amp;#xac07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAL|&amp;#xac08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GALG|&amp;#xac09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GALM|&amp;#xac0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GALB|&amp;#xac0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GALS|&amp;#xac0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GALT|&amp;#xac0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GALP|&amp;#xac0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GALH|&amp;#xac0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AC1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAM|&amp;#xac10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAB|&amp;#xac11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GABS|&amp;#xac12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAS|&amp;#xac13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GASS|&amp;#xac14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GANG|&amp;#xac15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAJ|&amp;#xac16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAC|&amp;#xac17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAK|&amp;#xac18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAT|&amp;#xac19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAP|&amp;#xac1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAH|&amp;#xac1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAE|&amp;#xac1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEG|&amp;#xac1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEGG|&amp;#xac1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEGS|&amp;#xac1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AC2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEN|&amp;#xac20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAENJ|&amp;#xac21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAENH|&amp;#xac22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAED|&amp;#xac23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEL|&amp;#xac24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAELG|&amp;#xac25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAELM|&amp;#xac26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAELB|&amp;#xac27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAELS|&amp;#xac28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAELT|&amp;#xac29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAELP|&amp;#xac2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAELH|&amp;#xac2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEM|&amp;#xac2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEB|&amp;#xac2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEBS|&amp;#xac2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAES|&amp;#xac2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AC3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAESS|&amp;#xac30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAENG|&amp;#xac31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEJ|&amp;#xac32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEC|&amp;#xac33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEK|&amp;#xac34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAET|&amp;#xac35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEP|&amp;#xac36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GAEH|&amp;#xac37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYA|&amp;#xac38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAG|&amp;#xac39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAGG|&amp;#xac3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAGS|&amp;#xac3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAN|&amp;#xac3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYANJ|&amp;#xac3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYANH|&amp;#xac3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAD|&amp;#xac3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AC4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAL|&amp;#xac40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYALG|&amp;#xac41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYALM|&amp;#xac42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYALB|&amp;#xac43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYALS|&amp;#xac44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYALT|&amp;#xac45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYALP|&amp;#xac46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYALH|&amp;#xac47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAM|&amp;#xac48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAB|&amp;#xac49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYABS|&amp;#xac4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAS|&amp;#xac4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYASS|&amp;#xac4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYANG|&amp;#xac4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAJ|&amp;#xac4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAC|&amp;#xac4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AC5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAK|&amp;#xac50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAT|&amp;#xac51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAP|&amp;#xac52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAH|&amp;#xac53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAE|&amp;#xac54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAEG|&amp;#xac55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAEGG|&amp;#xac56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAEGS|&amp;#xac57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAEN|&amp;#xac58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAENJ|&amp;#xac59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAENH|&amp;#xac5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAED|&amp;#xac5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAEL|&amp;#xac5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAELG|&amp;#xac5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAELM|&amp;#xac5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYAELB|&amp;#xac5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEO|&amp;#xac70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOG|&amp;#xac71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOGG|&amp;#xac72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOGS|&amp;#xac73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEON|&amp;#xac74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEONJ|&amp;#xac75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEONH|&amp;#xac76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOD|&amp;#xac77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOL|&amp;#xac78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOLG|&amp;#xac79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOLM|&amp;#xac7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOLB|&amp;#xac7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOLS|&amp;#xac7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOLT|&amp;#xac7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOLP|&amp;#xac7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOLH|&amp;#xac7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOM|&amp;#xac80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOB|&amp;#xac81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOBS|&amp;#xac82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOS|&amp;#xac83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOSS|&amp;#xac84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEONG|&amp;#xac85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOJ|&amp;#xac86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOC|&amp;#xac87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOK|&amp;#xac88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOT|&amp;#xac89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOP|&amp;#xac8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEOH|&amp;#xac8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GE|&amp;#xac8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEG|&amp;#xac8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEGG|&amp;#xac8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEGS|&amp;#xac8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEN|&amp;#xac90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GENJ|&amp;#xac91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GENH|&amp;#xac92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GED|&amp;#xac93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEL|&amp;#xac94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GELG|&amp;#xac95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GELM|&amp;#xac96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GELB|&amp;#xac97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GELS|&amp;#xac98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GELT|&amp;#xac99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GELP|&amp;#xac9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GELH|&amp;#xac9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEM|&amp;#xac9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEB|&amp;#xac9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GEBS|&amp;#xac9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GES|&amp;#xac9f;}}
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOELS|&amp;#xad40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOELT|&amp;#xad41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOELP|&amp;#xad42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOELH|&amp;#xad43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOEM|&amp;#xad44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOEB|&amp;#xad45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOEBS|&amp;#xad46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOES|&amp;#xad47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOESS|&amp;#xad48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOENG|&amp;#xad49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOEJ|&amp;#xad4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOEC|&amp;#xad4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOEK|&amp;#xad4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOET|&amp;#xad4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOEP|&amp;#xad4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GOEH|&amp;#xad4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AD5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYO|&amp;#xad50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOG|&amp;#xad51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOGG|&amp;#xad52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOGS|&amp;#xad53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYON|&amp;#xad54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYONJ|&amp;#xad55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYONH|&amp;#xad56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOD|&amp;#xad57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOL|&amp;#xad58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOLG|&amp;#xad59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOLM|&amp;#xad5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOLB|&amp;#xad5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOLS|&amp;#xad5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOLT|&amp;#xad5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOLP|&amp;#xad5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOLH|&amp;#xad5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AD6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOM|&amp;#xad60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOB|&amp;#xad61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOBS|&amp;#xad62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOS|&amp;#xad63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOSS|&amp;#xad64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYONG|&amp;#xad65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOJ|&amp;#xad66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOC|&amp;#xad67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOK|&amp;#xad68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOT|&amp;#xad69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOP|&amp;#xad6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYOH|&amp;#xad6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GU|&amp;#xad6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUG|&amp;#xad6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUGG|&amp;#xad6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUGS|&amp;#xad6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AD7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUN|&amp;#xad70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUNJ|&amp;#xad71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUNH|&amp;#xad72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUD|&amp;#xad73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUL|&amp;#xad74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GULG|&amp;#xad75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GULM|&amp;#xad76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GULB|&amp;#xad77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GULS|&amp;#xad78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GULT|&amp;#xad79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GULP|&amp;#xad7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GULH|&amp;#xad7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUM|&amp;#xad7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUB|&amp;#xad7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUBS|&amp;#xad7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUS|&amp;#xad7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AD8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUSS|&amp;#xad80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUNG|&amp;#xad81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUJ|&amp;#xad82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUC|&amp;#xad83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUK|&amp;#xad84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUT|&amp;#xad85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUP|&amp;#xad86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GUH|&amp;#xad87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEO|&amp;#xad88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOG|&amp;#xad89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOGG|&amp;#xad8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOGS|&amp;#xad8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEON|&amp;#xad8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEONJ|&amp;#xad8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEONH|&amp;#xad8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOD|&amp;#xad8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AD9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOL|&amp;#xad90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOLG|&amp;#xad91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOLM|&amp;#xad92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOLB|&amp;#xad93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOLS|&amp;#xad94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOLT|&amp;#xad95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOLP|&amp;#xad96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOLH|&amp;#xad97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOM|&amp;#xad98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOB|&amp;#xad99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOBS|&amp;#xad9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOS|&amp;#xad9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOSS|&amp;#xad9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEONG|&amp;#xad9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOJ|&amp;#xad9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOC|&amp;#xad9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|ADAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOK|&amp;#xada0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOT|&amp;#xada1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOP|&amp;#xada2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEOH|&amp;#xada3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWE|&amp;#xada4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEG|&amp;#xada5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEGG|&amp;#xada6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEGS|&amp;#xada7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEN|&amp;#xada8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWENJ|&amp;#xada9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWENH|&amp;#xadaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWED|&amp;#xadab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEL|&amp;#xadac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWELG|&amp;#xadad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWELM|&amp;#xadae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWELB|&amp;#xadaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWELS|&amp;#xadb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWELT|&amp;#xadb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWELP|&amp;#xadb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWELH|&amp;#xadb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEM|&amp;#xadb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEB|&amp;#xadb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEBS|&amp;#xadb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWES|&amp;#xadb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWESS|&amp;#xadb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWENG|&amp;#xadb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEJ|&amp;#xadba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEC|&amp;#xadbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEK|&amp;#xadbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWET|&amp;#xadbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEP|&amp;#xadbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWEH|&amp;#xadbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|ADCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWI|&amp;#xadc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIG|&amp;#xadc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIGG|&amp;#xadc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIGS|&amp;#xadc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIN|&amp;#xadc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWINJ|&amp;#xadc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWINH|&amp;#xadc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWID|&amp;#xadc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIL|&amp;#xadc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWILG|&amp;#xadc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWILM|&amp;#xadca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWILB|&amp;#xadcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWILS|&amp;#xadcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWILT|&amp;#xadcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWILP|&amp;#xadce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWILH|&amp;#xadcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|ADDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIM|&amp;#xadd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIB|&amp;#xadd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIBS|&amp;#xadd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIS|&amp;#xadd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWISS|&amp;#xadd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWING|&amp;#xadd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIJ|&amp;#xadd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIC|&amp;#xadd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIK|&amp;#xadd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIT|&amp;#xadd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIP|&amp;#xadda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GWIH|&amp;#xaddb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYU|&amp;#xaddc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYUG|&amp;#xaddd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYUGG|&amp;#xadde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYUGS|&amp;#xaddf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|ADEx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AE1x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYILS|&amp;#xae20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYILT|&amp;#xae21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYILP|&amp;#xae22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYILH|&amp;#xae23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYIM|&amp;#xae24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYIB|&amp;#xae25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYIBS|&amp;#xae26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYIS|&amp;#xae27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYISS|&amp;#xae28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYING|&amp;#xae29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYIJ|&amp;#xae2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYIC|&amp;#xae2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYIK|&amp;#xae2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYIT|&amp;#xae2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYIP|&amp;#xae2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GYIH|&amp;#xae2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AE3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GI|&amp;#xae30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIG|&amp;#xae31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIGG|&amp;#xae32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIGS|&amp;#xae33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIN|&amp;#xae34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GINJ|&amp;#xae35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GINH|&amp;#xae36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GID|&amp;#xae37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIL|&amp;#xae38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GILG|&amp;#xae39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GILM|&amp;#xae3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GILB|&amp;#xae3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GILS|&amp;#xae3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GILT|&amp;#xae3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GILP|&amp;#xae3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GILH|&amp;#xae3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AE4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIM|&amp;#xae40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIB|&amp;#xae41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIBS|&amp;#xae42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIS|&amp;#xae43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GISS|&amp;#xae44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GING|&amp;#xae45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIJ|&amp;#xae46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIC|&amp;#xae47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIK|&amp;#xae48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIT|&amp;#xae49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIP|&amp;#xae4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GIH|&amp;#xae4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGA|&amp;#xae4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAG|&amp;#xae4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAGG|&amp;#xae4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAGS|&amp;#xae4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AE5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAN|&amp;#xae50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGANJ|&amp;#xae51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGANH|&amp;#xae52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAD|&amp;#xae53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAL|&amp;#xae54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGALG|&amp;#xae55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGALM|&amp;#xae56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGALB|&amp;#xae57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGALS|&amp;#xae58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGALT|&amp;#xae59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGALP|&amp;#xae5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGALH|&amp;#xae5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAM|&amp;#xae5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAB|&amp;#xae5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGABS|&amp;#xae5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAS|&amp;#xae5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AE6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGASS|&amp;#xae60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGANG|&amp;#xae61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAJ|&amp;#xae62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAC|&amp;#xae63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAK|&amp;#xae64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAT|&amp;#xae65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAP|&amp;#xae66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAH|&amp;#xae67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAE|&amp;#xae68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEG|&amp;#xae69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEGG|&amp;#xae6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEGS|&amp;#xae6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEN|&amp;#xae6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAENJ|&amp;#xae6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAENH|&amp;#xae6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAED|&amp;#xae6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AE7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEL|&amp;#xae70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAELG|&amp;#xae71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAELM|&amp;#xae72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAELB|&amp;#xae73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAELS|&amp;#xae74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAELT|&amp;#xae75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAELP|&amp;#xae76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAELH|&amp;#xae77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEM|&amp;#xae78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEB|&amp;#xae79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEBS|&amp;#xae7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAES|&amp;#xae7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAESS|&amp;#xae7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAENG|&amp;#xae7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEJ|&amp;#xae7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEC|&amp;#xae7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AE8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEK|&amp;#xae80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAET|&amp;#xae81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEP|&amp;#xae82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGAEH|&amp;#xae83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYA|&amp;#xae84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAG|&amp;#xae85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAGG|&amp;#xae86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAGS|&amp;#xae87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAN|&amp;#xae88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYANJ|&amp;#xae89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYANH|&amp;#xae8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAD|&amp;#xae8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAL|&amp;#xae8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYALG|&amp;#xae8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYALM|&amp;#xae8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYALB|&amp;#xae8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AE9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYALS|&amp;#xae90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYALT|&amp;#xae91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYALP|&amp;#xae92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYALH|&amp;#xae93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAM|&amp;#xae94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAB|&amp;#xae95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYABS|&amp;#xae96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAS|&amp;#xae97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYASS|&amp;#xae98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYANG|&amp;#xae99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAJ|&amp;#xae9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAC|&amp;#xae9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAK|&amp;#xae9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAT|&amp;#xae9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAP|&amp;#xae9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAH|&amp;#xae9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AEAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAE|&amp;#xaea0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEG|&amp;#xaea1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEGG|&amp;#xaea2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEGS|&amp;#xaea3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEN|&amp;#xaea4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAENJ|&amp;#xaea5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAENH|&amp;#xaea6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAED|&amp;#xaea7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEL|&amp;#xaea8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAELG|&amp;#xaea9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAELM|&amp;#xaeaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAELB|&amp;#xaeab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAELS|&amp;#xaeac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAELT|&amp;#xaead;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAELP|&amp;#xaeae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAELH|&amp;#xaeaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AEBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEM|&amp;#xaeb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEB|&amp;#xaeb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEBS|&amp;#xaeb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAES|&amp;#xaeb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAESS|&amp;#xaeb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAENG|&amp;#xaeb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEJ|&amp;#xaeb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEC|&amp;#xaeb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEK|&amp;#xaeb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAET|&amp;#xaeb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEP|&amp;#xaeba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYAEH|&amp;#xaebb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEO|&amp;#xaebc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOG|&amp;#xaebd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOGG|&amp;#xaebe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOGS|&amp;#xaebf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AECx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEON|&amp;#xaec0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEONJ|&amp;#xaec1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEONH|&amp;#xaec2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOD|&amp;#xaec3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOL|&amp;#xaec4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOLG|&amp;#xaec5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOLM|&amp;#xaec6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOLB|&amp;#xaec7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOLS|&amp;#xaec8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOLT|&amp;#xaec9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOLP|&amp;#xaeca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOLH|&amp;#xaecb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOM|&amp;#xaecc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOB|&amp;#xaecd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOBS|&amp;#xaece;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOS|&amp;#xaecf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AEDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOSS|&amp;#xaed0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEONG|&amp;#xaed1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOJ|&amp;#xaed2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOC|&amp;#xaed3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOK|&amp;#xaed4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOT|&amp;#xaed5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOP|&amp;#xaed6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEOH|&amp;#xaed7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGE|&amp;#xaed8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEG|&amp;#xaed9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEGG|&amp;#xaeda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEGS|&amp;#xaedb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEN|&amp;#xaedc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGENJ|&amp;#xaedd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGENH|&amp;#xaede;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGED|&amp;#xaedf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AEEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEL|&amp;#xaee0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGELG|&amp;#xaee1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGELM|&amp;#xaee2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGELB|&amp;#xaee3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGELS|&amp;#xaee4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGELT|&amp;#xaee5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGELP|&amp;#xaee6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGELH|&amp;#xaee7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEM|&amp;#xaee8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEB|&amp;#xaee9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEBS|&amp;#xaeea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGES|&amp;#xaeeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGESS|&amp;#xaeec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGENG|&amp;#xaeed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEJ|&amp;#xaeee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEC|&amp;#xaeef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AEFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEK|&amp;#xaef0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGET|&amp;#xaef1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEP|&amp;#xaef2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEH|&amp;#xaef3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEO|&amp;#xaef4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOG|&amp;#xaef5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOGG|&amp;#xaef6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOGS|&amp;#xaef7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEON|&amp;#xaef8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEONJ|&amp;#xaef9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEONH|&amp;#xaefa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOD|&amp;#xaefb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOL|&amp;#xaefc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOLG|&amp;#xaefd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOLM|&amp;#xaefe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOLB|&amp;#xaeff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AF0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOLS|&amp;#xaf00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOLT|&amp;#xaf01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOLP|&amp;#xaf02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOLH|&amp;#xaf03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOM|&amp;#xaf04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOB|&amp;#xaf05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOBS|&amp;#xaf06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOS|&amp;#xaf07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOSS|&amp;#xaf08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEONG|&amp;#xaf09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOJ|&amp;#xaf0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOC|&amp;#xaf0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOK|&amp;#xaf0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOT|&amp;#xaf0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOP|&amp;#xaf0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEOH|&amp;#xaf0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AF1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYE|&amp;#xaf10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEG|&amp;#xaf11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEGG|&amp;#xaf12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEGS|&amp;#xaf13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEN|&amp;#xaf14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYENJ|&amp;#xaf15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYENH|&amp;#xaf16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYED|&amp;#xaf17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEL|&amp;#xaf18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYELG|&amp;#xaf19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYELM|&amp;#xaf1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYELB|&amp;#xaf1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYELS|&amp;#xaf1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYELT|&amp;#xaf1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYELP|&amp;#xaf1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYELH|&amp;#xaf1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AF2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEM|&amp;#xaf20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEB|&amp;#xaf21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEBS|&amp;#xaf22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYES|&amp;#xaf23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYESS|&amp;#xaf24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYENG|&amp;#xaf25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEJ|&amp;#xaf26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEC|&amp;#xaf27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEK|&amp;#xaf28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYET|&amp;#xaf29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEP|&amp;#xaf2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYEH|&amp;#xaf2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGO|&amp;#xaf2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOG|&amp;#xaf2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOGG|&amp;#xaf2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOGS|&amp;#xaf2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AF3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGON|&amp;#xaf30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGONJ|&amp;#xaf31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGONH|&amp;#xaf32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOD|&amp;#xaf33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOL|&amp;#xaf34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOLG|&amp;#xaf35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOLM|&amp;#xaf36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOLB|&amp;#xaf37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOLS|&amp;#xaf38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOLT|&amp;#xaf39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOLP|&amp;#xaf3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOLH|&amp;#xaf3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOM|&amp;#xaf3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOB|&amp;#xaf3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOBS|&amp;#xaf3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOS|&amp;#xaf3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AF4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOSS|&amp;#xaf40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGONG|&amp;#xaf41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOJ|&amp;#xaf42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOC|&amp;#xaf43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOK|&amp;#xaf44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOT|&amp;#xaf45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOP|&amp;#xaf46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOH|&amp;#xaf47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWA|&amp;#xaf48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAG|&amp;#xaf49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAGG|&amp;#xaf4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAGS|&amp;#xaf4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAN|&amp;#xaf4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWANJ|&amp;#xaf4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWANH|&amp;#xaf4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAD|&amp;#xaf4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AF5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAL|&amp;#xaf50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWALG|&amp;#xaf51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWALM|&amp;#xaf52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWALB|&amp;#xaf53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWALS|&amp;#xaf54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWALT|&amp;#xaf55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWALP|&amp;#xaf56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWALH|&amp;#xaf57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAM|&amp;#xaf58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAB|&amp;#xaf59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWABS|&amp;#xaf5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAS|&amp;#xaf5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWASS|&amp;#xaf5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWANG|&amp;#xaf5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAJ|&amp;#xaf5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAC|&amp;#xaf5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AF6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAK|&amp;#xaf60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAT|&amp;#xaf61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAP|&amp;#xaf62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAH|&amp;#xaf63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAE|&amp;#xaf64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEG|&amp;#xaf65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEGG|&amp;#xaf66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEGS|&amp;#xaf67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEN|&amp;#xaf68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAENJ|&amp;#xaf69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAENH|&amp;#xaf6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAED|&amp;#xaf6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEL|&amp;#xaf6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAELG|&amp;#xaf6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAELM|&amp;#xaf6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAELB|&amp;#xaf6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AF7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAELS|&amp;#xaf70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAELT|&amp;#xaf71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAELP|&amp;#xaf72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAELH|&amp;#xaf73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEM|&amp;#xaf74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEB|&amp;#xaf75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEBS|&amp;#xaf76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAES|&amp;#xaf77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAESS|&amp;#xaf78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAENG|&amp;#xaf79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEJ|&amp;#xaf7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEC|&amp;#xaf7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEK|&amp;#xaf7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAET|&amp;#xaf7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEP|&amp;#xaf7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWAEH|&amp;#xaf7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AF8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOE|&amp;#xaf80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEG|&amp;#xaf81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEGG|&amp;#xaf82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEGS|&amp;#xaf83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEN|&amp;#xaf84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOENJ|&amp;#xaf85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOENH|&amp;#xaf86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOED|&amp;#xaf87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEL|&amp;#xaf88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOELG|&amp;#xaf89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOELM|&amp;#xaf8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOELB|&amp;#xaf8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOELS|&amp;#xaf8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOELT|&amp;#xaf8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOELP|&amp;#xaf8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOELH|&amp;#xaf8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AF9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEM|&amp;#xaf90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEB|&amp;#xaf91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEBS|&amp;#xaf92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOES|&amp;#xaf93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOESS|&amp;#xaf94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOENG|&amp;#xaf95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEJ|&amp;#xaf96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEC|&amp;#xaf97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEK|&amp;#xaf98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOET|&amp;#xaf99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEP|&amp;#xaf9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGOEH|&amp;#xaf9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYO|&amp;#xaf9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOG|&amp;#xaf9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOGG|&amp;#xaf9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOGS|&amp;#xaf9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AFAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYON|&amp;#xafa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYONJ|&amp;#xafa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYONH|&amp;#xafa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOD|&amp;#xafa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOL|&amp;#xafa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOLG|&amp;#xafa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOLM|&amp;#xafa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOLB|&amp;#xafa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOLS|&amp;#xafa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOLT|&amp;#xafa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOLP|&amp;#xafaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOLH|&amp;#xafab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOM|&amp;#xafac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOB|&amp;#xafad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOBS|&amp;#xafae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOS|&amp;#xafaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AFBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOSS|&amp;#xafb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYONG|&amp;#xafb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOJ|&amp;#xafb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOC|&amp;#xafb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOK|&amp;#xafb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOT|&amp;#xafb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOP|&amp;#xafb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYOH|&amp;#xafb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGU|&amp;#xafb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUG|&amp;#xafb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUGG|&amp;#xafba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUGS|&amp;#xafbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUN|&amp;#xafbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUNJ|&amp;#xafbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUNH|&amp;#xafbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUD|&amp;#xafbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AFCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUL|&amp;#xafc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGULG|&amp;#xafc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGULM|&amp;#xafc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGULB|&amp;#xafc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGULS|&amp;#xafc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGULT|&amp;#xafc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGULP|&amp;#xafc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGULH|&amp;#xafc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUM|&amp;#xafc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUB|&amp;#xafc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUBS|&amp;#xafca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUS|&amp;#xafcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUSS|&amp;#xafcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUNG|&amp;#xafcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUJ|&amp;#xafce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUC|&amp;#xafcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AFDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUK|&amp;#xafd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUT|&amp;#xafd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUP|&amp;#xafd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGUH|&amp;#xafd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEO|&amp;#xafd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOG|&amp;#xafd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOGG|&amp;#xafd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOGS|&amp;#xafd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEON|&amp;#xafd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEONJ|&amp;#xafd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEONH|&amp;#xafda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOD|&amp;#xafdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOL|&amp;#xafdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOLG|&amp;#xafdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOLM|&amp;#xafde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOLB|&amp;#xafdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AFEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOLS|&amp;#xafe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOLT|&amp;#xafe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOLP|&amp;#xafe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOLH|&amp;#xafe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOM|&amp;#xafe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOB|&amp;#xafe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOBS|&amp;#xafe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOS|&amp;#xafe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOSS|&amp;#xafe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEONG|&amp;#xafe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOJ|&amp;#xafea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOC|&amp;#xafeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOK|&amp;#xafec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOT|&amp;#xafed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOP|&amp;#xafee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEOH|&amp;#xafef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc65d&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|AFFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWE|&amp;#xaff0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEG|&amp;#xaff1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEGG|&amp;#xaff2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEGS|&amp;#xaff3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEN|&amp;#xaff4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWENJ|&amp;#xaff5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWENH|&amp;#xaff6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWED|&amp;#xaff7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEL|&amp;#xaff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWELG|&amp;#xaff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWELM|&amp;#xaffa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWELB|&amp;#xaffb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWELS|&amp;#xaffc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWELT|&amp;#xaffd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWELP|&amp;#xaffe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWELH|&amp;#xafff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|}
{{:Unicode/Character/footer}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Unicode/Character reference/E000-EFFF</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632872</id>
      <parentid>4612279</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T04:31:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25678-06</username>
        <id>3579663</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632872</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50322" sha1="i0d9mxh1wt9mpse7mlytatu3n8is77k" xml:space="preserve">{{:Unicode/Character reference}}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:sans-serif,'Allkin','Orbitron','Segoe UI Symbol'&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Private Use Area'''{{ref|PUA|Note}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E00x
|&amp;#xe000;||&amp;#xe001;||&amp;#xe002;||&amp;#xe003;||&amp;#xe004;||&amp;#xe005;||&amp;#xe006;||&amp;#xe007;||&amp;#xe008;||&amp;#xe009;||&amp;#xe00a;||&amp;#xe00b;||&amp;#xe00c;||&amp;#xe00d;||&amp;#xe00e;||&amp;#xe00f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E01x
|&amp;#xe010;||&amp;#xe011;||&amp;#xe012;||&amp;#xe013;||&amp;#xe014;||&amp;#xe015;||&amp;#xe016;||&amp;#xe017;||&amp;#xe018;||&amp;#xe019;||&amp;#xe01a;||&amp;#xe01b;||&amp;#xe01c;||&amp;#xe01d;||&amp;#xe01e;||&amp;#xe01f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E02x
|&amp;#xe020;||&amp;#xe021;||&amp;#xe022;||&amp;#xe023;||&amp;#xe024;||&amp;#xe025;||&amp;#xe026;||&amp;#xe027;||&amp;#xe028;||&amp;#xe029;||&amp;#xe02a;||&amp;#xe02b;||&amp;#xe02c;||&amp;#xe02d;||&amp;#xe02e;||&amp;#xe02f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E03x
|&amp;#xe030;||&amp;#xe031;||&amp;#xe032;||&amp;#xe033;||&amp;#xe034;||&amp;#xe035;||&amp;#xe036;||&amp;#xe037;||&amp;#xe038;||&amp;#xe039;||&amp;#xe03a;||&amp;#xe03b;||&amp;#xe03c;||&amp;#xe03d;||&amp;#xe03e;||&amp;#xe03f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E04x
|&amp;#xe040;||&amp;#xe041;||&amp;#xe042;||&amp;#xe043;||&amp;#xe044;||&amp;#xe045;||&amp;#xe046;||&amp;#xe047;||&amp;#xe048;||&amp;#xe049;||&amp;#xe04a;||&amp;#xe04b;||&amp;#xe04c;||&amp;#xe04d;||&amp;#xe04e;||&amp;#xe04f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E05x
|&amp;#xe050;||&amp;#xe051;||&amp;#xe052;||&amp;#xe053;||&amp;#xe054;||&amp;#xe055;||&amp;#xe056;||&amp;#xe057;||&amp;#xe058;||&amp;#xe059;||&amp;#xe05a;||&amp;#xe05b;||&amp;#xe05c;||&amp;#xe05d;||&amp;#xe05e;||&amp;#xe05f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E06x
|&amp;#xe060;||&amp;#xe061;||&amp;#xe062;||&amp;#xe063;||&amp;#xe064;||&amp;#xe065;||&amp;#xe066;||&amp;#xe067;||&amp;#xe068;||&amp;#xe069;||&amp;#xe06a;||&amp;#xe06b;||&amp;#xe06c;||&amp;#xe06d;||&amp;#xe06e;||&amp;#xe06f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E07x
|&amp;#xe070;||&amp;#xe071;||&amp;#xe072;||&amp;#xe073;||&amp;#xe074;||&amp;#xe075;||&amp;#xe076;||&amp;#xe077;||&amp;#xe078;||&amp;#xe079;||&amp;#xe07a;||&amp;#xe07b;||&amp;#xe07c;||&amp;#xe07d;||&amp;#xe07e;||&amp;#xe07f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E08x
|&amp;#xe080;||&amp;#xe081;||&amp;#xe082;||&amp;#xe083;||&amp;#xe084;||&amp;#xe085;||&amp;#xe086;||&amp;#xe087;||&amp;#xe088;||&amp;#xe089;||&amp;#xe08a;||&amp;#xe08b;||&amp;#xe08c;||&amp;#xe08d;||&amp;#xe08e;||&amp;#xe08f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E09x
|&amp;#xe090;||&amp;#xe091;||&amp;#xe092;||&amp;#xe093;||&amp;#xe094;||&amp;#xe095;||&amp;#xe096;||&amp;#xe097;||&amp;#xe098;||&amp;#xe099;||&amp;#xe09a;||&amp;#xe09b;||&amp;#xe09c;||&amp;#xe09d;||&amp;#xe09e;||&amp;#xe09f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E0Ax
|&amp;#xe0a0;||&amp;#xe0a1;||&amp;#xe0a2;||&amp;#xe0a3;||&amp;#xe0a4;||&amp;#xe0a5;||&amp;#xe0a6;||&amp;#xe0a7;||&amp;#xe0a8;||&amp;#xe0a9;||&amp;#xe0aa;||&amp;#xe0ab;||&amp;#xe0ac;||&amp;#xe0ad;||&amp;#xe0ae;||&amp;#xe0af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E0Bx
|&amp;#xe0b0;||&amp;#xe0b1;||&amp;#xe0b2;||&amp;#xe0b3;||&amp;#xe0b4;||&amp;#xe0b5;||&amp;#xe0b6;||&amp;#xe0b7;||&amp;#xe0b8;||&amp;#xe0b9;||&amp;#xe0ba;||&amp;#xe0bb;||&amp;#xe0bc;||&amp;#xe0bd;||&amp;#xe0be;||&amp;#xe0bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E0Cx
|&amp;#xe0c0;||&amp;#xe0c1;||&amp;#xe0c2;||&amp;#xe0c3;||&amp;#xe0c4;||&amp;#xe0c5;||&amp;#xe0c6;||&amp;#xe0c7;||&amp;#xe0c8;||&amp;#xe0c9;||&amp;#xe0ca;||&amp;#xe0cb;||&amp;#xe0cc;||&amp;#xe0cd;||&amp;#xe0ce;||&amp;#xe0cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E0Dx
|&amp;#xe0d0;||&amp;#xe0d1;||&amp;#xe0d2;||&amp;#xe0d3;||&amp;#xe0d4;||&amp;#xe0d5;||&amp;#xe0d6;||&amp;#xe0d7;||&amp;#xe0d8;||&amp;#xe0d9;||&amp;#xe0da;||&amp;#xe0db;||&amp;#xe0dc;||&amp;#xe0dd;||&amp;#xe0de;||&amp;#xe0df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E0Ex
|&amp;#xe0e0;||&amp;#xe0e1;||&amp;#xe0e2;||&amp;#xe0e3;||&amp;#xe0e4;||&amp;#xe0e5;||&amp;#xe0e6;||&amp;#xe0e7;||&amp;#xe0e8;||&amp;#xe0e9;||&amp;#xe0ea;||&amp;#xe0eb;||&amp;#xe0ec;||&amp;#xe0ed;||&amp;#xe0ee;||&amp;#xe0ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E0Fx
|&amp;#xe0f0;||&amp;#xe0f1;||&amp;#xe0f2;||&amp;#xe0f3;||&amp;#xe0f4;||&amp;#xe0f5;||&amp;#xe0f6;||&amp;#xe0f7;||&amp;#xe0f8;||&amp;#xe0f9;||&amp;#xe0fa;||&amp;#xe0fb;||&amp;#xe0fc;||&amp;#xe0fd;||&amp;#xe0fe;||&amp;#xe0ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E10x
|&amp;#xe100;||&amp;#xe101;||&amp;#xe102;||&amp;#xe103;||&amp;#xe104;||&amp;#xe105;||&amp;#xe106;||&amp;#xe107;||&amp;#xe108;||&amp;#xe109;||&amp;#xe10a;||&amp;#xe10b;||&amp;#xe10c;||&amp;#xe10d;||&amp;#xe10e;||&amp;#xe10f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E11x
|&amp;#xe110;||&amp;#xe111;||&amp;#xe112;||&amp;#xe113;||&amp;#xe114;||&amp;#xe115;||&amp;#xe116;||&amp;#xe117;||&amp;#xe118;||&amp;#xe119;||&amp;#xe11a;||&amp;#xe11b;||&amp;#xe11c;||&amp;#xe11d;||&amp;#xe11e;||&amp;#xe11f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E12x
|&amp;#xe120;||&amp;#xe121;||&amp;#xe122;||&amp;#xe123;||&amp;#xe124;||&amp;#xe125;||&amp;#xe126;||&amp;#xe127;||&amp;#xe128;||&amp;#xe129;||&amp;#xe12a;||&amp;#xe12b;||&amp;#xe12c;||&amp;#xe12d;||&amp;#xe12e;||&amp;#xe12f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E13x
|&amp;#xe130;||&amp;#xe131;||&amp;#xe132;||&amp;#xe133;||&amp;#xe134;||&amp;#xe135;||&amp;#xe136;||&amp;#xe137;||&amp;#xe138;||&amp;#xe139;||&amp;#xe13a;||&amp;#xe13b;||&amp;#xe13c;||&amp;#xe13d;||&amp;#xe13e;||&amp;#xe13f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E14x
|&amp;#xe140;||&amp;#xe141;||&amp;#xe142;||&amp;#xe143;||&amp;#xe144;||&amp;#xe145;||&amp;#xe146;||&amp;#xe147;||&amp;#xe148;||&amp;#xe149;||&amp;#xe14a;||&amp;#xe14b;||&amp;#xe14c;||&amp;#xe14d;||&amp;#xe14e;||&amp;#xe14f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E15x
|&amp;#xe150;||&amp;#xe151;||&amp;#xe152;||&amp;#xe153;||&amp;#xe154;||&amp;#xe155;||&amp;#xe156;||&amp;#xe157;||&amp;#xe158;||&amp;#xe159;||&amp;#xe15a;||&amp;#xe15b;||&amp;#xe15c;||&amp;#xe15d;||&amp;#xe15e;||&amp;#xe15f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E16x
|&amp;#xe160;||&amp;#xe161;||&amp;#xe162;||&amp;#xe163;||&amp;#xe164;||&amp;#xe165;||&amp;#xe166;||&amp;#xe167;||&amp;#xe168;||&amp;#xe169;||&amp;#xe16a;||&amp;#xe16b;||&amp;#xe16c;||&amp;#xe16d;||&amp;#xe16e;||&amp;#xe16f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E17x
|&amp;#xe170;||&amp;#xe171;||&amp;#xe172;||&amp;#xe173;||&amp;#xe174;||&amp;#xe175;||&amp;#xe176;||&amp;#xe177;||&amp;#xe178;||&amp;#xe179;||&amp;#xe17a;||&amp;#xe17b;||&amp;#xe17c;||&amp;#xe17d;||&amp;#xe17e;||&amp;#xe17f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E18x
|&amp;#xe180;||&amp;#xe181;||&amp;#xe182;||&amp;#xe183;||&amp;#xe184;||&amp;#xe185;||&amp;#xe186;||&amp;#xe187;||&amp;#xe188;||&amp;#xe189;||&amp;#xe18a;||&amp;#xe18b;||&amp;#xe18c;||&amp;#xe18d;||&amp;#xe18e;||&amp;#xe18f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E19x
|&amp;#xe190;||&amp;#xe191;||&amp;#xe192;||&amp;#xe193;||&amp;#xe194;||&amp;#xe195;||&amp;#xe196;||&amp;#xe197;||&amp;#xe198;||&amp;#xe199;||&amp;#xe19a;||&amp;#xe19b;||&amp;#xe19c;||&amp;#xe19d;||&amp;#xe19e;||&amp;#xe19f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E1Ax
|&amp;#xe1a0;||&amp;#xe1a1;||&amp;#xe1a2;||&amp;#xe1a3;||&amp;#xe1a4;||&amp;#xe1a5;||&amp;#xe1a6;||&amp;#xe1a7;||&amp;#xe1a8;||&amp;#xe1a9;||&amp;#xe1aa;||&amp;#xe1ab;||&amp;#xe1ac;||&amp;#xe1ad;||&amp;#xe1ae;||&amp;#xe1af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E1Bx
|&amp;#xe1b0;||&amp;#xe1b1;||&amp;#xe1b2;||&amp;#xe1b3;||&amp;#xe1b4;||&amp;#xe1b5;||&amp;#xe1b6;||&amp;#xe1b7;||&amp;#xe1b8;||&amp;#xe1b9;||&amp;#xe1ba;||&amp;#xe1bb;||&amp;#xe1bc;||&amp;#xe1bd;||&amp;#xe1be;||&amp;#xe1bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E1Cx
|&amp;#xe1c0;||&amp;#xe1c1;||&amp;#xe1c2;||&amp;#xe1c3;||&amp;#xe1c4;||&amp;#xe1c5;||&amp;#xe1c6;||&amp;#xe1c7;||&amp;#xe1c8;||&amp;#xe1c9;||&amp;#xe1ca;||&amp;#xe1cb;||&amp;#xe1cc;||&amp;#xe1cd;||&amp;#xe1ce;||&amp;#xe1cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E1Dx
|&amp;#xe1d0;||&amp;#xe1d1;||&amp;#xe1d2;||&amp;#xe1d3;||&amp;#xe1d4;||&amp;#xe1d5;||&amp;#xe1d6;||&amp;#xe1d7;||&amp;#xe1d8;||&amp;#xe1d9;||&amp;#xe1da;||&amp;#xe1db;||&amp;#xe1dc;||&amp;#xe1dd;||&amp;#xe1de;||&amp;#xe1df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E1Ex
|&amp;#xe1e0;||&amp;#xe1e1;||&amp;#xe1e2;||&amp;#xe1e3;||&amp;#xe1e4;||&amp;#xe1e5;||&amp;#xe1e6;||&amp;#xe1e7;||&amp;#xe1e8;||&amp;#xe1e9;||&amp;#xe1ea;||&amp;#xe1eb;||&amp;#xe1ec;||&amp;#xe1ed;||&amp;#xe1ee;||&amp;#xe1ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E1Fx
|&amp;#xe1f0;||&amp;#xe1f1;||&amp;#xe1f2;||&amp;#xe1f3;||&amp;#xe1f4;||&amp;#xe1f5;||&amp;#xe1f6;||&amp;#xe1f7;||&amp;#xe1f8;||&amp;#xe1f9;||&amp;#xe1fa;||&amp;#xe1fb;||&amp;#xe1fc;||&amp;#xe1fd;||&amp;#xe1fe;||&amp;#xe1ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E20x
|&amp;#xe200;||&amp;#xe201;||&amp;#xe202;||&amp;#xe203;||&amp;#xe204;||&amp;#xe205;||&amp;#xe206;||&amp;#xe207;||&amp;#xe208;||&amp;#xe209;||&amp;#xe20a;||&amp;#xe20b;||&amp;#xe20c;||&amp;#xe20d;||&amp;#xe20e;||&amp;#xe20f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E21x
|&amp;#xe210;||&amp;#xe211;||&amp;#xe212;||&amp;#xe213;||&amp;#xe214;||&amp;#xe215;||&amp;#xe216;||&amp;#xe217;||&amp;#xe218;||&amp;#xe219;||&amp;#xe21a;||&amp;#xe21b;||&amp;#xe21c;||&amp;#xe21d;||&amp;#xe21e;||&amp;#xe21f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E22x
|&amp;#xe220;||&amp;#xe221;||&amp;#xe222;||&amp;#xe223;||&amp;#xe224;||&amp;#xe225;||&amp;#xe226;||&amp;#xe227;||&amp;#xe228;||&amp;#xe229;||&amp;#xe22a;||&amp;#xe22b;||&amp;#xe22c;||&amp;#xe22d;||&amp;#xe22e;||&amp;#xe22f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E23x
|&amp;#xe230;||&amp;#xe231;||&amp;#xe232;||&amp;#xe233;||&amp;#xe234;||&amp;#xe235;||&amp;#xe236;||&amp;#xe237;||&amp;#xe238;||&amp;#xe239;||&amp;#xe23a;||&amp;#xe23b;||&amp;#xe23c;||&amp;#xe23d;||&amp;#xe23e;||&amp;#xe23f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E24x
|&amp;#xe240;||&amp;#xe241;||&amp;#xe242;||&amp;#xe243;||&amp;#xe244;||&amp;#xe245;||&amp;#xe246;||&amp;#xe247;||&amp;#xe248;||&amp;#xe249;||&amp;#xe24a;||&amp;#xe24b;||&amp;#xe24c;||&amp;#xe24d;||&amp;#xe24e;||&amp;#xe24f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E25x
|&amp;#xe250;||&amp;#xe251;||&amp;#xe252;||&amp;#xe253;||&amp;#xe254;||&amp;#xe255;||&amp;#xe256;||&amp;#xe257;||&amp;#xe258;||&amp;#xe259;||&amp;#xe25a;||&amp;#xe25b;||&amp;#xe25c;||&amp;#xe25d;||&amp;#xe25e;||&amp;#xe25f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E26x
|&amp;#xe260;||&amp;#xe261;||&amp;#xe262;||&amp;#xe263;||&amp;#xe264;||&amp;#xe265;||&amp;#xe266;||&amp;#xe267;||&amp;#xe268;||&amp;#xe269;||&amp;#xe26a;||&amp;#xe26b;||&amp;#xe26c;||&amp;#xe26d;||&amp;#xe26e;||&amp;#xe26f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E27x
|&amp;#xe270;||&amp;#xe271;||&amp;#xe272;||&amp;#xe273;||&amp;#xe274;||&amp;#xe275;||&amp;#xe276;||&amp;#xe277;||&amp;#xe278;||&amp;#xe279;||&amp;#xe27a;||&amp;#xe27b;||&amp;#xe27c;||&amp;#xe27d;||&amp;#xe27e;||&amp;#xe27f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E28x
|&amp;#xe280;||&amp;#xe281;||&amp;#xe282;||&amp;#xe283;||&amp;#xe284;||&amp;#xe285;||&amp;#xe286;||&amp;#xe287;||&amp;#xe288;||&amp;#xe289;||&amp;#xe28a;||&amp;#xe28b;||&amp;#xe28c;||&amp;#xe28d;||&amp;#xe28e;||&amp;#xe28f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E29x
|&amp;#xe290;||&amp;#xe291;||&amp;#xe292;||&amp;#xe293;||&amp;#xe294;||&amp;#xe295;||&amp;#xe296;||&amp;#xe297;||&amp;#xe298;||&amp;#xe299;||&amp;#xe29a;||&amp;#xe29b;||&amp;#xe29c;||&amp;#xe29d;||&amp;#xe29e;||&amp;#xe29f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E2Ax
|&amp;#xe2a0;||&amp;#xe2a1;||&amp;#xe2a2;||&amp;#xe2a3;||&amp;#xe2a4;||&amp;#xe2a5;||&amp;#xe2a6;||&amp;#xe2a7;||&amp;#xe2a8;||&amp;#xe2a9;||&amp;#xe2aa;||&amp;#xe2ab;||&amp;#xe2ac;||&amp;#xe2ad;||&amp;#xe2ae;||&amp;#xe2af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E2Bx
|&amp;#xe2b0;||&amp;#xe2b1;||&amp;#xe2b2;||&amp;#xe2b3;||&amp;#xe2b4;||&amp;#xe2b5;||&amp;#xe2b6;||&amp;#xe2b7;||&amp;#xe2b8;||&amp;#xe2b9;||&amp;#xe2ba;||&amp;#xe2bb;||&amp;#xe2bc;||&amp;#xe2bd;||&amp;#xe2be;||&amp;#xe2bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E2Cx
|&amp;#xe2c0;||&amp;#xe2c1;||&amp;#xe2c2;||&amp;#xe2c3;||&amp;#xe2c4;||&amp;#xe2c5;||&amp;#xe2c6;||&amp;#xe2c7;||&amp;#xe2c8;||&amp;#xe2c9;||&amp;#xe2ca;||&amp;#xe2cb;||&amp;#xe2cc;||&amp;#xe2cd;||&amp;#xe2ce;||&amp;#xe2cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E2Dx
|&amp;#xe2d0;||&amp;#xe2d1;||&amp;#xe2d2;||&amp;#xe2d3;||&amp;#xe2d4;||&amp;#xe2d5;||&amp;#xe2d6;||&amp;#xe2d7;||&amp;#xe2d8;||&amp;#xe2d9;||&amp;#xe2da;||&amp;#xe2db;||&amp;#xe2dc;||&amp;#xe2dd;||&amp;#xe2de;||&amp;#xe2df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E2Ex
|&amp;#xe2e0;||&amp;#xe2e1;||&amp;#xe2e2;||&amp;#xe2e3;||&amp;#xe2e4;||&amp;#xe2e5;||&amp;#xe2e6;||&amp;#xe2e7;||&amp;#xe2e8;||&amp;#xe2e9;||&amp;#xe2ea;||&amp;#xe2eb;||&amp;#xe2ec;||&amp;#xe2ed;||&amp;#xe2ee;||&amp;#xe2ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E2Fx
|&amp;#xe2f0;||&amp;#xe2f1;||&amp;#xe2f2;||&amp;#xe2f3;||&amp;#xe2f4;||&amp;#xe2f5;||&amp;#xe2f6;||&amp;#xe2f7;||&amp;#xe2f8;||&amp;#xe2f9;||&amp;#xe2fa;||&amp;#xe2fb;||&amp;#xe2fc;||&amp;#xe2fd;||&amp;#xe2fe;||&amp;#xe2ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E30x
|&amp;#xe300;||&amp;#xe301;||&amp;#xe302;||&amp;#xe303;||&amp;#xe304;||&amp;#xe305;||&amp;#xe306;||&amp;#xe307;||&amp;#xe308;||&amp;#xe309;||&amp;#xe30a;||&amp;#xe30b;||&amp;#xe30c;||&amp;#xe30d;||&amp;#xe30e;||&amp;#xe30f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E31x
|&amp;#xe310;||&amp;#xe311;||&amp;#xe312;||&amp;#xe313;||&amp;#xe314;||&amp;#xe315;||&amp;#xe316;||&amp;#xe317;||&amp;#xe318;||&amp;#xe319;||&amp;#xe31a;||&amp;#xe31b;||&amp;#xe31c;||&amp;#xe31d;||&amp;#xe31e;||&amp;#xe31f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E32x
|&amp;#xe320;||&amp;#xe321;||&amp;#xe322;||&amp;#xe323;||&amp;#xe324;||&amp;#xe325;||&amp;#xe326;||&amp;#xe327;||&amp;#xe328;||&amp;#xe329;||&amp;#xe32a;||&amp;#xe32b;||&amp;#xe32c;||&amp;#xe32d;||&amp;#xe32e;||&amp;#xe32f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E33x
|&amp;#xe330;||&amp;#xe331;||&amp;#xe332;||&amp;#xe333;||&amp;#xe334;||&amp;#xe335;||&amp;#xe336;||&amp;#xe337;||&amp;#xe338;||&amp;#xe339;||&amp;#xe33a;||&amp;#xe33b;||&amp;#xe33c;||&amp;#xe33d;||&amp;#xe33e;||&amp;#xe33f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E34x
|&amp;#xe340;||&amp;#xe341;||&amp;#xe342;||&amp;#xe343;||&amp;#xe344;||&amp;#xe345;||&amp;#xe346;||&amp;#xe347;||&amp;#xe348;||&amp;#xe349;||&amp;#xe34a;||&amp;#xe34b;||&amp;#xe34c;||&amp;#xe34d;||&amp;#xe34e;||&amp;#xe34f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E35x
|&amp;#xe350;||&amp;#xe351;||&amp;#xe352;||&amp;#xe353;||&amp;#xe354;||&amp;#xe355;||&amp;#xe356;||&amp;#xe357;||&amp;#xe358;||&amp;#xe359;||&amp;#xe35a;||&amp;#xe35b;||&amp;#xe35c;||&amp;#xe35d;||&amp;#xe35e;||&amp;#xe35f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E36x
|&amp;#xe360;||&amp;#xe361;||&amp;#xe362;||&amp;#xe363;||&amp;#xe364;||&amp;#xe365;||&amp;#xe366;||&amp;#xe367;||&amp;#xe368;||&amp;#xe369;||&amp;#xe36a;||&amp;#xe36b;||&amp;#xe36c;||&amp;#xe36d;||&amp;#xe36e;||&amp;#xe36f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E37x
|&amp;#xe370;||&amp;#xe371;||&amp;#xe372;||&amp;#xe373;||&amp;#xe374;||&amp;#xe375;||&amp;#xe376;||&amp;#xe377;||&amp;#xe378;||&amp;#xe379;||&amp;#xe37a;||&amp;#xe37b;||&amp;#xe37c;||&amp;#xe37d;||&amp;#xe37e;||&amp;#xe37f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E38x
|&amp;#xe380;||&amp;#xe381;||&amp;#xe382;||&amp;#xe383;||&amp;#xe384;||&amp;#xe385;||&amp;#xe386;||&amp;#xe387;||&amp;#xe388;||&amp;#xe389;||&amp;#xe38a;||&amp;#xe38b;||&amp;#xe38c;||&amp;#xe38d;||&amp;#xe38e;||&amp;#xe38f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E39x
|&amp;#xe390;||&amp;#xe391;||&amp;#xe392;||&amp;#xe393;||&amp;#xe394;||&amp;#xe395;||&amp;#xe396;||&amp;#xe397;||&amp;#xe398;||&amp;#xe399;||&amp;#xe39a;||&amp;#xe39b;||&amp;#xe39c;||&amp;#xe39d;||&amp;#xe39e;||&amp;#xe39f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E3Ax
|&amp;#xe3a0;||&amp;#xe3a1;||&amp;#xe3a2;||&amp;#xe3a3;||&amp;#xe3a4;||&amp;#xe3a5;||&amp;#xe3a6;||&amp;#xe3a7;||&amp;#xe3a8;||&amp;#xe3a9;||&amp;#xe3aa;||&amp;#xe3ab;||&amp;#xe3ac;||&amp;#xe3ad;||&amp;#xe3ae;||&amp;#xe3af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E3Bx
|&amp;#xe3b0;||&amp;#xe3b1;||&amp;#xe3b2;||&amp;#xe3b3;||&amp;#xe3b4;||&amp;#xe3b5;||&amp;#xe3b6;||&amp;#xe3b7;||&amp;#xe3b8;||&amp;#xe3b9;||&amp;#xe3ba;||&amp;#xe3bb;||&amp;#xe3bc;||&amp;#xe3bd;||&amp;#xe3be;||&amp;#xe3bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E3Cx
|&amp;#xe3c0;||&amp;#xe3c1;||&amp;#xe3c2;||&amp;#xe3c3;||&amp;#xe3c4;||&amp;#xe3c5;||&amp;#xe3c6;||&amp;#xe3c7;||&amp;#xe3c8;||&amp;#xe3c9;||&amp;#xe3ca;||&amp;#xe3cb;||&amp;#xe3cc;||&amp;#xe3cd;||&amp;#xe3ce;||&amp;#xe3cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E3Dx
|&amp;#xe3d0;||&amp;#xe3d1;||&amp;#xe3d2;||&amp;#xe3d3;||&amp;#xe3d4;||&amp;#xe3d5;||&amp;#xe3d6;||&amp;#xe3d7;||&amp;#xe3d8;||&amp;#xe3d9;||&amp;#xe3da;||&amp;#xe3db;||&amp;#xe3dc;||&amp;#xe3dd;||&amp;#xe3de;||&amp;#xe3df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E3Ex
|&amp;#xe3e0;||&amp;#xe3e1;||&amp;#xe3e2;||&amp;#xe3e3;||&amp;#xe3e4;||&amp;#xe3e5;||&amp;#xe3e6;||&amp;#xe3e7;||&amp;#xe3e8;||&amp;#xe3e9;||&amp;#xe3ea;||&amp;#xe3eb;||&amp;#xe3ec;||&amp;#xe3ed;||&amp;#xe3ee;||&amp;#xe3ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E3Fx
|&amp;#xe3f0;||&amp;#xe3f1;||&amp;#xe3f2;||&amp;#xe3f3;||&amp;#xe3f4;||&amp;#xe3f5;||&amp;#xe3f6;||&amp;#xe3f7;||&amp;#xe3f8;||&amp;#xe3f9;||&amp;#xe3fa;||&amp;#xe3fb;||&amp;#xe3fc;||&amp;#xe3fd;||&amp;#xe3fe;||&amp;#xe3ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E40x
|&amp;#xe400;||&amp;#xe401;||&amp;#xe402;||&amp;#xe403;||&amp;#xe404;||&amp;#xe405;||&amp;#xe406;||&amp;#xe407;||&amp;#xe408;||&amp;#xe409;||&amp;#xe40a;||&amp;#xe40b;||&amp;#xe40c;||&amp;#xe40d;||&amp;#xe40e;||&amp;#xe40f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E41x
|&amp;#xe410;||&amp;#xe411;||&amp;#xe412;||&amp;#xe413;||&amp;#xe414;||&amp;#xe415;||&amp;#xe416;||&amp;#xe417;||&amp;#xe418;||&amp;#xe419;||&amp;#xe41a;||&amp;#xe41b;||&amp;#xe41c;||&amp;#xe41d;||&amp;#xe41e;||&amp;#xe41f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E42x
|&amp;#xe420;||&amp;#xe421;||&amp;#xe422;||&amp;#xe423;||&amp;#xe424;||&amp;#xe425;||&amp;#xe426;||&amp;#xe427;||&amp;#xe428;||&amp;#xe429;||&amp;#xe42a;||&amp;#xe42b;||&amp;#xe42c;||&amp;#xe42d;||&amp;#xe42e;||&amp;#xe42f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E43x
|&amp;#xe430;||&amp;#xe431;||&amp;#xe432;||&amp;#xe433;||&amp;#xe434;||&amp;#xe435;||&amp;#xe436;||&amp;#xe437;||&amp;#xe438;||&amp;#xe439;||&amp;#xe43a;||&amp;#xe43b;||&amp;#xe43c;||&amp;#xe43d;||&amp;#xe43e;||&amp;#xe43f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E44x
|&amp;#xe440;||&amp;#xe441;||&amp;#xe442;||&amp;#xe443;||&amp;#xe444;||&amp;#xe445;||&amp;#xe446;||&amp;#xe447;||&amp;#xe448;||&amp;#xe449;||&amp;#xe44a;||&amp;#xe44b;||&amp;#xe44c;||&amp;#xe44d;||&amp;#xe44e;||&amp;#xe44f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E45x
|&amp;#xe450;||&amp;#xe451;||&amp;#xe452;||&amp;#xe453;||&amp;#xe454;||&amp;#xe455;||&amp;#xe456;||&amp;#xe457;||&amp;#xe458;||&amp;#xe459;||&amp;#xe45a;||&amp;#xe45b;||&amp;#xe45c;||&amp;#xe45d;||&amp;#xe45e;||&amp;#xe45f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E46x
|&amp;#xe460;||&amp;#xe461;||&amp;#xe462;||&amp;#xe463;||&amp;#xe464;||&amp;#xe465;||&amp;#xe466;||&amp;#xe467;||&amp;#xe468;||&amp;#xe469;||&amp;#xe46a;||&amp;#xe46b;||&amp;#xe46c;||&amp;#xe46d;||&amp;#xe46e;||&amp;#xe46f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E47x
|&amp;#xe470;||&amp;#xe471;||&amp;#xe472;||&amp;#xe473;||&amp;#xe474;||&amp;#xe475;||&amp;#xe476;||&amp;#xe477;||&amp;#xe478;||&amp;#xe479;||&amp;#xe47a;||&amp;#xe47b;||&amp;#xe47c;||&amp;#xe47d;||&amp;#xe47e;||&amp;#xe47f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E48x
|&amp;#xe480;||&amp;#xe481;||&amp;#xe482;||&amp;#xe483;||&amp;#xe484;||&amp;#xe485;||&amp;#xe486;||&amp;#xe487;||&amp;#xe488;||&amp;#xe489;||&amp;#xe48a;||&amp;#xe48b;||&amp;#xe48c;||&amp;#xe48d;||&amp;#xe48e;||&amp;#xe48f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E49x
|&amp;#xe490;||&amp;#xe491;||&amp;#xe492;||&amp;#xe493;||&amp;#xe494;||&amp;#xe495;||&amp;#xe496;||&amp;#xe497;||&amp;#xe498;||&amp;#xe499;||&amp;#xe49a;||&amp;#xe49b;||&amp;#xe49c;||&amp;#xe49d;||&amp;#xe49e;||&amp;#xe49f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E4Ax
|&amp;#xe4a0;||&amp;#xe4a1;||&amp;#xe4a2;||&amp;#xe4a3;||&amp;#xe4a4;||&amp;#xe4a5;||&amp;#xe4a6;||&amp;#xe4a7;||&amp;#xe4a8;||&amp;#xe4a9;||&amp;#xe4aa;||&amp;#xe4ab;||&amp;#xe4ac;||&amp;#xe4ad;||&amp;#xe4ae;||&amp;#xe4af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E4Bx
|&amp;#xe4b0;||&amp;#xe4b1;||&amp;#xe4b2;||&amp;#xe4b3;||&amp;#xe4b4;||&amp;#xe4b5;||&amp;#xe4b6;||&amp;#xe4b7;||&amp;#xe4b8;||&amp;#xe4b9;||&amp;#xe4ba;||&amp;#xe4bb;||&amp;#xe4bc;||&amp;#xe4bd;||&amp;#xe4be;||&amp;#xe4bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E4Cx
|&amp;#xe4c0;||&amp;#xe4c1;||&amp;#xe4c2;||&amp;#xe4c3;||&amp;#xe4c4;||&amp;#xe4c5;||&amp;#xe4c6;||&amp;#xe4c7;||&amp;#xe4c8;||&amp;#xe4c9;||&amp;#xe4ca;||&amp;#xe4cb;||&amp;#xe4cc;||&amp;#xe4cd;||&amp;#xe4ce;||&amp;#xe4cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E4Dx
|&amp;#xe4d0;||&amp;#xe4d1;||&amp;#xe4d2;||&amp;#xe4d3;||&amp;#xe4d4;||&amp;#xe4d5;||&amp;#xe4d6;||&amp;#xe4d7;||&amp;#xe4d8;||&amp;#xe4d9;||&amp;#xe4da;||&amp;#xe4db;||&amp;#xe4dc;||&amp;#xe4dd;||&amp;#xe4de;||&amp;#xe4df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E4Ex
|&amp;#xe4e0;||&amp;#xe4e1;||&amp;#xe4e2;||&amp;#xe4e3;||&amp;#xe4e4;||&amp;#xe4e5;||&amp;#xe4e6;||&amp;#xe4e7;||&amp;#xe4e8;||&amp;#xe4e9;||&amp;#xe4ea;||&amp;#xe4eb;||&amp;#xe4ec;||&amp;#xe4ed;||&amp;#xe4ee;||&amp;#xe4ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E4Fx
|&amp;#xe4f0;||&amp;#xe4f1;||&amp;#xe4f2;||&amp;#xe4f3;||&amp;#xe4f4;||&amp;#xe4f5;||&amp;#xe4f6;||&amp;#xe4f7;||&amp;#xe4f8;||&amp;#xe4f9;||&amp;#xe4fa;||&amp;#xe4fb;||&amp;#xe4fc;||&amp;#xe4fd;||&amp;#xe4fe;||&amp;#xe4ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E50x
|&amp;#xe500;||&amp;#xe501;||&amp;#xe502;||&amp;#xe503;||&amp;#xe504;||&amp;#xe505;||&amp;#xe506;||&amp;#xe507;||&amp;#xe508;||&amp;#xe509;||&amp;#xe50a;||&amp;#xe50b;||&amp;#xe50c;||&amp;#xe50d;||&amp;#xe50e;||&amp;#xe50f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E51x
|&amp;#xe510;||&amp;#xe511;||&amp;#xe512;||&amp;#xe513;||&amp;#xe514;||&amp;#xe515;||&amp;#xe516;||&amp;#xe517;||&amp;#xe518;||&amp;#xe519;||&amp;#xe51a;||&amp;#xe51b;||&amp;#xe51c;||&amp;#xe51d;||&amp;#xe51e;||&amp;#xe51f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E52x
|&amp;#xe520;||&amp;#xe521;||&amp;#xe522;||&amp;#xe523;||&amp;#xe524;||&amp;#xe525;||&amp;#xe526;||&amp;#xe527;||&amp;#xe528;||&amp;#xe529;||&amp;#xe52a;||&amp;#xe52b;||&amp;#xe52c;||&amp;#xe52d;||&amp;#xe52e;||&amp;#xe52f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E53x
|&amp;#xe530;||&amp;#xe531;||&amp;#xe532;||&amp;#xe533;||&amp;#xe534;||&amp;#xe535;||&amp;#xe536;||&amp;#xe537;||&amp;#xe538;||&amp;#xe539;||&amp;#xe53a;||&amp;#xe53b;||&amp;#xe53c;||&amp;#xe53d;||&amp;#xe53e;||&amp;#xe53f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E54x
|&amp;#xe540;||&amp;#xe541;||&amp;#xe542;||&amp;#xe543;||&amp;#xe544;||&amp;#xe545;||&amp;#xe546;||&amp;#xe547;||&amp;#xe548;||&amp;#xe549;||&amp;#xe54a;||&amp;#xe54b;||&amp;#xe54c;||&amp;#xe54d;||&amp;#xe54e;||&amp;#xe54f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E55x
|&amp;#xe550;||&amp;#xe551;||&amp;#xe552;||&amp;#xe553;||&amp;#xe554;||&amp;#xe555;||&amp;#xe556;||&amp;#xe557;||&amp;#xe558;||&amp;#xe559;||&amp;#xe55a;||&amp;#xe55b;||&amp;#xe55c;||&amp;#xe55d;||&amp;#xe55e;||&amp;#xe55f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E56x
|&amp;#xe560;||&amp;#xe561;||&amp;#xe562;||&amp;#xe563;||&amp;#xe564;||&amp;#xe565;||&amp;#xe566;||&amp;#xe567;||&amp;#xe568;||&amp;#xe569;||&amp;#xe56a;||&amp;#xe56b;||&amp;#xe56c;||&amp;#xe56d;||&amp;#xe56e;||&amp;#xe56f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E57x
|&amp;#xe570;||&amp;#xe571;||&amp;#xe572;||&amp;#xe573;||&amp;#xe574;||&amp;#xe575;||&amp;#xe576;||&amp;#xe577;||&amp;#xe578;||&amp;#xe579;||&amp;#xe57a;||&amp;#xe57b;||&amp;#xe57c;||&amp;#xe57d;||&amp;#xe57e;||&amp;#xe57f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E58x
|&amp;#xe580;||&amp;#xe581;||&amp;#xe582;||&amp;#xe583;||&amp;#xe584;||&amp;#xe585;||&amp;#xe586;||&amp;#xe587;||&amp;#xe588;||&amp;#xe589;||&amp;#xe58a;||&amp;#xe58b;||&amp;#xe58c;||&amp;#xe58d;||&amp;#xe58e;||&amp;#xe58f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E59x
|&amp;#xe590;||&amp;#xe591;||&amp;#xe592;||&amp;#xe593;||&amp;#xe594;||&amp;#xe595;||&amp;#xe596;||&amp;#xe597;||&amp;#xe598;||&amp;#xe599;||&amp;#xe59a;||&amp;#xe59b;||&amp;#xe59c;||&amp;#xe59d;||&amp;#xe59e;||&amp;#xe59f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E5Ax
|&amp;#xe5a0;||&amp;#xe5a1;||&amp;#xe5a2;||&amp;#xe5a3;||&amp;#xe5a4;||&amp;#xe5a5;||&amp;#xe5a6;||&amp;#xe5a7;||&amp;#xe5a8;||&amp;#xe5a9;||&amp;#xe5aa;||&amp;#xe5ab;||&amp;#xe5ac;||&amp;#xe5ad;||&amp;#xe5ae;||&amp;#xe5af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E5Bx
|&amp;#xe5b0;||&amp;#xe5b1;||&amp;#xe5b2;||&amp;#xe5b3;||&amp;#xe5b4;||&amp;#xe5b5;||&amp;#xe5b6;||&amp;#xe5b7;||&amp;#xe5b8;||&amp;#xe5b9;||&amp;#xe5ba;||&amp;#xe5bb;||&amp;#xe5bc;||&amp;#xe5bd;||&amp;#xe5be;||&amp;#xe5bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E5Cx
|&amp;#xe5c0;||&amp;#xe5c1;||&amp;#xe5c2;||&amp;#xe5c3;||&amp;#xe5c4;||&amp;#xe5c5;||&amp;#xe5c6;||&amp;#xe5c7;||&amp;#xe5c8;||&amp;#xe5c9;||&amp;#xe5ca;||&amp;#xe5cb;||&amp;#xe5cc;||&amp;#xe5cd;||&amp;#xe5ce;||&amp;#xe5cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E5Dx
|&amp;#xe5d0;||&amp;#xe5d1;||&amp;#xe5d2;||&amp;#xe5d3;||&amp;#xe5d4;||&amp;#xe5d5;||&amp;#xe5d6;||&amp;#xe5d7;||&amp;#xe5d8;||&amp;#xe5d9;||&amp;#xe5da;||&amp;#xe5db;||&amp;#xe5dc;||&amp;#xe5dd;||&amp;#xe5de;||&amp;#xe5df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E5Ex
|&amp;#xe5e0;||&amp;#xe5e1;||&amp;#xe5e2;||&amp;#xe5e3;||&amp;#xe5e4;||&amp;#xe5e5;||&amp;#xe5e6;||&amp;#xe5e7;||&amp;#xe5e8;||&amp;#xe5e9;||&amp;#xe5ea;||&amp;#xe5eb;||&amp;#xe5ec;||&amp;#xe5ed;||&amp;#xe5ee;||&amp;#xe5ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E5Fx
|&amp;#xe5f0;||&amp;#xe5f1;||&amp;#xe5f2;||&amp;#xe5f3;||&amp;#xe5f4;||&amp;#xe5f5;||&amp;#xe5f6;||&amp;#xe5f7;||&amp;#xe5f8;||&amp;#xe5f9;||&amp;#xe5fa;||&amp;#xe5fb;||&amp;#xe5fc;||&amp;#xe5fd;||&amp;#xe5fe;||&amp;#xe5ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E60x
|&amp;#xe600;||&amp;#xe601;||&amp;#xe602;||&amp;#xe603;||&amp;#xe604;||&amp;#xe605;||&amp;#xe606;||&amp;#xe607;||&amp;#xe608;||&amp;#xe609;||&amp;#xe60a;||&amp;#xe60b;||&amp;#xe60c;||&amp;#xe60d;||&amp;#xe60e;||&amp;#xe60f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E61x
|&amp;#xe610;||&amp;#xe611;||&amp;#xe612;||&amp;#xe613;||&amp;#xe614;||&amp;#xe615;||&amp;#xe616;||&amp;#xe617;||&amp;#xe618;||&amp;#xe619;||&amp;#xe61a;||&amp;#xe61b;||&amp;#xe61c;||&amp;#xe61d;||&amp;#xe61e;||&amp;#xe61f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E62x
|&amp;#xe620;||&amp;#xe621;||&amp;#xe622;||&amp;#xe623;||&amp;#xe624;||&amp;#xe625;||&amp;#xe626;||&amp;#xe627;||&amp;#xe628;||&amp;#xe629;||&amp;#xe62a;||&amp;#xe62b;||&amp;#xe62c;||&amp;#xe62d;||&amp;#xe62e;||&amp;#xe62f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E63x
|&amp;#xe630;||&amp;#xe631;||&amp;#xe632;||&amp;#xe633;||&amp;#xe634;||&amp;#xe635;||&amp;#xe636;||&amp;#xe637;||&amp;#xe638;||&amp;#xe639;||&amp;#xe63a;||&amp;#xe63b;||&amp;#xe63c;||&amp;#xe63d;||&amp;#xe63e;||&amp;#xe63f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E64x
|&amp;#xe640;||&amp;#xe641;||&amp;#xe642;||&amp;#xe643;||&amp;#xe644;||&amp;#xe645;||&amp;#xe646;||&amp;#xe647;||&amp;#xe648;||&amp;#xe649;||&amp;#xe64a;||&amp;#xe64b;||&amp;#xe64c;||&amp;#xe64d;||&amp;#xe64e;||&amp;#xe64f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E65x
|&amp;#xe650;||&amp;#xe651;||&amp;#xe652;||&amp;#xe653;||&amp;#xe654;||&amp;#xe655;||&amp;#xe656;||&amp;#xe657;||&amp;#xe658;||&amp;#xe659;||&amp;#xe65a;||&amp;#xe65b;||&amp;#xe65c;||&amp;#xe65d;||&amp;#xe65e;||&amp;#xe65f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E66x
|&amp;#xe660;||&amp;#xe661;||&amp;#xe662;||&amp;#xe663;||&amp;#xe664;||&amp;#xe665;||&amp;#xe666;||&amp;#xe667;||&amp;#xe668;||&amp;#xe669;||&amp;#xe66a;||&amp;#xe66b;||&amp;#xe66c;||&amp;#xe66d;||&amp;#xe66e;||&amp;#xe66f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E67x
|&amp;#xe670;||&amp;#xe671;||&amp;#xe672;||&amp;#xe673;||&amp;#xe674;||&amp;#xe675;||&amp;#xe676;||&amp;#xe677;||&amp;#xe678;||&amp;#xe679;||&amp;#xe67a;||&amp;#xe67b;||&amp;#xe67c;||&amp;#xe67d;||&amp;#xe67e;||&amp;#xe67f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E68x
|&amp;#xe680;||&amp;#xe681;||&amp;#xe682;||&amp;#xe683;||&amp;#xe684;||&amp;#xe685;||&amp;#xe686;||&amp;#xe687;||&amp;#xe688;||&amp;#xe689;||&amp;#xe68a;||&amp;#xe68b;||&amp;#xe68c;||&amp;#xe68d;||&amp;#xe68e;||&amp;#xe68f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E69x
|&amp;#xe690;||&amp;#xe691;||&amp;#xe692;||&amp;#xe693;||&amp;#xe694;||&amp;#xe695;||&amp;#xe696;||&amp;#xe697;||&amp;#xe698;||&amp;#xe699;||&amp;#xe69a;||&amp;#xe69b;||&amp;#xe69c;||&amp;#xe69d;||&amp;#xe69e;||&amp;#xe69f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E6Ax
|&amp;#xe6a0;||&amp;#xe6a1;||&amp;#xe6a2;||&amp;#xe6a3;||&amp;#xe6a4;||&amp;#xe6a5;||&amp;#xe6a6;||&amp;#xe6a7;||&amp;#xe6a8;||&amp;#xe6a9;||&amp;#xe6aa;||&amp;#xe6ab;||&amp;#xe6ac;||&amp;#xe6ad;||&amp;#xe6ae;||&amp;#xe6af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E6Bx
|&amp;#xe6b0;||&amp;#xe6b1;||&amp;#xe6b2;||&amp;#xe6b3;||&amp;#xe6b4;||&amp;#xe6b5;||&amp;#xe6b6;||&amp;#xe6b7;||&amp;#xe6b8;||&amp;#xe6b9;||&amp;#xe6ba;||&amp;#xe6bb;||&amp;#xe6bc;||&amp;#xe6bd;||&amp;#xe6be;||&amp;#xe6bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E6Cx
|&amp;#xe6c0;||&amp;#xe6c1;||&amp;#xe6c2;||&amp;#xe6c3;||&amp;#xe6c4;||&amp;#xe6c5;||&amp;#xe6c6;||&amp;#xe6c7;||&amp;#xe6c8;||&amp;#xe6c9;||&amp;#xe6ca;||&amp;#xe6cb;||&amp;#xe6cc;||&amp;#xe6cd;||&amp;#xe6ce;||&amp;#xe6cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E6Dx
|&amp;#xe6d0;||&amp;#xe6d1;||&amp;#xe6d2;||&amp;#xe6d3;||&amp;#xe6d4;||&amp;#xe6d5;||&amp;#xe6d6;||&amp;#xe6d7;||&amp;#xe6d8;||&amp;#xe6d9;||&amp;#xe6da;||&amp;#xe6db;||&amp;#xe6dc;||&amp;#xe6dd;||&amp;#xe6de;||&amp;#xe6df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E6Ex
|&amp;#xe6e0;||&amp;#xe6e1;||&amp;#xe6e2;||&amp;#xe6e3;||&amp;#xe6e4;||&amp;#xe6e5;||&amp;#xe6e6;||&amp;#xe6e7;||&amp;#xe6e8;||&amp;#xe6e9;||&amp;#xe6ea;||&amp;#xe6eb;||&amp;#xe6ec;||&amp;#xe6ed;||&amp;#xe6ee;||&amp;#xe6ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E6Fx
|&amp;#xe6f0;||&amp;#xe6f1;||&amp;#xe6f2;||&amp;#xe6f3;||&amp;#xe6f4;||&amp;#xe6f5;||&amp;#xe6f6;||&amp;#xe6f7;||&amp;#xe6f8;||&amp;#xe6f9;||&amp;#xe6fa;||&amp;#xe6fb;||&amp;#xe6fc;||&amp;#xe6fd;||&amp;#xe6fe;||&amp;#xe6ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E70x
|&amp;#xe700;||&amp;#xe701;||&amp;#xe702;||&amp;#xe703;||&amp;#xe704;||&amp;#xe705;||&amp;#xe706;||&amp;#xe707;||&amp;#xe708;||&amp;#xe709;||&amp;#xe70a;||&amp;#xe70b;||&amp;#xe70c;||&amp;#xe70d;||&amp;#xe70e;||&amp;#xe70f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E71x
|&amp;#xe710;||&amp;#xe711;||&amp;#xe712;||&amp;#xe713;||&amp;#xe714;||&amp;#xe715;||&amp;#xe716;||&amp;#xe717;||&amp;#xe718;||&amp;#xe719;||&amp;#xe71a;||&amp;#xe71b;||&amp;#xe71c;||&amp;#xe71d;||&amp;#xe71e;||&amp;#xe71f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E72x
|&amp;#xe720;||&amp;#xe721;||&amp;#xe722;||&amp;#xe723;||&amp;#xe724;||&amp;#xe725;||&amp;#xe726;||&amp;#xe727;||&amp;#xe728;||&amp;#xe729;||&amp;#xe72a;||&amp;#xe72b;||&amp;#xe72c;||&amp;#xe72d;||&amp;#xe72e;||&amp;#xe72f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E73x
|&amp;#xe730;||&amp;#xe731;||&amp;#xe732;||&amp;#xe733;||&amp;#xe734;||&amp;#xe735;||&amp;#xe736;||&amp;#xe737;||&amp;#xe738;||&amp;#xe739;||&amp;#xe73a;||&amp;#xe73b;||&amp;#xe73c;||&amp;#xe73d;||&amp;#xe73e;||&amp;#xe73f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E74x
|&amp;#xe740;||&amp;#xe741;||&amp;#xe742;||&amp;#xe743;||&amp;#xe744;||&amp;#xe745;||&amp;#xe746;||&amp;#xe747;||&amp;#xe748;||&amp;#xe749;||&amp;#xe74a;||&amp;#xe74b;||&amp;#xe74c;||&amp;#xe74d;||&amp;#xe74e;||&amp;#xe74f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E75x
|&amp;#xe750;||&amp;#xe751;||&amp;#xe752;||&amp;#xe753;||&amp;#xe754;||&amp;#xe755;||&amp;#xe756;||&amp;#xe757;||&amp;#xe758;||&amp;#xe759;||&amp;#xe75a;||&amp;#xe75b;||&amp;#xe75c;||&amp;#xe75d;||&amp;#xe75e;||&amp;#xe75f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E76x
|&amp;#xe760;||&amp;#xe761;||&amp;#xe762;||&amp;#xe763;||&amp;#xe764;||&amp;#xe765;||&amp;#xe766;||&amp;#xe767;||&amp;#xe768;||&amp;#xe769;||&amp;#xe76a;||&amp;#xe76b;||&amp;#xe76c;||&amp;#xe76d;||&amp;#xe76e;||&amp;#xe76f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E77x
|&amp;#xe770;||&amp;#xe771;||&amp;#xe772;||&amp;#xe773;||&amp;#xe774;||&amp;#xe775;||&amp;#xe776;||&amp;#xe777;||&amp;#xe778;||&amp;#xe779;||&amp;#xe77a;||&amp;#xe77b;||&amp;#xe77c;||&amp;#xe77d;||&amp;#xe77e;||&amp;#xe77f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E78x
|&amp;#xe780;||&amp;#xe781;||&amp;#xe782;||&amp;#xe783;||&amp;#xe784;||&amp;#xe785;||&amp;#xe786;||&amp;#xe787;||&amp;#xe788;||&amp;#xe789;||&amp;#xe78a;||&amp;#xe78b;||&amp;#xe78c;||&amp;#xe78d;||&amp;#xe78e;||&amp;#xe78f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E79x
|&amp;#xe790;||&amp;#xe791;||&amp;#xe792;||&amp;#xe793;||&amp;#xe794;||&amp;#xe795;||&amp;#xe796;||&amp;#xe797;||&amp;#xe798;||&amp;#xe799;||&amp;#xe79a;||&amp;#xe79b;||&amp;#xe79c;||&amp;#xe79d;||&amp;#xe79e;||&amp;#xe79f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E7Ax
|&amp;#xe7a0;||&amp;#xe7a1;||&amp;#xe7a2;||&amp;#xe7a3;||&amp;#xe7a4;||&amp;#xe7a5;||&amp;#xe7a6;||&amp;#xe7a7;||&amp;#xe7a8;||&amp;#xe7a9;||&amp;#xe7aa;||&amp;#xe7ab;||&amp;#xe7ac;||&amp;#xe7ad;||&amp;#xe7ae;||&amp;#xe7af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E7Bx
|&amp;#xe7b0;||&amp;#xe7b1;||&amp;#xe7b2;||&amp;#xe7b3;||&amp;#xe7b4;||&amp;#xe7b5;||&amp;#xe7b6;||&amp;#xe7b7;||&amp;#xe7b8;||&amp;#xe7b9;||&amp;#xe7ba;||&amp;#xe7bb;||&amp;#xe7bc;||&amp;#xe7bd;||&amp;#xe7be;||&amp;#xe7bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E7Cx
|&amp;#xe7c0;||&amp;#xe7c1;||&amp;#xe7c2;||&amp;#xe7c3;||&amp;#xe7c4;||&amp;#xe7c5;||&amp;#xe7c6;||&amp;#xe7c7;||&amp;#xe7c8;||&amp;#xe7c9;||&amp;#xe7ca;||&amp;#xe7cb;||&amp;#xe7cc;||&amp;#xe7cd;||&amp;#xe7ce;||&amp;#xe7cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E7Dx
|&amp;#xe7d0;||&amp;#xe7d1;||&amp;#xe7d2;||&amp;#xe7d3;||&amp;#xe7d4;||&amp;#xe7d5;||&amp;#xe7d6;||&amp;#xe7d7;||&amp;#xe7d8;||&amp;#xe7d9;||&amp;#xe7da;||&amp;#xe7db;||&amp;#xe7dc;||&amp;#xe7dd;||&amp;#xe7de;||&amp;#xe7df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E7Ex
|&amp;#xe7e0;||&amp;#xe7e1;||&amp;#xe7e2;||&amp;#xe7e3;||&amp;#xe7e4;||&amp;#xe7e5;||&amp;#xe7e6;||&amp;#xe7e7;||&amp;#xe7e8;||&amp;#xe7e9;||&amp;#xe7ea;||&amp;#xe7eb;||&amp;#xe7ec;||&amp;#xe7ed;||&amp;#xe7ee;||&amp;#xe7ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E7Fx
|&amp;#xe7f0;||&amp;#xe7f1;||&amp;#xe7f2;||&amp;#xe7f3;||&amp;#xe7f4;||&amp;#xe7f5;||&amp;#xe7f6;||&amp;#xe7f7;||&amp;#xe7f8;||&amp;#xe7f9;||&amp;#xe7fa;||&amp;#xe7fb;||&amp;#xe7fc;||&amp;#xe7fd;||&amp;#xe7fe;||&amp;#xe7ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E80x
|&amp;#xe800;||&amp;#xe801;||&amp;#xe802;||&amp;#xe803;||&amp;#xe804;||&amp;#xe805;||&amp;#xe806;||&amp;#xe807;||&amp;#xe808;||&amp;#xe809;||&amp;#xe80a;||&amp;#xe80b;||&amp;#xe80c;||&amp;#xe80d;||&amp;#xe80e;||&amp;#xe80f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E81x
|&amp;#xe810;||&amp;#xe811;||&amp;#xe812;||&amp;#xe813;||&amp;#xe814;||&amp;#xe815;||&amp;#xe816;||&amp;#xe817;||&amp;#xe818;||&amp;#xe819;||&amp;#xe81a;||&amp;#xe81b;||&amp;#xe81c;||&amp;#xe81d;||&amp;#xe81e;||&amp;#xe81f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E82x
|&amp;#xe820;||&amp;#xe821;||&amp;#xe822;||&amp;#xe823;||&amp;#xe824;||&amp;#xe825;||&amp;#xe826;||&amp;#xe827;||&amp;#xe828;||&amp;#xe829;||&amp;#xe82a;||&amp;#xe82b;||&amp;#xe82c;||&amp;#xe82d;||&amp;#xe82e;||&amp;#xe82f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E83x
|&amp;#xe830;||&amp;#xe831;||&amp;#xe832;||&amp;#xe833;||&amp;#xe834;||&amp;#xe835;||&amp;#xe836;||&amp;#xe837;||&amp;#xe838;||&amp;#xe839;||&amp;#xe83a;||&amp;#xe83b;||&amp;#xe83c;||&amp;#xe83d;||&amp;#xe83e;||&amp;#xe83f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E84x
|&amp;#xe840;||&amp;#xe841;||&amp;#xe842;||&amp;#xe843;||&amp;#xe844;||&amp;#xe845;||&amp;#xe846;||&amp;#xe847;||&amp;#xe848;||&amp;#xe849;||&amp;#xe84a;||&amp;#xe84b;||&amp;#xe84c;||&amp;#xe84d;||&amp;#xe84e;||&amp;#xe84f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E85x
|&amp;#xe850;||&amp;#xe851;||&amp;#xe852;||&amp;#xe853;||&amp;#xe854;||&amp;#xe855;||&amp;#xe856;||&amp;#xe857;||&amp;#xe858;||&amp;#xe859;||&amp;#xe85a;||&amp;#xe85b;||&amp;#xe85c;||&amp;#xe85d;||&amp;#xe85e;||&amp;#xe85f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E86x
|&amp;#xe860;||&amp;#xe861;||&amp;#xe862;||&amp;#xe863;||&amp;#xe864;||&amp;#xe865;||&amp;#xe866;||&amp;#xe867;||&amp;#xe868;||&amp;#xe869;||&amp;#xe86a;||&amp;#xe86b;||&amp;#xe86c;||&amp;#xe86d;||&amp;#xe86e;||&amp;#xe86f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E87x
|&amp;#xe870;||&amp;#xe871;||&amp;#xe872;||&amp;#xe873;||&amp;#xe874;||&amp;#xe875;||&amp;#xe876;||&amp;#xe877;||&amp;#xe878;||&amp;#xe879;||&amp;#xe87a;||&amp;#xe87b;||&amp;#xe87c;||&amp;#xe87d;||&amp;#xe87e;||&amp;#xe87f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E88x
|&amp;#xe880;||&amp;#xe881;||&amp;#xe882;||&amp;#xe883;||&amp;#xe884;||&amp;#xe885;||&amp;#xe886;||&amp;#xe887;||&amp;#xe888;||&amp;#xe889;||&amp;#xe88a;||&amp;#xe88b;||&amp;#xe88c;||&amp;#xe88d;||&amp;#xe88e;||&amp;#xe88f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E89x
|&amp;#xe890;||&amp;#xe891;||&amp;#xe892;||&amp;#xe893;||&amp;#xe894;||&amp;#xe895;||&amp;#xe896;||&amp;#xe897;||&amp;#xe898;||&amp;#xe899;||&amp;#xe89a;||&amp;#xe89b;||&amp;#xe89c;||&amp;#xe89d;||&amp;#xe89e;||&amp;#xe89f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E8Ax
|&amp;#xe8a0;||&amp;#xe8a1;||&amp;#xe8a2;||&amp;#xe8a3;||&amp;#xe8a4;||&amp;#xe8a5;||&amp;#xe8a6;||&amp;#xe8a7;||&amp;#xe8a8;||&amp;#xe8a9;||&amp;#xe8aa;||&amp;#xe8ab;||&amp;#xe8ac;||&amp;#xe8ad;||&amp;#xe8ae;||&amp;#xe8af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E8Bx
|&amp;#xe8b0;||&amp;#xe8b1;||&amp;#xe8b2;||&amp;#xe8b3;||&amp;#xe8b4;||&amp;#xe8b5;||&amp;#xe8b6;||&amp;#xe8b7;||&amp;#xe8b8;||&amp;#xe8b9;||&amp;#xe8ba;||&amp;#xe8bb;||&amp;#xe8bc;||&amp;#xe8bd;||&amp;#xe8be;||&amp;#xe8bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E8Cx
|&amp;#xe8c0;||&amp;#xe8c1;||&amp;#xe8c2;||&amp;#xe8c3;||&amp;#xe8c4;||&amp;#xe8c5;||&amp;#xe8c6;||&amp;#xe8c7;||&amp;#xe8c8;||&amp;#xe8c9;||&amp;#xe8ca;||&amp;#xe8cb;||&amp;#xe8cc;||&amp;#xe8cd;||&amp;#xe8ce;||&amp;#xe8cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E8Dx
|&amp;#xe8d0;||&amp;#xe8d1;||&amp;#xe8d2;||&amp;#xe8d3;||&amp;#xe8d4;||&amp;#xe8d5;||&amp;#xe8d6;||&amp;#xe8d7;||&amp;#xe8d8;||&amp;#xe8d9;||&amp;#xe8da;||&amp;#xe8db;||&amp;#xe8dc;||&amp;#xe8dd;||&amp;#xe8de;||&amp;#xe8df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E8Ex
|&amp;#xe8e0;||&amp;#xe8e1;||&amp;#xe8e2;||&amp;#xe8e3;||&amp;#xe8e4;||&amp;#xe8e5;||&amp;#xe8e6;||&amp;#xe8e7;||&amp;#xe8e8;||&amp;#xe8e9;||&amp;#xe8ea;||&amp;#xe8eb;||&amp;#xe8ec;||&amp;#xe8ed;||&amp;#xe8ee;||&amp;#xe8ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E8Fx
|&amp;#xe8f0;||&amp;#xe8f1;||&amp;#xe8f2;||&amp;#xe8f3;||&amp;#xe8f4;||&amp;#xe8f5;||&amp;#xe8f6;||&amp;#xe8f7;||&amp;#xe8f8;||&amp;#xe8f9;||&amp;#xe8fa;||&amp;#xe8fb;||&amp;#xe8fc;||&amp;#xe8fd;||&amp;#xe8fe;||&amp;#xe8ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E90x
|&amp;#xe900;||&amp;#xe901;||&amp;#xe902;||&amp;#xe903;||&amp;#xe904;||&amp;#xe905;||&amp;#xe906;||&amp;#xe907;||&amp;#xe908;||&amp;#xe909;||&amp;#xe90a;||&amp;#xe90b;||&amp;#xe90c;||&amp;#xe90d;||&amp;#xe90e;||&amp;#xe90f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E91x
|&amp;#xe910;||&amp;#xe911;||&amp;#xe912;||&amp;#xe913;||&amp;#xe914;||&amp;#xe915;||&amp;#xe916;||&amp;#xe917;||&amp;#xe918;||&amp;#xe919;||&amp;#xe91a;||&amp;#xe91b;||&amp;#xe91c;||&amp;#xe91d;||&amp;#xe91e;||&amp;#xe91f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E92x
|&amp;#xe920;||&amp;#xe921;||&amp;#xe922;||&amp;#xe923;||&amp;#xe924;||&amp;#xe925;||&amp;#xe926;||&amp;#xe927;||&amp;#xe928;||&amp;#xe929;||&amp;#xe92a;||&amp;#xe92b;||&amp;#xe92c;||&amp;#xe92d;||&amp;#xe92e;||&amp;#xe92f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E93x
|&amp;#xe930;||&amp;#xe931;||&amp;#xe932;||&amp;#xe933;||&amp;#xe934;||&amp;#xe935;||&amp;#xe936;||&amp;#xe937;||&amp;#xe938;||&amp;#xe939;||&amp;#xe93a;||&amp;#xe93b;||&amp;#xe93c;||&amp;#xe93d;||&amp;#xe93e;||&amp;#xe93f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E94x
|&amp;#xe940;||&amp;#xe941;||&amp;#xe942;||&amp;#xe943;||&amp;#xe944;||&amp;#xe945;||&amp;#xe946;||&amp;#xe947;||&amp;#xe948;||&amp;#xe949;||&amp;#xe94a;||&amp;#xe94b;||&amp;#xe94c;||&amp;#xe94d;||&amp;#xe94e;||&amp;#xe94f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E95x
|&amp;#xe950;||&amp;#xe951;||&amp;#xe952;||&amp;#xe953;||&amp;#xe954;||&amp;#xe955;||&amp;#xe956;||&amp;#xe957;||&amp;#xe958;||&amp;#xe959;||&amp;#xe95a;||&amp;#xe95b;||&amp;#xe95c;||&amp;#xe95d;||&amp;#xe95e;||&amp;#xe95f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E96x
|&amp;#xe960;||&amp;#xe961;||&amp;#xe962;||&amp;#xe963;||&amp;#xe964;||&amp;#xe965;||&amp;#xe966;||&amp;#xe967;||&amp;#xe968;||&amp;#xe969;||&amp;#xe96a;||&amp;#xe96b;||&amp;#xe96c;||&amp;#xe96d;||&amp;#xe96e;||&amp;#xe96f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E97x
|&amp;#xe970;||&amp;#xe971;||&amp;#xe972;||&amp;#xe973;||&amp;#xe974;||&amp;#xe975;||&amp;#xe976;||&amp;#xe977;||&amp;#xe978;||&amp;#xe979;||&amp;#xe97a;||&amp;#xe97b;||&amp;#xe97c;||&amp;#xe97d;||&amp;#xe97e;||&amp;#xe97f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E98x
|&amp;#xe980;||&amp;#xe981;||&amp;#xe982;||&amp;#xe983;||&amp;#xe984;||&amp;#xe985;||&amp;#xe986;||&amp;#xe987;||&amp;#xe988;||&amp;#xe989;||&amp;#xe98a;||&amp;#xe98b;||&amp;#xe98c;||&amp;#xe98d;||&amp;#xe98e;||&amp;#xe98f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E99x
|&amp;#xe990;||&amp;#xe991;||&amp;#xe992;||&amp;#xe993;||&amp;#xe994;||&amp;#xe995;||&amp;#xe996;||&amp;#xe997;||&amp;#xe998;||&amp;#xe999;||&amp;#xe99a;||&amp;#xe99b;||&amp;#xe99c;||&amp;#xe99d;||&amp;#xe99e;||&amp;#xe99f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E9Ax
|&amp;#xe9a0;||&amp;#xe9a1;||&amp;#xe9a2;||&amp;#xe9a3;||&amp;#xe9a4;||&amp;#xe9a5;||&amp;#xe9a6;||&amp;#xe9a7;||&amp;#xe9a8;||&amp;#xe9a9;||&amp;#xe9aa;||&amp;#xe9ab;||&amp;#xe9ac;||&amp;#xe9ad;||&amp;#xe9ae;||&amp;#xe9af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E9Bx
|&amp;#xe9b0;||&amp;#xe9b1;||&amp;#xe9b2;||&amp;#xe9b3;||&amp;#xe9b4;||&amp;#xe9b5;||&amp;#xe9b6;||&amp;#xe9b7;||&amp;#xe9b8;||&amp;#xe9b9;||&amp;#xe9ba;||&amp;#xe9bb;||&amp;#xe9bc;||&amp;#xe9bd;||&amp;#xe9be;||&amp;#xe9bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E9Cx
|&amp;#xe9c0;||&amp;#xe9c1;||&amp;#xe9c2;||&amp;#xe9c3;||&amp;#xe9c4;||&amp;#xe9c5;||&amp;#xe9c6;||&amp;#xe9c7;||&amp;#xe9c8;||&amp;#xe9c9;||&amp;#xe9ca;||&amp;#xe9cb;||&amp;#xe9cc;||&amp;#xe9cd;||&amp;#xe9ce;||&amp;#xe9cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E9Dx
|&amp;#xe9d0;||&amp;#xe9d1;||&amp;#xe9d2;||&amp;#xe9d3;||&amp;#xe9d4;||&amp;#xe9d5;||&amp;#xe9d6;||&amp;#xe9d7;||&amp;#xe9d8;||&amp;#xe9d9;||&amp;#xe9da;||&amp;#xe9db;||&amp;#xe9dc;||&amp;#xe9dd;||&amp;#xe9de;||&amp;#xe9df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E9Ex
|&amp;#xe9e0;||&amp;#xe9e1;||&amp;#xe9e2;||&amp;#xe9e3;||&amp;#xe9e4;||&amp;#xe9e5;||&amp;#xe9e6;||&amp;#xe9e7;||&amp;#xe9e8;||&amp;#xe9e9;||&amp;#xe9ea;||&amp;#xe9eb;||&amp;#xe9ec;||&amp;#xe9ed;||&amp;#xe9ee;||&amp;#xe9ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E9Fx
|&amp;#xe9f0;||&amp;#xe9f1;||&amp;#xe9f2;||&amp;#xe9f3;||&amp;#xe9f4;||&amp;#xe9f5;||&amp;#xe9f6;||&amp;#xe9f7;||&amp;#xe9f8;||&amp;#xe9f9;||&amp;#xe9fa;||&amp;#xe9fb;||&amp;#xe9fc;||&amp;#xe9fd;||&amp;#xe9fe;||&amp;#xe9ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA0x
|&amp;#xea00;||&amp;#xea01;||&amp;#xea02;||&amp;#xea03;||&amp;#xea04;||&amp;#xea05;||&amp;#xea06;||&amp;#xea07;||&amp;#xea08;||&amp;#xea09;||&amp;#xea0a;||&amp;#xea0b;||&amp;#xea0c;||&amp;#xea0d;||&amp;#xea0e;||&amp;#xea0f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA1x
|&amp;#xea10;||&amp;#xea11;||&amp;#xea12;||&amp;#xea13;||&amp;#xea14;||&amp;#xea15;||&amp;#xea16;||&amp;#xea17;||&amp;#xea18;||&amp;#xea19;||&amp;#xea1a;||&amp;#xea1b;||&amp;#xea1c;||&amp;#xea1d;||&amp;#xea1e;||&amp;#xea1f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA2x
|&amp;#xea20;||&amp;#xea21;||&amp;#xea22;||&amp;#xea23;||&amp;#xea24;||&amp;#xea25;||&amp;#xea26;||&amp;#xea27;||&amp;#xea28;||&amp;#xea29;||&amp;#xea2a;||&amp;#xea2b;||&amp;#xea2c;||&amp;#xea2d;||&amp;#xea2e;||&amp;#xea2f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA3x
|&amp;#xea30;||&amp;#xea31;||&amp;#xea32;||&amp;#xea33;||&amp;#xea34;||&amp;#xea35;||&amp;#xea36;||&amp;#xea37;||&amp;#xea38;||&amp;#xea39;||&amp;#xea3a;||&amp;#xea3b;||&amp;#xea3c;||&amp;#xea3d;||&amp;#xea3e;||&amp;#xea3f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA4x
|&amp;#xea40;||&amp;#xea41;||&amp;#xea42;||&amp;#xea43;||&amp;#xea44;||&amp;#xea45;||&amp;#xea46;||&amp;#xea47;||&amp;#xea48;||&amp;#xea49;||&amp;#xea4a;||&amp;#xea4b;||&amp;#xea4c;||&amp;#xea4d;||&amp;#xea4e;||&amp;#xea4f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA5x
|&amp;#xea50;||&amp;#xea51;||&amp;#xea52;||&amp;#xea53;||&amp;#xea54;||&amp;#xea55;||&amp;#xea56;||&amp;#xea57;||&amp;#xea58;||&amp;#xea59;||&amp;#xea5a;||&amp;#xea5b;||&amp;#xea5c;||&amp;#xea5d;||&amp;#xea5e;||&amp;#xea5f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA6x
|&amp;#xea60;||&amp;#xea61;||&amp;#xea62;||&amp;#xea63;||&amp;#xea64;||&amp;#xea65;||&amp;#xea66;||&amp;#xea67;||&amp;#xea68;||&amp;#xea69;||&amp;#xea6a;||&amp;#xea6b;||&amp;#xea6c;||&amp;#xea6d;||&amp;#xea6e;||&amp;#xea6f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA7x
|&amp;#xea70;||&amp;#xea71;||&amp;#xea72;||&amp;#xea73;||&amp;#xea74;||&amp;#xea75;||&amp;#xea76;||&amp;#xea77;||&amp;#xea78;||&amp;#xea79;||&amp;#xea7a;||&amp;#xea7b;||&amp;#xea7c;||&amp;#xea7d;||&amp;#xea7e;||&amp;#xea7f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA8x
|&amp;#xea80;||&amp;#xea81;||&amp;#xea82;||&amp;#xea83;||&amp;#xea84;||&amp;#xea85;||&amp;#xea86;||&amp;#xea87;||&amp;#xea88;||&amp;#xea89;||&amp;#xea8a;||&amp;#xea8b;||&amp;#xea8c;||&amp;#xea8d;||&amp;#xea8e;||&amp;#xea8f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA9x
|&amp;#xea90;||&amp;#xea91;||&amp;#xea92;||&amp;#xea93;||&amp;#xea94;||&amp;#xea95;||&amp;#xea96;||&amp;#xea97;||&amp;#xea98;||&amp;#xea99;||&amp;#xea9a;||&amp;#xea9b;||&amp;#xea9c;||&amp;#xea9d;||&amp;#xea9e;||&amp;#xea9f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EAAx
|&amp;#xeaa0;||&amp;#xeaa1;||&amp;#xeaa2;||&amp;#xeaa3;||&amp;#xeaa4;||&amp;#xeaa5;||&amp;#xeaa6;||&amp;#xeaa7;||&amp;#xeaa8;||&amp;#xeaa9;||&amp;#xeaaa;||&amp;#xeaab;||&amp;#xeaac;||&amp;#xeaad;||&amp;#xeaae;||&amp;#xeaaf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EABx
|&amp;#xeab0;||&amp;#xeab1;||&amp;#xeab2;||&amp;#xeab3;||&amp;#xeab4;||&amp;#xeab5;||&amp;#xeab6;||&amp;#xeab7;||&amp;#xeab8;||&amp;#xeab9;||&amp;#xeaba;||&amp;#xeabb;||&amp;#xeabc;||&amp;#xeabd;||&amp;#xeabe;||&amp;#xeabf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EACx
|&amp;#xeac0;||&amp;#xeac1;||&amp;#xeac2;||&amp;#xeac3;||&amp;#xeac4;||&amp;#xeac5;||&amp;#xeac6;||&amp;#xeac7;||&amp;#xeac8;||&amp;#xeac9;||&amp;#xeaca;||&amp;#xeacb;||&amp;#xeacc;||&amp;#xeacd;||&amp;#xeace;||&amp;#xeacf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EADx
|&amp;#xead0;||&amp;#xead1;||&amp;#xead2;||&amp;#xead3;||&amp;#xead4;||&amp;#xead5;||&amp;#xead6;||&amp;#xead7;||&amp;#xead8;||&amp;#xead9;||&amp;#xeada;||&amp;#xeadb;||&amp;#xeadc;||&amp;#xeadd;||&amp;#xeade;||&amp;#xeadf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EAEx
|&amp;#xeae0;||&amp;#xeae1;||&amp;#xeae2;||&amp;#xeae3;||&amp;#xeae4;||&amp;#xeae5;||&amp;#xeae6;||&amp;#xeae7;||&amp;#xeae8;||&amp;#xeae9;||&amp;#xeaea;||&amp;#xeaeb;||&amp;#xeaec;||&amp;#xeaed;||&amp;#xeaee;||&amp;#xeaef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EAFx
|&amp;#xeaf0;||&amp;#xeaf1;||&amp;#xeaf2;||&amp;#xeaf3;||&amp;#xeaf4;||&amp;#xeaf5;||&amp;#xeaf6;||&amp;#xeaf7;||&amp;#xeaf8;||&amp;#xeaf9;||&amp;#xeafa;||&amp;#xeafb;||&amp;#xeafc;||&amp;#xeafd;||&amp;#xeafe;||&amp;#xeaff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB0x
|&amp;#xeb00;||&amp;#xeb01;||&amp;#xeb02;||&amp;#xeb03;||&amp;#xeb04;||&amp;#xeb05;||&amp;#xeb06;||&amp;#xeb07;||&amp;#xeb08;||&amp;#xeb09;||&amp;#xeb0a;||&amp;#xeb0b;||&amp;#xeb0c;||&amp;#xeb0d;||&amp;#xeb0e;||&amp;#xeb0f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB1x
|&amp;#xeb10;||&amp;#xeb11;||&amp;#xeb12;||&amp;#xeb13;||&amp;#xeb14;||&amp;#xeb15;||&amp;#xeb16;||&amp;#xeb17;||&amp;#xeb18;||&amp;#xeb19;||&amp;#xeb1a;||&amp;#xeb1b;||&amp;#xeb1c;||&amp;#xeb1d;||&amp;#xeb1e;||&amp;#xeb1f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB2x
|&amp;#xeb20;||&amp;#xeb21;||&amp;#xeb22;||&amp;#xeb23;||&amp;#xeb24;||&amp;#xeb25;||&amp;#xeb26;||&amp;#xeb27;||&amp;#xeb28;||&amp;#xeb29;||&amp;#xeb2a;||&amp;#xeb2b;||&amp;#xeb2c;||&amp;#xeb2d;||&amp;#xeb2e;||&amp;#xeb2f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB3x
|&amp;#xeb30;||&amp;#xeb31;||&amp;#xeb32;||&amp;#xeb33;||&amp;#xeb34;||&amp;#xeb35;||&amp;#xeb36;||&amp;#xeb37;||&amp;#xeb38;||&amp;#xeb39;||&amp;#xeb3a;||&amp;#xeb3b;||&amp;#xeb3c;||&amp;#xeb3d;||&amp;#xeb3e;||&amp;#xeb3f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB4x
|&amp;#xeb40;||&amp;#xeb41;||&amp;#xeb42;||&amp;#xeb43;||&amp;#xeb44;||&amp;#xeb45;||&amp;#xeb46;||&amp;#xeb47;||&amp;#xeb48;||&amp;#xeb49;||&amp;#xeb4a;||&amp;#xeb4b;||&amp;#xeb4c;||&amp;#xeb4d;||&amp;#xeb4e;||&amp;#xeb4f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB5x
|&amp;#xeb50;||&amp;#xeb51;||&amp;#xeb52;||&amp;#xeb53;||&amp;#xeb54;||&amp;#xeb55;||&amp;#xeb56;||&amp;#xeb57;||&amp;#xeb58;||&amp;#xeb59;||&amp;#xeb5a;||&amp;#xeb5b;||&amp;#xeb5c;||&amp;#xeb5d;||&amp;#xeb5e;||&amp;#xeb5f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB6x
|&amp;#xeb60;||&amp;#xeb61;||&amp;#xeb62;||&amp;#xeb63;||&amp;#xeb64;||&amp;#xeb65;||&amp;#xeb66;||&amp;#xeb67;||&amp;#xeb68;||&amp;#xeb69;||&amp;#xeb6a;||&amp;#xeb6b;||&amp;#xeb6c;||&amp;#xeb6d;||&amp;#xeb6e;||&amp;#xeb6f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB7x
|&amp;#xeb70;||&amp;#xeb71;||&amp;#xeb72;||&amp;#xeb73;||&amp;#xeb74;||&amp;#xeb75;||&amp;#xeb76;||&amp;#xeb77;||&amp;#xeb78;||&amp;#xeb79;||&amp;#xeb7a;||&amp;#xeb7b;||&amp;#xeb7c;||&amp;#xeb7d;||&amp;#xeb7e;||&amp;#xeb7f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB8x
|&amp;#xeb80;||&amp;#xeb81;||&amp;#xeb82;||&amp;#xeb83;||&amp;#xeb84;||&amp;#xeb85;||&amp;#xeb86;||&amp;#xeb87;||&amp;#xeb88;||&amp;#xeb89;||&amp;#xeb8a;||&amp;#xeb8b;||&amp;#xeb8c;||&amp;#xeb8d;||&amp;#xeb8e;||&amp;#xeb8f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB9x
|&amp;#xeb90;||&amp;#xeb91;||&amp;#xeb92;||&amp;#xeb93;||&amp;#xeb94;||&amp;#xeb95;||&amp;#xeb96;||&amp;#xeb97;||&amp;#xeb98;||&amp;#xeb99;||&amp;#xeb9a;||&amp;#xeb9b;||&amp;#xeb9c;||&amp;#xeb9d;||&amp;#xeb9e;||&amp;#xeb9f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EBAx
|&amp;#xeba0;||&amp;#xeba1;||&amp;#xeba2;||&amp;#xeba3;||&amp;#xeba4;||&amp;#xeba5;||&amp;#xeba6;||&amp;#xeba7;||&amp;#xeba8;||&amp;#xeba9;||&amp;#xebaa;||&amp;#xebab;||&amp;#xebac;||&amp;#xebad;||&amp;#xebae;||&amp;#xebaf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EBBx
|&amp;#xebb0;||&amp;#xebb1;||&amp;#xebb2;||&amp;#xebb3;||&amp;#xebb4;||&amp;#xebb5;||&amp;#xebb6;||&amp;#xebb7;||&amp;#xebb8;||&amp;#xebb9;||&amp;#xebba;||&amp;#xebbb;||&amp;#xebbc;||&amp;#xebbd;||&amp;#xebbe;||&amp;#xebbf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EBCx
|&amp;#xebc0;||&amp;#xebc1;||&amp;#xebc2;||&amp;#xebc3;||&amp;#xebc4;||&amp;#xebc5;||&amp;#xebc6;||&amp;#xebc7;||&amp;#xebc8;||&amp;#xebc9;||&amp;#xebca;||&amp;#xebcb;||&amp;#xebcc;||&amp;#xebcd;||&amp;#xebce;||&amp;#xebcf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EBDx
|&amp;#xebd0;||&amp;#xebd1;||&amp;#xebd2;||&amp;#xebd3;||&amp;#xebd4;||&amp;#xebd5;||&amp;#xebd6;||&amp;#xebd7;||&amp;#xebd8;||&amp;#xebd9;||&amp;#xebda;||&amp;#xebdb;||&amp;#xebdc;||&amp;#xebdd;||&amp;#xebde;||&amp;#xebdf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EBEx
|&amp;#xebe0;||&amp;#xebe1;||&amp;#xebe2;||&amp;#xebe3;||&amp;#xebe4;||&amp;#xebe5;||&amp;#xebe6;||&amp;#xebe7;||&amp;#xebe8;||&amp;#xebe9;||&amp;#xebea;||&amp;#xebeb;||&amp;#xebec;||&amp;#xebed;||&amp;#xebee;||&amp;#xebef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EBFx
|&amp;#xebf0;||&amp;#xebf1;||&amp;#xebf2;||&amp;#xebf3;||&amp;#xebf4;||&amp;#xebf5;||&amp;#xebf6;||&amp;#xebf7;||&amp;#xebf8;||&amp;#xebf9;||&amp;#xebfa;||&amp;#xebfb;||&amp;#xebfc;||&amp;#xebfd;||&amp;#xebfe;||&amp;#xebff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC0x
|&amp;#xec00;||&amp;#xec01;||&amp;#xec02;||&amp;#xec03;||&amp;#xec04;||&amp;#xec05;||&amp;#xec06;||&amp;#xec07;||&amp;#xec08;||&amp;#xec09;||&amp;#xec0a;||&amp;#xec0b;||&amp;#xec0c;||&amp;#xec0d;||&amp;#xec0e;||&amp;#xec0f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC1x
|&amp;#xec10;||&amp;#xec11;||&amp;#xec12;||&amp;#xec13;||&amp;#xec14;||&amp;#xec15;||&amp;#xec16;||&amp;#xec17;||&amp;#xec18;||&amp;#xec19;||&amp;#xec1a;||&amp;#xec1b;||&amp;#xec1c;||&amp;#xec1d;||&amp;#xec1e;||&amp;#xec1f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC2x
|&amp;#xec20;||&amp;#xec21;||&amp;#xec22;||&amp;#xec23;||&amp;#xec24;||&amp;#xec25;||&amp;#xec26;||&amp;#xec27;||&amp;#xec28;||&amp;#xec29;||&amp;#xec2a;||&amp;#xec2b;||&amp;#xec2c;||&amp;#xec2d;||&amp;#xec2e;||&amp;#xec2f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC3x
|&amp;#xec30;||&amp;#xec31;||&amp;#xec32;||&amp;#xec33;||&amp;#xec34;||&amp;#xec35;||&amp;#xec36;||&amp;#xec37;||&amp;#xec38;||&amp;#xec39;||&amp;#xec3a;||&amp;#xec3b;||&amp;#xec3c;||&amp;#xec3d;||&amp;#xec3e;||&amp;#xec3f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC4x
|&amp;#xec40;||&amp;#xec41;||&amp;#xec42;||&amp;#xec43;||&amp;#xec44;||&amp;#xec45;||&amp;#xec46;||&amp;#xec47;||&amp;#xec48;||&amp;#xec49;||&amp;#xec4a;||&amp;#xec4b;||&amp;#xec4c;||&amp;#xec4d;||&amp;#xec4e;||&amp;#xec4f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC5x
|&amp;#xec50;||&amp;#xec51;||&amp;#xec52;||&amp;#xec53;||&amp;#xec54;||&amp;#xec55;||&amp;#xec56;||&amp;#xec57;||&amp;#xec58;||&amp;#xec59;||&amp;#xec5a;||&amp;#xec5b;||&amp;#xec5c;||&amp;#xec5d;||&amp;#xec5e;||&amp;#xec5f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC6x
|&amp;#xec60;||&amp;#xec61;||&amp;#xec62;||&amp;#xec63;||&amp;#xec64;||&amp;#xec65;||&amp;#xec66;||&amp;#xec67;||&amp;#xec68;||&amp;#xec69;||&amp;#xec6a;||&amp;#xec6b;||&amp;#xec6c;||&amp;#xec6d;||&amp;#xec6e;||&amp;#xec6f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC7x
|&amp;#xec70;||&amp;#xec71;||&amp;#xec72;||&amp;#xec73;||&amp;#xec74;||&amp;#xec75;||&amp;#xec76;||&amp;#xec77;||&amp;#xec78;||&amp;#xec79;||&amp;#xec7a;||&amp;#xec7b;||&amp;#xec7c;||&amp;#xec7d;||&amp;#xec7e;||&amp;#xec7f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC8x
|&amp;#xec80;||&amp;#xec81;||&amp;#xec82;||&amp;#xec83;||&amp;#xec84;||&amp;#xec85;||&amp;#xec86;||&amp;#xec87;||&amp;#xec88;||&amp;#xec89;||&amp;#xec8a;||&amp;#xec8b;||&amp;#xec8c;||&amp;#xec8d;||&amp;#xec8e;||&amp;#xec8f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC9x
|&amp;#xec90;||&amp;#xec91;||&amp;#xec92;||&amp;#xec93;||&amp;#xec94;||&amp;#xec95;||&amp;#xec96;||&amp;#xec97;||&amp;#xec98;||&amp;#xec99;||&amp;#xec9a;||&amp;#xec9b;||&amp;#xec9c;||&amp;#xec9d;||&amp;#xec9e;||&amp;#xec9f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ECAx
|&amp;#xeca0;||&amp;#xeca1;||&amp;#xeca2;||&amp;#xeca3;||&amp;#xeca4;||&amp;#xeca5;||&amp;#xeca6;||&amp;#xeca7;||&amp;#xeca8;||&amp;#xeca9;||&amp;#xecaa;||&amp;#xecab;||&amp;#xecac;||&amp;#xecad;||&amp;#xecae;||&amp;#xecaf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ECBx
|&amp;#xecb0;||&amp;#xecb1;||&amp;#xecb2;||&amp;#xecb3;||&amp;#xecb4;||&amp;#xecb5;||&amp;#xecb6;||&amp;#xecb7;||&amp;#xecb8;||&amp;#xecb9;||&amp;#xecba;||&amp;#xecbb;||&amp;#xecbc;||&amp;#xecbd;||&amp;#xecbe;||&amp;#xecbf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ECCx
|&amp;#xecc0;||&amp;#xecc1;||&amp;#xecc2;||&amp;#xecc3;||&amp;#xecc4;||&amp;#xecc5;||&amp;#xecc6;||&amp;#xecc7;||&amp;#xecc8;||&amp;#xecc9;||&amp;#xecca;||&amp;#xeccb;||&amp;#xeccc;||&amp;#xeccd;||&amp;#xecce;||&amp;#xeccf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ECDx
|&amp;#xecd0;||&amp;#xecd1;||&amp;#xecd2;||&amp;#xecd3;||&amp;#xecd4;||&amp;#xecd5;||&amp;#xecd6;||&amp;#xecd7;||&amp;#xecd8;||&amp;#xecd9;||&amp;#xecda;||&amp;#xecdb;||&amp;#xecdc;||&amp;#xecdd;||&amp;#xecde;||&amp;#xecdf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ECEx
|&amp;#xece0;||&amp;#xece1;||&amp;#xece2;||&amp;#xece3;||&amp;#xece4;||&amp;#xece5;||&amp;#xece6;||&amp;#xece7;||&amp;#xece8;||&amp;#xece9;||&amp;#xecea;||&amp;#xeceb;||&amp;#xecec;||&amp;#xeced;||&amp;#xecee;||&amp;#xecef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ECFx
|&amp;#xecf0;||&amp;#xecf1;||&amp;#xecf2;||&amp;#xecf3;||&amp;#xecf4;||&amp;#xecf5;||&amp;#xecf6;||&amp;#xecf7;||&amp;#xecf8;||&amp;#xecf9;||&amp;#xecfa;||&amp;#xecfb;||&amp;#xecfc;||&amp;#xecfd;||&amp;#xecfe;||&amp;#xecff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED0x
|&amp;#xed00;||&amp;#xed01;||&amp;#xed02;||&amp;#xed03;||&amp;#xed04;||&amp;#xed05;||&amp;#xed06;||&amp;#xed07;||&amp;#xed08;||&amp;#xed09;||&amp;#xed0a;||&amp;#xed0b;||&amp;#xed0c;||&amp;#xed0d;||&amp;#xed0e;||&amp;#xed0f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED1x
|&amp;#xed10;||&amp;#xed11;||&amp;#xed12;||&amp;#xed13;||&amp;#xed14;||&amp;#xed15;||&amp;#xed16;||&amp;#xed17;||&amp;#xed18;||&amp;#xed19;||&amp;#xed1a;||&amp;#xed1b;||&amp;#xed1c;||&amp;#xed1d;||&amp;#xed1e;||&amp;#xed1f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED2x
|&amp;#xed20;||&amp;#xed21;||&amp;#xed22;||&amp;#xed23;||&amp;#xed24;||&amp;#xed25;||&amp;#xed26;||&amp;#xed27;||&amp;#xed28;||&amp;#xed29;||&amp;#xed2a;||&amp;#xed2b;||&amp;#xed2c;||&amp;#xed2d;||&amp;#xed2e;||&amp;#xed2f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED3x
|&amp;#xed30;||&amp;#xed31;||&amp;#xed32;||&amp;#xed33;||&amp;#xed34;||&amp;#xed35;||&amp;#xed36;||&amp;#xed37;||&amp;#xed38;||&amp;#xed39;||&amp;#xed3a;||&amp;#xed3b;||&amp;#xed3c;||&amp;#xed3d;||&amp;#xed3e;||&amp;#xed3f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED4x
|&amp;#xed40;||&amp;#xed41;||&amp;#xed42;||&amp;#xed43;||&amp;#xed44;||&amp;#xed45;||&amp;#xed46;||&amp;#xed47;||&amp;#xed48;||&amp;#xed49;||&amp;#xed4a;||&amp;#xed4b;||&amp;#xed4c;||&amp;#xed4d;||&amp;#xed4e;||&amp;#xed4f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED5x
|&amp;#xed50;||&amp;#xed51;||&amp;#xed52;||&amp;#xed53;||&amp;#xed54;||&amp;#xed55;||&amp;#xed56;||&amp;#xed57;||&amp;#xed58;||&amp;#xed59;||&amp;#xed5a;||&amp;#xed5b;||&amp;#xed5c;||&amp;#xed5d;||&amp;#xed5e;||&amp;#xed5f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED6x
|&amp;#xed60;||&amp;#xed61;||&amp;#xed62;||&amp;#xed63;||&amp;#xed64;||&amp;#xed65;||&amp;#xed66;||&amp;#xed67;||&amp;#xed68;||&amp;#xed69;||&amp;#xed6a;||&amp;#xed6b;||&amp;#xed6c;||&amp;#xed6d;||&amp;#xed6e;||&amp;#xed6f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED7x
|&amp;#xed70;||&amp;#xed71;||&amp;#xed72;||&amp;#xed73;||&amp;#xed74;||&amp;#xed75;||&amp;#xed76;||&amp;#xed77;||&amp;#xed78;||&amp;#xed79;||&amp;#xed7a;||&amp;#xed7b;||&amp;#xed7c;||&amp;#xed7d;||&amp;#xed7e;||&amp;#xed7f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED8x
|&amp;#xed80;||&amp;#xed81;||&amp;#xed82;||&amp;#xed83;||&amp;#xed84;||&amp;#xed85;||&amp;#xed86;||&amp;#xed87;||&amp;#xed88;||&amp;#xed89;||&amp;#xed8a;||&amp;#xed8b;||&amp;#xed8c;||&amp;#xed8d;||&amp;#xed8e;||&amp;#xed8f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED9x
|&amp;#xed90;||&amp;#xed91;||&amp;#xed92;||&amp;#xed93;||&amp;#xed94;||&amp;#xed95;||&amp;#xed96;||&amp;#xed97;||&amp;#xed98;||&amp;#xed99;||&amp;#xed9a;||&amp;#xed9b;||&amp;#xed9c;||&amp;#xed9d;||&amp;#xed9e;||&amp;#xed9f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EDAx
|&amp;#xeda0;||&amp;#xeda1;||&amp;#xeda2;||&amp;#xeda3;||&amp;#xeda4;||&amp;#xeda5;||&amp;#xeda6;||&amp;#xeda7;||&amp;#xeda8;||&amp;#xeda9;||&amp;#xedaa;||&amp;#xedab;||&amp;#xedac;||&amp;#xedad;||&amp;#xedae;||&amp;#xedaf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EDBx
|&amp;#xedb0;||&amp;#xedb1;||&amp;#xedb2;||&amp;#xedb3;||&amp;#xedb4;||&amp;#xedb5;||&amp;#xedb6;||&amp;#xedb7;||&amp;#xedb8;||&amp;#xedb9;||&amp;#xedba;||&amp;#xedbb;||&amp;#xedbc;||&amp;#xedbd;||&amp;#xedbe;||&amp;#xedbf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EDCx
|&amp;#xedc0;||&amp;#xedc1;||&amp;#xedc2;||&amp;#xedc3;||&amp;#xedc4;||&amp;#xedc5;||&amp;#xedc6;||&amp;#xedc7;||&amp;#xedc8;||&amp;#xedc9;||&amp;#xedca;||&amp;#xedcb;||&amp;#xedcc;||&amp;#xedcd;||&amp;#xedce;||&amp;#xedcf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EDDx
|&amp;#xedd0;||&amp;#xedd1;||&amp;#xedd2;||&amp;#xedd3;||&amp;#xedd4;||&amp;#xedd5;||&amp;#xedd6;||&amp;#xedd7;||&amp;#xedd8;||&amp;#xedd9;||&amp;#xedda;||&amp;#xeddb;||&amp;#xeddc;||&amp;#xeddd;||&amp;#xedde;||&amp;#xeddf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EDEx
|&amp;#xede0;||&amp;#xede1;||&amp;#xede2;||&amp;#xede3;||&amp;#xede4;||&amp;#xede5;||&amp;#xede6;||&amp;#xede7;||&amp;#xede8;||&amp;#xede9;||&amp;#xedea;||&amp;#xedeb;||&amp;#xedec;||&amp;#xeded;||&amp;#xedee;||&amp;#xedef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EDFx
|&amp;#xedf0;||&amp;#xedf1;||&amp;#xedf2;||&amp;#xedf3;||&amp;#xedf4;||&amp;#xedf5;||&amp;#xedf6;||&amp;#xedf7;||&amp;#xedf8;||&amp;#xedf9;||&amp;#xedfa;||&amp;#xedfb;||&amp;#xedfc;||&amp;#xedfd;||&amp;#xedfe;||&amp;#xedff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE0x
|&amp;#xee00;||&amp;#xee01;||&amp;#xee02;||&amp;#xee03;||&amp;#xee04;||&amp;#xee05;||&amp;#xee06;||&amp;#xee07;||&amp;#xee08;||&amp;#xee09;||&amp;#xee0a;||&amp;#xee0b;||&amp;#xee0c;||&amp;#xee0d;||&amp;#xee0e;||&amp;#xee0f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE1x
|&amp;#xee10;||&amp;#xee11;||&amp;#xee12;||&amp;#xee13;||&amp;#xee14;||&amp;#xee15;||&amp;#xee16;||&amp;#xee17;||&amp;#xee18;||&amp;#xee19;||&amp;#xee1a;||&amp;#xee1b;||&amp;#xee1c;||&amp;#xee1d;||&amp;#xee1e;||&amp;#xee1f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE2x
|&amp;#xee20;||&amp;#xee21;||&amp;#xee22;||&amp;#xee23;||&amp;#xee24;||&amp;#xee25;||&amp;#xee26;||&amp;#xee27;||&amp;#xee28;||&amp;#xee29;||&amp;#xee2a;||&amp;#xee2b;||&amp;#xee2c;||&amp;#xee2d;||&amp;#xee2e;||&amp;#xee2f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE3x
|&amp;#xee30;||&amp;#xee31;||&amp;#xee32;||&amp;#xee33;||&amp;#xee34;||&amp;#xee35;||&amp;#xee36;||&amp;#xee37;||&amp;#xee38;||&amp;#xee39;||&amp;#xee3a;||&amp;#xee3b;||&amp;#xee3c;||&amp;#xee3d;||&amp;#xee3e;||&amp;#xee3f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE4x
|&amp;#xee40;||&amp;#xee41;||&amp;#xee42;||&amp;#xee43;||&amp;#xee44;||&amp;#xee45;||&amp;#xee46;||&amp;#xee47;||&amp;#xee48;||&amp;#xee49;||&amp;#xee4a;||&amp;#xee4b;||&amp;#xee4c;||&amp;#xee4d;||&amp;#xee4e;||&amp;#xee4f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE5x
|&amp;#xee50;||&amp;#xee51;||&amp;#xee52;||&amp;#xee53;||&amp;#xee54;||&amp;#xee55;||&amp;#xee56;||&amp;#xee57;||&amp;#xee58;||&amp;#xee59;||&amp;#xee5a;||&amp;#xee5b;||&amp;#xee5c;||&amp;#xee5d;||&amp;#xee5e;||&amp;#xee5f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE6x
|&amp;#xee60;||&amp;#xee61;||&amp;#xee62;||&amp;#xee63;||&amp;#xee64;||&amp;#xee65;||&amp;#xee66;||&amp;#xee67;||&amp;#xee68;||&amp;#xee69;||&amp;#xee6a;||&amp;#xee6b;||&amp;#xee6c;||&amp;#xee6d;||&amp;#xee6e;||&amp;#xee6f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE7x
|&amp;#xee70;||&amp;#xee71;||&amp;#xee72;||&amp;#xee73;||&amp;#xee74;||&amp;#xee75;||&amp;#xee76;||&amp;#xee77;||&amp;#xee78;||&amp;#xee79;||&amp;#xee7a;||&amp;#xee7b;||&amp;#xee7c;||&amp;#xee7d;||&amp;#xee7e;||&amp;#xee7f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE8x
|&amp;#xee80;||&amp;#xee81;||&amp;#xee82;||&amp;#xee83;||&amp;#xee84;||&amp;#xee85;||&amp;#xee86;||&amp;#xee87;||&amp;#xee88;||&amp;#xee89;||&amp;#xee8a;||&amp;#xee8b;||&amp;#xee8c;||&amp;#xee8d;||&amp;#xee8e;||&amp;#xee8f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE9x
|&amp;#xee90;||&amp;#xee91;||&amp;#xee92;||&amp;#xee93;||&amp;#xee94;||&amp;#xee95;||&amp;#xee96;||&amp;#xee97;||&amp;#xee98;||&amp;#xee99;||&amp;#xee9a;||&amp;#xee9b;||&amp;#xee9c;||&amp;#xee9d;||&amp;#xee9e;||&amp;#xee9f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EEAx
|&amp;#xeea0;||&amp;#xeea1;||&amp;#xeea2;||&amp;#xeea3;||&amp;#xeea4;||&amp;#xeea5;||&amp;#xeea6;||&amp;#xeea7;||&amp;#xeea8;||&amp;#xeea9;||&amp;#xeeaa;||&amp;#xeeab;||&amp;#xeeac;||&amp;#xeead;||&amp;#xeeae;||&amp;#xeeaf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EEBx
|&amp;#xeeb0;||&amp;#xeeb1;||&amp;#xeeb2;||&amp;#xeeb3;||&amp;#xeeb4;||&amp;#xeeb5;||&amp;#xeeb6;||&amp;#xeeb7;||&amp;#xeeb8;||&amp;#xeeb9;||&amp;#xeeba;||&amp;#xeebb;||&amp;#xeebc;||&amp;#xeebd;||&amp;#xeebe;||&amp;#xeebf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EECx
|&amp;#xeec0;||&amp;#xeec1;||&amp;#xeec2;||&amp;#xeec3;||&amp;#xeec4;||&amp;#xeec5;||&amp;#xeec6;||&amp;#xeec7;||&amp;#xeec8;||&amp;#xeec9;||&amp;#xeeca;||&amp;#xeecb;||&amp;#xeecc;||&amp;#xeecd;||&amp;#xeece;||&amp;#xeecf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EEDx
|&amp;#xeed0;||&amp;#xeed1;||&amp;#xeed2;||&amp;#xeed3;||&amp;#xeed4;||&amp;#xeed5;||&amp;#xeed6;||&amp;#xeed7;||&amp;#xeed8;||&amp;#xeed9;||&amp;#xeeda;||&amp;#xeedb;||&amp;#xeedc;||&amp;#xeedd;||&amp;#xeede;||&amp;#xeedf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EEEx
|&amp;#xeee0;||&amp;#xeee1;||&amp;#xeee2;||&amp;#xeee3;||&amp;#xeee4;||&amp;#xeee5;||&amp;#xeee6;||&amp;#xeee7;||&amp;#xeee8;||&amp;#xeee9;||&amp;#xeeea;||&amp;#xeeeb;||&amp;#xeeec;||&amp;#xeeed;||&amp;#xeeee;||&amp;#xeeef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EEFx
|&amp;#xeef0;||&amp;#xeef1;||&amp;#xeef2;||&amp;#xeef3;||&amp;#xeef4;||&amp;#xeef5;||&amp;#xeef6;||&amp;#xeef7;||&amp;#xeef8;||&amp;#xeef9;||&amp;#xeefa;||&amp;#xeefb;||&amp;#xeefc;||&amp;#xeefd;||&amp;#xeefe;||&amp;#xeeff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF0x
|&amp;#xef00;||&amp;#xef01;||&amp;#xef02;||&amp;#xef03;||&amp;#xef04;||&amp;#xef05;||&amp;#xef06;||&amp;#xef07;||&amp;#xef08;||&amp;#xef09;||&amp;#xef0a;||&amp;#xef0b;||&amp;#xef0c;||&amp;#xef0d;||&amp;#xef0e;||&amp;#xef0f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF1x
|&amp;#xef10;||&amp;#xef11;||&amp;#xef12;||&amp;#xef13;||&amp;#xef14;||&amp;#xef15;||&amp;#xef16;||&amp;#xef17;||&amp;#xef18;||&amp;#xef19;||&amp;#xef1a;||&amp;#xef1b;||&amp;#xef1c;||&amp;#xef1d;||&amp;#xef1e;||&amp;#xef1f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF2x
|&amp;#xef20;||&amp;#xef21;||&amp;#xef22;||&amp;#xef23;||&amp;#xef24;||&amp;#xef25;||&amp;#xef26;||&amp;#xef27;||&amp;#xef28;||&amp;#xef29;||&amp;#xef2a;||&amp;#xef2b;||&amp;#xef2c;||&amp;#xef2d;||&amp;#xef2e;||&amp;#xef2f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF3x
|&amp;#xef30;||&amp;#xef31;||&amp;#xef32;||&amp;#xef33;||&amp;#xef34;||&amp;#xef35;||&amp;#xef36;||&amp;#xef37;||&amp;#xef38;||&amp;#xef39;||&amp;#xef3a;||&amp;#xef3b;||&amp;#xef3c;||&amp;#xef3d;||&amp;#xef3e;||&amp;#xef3f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF4x
|&amp;#xef40;||&amp;#xef41;||&amp;#xef42;||&amp;#xef43;||&amp;#xef44;||&amp;#xef45;||&amp;#xef46;||&amp;#xef47;||&amp;#xef48;||&amp;#xef49;||&amp;#xef4a;||&amp;#xef4b;||&amp;#xef4c;||&amp;#xef4d;||&amp;#xef4e;||&amp;#xef4f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF5x
|&amp;#xef50;||&amp;#xef51;||&amp;#xef52;||&amp;#xef53;||&amp;#xef54;||&amp;#xef55;||&amp;#xef56;||&amp;#xef57;||&amp;#xef58;||&amp;#xef59;||&amp;#xef5a;||&amp;#xef5b;||&amp;#xef5c;||&amp;#xef5d;||&amp;#xef5e;||&amp;#xef5f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF6x
|&amp;#xef60;||&amp;#xef61;||&amp;#xef62;||&amp;#xef63;||&amp;#xef64;||&amp;#xef65;||&amp;#xef66;||&amp;#xef67;||&amp;#xef68;||&amp;#xef69;||&amp;#xef6a;||&amp;#xef6b;||&amp;#xef6c;||&amp;#xef6d;||&amp;#xef6e;||&amp;#xef6f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF7x
|&amp;#xef70;||&amp;#xef71;||&amp;#xef72;||&amp;#xef73;||&amp;#xef74;||&amp;#xef75;||&amp;#xef76;||&amp;#xef77;||&amp;#xef78;||&amp;#xef79;||&amp;#xef7a;||&amp;#xef7b;||&amp;#xef7c;||&amp;#xef7d;||&amp;#xef7e;||&amp;#xef7f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF8x
|&amp;#xef80;||&amp;#xef81;||&amp;#xef82;||&amp;#xef83;||&amp;#xef84;||&amp;#xef85;||&amp;#xef86;||&amp;#xef87;||&amp;#xef88;||&amp;#xef89;||&amp;#xef8a;||&amp;#xef8b;||&amp;#xef8c;||&amp;#xef8d;||&amp;#xef8e;||&amp;#xef8f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF9x
|&amp;#xef90;||&amp;#xef91;||&amp;#xef92;||&amp;#xef93;||&amp;#xef94;||&amp;#xef95;||&amp;#xef96;||&amp;#xef97;||&amp;#xef98;||&amp;#xef99;||&amp;#xef9a;||&amp;#xef9b;||&amp;#xef9c;||&amp;#xef9d;||&amp;#xef9e;||&amp;#xef9f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EFAx
|&amp;#xefa0;||&amp;#xefa1;||&amp;#xefa2;||&amp;#xefa3;||&amp;#xefa4;||&amp;#xefa5;||&amp;#xefa6;||&amp;#xefa7;||&amp;#xefa8;||&amp;#xefa9;||&amp;#xefaa;||&amp;#xefab;||&amp;#xefac;||&amp;#xefad;||&amp;#xefae;||&amp;#xefaf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EFBx
|&amp;#xefb0;||&amp;#xefb1;||&amp;#xefb2;||&amp;#xefb3;||&amp;#xefb4;||&amp;#xefb5;||&amp;#xefb6;||&amp;#xefb7;||&amp;#xefb8;||&amp;#xefb9;||&amp;#xefba;||&amp;#xefbb;||&amp;#xefbc;||&amp;#xefbd;||&amp;#xefbe;||&amp;#xefbf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EFCx
|&amp;#xefc0;||&amp;#xefc1;||&amp;#xefc2;||&amp;#xefc3;||&amp;#xefc4;||&amp;#xefc5;||&amp;#xefc6;||&amp;#xefc7;||&amp;#xefc8;||&amp;#xefc9;||&amp;#xefca;||&amp;#xefcb;||&amp;#xefcc;||&amp;#xefcd;||&amp;#xefce;||&amp;#xefcf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EFDx
|&amp;#xefd0;||&amp;#xefd1;||&amp;#xefd2;||&amp;#xefd3;||&amp;#xefd4;||&amp;#xefd5;||&amp;#xefd6;||&amp;#xefd7;||&amp;#xefd8;||&amp;#xefd9;||&amp;#xefda;||&amp;#xefdb;||&amp;#xefdc;||&amp;#xefdd;||&amp;#xefde;||&amp;#xefdf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EFEx
|&amp;#xefe0;||&amp;#xefe1;||&amp;#xefe2;||&amp;#xefe3;||&amp;#xefe4;||&amp;#xefe5;||&amp;#xefe6;||&amp;#xefe7;||&amp;#xefe8;||&amp;#xefe9;||&amp;#xefea;||&amp;#xefeb;||&amp;#xefec;||&amp;#xefed;||&amp;#xefee;||&amp;#xefef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EFFx
|&amp;#xeff0;||&amp;#xeff1;||&amp;#xeff2;||&amp;#xeff3;||&amp;#xeff4;||&amp;#xeff5;||&amp;#xeff6;||&amp;#xeff7;||&amp;#xeff8;||&amp;#xeff9;||&amp;#xeffa;||&amp;#xeffb;||&amp;#xeffc;||&amp;#xeffd;||&amp;#xeffe;||&amp;#xefff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Notes'''
|-
| || colspan=&quot;16&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;font-size:small;text-align:left&quot; |{{note|PUA}}Unicode range E000–F8FF is used as a ''private use area'', which is reserved for private use.
|}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-28T04:33:04Z</timestamp>
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        <id>3579663</id>
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{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:sans-serif,'Allkin','Orbitron','Segoe UI Symbol';&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Private Use Area'''{{ref|PUA|Note}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E00x
|&amp;#xe000;||&amp;#xe001;||&amp;#xe002;||&amp;#xe003;||&amp;#xe004;||&amp;#xe005;||&amp;#xe006;||&amp;#xe007;||&amp;#xe008;||&amp;#xe009;||&amp;#xe00a;||&amp;#xe00b;||&amp;#xe00c;||&amp;#xe00d;||&amp;#xe00e;||&amp;#xe00f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E01x
|&amp;#xe010;||&amp;#xe011;||&amp;#xe012;||&amp;#xe013;||&amp;#xe014;||&amp;#xe015;||&amp;#xe016;||&amp;#xe017;||&amp;#xe018;||&amp;#xe019;||&amp;#xe01a;||&amp;#xe01b;||&amp;#xe01c;||&amp;#xe01d;||&amp;#xe01e;||&amp;#xe01f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E02x
|&amp;#xe020;||&amp;#xe021;||&amp;#xe022;||&amp;#xe023;||&amp;#xe024;||&amp;#xe025;||&amp;#xe026;||&amp;#xe027;||&amp;#xe028;||&amp;#xe029;||&amp;#xe02a;||&amp;#xe02b;||&amp;#xe02c;||&amp;#xe02d;||&amp;#xe02e;||&amp;#xe02f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E03x
|&amp;#xe030;||&amp;#xe031;||&amp;#xe032;||&amp;#xe033;||&amp;#xe034;||&amp;#xe035;||&amp;#xe036;||&amp;#xe037;||&amp;#xe038;||&amp;#xe039;||&amp;#xe03a;||&amp;#xe03b;||&amp;#xe03c;||&amp;#xe03d;||&amp;#xe03e;||&amp;#xe03f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E04x
|&amp;#xe040;||&amp;#xe041;||&amp;#xe042;||&amp;#xe043;||&amp;#xe044;||&amp;#xe045;||&amp;#xe046;||&amp;#xe047;||&amp;#xe048;||&amp;#xe049;||&amp;#xe04a;||&amp;#xe04b;||&amp;#xe04c;||&amp;#xe04d;||&amp;#xe04e;||&amp;#xe04f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E05x
|&amp;#xe050;||&amp;#xe051;||&amp;#xe052;||&amp;#xe053;||&amp;#xe054;||&amp;#xe055;||&amp;#xe056;||&amp;#xe057;||&amp;#xe058;||&amp;#xe059;||&amp;#xe05a;||&amp;#xe05b;||&amp;#xe05c;||&amp;#xe05d;||&amp;#xe05e;||&amp;#xe05f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E06x
|&amp;#xe060;||&amp;#xe061;||&amp;#xe062;||&amp;#xe063;||&amp;#xe064;||&amp;#xe065;||&amp;#xe066;||&amp;#xe067;||&amp;#xe068;||&amp;#xe069;||&amp;#xe06a;||&amp;#xe06b;||&amp;#xe06c;||&amp;#xe06d;||&amp;#xe06e;||&amp;#xe06f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E07x
|&amp;#xe070;||&amp;#xe071;||&amp;#xe072;||&amp;#xe073;||&amp;#xe074;||&amp;#xe075;||&amp;#xe076;||&amp;#xe077;||&amp;#xe078;||&amp;#xe079;||&amp;#xe07a;||&amp;#xe07b;||&amp;#xe07c;||&amp;#xe07d;||&amp;#xe07e;||&amp;#xe07f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E08x
|&amp;#xe080;||&amp;#xe081;||&amp;#xe082;||&amp;#xe083;||&amp;#xe084;||&amp;#xe085;||&amp;#xe086;||&amp;#xe087;||&amp;#xe088;||&amp;#xe089;||&amp;#xe08a;||&amp;#xe08b;||&amp;#xe08c;||&amp;#xe08d;||&amp;#xe08e;||&amp;#xe08f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E09x
|&amp;#xe090;||&amp;#xe091;||&amp;#xe092;||&amp;#xe093;||&amp;#xe094;||&amp;#xe095;||&amp;#xe096;||&amp;#xe097;||&amp;#xe098;||&amp;#xe099;||&amp;#xe09a;||&amp;#xe09b;||&amp;#xe09c;||&amp;#xe09d;||&amp;#xe09e;||&amp;#xe09f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E0Ax
|&amp;#xe0a0;||&amp;#xe0a1;||&amp;#xe0a2;||&amp;#xe0a3;||&amp;#xe0a4;||&amp;#xe0a5;||&amp;#xe0a6;||&amp;#xe0a7;||&amp;#xe0a8;||&amp;#xe0a9;||&amp;#xe0aa;||&amp;#xe0ab;||&amp;#xe0ac;||&amp;#xe0ad;||&amp;#xe0ae;||&amp;#xe0af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E0Bx
|&amp;#xe0b0;||&amp;#xe0b1;||&amp;#xe0b2;||&amp;#xe0b3;||&amp;#xe0b4;||&amp;#xe0b5;||&amp;#xe0b6;||&amp;#xe0b7;||&amp;#xe0b8;||&amp;#xe0b9;||&amp;#xe0ba;||&amp;#xe0bb;||&amp;#xe0bc;||&amp;#xe0bd;||&amp;#xe0be;||&amp;#xe0bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E0Cx
|&amp;#xe0c0;||&amp;#xe0c1;||&amp;#xe0c2;||&amp;#xe0c3;||&amp;#xe0c4;||&amp;#xe0c5;||&amp;#xe0c6;||&amp;#xe0c7;||&amp;#xe0c8;||&amp;#xe0c9;||&amp;#xe0ca;||&amp;#xe0cb;||&amp;#xe0cc;||&amp;#xe0cd;||&amp;#xe0ce;||&amp;#xe0cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E0Dx
|&amp;#xe0d0;||&amp;#xe0d1;||&amp;#xe0d2;||&amp;#xe0d3;||&amp;#xe0d4;||&amp;#xe0d5;||&amp;#xe0d6;||&amp;#xe0d7;||&amp;#xe0d8;||&amp;#xe0d9;||&amp;#xe0da;||&amp;#xe0db;||&amp;#xe0dc;||&amp;#xe0dd;||&amp;#xe0de;||&amp;#xe0df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E0Ex
|&amp;#xe0e0;||&amp;#xe0e1;||&amp;#xe0e2;||&amp;#xe0e3;||&amp;#xe0e4;||&amp;#xe0e5;||&amp;#xe0e6;||&amp;#xe0e7;||&amp;#xe0e8;||&amp;#xe0e9;||&amp;#xe0ea;||&amp;#xe0eb;||&amp;#xe0ec;||&amp;#xe0ed;||&amp;#xe0ee;||&amp;#xe0ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E0Fx
|&amp;#xe0f0;||&amp;#xe0f1;||&amp;#xe0f2;||&amp;#xe0f3;||&amp;#xe0f4;||&amp;#xe0f5;||&amp;#xe0f6;||&amp;#xe0f7;||&amp;#xe0f8;||&amp;#xe0f9;||&amp;#xe0fa;||&amp;#xe0fb;||&amp;#xe0fc;||&amp;#xe0fd;||&amp;#xe0fe;||&amp;#xe0ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E10x
|&amp;#xe100;||&amp;#xe101;||&amp;#xe102;||&amp;#xe103;||&amp;#xe104;||&amp;#xe105;||&amp;#xe106;||&amp;#xe107;||&amp;#xe108;||&amp;#xe109;||&amp;#xe10a;||&amp;#xe10b;||&amp;#xe10c;||&amp;#xe10d;||&amp;#xe10e;||&amp;#xe10f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E11x
|&amp;#xe110;||&amp;#xe111;||&amp;#xe112;||&amp;#xe113;||&amp;#xe114;||&amp;#xe115;||&amp;#xe116;||&amp;#xe117;||&amp;#xe118;||&amp;#xe119;||&amp;#xe11a;||&amp;#xe11b;||&amp;#xe11c;||&amp;#xe11d;||&amp;#xe11e;||&amp;#xe11f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E12x
|&amp;#xe120;||&amp;#xe121;||&amp;#xe122;||&amp;#xe123;||&amp;#xe124;||&amp;#xe125;||&amp;#xe126;||&amp;#xe127;||&amp;#xe128;||&amp;#xe129;||&amp;#xe12a;||&amp;#xe12b;||&amp;#xe12c;||&amp;#xe12d;||&amp;#xe12e;||&amp;#xe12f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E13x
|&amp;#xe130;||&amp;#xe131;||&amp;#xe132;||&amp;#xe133;||&amp;#xe134;||&amp;#xe135;||&amp;#xe136;||&amp;#xe137;||&amp;#xe138;||&amp;#xe139;||&amp;#xe13a;||&amp;#xe13b;||&amp;#xe13c;||&amp;#xe13d;||&amp;#xe13e;||&amp;#xe13f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E14x
|&amp;#xe140;||&amp;#xe141;||&amp;#xe142;||&amp;#xe143;||&amp;#xe144;||&amp;#xe145;||&amp;#xe146;||&amp;#xe147;||&amp;#xe148;||&amp;#xe149;||&amp;#xe14a;||&amp;#xe14b;||&amp;#xe14c;||&amp;#xe14d;||&amp;#xe14e;||&amp;#xe14f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E15x
|&amp;#xe150;||&amp;#xe151;||&amp;#xe152;||&amp;#xe153;||&amp;#xe154;||&amp;#xe155;||&amp;#xe156;||&amp;#xe157;||&amp;#xe158;||&amp;#xe159;||&amp;#xe15a;||&amp;#xe15b;||&amp;#xe15c;||&amp;#xe15d;||&amp;#xe15e;||&amp;#xe15f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E16x
|&amp;#xe160;||&amp;#xe161;||&amp;#xe162;||&amp;#xe163;||&amp;#xe164;||&amp;#xe165;||&amp;#xe166;||&amp;#xe167;||&amp;#xe168;||&amp;#xe169;||&amp;#xe16a;||&amp;#xe16b;||&amp;#xe16c;||&amp;#xe16d;||&amp;#xe16e;||&amp;#xe16f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E17x
|&amp;#xe170;||&amp;#xe171;||&amp;#xe172;||&amp;#xe173;||&amp;#xe174;||&amp;#xe175;||&amp;#xe176;||&amp;#xe177;||&amp;#xe178;||&amp;#xe179;||&amp;#xe17a;||&amp;#xe17b;||&amp;#xe17c;||&amp;#xe17d;||&amp;#xe17e;||&amp;#xe17f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E18x
|&amp;#xe180;||&amp;#xe181;||&amp;#xe182;||&amp;#xe183;||&amp;#xe184;||&amp;#xe185;||&amp;#xe186;||&amp;#xe187;||&amp;#xe188;||&amp;#xe189;||&amp;#xe18a;||&amp;#xe18b;||&amp;#xe18c;||&amp;#xe18d;||&amp;#xe18e;||&amp;#xe18f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E19x
|&amp;#xe190;||&amp;#xe191;||&amp;#xe192;||&amp;#xe193;||&amp;#xe194;||&amp;#xe195;||&amp;#xe196;||&amp;#xe197;||&amp;#xe198;||&amp;#xe199;||&amp;#xe19a;||&amp;#xe19b;||&amp;#xe19c;||&amp;#xe19d;||&amp;#xe19e;||&amp;#xe19f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E1Ax
|&amp;#xe1a0;||&amp;#xe1a1;||&amp;#xe1a2;||&amp;#xe1a3;||&amp;#xe1a4;||&amp;#xe1a5;||&amp;#xe1a6;||&amp;#xe1a7;||&amp;#xe1a8;||&amp;#xe1a9;||&amp;#xe1aa;||&amp;#xe1ab;||&amp;#xe1ac;||&amp;#xe1ad;||&amp;#xe1ae;||&amp;#xe1af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E1Bx
|&amp;#xe1b0;||&amp;#xe1b1;||&amp;#xe1b2;||&amp;#xe1b3;||&amp;#xe1b4;||&amp;#xe1b5;||&amp;#xe1b6;||&amp;#xe1b7;||&amp;#xe1b8;||&amp;#xe1b9;||&amp;#xe1ba;||&amp;#xe1bb;||&amp;#xe1bc;||&amp;#xe1bd;||&amp;#xe1be;||&amp;#xe1bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E1Cx
|&amp;#xe1c0;||&amp;#xe1c1;||&amp;#xe1c2;||&amp;#xe1c3;||&amp;#xe1c4;||&amp;#xe1c5;||&amp;#xe1c6;||&amp;#xe1c7;||&amp;#xe1c8;||&amp;#xe1c9;||&amp;#xe1ca;||&amp;#xe1cb;||&amp;#xe1cc;||&amp;#xe1cd;||&amp;#xe1ce;||&amp;#xe1cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E1Dx
|&amp;#xe1d0;||&amp;#xe1d1;||&amp;#xe1d2;||&amp;#xe1d3;||&amp;#xe1d4;||&amp;#xe1d5;||&amp;#xe1d6;||&amp;#xe1d7;||&amp;#xe1d8;||&amp;#xe1d9;||&amp;#xe1da;||&amp;#xe1db;||&amp;#xe1dc;||&amp;#xe1dd;||&amp;#xe1de;||&amp;#xe1df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E1Ex
|&amp;#xe1e0;||&amp;#xe1e1;||&amp;#xe1e2;||&amp;#xe1e3;||&amp;#xe1e4;||&amp;#xe1e5;||&amp;#xe1e6;||&amp;#xe1e7;||&amp;#xe1e8;||&amp;#xe1e9;||&amp;#xe1ea;||&amp;#xe1eb;||&amp;#xe1ec;||&amp;#xe1ed;||&amp;#xe1ee;||&amp;#xe1ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E1Fx
|&amp;#xe1f0;||&amp;#xe1f1;||&amp;#xe1f2;||&amp;#xe1f3;||&amp;#xe1f4;||&amp;#xe1f5;||&amp;#xe1f6;||&amp;#xe1f7;||&amp;#xe1f8;||&amp;#xe1f9;||&amp;#xe1fa;||&amp;#xe1fb;||&amp;#xe1fc;||&amp;#xe1fd;||&amp;#xe1fe;||&amp;#xe1ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E20x
|&amp;#xe200;||&amp;#xe201;||&amp;#xe202;||&amp;#xe203;||&amp;#xe204;||&amp;#xe205;||&amp;#xe206;||&amp;#xe207;||&amp;#xe208;||&amp;#xe209;||&amp;#xe20a;||&amp;#xe20b;||&amp;#xe20c;||&amp;#xe20d;||&amp;#xe20e;||&amp;#xe20f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E21x
|&amp;#xe210;||&amp;#xe211;||&amp;#xe212;||&amp;#xe213;||&amp;#xe214;||&amp;#xe215;||&amp;#xe216;||&amp;#xe217;||&amp;#xe218;||&amp;#xe219;||&amp;#xe21a;||&amp;#xe21b;||&amp;#xe21c;||&amp;#xe21d;||&amp;#xe21e;||&amp;#xe21f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E22x
|&amp;#xe220;||&amp;#xe221;||&amp;#xe222;||&amp;#xe223;||&amp;#xe224;||&amp;#xe225;||&amp;#xe226;||&amp;#xe227;||&amp;#xe228;||&amp;#xe229;||&amp;#xe22a;||&amp;#xe22b;||&amp;#xe22c;||&amp;#xe22d;||&amp;#xe22e;||&amp;#xe22f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E23x
|&amp;#xe230;||&amp;#xe231;||&amp;#xe232;||&amp;#xe233;||&amp;#xe234;||&amp;#xe235;||&amp;#xe236;||&amp;#xe237;||&amp;#xe238;||&amp;#xe239;||&amp;#xe23a;||&amp;#xe23b;||&amp;#xe23c;||&amp;#xe23d;||&amp;#xe23e;||&amp;#xe23f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E24x
|&amp;#xe240;||&amp;#xe241;||&amp;#xe242;||&amp;#xe243;||&amp;#xe244;||&amp;#xe245;||&amp;#xe246;||&amp;#xe247;||&amp;#xe248;||&amp;#xe249;||&amp;#xe24a;||&amp;#xe24b;||&amp;#xe24c;||&amp;#xe24d;||&amp;#xe24e;||&amp;#xe24f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E25x
|&amp;#xe250;||&amp;#xe251;||&amp;#xe252;||&amp;#xe253;||&amp;#xe254;||&amp;#xe255;||&amp;#xe256;||&amp;#xe257;||&amp;#xe258;||&amp;#xe259;||&amp;#xe25a;||&amp;#xe25b;||&amp;#xe25c;||&amp;#xe25d;||&amp;#xe25e;||&amp;#xe25f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E26x
|&amp;#xe260;||&amp;#xe261;||&amp;#xe262;||&amp;#xe263;||&amp;#xe264;||&amp;#xe265;||&amp;#xe266;||&amp;#xe267;||&amp;#xe268;||&amp;#xe269;||&amp;#xe26a;||&amp;#xe26b;||&amp;#xe26c;||&amp;#xe26d;||&amp;#xe26e;||&amp;#xe26f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E27x
|&amp;#xe270;||&amp;#xe271;||&amp;#xe272;||&amp;#xe273;||&amp;#xe274;||&amp;#xe275;||&amp;#xe276;||&amp;#xe277;||&amp;#xe278;||&amp;#xe279;||&amp;#xe27a;||&amp;#xe27b;||&amp;#xe27c;||&amp;#xe27d;||&amp;#xe27e;||&amp;#xe27f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E28x
|&amp;#xe280;||&amp;#xe281;||&amp;#xe282;||&amp;#xe283;||&amp;#xe284;||&amp;#xe285;||&amp;#xe286;||&amp;#xe287;||&amp;#xe288;||&amp;#xe289;||&amp;#xe28a;||&amp;#xe28b;||&amp;#xe28c;||&amp;#xe28d;||&amp;#xe28e;||&amp;#xe28f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E29x
|&amp;#xe290;||&amp;#xe291;||&amp;#xe292;||&amp;#xe293;||&amp;#xe294;||&amp;#xe295;||&amp;#xe296;||&amp;#xe297;||&amp;#xe298;||&amp;#xe299;||&amp;#xe29a;||&amp;#xe29b;||&amp;#xe29c;||&amp;#xe29d;||&amp;#xe29e;||&amp;#xe29f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E2Ax
|&amp;#xe2a0;||&amp;#xe2a1;||&amp;#xe2a2;||&amp;#xe2a3;||&amp;#xe2a4;||&amp;#xe2a5;||&amp;#xe2a6;||&amp;#xe2a7;||&amp;#xe2a8;||&amp;#xe2a9;||&amp;#xe2aa;||&amp;#xe2ab;||&amp;#xe2ac;||&amp;#xe2ad;||&amp;#xe2ae;||&amp;#xe2af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E2Bx
|&amp;#xe2b0;||&amp;#xe2b1;||&amp;#xe2b2;||&amp;#xe2b3;||&amp;#xe2b4;||&amp;#xe2b5;||&amp;#xe2b6;||&amp;#xe2b7;||&amp;#xe2b8;||&amp;#xe2b9;||&amp;#xe2ba;||&amp;#xe2bb;||&amp;#xe2bc;||&amp;#xe2bd;||&amp;#xe2be;||&amp;#xe2bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E2Cx
|&amp;#xe2c0;||&amp;#xe2c1;||&amp;#xe2c2;||&amp;#xe2c3;||&amp;#xe2c4;||&amp;#xe2c5;||&amp;#xe2c6;||&amp;#xe2c7;||&amp;#xe2c8;||&amp;#xe2c9;||&amp;#xe2ca;||&amp;#xe2cb;||&amp;#xe2cc;||&amp;#xe2cd;||&amp;#xe2ce;||&amp;#xe2cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E2Dx
|&amp;#xe2d0;||&amp;#xe2d1;||&amp;#xe2d2;||&amp;#xe2d3;||&amp;#xe2d4;||&amp;#xe2d5;||&amp;#xe2d6;||&amp;#xe2d7;||&amp;#xe2d8;||&amp;#xe2d9;||&amp;#xe2da;||&amp;#xe2db;||&amp;#xe2dc;||&amp;#xe2dd;||&amp;#xe2de;||&amp;#xe2df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E2Ex
|&amp;#xe2e0;||&amp;#xe2e1;||&amp;#xe2e2;||&amp;#xe2e3;||&amp;#xe2e4;||&amp;#xe2e5;||&amp;#xe2e6;||&amp;#xe2e7;||&amp;#xe2e8;||&amp;#xe2e9;||&amp;#xe2ea;||&amp;#xe2eb;||&amp;#xe2ec;||&amp;#xe2ed;||&amp;#xe2ee;||&amp;#xe2ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E2Fx
|&amp;#xe2f0;||&amp;#xe2f1;||&amp;#xe2f2;||&amp;#xe2f3;||&amp;#xe2f4;||&amp;#xe2f5;||&amp;#xe2f6;||&amp;#xe2f7;||&amp;#xe2f8;||&amp;#xe2f9;||&amp;#xe2fa;||&amp;#xe2fb;||&amp;#xe2fc;||&amp;#xe2fd;||&amp;#xe2fe;||&amp;#xe2ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E30x
|&amp;#xe300;||&amp;#xe301;||&amp;#xe302;||&amp;#xe303;||&amp;#xe304;||&amp;#xe305;||&amp;#xe306;||&amp;#xe307;||&amp;#xe308;||&amp;#xe309;||&amp;#xe30a;||&amp;#xe30b;||&amp;#xe30c;||&amp;#xe30d;||&amp;#xe30e;||&amp;#xe30f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E31x
|&amp;#xe310;||&amp;#xe311;||&amp;#xe312;||&amp;#xe313;||&amp;#xe314;||&amp;#xe315;||&amp;#xe316;||&amp;#xe317;||&amp;#xe318;||&amp;#xe319;||&amp;#xe31a;||&amp;#xe31b;||&amp;#xe31c;||&amp;#xe31d;||&amp;#xe31e;||&amp;#xe31f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E32x
|&amp;#xe320;||&amp;#xe321;||&amp;#xe322;||&amp;#xe323;||&amp;#xe324;||&amp;#xe325;||&amp;#xe326;||&amp;#xe327;||&amp;#xe328;||&amp;#xe329;||&amp;#xe32a;||&amp;#xe32b;||&amp;#xe32c;||&amp;#xe32d;||&amp;#xe32e;||&amp;#xe32f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E33x
|&amp;#xe330;||&amp;#xe331;||&amp;#xe332;||&amp;#xe333;||&amp;#xe334;||&amp;#xe335;||&amp;#xe336;||&amp;#xe337;||&amp;#xe338;||&amp;#xe339;||&amp;#xe33a;||&amp;#xe33b;||&amp;#xe33c;||&amp;#xe33d;||&amp;#xe33e;||&amp;#xe33f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E34x
|&amp;#xe340;||&amp;#xe341;||&amp;#xe342;||&amp;#xe343;||&amp;#xe344;||&amp;#xe345;||&amp;#xe346;||&amp;#xe347;||&amp;#xe348;||&amp;#xe349;||&amp;#xe34a;||&amp;#xe34b;||&amp;#xe34c;||&amp;#xe34d;||&amp;#xe34e;||&amp;#xe34f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E35x
|&amp;#xe350;||&amp;#xe351;||&amp;#xe352;||&amp;#xe353;||&amp;#xe354;||&amp;#xe355;||&amp;#xe356;||&amp;#xe357;||&amp;#xe358;||&amp;#xe359;||&amp;#xe35a;||&amp;#xe35b;||&amp;#xe35c;||&amp;#xe35d;||&amp;#xe35e;||&amp;#xe35f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E36x
|&amp;#xe360;||&amp;#xe361;||&amp;#xe362;||&amp;#xe363;||&amp;#xe364;||&amp;#xe365;||&amp;#xe366;||&amp;#xe367;||&amp;#xe368;||&amp;#xe369;||&amp;#xe36a;||&amp;#xe36b;||&amp;#xe36c;||&amp;#xe36d;||&amp;#xe36e;||&amp;#xe36f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E37x
|&amp;#xe370;||&amp;#xe371;||&amp;#xe372;||&amp;#xe373;||&amp;#xe374;||&amp;#xe375;||&amp;#xe376;||&amp;#xe377;||&amp;#xe378;||&amp;#xe379;||&amp;#xe37a;||&amp;#xe37b;||&amp;#xe37c;||&amp;#xe37d;||&amp;#xe37e;||&amp;#xe37f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E38x
|&amp;#xe380;||&amp;#xe381;||&amp;#xe382;||&amp;#xe383;||&amp;#xe384;||&amp;#xe385;||&amp;#xe386;||&amp;#xe387;||&amp;#xe388;||&amp;#xe389;||&amp;#xe38a;||&amp;#xe38b;||&amp;#xe38c;||&amp;#xe38d;||&amp;#xe38e;||&amp;#xe38f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E39x
|&amp;#xe390;||&amp;#xe391;||&amp;#xe392;||&amp;#xe393;||&amp;#xe394;||&amp;#xe395;||&amp;#xe396;||&amp;#xe397;||&amp;#xe398;||&amp;#xe399;||&amp;#xe39a;||&amp;#xe39b;||&amp;#xe39c;||&amp;#xe39d;||&amp;#xe39e;||&amp;#xe39f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E3Ax
|&amp;#xe3a0;||&amp;#xe3a1;||&amp;#xe3a2;||&amp;#xe3a3;||&amp;#xe3a4;||&amp;#xe3a5;||&amp;#xe3a6;||&amp;#xe3a7;||&amp;#xe3a8;||&amp;#xe3a9;||&amp;#xe3aa;||&amp;#xe3ab;||&amp;#xe3ac;||&amp;#xe3ad;||&amp;#xe3ae;||&amp;#xe3af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E3Bx
|&amp;#xe3b0;||&amp;#xe3b1;||&amp;#xe3b2;||&amp;#xe3b3;||&amp;#xe3b4;||&amp;#xe3b5;||&amp;#xe3b6;||&amp;#xe3b7;||&amp;#xe3b8;||&amp;#xe3b9;||&amp;#xe3ba;||&amp;#xe3bb;||&amp;#xe3bc;||&amp;#xe3bd;||&amp;#xe3be;||&amp;#xe3bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E3Cx
|&amp;#xe3c0;||&amp;#xe3c1;||&amp;#xe3c2;||&amp;#xe3c3;||&amp;#xe3c4;||&amp;#xe3c5;||&amp;#xe3c6;||&amp;#xe3c7;||&amp;#xe3c8;||&amp;#xe3c9;||&amp;#xe3ca;||&amp;#xe3cb;||&amp;#xe3cc;||&amp;#xe3cd;||&amp;#xe3ce;||&amp;#xe3cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E3Dx
|&amp;#xe3d0;||&amp;#xe3d1;||&amp;#xe3d2;||&amp;#xe3d3;||&amp;#xe3d4;||&amp;#xe3d5;||&amp;#xe3d6;||&amp;#xe3d7;||&amp;#xe3d8;||&amp;#xe3d9;||&amp;#xe3da;||&amp;#xe3db;||&amp;#xe3dc;||&amp;#xe3dd;||&amp;#xe3de;||&amp;#xe3df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E3Ex
|&amp;#xe3e0;||&amp;#xe3e1;||&amp;#xe3e2;||&amp;#xe3e3;||&amp;#xe3e4;||&amp;#xe3e5;||&amp;#xe3e6;||&amp;#xe3e7;||&amp;#xe3e8;||&amp;#xe3e9;||&amp;#xe3ea;||&amp;#xe3eb;||&amp;#xe3ec;||&amp;#xe3ed;||&amp;#xe3ee;||&amp;#xe3ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E3Fx
|&amp;#xe3f0;||&amp;#xe3f1;||&amp;#xe3f2;||&amp;#xe3f3;||&amp;#xe3f4;||&amp;#xe3f5;||&amp;#xe3f6;||&amp;#xe3f7;||&amp;#xe3f8;||&amp;#xe3f9;||&amp;#xe3fa;||&amp;#xe3fb;||&amp;#xe3fc;||&amp;#xe3fd;||&amp;#xe3fe;||&amp;#xe3ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E40x
|&amp;#xe400;||&amp;#xe401;||&amp;#xe402;||&amp;#xe403;||&amp;#xe404;||&amp;#xe405;||&amp;#xe406;||&amp;#xe407;||&amp;#xe408;||&amp;#xe409;||&amp;#xe40a;||&amp;#xe40b;||&amp;#xe40c;||&amp;#xe40d;||&amp;#xe40e;||&amp;#xe40f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E41x
|&amp;#xe410;||&amp;#xe411;||&amp;#xe412;||&amp;#xe413;||&amp;#xe414;||&amp;#xe415;||&amp;#xe416;||&amp;#xe417;||&amp;#xe418;||&amp;#xe419;||&amp;#xe41a;||&amp;#xe41b;||&amp;#xe41c;||&amp;#xe41d;||&amp;#xe41e;||&amp;#xe41f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E42x
|&amp;#xe420;||&amp;#xe421;||&amp;#xe422;||&amp;#xe423;||&amp;#xe424;||&amp;#xe425;||&amp;#xe426;||&amp;#xe427;||&amp;#xe428;||&amp;#xe429;||&amp;#xe42a;||&amp;#xe42b;||&amp;#xe42c;||&amp;#xe42d;||&amp;#xe42e;||&amp;#xe42f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E43x
|&amp;#xe430;||&amp;#xe431;||&amp;#xe432;||&amp;#xe433;||&amp;#xe434;||&amp;#xe435;||&amp;#xe436;||&amp;#xe437;||&amp;#xe438;||&amp;#xe439;||&amp;#xe43a;||&amp;#xe43b;||&amp;#xe43c;||&amp;#xe43d;||&amp;#xe43e;||&amp;#xe43f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E44x
|&amp;#xe440;||&amp;#xe441;||&amp;#xe442;||&amp;#xe443;||&amp;#xe444;||&amp;#xe445;||&amp;#xe446;||&amp;#xe447;||&amp;#xe448;||&amp;#xe449;||&amp;#xe44a;||&amp;#xe44b;||&amp;#xe44c;||&amp;#xe44d;||&amp;#xe44e;||&amp;#xe44f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E45x
|&amp;#xe450;||&amp;#xe451;||&amp;#xe452;||&amp;#xe453;||&amp;#xe454;||&amp;#xe455;||&amp;#xe456;||&amp;#xe457;||&amp;#xe458;||&amp;#xe459;||&amp;#xe45a;||&amp;#xe45b;||&amp;#xe45c;||&amp;#xe45d;||&amp;#xe45e;||&amp;#xe45f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E46x
|&amp;#xe460;||&amp;#xe461;||&amp;#xe462;||&amp;#xe463;||&amp;#xe464;||&amp;#xe465;||&amp;#xe466;||&amp;#xe467;||&amp;#xe468;||&amp;#xe469;||&amp;#xe46a;||&amp;#xe46b;||&amp;#xe46c;||&amp;#xe46d;||&amp;#xe46e;||&amp;#xe46f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E47x
|&amp;#xe470;||&amp;#xe471;||&amp;#xe472;||&amp;#xe473;||&amp;#xe474;||&amp;#xe475;||&amp;#xe476;||&amp;#xe477;||&amp;#xe478;||&amp;#xe479;||&amp;#xe47a;||&amp;#xe47b;||&amp;#xe47c;||&amp;#xe47d;||&amp;#xe47e;||&amp;#xe47f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E48x
|&amp;#xe480;||&amp;#xe481;||&amp;#xe482;||&amp;#xe483;||&amp;#xe484;||&amp;#xe485;||&amp;#xe486;||&amp;#xe487;||&amp;#xe488;||&amp;#xe489;||&amp;#xe48a;||&amp;#xe48b;||&amp;#xe48c;||&amp;#xe48d;||&amp;#xe48e;||&amp;#xe48f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E49x
|&amp;#xe490;||&amp;#xe491;||&amp;#xe492;||&amp;#xe493;||&amp;#xe494;||&amp;#xe495;||&amp;#xe496;||&amp;#xe497;||&amp;#xe498;||&amp;#xe499;||&amp;#xe49a;||&amp;#xe49b;||&amp;#xe49c;||&amp;#xe49d;||&amp;#xe49e;||&amp;#xe49f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E4Ax
|&amp;#xe4a0;||&amp;#xe4a1;||&amp;#xe4a2;||&amp;#xe4a3;||&amp;#xe4a4;||&amp;#xe4a5;||&amp;#xe4a6;||&amp;#xe4a7;||&amp;#xe4a8;||&amp;#xe4a9;||&amp;#xe4aa;||&amp;#xe4ab;||&amp;#xe4ac;||&amp;#xe4ad;||&amp;#xe4ae;||&amp;#xe4af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E4Bx
|&amp;#xe4b0;||&amp;#xe4b1;||&amp;#xe4b2;||&amp;#xe4b3;||&amp;#xe4b4;||&amp;#xe4b5;||&amp;#xe4b6;||&amp;#xe4b7;||&amp;#xe4b8;||&amp;#xe4b9;||&amp;#xe4ba;||&amp;#xe4bb;||&amp;#xe4bc;||&amp;#xe4bd;||&amp;#xe4be;||&amp;#xe4bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E4Cx
|&amp;#xe4c0;||&amp;#xe4c1;||&amp;#xe4c2;||&amp;#xe4c3;||&amp;#xe4c4;||&amp;#xe4c5;||&amp;#xe4c6;||&amp;#xe4c7;||&amp;#xe4c8;||&amp;#xe4c9;||&amp;#xe4ca;||&amp;#xe4cb;||&amp;#xe4cc;||&amp;#xe4cd;||&amp;#xe4ce;||&amp;#xe4cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E4Dx
|&amp;#xe4d0;||&amp;#xe4d1;||&amp;#xe4d2;||&amp;#xe4d3;||&amp;#xe4d4;||&amp;#xe4d5;||&amp;#xe4d6;||&amp;#xe4d7;||&amp;#xe4d8;||&amp;#xe4d9;||&amp;#xe4da;||&amp;#xe4db;||&amp;#xe4dc;||&amp;#xe4dd;||&amp;#xe4de;||&amp;#xe4df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E4Ex
|&amp;#xe4e0;||&amp;#xe4e1;||&amp;#xe4e2;||&amp;#xe4e3;||&amp;#xe4e4;||&amp;#xe4e5;||&amp;#xe4e6;||&amp;#xe4e7;||&amp;#xe4e8;||&amp;#xe4e9;||&amp;#xe4ea;||&amp;#xe4eb;||&amp;#xe4ec;||&amp;#xe4ed;||&amp;#xe4ee;||&amp;#xe4ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E4Fx
|&amp;#xe4f0;||&amp;#xe4f1;||&amp;#xe4f2;||&amp;#xe4f3;||&amp;#xe4f4;||&amp;#xe4f5;||&amp;#xe4f6;||&amp;#xe4f7;||&amp;#xe4f8;||&amp;#xe4f9;||&amp;#xe4fa;||&amp;#xe4fb;||&amp;#xe4fc;||&amp;#xe4fd;||&amp;#xe4fe;||&amp;#xe4ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E50x
|&amp;#xe500;||&amp;#xe501;||&amp;#xe502;||&amp;#xe503;||&amp;#xe504;||&amp;#xe505;||&amp;#xe506;||&amp;#xe507;||&amp;#xe508;||&amp;#xe509;||&amp;#xe50a;||&amp;#xe50b;||&amp;#xe50c;||&amp;#xe50d;||&amp;#xe50e;||&amp;#xe50f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E51x
|&amp;#xe510;||&amp;#xe511;||&amp;#xe512;||&amp;#xe513;||&amp;#xe514;||&amp;#xe515;||&amp;#xe516;||&amp;#xe517;||&amp;#xe518;||&amp;#xe519;||&amp;#xe51a;||&amp;#xe51b;||&amp;#xe51c;||&amp;#xe51d;||&amp;#xe51e;||&amp;#xe51f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E52x
|&amp;#xe520;||&amp;#xe521;||&amp;#xe522;||&amp;#xe523;||&amp;#xe524;||&amp;#xe525;||&amp;#xe526;||&amp;#xe527;||&amp;#xe528;||&amp;#xe529;||&amp;#xe52a;||&amp;#xe52b;||&amp;#xe52c;||&amp;#xe52d;||&amp;#xe52e;||&amp;#xe52f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E53x
|&amp;#xe530;||&amp;#xe531;||&amp;#xe532;||&amp;#xe533;||&amp;#xe534;||&amp;#xe535;||&amp;#xe536;||&amp;#xe537;||&amp;#xe538;||&amp;#xe539;||&amp;#xe53a;||&amp;#xe53b;||&amp;#xe53c;||&amp;#xe53d;||&amp;#xe53e;||&amp;#xe53f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E54x
|&amp;#xe540;||&amp;#xe541;||&amp;#xe542;||&amp;#xe543;||&amp;#xe544;||&amp;#xe545;||&amp;#xe546;||&amp;#xe547;||&amp;#xe548;||&amp;#xe549;||&amp;#xe54a;||&amp;#xe54b;||&amp;#xe54c;||&amp;#xe54d;||&amp;#xe54e;||&amp;#xe54f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E55x
|&amp;#xe550;||&amp;#xe551;||&amp;#xe552;||&amp;#xe553;||&amp;#xe554;||&amp;#xe555;||&amp;#xe556;||&amp;#xe557;||&amp;#xe558;||&amp;#xe559;||&amp;#xe55a;||&amp;#xe55b;||&amp;#xe55c;||&amp;#xe55d;||&amp;#xe55e;||&amp;#xe55f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E56x
|&amp;#xe560;||&amp;#xe561;||&amp;#xe562;||&amp;#xe563;||&amp;#xe564;||&amp;#xe565;||&amp;#xe566;||&amp;#xe567;||&amp;#xe568;||&amp;#xe569;||&amp;#xe56a;||&amp;#xe56b;||&amp;#xe56c;||&amp;#xe56d;||&amp;#xe56e;||&amp;#xe56f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E57x
|&amp;#xe570;||&amp;#xe571;||&amp;#xe572;||&amp;#xe573;||&amp;#xe574;||&amp;#xe575;||&amp;#xe576;||&amp;#xe577;||&amp;#xe578;||&amp;#xe579;||&amp;#xe57a;||&amp;#xe57b;||&amp;#xe57c;||&amp;#xe57d;||&amp;#xe57e;||&amp;#xe57f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E58x
|&amp;#xe580;||&amp;#xe581;||&amp;#xe582;||&amp;#xe583;||&amp;#xe584;||&amp;#xe585;||&amp;#xe586;||&amp;#xe587;||&amp;#xe588;||&amp;#xe589;||&amp;#xe58a;||&amp;#xe58b;||&amp;#xe58c;||&amp;#xe58d;||&amp;#xe58e;||&amp;#xe58f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E59x
|&amp;#xe590;||&amp;#xe591;||&amp;#xe592;||&amp;#xe593;||&amp;#xe594;||&amp;#xe595;||&amp;#xe596;||&amp;#xe597;||&amp;#xe598;||&amp;#xe599;||&amp;#xe59a;||&amp;#xe59b;||&amp;#xe59c;||&amp;#xe59d;||&amp;#xe59e;||&amp;#xe59f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E5Ax
|&amp;#xe5a0;||&amp;#xe5a1;||&amp;#xe5a2;||&amp;#xe5a3;||&amp;#xe5a4;||&amp;#xe5a5;||&amp;#xe5a6;||&amp;#xe5a7;||&amp;#xe5a8;||&amp;#xe5a9;||&amp;#xe5aa;||&amp;#xe5ab;||&amp;#xe5ac;||&amp;#xe5ad;||&amp;#xe5ae;||&amp;#xe5af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E5Bx
|&amp;#xe5b0;||&amp;#xe5b1;||&amp;#xe5b2;||&amp;#xe5b3;||&amp;#xe5b4;||&amp;#xe5b5;||&amp;#xe5b6;||&amp;#xe5b7;||&amp;#xe5b8;||&amp;#xe5b9;||&amp;#xe5ba;||&amp;#xe5bb;||&amp;#xe5bc;||&amp;#xe5bd;||&amp;#xe5be;||&amp;#xe5bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E5Cx
|&amp;#xe5c0;||&amp;#xe5c1;||&amp;#xe5c2;||&amp;#xe5c3;||&amp;#xe5c4;||&amp;#xe5c5;||&amp;#xe5c6;||&amp;#xe5c7;||&amp;#xe5c8;||&amp;#xe5c9;||&amp;#xe5ca;||&amp;#xe5cb;||&amp;#xe5cc;||&amp;#xe5cd;||&amp;#xe5ce;||&amp;#xe5cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E5Dx
|&amp;#xe5d0;||&amp;#xe5d1;||&amp;#xe5d2;||&amp;#xe5d3;||&amp;#xe5d4;||&amp;#xe5d5;||&amp;#xe5d6;||&amp;#xe5d7;||&amp;#xe5d8;||&amp;#xe5d9;||&amp;#xe5da;||&amp;#xe5db;||&amp;#xe5dc;||&amp;#xe5dd;||&amp;#xe5de;||&amp;#xe5df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E5Ex
|&amp;#xe5e0;||&amp;#xe5e1;||&amp;#xe5e2;||&amp;#xe5e3;||&amp;#xe5e4;||&amp;#xe5e5;||&amp;#xe5e6;||&amp;#xe5e7;||&amp;#xe5e8;||&amp;#xe5e9;||&amp;#xe5ea;||&amp;#xe5eb;||&amp;#xe5ec;||&amp;#xe5ed;||&amp;#xe5ee;||&amp;#xe5ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E5Fx
|&amp;#xe5f0;||&amp;#xe5f1;||&amp;#xe5f2;||&amp;#xe5f3;||&amp;#xe5f4;||&amp;#xe5f5;||&amp;#xe5f6;||&amp;#xe5f7;||&amp;#xe5f8;||&amp;#xe5f9;||&amp;#xe5fa;||&amp;#xe5fb;||&amp;#xe5fc;||&amp;#xe5fd;||&amp;#xe5fe;||&amp;#xe5ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E60x
|&amp;#xe600;||&amp;#xe601;||&amp;#xe602;||&amp;#xe603;||&amp;#xe604;||&amp;#xe605;||&amp;#xe606;||&amp;#xe607;||&amp;#xe608;||&amp;#xe609;||&amp;#xe60a;||&amp;#xe60b;||&amp;#xe60c;||&amp;#xe60d;||&amp;#xe60e;||&amp;#xe60f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E61x
|&amp;#xe610;||&amp;#xe611;||&amp;#xe612;||&amp;#xe613;||&amp;#xe614;||&amp;#xe615;||&amp;#xe616;||&amp;#xe617;||&amp;#xe618;||&amp;#xe619;||&amp;#xe61a;||&amp;#xe61b;||&amp;#xe61c;||&amp;#xe61d;||&amp;#xe61e;||&amp;#xe61f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E62x
|&amp;#xe620;||&amp;#xe621;||&amp;#xe622;||&amp;#xe623;||&amp;#xe624;||&amp;#xe625;||&amp;#xe626;||&amp;#xe627;||&amp;#xe628;||&amp;#xe629;||&amp;#xe62a;||&amp;#xe62b;||&amp;#xe62c;||&amp;#xe62d;||&amp;#xe62e;||&amp;#xe62f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E63x
|&amp;#xe630;||&amp;#xe631;||&amp;#xe632;||&amp;#xe633;||&amp;#xe634;||&amp;#xe635;||&amp;#xe636;||&amp;#xe637;||&amp;#xe638;||&amp;#xe639;||&amp;#xe63a;||&amp;#xe63b;||&amp;#xe63c;||&amp;#xe63d;||&amp;#xe63e;||&amp;#xe63f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E64x
|&amp;#xe640;||&amp;#xe641;||&amp;#xe642;||&amp;#xe643;||&amp;#xe644;||&amp;#xe645;||&amp;#xe646;||&amp;#xe647;||&amp;#xe648;||&amp;#xe649;||&amp;#xe64a;||&amp;#xe64b;||&amp;#xe64c;||&amp;#xe64d;||&amp;#xe64e;||&amp;#xe64f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E65x
|&amp;#xe650;||&amp;#xe651;||&amp;#xe652;||&amp;#xe653;||&amp;#xe654;||&amp;#xe655;||&amp;#xe656;||&amp;#xe657;||&amp;#xe658;||&amp;#xe659;||&amp;#xe65a;||&amp;#xe65b;||&amp;#xe65c;||&amp;#xe65d;||&amp;#xe65e;||&amp;#xe65f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E66x
|&amp;#xe660;||&amp;#xe661;||&amp;#xe662;||&amp;#xe663;||&amp;#xe664;||&amp;#xe665;||&amp;#xe666;||&amp;#xe667;||&amp;#xe668;||&amp;#xe669;||&amp;#xe66a;||&amp;#xe66b;||&amp;#xe66c;||&amp;#xe66d;||&amp;#xe66e;||&amp;#xe66f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E67x
|&amp;#xe670;||&amp;#xe671;||&amp;#xe672;||&amp;#xe673;||&amp;#xe674;||&amp;#xe675;||&amp;#xe676;||&amp;#xe677;||&amp;#xe678;||&amp;#xe679;||&amp;#xe67a;||&amp;#xe67b;||&amp;#xe67c;||&amp;#xe67d;||&amp;#xe67e;||&amp;#xe67f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E68x
|&amp;#xe680;||&amp;#xe681;||&amp;#xe682;||&amp;#xe683;||&amp;#xe684;||&amp;#xe685;||&amp;#xe686;||&amp;#xe687;||&amp;#xe688;||&amp;#xe689;||&amp;#xe68a;||&amp;#xe68b;||&amp;#xe68c;||&amp;#xe68d;||&amp;#xe68e;||&amp;#xe68f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E69x
|&amp;#xe690;||&amp;#xe691;||&amp;#xe692;||&amp;#xe693;||&amp;#xe694;||&amp;#xe695;||&amp;#xe696;||&amp;#xe697;||&amp;#xe698;||&amp;#xe699;||&amp;#xe69a;||&amp;#xe69b;||&amp;#xe69c;||&amp;#xe69d;||&amp;#xe69e;||&amp;#xe69f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E6Ax
|&amp;#xe6a0;||&amp;#xe6a1;||&amp;#xe6a2;||&amp;#xe6a3;||&amp;#xe6a4;||&amp;#xe6a5;||&amp;#xe6a6;||&amp;#xe6a7;||&amp;#xe6a8;||&amp;#xe6a9;||&amp;#xe6aa;||&amp;#xe6ab;||&amp;#xe6ac;||&amp;#xe6ad;||&amp;#xe6ae;||&amp;#xe6af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E6Bx
|&amp;#xe6b0;||&amp;#xe6b1;||&amp;#xe6b2;||&amp;#xe6b3;||&amp;#xe6b4;||&amp;#xe6b5;||&amp;#xe6b6;||&amp;#xe6b7;||&amp;#xe6b8;||&amp;#xe6b9;||&amp;#xe6ba;||&amp;#xe6bb;||&amp;#xe6bc;||&amp;#xe6bd;||&amp;#xe6be;||&amp;#xe6bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E6Cx
|&amp;#xe6c0;||&amp;#xe6c1;||&amp;#xe6c2;||&amp;#xe6c3;||&amp;#xe6c4;||&amp;#xe6c5;||&amp;#xe6c6;||&amp;#xe6c7;||&amp;#xe6c8;||&amp;#xe6c9;||&amp;#xe6ca;||&amp;#xe6cb;||&amp;#xe6cc;||&amp;#xe6cd;||&amp;#xe6ce;||&amp;#xe6cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E6Dx
|&amp;#xe6d0;||&amp;#xe6d1;||&amp;#xe6d2;||&amp;#xe6d3;||&amp;#xe6d4;||&amp;#xe6d5;||&amp;#xe6d6;||&amp;#xe6d7;||&amp;#xe6d8;||&amp;#xe6d9;||&amp;#xe6da;||&amp;#xe6db;||&amp;#xe6dc;||&amp;#xe6dd;||&amp;#xe6de;||&amp;#xe6df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E6Ex
|&amp;#xe6e0;||&amp;#xe6e1;||&amp;#xe6e2;||&amp;#xe6e3;||&amp;#xe6e4;||&amp;#xe6e5;||&amp;#xe6e6;||&amp;#xe6e7;||&amp;#xe6e8;||&amp;#xe6e9;||&amp;#xe6ea;||&amp;#xe6eb;||&amp;#xe6ec;||&amp;#xe6ed;||&amp;#xe6ee;||&amp;#xe6ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E6Fx
|&amp;#xe6f0;||&amp;#xe6f1;||&amp;#xe6f2;||&amp;#xe6f3;||&amp;#xe6f4;||&amp;#xe6f5;||&amp;#xe6f6;||&amp;#xe6f7;||&amp;#xe6f8;||&amp;#xe6f9;||&amp;#xe6fa;||&amp;#xe6fb;||&amp;#xe6fc;||&amp;#xe6fd;||&amp;#xe6fe;||&amp;#xe6ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E70x
|&amp;#xe700;||&amp;#xe701;||&amp;#xe702;||&amp;#xe703;||&amp;#xe704;||&amp;#xe705;||&amp;#xe706;||&amp;#xe707;||&amp;#xe708;||&amp;#xe709;||&amp;#xe70a;||&amp;#xe70b;||&amp;#xe70c;||&amp;#xe70d;||&amp;#xe70e;||&amp;#xe70f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E71x
|&amp;#xe710;||&amp;#xe711;||&amp;#xe712;||&amp;#xe713;||&amp;#xe714;||&amp;#xe715;||&amp;#xe716;||&amp;#xe717;||&amp;#xe718;||&amp;#xe719;||&amp;#xe71a;||&amp;#xe71b;||&amp;#xe71c;||&amp;#xe71d;||&amp;#xe71e;||&amp;#xe71f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E72x
|&amp;#xe720;||&amp;#xe721;||&amp;#xe722;||&amp;#xe723;||&amp;#xe724;||&amp;#xe725;||&amp;#xe726;||&amp;#xe727;||&amp;#xe728;||&amp;#xe729;||&amp;#xe72a;||&amp;#xe72b;||&amp;#xe72c;||&amp;#xe72d;||&amp;#xe72e;||&amp;#xe72f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E73x
|&amp;#xe730;||&amp;#xe731;||&amp;#xe732;||&amp;#xe733;||&amp;#xe734;||&amp;#xe735;||&amp;#xe736;||&amp;#xe737;||&amp;#xe738;||&amp;#xe739;||&amp;#xe73a;||&amp;#xe73b;||&amp;#xe73c;||&amp;#xe73d;||&amp;#xe73e;||&amp;#xe73f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E74x
|&amp;#xe740;||&amp;#xe741;||&amp;#xe742;||&amp;#xe743;||&amp;#xe744;||&amp;#xe745;||&amp;#xe746;||&amp;#xe747;||&amp;#xe748;||&amp;#xe749;||&amp;#xe74a;||&amp;#xe74b;||&amp;#xe74c;||&amp;#xe74d;||&amp;#xe74e;||&amp;#xe74f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E75x
|&amp;#xe750;||&amp;#xe751;||&amp;#xe752;||&amp;#xe753;||&amp;#xe754;||&amp;#xe755;||&amp;#xe756;||&amp;#xe757;||&amp;#xe758;||&amp;#xe759;||&amp;#xe75a;||&amp;#xe75b;||&amp;#xe75c;||&amp;#xe75d;||&amp;#xe75e;||&amp;#xe75f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E76x
|&amp;#xe760;||&amp;#xe761;||&amp;#xe762;||&amp;#xe763;||&amp;#xe764;||&amp;#xe765;||&amp;#xe766;||&amp;#xe767;||&amp;#xe768;||&amp;#xe769;||&amp;#xe76a;||&amp;#xe76b;||&amp;#xe76c;||&amp;#xe76d;||&amp;#xe76e;||&amp;#xe76f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E77x
|&amp;#xe770;||&amp;#xe771;||&amp;#xe772;||&amp;#xe773;||&amp;#xe774;||&amp;#xe775;||&amp;#xe776;||&amp;#xe777;||&amp;#xe778;||&amp;#xe779;||&amp;#xe77a;||&amp;#xe77b;||&amp;#xe77c;||&amp;#xe77d;||&amp;#xe77e;||&amp;#xe77f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E78x
|&amp;#xe780;||&amp;#xe781;||&amp;#xe782;||&amp;#xe783;||&amp;#xe784;||&amp;#xe785;||&amp;#xe786;||&amp;#xe787;||&amp;#xe788;||&amp;#xe789;||&amp;#xe78a;||&amp;#xe78b;||&amp;#xe78c;||&amp;#xe78d;||&amp;#xe78e;||&amp;#xe78f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E79x
|&amp;#xe790;||&amp;#xe791;||&amp;#xe792;||&amp;#xe793;||&amp;#xe794;||&amp;#xe795;||&amp;#xe796;||&amp;#xe797;||&amp;#xe798;||&amp;#xe799;||&amp;#xe79a;||&amp;#xe79b;||&amp;#xe79c;||&amp;#xe79d;||&amp;#xe79e;||&amp;#xe79f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E7Ax
|&amp;#xe7a0;||&amp;#xe7a1;||&amp;#xe7a2;||&amp;#xe7a3;||&amp;#xe7a4;||&amp;#xe7a5;||&amp;#xe7a6;||&amp;#xe7a7;||&amp;#xe7a8;||&amp;#xe7a9;||&amp;#xe7aa;||&amp;#xe7ab;||&amp;#xe7ac;||&amp;#xe7ad;||&amp;#xe7ae;||&amp;#xe7af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E7Bx
|&amp;#xe7b0;||&amp;#xe7b1;||&amp;#xe7b2;||&amp;#xe7b3;||&amp;#xe7b4;||&amp;#xe7b5;||&amp;#xe7b6;||&amp;#xe7b7;||&amp;#xe7b8;||&amp;#xe7b9;||&amp;#xe7ba;||&amp;#xe7bb;||&amp;#xe7bc;||&amp;#xe7bd;||&amp;#xe7be;||&amp;#xe7bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E7Cx
|&amp;#xe7c0;||&amp;#xe7c1;||&amp;#xe7c2;||&amp;#xe7c3;||&amp;#xe7c4;||&amp;#xe7c5;||&amp;#xe7c6;||&amp;#xe7c7;||&amp;#xe7c8;||&amp;#xe7c9;||&amp;#xe7ca;||&amp;#xe7cb;||&amp;#xe7cc;||&amp;#xe7cd;||&amp;#xe7ce;||&amp;#xe7cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E7Dx
|&amp;#xe7d0;||&amp;#xe7d1;||&amp;#xe7d2;||&amp;#xe7d3;||&amp;#xe7d4;||&amp;#xe7d5;||&amp;#xe7d6;||&amp;#xe7d7;||&amp;#xe7d8;||&amp;#xe7d9;||&amp;#xe7da;||&amp;#xe7db;||&amp;#xe7dc;||&amp;#xe7dd;||&amp;#xe7de;||&amp;#xe7df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E7Ex
|&amp;#xe7e0;||&amp;#xe7e1;||&amp;#xe7e2;||&amp;#xe7e3;||&amp;#xe7e4;||&amp;#xe7e5;||&amp;#xe7e6;||&amp;#xe7e7;||&amp;#xe7e8;||&amp;#xe7e9;||&amp;#xe7ea;||&amp;#xe7eb;||&amp;#xe7ec;||&amp;#xe7ed;||&amp;#xe7ee;||&amp;#xe7ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E7Fx
|&amp;#xe7f0;||&amp;#xe7f1;||&amp;#xe7f2;||&amp;#xe7f3;||&amp;#xe7f4;||&amp;#xe7f5;||&amp;#xe7f6;||&amp;#xe7f7;||&amp;#xe7f8;||&amp;#xe7f9;||&amp;#xe7fa;||&amp;#xe7fb;||&amp;#xe7fc;||&amp;#xe7fd;||&amp;#xe7fe;||&amp;#xe7ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E80x
|&amp;#xe800;||&amp;#xe801;||&amp;#xe802;||&amp;#xe803;||&amp;#xe804;||&amp;#xe805;||&amp;#xe806;||&amp;#xe807;||&amp;#xe808;||&amp;#xe809;||&amp;#xe80a;||&amp;#xe80b;||&amp;#xe80c;||&amp;#xe80d;||&amp;#xe80e;||&amp;#xe80f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E81x
|&amp;#xe810;||&amp;#xe811;||&amp;#xe812;||&amp;#xe813;||&amp;#xe814;||&amp;#xe815;||&amp;#xe816;||&amp;#xe817;||&amp;#xe818;||&amp;#xe819;||&amp;#xe81a;||&amp;#xe81b;||&amp;#xe81c;||&amp;#xe81d;||&amp;#xe81e;||&amp;#xe81f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E82x
|&amp;#xe820;||&amp;#xe821;||&amp;#xe822;||&amp;#xe823;||&amp;#xe824;||&amp;#xe825;||&amp;#xe826;||&amp;#xe827;||&amp;#xe828;||&amp;#xe829;||&amp;#xe82a;||&amp;#xe82b;||&amp;#xe82c;||&amp;#xe82d;||&amp;#xe82e;||&amp;#xe82f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E83x
|&amp;#xe830;||&amp;#xe831;||&amp;#xe832;||&amp;#xe833;||&amp;#xe834;||&amp;#xe835;||&amp;#xe836;||&amp;#xe837;||&amp;#xe838;||&amp;#xe839;||&amp;#xe83a;||&amp;#xe83b;||&amp;#xe83c;||&amp;#xe83d;||&amp;#xe83e;||&amp;#xe83f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E84x
|&amp;#xe840;||&amp;#xe841;||&amp;#xe842;||&amp;#xe843;||&amp;#xe844;||&amp;#xe845;||&amp;#xe846;||&amp;#xe847;||&amp;#xe848;||&amp;#xe849;||&amp;#xe84a;||&amp;#xe84b;||&amp;#xe84c;||&amp;#xe84d;||&amp;#xe84e;||&amp;#xe84f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E85x
|&amp;#xe850;||&amp;#xe851;||&amp;#xe852;||&amp;#xe853;||&amp;#xe854;||&amp;#xe855;||&amp;#xe856;||&amp;#xe857;||&amp;#xe858;||&amp;#xe859;||&amp;#xe85a;||&amp;#xe85b;||&amp;#xe85c;||&amp;#xe85d;||&amp;#xe85e;||&amp;#xe85f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E86x
|&amp;#xe860;||&amp;#xe861;||&amp;#xe862;||&amp;#xe863;||&amp;#xe864;||&amp;#xe865;||&amp;#xe866;||&amp;#xe867;||&amp;#xe868;||&amp;#xe869;||&amp;#xe86a;||&amp;#xe86b;||&amp;#xe86c;||&amp;#xe86d;||&amp;#xe86e;||&amp;#xe86f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E87x
|&amp;#xe870;||&amp;#xe871;||&amp;#xe872;||&amp;#xe873;||&amp;#xe874;||&amp;#xe875;||&amp;#xe876;||&amp;#xe877;||&amp;#xe878;||&amp;#xe879;||&amp;#xe87a;||&amp;#xe87b;||&amp;#xe87c;||&amp;#xe87d;||&amp;#xe87e;||&amp;#xe87f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E88x
|&amp;#xe880;||&amp;#xe881;||&amp;#xe882;||&amp;#xe883;||&amp;#xe884;||&amp;#xe885;||&amp;#xe886;||&amp;#xe887;||&amp;#xe888;||&amp;#xe889;||&amp;#xe88a;||&amp;#xe88b;||&amp;#xe88c;||&amp;#xe88d;||&amp;#xe88e;||&amp;#xe88f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E89x
|&amp;#xe890;||&amp;#xe891;||&amp;#xe892;||&amp;#xe893;||&amp;#xe894;||&amp;#xe895;||&amp;#xe896;||&amp;#xe897;||&amp;#xe898;||&amp;#xe899;||&amp;#xe89a;||&amp;#xe89b;||&amp;#xe89c;||&amp;#xe89d;||&amp;#xe89e;||&amp;#xe89f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E8Ax
|&amp;#xe8a0;||&amp;#xe8a1;||&amp;#xe8a2;||&amp;#xe8a3;||&amp;#xe8a4;||&amp;#xe8a5;||&amp;#xe8a6;||&amp;#xe8a7;||&amp;#xe8a8;||&amp;#xe8a9;||&amp;#xe8aa;||&amp;#xe8ab;||&amp;#xe8ac;||&amp;#xe8ad;||&amp;#xe8ae;||&amp;#xe8af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E8Bx
|&amp;#xe8b0;||&amp;#xe8b1;||&amp;#xe8b2;||&amp;#xe8b3;||&amp;#xe8b4;||&amp;#xe8b5;||&amp;#xe8b6;||&amp;#xe8b7;||&amp;#xe8b8;||&amp;#xe8b9;||&amp;#xe8ba;||&amp;#xe8bb;||&amp;#xe8bc;||&amp;#xe8bd;||&amp;#xe8be;||&amp;#xe8bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E8Cx
|&amp;#xe8c0;||&amp;#xe8c1;||&amp;#xe8c2;||&amp;#xe8c3;||&amp;#xe8c4;||&amp;#xe8c5;||&amp;#xe8c6;||&amp;#xe8c7;||&amp;#xe8c8;||&amp;#xe8c9;||&amp;#xe8ca;||&amp;#xe8cb;||&amp;#xe8cc;||&amp;#xe8cd;||&amp;#xe8ce;||&amp;#xe8cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E8Dx
|&amp;#xe8d0;||&amp;#xe8d1;||&amp;#xe8d2;||&amp;#xe8d3;||&amp;#xe8d4;||&amp;#xe8d5;||&amp;#xe8d6;||&amp;#xe8d7;||&amp;#xe8d8;||&amp;#xe8d9;||&amp;#xe8da;||&amp;#xe8db;||&amp;#xe8dc;||&amp;#xe8dd;||&amp;#xe8de;||&amp;#xe8df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E8Ex
|&amp;#xe8e0;||&amp;#xe8e1;||&amp;#xe8e2;||&amp;#xe8e3;||&amp;#xe8e4;||&amp;#xe8e5;||&amp;#xe8e6;||&amp;#xe8e7;||&amp;#xe8e8;||&amp;#xe8e9;||&amp;#xe8ea;||&amp;#xe8eb;||&amp;#xe8ec;||&amp;#xe8ed;||&amp;#xe8ee;||&amp;#xe8ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E8Fx
|&amp;#xe8f0;||&amp;#xe8f1;||&amp;#xe8f2;||&amp;#xe8f3;||&amp;#xe8f4;||&amp;#xe8f5;||&amp;#xe8f6;||&amp;#xe8f7;||&amp;#xe8f8;||&amp;#xe8f9;||&amp;#xe8fa;||&amp;#xe8fb;||&amp;#xe8fc;||&amp;#xe8fd;||&amp;#xe8fe;||&amp;#xe8ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E90x
|&amp;#xe900;||&amp;#xe901;||&amp;#xe902;||&amp;#xe903;||&amp;#xe904;||&amp;#xe905;||&amp;#xe906;||&amp;#xe907;||&amp;#xe908;||&amp;#xe909;||&amp;#xe90a;||&amp;#xe90b;||&amp;#xe90c;||&amp;#xe90d;||&amp;#xe90e;||&amp;#xe90f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E91x
|&amp;#xe910;||&amp;#xe911;||&amp;#xe912;||&amp;#xe913;||&amp;#xe914;||&amp;#xe915;||&amp;#xe916;||&amp;#xe917;||&amp;#xe918;||&amp;#xe919;||&amp;#xe91a;||&amp;#xe91b;||&amp;#xe91c;||&amp;#xe91d;||&amp;#xe91e;||&amp;#xe91f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E92x
|&amp;#xe920;||&amp;#xe921;||&amp;#xe922;||&amp;#xe923;||&amp;#xe924;||&amp;#xe925;||&amp;#xe926;||&amp;#xe927;||&amp;#xe928;||&amp;#xe929;||&amp;#xe92a;||&amp;#xe92b;||&amp;#xe92c;||&amp;#xe92d;||&amp;#xe92e;||&amp;#xe92f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E93x
|&amp;#xe930;||&amp;#xe931;||&amp;#xe932;||&amp;#xe933;||&amp;#xe934;||&amp;#xe935;||&amp;#xe936;||&amp;#xe937;||&amp;#xe938;||&amp;#xe939;||&amp;#xe93a;||&amp;#xe93b;||&amp;#xe93c;||&amp;#xe93d;||&amp;#xe93e;||&amp;#xe93f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E94x
|&amp;#xe940;||&amp;#xe941;||&amp;#xe942;||&amp;#xe943;||&amp;#xe944;||&amp;#xe945;||&amp;#xe946;||&amp;#xe947;||&amp;#xe948;||&amp;#xe949;||&amp;#xe94a;||&amp;#xe94b;||&amp;#xe94c;||&amp;#xe94d;||&amp;#xe94e;||&amp;#xe94f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E95x
|&amp;#xe950;||&amp;#xe951;||&amp;#xe952;||&amp;#xe953;||&amp;#xe954;||&amp;#xe955;||&amp;#xe956;||&amp;#xe957;||&amp;#xe958;||&amp;#xe959;||&amp;#xe95a;||&amp;#xe95b;||&amp;#xe95c;||&amp;#xe95d;||&amp;#xe95e;||&amp;#xe95f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E96x
|&amp;#xe960;||&amp;#xe961;||&amp;#xe962;||&amp;#xe963;||&amp;#xe964;||&amp;#xe965;||&amp;#xe966;||&amp;#xe967;||&amp;#xe968;||&amp;#xe969;||&amp;#xe96a;||&amp;#xe96b;||&amp;#xe96c;||&amp;#xe96d;||&amp;#xe96e;||&amp;#xe96f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E97x
|&amp;#xe970;||&amp;#xe971;||&amp;#xe972;||&amp;#xe973;||&amp;#xe974;||&amp;#xe975;||&amp;#xe976;||&amp;#xe977;||&amp;#xe978;||&amp;#xe979;||&amp;#xe97a;||&amp;#xe97b;||&amp;#xe97c;||&amp;#xe97d;||&amp;#xe97e;||&amp;#xe97f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E98x
|&amp;#xe980;||&amp;#xe981;||&amp;#xe982;||&amp;#xe983;||&amp;#xe984;||&amp;#xe985;||&amp;#xe986;||&amp;#xe987;||&amp;#xe988;||&amp;#xe989;||&amp;#xe98a;||&amp;#xe98b;||&amp;#xe98c;||&amp;#xe98d;||&amp;#xe98e;||&amp;#xe98f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E99x
|&amp;#xe990;||&amp;#xe991;||&amp;#xe992;||&amp;#xe993;||&amp;#xe994;||&amp;#xe995;||&amp;#xe996;||&amp;#xe997;||&amp;#xe998;||&amp;#xe999;||&amp;#xe99a;||&amp;#xe99b;||&amp;#xe99c;||&amp;#xe99d;||&amp;#xe99e;||&amp;#xe99f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E9Ax
|&amp;#xe9a0;||&amp;#xe9a1;||&amp;#xe9a2;||&amp;#xe9a3;||&amp;#xe9a4;||&amp;#xe9a5;||&amp;#xe9a6;||&amp;#xe9a7;||&amp;#xe9a8;||&amp;#xe9a9;||&amp;#xe9aa;||&amp;#xe9ab;||&amp;#xe9ac;||&amp;#xe9ad;||&amp;#xe9ae;||&amp;#xe9af;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E9Bx
|&amp;#xe9b0;||&amp;#xe9b1;||&amp;#xe9b2;||&amp;#xe9b3;||&amp;#xe9b4;||&amp;#xe9b5;||&amp;#xe9b6;||&amp;#xe9b7;||&amp;#xe9b8;||&amp;#xe9b9;||&amp;#xe9ba;||&amp;#xe9bb;||&amp;#xe9bc;||&amp;#xe9bd;||&amp;#xe9be;||&amp;#xe9bf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E9Cx
|&amp;#xe9c0;||&amp;#xe9c1;||&amp;#xe9c2;||&amp;#xe9c3;||&amp;#xe9c4;||&amp;#xe9c5;||&amp;#xe9c6;||&amp;#xe9c7;||&amp;#xe9c8;||&amp;#xe9c9;||&amp;#xe9ca;||&amp;#xe9cb;||&amp;#xe9cc;||&amp;#xe9cd;||&amp;#xe9ce;||&amp;#xe9cf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E9Dx
|&amp;#xe9d0;||&amp;#xe9d1;||&amp;#xe9d2;||&amp;#xe9d3;||&amp;#xe9d4;||&amp;#xe9d5;||&amp;#xe9d6;||&amp;#xe9d7;||&amp;#xe9d8;||&amp;#xe9d9;||&amp;#xe9da;||&amp;#xe9db;||&amp;#xe9dc;||&amp;#xe9dd;||&amp;#xe9de;||&amp;#xe9df;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E9Ex
|&amp;#xe9e0;||&amp;#xe9e1;||&amp;#xe9e2;||&amp;#xe9e3;||&amp;#xe9e4;||&amp;#xe9e5;||&amp;#xe9e6;||&amp;#xe9e7;||&amp;#xe9e8;||&amp;#xe9e9;||&amp;#xe9ea;||&amp;#xe9eb;||&amp;#xe9ec;||&amp;#xe9ed;||&amp;#xe9ee;||&amp;#xe9ef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!E9Fx
|&amp;#xe9f0;||&amp;#xe9f1;||&amp;#xe9f2;||&amp;#xe9f3;||&amp;#xe9f4;||&amp;#xe9f5;||&amp;#xe9f6;||&amp;#xe9f7;||&amp;#xe9f8;||&amp;#xe9f9;||&amp;#xe9fa;||&amp;#xe9fb;||&amp;#xe9fc;||&amp;#xe9fd;||&amp;#xe9fe;||&amp;#xe9ff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA0x
|&amp;#xea00;||&amp;#xea01;||&amp;#xea02;||&amp;#xea03;||&amp;#xea04;||&amp;#xea05;||&amp;#xea06;||&amp;#xea07;||&amp;#xea08;||&amp;#xea09;||&amp;#xea0a;||&amp;#xea0b;||&amp;#xea0c;||&amp;#xea0d;||&amp;#xea0e;||&amp;#xea0f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA1x
|&amp;#xea10;||&amp;#xea11;||&amp;#xea12;||&amp;#xea13;||&amp;#xea14;||&amp;#xea15;||&amp;#xea16;||&amp;#xea17;||&amp;#xea18;||&amp;#xea19;||&amp;#xea1a;||&amp;#xea1b;||&amp;#xea1c;||&amp;#xea1d;||&amp;#xea1e;||&amp;#xea1f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA2x
|&amp;#xea20;||&amp;#xea21;||&amp;#xea22;||&amp;#xea23;||&amp;#xea24;||&amp;#xea25;||&amp;#xea26;||&amp;#xea27;||&amp;#xea28;||&amp;#xea29;||&amp;#xea2a;||&amp;#xea2b;||&amp;#xea2c;||&amp;#xea2d;||&amp;#xea2e;||&amp;#xea2f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA3x
|&amp;#xea30;||&amp;#xea31;||&amp;#xea32;||&amp;#xea33;||&amp;#xea34;||&amp;#xea35;||&amp;#xea36;||&amp;#xea37;||&amp;#xea38;||&amp;#xea39;||&amp;#xea3a;||&amp;#xea3b;||&amp;#xea3c;||&amp;#xea3d;||&amp;#xea3e;||&amp;#xea3f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA4x
|&amp;#xea40;||&amp;#xea41;||&amp;#xea42;||&amp;#xea43;||&amp;#xea44;||&amp;#xea45;||&amp;#xea46;||&amp;#xea47;||&amp;#xea48;||&amp;#xea49;||&amp;#xea4a;||&amp;#xea4b;||&amp;#xea4c;||&amp;#xea4d;||&amp;#xea4e;||&amp;#xea4f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA5x
|&amp;#xea50;||&amp;#xea51;||&amp;#xea52;||&amp;#xea53;||&amp;#xea54;||&amp;#xea55;||&amp;#xea56;||&amp;#xea57;||&amp;#xea58;||&amp;#xea59;||&amp;#xea5a;||&amp;#xea5b;||&amp;#xea5c;||&amp;#xea5d;||&amp;#xea5e;||&amp;#xea5f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA6x
|&amp;#xea60;||&amp;#xea61;||&amp;#xea62;||&amp;#xea63;||&amp;#xea64;||&amp;#xea65;||&amp;#xea66;||&amp;#xea67;||&amp;#xea68;||&amp;#xea69;||&amp;#xea6a;||&amp;#xea6b;||&amp;#xea6c;||&amp;#xea6d;||&amp;#xea6e;||&amp;#xea6f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA7x
|&amp;#xea70;||&amp;#xea71;||&amp;#xea72;||&amp;#xea73;||&amp;#xea74;||&amp;#xea75;||&amp;#xea76;||&amp;#xea77;||&amp;#xea78;||&amp;#xea79;||&amp;#xea7a;||&amp;#xea7b;||&amp;#xea7c;||&amp;#xea7d;||&amp;#xea7e;||&amp;#xea7f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA8x
|&amp;#xea80;||&amp;#xea81;||&amp;#xea82;||&amp;#xea83;||&amp;#xea84;||&amp;#xea85;||&amp;#xea86;||&amp;#xea87;||&amp;#xea88;||&amp;#xea89;||&amp;#xea8a;||&amp;#xea8b;||&amp;#xea8c;||&amp;#xea8d;||&amp;#xea8e;||&amp;#xea8f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EA9x
|&amp;#xea90;||&amp;#xea91;||&amp;#xea92;||&amp;#xea93;||&amp;#xea94;||&amp;#xea95;||&amp;#xea96;||&amp;#xea97;||&amp;#xea98;||&amp;#xea99;||&amp;#xea9a;||&amp;#xea9b;||&amp;#xea9c;||&amp;#xea9d;||&amp;#xea9e;||&amp;#xea9f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EAAx
|&amp;#xeaa0;||&amp;#xeaa1;||&amp;#xeaa2;||&amp;#xeaa3;||&amp;#xeaa4;||&amp;#xeaa5;||&amp;#xeaa6;||&amp;#xeaa7;||&amp;#xeaa8;||&amp;#xeaa9;||&amp;#xeaaa;||&amp;#xeaab;||&amp;#xeaac;||&amp;#xeaad;||&amp;#xeaae;||&amp;#xeaaf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EABx
|&amp;#xeab0;||&amp;#xeab1;||&amp;#xeab2;||&amp;#xeab3;||&amp;#xeab4;||&amp;#xeab5;||&amp;#xeab6;||&amp;#xeab7;||&amp;#xeab8;||&amp;#xeab9;||&amp;#xeaba;||&amp;#xeabb;||&amp;#xeabc;||&amp;#xeabd;||&amp;#xeabe;||&amp;#xeabf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EACx
|&amp;#xeac0;||&amp;#xeac1;||&amp;#xeac2;||&amp;#xeac3;||&amp;#xeac4;||&amp;#xeac5;||&amp;#xeac6;||&amp;#xeac7;||&amp;#xeac8;||&amp;#xeac9;||&amp;#xeaca;||&amp;#xeacb;||&amp;#xeacc;||&amp;#xeacd;||&amp;#xeace;||&amp;#xeacf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EADx
|&amp;#xead0;||&amp;#xead1;||&amp;#xead2;||&amp;#xead3;||&amp;#xead4;||&amp;#xead5;||&amp;#xead6;||&amp;#xead7;||&amp;#xead8;||&amp;#xead9;||&amp;#xeada;||&amp;#xeadb;||&amp;#xeadc;||&amp;#xeadd;||&amp;#xeade;||&amp;#xeadf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EAEx
|&amp;#xeae0;||&amp;#xeae1;||&amp;#xeae2;||&amp;#xeae3;||&amp;#xeae4;||&amp;#xeae5;||&amp;#xeae6;||&amp;#xeae7;||&amp;#xeae8;||&amp;#xeae9;||&amp;#xeaea;||&amp;#xeaeb;||&amp;#xeaec;||&amp;#xeaed;||&amp;#xeaee;||&amp;#xeaef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EAFx
|&amp;#xeaf0;||&amp;#xeaf1;||&amp;#xeaf2;||&amp;#xeaf3;||&amp;#xeaf4;||&amp;#xeaf5;||&amp;#xeaf6;||&amp;#xeaf7;||&amp;#xeaf8;||&amp;#xeaf9;||&amp;#xeafa;||&amp;#xeafb;||&amp;#xeafc;||&amp;#xeafd;||&amp;#xeafe;||&amp;#xeaff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB0x
|&amp;#xeb00;||&amp;#xeb01;||&amp;#xeb02;||&amp;#xeb03;||&amp;#xeb04;||&amp;#xeb05;||&amp;#xeb06;||&amp;#xeb07;||&amp;#xeb08;||&amp;#xeb09;||&amp;#xeb0a;||&amp;#xeb0b;||&amp;#xeb0c;||&amp;#xeb0d;||&amp;#xeb0e;||&amp;#xeb0f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB1x
|&amp;#xeb10;||&amp;#xeb11;||&amp;#xeb12;||&amp;#xeb13;||&amp;#xeb14;||&amp;#xeb15;||&amp;#xeb16;||&amp;#xeb17;||&amp;#xeb18;||&amp;#xeb19;||&amp;#xeb1a;||&amp;#xeb1b;||&amp;#xeb1c;||&amp;#xeb1d;||&amp;#xeb1e;||&amp;#xeb1f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB2x
|&amp;#xeb20;||&amp;#xeb21;||&amp;#xeb22;||&amp;#xeb23;||&amp;#xeb24;||&amp;#xeb25;||&amp;#xeb26;||&amp;#xeb27;||&amp;#xeb28;||&amp;#xeb29;||&amp;#xeb2a;||&amp;#xeb2b;||&amp;#xeb2c;||&amp;#xeb2d;||&amp;#xeb2e;||&amp;#xeb2f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB3x
|&amp;#xeb30;||&amp;#xeb31;||&amp;#xeb32;||&amp;#xeb33;||&amp;#xeb34;||&amp;#xeb35;||&amp;#xeb36;||&amp;#xeb37;||&amp;#xeb38;||&amp;#xeb39;||&amp;#xeb3a;||&amp;#xeb3b;||&amp;#xeb3c;||&amp;#xeb3d;||&amp;#xeb3e;||&amp;#xeb3f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB4x
|&amp;#xeb40;||&amp;#xeb41;||&amp;#xeb42;||&amp;#xeb43;||&amp;#xeb44;||&amp;#xeb45;||&amp;#xeb46;||&amp;#xeb47;||&amp;#xeb48;||&amp;#xeb49;||&amp;#xeb4a;||&amp;#xeb4b;||&amp;#xeb4c;||&amp;#xeb4d;||&amp;#xeb4e;||&amp;#xeb4f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB5x
|&amp;#xeb50;||&amp;#xeb51;||&amp;#xeb52;||&amp;#xeb53;||&amp;#xeb54;||&amp;#xeb55;||&amp;#xeb56;||&amp;#xeb57;||&amp;#xeb58;||&amp;#xeb59;||&amp;#xeb5a;||&amp;#xeb5b;||&amp;#xeb5c;||&amp;#xeb5d;||&amp;#xeb5e;||&amp;#xeb5f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB6x
|&amp;#xeb60;||&amp;#xeb61;||&amp;#xeb62;||&amp;#xeb63;||&amp;#xeb64;||&amp;#xeb65;||&amp;#xeb66;||&amp;#xeb67;||&amp;#xeb68;||&amp;#xeb69;||&amp;#xeb6a;||&amp;#xeb6b;||&amp;#xeb6c;||&amp;#xeb6d;||&amp;#xeb6e;||&amp;#xeb6f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB7x
|&amp;#xeb70;||&amp;#xeb71;||&amp;#xeb72;||&amp;#xeb73;||&amp;#xeb74;||&amp;#xeb75;||&amp;#xeb76;||&amp;#xeb77;||&amp;#xeb78;||&amp;#xeb79;||&amp;#xeb7a;||&amp;#xeb7b;||&amp;#xeb7c;||&amp;#xeb7d;||&amp;#xeb7e;||&amp;#xeb7f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB8x
|&amp;#xeb80;||&amp;#xeb81;||&amp;#xeb82;||&amp;#xeb83;||&amp;#xeb84;||&amp;#xeb85;||&amp;#xeb86;||&amp;#xeb87;||&amp;#xeb88;||&amp;#xeb89;||&amp;#xeb8a;||&amp;#xeb8b;||&amp;#xeb8c;||&amp;#xeb8d;||&amp;#xeb8e;||&amp;#xeb8f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EB9x
|&amp;#xeb90;||&amp;#xeb91;||&amp;#xeb92;||&amp;#xeb93;||&amp;#xeb94;||&amp;#xeb95;||&amp;#xeb96;||&amp;#xeb97;||&amp;#xeb98;||&amp;#xeb99;||&amp;#xeb9a;||&amp;#xeb9b;||&amp;#xeb9c;||&amp;#xeb9d;||&amp;#xeb9e;||&amp;#xeb9f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EBAx
|&amp;#xeba0;||&amp;#xeba1;||&amp;#xeba2;||&amp;#xeba3;||&amp;#xeba4;||&amp;#xeba5;||&amp;#xeba6;||&amp;#xeba7;||&amp;#xeba8;||&amp;#xeba9;||&amp;#xebaa;||&amp;#xebab;||&amp;#xebac;||&amp;#xebad;||&amp;#xebae;||&amp;#xebaf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EBBx
|&amp;#xebb0;||&amp;#xebb1;||&amp;#xebb2;||&amp;#xebb3;||&amp;#xebb4;||&amp;#xebb5;||&amp;#xebb6;||&amp;#xebb7;||&amp;#xebb8;||&amp;#xebb9;||&amp;#xebba;||&amp;#xebbb;||&amp;#xebbc;||&amp;#xebbd;||&amp;#xebbe;||&amp;#xebbf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EBCx
|&amp;#xebc0;||&amp;#xebc1;||&amp;#xebc2;||&amp;#xebc3;||&amp;#xebc4;||&amp;#xebc5;||&amp;#xebc6;||&amp;#xebc7;||&amp;#xebc8;||&amp;#xebc9;||&amp;#xebca;||&amp;#xebcb;||&amp;#xebcc;||&amp;#xebcd;||&amp;#xebce;||&amp;#xebcf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EBDx
|&amp;#xebd0;||&amp;#xebd1;||&amp;#xebd2;||&amp;#xebd3;||&amp;#xebd4;||&amp;#xebd5;||&amp;#xebd6;||&amp;#xebd7;||&amp;#xebd8;||&amp;#xebd9;||&amp;#xebda;||&amp;#xebdb;||&amp;#xebdc;||&amp;#xebdd;||&amp;#xebde;||&amp;#xebdf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EBEx
|&amp;#xebe0;||&amp;#xebe1;||&amp;#xebe2;||&amp;#xebe3;||&amp;#xebe4;||&amp;#xebe5;||&amp;#xebe6;||&amp;#xebe7;||&amp;#xebe8;||&amp;#xebe9;||&amp;#xebea;||&amp;#xebeb;||&amp;#xebec;||&amp;#xebed;||&amp;#xebee;||&amp;#xebef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EBFx
|&amp;#xebf0;||&amp;#xebf1;||&amp;#xebf2;||&amp;#xebf3;||&amp;#xebf4;||&amp;#xebf5;||&amp;#xebf6;||&amp;#xebf7;||&amp;#xebf8;||&amp;#xebf9;||&amp;#xebfa;||&amp;#xebfb;||&amp;#xebfc;||&amp;#xebfd;||&amp;#xebfe;||&amp;#xebff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC0x
|&amp;#xec00;||&amp;#xec01;||&amp;#xec02;||&amp;#xec03;||&amp;#xec04;||&amp;#xec05;||&amp;#xec06;||&amp;#xec07;||&amp;#xec08;||&amp;#xec09;||&amp;#xec0a;||&amp;#xec0b;||&amp;#xec0c;||&amp;#xec0d;||&amp;#xec0e;||&amp;#xec0f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC1x
|&amp;#xec10;||&amp;#xec11;||&amp;#xec12;||&amp;#xec13;||&amp;#xec14;||&amp;#xec15;||&amp;#xec16;||&amp;#xec17;||&amp;#xec18;||&amp;#xec19;||&amp;#xec1a;||&amp;#xec1b;||&amp;#xec1c;||&amp;#xec1d;||&amp;#xec1e;||&amp;#xec1f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC2x
|&amp;#xec20;||&amp;#xec21;||&amp;#xec22;||&amp;#xec23;||&amp;#xec24;||&amp;#xec25;||&amp;#xec26;||&amp;#xec27;||&amp;#xec28;||&amp;#xec29;||&amp;#xec2a;||&amp;#xec2b;||&amp;#xec2c;||&amp;#xec2d;||&amp;#xec2e;||&amp;#xec2f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC3x
|&amp;#xec30;||&amp;#xec31;||&amp;#xec32;||&amp;#xec33;||&amp;#xec34;||&amp;#xec35;||&amp;#xec36;||&amp;#xec37;||&amp;#xec38;||&amp;#xec39;||&amp;#xec3a;||&amp;#xec3b;||&amp;#xec3c;||&amp;#xec3d;||&amp;#xec3e;||&amp;#xec3f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC4x
|&amp;#xec40;||&amp;#xec41;||&amp;#xec42;||&amp;#xec43;||&amp;#xec44;||&amp;#xec45;||&amp;#xec46;||&amp;#xec47;||&amp;#xec48;||&amp;#xec49;||&amp;#xec4a;||&amp;#xec4b;||&amp;#xec4c;||&amp;#xec4d;||&amp;#xec4e;||&amp;#xec4f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC5x
|&amp;#xec50;||&amp;#xec51;||&amp;#xec52;||&amp;#xec53;||&amp;#xec54;||&amp;#xec55;||&amp;#xec56;||&amp;#xec57;||&amp;#xec58;||&amp;#xec59;||&amp;#xec5a;||&amp;#xec5b;||&amp;#xec5c;||&amp;#xec5d;||&amp;#xec5e;||&amp;#xec5f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC6x
|&amp;#xec60;||&amp;#xec61;||&amp;#xec62;||&amp;#xec63;||&amp;#xec64;||&amp;#xec65;||&amp;#xec66;||&amp;#xec67;||&amp;#xec68;||&amp;#xec69;||&amp;#xec6a;||&amp;#xec6b;||&amp;#xec6c;||&amp;#xec6d;||&amp;#xec6e;||&amp;#xec6f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC7x
|&amp;#xec70;||&amp;#xec71;||&amp;#xec72;||&amp;#xec73;||&amp;#xec74;||&amp;#xec75;||&amp;#xec76;||&amp;#xec77;||&amp;#xec78;||&amp;#xec79;||&amp;#xec7a;||&amp;#xec7b;||&amp;#xec7c;||&amp;#xec7d;||&amp;#xec7e;||&amp;#xec7f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC8x
|&amp;#xec80;||&amp;#xec81;||&amp;#xec82;||&amp;#xec83;||&amp;#xec84;||&amp;#xec85;||&amp;#xec86;||&amp;#xec87;||&amp;#xec88;||&amp;#xec89;||&amp;#xec8a;||&amp;#xec8b;||&amp;#xec8c;||&amp;#xec8d;||&amp;#xec8e;||&amp;#xec8f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EC9x
|&amp;#xec90;||&amp;#xec91;||&amp;#xec92;||&amp;#xec93;||&amp;#xec94;||&amp;#xec95;||&amp;#xec96;||&amp;#xec97;||&amp;#xec98;||&amp;#xec99;||&amp;#xec9a;||&amp;#xec9b;||&amp;#xec9c;||&amp;#xec9d;||&amp;#xec9e;||&amp;#xec9f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ECAx
|&amp;#xeca0;||&amp;#xeca1;||&amp;#xeca2;||&amp;#xeca3;||&amp;#xeca4;||&amp;#xeca5;||&amp;#xeca6;||&amp;#xeca7;||&amp;#xeca8;||&amp;#xeca9;||&amp;#xecaa;||&amp;#xecab;||&amp;#xecac;||&amp;#xecad;||&amp;#xecae;||&amp;#xecaf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ECBx
|&amp;#xecb0;||&amp;#xecb1;||&amp;#xecb2;||&amp;#xecb3;||&amp;#xecb4;||&amp;#xecb5;||&amp;#xecb6;||&amp;#xecb7;||&amp;#xecb8;||&amp;#xecb9;||&amp;#xecba;||&amp;#xecbb;||&amp;#xecbc;||&amp;#xecbd;||&amp;#xecbe;||&amp;#xecbf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ECCx
|&amp;#xecc0;||&amp;#xecc1;||&amp;#xecc2;||&amp;#xecc3;||&amp;#xecc4;||&amp;#xecc5;||&amp;#xecc6;||&amp;#xecc7;||&amp;#xecc8;||&amp;#xecc9;||&amp;#xecca;||&amp;#xeccb;||&amp;#xeccc;||&amp;#xeccd;||&amp;#xecce;||&amp;#xeccf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ECDx
|&amp;#xecd0;||&amp;#xecd1;||&amp;#xecd2;||&amp;#xecd3;||&amp;#xecd4;||&amp;#xecd5;||&amp;#xecd6;||&amp;#xecd7;||&amp;#xecd8;||&amp;#xecd9;||&amp;#xecda;||&amp;#xecdb;||&amp;#xecdc;||&amp;#xecdd;||&amp;#xecde;||&amp;#xecdf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ECEx
|&amp;#xece0;||&amp;#xece1;||&amp;#xece2;||&amp;#xece3;||&amp;#xece4;||&amp;#xece5;||&amp;#xece6;||&amp;#xece7;||&amp;#xece8;||&amp;#xece9;||&amp;#xecea;||&amp;#xeceb;||&amp;#xecec;||&amp;#xeced;||&amp;#xecee;||&amp;#xecef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ECFx
|&amp;#xecf0;||&amp;#xecf1;||&amp;#xecf2;||&amp;#xecf3;||&amp;#xecf4;||&amp;#xecf5;||&amp;#xecf6;||&amp;#xecf7;||&amp;#xecf8;||&amp;#xecf9;||&amp;#xecfa;||&amp;#xecfb;||&amp;#xecfc;||&amp;#xecfd;||&amp;#xecfe;||&amp;#xecff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED0x
|&amp;#xed00;||&amp;#xed01;||&amp;#xed02;||&amp;#xed03;||&amp;#xed04;||&amp;#xed05;||&amp;#xed06;||&amp;#xed07;||&amp;#xed08;||&amp;#xed09;||&amp;#xed0a;||&amp;#xed0b;||&amp;#xed0c;||&amp;#xed0d;||&amp;#xed0e;||&amp;#xed0f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED1x
|&amp;#xed10;||&amp;#xed11;||&amp;#xed12;||&amp;#xed13;||&amp;#xed14;||&amp;#xed15;||&amp;#xed16;||&amp;#xed17;||&amp;#xed18;||&amp;#xed19;||&amp;#xed1a;||&amp;#xed1b;||&amp;#xed1c;||&amp;#xed1d;||&amp;#xed1e;||&amp;#xed1f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED2x
|&amp;#xed20;||&amp;#xed21;||&amp;#xed22;||&amp;#xed23;||&amp;#xed24;||&amp;#xed25;||&amp;#xed26;||&amp;#xed27;||&amp;#xed28;||&amp;#xed29;||&amp;#xed2a;||&amp;#xed2b;||&amp;#xed2c;||&amp;#xed2d;||&amp;#xed2e;||&amp;#xed2f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED3x
|&amp;#xed30;||&amp;#xed31;||&amp;#xed32;||&amp;#xed33;||&amp;#xed34;||&amp;#xed35;||&amp;#xed36;||&amp;#xed37;||&amp;#xed38;||&amp;#xed39;||&amp;#xed3a;||&amp;#xed3b;||&amp;#xed3c;||&amp;#xed3d;||&amp;#xed3e;||&amp;#xed3f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED4x
|&amp;#xed40;||&amp;#xed41;||&amp;#xed42;||&amp;#xed43;||&amp;#xed44;||&amp;#xed45;||&amp;#xed46;||&amp;#xed47;||&amp;#xed48;||&amp;#xed49;||&amp;#xed4a;||&amp;#xed4b;||&amp;#xed4c;||&amp;#xed4d;||&amp;#xed4e;||&amp;#xed4f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED5x
|&amp;#xed50;||&amp;#xed51;||&amp;#xed52;||&amp;#xed53;||&amp;#xed54;||&amp;#xed55;||&amp;#xed56;||&amp;#xed57;||&amp;#xed58;||&amp;#xed59;||&amp;#xed5a;||&amp;#xed5b;||&amp;#xed5c;||&amp;#xed5d;||&amp;#xed5e;||&amp;#xed5f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED6x
|&amp;#xed60;||&amp;#xed61;||&amp;#xed62;||&amp;#xed63;||&amp;#xed64;||&amp;#xed65;||&amp;#xed66;||&amp;#xed67;||&amp;#xed68;||&amp;#xed69;||&amp;#xed6a;||&amp;#xed6b;||&amp;#xed6c;||&amp;#xed6d;||&amp;#xed6e;||&amp;#xed6f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED7x
|&amp;#xed70;||&amp;#xed71;||&amp;#xed72;||&amp;#xed73;||&amp;#xed74;||&amp;#xed75;||&amp;#xed76;||&amp;#xed77;||&amp;#xed78;||&amp;#xed79;||&amp;#xed7a;||&amp;#xed7b;||&amp;#xed7c;||&amp;#xed7d;||&amp;#xed7e;||&amp;#xed7f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED8x
|&amp;#xed80;||&amp;#xed81;||&amp;#xed82;||&amp;#xed83;||&amp;#xed84;||&amp;#xed85;||&amp;#xed86;||&amp;#xed87;||&amp;#xed88;||&amp;#xed89;||&amp;#xed8a;||&amp;#xed8b;||&amp;#xed8c;||&amp;#xed8d;||&amp;#xed8e;||&amp;#xed8f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!ED9x
|&amp;#xed90;||&amp;#xed91;||&amp;#xed92;||&amp;#xed93;||&amp;#xed94;||&amp;#xed95;||&amp;#xed96;||&amp;#xed97;||&amp;#xed98;||&amp;#xed99;||&amp;#xed9a;||&amp;#xed9b;||&amp;#xed9c;||&amp;#xed9d;||&amp;#xed9e;||&amp;#xed9f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EDAx
|&amp;#xeda0;||&amp;#xeda1;||&amp;#xeda2;||&amp;#xeda3;||&amp;#xeda4;||&amp;#xeda5;||&amp;#xeda6;||&amp;#xeda7;||&amp;#xeda8;||&amp;#xeda9;||&amp;#xedaa;||&amp;#xedab;||&amp;#xedac;||&amp;#xedad;||&amp;#xedae;||&amp;#xedaf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EDBx
|&amp;#xedb0;||&amp;#xedb1;||&amp;#xedb2;||&amp;#xedb3;||&amp;#xedb4;||&amp;#xedb5;||&amp;#xedb6;||&amp;#xedb7;||&amp;#xedb8;||&amp;#xedb9;||&amp;#xedba;||&amp;#xedbb;||&amp;#xedbc;||&amp;#xedbd;||&amp;#xedbe;||&amp;#xedbf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EDCx
|&amp;#xedc0;||&amp;#xedc1;||&amp;#xedc2;||&amp;#xedc3;||&amp;#xedc4;||&amp;#xedc5;||&amp;#xedc6;||&amp;#xedc7;||&amp;#xedc8;||&amp;#xedc9;||&amp;#xedca;||&amp;#xedcb;||&amp;#xedcc;||&amp;#xedcd;||&amp;#xedce;||&amp;#xedcf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EDDx
|&amp;#xedd0;||&amp;#xedd1;||&amp;#xedd2;||&amp;#xedd3;||&amp;#xedd4;||&amp;#xedd5;||&amp;#xedd6;||&amp;#xedd7;||&amp;#xedd8;||&amp;#xedd9;||&amp;#xedda;||&amp;#xeddb;||&amp;#xeddc;||&amp;#xeddd;||&amp;#xedde;||&amp;#xeddf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EDEx
|&amp;#xede0;||&amp;#xede1;||&amp;#xede2;||&amp;#xede3;||&amp;#xede4;||&amp;#xede5;||&amp;#xede6;||&amp;#xede7;||&amp;#xede8;||&amp;#xede9;||&amp;#xedea;||&amp;#xedeb;||&amp;#xedec;||&amp;#xeded;||&amp;#xedee;||&amp;#xedef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EDFx
|&amp;#xedf0;||&amp;#xedf1;||&amp;#xedf2;||&amp;#xedf3;||&amp;#xedf4;||&amp;#xedf5;||&amp;#xedf6;||&amp;#xedf7;||&amp;#xedf8;||&amp;#xedf9;||&amp;#xedfa;||&amp;#xedfb;||&amp;#xedfc;||&amp;#xedfd;||&amp;#xedfe;||&amp;#xedff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE0x
|&amp;#xee00;||&amp;#xee01;||&amp;#xee02;||&amp;#xee03;||&amp;#xee04;||&amp;#xee05;||&amp;#xee06;||&amp;#xee07;||&amp;#xee08;||&amp;#xee09;||&amp;#xee0a;||&amp;#xee0b;||&amp;#xee0c;||&amp;#xee0d;||&amp;#xee0e;||&amp;#xee0f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE1x
|&amp;#xee10;||&amp;#xee11;||&amp;#xee12;||&amp;#xee13;||&amp;#xee14;||&amp;#xee15;||&amp;#xee16;||&amp;#xee17;||&amp;#xee18;||&amp;#xee19;||&amp;#xee1a;||&amp;#xee1b;||&amp;#xee1c;||&amp;#xee1d;||&amp;#xee1e;||&amp;#xee1f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE2x
|&amp;#xee20;||&amp;#xee21;||&amp;#xee22;||&amp;#xee23;||&amp;#xee24;||&amp;#xee25;||&amp;#xee26;||&amp;#xee27;||&amp;#xee28;||&amp;#xee29;||&amp;#xee2a;||&amp;#xee2b;||&amp;#xee2c;||&amp;#xee2d;||&amp;#xee2e;||&amp;#xee2f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE3x
|&amp;#xee30;||&amp;#xee31;||&amp;#xee32;||&amp;#xee33;||&amp;#xee34;||&amp;#xee35;||&amp;#xee36;||&amp;#xee37;||&amp;#xee38;||&amp;#xee39;||&amp;#xee3a;||&amp;#xee3b;||&amp;#xee3c;||&amp;#xee3d;||&amp;#xee3e;||&amp;#xee3f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE4x
|&amp;#xee40;||&amp;#xee41;||&amp;#xee42;||&amp;#xee43;||&amp;#xee44;||&amp;#xee45;||&amp;#xee46;||&amp;#xee47;||&amp;#xee48;||&amp;#xee49;||&amp;#xee4a;||&amp;#xee4b;||&amp;#xee4c;||&amp;#xee4d;||&amp;#xee4e;||&amp;#xee4f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE5x
|&amp;#xee50;||&amp;#xee51;||&amp;#xee52;||&amp;#xee53;||&amp;#xee54;||&amp;#xee55;||&amp;#xee56;||&amp;#xee57;||&amp;#xee58;||&amp;#xee59;||&amp;#xee5a;||&amp;#xee5b;||&amp;#xee5c;||&amp;#xee5d;||&amp;#xee5e;||&amp;#xee5f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE6x
|&amp;#xee60;||&amp;#xee61;||&amp;#xee62;||&amp;#xee63;||&amp;#xee64;||&amp;#xee65;||&amp;#xee66;||&amp;#xee67;||&amp;#xee68;||&amp;#xee69;||&amp;#xee6a;||&amp;#xee6b;||&amp;#xee6c;||&amp;#xee6d;||&amp;#xee6e;||&amp;#xee6f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE7x
|&amp;#xee70;||&amp;#xee71;||&amp;#xee72;||&amp;#xee73;||&amp;#xee74;||&amp;#xee75;||&amp;#xee76;||&amp;#xee77;||&amp;#xee78;||&amp;#xee79;||&amp;#xee7a;||&amp;#xee7b;||&amp;#xee7c;||&amp;#xee7d;||&amp;#xee7e;||&amp;#xee7f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE8x
|&amp;#xee80;||&amp;#xee81;||&amp;#xee82;||&amp;#xee83;||&amp;#xee84;||&amp;#xee85;||&amp;#xee86;||&amp;#xee87;||&amp;#xee88;||&amp;#xee89;||&amp;#xee8a;||&amp;#xee8b;||&amp;#xee8c;||&amp;#xee8d;||&amp;#xee8e;||&amp;#xee8f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EE9x
|&amp;#xee90;||&amp;#xee91;||&amp;#xee92;||&amp;#xee93;||&amp;#xee94;||&amp;#xee95;||&amp;#xee96;||&amp;#xee97;||&amp;#xee98;||&amp;#xee99;||&amp;#xee9a;||&amp;#xee9b;||&amp;#xee9c;||&amp;#xee9d;||&amp;#xee9e;||&amp;#xee9f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EEAx
|&amp;#xeea0;||&amp;#xeea1;||&amp;#xeea2;||&amp;#xeea3;||&amp;#xeea4;||&amp;#xeea5;||&amp;#xeea6;||&amp;#xeea7;||&amp;#xeea8;||&amp;#xeea9;||&amp;#xeeaa;||&amp;#xeeab;||&amp;#xeeac;||&amp;#xeead;||&amp;#xeeae;||&amp;#xeeaf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EEBx
|&amp;#xeeb0;||&amp;#xeeb1;||&amp;#xeeb2;||&amp;#xeeb3;||&amp;#xeeb4;||&amp;#xeeb5;||&amp;#xeeb6;||&amp;#xeeb7;||&amp;#xeeb8;||&amp;#xeeb9;||&amp;#xeeba;||&amp;#xeebb;||&amp;#xeebc;||&amp;#xeebd;||&amp;#xeebe;||&amp;#xeebf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EECx
|&amp;#xeec0;||&amp;#xeec1;||&amp;#xeec2;||&amp;#xeec3;||&amp;#xeec4;||&amp;#xeec5;||&amp;#xeec6;||&amp;#xeec7;||&amp;#xeec8;||&amp;#xeec9;||&amp;#xeeca;||&amp;#xeecb;||&amp;#xeecc;||&amp;#xeecd;||&amp;#xeece;||&amp;#xeecf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EEDx
|&amp;#xeed0;||&amp;#xeed1;||&amp;#xeed2;||&amp;#xeed3;||&amp;#xeed4;||&amp;#xeed5;||&amp;#xeed6;||&amp;#xeed7;||&amp;#xeed8;||&amp;#xeed9;||&amp;#xeeda;||&amp;#xeedb;||&amp;#xeedc;||&amp;#xeedd;||&amp;#xeede;||&amp;#xeedf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EEEx
|&amp;#xeee0;||&amp;#xeee1;||&amp;#xeee2;||&amp;#xeee3;||&amp;#xeee4;||&amp;#xeee5;||&amp;#xeee6;||&amp;#xeee7;||&amp;#xeee8;||&amp;#xeee9;||&amp;#xeeea;||&amp;#xeeeb;||&amp;#xeeec;||&amp;#xeeed;||&amp;#xeeee;||&amp;#xeeef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EEFx
|&amp;#xeef0;||&amp;#xeef1;||&amp;#xeef2;||&amp;#xeef3;||&amp;#xeef4;||&amp;#xeef5;||&amp;#xeef6;||&amp;#xeef7;||&amp;#xeef8;||&amp;#xeef9;||&amp;#xeefa;||&amp;#xeefb;||&amp;#xeefc;||&amp;#xeefd;||&amp;#xeefe;||&amp;#xeeff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF0x
|&amp;#xef00;||&amp;#xef01;||&amp;#xef02;||&amp;#xef03;||&amp;#xef04;||&amp;#xef05;||&amp;#xef06;||&amp;#xef07;||&amp;#xef08;||&amp;#xef09;||&amp;#xef0a;||&amp;#xef0b;||&amp;#xef0c;||&amp;#xef0d;||&amp;#xef0e;||&amp;#xef0f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF1x
|&amp;#xef10;||&amp;#xef11;||&amp;#xef12;||&amp;#xef13;||&amp;#xef14;||&amp;#xef15;||&amp;#xef16;||&amp;#xef17;||&amp;#xef18;||&amp;#xef19;||&amp;#xef1a;||&amp;#xef1b;||&amp;#xef1c;||&amp;#xef1d;||&amp;#xef1e;||&amp;#xef1f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF2x
|&amp;#xef20;||&amp;#xef21;||&amp;#xef22;||&amp;#xef23;||&amp;#xef24;||&amp;#xef25;||&amp;#xef26;||&amp;#xef27;||&amp;#xef28;||&amp;#xef29;||&amp;#xef2a;||&amp;#xef2b;||&amp;#xef2c;||&amp;#xef2d;||&amp;#xef2e;||&amp;#xef2f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF3x
|&amp;#xef30;||&amp;#xef31;||&amp;#xef32;||&amp;#xef33;||&amp;#xef34;||&amp;#xef35;||&amp;#xef36;||&amp;#xef37;||&amp;#xef38;||&amp;#xef39;||&amp;#xef3a;||&amp;#xef3b;||&amp;#xef3c;||&amp;#xef3d;||&amp;#xef3e;||&amp;#xef3f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF4x
|&amp;#xef40;||&amp;#xef41;||&amp;#xef42;||&amp;#xef43;||&amp;#xef44;||&amp;#xef45;||&amp;#xef46;||&amp;#xef47;||&amp;#xef48;||&amp;#xef49;||&amp;#xef4a;||&amp;#xef4b;||&amp;#xef4c;||&amp;#xef4d;||&amp;#xef4e;||&amp;#xef4f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF5x
|&amp;#xef50;||&amp;#xef51;||&amp;#xef52;||&amp;#xef53;||&amp;#xef54;||&amp;#xef55;||&amp;#xef56;||&amp;#xef57;||&amp;#xef58;||&amp;#xef59;||&amp;#xef5a;||&amp;#xef5b;||&amp;#xef5c;||&amp;#xef5d;||&amp;#xef5e;||&amp;#xef5f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF6x
|&amp;#xef60;||&amp;#xef61;||&amp;#xef62;||&amp;#xef63;||&amp;#xef64;||&amp;#xef65;||&amp;#xef66;||&amp;#xef67;||&amp;#xef68;||&amp;#xef69;||&amp;#xef6a;||&amp;#xef6b;||&amp;#xef6c;||&amp;#xef6d;||&amp;#xef6e;||&amp;#xef6f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF7x
|&amp;#xef70;||&amp;#xef71;||&amp;#xef72;||&amp;#xef73;||&amp;#xef74;||&amp;#xef75;||&amp;#xef76;||&amp;#xef77;||&amp;#xef78;||&amp;#xef79;||&amp;#xef7a;||&amp;#xef7b;||&amp;#xef7c;||&amp;#xef7d;||&amp;#xef7e;||&amp;#xef7f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF8x
|&amp;#xef80;||&amp;#xef81;||&amp;#xef82;||&amp;#xef83;||&amp;#xef84;||&amp;#xef85;||&amp;#xef86;||&amp;#xef87;||&amp;#xef88;||&amp;#xef89;||&amp;#xef8a;||&amp;#xef8b;||&amp;#xef8c;||&amp;#xef8d;||&amp;#xef8e;||&amp;#xef8f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EF9x
|&amp;#xef90;||&amp;#xef91;||&amp;#xef92;||&amp;#xef93;||&amp;#xef94;||&amp;#xef95;||&amp;#xef96;||&amp;#xef97;||&amp;#xef98;||&amp;#xef99;||&amp;#xef9a;||&amp;#xef9b;||&amp;#xef9c;||&amp;#xef9d;||&amp;#xef9e;||&amp;#xef9f;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EFAx
|&amp;#xefa0;||&amp;#xefa1;||&amp;#xefa2;||&amp;#xefa3;||&amp;#xefa4;||&amp;#xefa5;||&amp;#xefa6;||&amp;#xefa7;||&amp;#xefa8;||&amp;#xefa9;||&amp;#xefaa;||&amp;#xefab;||&amp;#xefac;||&amp;#xefad;||&amp;#xefae;||&amp;#xefaf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EFBx
|&amp;#xefb0;||&amp;#xefb1;||&amp;#xefb2;||&amp;#xefb3;||&amp;#xefb4;||&amp;#xefb5;||&amp;#xefb6;||&amp;#xefb7;||&amp;#xefb8;||&amp;#xefb9;||&amp;#xefba;||&amp;#xefbb;||&amp;#xefbc;||&amp;#xefbd;||&amp;#xefbe;||&amp;#xefbf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EFCx
|&amp;#xefc0;||&amp;#xefc1;||&amp;#xefc2;||&amp;#xefc3;||&amp;#xefc4;||&amp;#xefc5;||&amp;#xefc6;||&amp;#xefc7;||&amp;#xefc8;||&amp;#xefc9;||&amp;#xefca;||&amp;#xefcb;||&amp;#xefcc;||&amp;#xefcd;||&amp;#xefce;||&amp;#xefcf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EFDx
|&amp;#xefd0;||&amp;#xefd1;||&amp;#xefd2;||&amp;#xefd3;||&amp;#xefd4;||&amp;#xefd5;||&amp;#xefd6;||&amp;#xefd7;||&amp;#xefd8;||&amp;#xefd9;||&amp;#xefda;||&amp;#xefdb;||&amp;#xefdc;||&amp;#xefdd;||&amp;#xefde;||&amp;#xefdf;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EFEx
|&amp;#xefe0;||&amp;#xefe1;||&amp;#xefe2;||&amp;#xefe3;||&amp;#xefe4;||&amp;#xefe5;||&amp;#xefe6;||&amp;#xefe7;||&amp;#xefe8;||&amp;#xefe9;||&amp;#xefea;||&amp;#xefeb;||&amp;#xefec;||&amp;#xefed;||&amp;#xefee;||&amp;#xefef;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot;
!EFFx
|&amp;#xeff0;||&amp;#xeff1;||&amp;#xeff2;||&amp;#xeff3;||&amp;#xeff4;||&amp;#xeff5;||&amp;#xeff6;||&amp;#xeff7;||&amp;#xeff8;||&amp;#xeff9;||&amp;#xeffa;||&amp;#xeffb;||&amp;#xeffc;||&amp;#xeffd;||&amp;#xeffe;||&amp;#xefff;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Notes'''
|-
| || colspan=&quot;16&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;font-size:small;text-align:left&quot; |{{note|PUA}}Unicode range E000–F8FF is used as a ''private use area'', which is reserved for private use.
|}</text>
      <sha1>babihox92zmfz2wjwf2xyf229xkjbih</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Urdu/Alphabet</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>85230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632722</id>
      <parentid>2379838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T14:30:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Takhallus</username>
        <id>869816</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Teaching Urdu */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4632722</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2378" sha1="na03nj0ffl1j4soqa05ltodps3rjljk" xml:space="preserve">{{WikiProject Languages}} 

==Teaching Urdu==
I would really like to see lessons teaching how to read and write Urdu step-by-step. It's hard to learn from an overview of letters. Lack of examples is another problem, but even if there were examples afterwards the learning situation would be far from perfect because the student would still have to memorise all letters at once in order to be able to begin practising. 

What I have found really useful when learning non-Latin alphabets is a &quot;divide and conquer&quot; method that introduces few letters at a time and offers example words for practise immediately after each letter / each set of letters. What's even better is if those example words are understandable without prior knowledge of the language, that is, international words. For example: names of countries, cities or famous people (if their name isn't significantly different in Marathi than in English), common personal names, Urdu words that have entered English, English words that are used in Urdu, words that both Urdu and English have derived from Greek or Latin...  The advantage of using these words is that students will be able to quickly see their own progress and the whole learning process becomes as fascinating as solving a puzzle. See the &quot;Read Write and Pronounce Greek&quot; lessons in the [[Modern Greek]] Wikibook for an example, or [http://www.alphadictionary.com/rusgrammar/alphabet.html this external page on Cyrillic]. 

If you'd like to try this approach for teaching how to write Urdu, I'd be glad to help you, even though I don't know it yet (I can read Arabic ok though). Just create a big list of suitable words on a planning page like [[Modern Greek/Writing lessons plan]], answer me here and I'll try to find an optimal order for letters. 

Thanks for your efforts to teach a language that is hard to find in European schools!

[[User:Junesun|Junesun]] 16:42, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

:Perhaps this could be consolidated with [[Urdu/Urdu Script]] [[User:Takhallus|Takhallus]] ([[User talk:Takhallus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Takhallus|contribs]]) 14:30, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

P.S.: If there's somebody generally unsure about how to create good language lessons, I really recommend reading the following two pages about it: [[Authoring Foreign Language Textbooks]] and [[Authoring Foreign Language Textbooks/Bite-sized language lessons]].</text>
      <sha1>na03nj0ffl1j4soqa05ltodps3rjljk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Unicode/Versions</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>104146</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632859</id>
      <parentid>4631023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T03:32:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Unicode 18.0 */ Official changes came out on Thursday.</comment>
      <origin>4632859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="127719" sha1="4zk5mb9amvvzcj1h3e1c9mc23cy29pi" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), containing 896 characters, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), containing 128 characters, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), containing 1,024 characters, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''', containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''', containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''', containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''', containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''', containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''', containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''', containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''', containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''', containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''', containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''', containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''', containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''', containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''', containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''', containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''.
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''.
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''.
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''.
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''.
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''.
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''.
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''.
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''.
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche charaters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 will be released around September 2026. In August 2025, only 61 characters were accepted, but more were accepted on in November 2025.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, will be added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, will be added.
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, will be added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, will be added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, will be added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, will be added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, will be added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) will be added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) will be added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) will be added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) will be added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) will be added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) will be added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) will be added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) will be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) will be added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) will be added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron (total 1 character) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)
* Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 1 character) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20CF) &lt;!--planned: Belarusian Ruble sign (U+20C5)--&gt;
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh and Half-Yeh (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1)
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above and letter archaic II (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113DA)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 (total 1 character) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1) &lt;!--planned: Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (U+1CED5)--&gt;
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, and modifier letter accents (total 17 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8A, U+1DFC5-U+1DFCD) &lt;!--planned: Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, and modifier letter capital y (U+1DF8B-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DF9A, U+1DFC4)--&gt;

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''&lt;!--may be renamed &quot;Libyc&quot; and upgraded to proposed--&gt;
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Cirth''' (U+16000-U+1607F)&lt;!--will be removed due to lack of legal clearance--&gt;
* '''Tengwar''' (U+16080-U+160FF)&lt;!--will be removed due to lack of legal clearance--&gt;
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Jianzi Musical Notation''' (U+1DB00-U+1DC8F)&lt;!--proposed to be removed and replaced with 2 new blocks in plane 2--&gt;
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F)
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F)

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>4zk5mb9amvvzcj1h3e1c9mc23cy29pi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632860</id>
      <parentid>4632859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T03:32:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Code Points Provisionally Assigned */</comment>
      <origin>4632860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="127823" sha1="c7xph7d4nrlh0z6ndzyy5jlt27qfox1" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), containing 896 characters, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), containing 128 characters, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), containing 1,024 characters, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''', containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''', containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''', containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''', containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''', containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''', containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''', containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''', containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''', containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''', containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''', containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''', containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''', containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''', containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''', containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''.
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''.
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''.
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''.
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''.
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''.
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''.
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''.
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''.
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche charaters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 will be released around September 2026. In August 2025, only 61 characters were accepted, but more were accepted on in November 2025.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, will be added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, will be added.
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, will be added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, will be added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, will be added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, will be added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, will be added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) will be added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) will be added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) will be added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) will be added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) will be added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) will be added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) will be added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) will be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) will be added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) will be added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron (total 1 character) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 1 character) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20CF) &lt;!--planned: Belarusian Ruble sign (U+20C5)--&gt;
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh and Half-Yeh (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1)
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above and letter archaic II (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113DA)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 (total 1 character) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1) &lt;!--planned: Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (U+1CED5)--&gt;
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, and modifier letter accents (total 17 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8A, U+1DFC5-U+1DFCD) &lt;!--planned: Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, and modifier letter capital y (U+1DF8B-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DF9A, U+1DFC4)--&gt;

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''&lt;!--may be renamed &quot;Libyc&quot; and upgraded to proposed--&gt;
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Cirth''' (U+16000-U+1607F)&lt;!--will be removed due to lack of legal clearance--&gt;
* '''Tengwar''' (U+16080-U+160FF)&lt;!--will be removed due to lack of legal clearance--&gt;
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Jianzi Musical Notation''' (U+1DB00-U+1DC8F)&lt;!--proposed to be removed and replaced with 2 new blocks in plane 2--&gt;
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F)
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F)

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>c7xph7d4nrlh0z6ndzyy5jlt27qfox1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632861</id>
      <parentid>4632860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T03:36:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Code Points Provisionally Assigned */ updated</comment>
      <origin>4632861</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="127853" sha1="dr6uz7k7ifslvvfrupwhtu86ltgk6s2" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), containing 896 characters, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), containing 128 characters, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), containing 1,024 characters, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''', containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''', containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''', containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''', containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''', containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''', containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''', containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''', containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''', containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''', containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''', containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''', containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''', containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''', containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''', containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''.
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''.
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''.
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''.
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''.
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''.
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''.
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''.
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''.
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche charaters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 will be released around September 2026. In August 2025, only 61 characters were accepted, but more were accepted on in November 2025.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, will be added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, will be added.
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, will be added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, will be added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, will be added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, will be added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, will be added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) will be added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) will be added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) will be added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) will be added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) will be added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) will be added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) will be added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) will be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) will be added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) will be added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 character) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh and Half-Yeh (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1)
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above and letter archaic II (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113DA)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 17 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DF9A, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCD)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''&lt;!--may be renamed &quot;Libyc&quot; and upgraded to proposed--&gt;
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Cirth''' (U+16000-U+1607F)&lt;!--will be removed due to lack of legal clearance--&gt;
* '''Tengwar''' (U+16080-U+160FF)&lt;!--will be removed due to lack of legal clearance--&gt;
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Jianzi Musical Notation''' (U+1DB00-U+1DC8F)&lt;!--proposed to be removed and replaced with 2 new blocks in plane 2--&gt;
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F)
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F)

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>dr6uz7k7ifslvvfrupwhtu86ltgk6s2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632862</id>
      <parentid>4632861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T03:41:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Roadmap Blocks */</comment>
      <origin>4632862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="127645" sha1="muo2jskr0tvt8xp93m9es6yodvyy0a6" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), containing 896 characters, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), containing 128 characters, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), containing 1,024 characters, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''', containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''', containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''', containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''', containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''', containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''', containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''', containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''', containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''', containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''', containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''', containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''', containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''', containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''', containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''', containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''.
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''.
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''.
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''.
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''.
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''.
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''.
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''.
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''.
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche charaters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 will be released around September 2026. In August 2025, only 61 characters were accepted, but more were accepted on in November 2025.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, will be added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, will be added.
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, will be added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, will be added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, will be added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, will be added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, will be added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) will be added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) will be added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) will be added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) will be added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) will be added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) will be added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) will be added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) will be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) will be added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) will be added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 character) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh and Half-Yeh (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1)
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above and letter archaic II (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113DA)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 17 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DF9A, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCD)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F)
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F)

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>muo2jskr0tvt8xp93m9es6yodvyy0a6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/General</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>112405</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632808</id>
      <parentid>4632464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T19:11:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>46022</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4632808</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26602" sha1="fxgbma10gbjfjrjhhzzsgog0s0ip1u5" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s
|algo = old(60d)
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Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room.
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress ==

Hello. [[s:Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress]] is probably going to be deleted from Wikisource as out of scope, would Wikibooks be interested in its import? -- [[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:27, 3 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]] Thank you for checking! We do not host source texts, so it doesn't look like this would be in scope at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:55, 3 March 2026 (UTC)

== Upcoming deployment of CampaignEvents extension to Wikibooks ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone,

We are writing to inform you that the [[mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be deployed to all Wikibooks projects during the week of '''23 March 2026'''.
This follows last year’s broader rollout across Wikimedia projects. We realized that Wikibooks was not included at the time, and we’re now addressing that to ensure consistency across all communities.

The CampaignEvents extension provides tools to support event and campaign organization on-wiki, including features like on-wiki event registration and collaboration lists(global event list).

We welcome any questions, feedback, or concerns you may have. We are also happy to support anyone interested in trying out the tools. 
''Apologies if this message is not in your preferred language. If you’re able to help translate it for your community, please feel free to do so.''
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|discuss]]) 18:22, 19 March 2026 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/MM_target&amp;oldid=30284073 --&gt;

== Regarding the project's FlaggedRevs extension ==

Hello, everyone. I want to discuss with the community about the use of this project's FlaggedRevs (flagged revisions) extension, which was deployed many years ago (and configured recently).

=== Many unreviewed edits, and edit quality options ===
According to [[Special:PendingChanges]], there are almost 4000 unreviewed edits (per the standard FlaggedRevs configuration). In addition, on the edit review interface when evaluating a diff, there are three radio buttons that determine the quality of the edit (minimal, average, good). Do we have to utilize these buttons if the quality of the edit or the book matters, according to [[WB:REVIEW]]? This proposal is to whether discontinue the edit rating buttons or not.

One way to reduce such a large amount of unreviewed edits is to set the following to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;:
* &lt;code&gt;wgFlaggedRevsProtection&lt;/code&gt; (pending changes protection, to be used on Wikijunior pages; this might negate the need to show the stable version by default)
* (optional) &lt;code&gt;wgSimpleFlaggedRevsUI&lt;/code&gt; (simpler, icon-based UI on the edit review interface)
We should also include the following configuration (partially based from English Wikipedia), if this proposal passes:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;
elseif ( $wgDBname == 'enwikibooks' ) {
		// Limited to the main, Cookbook, and Wikijunior namespaces (T408110)
		$wgFlaggedRevsNamespaces = [ NS_MAIN, 102, 110 ];
		# We have only one tag with one level
		$wgFlaggedRevsTags = [ 'status' =&gt; [ 'levels' =&gt; 1 ] ];
		# Restrict autoconfirmed to flagging semi-protected
		$wgFlaggedRevsTagsRestrictions = [
			'status' =&gt; [ 'review' =&gt; 1, 'autoreview' =&gt; 1 ],
		];
		# Restriction levels for auto-review/review rights
		$wgFlaggedRevsRestrictionLevels = [ 'autoreview' ];
		# Remove 'validate' from reviewers
		$wgGroupPermissions['reviewer']['validate'] = false;
		# Group permissions for sysops
		$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['review'] = true;
		$wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['stablesettings'] = true;
		# Allow sysops to add and remove the 'reviewer' group
		$wgAddGroups['sysop'][] = 'reviewer';
		$wgRemoveGroups['sysop'][] = 'reviewer';
		# Remove the 'editor' user group
		unset( $wgGroupPermissions['editor'] );
	}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Inactive reviewers ===
After conducting an audit of over 1000 reviewers, most, if not many of them are completely inactive.

=== User group changes for reviewers ===
The reviewer user group is known to the software as &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt;, which might sound misleading (the actual [[MediaWiki:Group-editor/qqq|/qqq definition]] is &quot;Editors&quot;). To fix that, we might have to consider switching to &lt;code&gt;reviewer&lt;/code&gt; and unset &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt;.

I am also not sure whether administrators should have the &lt;code&gt;validate&lt;/code&gt; user right, since &lt;code&gt;reviewer&lt;/code&gt; has it on by default (but it is currently disabled). On the above configuration I proposed, administrators (and users in the &lt;code&gt;reviewer&lt;/code&gt; user group) would no longer have &lt;code&gt;validate&lt;/code&gt;.

=== Page patrolling ===
Currently, only administrators can mark new pages as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;) by using the MediaWiki page patrol software, but clicking on &quot;Accept revision&quot; (via FlaggedRevs) would also mark the page as patrolled, in question. I believe that using FlaggedRevs to patrol new pages is redundant, given that we might not want to use one or the other.

If we are considering on switching to pending changes, we should also allow reviewers to mark new pages as patrolled, as they are trusted to have the &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; right in addition to administrators and autoreviewed users.

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:05, 21 March 2026 (UTC)

:I agree on replacing &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code&gt;reviewer&lt;/code&gt; to avoid confusion. Reviewers don't need to have patrol permissions as a reviewed page would be patrolled as well. I don't think people will use it much as a page or edit being reviewed already means that it has been checked by someone else. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 16:00, 22 March 2026 (UTC)
::When I said that reviewers would have &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;, they can review new pages that other users created, but not any new pages they create themselves. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:16, 22 March 2026 (UTC)
:::How can that be the case if they have &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt;? [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 18:26, 22 March 2026 (UTC)
::::I will give you an example. On the English Wikiquote, there are two user groups that have &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt;: autopatrollers and patrollers. Autopatrollers have their page creations marked as patrolled by the software, while patrollers (whilst also having their page creations marked as patrolled) can mark new pages as patrolled (in addition to administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 22 March 2026 (UTC)
:::::But what is the point of giving reviewers &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt; if we are already using FlaggedRevs? I think that we won't need patrol because we already have reviewing, and patrol only seems to be a confirmation that the page is up to policy from what I have seen, so giving them reviewers to mark pages as patrolled seems pointless to me when we already have FlaggedRevs. [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 19:06, 22 March 2026 (UTC)
::::::I understand, but my proposal was to convert FlaggedRevs into a protection-like mechanism which would be used alongside page protection; it might turn off FlaggedRevs's ability to patrol new pages for reviewers, hence why I suggested this above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:30, 22 March 2026 (UTC)
::::::: @[[User:Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]] I will summarize what you said from above:
:::::::* You agree about the reviewer user group to be moved from &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;reviewer&lt;/code&gt; to avoid confusion (technically).
:::::::* However, you probably disagree about allowing reviewers to patrol new pages ''and'' having their page creations automatically marked as patrolled, because FlaggedRevs can do all of this, and &lt;code&gt;$wgUseNPPatrol&lt;/code&gt; might seem to be redundant.
::::::: A compromise about your disagreement is that we might have to consider removing &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and/or &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt; from our existing user groups, similar to [[phab:T423461]].
::::::: I started this because in addition to that, one of my concerns was the extreme backlog of unreviewed edits and pages [4000!]. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:31, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:I may be missing some things here, so let me know if I haven't answered any points here:
:# I don't think we currently need to have the review status indicate the quality of the edit (i.e. minimal, average, good). I don't think this is used at all anymore.
:# I think it makes sense to reassign the reviewer user group to &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt;. I always like clarity in language.
:# Are you saying that pages marked as reviewed are currently also classed as patrolled? If that's the case, I think we should not have reviewed pages automatically classed as patrolled, and we should keep reviewing and patrolling separate.
:I'll note that honestly don't know much about patrolling, since I've never engaged with it—I have only ever referenced the reviewing system. If there is a significant functional difference, I would love to know it. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:00, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
::When someone clicks &quot;Accept revision&quot; on an unreviewed page, it is listed under [[Special:Log/review]]; if an admin marks a page as patrolled with &quot;Mark this page as patrolled&quot;, it will show up under [[Special:Log/patrol]], which is not really logged much compared to the former log (review). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:12, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
:I agree to your thoughts about the &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt; group and edit quality ratings, but I don't understand what this proposal changes for FlaggedRevs, since I don't have much technical knowledge. Can you explain what the proposal changes here, how are we going to convert FlaggedRevs into a &quot;protection-like mechanism&quot;? [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 17:24, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
::The proposal of changing FlaggedRevs into a protection-like feature (pending changes) is when an editor (unregistered/one not holding autoreviewer, reviewer, or administrator permissions) makes an edit, but their edit will be hidden from the public until it is approved by a reviewer or an administrator, and it will solely apply to Wikijunior pages. The configuration above is similar to what English Wikipedia uses.
{{quote|::I think it makes sense to reassign the reviewer user group to &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt;.}}
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I believe you might have misunderstood. What I meant is that &lt;code&gt;(editor)&lt;/code&gt; will be changed to &lt;code&gt;(reviewer)&lt;/code&gt; to avoid confusion, but I plan to remove &lt;code&gt;editor&lt;/code&gt; from all inactive reviewers, then do the same for recently active reviewers. However, given that there are a lot of reviewers, a script will possibly do all the work (under {{no ping|Maintenance script}} or similar). [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:29, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Gotcha! I can't currently foresee an issue with this —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:09, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:'''Re FlaggedRevs generally: '''The [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Mediawiki page of the extension]] says it is not being maintained and not recommended for production use. We should consider whether we need this extension at all. 
:What is the actual policy justification for having FlaggedRevs? 
:[[Help:Tracking_changes#Reviewing_pages]] says it's &quot;our primary counter-vandalism tool&quot;. I don't know if it is that: it doesn't prevent vandalism or reduce exposure to vandalism (as with stable versions). The &quot;counter-vandalism&quot; bit comes from human editors looking at the edits, identifying vandalism, and reverting. FlaggedRevs isn't necessary for that. Maybe it makes it a little easier to spot edits in recent changes from new editors that may need a little more help (wikicode etc, not just spam), but can that be achieved just with the patrolled edits functionality? 
:If we still want something like FlaggedRevs, as an anti-vandalism tool or for draft control, then Mediawiki has a [[mw:Content approval extensions|list of alternatives]] that may be more suited and better maintained. 
:'''Re minimal/average/good specifically:''' I agree that we don't need the three categories. I thought I read somewhere that these were intended to show the quality of the REVIEW not of the page? That is, a &quot;minimal&quot; review is &quot;I checked there was no obvious vandalism&quot; and a &quot;good&quot; review was &quot;I've thoroughly fact-checked everything&quot;. [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 11:34, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:: This was enabled back in 2008, which resulted in [[Wikibooks:New page patrol]] currently being obsolete. To be honest, I would keep FlaggedRevs, but I was proposing to change it to pending changes protection, similar to how Wikipedia utilizes it. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:04, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:Pinging &lt;span class=&quot;template-ping&quot;&gt;@[[:User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]]:&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class=&quot;template-ping&quot;&gt;@[[:User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]:&lt;/span&gt; for additional input. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot; class=&quot;autosigned&quot;&gt;—Preceding [[w:Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 22:29, 22 March 2026.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--Template:Undated--&gt;

== Global ban for Faster than Thunder ==

* {{user|Faster than Thunder}}
Hello, this message is to notify that [[User:Faster than Thunder|Faster than Thunder]] has been nominated for a global ban at [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Faster than Thunder]]. You are receiving this notification as required per the [[m:global ban|global ban]] policy as they have made at least 1 edit on this wiki. Thanks, --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:52, 22 March 2026 (UTC)

== Upcoming Wikimedia Café meetup regarding the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]] ==

{{tmbox
| image = [[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|45px]]
| type=notice
| text  = Hello! There will be a '''[[:meta:Wikimedia Café|Wikimedia Café]]''' meetup on '''Saturday, 11 April 2026 at 14:00 UTC''', focusing on the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]]. The featured guests will be {{Noping|KStineRowe (WMF)|label1=Kelsi Stine-Rowe}} (senior manager, [[:meta:Movement Communications|Movement Communications]], Wikimedia Foundation), and {{Noping|Samwalton9 (WMF)|label1=Sam Walton}} (senior product manager, [[:mw:Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]], Wikimedia Foundation). &lt;br /&gt;

In addition to this Café session, [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration|several additional meetings regarding the Annual Plan are listed on the Collaboration page]], and you may participate on the [[:meta:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. &lt;br /&gt;

This Café meetup will be approximately two hours long. Attendees may choose to attend only for a part. Please see the Café page for more information, including [[:meta:Wikimedia Café#Signups for the April 2026 session|how to register]]. &lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]
}}
&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[[User:Pine|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em&quot;&gt;↠Pine&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:Pine|&lt;span style=&quot;color:DeepSkyBlue&quot;&gt;(&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em&quot;&gt;✉&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 05:23, 29 March 2026 (UTC)

== Regarding copyright of recipes found on online cooking forums ==

What is the copyright situation regarding cooking recipes found on online recipe books with recipes made by other people? I ask this because I want to add/translate recipes from 下厨房 (xià chúfáng) for Chinese recipes, and while I was intending to add the original writer of the recipe with the translation I still want to ask for clarification. 

[[User:Fukukitaru|Fukukitaru]] ([[User talk:Fukukitaru|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fukukitaru|contribs]]) 19:06, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:Recipes are in principle not copyright-able, as they are just facts. When someone includes descriptive text or anything that elaborates on the basic ingredients and steps, that is copyright-able. I am not a lawyer or legal scholar and cannot give legal advice. See (e.g.) https://www.copyrightlaws.com/copyright-protection-recipes/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 19:16, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::In that case, would simplifying ingredients and methods to where they are simple yet can still be understood be sufficient for said recipes? [[User:Fukukitaru|Fukukitaru]] ([[User talk:Fukukitaru|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fukukitaru|contribs]]) 19:23, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Yes, you can add a recipe here as long as the instructions and text are not too overlapping with the copyrighted original. As the linked page says, the '''ideas''' behind the ingredient list and steps to prepare a given food item are not currently copyrightable, but the way you write the ideas may be copyrightable. You should also cite where you took the recipe from so we can trace its origins. I personally recommend only adding recipes that you have successfully made so we don't become a massive repository of potentially low-quality or untested recipes—I only add recipes once I have made them successfully. Let me know if you have any more questions about the Cookbook! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:06, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::::To build up on this, if you want to understand what is copyright-able and what is not, the &quot;[[:w:en:Idea–expression distinction|idea versus expression]]&quot; distinction. You cannot own the idea of &quot;Boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy and girl commit suicide&quot; but you can copyright a specific version of ''Romeo and Juliet'' with your own innovative ideas. And, for that matter, this is context-specific, but if you can understand the distinction, it can help with future questions about &quot;could this be protected by copyright?&quot;, which can be a subtle one. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:50, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:::::To further build up on this, there's something called the merger doctrine (see ''[[w:Baker v. Selden|Baker v. Selden]]''). This is why you can't copyright drawings of [[w:Structural formula|structural formulas]]. This doctrine means that if there's only one or a handful of ways to express an idea, then any such expression cannot be copyrighted, since copyrighting that expression would essentially be copyrighting the idea itself. This comes in a lot with recipes. I very likely can't copyright this list (from [[Cookbook:Cornmeal Pancakes (Arepa)]]:
:::::* 2.4 cups corn flour
:::::* 1.2 tsp salt
:::::* 0.6 cup grated white cheese
:::::* 2.4 cups cool water 
:::::Since there's essentially only one way to express the idea of that combination of ingredients. However, if I say:
:::::* 2.4 cups corn flour: for this, I strongly recommend Harina P.A.N., because my grandma always used to make me arepas from that stuff every day, and it was delicious.
:::::That is copyrightable. At that point, I cease to merely be expressing the idea of a food item with those four ingredients, and add a minimum degree of creativity. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:02, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
::::::And to build on all &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt;, even if individual pieces of information are in the public domain (or are fair use), the &lt;em&gt;arrangement&lt;/em&gt; of them can be copyrighted. This is why even if ''Bartlett's Quotations'' only had public domain material, the act of selectively editing and positioning them thematically for the user's benefit could constitute a sufficiently original work. So we could copy the material from a bunch of recipes, but could run a foul of copyright issues if we arranged and sorted them in some kind of manner that replicated someone else's original work. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:28, 31 March 2026 (UTC)


== Style Guidelines for Advanced Points ==

Is there a general style guideline to refer the reader to advanced information, while the main text gives the short-answer version?  For example, how would I specify that in practical applications, A is true, but if you use the theory you see that A is not quite true, or has caveats, or similar?--
[[User:Iain marcuson|Iain marcuson]] ([[User talk:Iain marcuson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Iain marcuson|contribs]]) 17:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

== Request: Help adding Objective Projection writing guide (filter blocked) ==

Hello,

I am Levent Bulut (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261), author of the 
Objective Projection methodology. I am trying to contribute a 
practical writing guide to Wikibooks under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Book title: &quot;Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets 
Some Stories&quot;

The automated filter blocked my edits due to external links and 
content volume. I have already created the page with the 
introduction and contents, but could not add the chapters.

The Turkish version of the same book is already live on Wikibooks:
https://tr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nesnel_%C4%B0zd%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCm:_Beyin_Neden_Baz%C4%B1_Hikayeleri_Unutmuyor%3F

This is not a new theory — it is an instructional guide teaching 
a published methodology documented in DOI-registered publications:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18689179

Open license declaration on my site:
https://leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/

All content is my own work, written for Wikibooks, under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Could an experienced editor help add the remaining chapters, or 
whitelist my account so the filter does not block future edits?

Thank you.
Levent Bulut | leventbulut.com [[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]] ([[User talk:LeventBulut|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/LeventBulut|contribs]]) 21:28, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]] This happened because you added too much content when creating the book. Also, when reporting false positives from an edit filter, please report on [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:03, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30424282 --&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1991</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>139049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632912</id>
      <parentid>4631617</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T11:57:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>46022</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated.</comment>
      <origin>4632912</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42468" sha1="788sdwu5odd6lvrtgri3ywt508x5zud" xml:space="preserve">{{center/top}}
[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]] '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Почта СССР&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;''' [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]]

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; {{ts|mc}}
| [[w:Soviet Union stamp catalogue|CPA catalogue]]&lt;br&gt; [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1979|←]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1980|1980]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1981|1981]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1982|1982]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1983|1983]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1984|1984]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1985|1985]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1986|1986]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1987|1987]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1988|1988]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1989|1989]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1990|1990]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1991|'''&lt;big&gt;1991&lt;/big&gt;''']] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1992|1992]] [[:Category:Stamps of Russia, 1992|→]]
|}
{{center/end}}

{{center|CPA Nr 6279-6380 (102)}}
{{center|Issues 1991, 1992 (Выпуски 1991, 1992 годов)}}

'''Here complete descriptions of 1991 USSR stamps are given.'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Здесь приведены полные описания почтовых марок СССР 1991 года.'''

* All available images of 1991 USSR stamps are on the Wikimedia Commons:&lt;br /&gt;
* Все имеющиеся изображения почтовых марок СССР 1991 года находятся на Викискладе:&lt;br /&gt;
*[[File:Commons-logo.svg|32px|Wikimedia commons|link=c:]] [[c:Category:Stamps of the Soviet Union, 1991|Stamps of the Soviet Union, 1991]]

:* You can also see standard images of 1991 USSR stamps on Wikimedia commons:&lt;br /&gt;
:* Типовые изображения почтовых марок СССР 1991 года можно также посмотреть на Викискладе:&lt;br /&gt;
:*[[File:Commons-logo.svg|32px|Wikimedia commons|link=c:]] [[c:Каталог ЦФА (6001-6380)|Каталог ЦФА (6001-6380)]]&lt;br&gt;


Attention! The stamps are sorted by CPA (Central Philatelic Agency) catalog numbers, not by dates of their issue!&lt;br /&gt;
Внимание! Марки отсортированы по номерам каталога [[w:ru:Союзпечать|ЦФА]], а не по дате выпуска!&lt;br /&gt;

The names of stamps and stamp series are made according to all used 7 catalogues.&lt;br /&gt;
Названия марок и серий марок составлены по всем используемым 7 каталогам.&lt;br /&gt;


== 1 CPA Nr 6279-6283 (5) Fauna of Black Sea ==
Full design (Полное оформление).
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''[[w:Fauna|Fauna]] of [[w:Black Sea|Black Sea]].''' 1991.01.04. The [[w:Postage stamp|stamps]] with the [[w:Name|name]] of [[w:Animal|animals]] in [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and [[w:Latin|Latin]]. Designer: A.&amp;nbsp;Isakov.&lt;br&gt; Multicolored. Comb 11¾. Coated paper. Offset printing. Size: 32.5&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;32.5&amp;nbsp;mm. Sheet: 5&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;6 &lt;br&gt; '''[[w:ru:Фауна|Фауна]] [[w:ru:Чёрное море|Чёрного моря]].''' Худ. А.&amp;nbsp;Исаков

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991.01.04'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6214-6218 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6249-6253 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5954-5958 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6158-6162 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6215-6219 [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5818-5822

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.1-1.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6279 stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. Frilly-mouthed jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo)) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|White [[w:Jellyfish|jellyfish]] ([[w:Rhizostoma pulmo|Rhizostoma pulmo]] Macri, 1778). Face value: 4k. Issued: 4,500,000.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:ru:Корнероты|Медуза корнерот]] 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6279'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6214
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6249
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5954
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6158
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6215
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5818

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6279A stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. Frilly-mouthed jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo)) 150dpi.jpg|150x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |CPA 6279 stamp imperforated
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6279A'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6214Pa
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6249A
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6158U
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.2-1.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6280 stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. Mediterranean snakelocks sea anemone (Anemonia sulcata)) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:Snakelocks anemone|Snakelocks anemone]] (Anemonia sulcata Thomas Pennant, 1777). Face value: 5k. Issued: 3,800,000.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:ru:Актиния|Морской анемон]] 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6280'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6215
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6250
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5955
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6159
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6216
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5819

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.3-1.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6281 stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:Spiny dogfish|Spiny dogfish]] (Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758). Face value: 10k. Issued: 3,500,000.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:ru:Катран|Акула катран]] 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6281'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6216
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6251
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5956
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6160
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6217
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5820

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.4-1.4&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6282 stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:European anchovy|European anchovy]] (Engraulis encrasicolus Linnaeus, 1758). Face value: 15k. Issued: 3,000,000.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:ru:Европейский анчоус|Хамса]] 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6282'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6217
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6252
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5957
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6161
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6218
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5821

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.5-1.5&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6283 stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:Common bottlenose dolphin|Bottlenose dolphin]] (Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821). Face value: 20k. Issued: 2,800,000.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:ru:Афалина|Дельфин афалина]]
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6283'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6218
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6253
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5958
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6162
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6219
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5822

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6283A stamp (Fauna of the Black Sea. Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) 150dpi.jpg|150x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|CPA 6283 stamp imperforated
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6283A'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6218Pa
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6253A
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6162U
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????


|}

== 2 CPA Nr 6284 (1) 75th Anniversary of Paul Keres (1916-1975), Estonian Chess Grandmaster ==
Full design (Полное оформление).
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''75th anniversary of [[w:Paul Keres|Paul Keres]] (1916-1975), Estonian Chess Grandmaster.''' 1991.01.07. Designer: B.&amp;nbsp;Ilyukhin. [[w:Face value|Face value]]: 15k. Dark brown. Harrow 11½. [[w:Coated paper|Coated paper]]. [[w:Photogravure|Photogravure]]. Size: 40&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;28&amp;nbsp;mm. Sheet: 5&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;10. Issued: 1,800,000 &lt;br&gt; '''75-летие со дня рождения [[w:ru:Керес, Пауль|П.&amp;nbsp;П.&amp;nbsp;Кереса]] (1916-1975), эстонского шахматиста.''' Худ. Б.&amp;nbsp;Илюхин

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
|#1991.6-2.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6284 stamp (75th Birth Anniversary of Paul Keres. Paul Keres (1916-1975), chess grandmaster) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]&lt;br&gt;1991.01.07
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:Portrait|Portrait]] of the [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[w:Estonia|Estonian]] [[w:Chess|chess player]] [[w:Paul Keres|Paul Keres]] (according to the [[w:Photograph|photo]]) against [[w:Chess piece|chessmen]] of a [[w:Knight (chess)|knight]] and a [[w:Bishop (chess)|bishop]]. [[w:Facsimile|Facsimile]] of the [[w:Signature|signature]] of [[w:Paul Keres|P. Keres]] &lt;br /&gt; [[w:ru:Портрет|Портрет]] [[w:ru:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик|советского]] [[w:ru:Эстония|эстонского]] [[w:ru:Шахматы|шахматиста]] [[w:ru:Керес, Пауль|Пауля Петровича Кереса]] (по [[w:ru:Фотография|фотографии]]) на фоне [[w:ru:Шахматные фигуры|шахматных фигур]] [[w:ru:Конь (шахматы)|коня]] и [[w:ru:Слон (шахматы)|слона]]. [[w:ru:Факсимиле|Факсимиле]] [[w:ru:Подпись|подписи]] [[w:ru:Керес, Пауль|П.&amp;nbsp;П.&amp;nbsp;Кереса]]
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6284'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6219
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6254
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5964
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6163
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6220
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5823


|}

== 3 CPA Nr 6285 (1) 5th Anniversary of Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster ==
Full design (Полное оформление).
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''5th Anniversary of Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster.''' 1991.01.22. Designer: M.&amp;nbsp;Verkholantsev. [[w:Face value|Face value]]: 15k. Multicolored. Harrow 11½. [[w:Coated paper|Coated paper]]. [[w:Photogravure|Photogravure]]. Size: 40&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;28&amp;nbsp;mm. Sheet: 5&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;10. Issued: 1,500,000 &lt;br&gt;'''5-летие чернобыльской трагедии.''' Худ. М. Верхоланцев

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|#1991.7-3.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6285 stamp (Fifth Anniversary of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station Disaster. Radioactive particles killing vegetation) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]&lt;br&gt;1991.01.22
| align=&quot;left&quot;|Allegory: pernicious impact of radiation on all live &lt;br /&gt; Аллегория: губительное воздействие радиации на все живое
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6285'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6220
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6255
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5959
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6164
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6221
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5824


|}

== 4 CPA Nr 6286-6289 (4) Russian Landscape Paintings ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''Russian landscape paintings.''' 1991.01.25. Designer: A. Zharov. Multicolored. C 12½:12 &lt;br&gt; '''Российская пейзажная живопись.''' Многоцветные. Оформление А. Жаров

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991.01.25'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6221-6224 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6256-6259 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5960-5961 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6165-6168 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6222-6225 [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5825-5828

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.8-4.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6286.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|Evening in the Ukraine, 1878, by A.I. Kuindzhi. Face value: 0.10. Issued: 3,000.&lt;br /&gt;А. И. Куинджи &quot;Вечер на Украине&quot; (1878). 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6286'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6223
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6256
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5962
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6167
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6224
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5825

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.9-4.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6287.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|Birch Grove, 1879, by A.&amp;nbsp;I.&amp;nbsp;Kuindzhi. Face value: 0.10. Issued: 3,000.&lt;br /&gt;А.&amp;nbsp;И.&amp;nbsp;Куинджи &quot;Берёзовая роща&quot; (1879). 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6287'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6224
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6257
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5963
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6168
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6225
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5826

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:1991 CPA 6286 6287 and label.jpg|200x125px]]
| Se-tenants (6286-tablet-6287), tablet with portrait of A.&amp;nbsp;I.&amp;nbsp;Kuindzhi&lt;br /&gt;Марки в сцепке: 6286-купон-6287. На купоне портрет художника А.&amp;nbsp;И.&amp;nbsp;Куинджи 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;----'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;----
Liapine&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5963a
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.10-4.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6288.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|Sorrento Coast with View of Capri, 1826, by S.F. Shchedrin. Face value: 0.10. Issued: 3,000.&lt;br /&gt;С. Ф. Щедрин &quot;Берег Сорренто с видом на остров Капри&quot; (1826). 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6288'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6221
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6258
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5960
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6165
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6222
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5827

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.11-4.4&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6289.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot;|New Rome, St. Angel’s Castle, 1823, by S.&amp;nbsp;F.&amp;nbsp;Shchedrin. Face value: 0.10. Issued: 3,000.&lt;br /&gt;С.&amp;nbsp;Ф.&amp;nbsp;Щедрин &quot;Новый Рим. Вид на замок св. Ангела&quot; (1823). 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6289'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6222
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6259
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5961
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6166
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6223
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5828

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:1991 CPA 6288-6289 and label.jpg|200x125px]]
| Se-tenants (6288-tablet-6289), tablet with portrait of S.&amp;nbsp;F.&amp;nbsp;Shchedrin&lt;br /&gt;Марки в сцепке: 6288-купон-6289. На купоне портрет художника С.&amp;nbsp;Ф.&amp;nbsp;Щедрина
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;----'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;----
Liapine&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5961a
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|}

== 5 CPA Nr 6290 (1) Wildlife Management ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Birds. Surtax for the Zoo Relief Fund.''' 1991-02-04&lt;br&gt;'''Птицы. Почтово-благотворительный выпуск в Фонд помощи зоопаркам'''

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
|#1991.12-5.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6290 stamp (white stork).jpg|125x125px]]&lt;br&gt;1991-02-04
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:White stork|White stork]] (''Ciconia Ciconia''). Emblem of the Zoo Relief Fund. Birds. Surtax for the Zoo Relief Fund. Multicolored. Designer: A. Isakov. Face value: 0.10 + 0.05. Issued: 3,200. C 12:12½&lt;br /&gt; [[w:ru:Белый аист|Белый аист]] (''Ciconia Ciconia''). Эмблема Фонда помощи зоопаркам. Птицы. Почтово-благотворительный выпуск в Фонд помощи зоопаркам. Многоцветная.  Худ. А. Исаков. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6290'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6225
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6260
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;B179
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6172
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6226
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5829

|}

== 6 CPA Nr 6291 (1) Wildlife Management ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''USSR Philatelic Society, 25th Anniv.''' 1991-02-05&lt;br&gt;'''Почтово-благотворительный выпуск в Фонд помощи Союзу филателистов'''

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
|#1991.13-6.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6291.jpg|150x150px]]&lt;br&gt;1991-02-05
| align=&quot;left&quot;|[[w:Old World Swallowtail|Old World Swallowtail]] (''Papilio machaon'') on a flower. Wildlife management - a philately vital topic. USSR Philatelic Society Relief Fund semi-postal. Souvenir sheet. Multicolored. Designer: M. Morozov.  Face value: 0.20 + 0.10. Issued: 700. H 12:12½&lt;br /&gt; [[w:ru:Махаон|Махаон]] (''Papilio machaon'') на цветке. Охрана природы - актуальная тема филателии. Почтово-благотворительный выпуск в Фонд помощи Союзу филателистов. Почтовый блок. Многоцветная. Худ. М. Морозов. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6291'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6226
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6261
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;B180
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6173
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;MS6230
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;Block21

|}

== 7 CPA Nr 6292-6294 (3) Let's protect the native nature ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Let's protect the native nature.''' 1991.02.15. Multicolored. Designer: A. Isakov. H 11½&lt;br&gt; '''Защитим родную природу. '''Многоцветные. Худ. А. Исаков

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991.02.15'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6227-6229 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6262-6264 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5965-5967 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6169-6171 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6227-6229 [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5830-5832

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.14-7.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6292.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Bell tower near Kaliazin, Volga River region. Face value: 0.10. Issued: 3,000.&lt;br /&gt;Волга. Затопленная колокольня. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6292'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6227
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6262
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5965
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6169
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6227
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5830

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.15-7.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6293.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Lake Baikal. Face value: 0.15. Issued: 3,000.&lt;br /&gt;Байкал. В районе острова Ольхон. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6293'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6228
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6263
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5966
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6170
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6228
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5831

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.16-7.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6294.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;|Desert zone of former Aral Sea. Face value: 0.20. Issued: 2,100.&lt;br /&gt;Арал. Морские суда, застывшие в барханах. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6294'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6229
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6264
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5967
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6171
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6229
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5832

|}

== 8 CPA Nr 6295-6297 (3) Monuments of Domestic History ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Monuments of domestic history.''' 1991.03.05. Multicolored. Designer: L. Zaytsev. H 11½ &lt;br&gt; '''Памятники отечественной истории.''' Многоцветные. Худ. Л. Зайцев

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991.03.05'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6230-6232 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6265-6267 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5968-5970 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6174-6176 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;623?-623? [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;583?-583?

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.17-8.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6295.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Mukhammed Bashar Mausoleum, Tadzhikstan (14 c.). Face value: 0.15. Issued: 2,800.&lt;br /&gt;Пенджикент. Мавзолей Мухаммеда Башшара (XIV век). 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6295'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6230
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6265
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5969
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6175
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6232
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;583?

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.18-8.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6296.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Moslem Tower, Uzgen, Kirghizia (11 c.). Face value: 0.15. Issued: 2,800.&lt;br /&gt;Узген. Минарет (XI век) на фоне киргизского орнаментального узора. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6296'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6231
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6266
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5968
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6174
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;623?
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5833

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.19-8.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6297.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Talkhatan-baba Mosque, Turkmenistan (11 c.). Face value: 0.15. Issued: 2,800.&lt;br /&gt;Мары. Мечеть Талхатан-Баба (XI век). 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6297'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6232
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6267
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5970
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6176
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;623?
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;583?

|}

== 9 CPA Nr 6298-6301 (4) 14th Standard Emission ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''14 standard emission on a coated paper.''' 1991.03.13. Litho. Designer: V. Koval. C 12½:12 /&lt;br /&gt;'''XIII стандартный выпуск на мелованной бумаге.''' Офсет. Худ. В. Коваль

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991.03.13'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6233-6236 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6268-6271 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5984-5987 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6177-6180 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????-???? [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5836-5839

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.20-9.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6298 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 3rd issue. Old Mail Transport. Mail coach, steam train, sailing packet and steamship) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Early ship, train, and carriage. Orange brown. Face value: 0.02. Issued: 1,000.&lt;br /&gt;Средства доставки почты (XIX век). Жёлто-коричневая.&lt;br /&gt;
-/-/- on an ordinary paper (18.IV). Issued: mass&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- на обыкновенной бумаге&lt;br /&gt;
-/-/- on an ordinary paper, imperforated (18.IV)&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- на обыкновенной бумаге без зубцов
&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- UV paper
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6298'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6233
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6268
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5984
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6177
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5836

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.21-9.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6299 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 3rd issue. Modern Mail Transport. Mail truck, train, ocean liner, Ilyushin Il-86 jetliner and Mil Mi-2 helicopter) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Airplane, helicopter, ocean liner, cable car, van. Bright blue. Face value: 0.07. Issued: 1,000.&lt;br /&gt;Современные средства доставки почты. Голубая.&lt;br /&gt;
-/-/- on an ordinary paper (18.IV). Issued: mass&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- на обыкновенной бумаге&lt;br /&gt;
-/-/- on an ordinary paper, Photogravure, H 12:11½ (25.VI)&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- на обыкновенной бумаге, рам. 12:11½
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6299'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6234
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6269
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5985
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6178
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5837

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.22-9.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6300 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 3rd issue. Space Exploration. 'Energia' rocket and 'Buran' spacecraft on launch pad) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;460&quot;|Space shuttle. Dk lilac rose. Face value: 0.12. Issued: 1,000.&lt;br /&gt;Система &quot;Энергия&quot; и комплекс &quot;Буран&quot;. Лилово-фиолетовая.&lt;br /&gt;
-/-/- on an ordinary paper (18.IV). Issued: mass&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- на обыкновенной бумаге&lt;br /&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6300'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6235
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6270
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5986
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6179
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5838

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.23-9.4&lt;br&gt;[[Image:The Soviet Union 1991 CPA 6301 stamp (14th standard issue of Soviet Union. 3rd issue. Means of Space Communication. 'Gorizont' communications satellite) 1200dpi.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Telecommunication satellite &quot;Horizont&quot;. Deep violet. Face value: 0.13. Issued: 1,000.&lt;br /&gt;Спутник связи &quot;Горизонт&quot;. Сине-фиолетовая.&lt;br /&gt;
-/-/- on an ordinary paper (18.IV). Issued: mass&lt;br /&gt;-/-/- на обыкновенной бумаге&lt;br /&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6301'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6236
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6271
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5987
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6180
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5839

|}

== 10 CPA Nr 6302-6304 (3) Russian Settlements in America ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Russian Settlements in America.''' 1991.03.14. Designer: Yu. Levinovsky. H 12:11½ &lt;br&gt; '''Русская Америка.''' Худ. Ю. Левиновский

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991.03.14'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6237-6239 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6272-6274 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5971-5973 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6181-6183 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6234-6236 [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5840-5842

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.24-10.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6302.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |G. I. Shelekhov (1747-1795), Alaska colonizer. Brt blue &amp; black. Face value: 0.20. Issued: 2,500.&lt;br /&gt;Гавань Трёх Святителей. Портрет [[w:ru:Шелихов, Григорий Иванович|Г. И. Шелехова]]. Синяя, голубая и чёрная
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6302'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6237
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6272
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5971
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6181
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6234
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5840

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.25-10.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6303.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |A. A. Baranov, (1746-1819), first governor of Russian America. Olive brn &amp; balk. Face value: 0.30. Issued: 2,200.&lt;br /&gt;Ново-Архангельск. Портрет [[w:ru:Баранов, Александр Андреевич|А. А. Баранова]]. Оливковая и чёрная
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6303'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6238
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6273
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5972
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6182
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6235
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5841

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.26-10.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6304.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |I. A. Kuskov, founder of Fort Ross, California. Red brn &amp; balk. Face value: 0.50. Issued: 1,900.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:ru:Форт Росс|Форт Росс]]. Портрет И. А. Кускова. Красно-коричневая, оранжево-коричневая и чёрная
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6304'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6239
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6274
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5973
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6183
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6236
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5842

|}

== 11 CPA Nr 6305 (1) Asia and Pacific Transport Network, 10th Anniv. ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot;  
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Asia and Pacific Transport Network, 10th Anniv.''' 1991.03.20&lt;br&gt; '''10-летие деятельности ЭСКАТО'''

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| &lt;small&gt;#1991.27-11.1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6305.jpg|125x125px]]&lt;br&gt;1991.03.20
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Communication satellite and the ship against United Nations emblem. Multicolored. Designer: Yu. Artsimenev. Face value: 0.10. Issued: 1,500. H 11½&lt;br /&gt; Спутник связи и судно на фоне эмблемы ООН. Многоцветная.  Худ. Ю. Арцименев. 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6305'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6240
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6275
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5979
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6184
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6237
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;58??

|}

== 12 CPA Nr 6306-6311 (6) Day of astronautics. The 30th anniversary of the first flight of the person in space. Yuri A. Gagarin ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 

|- bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Day of astronautics. The 30 anniversary of the first flight of the person in space. Yuri A. Gagarin.'''&lt;br&gt; 1991-04-06. Brown. Designer: G. Komlev. C 12 /&lt;br /&gt;'''День космонавтики, 30-летие первого полёта человека в космос. Юрий Гагарин.'''&lt;br&gt; Коричневые. Худ. Г. Комлев

|- bgcolor=&quot;#E5E1A8&quot; 
| align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1991-04-06'''
| align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6241-6244, Бл 221-222 Liapine&amp;nbsp;6276-6279, Блок 222-223 [[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5974-5977 [[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6185-6188, Block 218-219 [[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6238-6241, ???? [[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5844-5847, ????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.28-12.1&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6306.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Pilot. Face value: 0.25. Issued: 2,500.&lt;br /&gt;Теоретическая подготовка к полету (1960&amp;nbsp;г.)
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6306'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6241
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6276
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5974
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6185A
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6238
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5844

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.29-12.2&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6307.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Cosmonaut. Face value: 0.25. Issued: 2,500.&lt;br /&gt;Перед стартом (1961&amp;nbsp;г.)
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6307'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6242
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6277
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5975
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6186A
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6239
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5845

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.30-12.3&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6308.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Pilot, wearing hat. Face value: 0.25. Issued: 2,500.&lt;br /&gt;Первая зарубежная поездка. Прага (1961&amp;nbsp;г.)
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6308'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6243
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6278
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5976
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6187A
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6240
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5846

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.31-12.4&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6309.jpg|125x125px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |As civilian. Face value: 0.25. Issued: 2,500.&lt;br /&gt;Одна из последних фотографий (1968&amp;nbsp;г.)
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6309'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;6244
Liapine&amp;nbsp;6279
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5977
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;6188A
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;6241
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;5847

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:1991 CPA 6306-6309.jpg|150x150px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Stamps block of four. Face value: 0.25 × 4.&lt;br /&gt;Марки в квартблоке
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;----'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;----
Liapine&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5977a
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:1991 CPA 6306-6309 Minisheet.jpg|150x150px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Little sheet of 4 × 2&lt;br /&gt;Малый лист 4 × 2 (два квартблока)
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;----'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;----
Liapine&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5977d
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| [[Image:1991 CPA 6306-6309 Minisheet inscribed.jpg|150x150px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Little sheet of 4 × 2, inscribed&lt;br /&gt;Малый лист 4 × 2 с чёрным дополнительным текстом: с чёрной офсетной надпечаткой текста: &quot;Международная выставка &quot;К звёздам-91&quot; Космос на службе мира и прогресса&quot;
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;----'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;----
Liapine&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;----
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.32-12.5&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6310.jpg|150x150px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Sheet of 4 stamps, imperforated. Simulated perforations. Grey-blue, brown &amp; black. Face value: 0.25 × 4.&lt;br /&gt;Почтовый блок. Блок с имитационной зубцовкой. На поле блока: скульптура &quot;К звёздам&quot; (фрагмент)
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6310'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;Бл 221
Liapine&amp;nbsp;Блок 222
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5977b
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;Block 218
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFFEF0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
| #1991.33-12.6&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1991 CPA 6311.jpg|150x150px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Sheet of 4 stamps, imperforated, inscribed. Simulated perforations&lt;br /&gt;Почтовый блок с чёрной офсетной надпечаткой текста: &quot;Международная выставка &quot;К звёздам-91&quot; Космос на службе мира и прогресса&quot;. Блок с имитационной зубцовкой
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6F4D1&quot; |'''[[w:ru:Союзпечать|CPA]]&amp;nbsp;6311'''
[[w:ru:Стандарт-Коллекция (каталог марок)|Zagor.]]&amp;nbsp;Бл 222
Liapine&amp;nbsp;Блок 223
[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott]]&amp;nbsp;5977c
[[w:Michel catalog|Mich.]]&amp;nbsp;Block 219
[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Gibb.]]&amp;nbsp;????
[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert]]&amp;nbsp;????

|}

== ==
{| width=&quot;284&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;3&quot;
|+
|- bgcolor=&quot;#BFFFBF&quot;
| '''''23 апреля 1991''''' / '''''23 April 1991'''''
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; | '''100-летие со дня рождения С. С. Прокофьева''' / '''100th anniversary of Sergey S. Prokofiev'''
|- 
| '''Рисунок/Image'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#f0fffe&quot; | '''Каталог ВП:Ф''' / '''WP:F Number'''
| '''Описание/Description'''
| '''Каталог ЦФА/CPA'''
| '''Scott'''
| '''Michel'''
| '''Yver'''
| '''Примечания/Notes'''
|-bgcolor=&quot;#efffef&quot; |
| [[Image:1991 CPA 6314.jpg|100px]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#fffef0&quot; | 
| Портрет композитора С. С. Прокофьева / Portrait of Sergey S. Prokofiev, composer
| {{center|6314}}
| {{center|5993}}
| {{center|6191}}
|
| Художник Б. Илюхин, тираж 2300 / Designer: B. Ilyukhin, issued: 2300
|- 

|}

{{center/top}}
[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]] '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Почта СССР&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;''' [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|75px]]

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; {{ts|mc}}
| [[w:Soviet Union stamp catalogue|CPA catalogue]]&lt;br&gt; [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1979|←]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1980|1980]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1981|1981]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1982|1982]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1983|1983]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1984|1984]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1985|1985]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1986|1986]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1987|1987]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1988|1988]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1989|1989]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1990|1990]] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1991|'''&lt;big&gt;1991&lt;/big&gt;''']] [[:World Stamp Catalogue/Soviet Union/1992|1992]] [[:Category:Stamps of Russia, 1992|→]]
|}
{{center/end}}

{{BookCat|filing=deep}}</text>
      <sha1>788sdwu5odd6lvrtgri3ywt508x5zud</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>140081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632879</id>
      <parentid>4632560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T05:15:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reporting Kevinsteinfeldt</comment>
      <origin>4632879</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7466" sha1="ttuc8u4lbzds9dr6m0lpalzi7961xfn" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s
|algo = old(14d)
|counter = 1
|minthreadstoarchive = 1
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}}
{{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].&lt;br /&gt;''Please do not post those requests here!''}}
{{Clear}}
Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''.  You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup.

You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say &lt;code&gt;!admin&lt;/code&gt; to get attention).

For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== Roosevelt707 reported by MathXplore ==

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: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:05, 13 April 2026 (UTC)

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: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:05, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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: {{done|Blocked}} for three months, and page protected for one month. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:37, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
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: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:04, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
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:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

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* {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
== Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
== Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

== Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Everythingis99}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

== Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}}

Vandalism &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
== Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}}

Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ttuc8u4lbzds9dr6m0lpalzi7961xfn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632890</id>
      <parentid>4632879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T07:02:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reporting Your username will be adjusted to &quot;Mutesstud&quot; due to technical restrictions</comment>
      <origin>4632890</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7917" sha1="2snfvceqnil7st8hnj9leyb6jw6cmq5" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
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|algo = old(14d)
|counter = 1
|minthreadstoarchive = 1
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{{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].&lt;br /&gt;''Please do not post those requests here!''}}
{{Clear}}
Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''.  You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup.

You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say &lt;code&gt;!admin&lt;/code&gt; to get attention).

For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== Roosevelt707 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Roosevelt707}}

Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311522]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Roosevelt707/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:05, 13 April 2026 (UTC)

== Prodoo1 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Prodoo1}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Prodoo1/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:58, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:05, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
== ~2026-22960-74 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|~2026-22960-74}}

Vandalism &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-22960-74/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:45, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done|Blocked}} for three months, and page protected for one month. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:37, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
== Heathhenry44 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Heathhenry44}}

Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311614]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Heathhenry44/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:04, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
== Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
== Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
== Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
== Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

== Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Everythingis99}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

== Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}}

Vandalism &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
== Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}}

Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
== Your username will be adjusted to &quot;Mutesstud&quot; due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore ==
* {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to &quot;Mutesstud&quot; due to technical restrictions}}

Vandalism &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to &quot;Mutesstud&quot; due to technical restrictions/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2snfvceqnil7st8hnj9leyb6jw6cmq5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632895</id>
      <parentid>4632890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T08:10:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ArchiverBot</username>
        <id>1227662</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bot: Archiving 2 threads (older than 14 days) to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2026/April]]</comment>
      <origin>4632895</origin>
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{{User:MiszaBot/config
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{{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].&lt;br /&gt;''Please do not post those requests here!''}}
{{Clear}}
Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''.  You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup.

You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say &lt;code&gt;!admin&lt;/code&gt; to get attention).

For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== ~2026-22960-74 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|~2026-22960-74}}

Vandalism &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-22960-74/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:45, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done|Blocked}} for three months, and page protected for one month. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:37, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
== Heathhenry44 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Heathhenry44}}

Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311614]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Heathhenry44/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:04, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
== Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

== Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
== Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
== Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
== Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

== Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Everythingis99}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

== Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}}

Vandalism &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC)
== Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}}

Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
== Your username will be adjusted to &quot;Mutesstud&quot; due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to &quot;Mutesstud&quot; due to technical restrictions}}

Vandalism &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to &quot;Mutesstud&quot; due to technical restrictions/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>48tdvbiozj9g0xzf834kvmio0vjbt1y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632900</id>
      <parentid>4632895</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T10:47:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reporting Degroot1</comment>
      <origin>4632900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="7208" sha1="9yjlem2m5xcvsjysgmabtqwfynateno" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
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|algo = old(14d)
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}}
{{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].&lt;br /&gt;''Please do not post those requests here!''}}
{{Clear}}
Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''.  You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup.

You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say &lt;code&gt;!admin&lt;/code&gt; to get attention).

For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== ~2026-22960-74 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|~2026-22960-74}}

Vandalism &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-22960-74/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:45, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done|Blocked}} for three months, and page protected for one month. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:37, 14 April 2026 (UTC)
== Heathhenry44 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Heathhenry44}}

Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311614]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Heathhenry44/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:04, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
== Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}}

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      <sha1>9yjlem2m5xcvsjysgmabtqwfynateno</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Strategy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>141624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632732</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-27T15:53:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Parthjoshi2511</username>
        <id>3579557</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>I have change a few lines on patience</comment>
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      <text bytes="3664" sha1="ahc1t5v8hmcze75robhd4zaplk3tmt7" xml:space="preserve">{{quote | If one piece is badly placed, your whole game is bad.|[[wikipedia:Siegbert Tarrasch|Siegbert Tarrasch]], chess master at the turn of the twentieth century}}

[[wikipedia:Chess strategy|Strategy]] in chess is the overall art of forming a plan. A quote from the second World Champion, [[wikipedia:Emmanuel Lasker|Emanuel Lasker]], goes, &quot;A bad plan is better than no plan at all.&quot; This simply means that the ability to plan and make decisions about what the position calls for is one of the most important parts of playing great chess. Remember: it is not what you call for, it is what the position calls for.

Modern-day chess strategy was, in a sense, discovered by the scientific thinker Wilhelm Steinitz, who was also the first World Champion. This method of evaluating a position, and then making a plan based on this evaluation, was developed in the 19th century. Steinitz's idea was that chess was divided into positional elements, which are listed here:

:::1. [[/Development/]]
:::2. [[/Mobility/]]
:::3. [[/The center/]]
:::4. [[/The positions of the kings/]]
:::5. [[/Weak and strong squares/]]
:::6. [[/Pawn structure/]]
:::7. [[/Queenside pawn majority/]]
:::8. [[/Open lines/]]
:::9. [[/Minor pieces/]]

These elements were further developed by later thinkers like Nimzowitsch, Capablanca and Alekhine, who all made their own contribution to the strategy of the game. Capablanca said himself, in his instructive, timeless, and quintessential primer, ''Chess Fundamentals'', that &quot;in chess the tactics may change but the strategic fundamental principles are always the same, so that ''Chess Fundamentals'' is as good now as it was thirteen years ago.... It will be as good a hundred years from now; as long in fact as the laws and rules of the game remain what they are at present.&quot; This means that, while openings go in and out of style, and tactics may be refuted, basic chess strategy will always remain the same. It doesn't matter which opening you play, or what style you play in; the rules of chess strategy will always be helpful.Always try to have patience and think before playing any move

===Steinitz's Four Rules of Strategy===

:::1. The right to attack belongs to the side that has a positional advantage, which not only has the right to attack, but the '''obligation''' to do so, else the advantage will evaporate. The attack should be concentrated on the weakest square in the opponent's position.
:::2. If in an inferior position, the defender should be ready to defend and make compromises, or take other measures, such as a desperate counterattack.
:::3. In an equal position, the opponents should maneuver, trying to achieve a position in which they have an advantage. If both sides play correctly, an equal position will remain equal.
:::4. The advantage may be a big, indivisible one, or it may be a whole series of small advantages. The goal of the stronger side is to store up the advantages, and then to convert temporary advantages into permanent ones.

==Using this Wikibook==
This Wikibook assumes that the reader understands the [[wikipedia:Rules of chess|rules of chess]] and [[Chess/Algebraic notation|algebraic notation]]. While it is up to the reader whether he/she should continue further from here, this book lays the foundation for all great chessplayers, as described above.

==References==
:Alburt, Lev and Palatnik, Semyon. ''Chess Strategy for the Tournament Player''. New York, NY: Chess Information and Research Center, 2000.
:Capablanca, Jose Raul. ''Chess Fundamentals''. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace &amp; World, 1921.

{{Alphabetical|C}}
{{Shelves|Chess}}
{{status|100%}}

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Chess Opening Theory&lt;!--Title--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{Buckets
	|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5|e5]] &lt;br&gt;Open games
	|{{Buckets
		|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3|2. Nf3]]
		|{{Buckets
			|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6|2...Nc6]]
			|{{Buckets
				|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5|3. Bb5]] &lt;br&gt;Spanish
				|{{hlist
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6|Berlin]] → {{hlist|class=inline
						| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. d3|Anti-Berlin]]
						| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O/4...Bc5|Beverwijk]]
						| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O/4...Nxe4/5. d4/5...Nd6|L'Hermet]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O/4...Nxe4/5. d4/5...Nd6/6. Bxc6/6...dxc6/7. dxe5/7...Nf5/8. Qxd8/8...Kxd8|Berlin Wall]]
						}} }}{{hlist
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6|Morphy]] → {{hlist 
						|class=inline 
						| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Bxc6|Exchange]] 
						| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7|Closed]] → {{hlist|class=inline|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7/6. Re1/6...b5/7. Bb3/7...O-O/8. c3/8...d5|Marshall]]|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7/6. Re1/6...b5/7. Bb3/7...d6/8. c3/8...O-O/9. h3/9...Na5|Chigorin]]|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7/6. Re1/6...b5/7. Bb3/7...d6/8. c3/8...O-O/9. h3/9...Bb7|Flohr]]}}
						| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Nxe4|Open]] 
						| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...b5/6. Bb3/6...Bb7|Arkhangelsk]] 
						| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. d3|Anderssen]]
						| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. d4|Mackenzie]]
					}} }}{{hlist
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nd4|Bird]]
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Bc5|Classical]]
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nge7|Cozio]]
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...d6|Old Steinitz]]
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5|Schliemann]]
				}} &lt;!-- end Spanish --&gt;
				|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4|3. Bc4]] &lt;br&gt;Italian
				|{{hlist
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5|Giuoco Piano]] → {{hlist |class=inline 
						| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. b4|Evans gambit]] 
						| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. d3|Giuoco pianissimo]] 
						| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. d4|Rosentreter]] 
						| &lt;small&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. Bxf7|Jerome]] {{Chess/eval|??}}&lt;/small&gt; }} }}{{hlist
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6|Two knights defence]] → {{hlist |class=inline |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4|Open]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5|Knight attack]] → {{hlist| class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7|Fried liver]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5|Polerio]] }} }} }} &lt;small&gt;{{hlist|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...h6|Anti-fried liver]] {{chess/eval|?!}}| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nd4|Blackburne shilling]] {{chess/eval|?}} }}&lt;/small&gt; &lt;!-- end Italian --&gt;
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3|3. Nc3]] &lt;br&gt;Three knights
				|{{hlist
                    | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6|Four knights]] → {{hlist |class=inline
    					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. g3|Glek]]
    					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Bc4|Italian]]
    					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. d4|Scotch]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4/5. Nd5|Belgrade]]
    					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Bb5|Spanish]]
                        | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Nd5|Naroditsky]] {{chess/eval|!?}}
    					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Nxe5|Halloween]] {{chess/eval|?!}}
    				}} }} {{hlist
                    | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...g6|Steinitz]]
                    | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Bb4/4. Nd5/4...Nf6|Schlechter]]
                }}&lt;!-- end 3-4 N --&gt;
				|''Other''
				|{{hlist 

					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. c3|Ponziani]] 
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|Scotch game]]
					| &lt;small&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. g3|Konstantinopolsky]] {{Chess/eval|!?}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
				}} &lt;!-- end 2. Nf3 Nc6 other bucket --&gt;
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6|2...Nf6]] &lt;br&gt;Russian
			|{{hlist
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...d6/4. Nf3/4...Nxe4/5. d4|Classical]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nxe4/4. Qe2/4...Qe7|Kholmov]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. d4|Modern]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4/3...Nxe4/4. Nc3|Boden-Kieseritzky]] {{chess/eval|!?}}
				| &lt;small&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6|Stafford]] {{chess/eval|?}}&lt;/small&gt;
				| &lt;small&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nxe4/4. Qe2/4...Nf6|Damiano trap]] {{chess/eval|??}}&lt;/small&gt;
			}}&lt;!-- end Russian --&gt;
			|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6|2...d6]] &lt;br&gt;Philidor
			|{{hlist
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...exd4|Exchange]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...f5|Philidor countergambit]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nf6|Nimzowitsch]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7|Hanham]]
			}}&lt;!-- end Philidor --&gt;
			|''Other''
			|&lt;small&gt;{{hlist|class=inline
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Bc5|Busch-Gass gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}}
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d5|Elephant gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}}
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Qf6|Greco defence]] {{Chess/eval|?!}}
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...f5|Latvian gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}}
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...f6|Damiano defence]] {{Chess/eval|??}}
			}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;!-- end 2. Nf3 other --&gt;
		}}&lt;!-- end 2. Nf3 bucket --&gt;
		|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4|2. f4]] &lt;br&gt;King's gambit
		|{{Buckets
			|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4|2...exf4]] &lt;br&gt;Accepted
			|{{hlist
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3|King's knight]]  → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. h4/4...g4/5. Ne5|Kieseritzky]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...Nf6|Schallop]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d5|Modern]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d6|Fischer]] | &lt;small&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. Bc4/4...g4/5. Bxf7|Lolli]] {{chess/eval|?}}&lt;/small&gt; | &lt;small&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. Bc4/4...g4/5. O-O|Muzio]] {{Chess/eval|?}}&lt;/small&gt; }}
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Bc4|Bishop's]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Bc4/3...Nf6|Cozio]] }}
			}}&lt;!-- end KGA  --&gt;
			|''Other'' &lt;br&gt;Declined
			|{{hlist
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...Bc5|Classical]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...Nc6|Queen's knight]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...d5|Falkbeer]]
			}}&lt;!-- end KGD  --&gt;
		}}&lt;!-- end king's gambit  --&gt;
		|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3|2. Nc3]] &lt;br&gt;Vienna
		|{{hlist
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6|Falkbeer]]  → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/2. g3|Mieses]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Stanley]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4/3...Nxe4|Frankenstein-Dracula]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. f4|Vienna gambit]] }}
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nc6|Max Lange]]
		}}&lt;!-- end Vienna --&gt;
		|''Other''
		|{{hlist
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4|Bishop's opening]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6|Berlin]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Bc5|Boi]] }}
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4|Centre game]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...exd4/3. c3|Danish]] }}
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d3|Leonardis]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bb5|Portuguese]] {{chess/eval|?!}}
			| &lt;small&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Ke2|Bongcloud]] {{chess/eval|?}}&lt;/small&gt;
		}}&lt;!-- end other --&gt;
	}}&lt;!-- end open games bucket --&gt;
	|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|c5]] &lt;br&gt;Sicilian
	|{{Buckets
		|[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3|2. Nf3]]
		|{{Buckets
			|[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6|2...Nc6]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|3. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4|cxd4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4|4. Nxd4]]
			|{{hlist
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...g6|Accelerated dragon]] → {{hlist|class=inline
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...g6/5. c4|Maróczy bind]]}}
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...d6|Classical]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Qb6|Godiva]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...e5/5. Nb5/5...d6|Kalashnikov]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...Nf6/5._Nc3/5...e5|Sveshnikov]]
			}}
			|[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6|2...Nc6]] ''other''
			| {{hlist 
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5|Rossolimo]] 
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. c3|Delayed Alapin]]
				}}&lt;!-- end Nc6 sicilians --&gt;
			|[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6|2...d6]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4|3. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4/3...cxd4|cxd4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4|4. Nxd4]]
			|{{hlist
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...Nf6/5._Nc3/5...g6|Dragon]] → {{hlist|class=inline
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. f4|Levenfish attack]]
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. Be3/6...Bg7/7. f3| Yugoslav attack]]
				}}
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. Be3/6...Bg7/7. f3/7...a3|Dragondorf]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...Bd7|Kupreichik]]
			|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6|Najdorf]]  → {{hlist|class=inline
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Bg5|6. Bg5]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Be3|English attack]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Be2|Opocensky]]}}
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...Nf6/5._Nc3/5...e6|Scheveningen]]
			}}
			|[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6|2...d6]] ''other''
			|{{hlist
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. Bb5|Moscow]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Qxd4|Chekhover]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. c3|Delayed Alapin]]
			}}&lt;!-- end d6 sicilians --&gt;
			|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6|2...e6]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4|3. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4|cxd4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4|4. Nxd4]]
			|{{hlist
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6|French, Normal]] {{hlist|class=inline 
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nc3/5...Nf6/6. Ndb5/6...Bb4/7. Nd6+|American attack]] 
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nc3/5...Nf6|Four knights]] 
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...Bb4|Pin]]
					}}
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...a6|Kan]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Qb6|Kveinis]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Bc5|Paulsen-Basman]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6|Taimanov]] → {{hlist |class=inline 
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nc3/5...Qc7|Bastrikov]] → &lt;small&gt;{{hlist |class=inline |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nc3/5...Qc7/6. Be3|English attack]]}}&lt;/small&gt; 
					| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nb5|Szén]] → &lt;small&gt;{{hlist |class=inline |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nb5/5...d6/6. c4/6...Nf6/7. N1c3/7...a6/8. Na3/8...d5|Garry Gambit]]}}&lt;/small&gt;
				}}
			}}
			|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6|2...e6]] ''other''
			|{{hlist
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. c4|Kramnik]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. c3|Delayed Alapin]]
			}}&lt;!-- end e6 sicilians --&gt;
			|''Others''
			|{{hlist
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...g6|Hyper-accelerated dragon]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...b6|Katalymov]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6|Nimzowitsch]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...a6|O'Kelly]]
			}}&lt;!-- end open sicilians --&gt;
		}}
		|''Anti-Sicilians''
		|{{hlist
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. c3|Alapin]] 
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Bc4|Bowdler]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3|Closed Sicilian]] → {{hlist|class=inline
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3/2...d6/3. d4|Carlsen]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3/2...Nc6/3. f4|Grand Prix]]
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3/2...Nc6/3. g3|Fianchetto]]
				}}
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. f4|McDonnell]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. a3|Mengarini]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4|Smith-Morra]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. b3|Snyder]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. c4|Staunton-Cochrane]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. b4|Wing gambit]]
		}}&lt;!-- end antisicilians sicilians --&gt;
	}}&lt;!-- end sicilian bucket --&gt;
	|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6|e6]] &lt;br&gt;French
	|{{hlist
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5|Advance]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...Nf6|Classical]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. exd5|Exchange]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nd2|Tarrasch]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4|Rubinstein]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...Bb4|Winawer]]
		}}&lt;!-- end french --&gt;
	|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6|c6]] &lt;br&gt;Caro-Kann
	|{{hlist
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. c4|Accelerated Panov]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5|Advance]] → {{hlist|class=inline
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...Bf5/4. Nf3|Short]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...Bf5/4. Nc3|van der Wiel]]
			}}
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. exd5|Exchange]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. Nc3/2...d5/3. Nf3|Two knights]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. f3|Fantasy]]
		| &lt;small&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. Bc4|Hillbilly]] {{Chess/eval|?!}}&lt;/small&gt;
		}}&lt;!-- end caro-kann --&gt;
	|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] ''other''
	|{{hlist 
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nf6|Alekhine]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d6/2. d4/2...Nf6/3. Nc3/3...c6|Czech]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...g6|Modern]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nc6|Nimzowitsch]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...b6|Owen's]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d6|Pirc]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5|Scandinavian]] {{hlist|class=inline
           | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5|Mieses-Kotroc]]		
           | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Nf6|Modern]]
           | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...c6|Blackburne-Kloosterbooer gambit]] {{Chess/eval|!?}}
           | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3|Tennison gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?!}}}}
		}}&lt;small&gt;{{hlist
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...f6|Barnes]] {{Chess/eval|?}}
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...g5|Borg]] {{Chess/eval|?}}
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a5|Corn stalk]] {{Chess/eval|??}}
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...f5|Duras]] {{Chess/eval|??}}
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...b5|1...b5]] {{Chess/eval|??}}
		}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;!-- end 1. e4 other --&gt;
	|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|1. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5|d5]] &lt;br&gt;Closed games
	|{{Buckets
		|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4|2. c4]] &lt;br&gt;Queen's gambit
		|{{hlist 
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...e5|Albin countergambit]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...c5|Austrian]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...Nc6|Chigorin]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...Nf6|Marshall]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...dxc4|Queen's gambit accepted]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...e6|Queen's gambit declined]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...c6|Slav]] → {{hlist|class=inline
				|[[Chess Opening Theory/1._d4/1...d5/2._c4/2...c6/3._Nc3/3...Nf6/4._Nf3/4...e6|Semi-Slav]]
				}}
		}}
		|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nc3|2. Nc3]]
		|{{hlist
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bg5|Richter-Versov]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nc3/2...c5|Irish gambit]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bf4|Jobava London]] 
		}}
		|2. other
		|{{hlist 
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Bf4|Accelerated London]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. e3|Colle]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Bg5|Levitsky]] {{chess/eval|!?}}
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Qd3|Amazon]] {{chess/eval|?!}}
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. e4|Blackmar-Diemer]] {{Chess/eval|?}}
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. f4|Mason]] {{Chess/eval|?}}
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. g4|Zurich]] {{Chess/eval|??}}
		}}
	}} &lt;!-- end closed games bucket --&gt;
	|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|1. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6|Nf6]] &lt;br&gt;Indian 
	|{{Buckets
		|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4|2. c4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6|e6]]
		|{{hlist 
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...Bb4|Bogo-Indian]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. g3|Catalan]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nc3/3...Bb4|Nimzo-Indian]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...b6|Queen's Indian]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Bg5|Seirawan]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. g4|Devin gambit]] {{chess/eval|!?}}
		}}
		|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4|2. c4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6|g6]] 
		|{{hlist 
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6|King's Indian]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6/5. Nf3|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6/5. f4|Four pawns attack]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6/5. f3|Sämisch]] }}
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...d5|Grünfeld]]
		}}
		|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4|2. c4]] ''other''
		|{{hlist 
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...b6|Accelerated queen's Indian]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...c5|Modern Benoni]] → {{hlist |class=inline
				| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...c5/3. d5/3...b5|Benko]]
				}}
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e5|Budapest]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...Nc6|Mexican]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...d6|Old Indian]]
		}}
		|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nf3|2. Nf3]]
		|{{hlist
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nf3/2...c5|Spielmann Indian]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. Bg5|Torre]]
		}}
		|2. ''other:''
		|{{hlist
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bg5|Trompowsky]] → {{hlist| class=inline| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bg5/2...Ne4/3. Bh4|Edge]]
| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bg5/2...Ne4/3. h4|Raptor]]}} 
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bf4|London system (Indian)]]
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. f3|Paleface]] {{Chess/eval|?!}}
            | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. g4|Bronstein gambit]] {{Chess/eval|!?}}
			| &lt;small&gt;[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. e4|Omega]] {{Chess/eval|?}}&lt;/small&gt;
		}}
	}} &lt;!-- end indian bucket --&gt;
	|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|1. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5|f5]]&lt;br&gt;Dutch 
	|{{hlist 
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. Bg5|Hopton]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. h3|Korchnoi]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. g3/2...g6|Leningrad]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. e4|Staunton]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. c4|Stonewall]] → {{hlist |class=inline
			| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Nh6|Bladel]]
			}} 
	}}
	|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|1. d4]] ''...other:'' 
	|{{hlist
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...b6|English defence]]
        | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Na6|Australian defence]] {{chess/eval|?!}}
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e5|Englund gambit]] {{chess/eval|?}}
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e6|Horwitz]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...c5|Old Benoni]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...b5|Polish]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d6/2. c4/2...e5|Rat]]
	}}
    |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3|1. Nf3]]&lt;br&gt;Zukertort
    |{{hlist
        | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...d5/2. c4|Réti]]
        | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...d5/2. g3|King's Indian defence (d5)]]
        | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...Nf6/2. g3|King's Indian defence (Nf6)]]
        | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...f5/2. e4|Lisitsin gambit]] {{Chess/eval|!?}}
        | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...Nf6/2. e4|Lemberger gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}}
        | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...e5|Ross gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}}
        | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...g5|Herrstrom gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}}
    }}
	|Flank 
	|{{hlist
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. f4|Bird's (1. f4)]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. c4|English (1. c4)]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4|Grob (1. g4)]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g3|King's fianchetto (1.g3)]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. b3|Larsen (1. b3)]]
	}}
	|Unorthodox 
	|{{hlist
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. a3|a3]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Na3|Na3]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. a4|a4]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. b4|b4]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. c3|c3]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nc3|Nc3]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d3|d3]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e3|e3]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. f3|f3]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. h3|h3]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nh3|Nh3]]
		| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. h4|h4]]
	}}
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Chess}}/Templates|ChessOpenings]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{BookCat}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ccs0kqn5crji0u2floj5wyixr04e3in</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Unicode/Character reference/1F000-1FFFF</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>155016</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632867</id>
      <parentid>4632364</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T04:26:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25678-06</username>
        <id>3579663</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="206519" sha1="gguxo2mtb3x1mlvnuazjqvdjhz4aqh1" xml:space="preserve">{{:Unicode/Character reference}}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:sans-serif,'Malgun Gothic','Arial Unicode MS','MS PGothic','Noto Sans Symbols'&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Mahjong Tiles'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F00x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EAST WIND|&amp;#x1f000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SOUTH WIND|&amp;#x1f001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WEST WIND|&amp;#x1f002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NORTH WIND|&amp;#x1f003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE RED DRAGON|&amp;#x1f004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE GREEN DRAGON|&amp;#x1f005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WHITE DRAGON|&amp;#x1f006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF CHARACTERS|&amp;#x1f007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF CHARACTERS|&amp;#x1f008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF CHARACTERS|&amp;#x1f009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF CHARACTERS|&amp;#x1f00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF CHARACTERS|&amp;#x1f00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF CHARACTERS|&amp;#x1f00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF CHARACTERS|&amp;#x1f00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF CHARACTERS|&amp;#x1f00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF CHARACTERS|&amp;#x1f00f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F01x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF BAMBOOS|&amp;#x1f010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF BAMBOOS|&amp;#x1f011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF BAMBOOS|&amp;#x1f012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF BAMBOOS|&amp;#x1f013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF BAMBOOS|&amp;#x1f014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF BAMBOOS|&amp;#x1f015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF BAMBOOS|&amp;#x1f016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF BAMBOOS|&amp;#x1f017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF BAMBOOS|&amp;#x1f018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF CIRCLES|&amp;#x1f019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF CIRCLES|&amp;#x1f01a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF CIRCLES|&amp;#x1f01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF CIRCLES|&amp;#x1f01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF CIRCLES|&amp;#x1f01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF CIRCLES|&amp;#x1f01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF CIRCLES|&amp;#x1f01f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F02x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF CIRCLES|&amp;#x1f020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF CIRCLES|&amp;#x1f021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE PLUM|&amp;#x1f022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ORCHID|&amp;#x1f023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE BAMBOO|&amp;#x1f024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE CHRYSANTHEMUM|&amp;#x1f025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SPRING|&amp;#x1f026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SUMMER|&amp;#x1f027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE AUTUMN|&amp;#x1f028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WINTER|&amp;#x1f029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE JOKER|&amp;#x1f02a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE BACK|&amp;#x1f02b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Domino Tiles'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F03x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL BACK|&amp;#x1f030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-00|&amp;#x1f031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-01|&amp;#x1f032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-02|&amp;#x1f033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-03|&amp;#x1f034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-04|&amp;#x1f035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-05|&amp;#x1f036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-06|&amp;#x1f037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-00|&amp;#x1f038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-01|&amp;#x1f039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-02|&amp;#x1f03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-03|&amp;#x1f03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-04|&amp;#x1f03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-05|&amp;#x1f03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-06|&amp;#x1f03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-00|&amp;#x1f03f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F04x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-01|&amp;#x1f040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-02|&amp;#x1f041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-03|&amp;#x1f042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-04|&amp;#x1f043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-05|&amp;#x1f044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-06|&amp;#x1f045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-00|&amp;#x1f046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-01|&amp;#x1f047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-02|&amp;#x1f048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-03|&amp;#x1f049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-04|&amp;#x1f04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-05|&amp;#x1f04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-06|&amp;#x1f04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-00|&amp;#x1f04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-01|&amp;#x1f04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-02|&amp;#x1f04f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F05x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-03|&amp;#x1f050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-04|&amp;#x1f051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-05|&amp;#x1f052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-06|&amp;#x1f053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-00|&amp;#x1f054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-01|&amp;#x1f055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-02|&amp;#x1f056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-03|&amp;#x1f057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-04|&amp;#x1f058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-05|&amp;#x1f059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-06|&amp;#x1f05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-00|&amp;#x1f05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-01|&amp;#x1f05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-02|&amp;#x1f05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-03|&amp;#x1f05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-04|&amp;#x1f05f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F06x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-05|&amp;#x1f060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-06|&amp;#x1f061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL BACK|&amp;#x1f062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-00|&amp;#x1f063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-01|&amp;#x1f064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-02|&amp;#x1f065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-03|&amp;#x1f066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-04|&amp;#x1f067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-05|&amp;#x1f068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-06|&amp;#x1f069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-00|&amp;#x1f06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-01|&amp;#x1f06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-02|&amp;#x1f06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-03|&amp;#x1f06d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-04|&amp;#x1f06e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-05|&amp;#x1f06f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F07x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-06|&amp;#x1f070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-00|&amp;#x1f071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-01|&amp;#x1f072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-02|&amp;#x1f073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-03|&amp;#x1f074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-04|&amp;#x1f075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-05|&amp;#x1f076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-06|&amp;#x1f077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-00|&amp;#x1f078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-01|&amp;#x1f079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-02|&amp;#x1f07a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-03|&amp;#x1f07b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-04|&amp;#x1f07c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-05|&amp;#x1f07d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-06|&amp;#x1f07e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-00|&amp;#x1f07f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F08x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-01|&amp;#x1f080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-02|&amp;#x1f081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-03|&amp;#x1f082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-04|&amp;#x1f083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-05|&amp;#x1f084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-06|&amp;#x1f085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-00|&amp;#x1f086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-01|&amp;#x1f087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-02|&amp;#x1f088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-03|&amp;#x1f089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-04|&amp;#x1f08a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-05|&amp;#x1f08b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-06|&amp;#x1f08c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-00|&amp;#x1f08d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-01|&amp;#x1f08e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-02|&amp;#x1f08f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F09x
|style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-03|&amp;#x1f090;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-04|&amp;#x1f091;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-05|&amp;#x1f092;}}||style=&quot;background:#75ffab&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-06|&amp;#x1f093;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Playing Cards'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F0Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD BACK|&amp;#x1f0a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF SPADES|&amp;#x1f0ae;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F0Bx
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF HEARTS|&amp;#x1f0be;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD RED JOKER|&amp;#x1f0bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F0Cx
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF DIAMONDS|&amp;#x1f0ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD BLACK JOKER|&amp;#x1f0cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F0Dx
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF CLUBS|&amp;#x1f0de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD WHITE JOKER|&amp;#x1f0df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F0Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOOL|&amp;#x1f0e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-1|&amp;#x1f0e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-2|&amp;#x1f0e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-3|&amp;#x1f0e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-4|&amp;#x1f0e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-5|&amp;#x1f0e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-6|&amp;#x1f0e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-7|&amp;#x1f0e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-8|&amp;#x1f0e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-9|&amp;#x1f0e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-10|&amp;#x1f0ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-11|&amp;#x1f0eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-12|&amp;#x1f0ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-13|&amp;#x1f0ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-14|&amp;#x1f0ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-15|&amp;#x1f0ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F0Fx
|style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-16|&amp;#x1f0f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-17|&amp;#x1f0f1;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-18|&amp;#x1f0f2;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-19|&amp;#x1f0f3;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-20|&amp;#x1f0f4;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-21|&amp;#x1f0f5;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F10x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ZERO FULL STOP|&amp;#x1f100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ZERO COMMA|&amp;#x1f101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ONE COMMA|&amp;#x1f102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT TWO COMMA|&amp;#x1f103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT THREE COMMA|&amp;#x1f104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FOUR COMMA|&amp;#x1f105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FIVE COMMA|&amp;#x1f106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SIX COMMA|&amp;#x1f107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SEVEN COMMA|&amp;#x1f108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT EIGHT COMMA|&amp;#x1f109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT NINE COMMA|&amp;#x1f10a;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1f10b;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1f10c;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ZERO WITH SLASH|&amp;#x1f10d;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&amp;#x1f10e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DOLLAR SIGN WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH|&amp;#x1f10f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F11x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&amp;#x1f110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&amp;#x1f111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&amp;#x1f112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&amp;#x1f113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&amp;#x1f114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&amp;#x1f115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&amp;#x1f116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&amp;#x1f117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&amp;#x1f118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&amp;#x1f119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&amp;#x1f11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&amp;#x1f11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&amp;#x1f11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&amp;#x1f11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&amp;#x1f11e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&amp;#x1f11f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F12x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&amp;#x1f120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&amp;#x1f121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&amp;#x1f122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&amp;#x1f123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&amp;#x1f124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&amp;#x1f125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&amp;#x1f126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&amp;#x1f127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&amp;#x1f128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&amp;#x1f129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&amp;#x1f12a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&amp;#x1f12b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&amp;#x1f12c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CD|&amp;#x1f12d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED WZ|&amp;#x1f12e;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPYLEFT SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f12f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F13x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&amp;#x1f130;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&amp;#x1f131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&amp;#x1f132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&amp;#x1f133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&amp;#x1f134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&amp;#x1f135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&amp;#x1f136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&amp;#x1f137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&amp;#x1f138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&amp;#x1f139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&amp;#x1f13a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&amp;#x1f13b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&amp;#x1f13c;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&amp;#x1f13d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&amp;#x1f13e;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&amp;#x1f13f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F14x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&amp;#x1f140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&amp;#x1f141;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&amp;#x1f142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&amp;#x1f143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&amp;#x1f144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&amp;#x1f145;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&amp;#x1f146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&amp;#x1f147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&amp;#x1f148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&amp;#x1f149;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HV|&amp;#x1f14a;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED MV|&amp;#x1f14b;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SD|&amp;#x1f14c;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SS|&amp;#x1f14d;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED PPV|&amp;#x1f14e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED WC|&amp;#x1f14f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F15x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&amp;#x1f150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&amp;#x1f151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&amp;#x1f152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&amp;#x1f153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&amp;#x1f154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&amp;#x1f155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&amp;#x1f156;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&amp;#x1f157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&amp;#x1f158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&amp;#x1f159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&amp;#x1f15a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&amp;#x1f15b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&amp;#x1f15c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&amp;#x1f15d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&amp;#x1f15e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&amp;#x1f15f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F16x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&amp;#x1f160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&amp;#x1f161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&amp;#x1f162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&amp;#x1f163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&amp;#x1f164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&amp;#x1f165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&amp;#x1f166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&amp;#x1f167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&amp;#x1f168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&amp;#x1f169;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MC SIGN|&amp;#x1f16a;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MD SIGN|&amp;#x1f16b;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MR SIGN|&amp;#x1f16c;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CC|&amp;#x1f16d;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED C WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH|&amp;#x1f16e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HUMAN FIGURE|&amp;#x1f16f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F17x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&amp;#x1f170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&amp;#x1f171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&amp;#x1f172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&amp;#x1f173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&amp;#x1f174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&amp;#x1f175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&amp;#x1f176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&amp;#x1f177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&amp;#x1f178;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&amp;#x1f179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&amp;#x1f17a;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&amp;#x1f17b;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&amp;#x1f17c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&amp;#x1f17d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&amp;#x1f17e;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&amp;#x1f17f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F18x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&amp;#x1f180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&amp;#x1f181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&amp;#x1f182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&amp;#x1f183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&amp;#x1f184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&amp;#x1f185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&amp;#x1f186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&amp;#x1f187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&amp;#x1f188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&amp;#x1f189;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&amp;#x1f18a;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED IC|&amp;#x1f18b;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED PA|&amp;#x1f18c;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED SA|&amp;#x1f18d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED AB|&amp;#x1f18e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED WC|&amp;#x1f18f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F19x
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DJ|&amp;#x1f190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CL|&amp;#x1f191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED COOL|&amp;#x1f192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FREE|&amp;#x1f193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ID|&amp;#x1f194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED NEW|&amp;#x1f195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED NG|&amp;#x1f196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED OK|&amp;#x1f197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SOS|&amp;#x1f198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED UP WITH EXCLAMATION MARK|&amp;#x1f199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED VS|&amp;#x1f19a;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED THREE D|&amp;#x1f19b;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SECOND SCREEN|&amp;#x1f19c;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TWO K|&amp;#x1f19d;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FOUR K|&amp;#x1f19e;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED EIGHT K|&amp;#x1f19f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F1Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FIVE POINT ONE|&amp;#x1f1a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SEVEN POINT ONE|&amp;#x1f1a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TWENTY-TWO POINT TWO|&amp;#x1f1a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SIXTY P|&amp;#x1f1a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ONE HUNDRED TWENTY P|&amp;#x1f1a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN SMALL LETTER D|&amp;#x1f1a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HC|&amp;#x1f1a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HDR|&amp;#x1f1a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HI-RES|&amp;#x1f1a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LOSSLESS|&amp;#x1f1a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SHV|&amp;#x1f1aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED UHD|&amp;#x1f1ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED VOD|&amp;#x1f1ac;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MASK WORK SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f1ad;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOMOBIKI SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f1ae;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F1Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F1Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F1Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F1Ex
|style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER A|&amp;#x1f1e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER B|&amp;#x1f1e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER C|&amp;#x1f1e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER D|&amp;#x1f1e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER E|&amp;#x1f1ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER F|&amp;#x1f1eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER G|&amp;#x1f1ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER H|&amp;#x1f1ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER I|&amp;#x1f1ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER J|&amp;#x1f1ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F1Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER K|&amp;#x1f1f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER L|&amp;#x1f1f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER M|&amp;#x1f1f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER N|&amp;#x1f1f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER O|&amp;#x1f1f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER P|&amp;#x1f1f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Q|&amp;#x1f1f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER R|&amp;#x1f1f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER S|&amp;#x1f1f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER T|&amp;#x1f1f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER U|&amp;#x1f1fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER V|&amp;#x1f1fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER W|&amp;#x1f1fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER X|&amp;#x1f1fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Y|&amp;#x1f1fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Z|&amp;#x1f1ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F20x
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HIRAGANA HOKA|&amp;#x1f200;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA KOKO|&amp;#x1f201;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA SA|&amp;#x1f202;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F21x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-624B|&amp;#x1f210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B57|&amp;#x1f211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53CC|&amp;#x1f212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA DE|&amp;#x1f213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8C|&amp;#x1f214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-591A|&amp;#x1f215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-89E3|&amp;#x1f216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5929|&amp;#x1f217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA4|&amp;#x1f218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6620|&amp;#x1f219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7121|&amp;#x1f21a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6599|&amp;#x1f21b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-524D|&amp;#x1f21c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F8C|&amp;#x1f21d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-518D|&amp;#x1f21e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-65B0|&amp;#x1f21f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F22x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-521D|&amp;#x1f220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D42|&amp;#x1f221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-751F|&amp;#x1f222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CA9|&amp;#x1f223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58F0|&amp;#x1f224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5439|&amp;#x1f225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6F14|&amp;#x1f226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6295|&amp;#x1f227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6355|&amp;#x1f228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E00|&amp;#x1f229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&amp;#x1f22a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904A|&amp;#x1f22b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DE6|&amp;#x1f22c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2D|&amp;#x1f22d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53F3|&amp;#x1f22e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6307|&amp;#x1f22f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F23x
|style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8D70|&amp;#x1f230;}}||style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6253|&amp;#x1f231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981|&amp;#x1f232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A|&amp;#x1f233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5408|&amp;#x1f234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E80|&amp;#x1f235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709|&amp;#x1f236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6708|&amp;#x1f237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7533|&amp;#x1f238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5272|&amp;#x1f239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-55B6|&amp;#x1f23a;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-914D|&amp;#x1f23b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#78ffca&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F24x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672C|&amp;#x1f240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&amp;#x1f241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8C|&amp;#x1f242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B89|&amp;#x1f243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-70B9|&amp;#x1f244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6253|&amp;#x1f245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76D7|&amp;#x1f246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52DD|&amp;#x1f247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6557|&amp;#x1f248;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F25x
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ADVANTAGE|&amp;#x1f250;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ACCEPT|&amp;#x1f251;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F26x
|style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR FU|&amp;#x1f260;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR LU|&amp;#x1f261;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR SHOU|&amp;#x1f262;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR XI|&amp;#x1f263;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR SHUANGXI|&amp;#x1f264;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR CAI|&amp;#x1f265;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F27x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F28x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F29x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F2Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F2Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F2Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F2Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F2Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F2Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F30x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYCLONE|&amp;#x1f300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOGGY|&amp;#x1f301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED UMBRELLA|&amp;#x1f302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NIGHT WITH STARS|&amp;#x1f303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNRISE OVER MOUNTAINS|&amp;#x1f304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNRISE|&amp;#x1f305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CITYSCAPE AT DUSK|&amp;#x1f306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNSET OVER BUILDINGS|&amp;#x1f307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAINBOW|&amp;#x1f308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIDGE AT NIGHT|&amp;#x1f309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER WAVE|&amp;#x1f30a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VOLCANO|&amp;#x1f30b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILKY WAY|&amp;#x1f30c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE EUROPE-AFRICA|&amp;#x1f30d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE AMERICAS|&amp;#x1f30e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE ASIA-AUSTRALIA|&amp;#x1f30f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#0000ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#0000ff&quot;|1F31x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOBE WITH MERIDIANS|&amp;#x1f310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW MOON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAXING CRESCENT MOON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAXING GIBBOUS MOON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL MOON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANING GIBBOUS MOON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANING CRESCENT MOON SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRESCENT MOON|&amp;#x1f319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW MOON WITH FACE|&amp;#x1f31a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE|&amp;#x1f31b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE|&amp;#x1f31c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL MOON WITH FACE|&amp;#x1f31d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUN WITH FACE|&amp;#x1f31e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOWING STAR|&amp;#x1f31f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F32x
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOOTING STAR|&amp;#x1f320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THERMOMETER|&amp;#x1f321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DROPLET|&amp;#x1f322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN|&amp;#x1f323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN WITH SMALL CLOUD|&amp;#x1f324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN BEHIND CLOUD|&amp;#x1f325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN BEHIND CLOUD WITH RAIN|&amp;#x1f326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH RAIN|&amp;#x1f327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH SNOW|&amp;#x1f328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH LIGHTNING|&amp;#x1f329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH TORNADO|&amp;#x1f32a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOG|&amp;#x1f32b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIND BLOWING FACE|&amp;#x1f32c;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT DOG|&amp;#x1f32d;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TACO|&amp;#x1f32e;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BURRITO|&amp;#x1f32f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F33x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHESTNUT|&amp;#x1f330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEEDLING|&amp;#x1f331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EVERGREEN TREE|&amp;#x1f332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECIDUOUS TREE|&amp;#x1f333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM TREE|&amp;#x1f334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CACTUS|&amp;#x1f335;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT PEPPER|&amp;#x1f336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULIP|&amp;#x1f337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHERRY BLOSSOM|&amp;#x1f338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROSE|&amp;#x1f339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIBISCUS|&amp;#x1f33a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNFLOWER|&amp;#x1f33b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOSSOM|&amp;#x1f33c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR OF MAIZE|&amp;#x1f33d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR OF RICE|&amp;#x1f33e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HERB|&amp;#x1f33f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F34x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR LEAF CLOVER|&amp;#x1f340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAPLE LEAF|&amp;#x1f341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALLEN LEAF|&amp;#x1f342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAF FLUTTERING IN WIND|&amp;#x1f343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSHROOM|&amp;#x1f344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOMATO|&amp;#x1f345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUBERGINE|&amp;#x1f346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRAPES|&amp;#x1f347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MELON|&amp;#x1f348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATERMELON|&amp;#x1f349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGERINE|&amp;#x1f34a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEMON|&amp;#x1f34b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANANA|&amp;#x1f34c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PINEAPPLE|&amp;#x1f34d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RED APPLE|&amp;#x1f34e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN APPLE|&amp;#x1f34f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F35x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEAR|&amp;#x1f350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACH|&amp;#x1f351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHERRIES|&amp;#x1f352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAWBERRY|&amp;#x1f353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMBURGER|&amp;#x1f354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLICE OF PIZZA|&amp;#x1f355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEAT ON BONE|&amp;#x1f356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POULTRY LEG|&amp;#x1f357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RICE CRACKER|&amp;#x1f358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RICE BALL|&amp;#x1f359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKED RICE|&amp;#x1f35a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURRY AND RICE|&amp;#x1f35b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STEAMING BOWL|&amp;#x1f35c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPAGHETTI|&amp;#x1f35d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BREAD|&amp;#x1f35e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRENCH FRIES|&amp;#x1f35f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F36x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROASTED SWEET POTATO|&amp;#x1f360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DANGO|&amp;#x1f361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ODEN|&amp;#x1f362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUSHI|&amp;#x1f363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRIED SHRIMP|&amp;#x1f364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISH CAKE WITH SWIRL DESIGN|&amp;#x1f365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFT ICE CREAM|&amp;#x1f366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAVED ICE|&amp;#x1f367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE CREAM|&amp;#x1f368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUGHNUT|&amp;#x1f369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKIE|&amp;#x1f36a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHOCOLATE BAR|&amp;#x1f36b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANDY|&amp;#x1f36c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOLLIPOP|&amp;#x1f36d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUSTARD|&amp;#x1f36e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HONEY POT|&amp;#x1f36f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F37x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTCAKE|&amp;#x1f370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BENTO BOX|&amp;#x1f371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POT OF FOOD|&amp;#x1f372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKING|&amp;#x1f373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FORK AND KNIFE|&amp;#x1f374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEACUP WITHOUT HANDLE|&amp;#x1f375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAKE BOTTLE AND CUP|&amp;#x1f376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINE GLASS|&amp;#x1f377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COCKTAIL GLASS|&amp;#x1f378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPICAL DRINK|&amp;#x1f379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEER MUG|&amp;#x1f37a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLINKING BEER MUGS|&amp;#x1f37b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY BOTTLE|&amp;#x1f37c;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORK AND KNIFE WITH PLATE|&amp;#x1f37d;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTLE WITH POPPING CORK|&amp;#x1f37e;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POPCORN|&amp;#x1f37f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F38x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON|&amp;#x1f380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRAPPED PRESENT|&amp;#x1f381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIRTHDAY CAKE|&amp;#x1f382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JACK-O-LANTERN|&amp;#x1f383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHRISTMAS TREE|&amp;#x1f384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FATHER CHRISTMAS|&amp;#x1f385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIREWORKS|&amp;#x1f386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIREWORK SPARKLER|&amp;#x1f387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOON|&amp;#x1f388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTY POPPER|&amp;#x1f389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFETTI BALL|&amp;#x1f38a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANABATA TREE|&amp;#x1f38b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED FLAGS|&amp;#x1f38c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PINE DECORATION|&amp;#x1f38d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE DOLLS|&amp;#x1f38e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARP STREAMER|&amp;#x1f38f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F39x
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIND CHIME|&amp;#x1f390;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOON VIEWING CEREMONY|&amp;#x1f391;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCHOOL SATCHEL|&amp;#x1f392;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRADUATION CAP|&amp;#x1f393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH TIP ON THE LEFT|&amp;#x1f394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOUQUET OF FLOWERS|&amp;#x1f395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILITARY MEDAL|&amp;#x1f396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REMINDER RIBBON|&amp;#x1f397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL KEYBOARD WITH JACKS|&amp;#x1f398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STUDIO MICROPHONE|&amp;#x1f399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEVEL SLIDER|&amp;#x1f39a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTROL KNOBS|&amp;#x1f39b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAMED ASCENDING MUSICAL NOTES|&amp;#x1f39c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAMED DESCENDING MUSICAL NOTES|&amp;#x1f39d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILM FRAMES|&amp;#x1f39e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADMISSION TICKETS|&amp;#x1f39f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F3Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CAROUSEL HORSE|&amp;#x1f3a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FERRIS WHEEL|&amp;#x1f3a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLER COASTER|&amp;#x1f3a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISHING POLE AND FISH|&amp;#x1f3a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROPHONE|&amp;#x1f3a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOVIE CAMERA|&amp;#x1f3a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CINEMA|&amp;#x1f3a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEADPHONE|&amp;#x1f3a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARTIST PALETTE|&amp;#x1f3a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HAT|&amp;#x1f3a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCUS TENT|&amp;#x1f3aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TICKET|&amp;#x1f3ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAPPER BOARD|&amp;#x1f3ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERFORMING ARTS|&amp;#x1f3ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEO GAME|&amp;#x1f3ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIRECT HIT|&amp;#x1f3af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F3Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOT MACHINE|&amp;#x1f3b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BILLIARDS|&amp;#x1f3b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GAME DIE|&amp;#x1f3b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWLING|&amp;#x1f3b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOWER PLAYING CARDS|&amp;#x1f3b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL NOTE|&amp;#x1f3b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLE MUSICAL NOTES|&amp;#x1f3b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAXOPHONE|&amp;#x1f3b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUITAR|&amp;#x1f3b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL KEYBOARD|&amp;#x1f3b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRUMPET|&amp;#x1f3ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIOLIN|&amp;#x1f3bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SCORE|&amp;#x1f3bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNNING SHIRT WITH SASH|&amp;#x1f3bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TENNIS RACQUET AND BALL|&amp;#x1f3be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SKI AND SKI BOOT|&amp;#x1f3bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F3Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BASKETBALL AND HOOP|&amp;#x1f3c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEQUERED FLAG|&amp;#x1f3c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOWBOARDER|&amp;#x1f3c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNNER|&amp;#x1f3c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SURFER|&amp;#x1f3c4;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPORTS MEDAL|&amp;#x1f3c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPHY|&amp;#x1f3c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORSE RACING|&amp;#x1f3c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMERICAN FOOTBALL|&amp;#x1f3c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUGBY FOOTBALL|&amp;#x1f3c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SWIMMER|&amp;#x1f3ca;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WEIGHT LIFTER|&amp;#x1f3cb;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOLFER|&amp;#x1f3cc;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RACING MOTORCYCLE|&amp;#x1f3cd;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RACING CAR|&amp;#x1f3ce;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRICKET BAT AND BALL|&amp;#x1f3cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F3Dx
|style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VOLLEYBALL|&amp;#x1f3d0;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FIELD HOCKEY STICK AND BALL|&amp;#x1f3d1;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE HOCKEY STICK AND PUCK|&amp;#x1f3d2;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TABLE TENNIS PADDLE AND BALL|&amp;#x1f3d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOW CAPPED MOUNTAIN|&amp;#x1f3d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMPING|&amp;#x1f3d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEACH WITH UMBRELLA|&amp;#x1f3d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUILDING CONSTRUCTION|&amp;#x1f3d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE BUILDINGS|&amp;#x1f3d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CITYSCAPE|&amp;#x1f3d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DERELICT HOUSE BUILDING|&amp;#x1f3da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLASSICAL BUILDING|&amp;#x1f3db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESERT|&amp;#x1f3dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESERT ISLAND|&amp;#x1f3dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NATIONAL PARK|&amp;#x1f3de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STADIUM|&amp;#x1f3df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F3Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE BUILDING|&amp;#x1f3e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE WITH GARDEN|&amp;#x1f3e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OFFICE BUILDING|&amp;#x1f3e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE POST OFFICE|&amp;#x1f3e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EUROPEAN POST OFFICE|&amp;#x1f3e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOSPITAL|&amp;#x1f3e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANK|&amp;#x1f3e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE|&amp;#x1f3e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOTEL|&amp;#x1f3e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOVE HOTEL|&amp;#x1f3e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONVENIENCE STORE|&amp;#x1f3ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCHOOL|&amp;#x1f3eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEPARTMENT STORE|&amp;#x1f3ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACTORY|&amp;#x1f3ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IZAKAYA LANTERN|&amp;#x1f3ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE CASTLE|&amp;#x1f3ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F3Fx
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EUROPEAN CASTLE|&amp;#x1f3f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE PENNANT|&amp;#x1f3f1;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PENNANT|&amp;#x1f3f2;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVING WHITE FLAG|&amp;#x1f3f3;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVING BLACK FLAG|&amp;#x1f3f4;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROSETTE|&amp;#x1f3f5;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK ROSETTE|&amp;#x1f3f6;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LABEL|&amp;#x1f3f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BADMINTON RACQUET AND SHUTTLECOCK|&amp;#x1f3f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOW AND ARROW|&amp;#x1f3f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMPHORA|&amp;#x1f3fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-1-2|&amp;#x1f3fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-3|&amp;#x1f3fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-4|&amp;#x1f3fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-5|&amp;#x1f3fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-6|&amp;#x1f3ff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F40x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAT|&amp;#x1f400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE|&amp;#x1f401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OX|&amp;#x1f402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER BUFFALO|&amp;#x1f403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COW|&amp;#x1f404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIGER|&amp;#x1f405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEOPARD|&amp;#x1f406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RABBIT|&amp;#x1f407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT|&amp;#x1f408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON|&amp;#x1f409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROCODILE|&amp;#x1f40a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHALE|&amp;#x1f40b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNAIL|&amp;#x1f40c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNAKE|&amp;#x1f40d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORSE|&amp;#x1f40e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAM|&amp;#x1f40f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F41x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOAT|&amp;#x1f410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHEEP|&amp;#x1f411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONKEY|&amp;#x1f412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROOSTER|&amp;#x1f413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHICKEN|&amp;#x1f414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOG|&amp;#x1f415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIG|&amp;#x1f416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOAR|&amp;#x1f417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEPHANT|&amp;#x1f418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCTOPUS|&amp;#x1f419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL SHELL|&amp;#x1f41a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUG|&amp;#x1f41b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANT|&amp;#x1f41c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HONEYBEE|&amp;#x1f41d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LADY BEETLE|&amp;#x1f41e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISH|&amp;#x1f41f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F42x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPICAL FISH|&amp;#x1f420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOWFISH|&amp;#x1f421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURTLE|&amp;#x1f422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HATCHING CHICK|&amp;#x1f423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY CHICK|&amp;#x1f424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRONT-FACING BABY CHICK|&amp;#x1f425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIRD|&amp;#x1f426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PENGUIN|&amp;#x1f427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KOALA|&amp;#x1f428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POODLE|&amp;#x1f429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROMEDARY CAMEL|&amp;#x1f42a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACTRIAN CAMEL|&amp;#x1f42b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOLPHIN|&amp;#x1f42c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE FACE|&amp;#x1f42d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COW FACE|&amp;#x1f42e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIGER FACE|&amp;#x1f42f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F43x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RABBIT FACE|&amp;#x1f430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE|&amp;#x1f431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON FACE|&amp;#x1f432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOUTING WHALE|&amp;#x1f433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORSE FACE|&amp;#x1f434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONKEY FACE|&amp;#x1f435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOG FACE|&amp;#x1f436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIG FACE|&amp;#x1f437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FROG FACE|&amp;#x1f438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMSTER FACE|&amp;#x1f439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOLF FACE|&amp;#x1f43a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAR FACE|&amp;#x1f43b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PANDA FACE|&amp;#x1f43c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIG NOSE|&amp;#x1f43d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAW PRINTS|&amp;#x1f43e;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHIPMUNK|&amp;#x1f43f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F44x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|EYES|&amp;#x1f440;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EYE|&amp;#x1f441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR|&amp;#x1f442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOSE|&amp;#x1f443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUTH|&amp;#x1f444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TONGUE|&amp;#x1f445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&amp;#x1f446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&amp;#x1f447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&amp;#x1f448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&amp;#x1f449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISTED HAND SIGN|&amp;#x1f44a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVING HAND SIGN|&amp;#x1f44b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OK HAND SIGN|&amp;#x1f44c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THUMBS UP SIGN|&amp;#x1f44d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THUMBS DOWN SIGN|&amp;#x1f44e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAPPING HANDS SIGN|&amp;#x1f44f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F45x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN HANDS SIGN|&amp;#x1f450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROWN|&amp;#x1f451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS HAT|&amp;#x1f452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EYEGLASSES|&amp;#x1f453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NECKTIE|&amp;#x1f454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|T-SHIRT|&amp;#x1f455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JEANS|&amp;#x1f456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRESS|&amp;#x1f457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KIMONO|&amp;#x1f458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIKINI|&amp;#x1f459;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS CLOTHES|&amp;#x1f45a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PURSE|&amp;#x1f45b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDBAG|&amp;#x1f45c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUCH|&amp;#x1f45d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MANS SHOE|&amp;#x1f45e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ATHLETIC SHOE|&amp;#x1f45f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F46x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-HEELED SHOE|&amp;#x1f460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS SANDAL|&amp;#x1f461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS BOOTS|&amp;#x1f462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOOTPRINTS|&amp;#x1f463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUST IN SILHOUETTE|&amp;#x1f464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUSTS IN SILHOUETTE|&amp;#x1f465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOY|&amp;#x1f466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRL|&amp;#x1f467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN|&amp;#x1f468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMAN|&amp;#x1f469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAMILY|&amp;#x1f46a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN AND WOMAN HOLDING HANDS|&amp;#x1f46b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO MEN HOLDING HANDS|&amp;#x1f46c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO WOMEN HOLDING HANDS|&amp;#x1f46d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE OFFICER|&amp;#x1f46e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMAN WITH BUNNY EARS|&amp;#x1f46f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F47x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIDE WITH VEIL|&amp;#x1f470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH BLOND HAIR|&amp;#x1f471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN WITH GUA PI MAO|&amp;#x1f472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN WITH TURBAN|&amp;#x1f473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER MAN|&amp;#x1f474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER WOMAN|&amp;#x1f475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY|&amp;#x1f476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONSTRUCTION WORKER|&amp;#x1f477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINCESS|&amp;#x1f478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE OGRE|&amp;#x1f479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE GOBLIN|&amp;#x1f47a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GHOST|&amp;#x1f47b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY ANGEL|&amp;#x1f47c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTRATERRESTRIAL ALIEN|&amp;#x1f47d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALIEN MONSTER|&amp;#x1f47e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IMP|&amp;#x1f47f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F48x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SKULL|&amp;#x1f480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INFORMATION DESK PERSON|&amp;#x1f481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUARDSMAN|&amp;#x1f482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DANCER|&amp;#x1f483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIPSTICK|&amp;#x1f484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIL POLISH|&amp;#x1f485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE MASSAGE|&amp;#x1f486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIRCUT|&amp;#x1f487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BARBER POLE|&amp;#x1f488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYRINGE|&amp;#x1f489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PILL|&amp;#x1f48a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISS MARK|&amp;#x1f48b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOVE LETTER|&amp;#x1f48c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RING|&amp;#x1f48d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEM STONE|&amp;#x1f48e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISS|&amp;#x1f48f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F49x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOUQUET|&amp;#x1f490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUPLE WITH HEART|&amp;#x1f491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEDDING|&amp;#x1f492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEATING HEART|&amp;#x1f493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROKEN HEART|&amp;#x1f494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO HEARTS|&amp;#x1f495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPARKLING HEART|&amp;#x1f496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GROWING HEART|&amp;#x1f497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH ARROW|&amp;#x1f498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUE HEART|&amp;#x1f499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN HEART|&amp;#x1f49a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YELLOW HEART|&amp;#x1f49b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PURPLE HEART|&amp;#x1f49c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH RIBBON|&amp;#x1f49d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVOLVING HEARTS|&amp;#x1f49e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART DECORATION|&amp;#x1f49f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F4Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND SHAPE WITH A DOT INSIDE|&amp;#x1f4a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB|&amp;#x1f4a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGER SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f4a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOMB|&amp;#x1f4a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f4a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COLLISION SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f4a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPLASHING SWEAT SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f4a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROPLET|&amp;#x1f4a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DASH SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f4a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PILE OF POO|&amp;#x1f4a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLEXED BICEPS|&amp;#x1f4aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIZZY SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f4ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEECH BALLOON|&amp;#x1f4ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THOUGHT BALLOON|&amp;#x1f4ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FLOWER|&amp;#x1f4ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HUNDRED POINTS SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f4af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F4Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY BAG|&amp;#x1f4b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURRENCY EXCHANGE|&amp;#x1f4b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOLLAR SIGN|&amp;#x1f4b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CREDIT CARD|&amp;#x1f4b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH YEN SIGN|&amp;#x1f4b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH DOLLAR SIGN|&amp;#x1f4b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH EURO SIGN|&amp;#x1f4b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH POUND SIGN|&amp;#x1f4b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY WITH WINGS|&amp;#x1f4b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH UPWARDS TREND AND YEN SIGN|&amp;#x1f4b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAT|&amp;#x1f4ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSONAL COMPUTER|&amp;#x1f4bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIEFCASE|&amp;#x1f4bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIDISC|&amp;#x1f4bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOPPY DISK|&amp;#x1f4be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTICAL DISC|&amp;#x1f4bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F4Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|DVD|&amp;#x1f4c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILE FOLDER|&amp;#x1f4c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN FILE FOLDER|&amp;#x1f4c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE WITH CURL|&amp;#x1f4c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE FACING UP|&amp;#x1f4c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CALENDAR|&amp;#x1f4c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEAR-OFF CALENDAR|&amp;#x1f4c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD INDEX|&amp;#x1f4c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH UPWARDS TREND|&amp;#x1f4c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH DOWNWARDS TREND|&amp;#x1f4c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAR CHART|&amp;#x1f4ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLIPBOARD|&amp;#x1f4cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUSHPIN|&amp;#x1f4cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUND PUSHPIN|&amp;#x1f4cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAPERCLIP|&amp;#x1f4ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAIGHT RULER|&amp;#x1f4cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F4Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR RULER|&amp;#x1f4d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKMARK TABS|&amp;#x1f4d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEDGER|&amp;#x1f4d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTEBOOK|&amp;#x1f4d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTEBOOK WITH DECORATIVE COVER|&amp;#x1f4d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED BOOK|&amp;#x1f4d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN BOOK|&amp;#x1f4d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN BOOK|&amp;#x1f4d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUE BOOK|&amp;#x1f4d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGE BOOK|&amp;#x1f4d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKS|&amp;#x1f4da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAME BADGE|&amp;#x1f4db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCROLL|&amp;#x1f4dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEMO|&amp;#x1f4dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&amp;#x1f4de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGER|&amp;#x1f4df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F4Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FAX MACHINE|&amp;#x1f4e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SATELLITE ANTENNA|&amp;#x1f4e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUBLIC ADDRESS LOUDSPEAKER|&amp;#x1f4e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEERING MEGAPHONE|&amp;#x1f4e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTBOX TRAY|&amp;#x1f4e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INBOX TRAY|&amp;#x1f4e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PACKAGE|&amp;#x1f4e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|E-MAIL SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f4e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCOMING ENVELOPE|&amp;#x1f4e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE WITH DOWNWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&amp;#x1f4e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED MAILBOX WITH LOWERED FLAG|&amp;#x1f4ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED MAILBOX WITH RAISED FLAG|&amp;#x1f4eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN MAILBOX WITH RAISED FLAG|&amp;#x1f4ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN MAILBOX WITH LOWERED FLAG|&amp;#x1f4ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTBOX|&amp;#x1f4ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTAL HORN|&amp;#x1f4ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F4Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWSPAPER|&amp;#x1f4f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE|&amp;#x1f4f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE WITH RIGHTWARDS ARROW AT LEFT|&amp;#x1f4f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIBRATION MODE|&amp;#x1f4f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE OFF|&amp;#x1f4f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO MOBILE PHONES|&amp;#x1f4f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTENNA WITH BARS|&amp;#x1f4f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMERA|&amp;#x1f4f7;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMERA WITH FLASH|&amp;#x1f4f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEO CAMERA|&amp;#x1f4f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEVISION|&amp;#x1f4fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIO|&amp;#x1f4fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEOCASSETTE|&amp;#x1f4fc;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FILM PROJECTOR|&amp;#x1f4fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PORTABLE STEREO|&amp;#x1f4fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PRAYER BEADS|&amp;#x1f4ff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F50x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TWISTED RIGHTWARDS ARROWS|&amp;#x1f500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHTWARDS AND LEFTWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&amp;#x1f501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHTWARDS AND LEFTWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS WITH CIRCLED ONE OVERLAY|&amp;#x1f502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE DOWNWARDS AND UPWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&amp;#x1f503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE DOWNWARDS AND UPWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&amp;#x1f504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH CANCELLATION STROKE|&amp;#x1f507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER|&amp;#x1f508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH ONE SOUND WAVE|&amp;#x1f509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH THREE SOUND WAVES|&amp;#x1f50a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATTERY|&amp;#x1f50b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC PLUG|&amp;#x1f50c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-POINTING MAGNIFYING GLASS|&amp;#x1f50d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-POINTING MAGNIFYING GLASS|&amp;#x1f50e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOCK WITH INK PEN|&amp;#x1f50f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F51x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED LOCK WITH KEY|&amp;#x1f510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEY|&amp;#x1f511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOCK|&amp;#x1f512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN LOCK|&amp;#x1f513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL|&amp;#x1f514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL WITH CANCELLATION STROKE|&amp;#x1f515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKMARK|&amp;#x1f516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINK SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIO BUTTON|&amp;#x1f518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&amp;#x1f519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|END WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&amp;#x1f51a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ON WITH EXCLAMATION MARK WITH LEFT RIGHT ARROW ABOVE|&amp;#x1f51b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOON WITH RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&amp;#x1f51c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP WITH UPWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&amp;#x1f51d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ONE UNDER EIGHTEEN SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f51e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYCAP TEN|&amp;#x1f51f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F52x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN CAPITAL LETTERS|&amp;#x1f520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN SMALL LETTERS|&amp;#x1f521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR NUMBERS|&amp;#x1f522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR SYMBOLS|&amp;#x1f523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN LETTERS|&amp;#x1f524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE|&amp;#x1f525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC TORCH|&amp;#x1f526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRENCH|&amp;#x1f527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER|&amp;#x1f528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUT AND BOLT|&amp;#x1f529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOCHO|&amp;#x1f52a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PISTOL|&amp;#x1f52b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROSCOPE|&amp;#x1f52c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELESCOPE|&amp;#x1f52d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYSTAL BALL|&amp;#x1f52e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED STAR WITH MIDDLE DOT|&amp;#x1f52f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F53x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE SYMBOL FOR BEGINNER|&amp;#x1f530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIDENT EMBLEM|&amp;#x1f531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SQUARE BUTTON|&amp;#x1f532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE BUTTON|&amp;#x1f533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE RED CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE DIAMOND|&amp;#x1f536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE DIAMOND|&amp;#x1f537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ORANGE DIAMOND|&amp;#x1f538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL BLUE DIAMOND|&amp;#x1f539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING RED TRIANGLE|&amp;#x1f53a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING RED TRIANGLE|&amp;#x1f53b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING SMALL RED TRIANGLE|&amp;#x1f53c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING SMALL RED TRIANGLE|&amp;#x1f53d;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f53e;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f53f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F54x
|style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS POMMEE|&amp;#x1f540;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS POMMEE WITH HALF-CIRCLE BELOW|&amp;#x1f541;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS POMMEE|&amp;#x1f542;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED LEFT SEMICIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&amp;#x1f543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED RIGHT SEMICIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&amp;#x1f544;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR MARKS CHAPTER|&amp;#x1f545;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LATIN CROSS|&amp;#x1f546;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LATIN CROSS|&amp;#x1f547;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CELTIC CROSS|&amp;#x1f548;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OM SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f549;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOVE OF PEACE|&amp;#x1f54a;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAABA|&amp;#x1f54b;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOSQUE|&amp;#x1f54c;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYNAGOGUE|&amp;#x1f54d;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENORAH WITH NINE BRANCHES|&amp;#x1f54e;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWL OF HYGIEIA|&amp;#x1f54f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F55x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ONE OCLOCK|&amp;#x1f550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWO OCLOCK|&amp;#x1f551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE THREE OCLOCK|&amp;#x1f552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FOUR OCLOCK|&amp;#x1f553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FIVE OCLOCK|&amp;#x1f554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SIX OCLOCK|&amp;#x1f555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SEVEN OCLOCK|&amp;#x1f556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE EIGHT OCLOCK|&amp;#x1f557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE NINE OCLOCK|&amp;#x1f558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TEN OCLOCK|&amp;#x1f559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ELEVEN OCLOCK|&amp;#x1f55a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWELVE OCLOCK|&amp;#x1f55b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ONE-THIRTY|&amp;#x1f55c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWO-THIRTY|&amp;#x1f55d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE THREE-THIRTY|&amp;#x1f55e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FOUR-THIRTY|&amp;#x1f55f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F56x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FIVE-THIRTY|&amp;#x1f560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SIX-THIRTY|&amp;#x1f561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SEVEN-THIRTY|&amp;#x1f562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE EIGHT-THIRTY|&amp;#x1f563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE NINE-THIRTY|&amp;#x1f564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TEN-THIRTY|&amp;#x1f565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ELEVEN-THIRTY|&amp;#x1f566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWELVE-THIRTY|&amp;#x1f567;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER|&amp;#x1f568;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER WITH ONE SOUND WAVE|&amp;#x1f569;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER WITH THREE SOUND WAVES|&amp;#x1f56a;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLHORN|&amp;#x1f56b;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLHORN WITH SOUND WAVES|&amp;#x1f56c;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RINGING BELL|&amp;#x1f56d;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOK|&amp;#x1f56e;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANDLE|&amp;#x1f56f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F57x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANTELPIECE CLOCK|&amp;#x1f570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SKULL AND CROSSBONES|&amp;#x1f571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO PIRACY|&amp;#x1f572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLE|&amp;#x1f573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN IN BUSINESS SUIT LEVITATING|&amp;#x1f574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEUTH OR SPY|&amp;#x1f575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DARK SUNGLASSES|&amp;#x1f576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIDER|&amp;#x1f577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIDER WEB|&amp;#x1f578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JOYSTICK|&amp;#x1f579;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN DANCING|&amp;#x1f57a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HAND TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&amp;#x1f57b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECEIVER WITH PAGE|&amp;#x1f57c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HAND TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&amp;#x1f57d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TOUCHTONE TELEPHONE|&amp;#x1f57e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TOUCHTONE TELEPHONE|&amp;#x1f57f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F58x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE ON TOP OF MODEM|&amp;#x1f580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAMSHELL MOBILE PHONE|&amp;#x1f581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK OF ENVELOPE|&amp;#x1f582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAMPED ENVELOPE|&amp;#x1f583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE WITH LIGHTNING|&amp;#x1f584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING ENVELOPE|&amp;#x1f585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEN OVER STAMPED ENVELOPE|&amp;#x1f586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINKED PAPERCLIPS|&amp;#x1f587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PUSHPIN|&amp;#x1f588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT PENCIL|&amp;#x1f589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BALLPOINT PEN|&amp;#x1f58a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT FOUNTAIN PEN|&amp;#x1f58b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT PAINTBRUSH|&amp;#x1f58c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT CRAYON|&amp;#x1f58d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WRITING HAND|&amp;#x1f58e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED OK HAND SIGN|&amp;#x1f58f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F59x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED HAND WITH FINGERS SPLAYED|&amp;#x1f590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED RAISED HAND WITH FINGERS SPLAYED|&amp;#x1f591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED THUMBS UP SIGN|&amp;#x1f592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED THUMBS DOWN SIGN|&amp;#x1f593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED VICTORY HAND|&amp;#x1f594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED HAND WITH MIDDLE FINGER EXTENDED|&amp;#x1f595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED HAND WITH PART BETWEEN MIDDLE AND RING FINGERS|&amp;#x1f596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN POINTING LEFT HAND INDEX|&amp;#x1f597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE LEFT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x1f598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x1f599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x1f59a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x1f59b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&amp;#x1f59c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&amp;#x1f59d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE UP POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x1f59e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE DOWN POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x1f59f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F5Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK UP POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x1f5a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK DOWN POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x1f5a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&amp;#x1f5a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&amp;#x1f5a3;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HEART|&amp;#x1f5a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESKTOP COMPUTER|&amp;#x1f5a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYBOARD AND MOUSE|&amp;#x1f5a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE NETWORKED COMPUTERS|&amp;#x1f5a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINTER|&amp;#x1f5a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POCKET CALCULATOR|&amp;#x1f5a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HARD SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&amp;#x1f5aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HARD SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&amp;#x1f5ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFT SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&amp;#x1f5ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAPE CARTRIDGE|&amp;#x1f5ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIRED KEYBOARD|&amp;#x1f5ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE BUTTON MOUSE|&amp;#x1f5af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F5Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO BUTTON MOUSE|&amp;#x1f5b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE BUTTON MOUSE|&amp;#x1f5b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRACKBALL|&amp;#x1f5b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLD PERSONAL COMPUTER|&amp;#x1f5b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HARD DISK|&amp;#x1f5b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCREEN|&amp;#x1f5b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINTER ICON|&amp;#x1f5b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAX ICON|&amp;#x1f5b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTICAL DISC ICON|&amp;#x1f5b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH TEXT|&amp;#x1f5b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH TEXT AND PICTURE|&amp;#x1f5ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH PICTURE|&amp;#x1f5bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH PICTURE|&amp;#x1f5bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH TILES|&amp;#x1f5bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH AN X|&amp;#x1f5be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK FOLDER|&amp;#x1f5bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F5Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FOLDER|&amp;#x1f5c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN FOLDER|&amp;#x1f5c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD INDEX DIVIDERS|&amp;#x1f5c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD FILE BOX|&amp;#x1f5c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILE CABINET|&amp;#x1f5c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE|&amp;#x1f5c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE PAGE|&amp;#x1f5c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE PAD|&amp;#x1f5c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE|&amp;#x1f5c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE PAGE|&amp;#x1f5c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE PAD|&amp;#x1f5ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY DOCUMENT|&amp;#x1f5cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY PAGE|&amp;#x1f5cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY PAGES|&amp;#x1f5cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT|&amp;#x1f5ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE|&amp;#x1f5cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F5Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGES|&amp;#x1f5d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WASTEBASKET|&amp;#x1f5d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL NOTE PAD|&amp;#x1f5d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL CALENDAR PAD|&amp;#x1f5d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESKTOP WINDOW|&amp;#x1f5d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIMIZE|&amp;#x1f5d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAXIMIZE|&amp;#x1f5d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLAP|&amp;#x1f5d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHT AND LEFT SEMICIRCLE ARROWS|&amp;#x1f5d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANCELLATION X|&amp;#x1f5d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCREASE FONT SIZE SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f5da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECREASE FONT SIZE SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f5db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPRESSION|&amp;#x1f5dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLD KEY|&amp;#x1f5dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLED-UP NEWSPAPER|&amp;#x1f5de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE WITH CIRCLED TEXT|&amp;#x1f5df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F5Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOCK CHART|&amp;#x1f5e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DAGGER KNIFE|&amp;#x1f5e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIPS|&amp;#x1f5e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKING HEAD IN SILHOUETTE|&amp;#x1f5e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS ABOVE|&amp;#x1f5e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS BELOW|&amp;#x1f5e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS LEFT|&amp;#x1f5e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS RIGHT|&amp;#x1f5e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SPEECH BUBBLE|&amp;#x1f5e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEECH BUBBLE|&amp;#x1f5e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO SPEECH BUBBLES|&amp;#x1f5ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE SPEECH BUBBLES|&amp;#x1f5eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THOUGHT BUBBLE|&amp;#x1f5ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THOUGHT BUBBLE|&amp;#x1f5ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ANGER BUBBLE|&amp;#x1f5ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGER BUBBLE|&amp;#x1f5ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F5Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOOD BUBBLE|&amp;#x1f5f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING MOOD BUBBLE|&amp;#x1f5f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING MOOD|&amp;#x1f5f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BALLOT|&amp;#x1f5f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT SCRIPT X|&amp;#x1f5f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH SCRIPT X|&amp;#x1f5f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOLD SCRIPT X|&amp;#x1f5f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BOLD SCRIPT X|&amp;#x1f5f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT CHECK MARK|&amp;#x1f5f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BOLD CHECK|&amp;#x1f5f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WORLD MAP|&amp;#x1f5fa;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNT FUJI|&amp;#x1f5fb;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOKYO TOWER|&amp;#x1f5fc;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|STATUE OF LIBERTY|&amp;#x1f5fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SILHOUETTE OF JAPAN|&amp;#x1f5fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOYAI|&amp;#x1f5ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Emoticons'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F60x
|style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE|&amp;#x1f600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&amp;#x1f601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|&amp;#x1f602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&amp;#x1f603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND SMILING EYES|&amp;#x1f604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT|&amp;#x1f605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES|&amp;#x1f606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HALO|&amp;#x1f607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HORNS|&amp;#x1f608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINKING FACE|&amp;#x1f609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&amp;#x1f60a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE SAVOURING DELICIOUS FOOD|&amp;#x1f60b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RELIEVED FACE|&amp;#x1f60c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES|&amp;#x1f60d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SUNGLASSES|&amp;#x1f60e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMIRKING FACE|&amp;#x1f60f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F61x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL FACE|&amp;#x1f610;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EXPRESSIONLESS FACE|&amp;#x1f611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNAMUSED FACE|&amp;#x1f612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH COLD SWEAT|&amp;#x1f613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PENSIVE FACE|&amp;#x1f614;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFUSED FACE|&amp;#x1f615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFOUNDED FACE|&amp;#x1f616;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE|&amp;#x1f617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE THROWING A KISS|&amp;#x1f618;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&amp;#x1f619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE WITH CLOSED EYES|&amp;#x1f61a;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE|&amp;#x1f61b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND WINKING EYE|&amp;#x1f61c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES|&amp;#x1f61d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISAPPOINTED FACE|&amp;#x1f61e;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORRIED FACE|&amp;#x1f61f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F62x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGRY FACE|&amp;#x1f620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUTING FACE|&amp;#x1f621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYING FACE|&amp;#x1f622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSEVERING FACE|&amp;#x1f623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH LOOK OF TRIUMPH|&amp;#x1f624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISAPPOINTED BUT RELIEVED FACE|&amp;#x1f625;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FROWNING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&amp;#x1f626;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGUISHED FACE|&amp;#x1f627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FEARFUL FACE|&amp;#x1f628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEARY FACE|&amp;#x1f629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPY FACE|&amp;#x1f62a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRED FACE|&amp;#x1f62b;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRIMACING FACE|&amp;#x1f62c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOUDLY CRYING FACE|&amp;#x1f62d;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&amp;#x1f62e;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HUSHED FACE|&amp;#x1f62f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F63x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT|&amp;#x1f630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE SCREAMING IN FEAR|&amp;#x1f631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTONISHED FACE|&amp;#x1f632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLUSHED FACE|&amp;#x1f633;}}||style=&quot;background:#7ef9ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING FACE|&amp;#x1f634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIZZY FACE|&amp;#x1f635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITHOUT MOUTH|&amp;#x1f636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH MEDICAL MASK|&amp;#x1f637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING CAT FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&amp;#x1f638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|&amp;#x1f639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING CAT FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&amp;#x1f63a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING CAT FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES|&amp;#x1f63b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE WITH WRY SMILE|&amp;#x1f63c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING CAT FACE WITH CLOSED EYES|&amp;#x1f63d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUTING CAT FACE|&amp;#x1f63e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYING CAT FACE|&amp;#x1f63f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F64x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WEARY CAT FACE|&amp;#x1f640;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLIGHTLY FROWNING FACE|&amp;#x1f641;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLIGHTLY SMILING FACE|&amp;#x1f642;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPSIDE-DOWN FACE|&amp;#x1f643;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH ROLLING EYES|&amp;#x1f644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH NO GOOD GESTURE|&amp;#x1f645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OK GESTURE|&amp;#x1f646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON BOWING DEEPLY|&amp;#x1f647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEE-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&amp;#x1f648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAR-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&amp;#x1f649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAK-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&amp;#x1f64a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAPPY PERSON RAISING ONE HAND|&amp;#x1f64b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON RAISING BOTH HANDS IN CELEBRATION|&amp;#x1f64c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON FROWNING|&amp;#x1f64d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH POUTING FACE|&amp;#x1f64e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH FOLDED HANDS|&amp;#x1f64f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Ornamental Dingbats'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F65x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&amp;#x1f650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&amp;#x1f651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&amp;#x1f652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&amp;#x1f653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&amp;#x1f654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&amp;#x1f655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&amp;#x1f656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&amp;#x1f657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&amp;#x1f658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&amp;#x1f659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&amp;#x1f65a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&amp;#x1f65b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&amp;#x1f65c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&amp;#x1f65d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&amp;#x1f65e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&amp;#x1f65f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F66x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING BUD|&amp;#x1f660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD|&amp;#x1f661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING BUD|&amp;#x1f662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD|&amp;#x1f663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING BUD|&amp;#x1f664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD|&amp;#x1f665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING BUD|&amp;#x1f666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD|&amp;#x1f667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLLOW QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLLOW QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT IN BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x1f669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLID QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f66a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLID QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT IN BLACK SQUARE|&amp;#x1f66b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ROCKET|&amp;#x1f66c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ROCKET|&amp;#x1f66d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ROCKET|&amp;#x1f66e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ROCKET|&amp;#x1f66f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F67x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT LIGATURE ET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f670;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SCRIPT LIGATURE ET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f671;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGATURE OPEN ET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f672;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LIGATURE OPEN ET ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f673;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY AMPERSAND ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f674;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SWASH AMPERSAND ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f675;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY LOW DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f67a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SANS-SERIF INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&amp;#x1f67b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SOLIDUS|&amp;#x1f67c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY REVERSE SOLIDUS|&amp;#x1f67d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECKER BOARD|&amp;#x1f67e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE CHECKER BOARD|&amp;#x1f67f;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Transport and Map Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F68x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROCKET|&amp;#x1f680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HELICOPTER|&amp;#x1f681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STEAM LOCOMOTIVE|&amp;#x1f682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAILWAY CAR|&amp;#x1f683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-SPEED TRAIN|&amp;#x1f684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-SPEED TRAIN WITH BULLET NOSE|&amp;#x1f685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAIN|&amp;#x1f686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRO|&amp;#x1f687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT RAIL|&amp;#x1f688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STATION|&amp;#x1f689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAM|&amp;#x1f68a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAM CAR|&amp;#x1f68b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUS|&amp;#x1f68c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING BUS|&amp;#x1f68d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROLLEYBUS|&amp;#x1f68e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUS STOP|&amp;#x1f68f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F69x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIBUS|&amp;#x1f690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMBULANCE|&amp;#x1f691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE ENGINE|&amp;#x1f692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE CAR|&amp;#x1f693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING POLICE CAR|&amp;#x1f694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAXI|&amp;#x1f695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING TAXI|&amp;#x1f696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTOMOBILE|&amp;#x1f697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING AUTOMOBILE|&amp;#x1f698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECREATIONAL VEHICLE|&amp;#x1f699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DELIVERY TRUCK|&amp;#x1f69a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARTICULATED LORRY|&amp;#x1f69b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRACTOR|&amp;#x1f69c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONORAIL|&amp;#x1f69d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN RAILWAY|&amp;#x1f69e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUSPENSION RAILWAY|&amp;#x1f69f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F6Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN CABLEWAY|&amp;#x1f6a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AERIAL TRAMWAY|&amp;#x1f6a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHIP|&amp;#x1f6a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROWBOAT|&amp;#x1f6a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEEDBOAT|&amp;#x1f6a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL TRAFFIC LIGHT|&amp;#x1f6a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL TRAFFIC LIGHT|&amp;#x1f6a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONSTRUCTION SIGN|&amp;#x1f6a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE CARS REVOLVING LIGHT|&amp;#x1f6a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR FLAG ON POST|&amp;#x1f6a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOOR|&amp;#x1f6aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ENTRY SIGN|&amp;#x1f6ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMOKING SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f6ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO SMOKING SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f6ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUT LITTER IN ITS PLACE SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f6ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DO NOT LITTER SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f6af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F6Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|POTABLE WATER SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f6b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NON-POTABLE WATER SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f6b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BICYCLE|&amp;#x1f6b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO BICYCLES|&amp;#x1f6b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BICYCLIST|&amp;#x1f6b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN BICYCLIST|&amp;#x1f6b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEDESTRIAN|&amp;#x1f6b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO PEDESTRIANS|&amp;#x1f6b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHILDREN CROSSING|&amp;#x1f6b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENS SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f6b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMENS SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f6ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RESTROOM|&amp;#x1f6bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f6bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOILET|&amp;#x1f6bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER CLOSET|&amp;#x1f6be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOWER|&amp;#x1f6bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F6Cx
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATH|&amp;#x1f6c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATHTUB|&amp;#x1f6c1;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSPORT CONTROL|&amp;#x1f6c2;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUSTOMS|&amp;#x1f6c3;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGGAGE CLAIM|&amp;#x1f6c4;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT LUGGAGE|&amp;#x1f6c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&amp;#x1f6c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROHIBITED SIGN|&amp;#x1f6c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED INFORMATION SOURCE|&amp;#x1f6c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOYS SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f6c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRLS SYMBOL|&amp;#x1f6ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUCH AND LAMP|&amp;#x1f6cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING ACCOMMODATION|&amp;#x1f6cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOPPING BAGS|&amp;#x1f6cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELLHOP BELL|&amp;#x1f6ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BED|&amp;#x1f6cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F6Dx
|style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACE OF WORSHIP|&amp;#x1f6d0;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OCTAGONAL SIGN|&amp;#x1f6d1;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOPPING TROLLEY|&amp;#x1f6d2;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|STUPA|&amp;#x1f6d3;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGODA|&amp;#x1f6d4;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HINDU TEMPLE|&amp;#x1f6d5;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HUT|&amp;#x1f6d6;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEVATOR|&amp;#x1f6d7;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LANDSLIDE|&amp;#x1f6d8;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTHOUSE|&amp;#x1f6d9;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEATBELT SIGN|&amp;#x1f6da;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NO CARS|&amp;#x1f6db;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIRELESS|&amp;#x1f6dc;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYGROUND SLIDE|&amp;#x1f6dd;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHEEL|&amp;#x1f6de;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RING BUOY|&amp;#x1f6df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F6Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER AND WRENCH|&amp;#x1f6e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHIELD|&amp;#x1f6e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OIL DRUM|&amp;#x1f6e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTORWAY|&amp;#x1f6e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAILWAY TRACK|&amp;#x1f6e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTOR BOAT|&amp;#x1f6e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING MILITARY AIRPLANE|&amp;#x1f6e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING AIRPLANE|&amp;#x1f6e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING SMALL AIRPLANE|&amp;#x1f6e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL AIRPLANE|&amp;#x1f6e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTHEAST-POINTING AIRPLANE|&amp;#x1f6ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE DEPARTURE|&amp;#x1f6eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE ARRIVING|&amp;#x1f6ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT AIR BALLOON|&amp;#x1f6ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRSHIP|&amp;#x1f6ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d6d&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAPLANE|&amp;#x1f6ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F6Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SATELLITE|&amp;#x1f6f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING FIRE ENGINE|&amp;#x1f6f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE|&amp;#x1f6f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSENGER SHIP|&amp;#x1f6f3;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCOOTER|&amp;#x1f6f4;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTOR SCOOTER|&amp;#x1f6f5;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANOE|&amp;#x1f6f6;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLED|&amp;#x1f6f7;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING SAUCER|&amp;#x1f6f8;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SKATEBOARD|&amp;#x1f6f9;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTO RICKSHAW|&amp;#x1f6fa;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PICKUP TRUCK|&amp;#x1f6fb;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLER SKATE|&amp;#x1f6fc;}}||style=&quot;background:#768b4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORKLIFT|&amp;#x1f6fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#5d7e4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EXCAVATOR|&amp;#x1f6fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBMARINE|&amp;#x1f6ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Alchemical Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F70x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUINTESSENCE|&amp;#x1f700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AIR|&amp;#x1f701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR FIRE|&amp;#x1f702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR EARTH|&amp;#x1f703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WATER|&amp;#x1f704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUAFORTIS|&amp;#x1f705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA|&amp;#x1f706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA-2|&amp;#x1f707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE|&amp;#x1f708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE-2|&amp;#x1f709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR|&amp;#x1f70a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR-2|&amp;#x1f70b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR-3|&amp;#x1f70c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SULFUR|&amp;#x1f70d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PHILOSOPHERS SULFUR|&amp;#x1f70e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BLACK SULFUR|&amp;#x1f70f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F71x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE|&amp;#x1f710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE-2|&amp;#x1f711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE-3|&amp;#x1f712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CINNABAR|&amp;#x1f713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT|&amp;#x1f714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NITRE|&amp;#x1f715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL|&amp;#x1f716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL-2|&amp;#x1f717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT|&amp;#x1f718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT-2|&amp;#x1f719;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GOLD|&amp;#x1f71a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SILVER|&amp;#x1f71b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE|&amp;#x1f71c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE-2|&amp;#x1f71d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF IRON|&amp;#x1f71e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF IRON|&amp;#x1f71f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F72x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ORE|&amp;#x1f720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON-COPPER ORE|&amp;#x1f721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF COPPER|&amp;#x1f722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER|&amp;#x1f723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER-2|&amp;#x1f724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ANTIMONIATE|&amp;#x1f725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF COPPER ANTIMONIATE|&amp;#x1f726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF COPPER|&amp;#x1f727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VERDIGRIS|&amp;#x1f728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TIN ORE|&amp;#x1f729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LEAD ORE|&amp;#x1f72a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ANTIMONY ORE|&amp;#x1f72b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF ANTIMONY|&amp;#x1f72c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF ANTIMONY|&amp;#x1f72d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF ANTIMONY|&amp;#x1f72e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR OF ANTIMONY|&amp;#x1f72f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F73x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY|&amp;#x1f730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY-2|&amp;#x1f731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS|&amp;#x1f732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-2|&amp;#x1f733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-3|&amp;#x1f734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-4|&amp;#x1f735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI|&amp;#x1f736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI-2|&amp;#x1f737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MARCASITE|&amp;#x1f738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SAL-AMMONIAC|&amp;#x1f739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ARSENIC|&amp;#x1f73a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR|&amp;#x1f73b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR-2|&amp;#x1f73c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AURIPIGMENT|&amp;#x1f73d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BISMUTH ORE|&amp;#x1f73e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR|&amp;#x1f73f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F74x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR-2|&amp;#x1f740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUICK LIME|&amp;#x1f741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX|&amp;#x1f742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX-2|&amp;#x1f743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX-3|&amp;#x1f744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALUM|&amp;#x1f745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR OIL|&amp;#x1f746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SPIRIT|&amp;#x1f747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TINCTURE|&amp;#x1f748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GUM|&amp;#x1f749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WAX|&amp;#x1f74a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDER|&amp;#x1f74b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CALX|&amp;#x1f74c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TUTTY|&amp;#x1f74d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CAPUT MORTUUM|&amp;#x1f74e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SCEPTER OF JOVE|&amp;#x1f74f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F75x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CADUCEUS|&amp;#x1f750;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TRIDENT|&amp;#x1f751;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STARRED TRIDENT|&amp;#x1f752;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LODESTONE|&amp;#x1f753;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SOAP|&amp;#x1f754;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR URINE|&amp;#x1f755;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HORSE DUNG|&amp;#x1f756;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ASHES|&amp;#x1f757;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POT ASHES|&amp;#x1f758;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BRICK|&amp;#x1f759;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDERED BRICK|&amp;#x1f75a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AMALGAM|&amp;#x1f75b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STRATUM SUPER STRATUM|&amp;#x1f75c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STRATUM SUPER STRATUM-2|&amp;#x1f75d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATION|&amp;#x1f75e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PRECIPITATE|&amp;#x1f75f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F76x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISTILL|&amp;#x1f760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISSOLVE|&amp;#x1f761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISSOLVE-2|&amp;#x1f762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PURIFY|&amp;#x1f763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PUTREFACTION|&amp;#x1f764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE|&amp;#x1f765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-2|&amp;#x1f766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-3|&amp;#x1f767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-4|&amp;#x1f768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-5|&amp;#x1f769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALEMBIC|&amp;#x1f76a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BATH OF MARY|&amp;#x1f76b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BATH OF VAPOURS|&amp;#x1f76c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR RETORT|&amp;#x1f76d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HOUR|&amp;#x1f76e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NIGHT|&amp;#x1f76f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F77x
|style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DAY-NIGHT|&amp;#x1f770;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MONTH|&amp;#x1f771;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HALF DRAM|&amp;#x1f772;}}||style=&quot;background:#7bffe8&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HALF OUNCE|&amp;#x1f773;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOT OF FORTUNE|&amp;#x1f774;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCCULTATION|&amp;#x1f775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LUNAR ECLIPSE|&amp;#x1f776;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VESTA FORM TWO|&amp;#x1f777;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTRAEA FORM TWO|&amp;#x1f778;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYGIEA FORM TWO|&amp;#x1f779;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTHENOPE FORM TWO|&amp;#x1f77a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAUMEA|&amp;#x1f77B;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKEMAKE|&amp;#x1f77C;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GONGGONG|&amp;#x1f77D;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUAOAR|&amp;#x1f77E;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCUS|&amp;#x1f77F;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F78x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x1f780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x1f781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x1f782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x1f783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SLIGHTLY SMALL CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM BOLD WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f78a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUND TARGET|&amp;#x1f78b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY SQUARE|&amp;#x1f78c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SLIGHTLY SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x1f78d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x1f78e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x1f78f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F79x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x1f790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x1f791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x1f792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&amp;#x1f793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK VERY SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x1f794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK MEDIUM SQUARE|&amp;#x1f795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE TARGET|&amp;#x1f796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY DIAMOND|&amp;#x1f797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL DIAMOND|&amp;#x1f798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL DIAMOND|&amp;#x1f799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK VERY SMALL DIAMOND|&amp;#x1f79a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK MEDIUM DIAMOND|&amp;#x1f79b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND TARGET|&amp;#x1f79c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY LOZENGE|&amp;#x1f79d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL LOZENGE|&amp;#x1f79e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL LOZENGE|&amp;#x1f79f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F7Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LOZENGE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL LOZENGE|&amp;#x1f7a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN GREEK CROSS|&amp;#x1f7a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT GREEK CROSS|&amp;#x1f7a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM GREEK CROSS|&amp;#x1f7a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD GREEK CROSS|&amp;#x1f7a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY BOLD GREEK CROSS|&amp;#x1f7a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&amp;#x1f7a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&amp;#x1f7a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN SALTIRE|&amp;#x1f7a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SALTIRE|&amp;#x1f7a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SALTIRE|&amp;#x1f7aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD SALTIRE|&amp;#x1f7ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SALTIRE|&amp;#x1f7ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SALTIRE|&amp;#x1f7ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY SALTIRE|&amp;#x1f7ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F7Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&amp;#x1f7bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F7Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM THREE POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&amp;#x1f7c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FOUR POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&amp;#x1f7c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE LIGHT FOUR POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&amp;#x1f7c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FIVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FIVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&amp;#x1f7cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F7Dx
|style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7d0;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&amp;#x1f7d1;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7d2;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&amp;#x1f7d3;}}||style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TWELVE POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&amp;#x1f7d4;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED TRIANGLE|&amp;#x1f7d5;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED TRIANGLE|&amp;#x1f7d6;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED SQUARE|&amp;#x1f7d7;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED SQUARE|&amp;#x1f7d8;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NINE POINTED WHITE STAR|&amp;#x1f7d9;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE VERTICAL BAR|&amp;#x1f7da;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLET IN DOUBLE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f7db;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F7Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f7e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE YELLOW CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f7e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE GREEN CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f7e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE PURPLE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f7e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BROWN CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f7e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE RED SQUARE|&amp;#x1f7e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE SQUARE|&amp;#x1f7e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE SQUARE|&amp;#x1f7e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE YELLOW SQUARE|&amp;#x1f7e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE GREEN SQUARE|&amp;#x1f7e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE PURPLE SQUARE|&amp;#x1f7ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BROWN SQUARE|&amp;#x1f7eb;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NOT EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x1f7ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F7Fx
|style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EQUALS SIGN|&amp;#x1f7f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINE|&amp;#x1f7f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL LINE|&amp;#x1f7f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED BOTTOM RIGHT OBLIQUE HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f7f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f7f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f7f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRANSPARENT CUBE|&amp;#x1f7f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CUBE|&amp;#x1f7f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL DOUBLE WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x1f7f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL DOUBLE WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&amp;#x1f7f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH BOTTOM HALF BISECTED|&amp;#x1f7fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH TOP HALF BISECTED|&amp;#x1f7fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL BISECTING LINES|&amp;#x1f7fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT FLATTENED RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x1f7fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT FLATTENED RIGHT TRIANGLE|&amp;#x1f7fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RHOMBUS|&amp;#x1f7ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F80x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f80b;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F81x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f81f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F82x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&amp;#x1f820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&amp;#x1f821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&amp;#x1f822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&amp;#x1f823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&amp;#x1f824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&amp;#x1f825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&amp;#x1f826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&amp;#x1f827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&amp;#x1f828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&amp;#x1f829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&amp;#x1f82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&amp;#x1f82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&amp;#x1f82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&amp;#x1f82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&amp;#x1f82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&amp;#x1f82f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F83x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&amp;#x1f830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&amp;#x1f831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&amp;#x1f832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&amp;#x1f833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&amp;#x1f834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&amp;#x1f835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&amp;#x1f836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&amp;#x1f837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&amp;#x1f838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&amp;#x1f839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&amp;#x1f83a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&amp;#x1f83b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&amp;#x1f83c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&amp;#x1f83d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&amp;#x1f83e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&amp;#x1f83f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F84x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&amp;#x1f840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&amp;#x1f841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&amp;#x1f842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&amp;#x1f843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&amp;#x1f844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&amp;#x1f845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&amp;#x1f846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&amp;#x1f847;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F85x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&amp;#x1f850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&amp;#x1f851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&amp;#x1f852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&amp;#x1f853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&amp;#x1f854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&amp;#x1f855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&amp;#x1f856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&amp;#x1f857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT SANS-SERIF ARROW|&amp;#x1f858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN SANS-SERIF ARROW|&amp;#x1f859;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F86x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f86a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f86b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f86c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f86d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f86e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f86f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F87x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f87a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f87b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f87c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f87d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f87e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f87f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F88x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&amp;#x1f887;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F89x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&amp;#x1f897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&amp;#x1f898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&amp;#x1f899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&amp;#x1f89a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&amp;#x1f89b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE|&amp;#x1f89c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH TWO THIRDS|&amp;#x1f89d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE HALF|&amp;#x1f89e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE THIRD|&amp;#x1f89f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#87abff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F8Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BOTTOM-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x1f8a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BOTTOM SHADED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x1f8a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TOP SHADED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x1f8a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TOP SHADED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x1f8a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS LEFT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x1f8a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS RIGHT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x1f8a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS RIGHT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x1f8a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS LEFT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x1f8a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x1f8a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x1f8a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x1f8aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&amp;#x1f8ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE|&amp;#x1f8ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE ARROW SHAFT WIDTH TWO THIRDS|&amp;#x1f8ad;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F8Bx
|style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING UPWARDS THEN NORTH WEST|&amp;#x1f8b0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING SOUTH WEST|&amp;#x1f8b1;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LOWER HOOK|&amp;#x1f8b2;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS BLACK ARROW TO BAR|&amp;#x1f8b3;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x1f8b4;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED UPWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x1f8b5;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x1f8b6;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x1f8b7;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x1f8b8;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x1f8b9;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x1f8ba;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR|&amp;#x1f8bb;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F8Cx
|style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x1f8c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x1f8c1;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F8Dx
|style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW OVER LONG LEFTWARDS ARROW|&amp;#x1f8d0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON OVER LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&amp;#x1f8d1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&amp;#x1f8d2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&amp;#x1f8d3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&amp;#x1f8d4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&amp;#x1f8d5;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH X|&amp;#x1f8d6;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE SLASH|&amp;#x1f8d7;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFT RIGHT ARROW WITH DEPENDENT LOBE|&amp;#x1f8d8;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F8Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F8Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F90x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH FOUR DOTS|&amp;#x1f900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH TWO DOTS|&amp;#x1f901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE|&amp;#x1f902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH FOUR DOTS|&amp;#x1f903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&amp;#x1f904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS|&amp;#x1f905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH DOT|&amp;#x1f906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE|&amp;#x1f907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING HOOK|&amp;#x1f908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK|&amp;#x1f909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING HOOK WITH DOT|&amp;#x1f90a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK WITH DOT|&amp;#x1f90b;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINCHED FINGERS|&amp;#x1f90c;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEART|&amp;#x1f90d;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BROWN HEART|&amp;#x1f90e;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINCHING HAND|&amp;#x1f90f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F91x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ZIPPER-MOUTH FACE|&amp;#x1f910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY-MOUTH FACE|&amp;#x1f911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH THERMOMETER|&amp;#x1f912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NERD FACE|&amp;#x1f913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THINKING FACE|&amp;#x1f914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH HEAD-BANDAGE|&amp;#x1f915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROBOT FACE|&amp;#x1f916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HUGGING FACE|&amp;#x1f917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGN OF THE HORNS|&amp;#x1f918;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CALL ME HAND|&amp;#x1f919;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED BACK OF HAND|&amp;#x1f91a;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-FACING FIST|&amp;#x1f91b;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-FACING FIST|&amp;#x1f91c;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDSHAKE|&amp;#x1f91d;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX AND MIDDLE FINGERS CROSSED|&amp;#x1f91e;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|I LOVE YOU HAND SIGN|&amp;#x1f91f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F92x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH COWBOY HAT|&amp;#x1f920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOWN FACE|&amp;#x1f921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAUSEATED FACE|&amp;#x1f922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLING ON THE FLOOR LAUGHING|&amp;#x1f923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROOLING FACE|&amp;#x1f924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LYING FACE|&amp;#x1f925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE PALM|&amp;#x1f926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNEEZING FACE|&amp;#x1f927;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH ONE EYEBROW RAISED|&amp;#x1f928;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH STAR EYES|&amp;#x1f929;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH ONE LARGE AND ONE SMALL EYE|&amp;#x1f92a;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH FINGER COVERING CLOSED LIPS|&amp;#x1f92b;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SERIOUS FACE WITH SYMBOLS COVERING MOUTH|&amp;#x1f92c;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND HAND COVERING MOUTH|&amp;#x1f92d;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH VOMITING|&amp;#x1f92e;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOCKED FACE WITH EXPLODING HEAD|&amp;#x1f92f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F93x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT WOMAN|&amp;#x1f930;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BREAST-FEEDING|&amp;#x1f931;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALMS UP TOGETHER|&amp;#x1f932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SELFIE|&amp;#x1f933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINCE|&amp;#x1f934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN IN TUXEDO|&amp;#x1f935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTHER CHRISTMAS|&amp;#x1f936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHRUG|&amp;#x1f937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON DOING CARTWHEEL|&amp;#x1f938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JUGGLING|&amp;#x1f939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FENCER|&amp;#x1f93a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODERN PENTATHLON|&amp;#x1f93b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRESTLERS|&amp;#x1f93c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER POLO|&amp;#x1f93d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDBALL|&amp;#x1f93e;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVING MASK|&amp;#x1f93f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F94x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WILTED FLOWER|&amp;#x1f940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRUM WITH DRUMSTICKS|&amp;#x1f941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLINKING GLASSES|&amp;#x1f942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TUMBLER GLASS|&amp;#x1f943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOON|&amp;#x1f944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GOAL NET|&amp;#x1f945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIFLE|&amp;#x1f946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST PLACE MEDAL|&amp;#x1f947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SECOND PLACE MEDAL|&amp;#x1f948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIRD PLACE MEDAL|&amp;#x1f949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOXING GLOVE|&amp;#x1f94a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARTIAL ARTS UNIFORM|&amp;#x1f94b;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLING STONE|&amp;#x1f94c;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LACROSSE STICK AND BALL|&amp;#x1f94d;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFTBALL|&amp;#x1f94e;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING DISC|&amp;#x1f94f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F95x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROISSANT|&amp;#x1f950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AVOCADO|&amp;#x1f951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUCUMBER|&amp;#x1f952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACON|&amp;#x1f953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POTATO|&amp;#x1f954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARROT|&amp;#x1f955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGUETTE BREAD|&amp;#x1f956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN SALAD|&amp;#x1f957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHALLOW PAN OF FOOD|&amp;#x1f958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STUFFED FLATBREAD|&amp;#x1f959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EGG|&amp;#x1f95a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLASS OF MILK|&amp;#x1f95b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEANUTS|&amp;#x1f95c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KIWIFRUIT|&amp;#x1f95d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PANCAKES|&amp;#x1f95e;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DUMPLING|&amp;#x1f95f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F96x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORTUNE COOKIE|&amp;#x1f960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKEOUT BOX|&amp;#x1f961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHOPSTICKS|&amp;#x1f962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWL WITH SPOON|&amp;#x1f963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUP WITH STRAW|&amp;#x1f964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COCONUT|&amp;#x1f965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROCCOLI|&amp;#x1f966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIE|&amp;#x1f967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRETZEL|&amp;#x1f968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUT OF MEAT|&amp;#x1f969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANDWICH|&amp;#x1f96a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANNED FOOD|&amp;#x1f96b;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAFY GREEN|&amp;#x1f96c;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANGO|&amp;#x1f96d;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOON CAKE|&amp;#x1f96e;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGEL|&amp;#x1f96f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F97x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND THREE HEARTS|&amp;#x1f970;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|YAWNING FACE|&amp;#x1f971;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH TEAR|&amp;#x1f972;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PARTY HORN AND PARTY HAT|&amp;#x1f973;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH UNEVEN EYES AND WAVY MOUTH|&amp;#x1f974;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERHEATED FACE|&amp;#x1f975;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FREEZING FACE|&amp;#x1f976;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NINJA|&amp;#x1f977;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DISGUISED FACE|&amp;#x1f978;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE HOLDING BACK TEARS|&amp;#x1f979;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PLEADING EYES|&amp;#x1f97a;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SARI|&amp;#x1f97b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAB COAT|&amp;#x1f97c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GOGGLES|&amp;#x1f97d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIKING BOOT|&amp;#x1f97e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAT SHOE|&amp;#x1f97f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F98x
|style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRAB|&amp;#x1f980;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LION FACE|&amp;#x1f981;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCORPION|&amp;#x1f982;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURKEY|&amp;#x1f983;}}||style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|UNICORN FACE|&amp;#x1f984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAGLE|&amp;#x1f985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUCK|&amp;#x1f986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAT|&amp;#x1f987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARK|&amp;#x1f988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OWL|&amp;#x1f989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOX FACE|&amp;#x1f98a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUTTERFLY|&amp;#x1f98b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEER|&amp;#x1f98c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GORILLA|&amp;#x1f98d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIZARD|&amp;#x1f98e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RHINOCEROS|&amp;#x1f98f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F99x
|style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHRIMP|&amp;#x1f990;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUID|&amp;#x1f991;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRAFFE FACE|&amp;#x1f992;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ZEBRA FACE|&amp;#x1f993;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEDGEHOG|&amp;#x1f994;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAUROPOD|&amp;#x1f995;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|T-REX|&amp;#x1f996;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRICKET|&amp;#x1f997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGAROO|&amp;#x1f998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LLAMA|&amp;#x1f999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACOCK|&amp;#x1f99a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIPPOPOTAMUS|&amp;#x1f99b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARROT|&amp;#x1f99c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RACCOON|&amp;#x1f99d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOBSTER|&amp;#x1f99e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOSQUITO|&amp;#x1f99f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F9Ax
|style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROBE|&amp;#x1f9a0;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BADGER|&amp;#x1f9a1;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SWAN|&amp;#x1f9a2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAMMOTH|&amp;#x1f9a3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DODO|&amp;#x1f9a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOTH|&amp;#x1f9a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTER|&amp;#x1f9a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGUTAN|&amp;#x1f9a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SKUNK|&amp;#x1f9a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAMINGO|&amp;#x1f9a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OYSTER|&amp;#x1f9aa;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAVER|&amp;#x1f9ab;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BISON|&amp;#x1f9ac;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL|&amp;#x1f9ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUIDE DOG|&amp;#x1f9ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROBING CANE|&amp;#x1f9af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F9Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT RED HAIR|&amp;#x1f9b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT CURLY HAIR|&amp;#x1f9b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT BALD|&amp;#x1f9b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT WHITE HAIR|&amp;#x1f9b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BONE|&amp;#x1f9b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEG|&amp;#x1f9b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOOT|&amp;#x1f9b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTH|&amp;#x1f9b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERHERO|&amp;#x1f9b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERVILLAIN|&amp;#x1f9b9;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAFETY VEST|&amp;#x1f9ba;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR WITH HEARING AID|&amp;#x1f9bb;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTORIZED WHEELCHAIR|&amp;#x1f9bc;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANUAL WHEELCHAIR|&amp;#x1f9bd;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MECHANICAL ARM|&amp;#x1f9be;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MECHANICAL LEG|&amp;#x1f9bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F9Cx
|style=&quot;background:#8a94ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEESE WEDGE|&amp;#x1f9c0;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUPCAKE|&amp;#x1f9c1;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SALT SHAKER|&amp;#x1f9c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEVERAGE BOX|&amp;#x1f9c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GARLIC|&amp;#x1f9c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONION|&amp;#x1f9c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALAFEL|&amp;#x1f9c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAFFLE|&amp;#x1f9c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUTTER|&amp;#x1f9c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATE DRINK|&amp;#x1f9c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE CUBE|&amp;#x1f9ca;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUBBLE TEA|&amp;#x1f9cb;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROLL|&amp;#x1f9cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STANDING PERSON|&amp;#x1f9cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KNEELING PERSON|&amp;#x1f9ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEAF PERSON|&amp;#x1f9cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F9Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH MONOCLE|&amp;#x1f9d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADULT|&amp;#x1f9d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHILD|&amp;#x1f9d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER ADULT|&amp;#x1f9d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEARDED PERSON|&amp;#x1f9d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH HEADSCARF|&amp;#x1f9d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON IN STEAMY ROOM|&amp;#x1f9d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON CLIMBING|&amp;#x1f9d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON IN LOTUS POSITION|&amp;#x1f9d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGE|&amp;#x1f9d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAIRY|&amp;#x1f9da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAMPIRE|&amp;#x1f9db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MERPERSON|&amp;#x1f9dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELF|&amp;#x1f9dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GENIE|&amp;#x1f9de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZOMBIE|&amp;#x1f9df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F9Ex
|style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAIN|&amp;#x1f9e0;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGE HEART|&amp;#x1f9e1;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BILLED CAP|&amp;#x1f9e2;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCARF|&amp;#x1f9e3;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOVES|&amp;#x1f9e4;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COAT|&amp;#x1f9e5;}}||style=&quot;background:#b690ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOCKS|&amp;#x1f9e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RED GIFT ENVELOPE|&amp;#x1f9e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRECRACKER|&amp;#x1f9e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JIGSAW PUZZLE PIECE|&amp;#x1f9e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEST TUBE|&amp;#x1f9ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PETRI DISH|&amp;#x1f9eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DNA DOUBLE HELIX|&amp;#x1f9ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPASS|&amp;#x1f9ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ABACUS|&amp;#x1f9ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE EXTINGUISHER|&amp;#x1f9ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1F9Fx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOLBOX|&amp;#x1f9f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRICK|&amp;#x1f9f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGNET|&amp;#x1f9f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LUGGAGE|&amp;#x1f9f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOTION BOTTLE|&amp;#x1f9f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOOL OF THREAD|&amp;#x1f9f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALL OF YARN|&amp;#x1f9f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAFETY PIN|&amp;#x1f9f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEDDY BEAR|&amp;#x1f9f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROOM|&amp;#x1f9f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BASKET|&amp;#x1f9fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLL OF PAPER|&amp;#x1f9fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAR OF SOAP|&amp;#x1f9fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPONGE|&amp;#x1f9fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECEIPT|&amp;#x1f9fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAZAR AMULET|&amp;#x1f9ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Chess Symbols'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FA0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING|&amp;#x1fa00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN|&amp;#x1fa01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK|&amp;#x1fa02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP|&amp;#x1fa03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT|&amp;#x1fa04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN|&amp;#x1fa05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREE|&amp;#x1fa06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FA1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED KING|&amp;#x1fa1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&amp;#x1fa1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FA2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED ROOK|&amp;#x1fa20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&amp;#x1fa21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&amp;#x1fa22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED PAWN|&amp;#x1fa23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED KING|&amp;#x1fa24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&amp;#x1fa25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED ROOK|&amp;#x1fa26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&amp;#x1fa27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&amp;#x1fa28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED PAWN|&amp;#x1fa29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED KING|&amp;#x1fa2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&amp;#x1fa2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED ROOK|&amp;#x1fa2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&amp;#x1fa2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&amp;#x1fa2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED PAWN|&amp;#x1fa2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FA3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FA4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&amp;#x1fa48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&amp;#x1fa49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&amp;#x1fa4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&amp;#x1fa4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-QUEEN|&amp;#x1fa4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK|&amp;#x1fa4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FA5x
|style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP|&amp;#x1fa50;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-QUEEN|&amp;#x1fa51;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK|&amp;#x1fa52;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP|&amp;#x1fa53;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS FERZ|&amp;#x1fa54;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ALFIL|&amp;#x1fa55;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS FERZ|&amp;#x1fa56;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ALFIL|&amp;#x1fa57;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS WAZIR|&amp;#x1fa58;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS WAZIR|&amp;#x1fa59;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS CAMEL|&amp;#x1fa5a;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS CAMEL|&amp;#x1fa5b;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS GIRAFFE|&amp;#x1fa5c;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS GIRAFFE|&amp;#x1fa5d;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS DABBABA|&amp;#x1fa5e;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS DABBABA|&amp;#x1fa5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FA6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED GENERAL|&amp;#x1fa60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED MANDARIN|&amp;#x1fa61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED ELEPHANT|&amp;#x1fa62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED HORSE|&amp;#x1fa63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED CHARIOT|&amp;#x1fa64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED CANNON|&amp;#x1fa65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED SOLDIER|&amp;#x1fa66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK GENERAL|&amp;#x1fa67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK MANDARIN|&amp;#x1fa68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK ELEPHANT|&amp;#x1fa69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK HORSE|&amp;#x1fa6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK CHARIOT|&amp;#x1fa6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK CANNON|&amp;#x1fa6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK SOLDIER|&amp;#x1fa6d;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FA7x
|style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLET SHOES|&amp;#x1fa70;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE-PIECE SWIMSUIT|&amp;#x1fa71;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIEFS|&amp;#x1fa72;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTS|&amp;#x1fa73;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|THONG SANDAL|&amp;#x1fa74;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT BLUE HEART|&amp;#x1fa75;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREY HEART|&amp;#x1fa76;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINK HEART|&amp;#x1fa77;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DROP OF BLOOD|&amp;#x1fa78;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADHESIVE BANDAGE|&amp;#x1fa79;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|STETHOSCOPE|&amp;#x1fa7a;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|X-RAY|&amp;#x1fa7b;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRUTCH|&amp;#x1fa7c;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOOD BAG|&amp;#x1fa7d;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INHALER|&amp;#x1fa7e;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d6d&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX OF PILLS|&amp;#x1fa7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FA8x
|style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|YO-YO|&amp;#x1fa80;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KITE|&amp;#x1fa81;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARACHUTE|&amp;#x1fa82;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOMERANG|&amp;#x1fa83;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGIC WAND|&amp;#x1fa84;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINATA|&amp;#x1fa85;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NESTING DOLLS|&amp;#x1fa86;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARACAS|&amp;#x1fa87;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLUTE|&amp;#x1fa88;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HARP|&amp;#x1fa89;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROMBONE|&amp;#x1fa8a;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|METEOR|&amp;#x1fa8b;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ERASER|&amp;#x1fa8c;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NET WITH HANDLE|&amp;#x1fa8d;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TREASURE CHEST|&amp;#x1fa8e;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOVEL|&amp;#x1fa8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FA9x
|style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RINGED PLANET|&amp;#x1fa90;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAIR|&amp;#x1fa91;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAZOR|&amp;#x1fa92;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|AXE|&amp;#x1fa93;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIYA LAMP|&amp;#x1fa94;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BANJO|&amp;#x1fa95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILITARY HELMET|&amp;#x1fa96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ACCORDION|&amp;#x1fa97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG DRUM|&amp;#x1fa98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COIN|&amp;#x1fa99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARPENTRY SAW|&amp;#x1fa9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCREWDRIVER|&amp;#x1fa9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LADDER|&amp;#x1fa9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOOK|&amp;#x1fa9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIRROR|&amp;#x1fa9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINDOW|&amp;#x1fa9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FAAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUNGER|&amp;#x1faa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEWING NEEDLE|&amp;#x1faa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KNOT|&amp;#x1faa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUCKET|&amp;#x1faa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE TRAP|&amp;#x1faa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTHBRUSH|&amp;#x1faa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEADSTONE|&amp;#x1faa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACARD|&amp;#x1faa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROCK|&amp;#x1faa8;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MIRROR BALL|&amp;#x1faa9;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDENTIFICATION CARD|&amp;#x1faaa;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW BATTERY|&amp;#x1faab;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMSA|&amp;#x1faac;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FOLDING HAND FAN|&amp;#x1faad;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIR PICK|&amp;#x1faae;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHANDA|&amp;#x1faaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FABx
|style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLY|&amp;#x1fab0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORM|&amp;#x1fab1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEETLE|&amp;#x1fab2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COCKROACH|&amp;#x1fab3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POTTED PLANT|&amp;#x1fab4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WOOD|&amp;#x1fab5;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FEATHER|&amp;#x1fab6;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOTUS|&amp;#x1fab7;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CORAL|&amp;#x1fab8;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NEST|&amp;#x1fab9;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEST WITH EGGS|&amp;#x1faba;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYACINTH|&amp;#x1fabb;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|JELLYFISH|&amp;#x1fabc;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WING|&amp;#x1fabd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAFLESS TREE|&amp;#x1fabe;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOOSE|&amp;#x1fabf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FACx
|style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANATOMICAL HEART|&amp;#x1fac0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LUNGS|&amp;#x1fac1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEOPLE HUGGING|&amp;#x1fac2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT MAN|&amp;#x1fac3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT PERSON|&amp;#x1fac4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH CROWN|&amp;#x1fac5;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FINGERPRINT|&amp;#x1fac6;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIVER|&amp;#x1fac7;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIRY CREATURE|&amp;#x1fac8;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CENTAUR|&amp;#x1fac9;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGONFLY|&amp;#x1faca;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KIWI BIRD|&amp;#x1facb;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONARCH BUTTERFLY|&amp;#x1facc;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCA|&amp;#x1facd;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOOSE|&amp;#x1face;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DONKEY|&amp;#x1facf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FADx
|style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUEBERRIES|&amp;#x1fad0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL PEPPER|&amp;#x1fad1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OLIVE|&amp;#x1fad2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLATBREAD|&amp;#x1fad3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMALE|&amp;#x1fad4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FONDUE|&amp;#x1fad5;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TEAPOT|&amp;#x1fad6;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POURING LIQUID|&amp;#x1fad7;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEANS|&amp;#x1fad8;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAR|&amp;#x1fad9;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GINGER ROOT|&amp;#x1fada;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEA POD|&amp;#x1fadb;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROOT VEGETABLE|&amp;#x1fadc;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PICKLE|&amp;#x1fadd;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RASPBERRY|&amp;#x1fade;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPLATTER|&amp;#x1fadf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FAEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|MELTING FACE|&amp;#x1fae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SALUTING FACE|&amp;#x1fae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN EYES AND HAND OVER MOUTH|&amp;#x1fae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PEEKING EYE|&amp;#x1fae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH DIAGONAL MOUTH|&amp;#x1fae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED LINE FACE|&amp;#x1fae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BITING LIP|&amp;#x1fae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUBBLES|&amp;#x1fae7;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAKING FACE|&amp;#x1fae8;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH BAGS UNDER EYES|&amp;#x1fae9;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DISTORTED FACE|&amp;#x1faea;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRACKING FACE|&amp;#x1faeb;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH SQUINTING EYES|&amp;#x1faec;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLEVER FACE|&amp;#x1faed;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PALM ON CHEEK|&amp;#x1faee;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FIGHT CLOUD|&amp;#x1faef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FAFx
|style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX FINGER AND THUMB CROSSED|&amp;#x1faf0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HAND|&amp;#x1faf1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HAND|&amp;#x1faf2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM DOWN HAND|&amp;#x1faf3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM UP HAND|&amp;#x1faf4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDEX POINTING AT THE VIEWER|&amp;#x1faf5;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0e0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART HANDS|&amp;#x1faf6;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS PUSHING HAND|&amp;#x1faf7;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffc0c0&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS PUSHING HAND|&amp;#x1faf8;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS THUMB SIGN|&amp;#x1faf9;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS THUMB SIGN|&amp;#x1fafa;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE FINGER SALUTE|&amp;#x1fafb;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND SNAPPING FINGERS|&amp;#x1fafc;}}||style=&quot;background:#5d7e4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX FINGER AND THUMB FORMING CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fafd;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d6d&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEG KICKING|&amp;#x1fafe;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d6d&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOMP|&amp;#x1faff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FB0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1|&amp;#x1fb00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2|&amp;#x1fb01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12|&amp;#x1fb02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-3|&amp;#x1fb03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-13|&amp;#x1fb04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-23|&amp;#x1fb05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-123|&amp;#x1fb06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-4|&amp;#x1fb07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-14|&amp;#x1fb08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-24|&amp;#x1fb09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-124|&amp;#x1fb0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-34|&amp;#x1fb0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-134|&amp;#x1fb0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-234|&amp;#x1fb0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1234|&amp;#x1fb0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-5|&amp;#x1fb0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FB1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-15|&amp;#x1fb10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-25|&amp;#x1fb11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-125|&amp;#x1fb12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-35|&amp;#x1fb13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-235|&amp;#x1fb14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1235|&amp;#x1fb15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-45|&amp;#x1fb16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-145|&amp;#x1fb17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-245|&amp;#x1fb18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1245|&amp;#x1fb19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-345|&amp;#x1fb1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1345|&amp;#x1fb1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2345|&amp;#x1fb1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12345|&amp;#x1fb1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-6|&amp;#x1fb1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-16|&amp;#x1fb1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FB2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-26|&amp;#x1fb20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-126|&amp;#x1fb21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-36|&amp;#x1fb22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-136|&amp;#x1fb23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-236|&amp;#x1fb24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1236|&amp;#x1fb25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-46|&amp;#x1fb26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-146|&amp;#x1fb27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1246|&amp;#x1fb28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-346|&amp;#x1fb29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1346|&amp;#x1fb2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2346|&amp;#x1fb2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12346|&amp;#x1fb2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-56|&amp;#x1fb2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-156|&amp;#x1fb2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-256|&amp;#x1fb2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FB3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1256|&amp;#x1fb30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-356|&amp;#x1fb31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1356|&amp;#x1fb32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2356|&amp;#x1fb33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12356|&amp;#x1fb34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-456|&amp;#x1fb35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1456|&amp;#x1fb36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2456|&amp;#x1fb37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12456|&amp;#x1fb38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-3456|&amp;#x1fb39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-13456|&amp;#x1fb3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-23456|&amp;#x1fb3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fb3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fb3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FB4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fb40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fb41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fb43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fb45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FB5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fb52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fb54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fb56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fb57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fb59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fb5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FB6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fb67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND RIGHT AND LOWER TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND LOWER AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LEFT AND LOWER TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND UPPER AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FB7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-2|&amp;#x1fb70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-3|&amp;#x1fb71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-4|&amp;#x1fb72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-5|&amp;#x1fb73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-6|&amp;#x1fb74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-7|&amp;#x1fb75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-2|&amp;#x1fb76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-3|&amp;#x1fb77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-4|&amp;#x1fb78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-5|&amp;#x1fb79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-6|&amp;#x1fb7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-7|&amp;#x1fb7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT AND UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FB8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-1358|&amp;#x1fb81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&amp;#x1fb8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&amp;#x1fb8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&amp;#x1fb8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&amp;#x1fb8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FB9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE|&amp;#x1fb90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF BLOCK AND LOWER HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE|&amp;#x1fb91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE AND LOWER HALF BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb92;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE AND RIGHT HALF BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECKER BOARD FILL|&amp;#x1fb95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE CHECKER BOARD FILL|&amp;#x1fb96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY HORIZONTAL FILL|&amp;#x1fb97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT FILL|&amp;#x1fb98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT FILL|&amp;#x1fb99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LOWER TRIANGULAR HALF BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR HALF BLOCK|&amp;#x1fb9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&amp;#x1fb9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&amp;#x1fb9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&amp;#x1fb9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&amp;#x1fb9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FBAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT|&amp;#x1fba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT AND MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT AND MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT|&amp;#x1fbaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fbab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fbac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fbad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL DIAMOND|&amp;#x1fbae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&amp;#x1fbaf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FBBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROWHEAD-SHAPED POINTER|&amp;#x1fbb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE CHECK MARK|&amp;#x1fbb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF RUNNING MAN|&amp;#x1fbb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF RUNNING MAN|&amp;#x1fbb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH TIP LEFTWARDS|&amp;#x1fbb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW AND UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x1fbb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW AND UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x1fbb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW AND RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x1fbb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW AND RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&amp;#x1fbb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF FOLDER|&amp;#x1fbb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF FOLDER|&amp;#x1fbba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VOIDED GREEK CROSS|&amp;#x1fbbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT OPEN SQUARED DOT|&amp;#x1fbbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL CROSS|&amp;#x1fbbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fbbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL DIAMOND|&amp;#x1fbbf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FBCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEAVY SALTIRE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&amp;#x1fbc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x1fbc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x1fbc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&amp;#x1fbc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED QUESTION MARK|&amp;#x1fbc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE|&amp;#x1fbc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE WITH ARMS RAISED|&amp;#x1fbc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE LEANING LEFT|&amp;#x1fbc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE LEANING RIGHT|&amp;#x1fbc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE WITH DRESS|&amp;#x1fbc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP-POINTING CHEVRON|&amp;#x1fbca;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CROSS MARK|&amp;#x1fbcb;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED SMALL LEFT SQUARE BRACKET|&amp;#x1fbcc;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL UP-POINTING CHEVRON|&amp;#x1fbcd;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TWO THIRDS BLOCK|&amp;#x1fbce;}}||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ONE THIRD BLOCK|&amp;#x1fbcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FBDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x1fbd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE LEFT|&amp;#x1fbd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&amp;#x1fbd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fbd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fbd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fbd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&amp;#x1fbd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x1fbd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fbd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fbd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fbda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x1fbdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fbdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fbdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&amp;#x1fbde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&amp;#x1fbdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FBEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP JUSTIFIED LOWER HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fbe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT JUSTIFIED LEFT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fbe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM JUSTIFIED UPPER HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fbe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT JUSTIFIED RIGHT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fbe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER CENTRE ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x1fbe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER CENTRE ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x1fbe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE LEFT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x1fbe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE RIGHT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&amp;#x1fbe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP JUSTIFIED LOWER HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fbe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT JUSTIFIED LEFT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fbe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM JUSTIFIED UPPER HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fbea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT JUSTIFIED RIGHT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fbeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP RIGHT JUSTIFIED LOWER LEFT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fbec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM LEFT JUSTIFIED UPPER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fbed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM RIGHT JUSTIFIED UPPER LEFT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fbee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP LEFT JUSTIFIED LOWER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&amp;#x1fbef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FBFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT ZERO|&amp;#x1fbf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT ONE|&amp;#x1fbf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT TWO|&amp;#x1fbf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT THREE|&amp;#x1fbf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT FOUR|&amp;#x1fbf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT FIVE|&amp;#x1fbf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT SIX|&amp;#x1fbf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT SEVEN|&amp;#x1fbf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT EIGHT|&amp;#x1fbf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT NINE|&amp;#x1fbf9;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALARM BELL SYMBOL|&amp;#x1fbfa;}}||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FC0x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FC1x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FC2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FC3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FC4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FC5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FC6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FC7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FC8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FC9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FCAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FCBx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FCCx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FCDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FCEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FCFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-B'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FD0x
|style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RECTANGULAR TABLE|&amp;#x1fd00;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ESCALATOR|&amp;#x1fd01;}}||style=&quot;background:#5d7e4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLDOZER|&amp;#x1fd02;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d6d&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAT TYRE|&amp;#x1fd03;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d6d&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTHQUAKE|&amp;#x1fd04;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRICYCLE|&amp;#x1fd05;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FD1x
|style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIL CLIPPER|&amp;#x1fd10;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTHPASTE|&amp;#x1fd11;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLIER|&amp;#x1fd12;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KNIFE WITH CUTTING BOARD|&amp;#x1fd13;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAKE|&amp;#x1fd14;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TISSUE BOX|&amp;#x1fd15;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOTHES HANGER|&amp;#x1fd16;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRILL|&amp;#x1fd17;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEWING BUTTON|&amp;#x1fd18;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKING POT|&amp;#x1fd19;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|APRON|&amp;#x1fd1a;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|BINOCULARS|&amp;#x1fd1b;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INCENSE|&amp;#x1fd1c;}}||style=&quot;background:#768b4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PIGGY BANK|&amp;#x1fd1d;}}||style=&quot;background:#768b4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPRAY CAN|&amp;#x1fd1e;}}||style=&quot;background:#768b4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERFUME GLASS BOTTLE|&amp;#x1fd1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FD2x
|style=&quot;background:#5d7e4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOLD BAR|&amp;#x1fd20;}}||style=&quot;background:#5d7e4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYMBALS|&amp;#x1fd21;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d6d&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|XYLOPHONE|&amp;#x1fd22;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CONCRETE BLOCK|&amp;#x1fd23;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FD3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FD4x
|style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEEK|&amp;#x1fd40;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRAPEFRUIT|&amp;#x1fd41;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE POP|&amp;#x1fd42;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CINNAMON STICKS|&amp;#x1fd43;}}||style=&quot;background:#768b4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUGAR CUBES|&amp;#x1fd44;}}||style=&quot;background:#5d7e4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|POMEGRANATE|&amp;#x1fd45;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d6d&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON FRUIT|&amp;#x1fd46;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOFFEE|&amp;#x1fd47;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FD5x
|style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCHID|&amp;#x1fd50;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAMELEON|&amp;#x1fd51;}}||style=&quot;background:#aeaf4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|OSTRICH|&amp;#x1fd52;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOLE|&amp;#x1fd53;}}||style=&quot;background:#97a24a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARIGOLD|&amp;#x1fd54;}}||style=&quot;background:#5d7e4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMBAT|&amp;#x1fd55;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d6d&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAHORSE|&amp;#x1fd56;}}||style=&quot;background:#457d8a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOUCAN|&amp;#x1fd57;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FD6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FD7x
|style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOMACH|&amp;#x1fd70;}}||style=&quot;background:#bba757&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|INTESTINE|&amp;#x1fd71;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FD8x
|style=&quot;background:#768b4a&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE REVEALING FACE|&amp;#x1fd80;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FD9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FDAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FDBx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FDCx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FDDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FDEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FDFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | ''Unassigned''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FE0x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FE1x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FE2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FE3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FE4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FE5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FE6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FE7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FE8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FE9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FEAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FEBx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FECx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FEDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FEEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FEFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FF0x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FF1x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FF2x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FF3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FF4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FF5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FF6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FF7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FF8x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FF9x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FFAx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FFBx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FFCx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FFDx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FFEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1FFFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#000000&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#000000&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|}
{{:Unicode/Character/footer}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d5</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632746</id>
      <parentid>4627836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T16:47:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>updated. the abbazia name seems to be reserved for the line after exd5 Nf6.</comment>
      <origin>4632746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1174" sha1="7o8rw8iohygbb23qmr0vgndvdwoa3b7" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Modern defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C36]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4|King's gambit]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3|King's knight's gambit]]
}}
== 3...d5 · Modern defence ==

Black attacks White' e-pawn. As with [[../3...d6|3...d6]], the Fischer defence, moving the d-pawn opens the line for Black's bishop to develop. Moving it to ...d5 is more forcing, however, and by threatening ...dxe4, White is compelled to capture the the pawn first, [[/4. exd5|'''4. exd5''']], without the time to make a developing move of their own. 

'''4. e5?''' is inferior because after 4...g5 5. h4 g4, White has taken away the e5 square that they would otherwise like to move their knight to. White can end up transposing into the dubious [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. h4/4...g4/5. Ng5|Allgaier gambit]]. 

== Theory table ==
{{ChessTable}}
{{Chess/theory table
|line1=4. exd5 Nf6 5. Bc4 Nxd5 6. O-O
|name1=Modern defence &lt;br&gt;→ Abbazia defence
|eval1={{Chess/not|-}}
}}
{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>7o8rw8iohygbb23qmr0vgndvdwoa3b7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632902</id>
      <parentid>4632746</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T11:12:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* 3...d5 · Modern defence */</comment>
      <origin>4632902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1182" sha1="imnbxkwdje67hgi2phzjnhoh7ijj7z4" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Modern defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C36]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4|King's gambit]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3|King's knight's gambit]]
}}
== 3...d5 · Modern defence ==

Black attacks White' e-pawn. As with [[../3...d6|3...d6]], the Fischer defence, moving the d-pawn opens the line for Black's bishop to develop. Moving it to ...d5 is more forcing, however, and by threatening ...dxe4, it compels White  to capture the the pawn first, [[/4. exd5|'''4. exd5''']], and robs them of the time to make a developing move of their own. 

'''4. e5?''' is inferior because after 4...g5 5. h4 g4, White has taken away the e5 square to where they would otherwise like to move their knight. White can end up transposing into the dubious [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. h4/4...g4/5. Ng5|Allgaier gambit]].

== Theory table ==
{{ChessTable}}
{{Chess/theory table
|line1=4. exd5 Nf6 5. Bc4 Nxd5 6. O-O
|name1=Modern defence &lt;br&gt;→ Abbazia defence
|eval1={{Chess/not|-}}
}}
{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>OpenSCAD User Manual/Other Language Features</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>214550</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632719</id>
      <parentid>4626458</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T13:36:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25777-88</username>
        <id>3579537</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>solar structure</comment>
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      <text bytes="33588" sha1="fv6ne9cyxhn3n1khohj2eixqlbjk8xv" xml:space="preserve">{{incomplete}}

== Special variables ==
Special variables provide an alternate means of passing arguments to modules and functions. All user, or OpenSCAD, defined variables starting with a '$' are special variables, similar to special variables in lisp. Modules and function see all outside variables in addition to those passed as arguments or defined internally.

Currently valid special variable names can only be composed of $ followed by simple characters and underscores [a-zA-Z0-9_] and do not allow high-ascii or unicode characters.

The value for a regular variable is assigned at compile time and is thus static for all calls.

Special variables pass along their value from within the scope 
[[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/The_OpenSCAD_Language#Scope_of_variables| (see scope of variables)]]
from which the module or function is called. 
This means that special variables can potentially have a different value each time a module or function is called.

 regular  = &quot;regular global&quot;;
 $special = &quot;special global&quot;;
 module show() echo(&quot;         in show    &quot;, regular,&quot;   &quot;, $special );
 
 echo (&quot;         outside    &quot;, regular,&quot;   &quot;, $special );
           // ECHO: &quot;         outside    &quot;, &quot;regular global&quot;, &quot;   &quot;, &quot;special global&quot;
   
 for ( regular = [0:1] ){ echo(&quot;in regular loop     &quot;, regular,&quot;   &quot;, $special ); show();}
           // ECHO: &quot;in regular loop     &quot;, 0, &quot;   &quot;, &quot;special global&quot;
           // ECHO: &quot;         in show    &quot;, &quot;regular global&quot;, &quot;   &quot;, &quot;special global&quot;
           // ECHO: &quot;in regular loop     &quot;, 1, &quot;   &quot;, &quot;special global&quot;
           // ECHO: &quot;         in show    &quot;, &quot;regular global&quot;, &quot;   &quot;, &quot;special global&quot;
 
 for ( $special = [5:6] ){ echo(&quot;in special loop     &quot;, regular,&quot;   &quot;, $special ); show();}
           // ECHO: &quot;in special loop     &quot;, &quot;regular global&quot;, &quot;   &quot;, 5
           // ECHO: &quot;         in show    &quot;, &quot;regular global&quot;, &quot;   &quot;, 5
           // ECHO: &quot;in special loop     &quot;, &quot;regular global&quot;, &quot;   &quot;, 6
           // ECHO: &quot;         in show    &quot;, &quot;regular global&quot;, &quot;   &quot;, 6
 
 show();
           // ECHO: &quot;         in show    &quot;, &quot;regular global&quot;, &quot;   &quot;, &quot;special global&quot;

This is useful when multiple arguments need to be passed thru several layers of module calls.

Several special variables are already defined by OpenSCAD.

===Circle resolution:  $fa, $fs, and $fn {{anchor|circleres}}{{anchor|.24fa.2C_.24fs_and_.24fn|$fn|$fs|$fa}}===

The $fa, $fs, and $fn special variables control the number of segments used to generate an arc:

$fa is the minimum angle for a line segment. Even a huge circle does not have more line segments than 360 divided by this number. The default value is 12 (i.e. 30 line segments for a full circle). The minimum allowed value is 0.01. Attempting to set a lower value causes a warning.

$fs is the minimum size of a line segment. The default value is 2 so very small circles have a smaller number of line segments than specified using $fa. The minimum allowed value is 0.01. Attempting to set a lower value causes a warning.

$fn is number of line segments and usually has the default value of 0. When this variable has a value greater than zero, the other two variables are ignored, and a full circle is rendered using this number of line segments.

The higher the number of line segments, the more memory and CPU consumed; large values can bring many systems to their knees. Depending on the design, $fn values, and the corresponding results of $fa &amp; $fs,  should be kept small, at least until the design is finalised when it can be increased for the final result. '''A $fn over 128 is not recommended''' or only for specific circumstances, and below 50 would be advisable for performance. 

You can also use two different values for preview and render
      
      $fn = $preview ? 32 : 64;

'''TIP:''' If you want to create a circle/cylinder/sphere which has an axis aligned integer bounding box (i.e. a bounding box that has integral dimensions, and an integral position) use a value of $fn that is divisible by 4. The circular shape appears as a faceted polygon that is inscribed within the radius or diameter provided.

When $fa and $fs are used to determine the number of line segments for a circle, then OpenSCAD never uses fewer than 5 line segments.

This is the C code that calculates the number of line segments in a circle:

       int get_line segments_from_r(double r, double fn, double fs, double fa)
       {
              if (r &lt; GRID_FINE) return 3;
              if (fn &gt; 0.0) return (int)(fn &gt;= 3 ? fn : 3);
              return (int)ceil(fmax(fmin(360.0 / fa, r*2*M_PI / fs), 5));
       }

Or you can embed this OpenSCAD version in your code to work out what's going on, you need to set r= to your size

    echo(n=($fn&gt;0?($fn&gt;=3?$fn:3):ceil(max(min(360/$fa,r*2*PI/$fs),5))),a_based=floor(360/$fa),s_based=floor(r*2*PI/$fs));

Spheres are first sliced into as many slices as the number of line segments being used to render a circle of the sphere's radius, and then every slice is rendered into as many line segments as are needed for the slice radius. You might have recognized already that the pole of a sphere is usually a pentagon, because 5 is the minimum value for line segments when calculated from $fa and $fs.

The number of line segments for a cylinder is determined using the greater of the two radii.

The method is also used when rendering circles and arcs from DXF files. The variables have no effect when importing STL files.

You can generate high resolution spheres by resetting the $fX values in the instantiating module:

       $fs = 0.01;
       sphere(2);

or simply by passing the special variable as parameter:

       sphere(2, $fs = 0.01);

You can even scale the special variable instead of resetting it:

       sphere(2, $fs = $fs * 0.01);

===Animation: $t {{anchor|$t}}===
[[File:Spring 100x20 in OpenSCAD.gif|thumb|Simple harmonic motion, 20 FPS, 100 steps]]
[[File:Animated gears 17T and 31T.gif|thumb|Animated gears 17T and 31T]]
The $t variable is used in &quot;rotate&quot; and &quot;translate&quot; for animation, $t*360 giving complete cycles. To start animation, select '''View/animate''' and enter values for &quot;FPS&quot; and &quot;Steps&quot;. The &quot;Time&quot; field shows the current value of $t as a decimal fraction.  

The value of $t will repeat from 0 through (1 - 1/''Steps''). It never reaches 1 because this would produce a &quot;hitch&quot; in the animation if using it for rotation -- two consecutive frames would be at the same angle.  

There is no variable to distinguish between the cases of animation running at the first frame ($t=0) and animation not running, so make $t=0 your rest position for the model.  

==== Simple harmonic motion ====
&lt;code&gt;translate ([0, 0, 10*sin($t*360)])&lt;/code&gt;  

&lt;code&gt;sphere(2);&lt;/code&gt;  

gives a sphere that oscillates between -10 and +10 on the Z-axis.  

==== Rotation ====
&lt;code&gt;rotate ([0, 0, $t*360])&lt;/code&gt;  

&lt;code&gt;square(5);&lt;/code&gt;

rotates a square around one corner around the Z-axis. To rotate the square about its middle, use:

&lt;code&gt;rotate ([0, 0, $t*360])&lt;/code&gt;  

&lt;code&gt;square(5, center=true);&lt;/code&gt;

==== Part-rotation ====
All parts in an animation complete one cycle of motion in the same time, $t, jump back to zero, and start again. However, the cycles can be given different numbers of steps, to give the illusion of different speeds in the same animation. This can be used to animate meshing gears of different sizes.

&lt;code&gt;rotate([0, 0, $t*360/17])&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;gear(teeth=17);&lt;/code&gt;

and

&lt;code&gt;rotate([0, 0, -$t*360/31])&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;gear(teeth=31);&lt;/code&gt;

==== Circular orbit ====
&lt;code&gt;rotate ([0, 0, $t*360])&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;translate ([10, 0])&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;square(5, center=true);&lt;/code&gt;

==== Circular orbit without rotation ====
&lt;code&gt;rotate ([0, 0, $t*360])&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;translate ([9, 0])&lt;/code&gt;
[[File:Elliptical_orbit.gif|thumb|Elliptical orbit]]
&lt;code&gt;rotate ([0, 0, -$t*360])&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;square(5, center=true);&lt;/code&gt;

==== Elliptical orbit ====
&lt;code&gt;translate([10*sin($t*360), 20*cos($t*360)])&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;square(2, center=true);&lt;/code&gt;

Note that with &quot;translate&quot;, the object does not rotate.

==== Elliptical motion ====
[[File:Elliptical_motion.gif|thumb|Elliptical motion]]
&lt;code&gt;e=10;&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;rotate([0, 0, $t*360])&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;translate([e, 0])&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;rotate([0, 0, -$t*720])&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;square([2*e, 2], center=true);&lt;/code&gt;


If &quot;Dump Pictures&quot; is checked, then images are created in the same directory as the .scad file. The exported PNG files can be turned into a gif via command line:
 magick -delay 10 -loop 0 *.png myimage.gif
where &lt;code&gt;-delay 10&lt;/code&gt; is the duration of each frame in milliseconds, and &lt;code&gt;-loop 0&lt;/code&gt; specifies the number of loops (0 = loop forever).

The &lt;code&gt;magick&lt;/code&gt; command is part of ImageMagick, which can be installed on Linux, macOS, and Windows. Additional parameters are possible for cropping and scaling.

===Viewport:  $vpr, $vpt, $vpf and $vpd {{anchor|$vpr,_$vpt,_$vpf_and_$vpd|$vpr|$vpt|$vpf|$vpd}}===

These contain the current viewport rotation and translation and camera distance - at the time of doing the rendering. Moving the viewport does not update them. During an animation they are updated for each frame.
*$vpr shows rotation
*$vpt shows translation (i.e. won't be affected by rotate and zoom)
*$vpf shows the FOV (Field of View) of the view {{requires|2021.01}}
*$vpd shows the camera distance {{requires|2015.03}}

Example
  cube([10, 10, $vpr[0] / 10]);
which makes the cube change size based on the view angle, if an animation loop is active (which does not need to use the $t variable)

You can also make bits of a complex model vanish as you change the view.

All four variables are writable, but only assignments at the top-level of the main file has an effect on the viewport. {{requires|2015.03}}

Example
  $vpr = [0, 0, $t * 360];
which allows a simple 360 degree rotation around the Z axis in animation mode.

The menu command ''Edit - Paste Viewport Rotation/Translation'' copies the current value of the viewport, but not the current $vpr or $vpt.

====How to impose a view at first start?====

You can detect the Openscad opening as it always have the same rotation vector [55,0,25] and then impose your own viewport values. As soon as you change the view, this vector will change and nothing will be imposed next time. 

Example:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c++&quot;&gt;
firstview=$vpr==[55,0,25]; //Detect that we just started OpenScad
//Camera distance
$vpd=firstview?8200:$vpd;
//Camera translation 
$vpt=firstview?[160,-30,320]:$vpt; 
//Camera rotation
$vpr=firstview?[80,0,250]:$vpr; 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

====To know your current viewport, you can create a small module for your own library====
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c++&quot;&gt;
module echo_camera () { // Echo camera variables on console
  if($preview) {
    echo(&quot;Camera distance: &quot;,$vpd); 
    echo(&quot;Camera translation vector: &quot;,$vpt);  
    echo(&quot;Camera rotation vector: &quot;,$vpr);
  }
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Execution mode:  $preview {{anchor|$preview}}===
{{requires|2019.05}}

$preview is true, when in OpenCSG preview (F5). $preview is false, when in render (F6).

This can, for example, be used to reduce detail during preview to save time, without losing detail in the final rendered result:
 
 $fn = $preview ? 12 : 72;
 sphere(r = 1);

Note that the render module does not affect $preview:
 render(){
     $fn = $preview ? 12 : 72;
     sphere(r = 1);
 }

Another use could be to make the preview show an assembly view and the render generate just the printed parts laid out for printing.

If printed parts need extra features that are removed post printing, for example support for suspended holes, then the preview can omit these to show the finished part after post processing.

When OpenSCAD is run from the command line $preview is only true when generating a PNG image with OpenCSG. It is false when generating STL, DXF and SVG files with CGAL. It is also false when generating CSG and ECHO files. This may or may not be what you want, but you can always override it on the command line like any other variable with the -D option.

== Echo module {{anchor|echo}}==

The echo() module prints the contents to the compilation window (aka Console).  Useful for debugging code. Also see the String function [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/String_Functions#str|str()]].

Numeric values are rounded to 5 significant digits.

It can be handy to use 'variable=variable' as the expression to easily label the variables, see the example below.

'''Usage examples:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;
 my_h=50;
 my_r=100;
 echo(&quot;This is a cylinder with h=&quot;, my_h, &quot; and r=&quot;, my_r);
 echo(my_h=my_h,my_r=my_r); // shortcut
 cylinder(h=my_h, r=my_r);
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Shows in the Console as
 ECHO: &quot;This is a cylinder with h=&quot;, 50, &quot; and r=&quot;, 100
 ECHO: my_h = 50, my_r = 100

Note that the output will not have the extra double quotes and commas if converted to a string using str().

=== Rounding examples ===
An example for the rounding:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;
a=1.0;
b=1.000002;
echo(a);
echo(b);

if(a==b){ //while echoed the same, the values are still distinct 
    echo (&quot;a==b&quot;);
}else if(a&gt;b){
    echo (&quot;a&gt;b&quot;);
}else if(a&lt;b){
    echo (&quot;a&lt;b&quot;);
}else{
    echo (&quot;???&quot;);
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Shows in the Console as
 ECHO: 1
 ECHO: 1
 ECHO: &quot;a&lt;b&quot;

=== Small and large Numbers ===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;
c=1000002;
d=0.000002;
echo(c); //1e+06
echo(d); //2e-06
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== HTML ===
HTML output is not officially supported, however depending on the OpenSCAD version, some HTML tags were rendered in the console window.

== Echo function ==

{{requires|2019.05}}

Echo can be used in expression context to print information while the function/expression is evaluated. The output is generated before the expression evaluation to allow debugging of recursive functions. 

'''Example'''
  a = 3; b = 5;
  
  // echo() prints values before evaluating the expression
  r1 = echo(a, b) a * b; // ECHO: 3, 5
  
  // using let it's still easy to output the result
  r2 = let(r = 2 * a * b) echo(r) r; // ECHO: 30
  
  // use echo statement for showing results 
  echo(r1, r2); // ECHO: 15, 30

A more complex example shows how echo() can be used in both descending and ascending path of a recursive function. The result() helper function is a simple way to output the value of an expression after evaluation.

'''Example printing both input values and result of recursive sum()'''
  v = [4, 7, 9, 12];
  function result(x) = echo(result = x) x;
  function sum(x, i = 0) = echo(str(&quot;x[&quot;, i, &quot;]=&quot;, x[i])) result(len(x) &gt; i ? x[i] + sum(x, i + 1) : 0);
  echo(&quot;sum(v) = &quot;, sum(v));
  
  // ECHO: &quot;x[0]=4&quot;
  // ECHO: &quot;x[1]=7&quot;
  // ECHO: &quot;x[2]=9&quot;
  // ECHO: &quot;x[3]=12&quot;
  // ECHO: &quot;x[4]=undef&quot;
  // ECHO: result = 0
  // ECHO: result = 12
  // ECHO: result = 21
  // ECHO: result = 28
  // ECHO: result = 32
  // ECHO: &quot;sum(v) = &quot;, 32

== render ==
[[File:Screenshot Render Example Wikibooks.png|thumb|example in preview]]
[[File:Screenshot OpenSCAD Edge Render.png|thumb|render() effects show edges]]
Forces the generation of a mesh even in preview mode.

This is useful in certain situations where preview has trouble, e.g.:
* When the subassembly becomes complex and pan/rotate/zoom get slow; the first run will be slower but then pan/rotate/zoom will be faster.
* Can help with convexity-related artifacts, though you still need to specify convexity on the &lt;code&gt;render()&lt;/code&gt; itself - See [[OpenSCAD User Manual/FAQ#Why are some parts (e.g. holes) of the model not rendered correctly?]]
* When you want to move the camera inside part of the model (including invisible parts used in &lt;code&gt;difference()&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;intersection()&lt;/code&gt; - See [[OpenSCAD User Manual/FAQ#Why_does_difference_(or_intersection)_sometimes_not_work_in_preview?]]
* To avoid Z-fighting - See [[OpenSCAD User Manual/FAQ#What_are_those_strange_flickering_artifacts_in_the_preview?]]

'''Usage examples:''' ''(Needs description)''

 render(convexity = 2) difference() {
  cube([20, 20, 150], center = true);
  translate([-10, -10, 0])
   cylinder(h = 80, r = 10, center = true);
  translate([-10, -10, +40])
   sphere(r = 10);
  translate([-10, -10, -40])
   sphere(r = 10);
 }

== surface ==

Surface reads [[:w:Heightmap|Heightmap]] information from text or image files.

'''Parameters'''

; file : String. The path to the file containing the heightmap data.

; center : Boolean.  This determines the positioning of the generated object.  If true, object is centered in X- and Y-axis.  Otherwise, the object is placed in the positive quadrant.  Defaults to false.

; invert : Boolean. Inverts how the color values of imported images are translated into height values. This has no effect when importing text data files. Defaults to false.: The geometry that results from using this parameter is positioned with its top in the z = 0 plane. A thin &quot;footprint&quot; layer, one unit thick, is added automatically just below the height map.:: {{requires|2015.03}}

; convexity : Integer. The convexity parameter specifies the maximum number of front sides (back sides) a ray intersecting the object might penetrate. This parameter is only needed for correctly displaying the object in OpenCSG preview mode and has no effect on the final rendering.

=== Text file format ===

The format for text based height maps is a matrix of numbers which represent the heights for specific points. Rows are mapped in Y-axis direction, columns in X axis direction, with one unit increment between adjacent rows and columns.
The numbers must be separated by spaces or tabs. Empty lines and lines starting with a # character are ignored.

=== Images ===

{{requires|2015.03}}

Currently only PNG images are supported. Alpha channel information of the image is ignored and the height for the pixel is determined by converting the color value to [[:w:Grayscale|Grayscale]] using the linear luminance for the sRGB color space (Y = 0.2126R + 0.7152G + 0.0722B). The gray scale values are scaled to be in the range 0 to 100.

A thin &quot;footprint&quot; layer, one unit thick, is added automatically just below the height map.

=== Examples ===

'''Example 1:'''
 // OpenSCAD Script for Solar Panel Mounting Structure
 // Based on the provided blueprints.
 
 // --- KEY MEASUREMENTS (All in MM) ---
 
 // Bay Dimensions
 bay_length = 402; // Spacing between each row of posts (isometric view)
 structure_width = 942; // Distance between posts at the front (front elevation)
 num_bays = 5; // Assumed 5 bays as in isometric view
 
 // Post and Concrete Base Dimensions
 post_section_w = 80; // 80mm
 post_section_h = 80; // 80mm
 post_height_from_concrete = 233; // From concrete to rafter bottom
 concrete_base_w = 60; // 60x60mm
 concrete_base_height = 120; // 120mm
 
 // Rafter Dimensions
 rafter_section_w = 160; // 160mm
 rafter_section_h = 80; // 80mm
 rafter_total_width = 950; // Total width of rafter section
 
 // Purlin Dimensions (Z-Purlin)
 purlin_w = 152.4; // 6 inches = 152.4mm
 purlin_h = 76.2; // 3 inches = 76.2mm
 num_purlins_per_bay = 4; // Sample number of purlins per bay
 
 // Solar Panel Dimensions
 panel_length = 130; // 130mm (From front elevation text: &quot;130 X 238 X 56&quot;)
 panel_width = 238; // 238mm
 panel_thickness = 56; // 56mm
 panel_spacing_front = 120; // Spacing between panels at the front
 panel_spacing_bay = 55; // Spacing from side
 num_panels_per_bay_front = 4; // Number of panels arrayed across bay width
 
 // Bracing (Cross bracing in isometric view)
 bracing_section_w = 60;
 bracing_section_h = 40;
 
 // --- STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION ---
 
 // Concrete Bases and Posts
 module concrete_and_posts() {
     color(&quot;gray&quot;)
     for (i = [0 : num_bays]) {
         for (j = [0 : 1]) {
             translate([i * bay_length, j * structure_width - post_section_w/2, 0])
                 cube([concrete_base_w, concrete_base_w, concrete_base_height]);
             
             translate([i * bay_length + (concrete_base_w - post_section_w)/2, j * structure_width - post_section_w/2, concrete_base_height])
                 cube([post_section_w, post_section_h, post_height_from_concrete]);
         }
     }
 }
 
 // Rafters
 module rafters() {
     color(&quot;blue&quot;)
     for (i = [0 : num_bays]) {
         translate([i * bay_length + (concrete_base_w - rafter_section_w)/2, -rafter_section_w/2, concrete_base_height + post_height_from_concrete])
             cube([rafter_total_width, rafter_section_w, rafter_section_h]);
     }
 }
 
 // Purlins (Z-purlins are shown as boxes for visualization)
 module purlins() {
     color(&quot;cyan&quot;)
     for (i = [0 : num_bays - 1]) {
         for (j = [0 : num_purlins_per_bay - 1]) {
             translate([i * bay_length + bay_length/num_purlins_per_bay + j * (bay_length/num_purlins_per_bay) - purlin_h/2, 0, concrete_base_height + post_height_from_concrete + rafter_section_h])
                 cube([purlin_h, structure_width, purlin_w]);
         }
     }
 }
 
 // Solar Panels (A single array over the first bay for layout visualization)
 module solar_panels() {
     color(&quot;silver&quot;)
     translate([0, 0, concrete_base_height + post_height_from_concrete + rafter_section_h + purlin_w])
     for (i = [0 : 0]) { // Single bay only to show front view spacing
         for (j = [0 : num_panels_per_bay_front - 1]) {
             translate([panel_spacing_bay, panel_spacing_front * j, 0])
                 cube([panel_length, panel_width, panel_thickness]);
         }
     }
 }
 
 // Bracing (Cross bracing)
 module bracing() {
     color(&quot;yellow&quot;)
     for (i = [0 : num_bays - 1]) {
         for (j = [0 : 1]) {
             // Knee brace detail
             translate([i * bay_length + 10, j * structure_width - post_section_w/2 + post_section_w + 10, concrete_base_height + post_height_from_concrete - 100])
                 rotate([0, -45, 0])
                     cube([bracing_section_w, bracing_section_h, 150]);
             
             // Cross brace detail
             translate([i * bay_length + bay_length/2, j * structure_width - post_section_w/2 + post_section_w, concrete_base_height + post_height_from_concrete])
                 rotate([0, 45, 0])
                     cube([bracing_section_w, bracing_section_h, structure_width/2]);
         }
     }
 }
 
 // --- RENDERING ---
 
 concrete_and_posts();
 rafters();
 purlins();
 solar_panels(); // Note: Panels are based on front-view spacing
 bracing(); // Cross-bracing for stability
 
 // A note about the typo mentioned in the memo:
 // NOTE: Check for the typographical error in Item #2 list. The text &quot;Posheng Galvanized Steel&quot; should be read as &quot;Post Galvanized Steel&quot;.

 
Result:

[[File:Openscad_surface_example_x1.png]]


'''Example 2'''
 // example010.dat generated using octave or matlab:
 d = (sin(1:0.2:10)' * cos(1:0.2:10)) * 10;
 save(&quot;-ascii&quot;, &quot;example010.dat&quot;, &quot;d&quot;);

 //original surface
 surface(file = &quot;example010.dat&quot;, center = true, convexity = 5);
 //rotated surface
 translate(v = [70, 0, 0]) rotate(45, [0, 0, 1]) surface(file = &quot;example010.dat&quot;, center = true, convexity = 5);
 
 //intersection
 translate(v = [35, 60, 0])
 intersection() {
     surface(file = &quot;example010.dat&quot;, center = true, convexity = 5);
     rotate(45, [0, 0, 1]) surface(file = &quot;example010.dat&quot;, center = true, convexity = 5);
 }
[[File:Surface example 2 new.png|frameless|655x655px]]


'''Example 3:'''

{{requires|2015.03}}

 // Example 3a
 scale([1, 1, 0.1])
   surface(file = &quot;smiley.png&quot;, center = true);

 // Example 3b
 scale([1, 1, 0.1])
   surface(file = &quot;smiley.png&quot;, center = true, invert = true);

{{multiple image
 | align = center
 | width = 220
 | footer = Example 3: Using surface() with a PNG image as heightmap input.
 | image1 = OpenSCAD surface example input image.png
 | alt1 = Input image
 | caption1 = Input image
 | image2 = OpenSCAD surface example.png
 | alt2 = Surface output
 | caption2 = Example 3a: surface(invert = false)
 | image3 = OpenSCAD surface example (inverted).png
 | alt3 = Surface output inverted
 | caption3 = Example 3b: surface (invert = true)
 }}

'''Example 4:'''

{{requires|2015.03}}

 // Example 4
 surface(file = &quot;BRGY-Grey.png&quot;, center = true, invert = false);

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:BRGY-Grey.png|PNG Test File
File:BRGY-Grey-3D.png|3D Surface
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== search ==

The search() function is a general-purpose function to find one or more (or all) occurrences of a value or list of values in a vector, string or more complex list-of-list construct.

=== Search usage ===

:search( ''match_value'' , ''string_or_vector'' [, ''num_returns_per_match'' [, ''index_col_num'' ] ] );

=== Search arguments ===

* '''match_value'''

:* Can be a single string value. Search loops over the characters in the string and searches for each one in the second argument. The second argument must be a string or a list of lists (this second case is not recommended). The search function does '''not''' search for substrings.
:* Can be a single numerical value.
:* Can be a list of values. The search function searches for each item on the list.   
:* To search for a list or a full string give the list or string as a single element list such as [&quot;abc&quot;] to search for the string &quot;abc&quot; (See '''Example 9''') or &lt;nowiki&gt;[[6,7,8]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; to search for the list [6,7,8].  Without the extra brackets, search looks separately for each item in the list.
:* If match_value is boolean then search returns undef.

* '''string_or_vector'''
:* The string or vector to search for matches.
:* If '''match_value''' is a string then this should be a string and the string is searched for individual character matches to the characters in '''match_value'''
:* If this is a list of lists, v=[[a0,a1,a2...],[b0,b1,b2,...],[c0,c1,c2,...],...] then search looks only at one index position of the sublists. By default this is position 0, so the search looks only at a0, b0, c0, etc.  The '''index_col_num''' parameter changes which index is searched.  
:* If '''match_value''' is a string and this parameter is a list of lists then the characters of the string are tested against the appropriate index entry in the list of lists. However, if any characters fail to find a match a warning message is printed and that return value is excluded from the output (if '''num_returns_per_match''' is 1). This means that the length of the output is unpredictable.

* '''num_returns_per_match''' (default: 1)
:* By default, search only looks for one match per element of match_value to return as a list of indices
:* If num_returns_per_match &gt; 1, search returns a list of lists of up to num_returns_per_match index values for each element of match_value.
::* See '''Example 8''' below.
:* If num_returns_per_match = 0, search returns a list of lists of '''all''' matching index values for each element of match_value.
::* See '''Example 6''' below.

* '''index_col_num''' (default: 0)

:* As noted above, when searching a list of lists, search looks only at one index position of each sublist.  That index position is specified by '''index_col_num'''.
:* See '''Example 5''' below for a simple usage example.

=== Search usage examples ===

:See '''example023.scad''' included with OpenSCAD for a renderable example.

==== Index values return as list ====
&lt;!-- condense into table so above syntax can be viewed on screen too --&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Example
! Code
! Result
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|
1
|
&lt;code&gt;search(&quot;a&quot;,&quot;abcdabcd&quot;);&lt;/code&gt;
|
[0]
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|
2
|
&lt;code&gt;search(&quot;e&quot;,&quot;abcdabcd&quot;);&lt;/code&gt;
|
[]
|- 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|
3
|
&lt;code&gt;search(&quot;a&quot;,&quot;abcdabcd&quot;,0);&lt;/code&gt;
|
&lt;nowiki&gt;[[0,4]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|
4
|
&lt;code&gt;data=[ [&quot;a&quot;,1],[&quot;b&quot;,2],[&quot;c&quot;,3],[&quot;d&quot;,4],[&quot;a&quot;,5],[&quot;b&quot;,6],[&quot;c&quot;,7],[&quot;d&quot;,8],[&quot;e&quot;,9] ];&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;search(&quot;a&quot;, data, ''num_returns_per_match''=0);&lt;/code&gt;
|

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[0,4]] (see also Example 6 below)&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}

==== Search on different column; return Index values ====

'''Example 5:'''
  data= [ [&quot;a&quot;,1],[&quot;b&quot;,2],[&quot;c&quot;,3],[&quot;d&quot;,4],[&quot;a&quot;,5],[&quot;b&quot;,6],[&quot;c&quot;,7],[&quot;d&quot;,8],[&quot;e&quot;,3] ];
  echo(search(3, data));    // Searches index 0, so it doesn't find anything
  echo(search(3, data, ''num_returns_per_match''=0, ''index_col_num''=1));
Outputs:
  ECHO: []
  ECHO: [2, 8]

==== Search on list of values ====

'''Example 6:  Return all matches per search vector element.'''
  data= [ [&quot;a&quot;,1],[&quot;b&quot;,2],[&quot;c&quot;,3],[&quot;d&quot;,4],[&quot;a&quot;,5],[&quot;b&quot;,6],[&quot;c&quot;,7],[&quot;d&quot;,8],[&quot;e&quot;,9] ];
  search(&quot;abc&quot;, data, num_returns_per_match=0);
Returns:
    [[0,4],[1,5],[2,6]]

'''Example 7:  Return first match per search vector element; special case return vector.'''
  data= [ [&quot;a&quot;,1],[&quot;b&quot;,2],[&quot;c&quot;,3],[&quot;d&quot;,4],[&quot;a&quot;,5],[&quot;b&quot;,6],[&quot;c&quot;,7],[&quot;d&quot;,8],[&quot;e&quot;,9] ];
  search(&quot;abc&quot;, data, num_returns_per_match=1);
Returns:
    [0,1,2]

'''Example 8:  Return first two matches per search vector element; vector of vectors.'''
  data= [ [&quot;a&quot;,1],[&quot;b&quot;,2],[&quot;c&quot;,3],[&quot;d&quot;,4],[&quot;a&quot;,5],[&quot;b&quot;,6],[&quot;c&quot;,7],[&quot;d&quot;,8],[&quot;e&quot;,9] ];
  search(&quot;abce&quot;, data, num_returns_per_match=2);
Returns:
  [[0,4],[1,5],[2,6],[8]]

==== Search on list of strings ====

'''Example 9:'''
  lTable2=[ [&quot;cat&quot;,1],[&quot;b&quot;,2],[&quot;c&quot;,3],[&quot;dog&quot;,4],[&quot;a&quot;,5],[&quot;b&quot;,6],[&quot;c&quot;,7],[&quot;d&quot;,8],[&quot;e&quot;,9],[&quot;apple&quot;,10],[&quot;a&quot;,11] ];
  lSearch2=[&quot;b&quot;,&quot;zzz&quot;,&quot;a&quot;,&quot;c&quot;,&quot;apple&quot;,&quot;dog&quot;];
  l2=search(lSearch2,lTable2);
  echo(str(&quot;Default list string search (&quot;,lSearch2,&quot;): &quot;,l2));
Returns
  ECHO: &quot;Default list string search ([&quot;b&quot;, &quot;zzz&quot;, &quot;a&quot;, &quot;c&quot;, &quot;apple&quot;, &quot;dog&quot;]): [1, [], 4, 2, 9, 3]&quot;

==== Getting the right results ====
 // workout which vectors get the results
 v=[ [&quot;O&quot;,2],[&quot;p&quot;,3],[&quot;e&quot;,9],[&quot;n&quot;,4],[&quot;S&quot;,5],[&quot;C&quot;,6],[&quot;A&quot;,7],[&quot;D&quot;,8] ];
 //
 echo(v[0]);					// -&gt; [&quot;O&quot;,2]
 echo(v[1]);                                     // -&gt; [&quot;p&quot;,3]
 echo(v[1][0],v[1][1]);                          // -&gt; &quot;p&quot;,3
 echo(search(&quot;p&quot;,v));                            // find &quot;p&quot; -&gt; [1]
 echo(search(&quot;p&quot;,v)[0]);                         // -&gt; 1
 echo(search(9,v,0,1));                          // find  9  -&gt; [2] 
 echo(v[search(9,v,0,1)[0]]);                    // -&gt; [&quot;e&quot;,9]
 echo(v[search(9,v,0,1)[0]][0]);                 // -&gt; &quot;e&quot;
 echo(v[search(9,v,0,1)[0]][1]);                 // -&gt; 9
 echo(v[search(&quot;p&quot;,v,1,0)[0]][1]);               // -&gt; 3
 echo(v[search(&quot;p&quot;,v,1,0)[0]][0]);               // -&gt; &quot;p&quot;
 echo(v[search(&quot;d&quot;,v,1,0)[0]][0]);               // &quot;d&quot; not found -&gt; undef
 echo(v[search(&quot;D&quot;,v,1,0)[0]][1]);               // -&gt; 8

== OpenSCAD version {{anchor|OpenSCAD_Version}} ==

version() and version_num() returns the OpenSCAD version number.
* The version() function returns the OpenSCAD version as a vector of three numbers, e.g. [2011, 9, 23]
* The version_num() function returns the OpenSCAD version as a number, e.g. 20110923

== parent_module(n) and $parent_modules ==

$parent_modules contains the number of modules in the instantiation stack.
parent_module(i) returns the name of the module i levels above the current module in the instantiation stack.
The stack is independent of where the modules are defined. It's where they're instantiated that counts.
This can, for example, be used to build a BOM (Bill Of Material).

Example:

  module top() {
    children();
  }
  module middle() {
    children();
  }
  top() middle() echo(parent_module(0)); // prints &quot;middle&quot;
  top() middle() echo(parent_module(1)); // prints &quot;top&quot;

== assert ==
{{requires|2019.05}}

''see also {{w|Assertion (software development)}}''

Assert evaluates a logical expression. If the expression evaluates to false, the generation of the preview/render is stopped, and an error condition is reported via the console.  The report consists of a string representation of the expression and an additional string (optional) that is specified in the assert command.

  assert(condition);
  assert(condition, message);

'''Parameters'''

; condition : Expression. The expression to be evaluated as check for the assertion.

; message : String. Optional message to be output in case the assertion failed.

=== Example ===
The simplest example is a simple &lt;code&gt;assert(false);&lt;/code&gt;, e.g. in a file named &lt;code&gt;assert_example1.scad&lt;/code&gt;.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;
cube();
assert(false);
sphere();
  
// ERROR: Assertion 'false' failed in file assert_example1.scad, line 2 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
This example has little use, but the simple &lt;code&gt;assert(false);&lt;/code&gt; can be used in code sections that should be unreachable.

=== Checking parameters ===
A useful example is checking the validity of input parameters:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;
module row(cnt = 3){
    // Count has to be a positive integer greater 0
    assert(cnt &gt; 0);
    for (i = [1 : cnt]) {
        translate([i * 2, 0, 0]) sphere();
    }
}

row(0);

// ERROR: Assertion '(cnt &gt; 0)' failed in file assert_example2.scad, line 3 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Adding message ===
When writing a library, it could be useful to output additional information to the user in case of an failed assertion.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;
module row(cnt = 3){
    assert(cnt &gt; 0, &quot;Count has to be a positive integer greater 0&quot;);
    for(i = [1 : cnt]) {
        translate([i * 2, 0, 0]) sphere();
    }
}

row(0);

// ERROR: Assertion '(cnt &gt; 0)': &quot;Count has to be a positive integer greater 0&quot; failed in file assert_example3.scad, line 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Using assertions in function ===
Assert returns its children, so when using it in a function you can write
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;
function f(a, b) =
    assert(a &lt; 0, &quot;wrong a&quot;) // assert input
    assert(b &gt; 0, &quot;wrong b&quot;) // assert input
    let (c = a + b) // derive a new value from input
    assert(c != 0, &quot;wrong c&quot;) // assert derived value
    a * b; // calculate
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>fv6ne9cyxhn3n1khohj2eixqlbjk8xv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Linux Kernel/Memory</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>4632767</id>
      <parentid>4632361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T17:08:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>46022</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="34796" sha1="g6447gvgu91sejdjro94qd19yfsvzt3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

{|style=&quot;width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;&quot; cellpadding=5pc
! bgcolor=&quot;#bfd&quot; |memory
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aed&quot; |[[#Processes|Processes]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#9dd&quot; |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aca&quot; |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#acb&quot; | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#8b9&quot; |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#7a7&quot; |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#686&quot; |[[#Pages|pages]]
|}
The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it.
Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation.
Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address.
Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address.
This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other.

On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory.
The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM).
As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available.
When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program.
The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped.
This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}.

Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space).
The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel.
This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them.


⚲ Shell interface
: cat /proc/meminfo
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}}

{{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}}

== Memory management API ==

: ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process.
The change is made by resetting the &lt;u&gt;program break&lt;/u&gt; of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated.
The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process.
The amount of available space increases as the break value increases.
The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. 
: ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory.
It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O.
It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all.
The actual reads from disk are performed in a &quot;lazy&quot; manner, after a specific location is accessed.
After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it.
Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}.
In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''.
Using the &lt;code&gt;MAP_ANONYMOUS&lt;/code&gt; flag &lt;tt&gt;mmap()&lt;/tt&gt; can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero.

These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]].

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &amp;ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &amp;ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &amp;ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems


💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls &lt;tt&gt;brk&lt;/tt&gt; and &lt;tt&gt;mmap&lt;/tt&gt; Linux inherits from Unix.''

''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.''


📚 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}}
: {{w|sbrk}}
: {{w|mmap}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management]


⚙️ Internals:
: '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}}


== Virtual memory ==

🔧 TODO:

{{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages.


🗝️ Acronyms:
: VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number
: PFN - Physical Page Frame Number
: pgd - Page Directory
: pmd - Page Middle Directory
: pud - Page Upper Directory
: pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry
: TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}}
: MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}}


⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &amp;ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}}
: /proc/vmallocinfo


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}}


📚 References 
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}}

== Data types ==

=== Pointers and addresses ===

Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers.

: &lt;big&gt;unsigned long&lt;/big&gt; &amp;ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &amp;ndash; to be used in ioctl
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &amp;ndash; physical address 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &amp;ndash; DMA address


📚 Further reading
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}}
: [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support]

=== Other types ===

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &amp;ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &amp;ndash; standard string manipulation functions
: bit operations
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &amp;ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &amp;ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &amp;ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &amp;ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &amp;ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &amp;ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &amp;ndash; common double linked list
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &amp;ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}-&gt;{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &amp;ndash; generic kernel FIFO
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &amp;ndash; Red-black trees
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}}
:: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &amp;ndash; ID allocation
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}}
📚 Further reading
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel]
: https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes

== Memory mapping ==
🔧 TODO


⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &amp;ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}}


📚 References:
: {{w|mmap}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}}
: [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs]

== Swap ==

🔧 TODO


⚲ API:
: cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}}


📚 References:
: {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}}
: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap

== Logical memory ==

⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size.
It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}.
The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated.
The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory.
The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. 

Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' (&quot;GFP&quot; initially came from &quot;get free page&quot;) describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request.
The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags.
The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file.


⚲ API:
:  ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation
: Classic direct API:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}}


=== Slab allocation ===
{{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. 


''' Basics '''

''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation''

A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named &quot;task_struct&quot; holds objects of &lt;code&gt;struct task_struct&lt;/code&gt; type, used by the scheduling subsystem.
Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the &quot;kmalloc-64&quot; slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls.
In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately.

The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them.
As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops.
The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state.

With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated.
The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}},
so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}.

Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory,
but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator.
The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot.
See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}.
This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation.
In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks.

Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size.


⚲ Interface:
: sudo cat /proc/slabinfo
:{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}}


⚙️ Internals: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}}


''' SLUB allocator ''' &amp;ndash; default Unqueued allocator

{{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. 

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}}


💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4.''
''SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8.''
''SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.''


&lt;hr&gt;


📚 References for Slab allocation:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs
: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 &lt;nowiki&gt;Video &quot;SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides]

=== Page Allocator ===
The page allocator (or &quot;zoned buddy allocator&quot;) is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory.
It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and &lt;code&gt;kmalloc()&lt;/code&gt;.
As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic.

The page allocator divides physical memory into &quot;zones&quot;, each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics.
ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space.
Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order.
For the curious, &lt;tt&gt;/proc/zoneinfo&lt;/tt&gt; gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system.

Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated.


⚲ API:
: cat /proc/buddyinfo
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}}
::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator

⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}},  ↯ call hierarchy:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}}
: {{w|Buddy memory allocation}}
: {{w|Page replacement algorithm}}

=== OOM killer ===
The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed.
It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running.

⚲ API:
: /proc/$pid/oom_score &amp;ndash; current badness score
: /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &amp;ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000)
: /proc/$pid/oom_adj &amp;ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj
: /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &amp;ndash; main entry point
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &amp;ndash; calculates badness score
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}}

=== Memory cgroup controller ===
The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes.
It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage.

⚲ API:
: memory.max &amp;ndash; hard memory limit
: memory.high &amp;ndash; throttling threshold
: memory.current &amp;ndash; current usage
: memory.swap.max &amp;ndash; swap limit
: See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &amp;ndash; main structure
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}}


&lt;hr&gt;
📚 References for logical memory:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}}

== Physical memory ==

=== Memory Layout ===
A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory.
Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000.
Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space.

In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&amp;nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup).
The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception.
Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as &quot;canonical form.&quot; Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&amp;nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}.
This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines.

Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space.
The &quot;canonical address&quot; design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and &quot;grows upwards&quot; as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is &quot;docked&quot; to the top of the address space and grows downwards.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
!Start addr
!class=unsortable|Offset
!End addr
!class=unsortable|Size
!class=unsortable|VM area description
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;0000'&lt;/small&gt;'''8'''&lt;small&gt;000'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| +128 TB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|  
| ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical   virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;0000'0000'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|0
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;0000'7fff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|128&amp;nbsp;TB=2&lt;sup&gt;47&lt;/sup&gt;
|user-space virtual memory, different per mm
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -2 MB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 2 MB=2&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt;
|... unused hole
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ff60'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -10 MB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 4 kB=2&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;
| {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'8000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -2 GB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 512&amp;nbsp;MB=2&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt;
| kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'8880'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -119.5&amp;nbsp;TB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 64&amp;nbsp;TB
| {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory 
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'8000'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -128 TB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 8&amp;nbsp;TB
| ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor
|}


[[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]]


⚲ API: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}}
: {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}}

=== Pages ===
In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes.
The original &amp;mdash;for x86 architecture&amp;mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB).
The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the &lt;code&gt;PAGE_SIZE&lt;/code&gt; macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file.
User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function.
Another related macro is &lt;code&gt;PAGE_SHIFT&lt;/code&gt;, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &amp;mdash;12 bits for 4K pages.

One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is &lt;code&gt;struct page&lt;/code&gt;.
The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type.
There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory.

The full definition of &lt;code&gt;struct page&lt;/code&gt; can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}.


: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages]

=== NUMA ===
In {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} systems, physical memory is divided into nodes, each local to a group of CPUs.
Accessing local memory is faster than remote memory, so the kernel tries to allocate memory from the node closest to the requesting CPU.
Each node contains its own set of zones (DMA, Normal, etc.).

⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &amp;ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_mempolicy}} &amp;ndash; set default NUMA memory policy
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mbind}} &amp;ndash; set NUMA memory policy for a memory range
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|get_mempolicy}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|migrate_pages}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|move_pages}}
: cat /proc/buddyinfo
: /sys/devices/system/node/
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &amp;ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mempolicy.h}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} (pg_data_t) &amp;ndash; per-node memory descriptor, contains zones @ {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} &amp;ndash; returns NUMA node of current CPU
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa.c}} &amp;ndash; NUMA node data allocation during boot
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mempolicy.c}} &amp;ndash; NUMA memory allocation policies
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/migrate.c}} &amp;ndash; page migration between nodes
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memory-tiers.c}} &amp;ndash; memory tiering (DRAM, PMEM, HBM)
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa_memblks.c}} &amp;ndash; memory block and distance setup


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NUMA Memory Policy|admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.html}}
: {{w|Non-uniform memory access}}
: See also [[../Multitasking/CPU#SMP|SMP section]] for NUMA topology and CPU aspects

=== Huge pages ===
{{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads.


==== HugeTLB ====
HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime.

⚲ API:
: cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge
: cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB
: mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}}


==== Transparent Huge Pages ====
THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38).

⚲ API:
: cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &amp;ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}}

=== CMA ===
The Contiguous Memory Allocator (CMA) reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5).
Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages.

⚲ API:
: cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/contiguous.c}} &amp;ndash; DMA-CMA integration
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma_debug.c}} &amp;ndash; debugfs interface
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}}

=== DMA ===

⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}}
: DMA-able memory:  {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 


👁 Examples:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}}

💾 ''Historical:''
: [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA]
: http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA

: SAC &amp;ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB)
: DAC &amp;ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing


==== DMAEngine ====
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}}
: https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/


== ... ==

📚 References for the article:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}}
: [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism]
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management]
: http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM
: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html
: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn]


{{BookCat}}</text>
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{|style=&quot;width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;&quot; cellpadding=5pc
! bgcolor=&quot;#bfd&quot; |memory
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aed&quot; |[[#Processes|Processes]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#9dd&quot; |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aca&quot; |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#acb&quot; | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#8b9&quot; |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#7a7&quot; |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#686&quot; |[[#Pages|pages]]
|}
The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it.
Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation.
Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address.
Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address.
This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other.

On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory.
The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM).
As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available.
When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program.
The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped.
This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}.

Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space).
The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel.
This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them.


⚲ Shell interface
: cat /proc/meminfo
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}}

{{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}}

== Memory management API ==

: ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process.
The change is made by resetting the &lt;u&gt;program break&lt;/u&gt; of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated.
The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process.
The amount of available space increases as the break value increases.
The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. 
: ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory.
It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O.
It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all.
The actual reads from disk are performed in a &quot;lazy&quot; manner, after a specific location is accessed.
After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it.
Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}.
In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''.
Using the &lt;code&gt;MAP_ANONYMOUS&lt;/code&gt; flag &lt;code&gt;mmap()&lt;/code&gt; can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero.

These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]].

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &amp;ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &amp;ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &amp;ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems


💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls &lt;code&gt;brk&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;mmap&lt;/code&gt; Linux inherits from Unix.''

''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.''


📚 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}}
: {{w|sbrk}}
: {{w|mmap}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management]


⚙️ Internals:
: '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}}


== Virtual memory ==

🔧 TODO:

{{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages.


🗝️ Acronyms:
: VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number
: PFN - Physical Page Frame Number
: pgd - Page Directory
: pmd - Page Middle Directory
: pud - Page Upper Directory
: pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry
: TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}}
: MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}}


⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &amp;ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}}
: /proc/vmallocinfo


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}}


📚 References 
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}}

== Data types ==

=== Pointers and addresses ===

Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers.

: &lt;big&gt;unsigned long&lt;/big&gt; &amp;ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &amp;ndash; to be used in ioctl
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &amp;ndash; physical address 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &amp;ndash; DMA address


📚 Further reading
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}}
: [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support]

=== Other types ===

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &amp;ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &amp;ndash; standard string manipulation functions
: bit operations
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &amp;ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &amp;ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &amp;ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &amp;ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &amp;ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &amp;ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &amp;ndash; common double linked list
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &amp;ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}-&gt;{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &amp;ndash; generic kernel FIFO
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &amp;ndash; Red-black trees
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}}
:: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &amp;ndash; ID allocation
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}}
📚 Further reading
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel]
: https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes

== Memory mapping ==
🔧 TODO


⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &amp;ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}}


📚 References:
: {{w|mmap}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}}
: [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs]

== Swap ==

🔧 TODO


⚲ API:
: cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}}


📚 References:
: {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}}
: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap

== Logical memory ==

⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size.
It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}.
The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated.
The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory.
The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. 

Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' (&quot;GFP&quot; initially came from &quot;get free page&quot;) describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request.
The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags.
The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file.


⚲ API:
:  ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation
: Classic direct API:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}}


=== Slab allocation ===
{{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. 


''' Basics '''

''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation''

A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named &quot;task_struct&quot; holds objects of &lt;code&gt;struct task_struct&lt;/code&gt; type, used by the scheduling subsystem.
Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the &quot;kmalloc-64&quot; slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls.
In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately.

The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them.
As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops.
The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state.

With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated.
The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}},
so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}.

Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory,
but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator.
The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot.
See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}.
This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation.
In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks.

Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size.


⚲ Interface:
: sudo cat /proc/slabinfo
:{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}}


⚙️ Internals: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}}


''' SLUB allocator ''' &amp;ndash; default Unqueued allocator

{{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. 

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}}


💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4.''
''SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8.''
''SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.''


&lt;hr&gt;


📚 References for Slab allocation:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs
: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 &lt;nowiki&gt;Video &quot;SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides]

=== Page Allocator ===
The page allocator (or &quot;zoned buddy allocator&quot;) is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory.
It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and &lt;code&gt;kmalloc()&lt;/code&gt;.
As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic.

The page allocator divides physical memory into &quot;zones&quot;, each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics.
ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space.
Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order.
For the curious, &lt;code&gt;/proc/zoneinfo&lt;/code&gt; gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system.

Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated.


⚲ API:
: cat /proc/buddyinfo
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}}
::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator

⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}},  ↯ call hierarchy:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}}
: {{w|Buddy memory allocation}}
: {{w|Page replacement algorithm}}

=== OOM killer ===
The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed.
It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running.

⚲ API:
: /proc/$pid/oom_score &amp;ndash; current badness score
: /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &amp;ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000)
: /proc/$pid/oom_adj &amp;ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj
: /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &amp;ndash; main entry point
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &amp;ndash; calculates badness score
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}}

=== Memory cgroup controller ===
The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes.
It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage.

⚲ API:
: memory.max &amp;ndash; hard memory limit
: memory.high &amp;ndash; throttling threshold
: memory.current &amp;ndash; current usage
: memory.swap.max &amp;ndash; swap limit
: See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &amp;ndash; main structure
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}}


&lt;hr&gt;
📚 References for logical memory:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}}

== Physical memory ==

=== Memory Layout ===
A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory.
Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000.
Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space.

In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&amp;nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup).
The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception.
Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as &quot;canonical form.&quot; Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&amp;nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}.
This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines.

Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space.
The &quot;canonical address&quot; design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and &quot;grows upwards&quot; as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is &quot;docked&quot; to the top of the address space and grows downwards.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
!Start addr
!class=unsortable|Offset
!End addr
!class=unsortable|Size
!class=unsortable|VM area description
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;0000'&lt;/small&gt;'''8'''&lt;small&gt;000'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| +128 TB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|  
| ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical   virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;0000'0000'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|0
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;0000'7fff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|128&amp;nbsp;TB=2&lt;sup&gt;47&lt;/sup&gt;
|user-space virtual memory, different per mm
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -2 MB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 2 MB=2&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt;
|... unused hole
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ff60'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -10 MB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 4 kB=2&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;
| {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'8000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -2 GB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 512&amp;nbsp;MB=2&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt;
| kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'8880'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -119.5&amp;nbsp;TB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 64&amp;nbsp;TB
| {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory 
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'8000'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -128 TB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 8&amp;nbsp;TB
| ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor
|}


[[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]]


⚲ API: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}}
: {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}}

=== Pages ===
In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes.
The original &amp;mdash;for x86 architecture&amp;mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB).
The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the &lt;code&gt;PAGE_SIZE&lt;/code&gt; macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file.
User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function.
Another related macro is &lt;code&gt;PAGE_SHIFT&lt;/code&gt;, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &amp;mdash;12 bits for 4K pages.

One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is &lt;code&gt;struct page&lt;/code&gt;.
The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type.
There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory.

The full definition of &lt;code&gt;struct page&lt;/code&gt; can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}.


: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages]

=== NUMA ===
In {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} systems, physical memory is divided into nodes, each local to a group of CPUs.
Accessing local memory is faster than remote memory, so the kernel tries to allocate memory from the node closest to the requesting CPU.
Each node contains its own set of zones (DMA, Normal, etc.).

⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &amp;ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_mempolicy}} &amp;ndash; set default NUMA memory policy
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mbind}} &amp;ndash; set NUMA memory policy for a memory range
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|get_mempolicy}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|migrate_pages}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|move_pages}}
: cat /proc/buddyinfo
: /sys/devices/system/node/
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &amp;ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mempolicy.h}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} (pg_data_t) &amp;ndash; per-node memory descriptor, contains zones @ {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} &amp;ndash; returns NUMA node of current CPU
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa.c}} &amp;ndash; NUMA node data allocation during boot
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mempolicy.c}} &amp;ndash; NUMA memory allocation policies
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/migrate.c}} &amp;ndash; page migration between nodes
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memory-tiers.c}} &amp;ndash; memory tiering (DRAM, PMEM, HBM)
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa_memblks.c}} &amp;ndash; memory block and distance setup


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NUMA Memory Policy|admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.html}}
: {{w|Non-uniform memory access}}
: See also [[../Multitasking/CPU#SMP|SMP section]] for NUMA topology and CPU aspects

=== Huge pages ===
{{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads.


==== HugeTLB ====
HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime.

⚲ API:
: cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge
: cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB
: mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}}


==== Transparent Huge Pages ====
THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38).

⚲ API:
: cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &amp;ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}}

=== CMA ===
The Contiguous Memory Allocator (CMA) reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5).
Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages.

⚲ API:
: cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/contiguous.c}} &amp;ndash; DMA-CMA integration
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma_debug.c}} &amp;ndash; debugfs interface
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}}

=== DMA ===

⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}}
: DMA-able memory:  {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 


👁 Examples:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}}

💾 ''Historical:''
: [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA]
: http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA

: SAC &amp;ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB)
: DAC &amp;ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing


==== DMAEngine ====
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}}
: https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/


== ... ==

📚 References for the article:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}}
: [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism]
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management]
: http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM
: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html
: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn]


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  <page>
    <title>Scrabble/Two-Letter Words</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>246784</id>
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      <comment>I changed something</comment>
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      <text bytes="1485" sha1="hmcs4bmhwp8v5ab4v4jcbb5tzp5wuyi" xml:space="preserve">Eueueiwndknowledge of all of the two-letter words will greatly improve your Scrabble gameplay, either when you need to build off an existing tile to form a new word, or at the end of the game when you have two or three tiles left and need to dump them off as quickly as possible.  Two-letter words are also very useful when playing a new word parallel (alongside, above, or beneath) to an existing word.
=== Tournament Word List (TWL) 2-letter words===

There are 107 acceptable 2-letter words listed in the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, 6th Edition (OSPD6), and the Official Tournament and Club Word List (OTCWL, or simply, TWL):

*AA, AB, AD, AE, AG, AH, AI, AL, AM, AN, AR, AS, AT, AW, AX, AY

*BA, BE, BI, BO, BY
*DA, DE, DO
*ED, EF, EH, EL, EM, EN, ER, ES, ET, EW, EX
*FA, FE
*GI, GO
*HA, HE, HI, HM, HO
*ID, IF, IN, IS, IT
*JO
*KA, KI
*LA, LI, LO
*MA, ME, MI, MM, MO, MU, MY
*NA, NE, NO, NU
*OD, OE, OF, OH, OI, OK, OM, ON, OP, OR, OS, OW, OX, OY
*PA, PE, PI, PO
*QI
*RE
*SH, SI, SO
*TA, TE, TI, TO
*UH, UM, UN, UP, US, UT
*WE, WO
*XI, XU 
*YA, YE, YO
*ZA

===Collins Scrabble Word (CSW) 2-letter words===

[[File:Collins Scrabble Words 2 letters history.svg|thumb|300px|Collins Scrabble Words (CSW) two letter words]]

There are 20 2-letter words that are acceptable in ''only'' CSW, making a total of 127 CSW-acceptable 2-letter words:

*CH
*DI
*EA, EE
*FY
*GU
*IO
*JA
*KO, KY
*NY
*OB, OO, OU
*ST
*UG, UR
*YU
*ZE, ZO

Note: PH was removed from CSW in 2007.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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        <username>MathXplore</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-25851-41|~2026-25851-41]] ([[User talk:~2026-25851-41|talk]]) to last version by Kittycataclysm: unexplained content removal</comment>
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      <text bytes="2582" sha1="796ssd2orzxa0tyz3am53wski0ebc0w" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- 

    BEFORE EDITING PLEASE READ THIS:

    THERE ARE 107/127 ACCEPTABLE LETTERS: BEFORE EDITING TO CHANGE THIS PLEASE PROVIDE A SOURCE! OTHERWISE, YOU WILL BE REVERTED!

    AA, AB, AD, AE, AG, AH, AI, AL, AM, AN, AR, AS, AT, AW, AX, AY = 16
    BA, BE, BI, BO, BY = 5 
    (+ CH = 1)
    DA, DE, DO = 3  (+ DI = 4)
    ED, EF, EH, EL, EM, EN, ER, ES, ET, EW, EX = 11 (+ EA, EE = 13)
    FA, FE = 2 ( + FY = 3)
    GI, GO = 2 (+ GU = 3)
    HA, HE, HI, HM, HO = 5
    ID, IF, IN, IS, IT = 5 ( + IO = 6)
    JO = 1 ( + JA = 2)
    KA, KI = 2 ( + KO, KY = 4)
    LA, LI, LO = 3
    MA, ME, MI, MM, MO, MU, MY = 7
    NA, NE, NO, NU = 4 (+ NY = 5)
    OD, OE, OF, OH, OI, OK, OM, ON, OP, OR, OS, OW, OX, OY = 14 (+ OB, OO, OU = 17)
    PA, PE, PI, PO = 4
    QI = 1
    RE = 1
    SH, SI, SO = 3 (+ ST = 4)
    TA, TE, TI, TO = 4
    UH, UM, UN, UP, US, UT = 6 (+ UG, UR = 8)
    WE, WO = 2
    XI, XU = 2 
    YA, YE, YO = 3 (+ YU = 4)
    ZA = 1 (+ ZE, ZO = 3)
    
    TOTAL = 107 FOR TWL ( or + 20 = 127 FOR CSW)

    PLEASE DO NOT ALTER WITHOUT PROVIDING A SOURCE THIS HAS CHANGED! 

--&gt;
Having a knowledge of all of the two-letter words will greatly improve your Scrabble gameplay, either when you need to build off an existing tile to form a new word, or at the end of the game when you have two or three tiles left and need to dump them off as quickly as possible.  Two-letter words are also very useful when playing a new word parallel (alongside, above, or beneath) to an existing word.

=== Tournament Word List (TWL) 2-letter words===

There are 107 acceptable 2-letter words listed in the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, 6th Edition (OSPD6), and the Official Tournament and Club Word List (OTCWL, or simply, TWL):

*AA, AB, AD, AE, AG, AH, AI, AL, AM, AN, AR, AS, AT, AW, AX, AY

*BA, BE, BI, BO, BY
*DA, DE, DO
*ED, EF, EH, EL, EM, EN, ER, ES, ET, EW, EX
*FA, FE
*GI, GO
*HA, HE, HI, HM, HO
*ID, IF, IN, IS, IT
*JO
*KA, KI
*LA, LI, LO
*MA, ME, MI, MM, MO, MU, MY
*NA, NE, NO, NU
*OD, OE, OF, OH, OI, OK, OM, ON, OP, OR, OS, OW, OX, OY
*PA, PE, PI, PO
*QI
*RE
*SH, SI, SO
*TA, TE, TI, TO
*UH, UM, UN, UP, US, UT
*WE, WO
*XI, XU 
*YA, YE, YO
*ZA

===Collins Scrabble Word (CSW) 2-letter words===

[[File:Collins Scrabble Words 2 letters history.svg|thumb|300px|Collins Scrabble Words (CSW) two letter words]]

There are 20 2-letter words that are acceptable in ''only'' CSW, making a total of 127 CSW-acceptable 2-letter words:

*CH
*DI
*EA, EE
*FY
*GU
*IO
*JA
*KO, KY
*NY
*OB, OO, OU
*ST
*UG, UR
*YU
*ZE, ZO

Note: PH was removed from CSW in 2007.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Peeragogy Handbook</title>
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      <comment>Fix typo in chapter link: Researching Peeragogy</comment>
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      <text bytes="6690" sha1="lc79pit32uen5uj45vyd3sjmu3mfye2" xml:space="preserve">Welcome to the '''&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 29, 142); &quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(239, 0, 0); &quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(250, 196, 0); &quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(49, 139, 15); &quot;&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(65, 189, 255); &quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(240, 0, 0); &quot;&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(239, 0, 202); &quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(242, 82, 27); &quot;&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 29, 142); &quot;&gt;y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  Handbook''','''Wikibook Edition'''! 

Peeragogy is a word for a techniques that self-motivated learners can use to connect with each other and develop stronger communities and collaborations. This book picks up where the Wikipedia [[w:peer learning|Peer Learning]] and [[w:peer production|Peer Production]] articles leave off. It is addressed to everyone who is interested in how [[w:learning|learning]] works, whether you’re an [[wikt:educator|educator]], a hobbyist, an [[w:Artist|artist]], a student, an employee, a parent, an activist, an archivist, a mathematician, tennis player, and/or if you just think learning is cool.

[[File:PeeragogyV3.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Peeragogy Handbook, 3rd Ed.]]

[[wikt:peer|Peers]] began working as on the first edition&lt;ref&gt;The Peeragogy Handbook ({{ISBN|9780985572211}})&lt;/ref&gt; of this Handbook in 2012. [[w:Howard Rheingold|Howard Rheingold]] convened them in connection with his [[w:University_of_California,_Berkeley|University of California, Berkeley]] Regents Lecture on January 23rd &quot;Social Media and Peer Learning: From Mediated Pedagogy to Peeragogy&quot;&lt;ref&gt;You can read more about the lecture on the [https://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/events/2012/social-media-and-peer-learning-mediated-pedagogy-peeragogy school website]. On a different school website [https://bcnm.berkeley.edu/events/109/special-events/1320/social-media-and-peer-learning-from-mediated-pedagogy-to-peeragogy page] it states that [https://rheingold.com/ Rheingold] 'offers an abstract on what will be addressed in his UC Berkeley Regents Lecture: &quot;My career-long compulsion has been to take new media to their limits. In the field of learning, this means developing a method of teaching and learning that amplifies the affordances of online media to depart from the millennia-old model of professor-lecture-texts-tests. The first stage of this evolution was the application of online media to classroom teaching. The second stage was the transformation of my teaching because of the affordances and biases of social media. The third stage was to move from blended learning that combines face to face classes and online engagement. The fourth stage was to deliver mini-courses that took place entirely online, with an emphasis on cultivating a community of co-learners. The next and most radical stage, which I hope to initiate with the Regent's lecture and accompanying master-class and seminar, is to use the same media for a purely peer-organized pedagogy.&quot;'&lt;/ref&gt; Since then two&lt;ref&gt;Peeragogy Handbook V2 ({{ISBN|9780977639649}})&lt;/ref&gt; more&lt;ref&gt;The Peeragogy Handbook, 3rd Edition ({{ISBN|9780996097512}})&lt;/ref&gt; editions of the Peeragogy Handbook were crafted and papers were written&lt;ref&gt;The first one was published [[v:File:Paragogy-final.pdf|on Wikiversity in 2011 named &quot;Paragogy: Synergizing individual and organizational learning&quot;]].&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Over the course of working on the handbooks [http://peeragogy.org peeragogues] worked hard, practiced peeragogy, learned a lot about it, and had a lot of fun! This Wikibook Edition of the Handbook stands on its own as their successor with ongoing updates. 

Experiences within the Peeragogy Project have been that flattened hierarchies do not necessarily mean decisions go by consensus — people often take the ball and run with it. The handbook includes co-edited pages as well as single-author works: often the lines and voices are blurred. One constant throughout the book is our interest in making something useful. To this end, the book is available under the Wikibook non-restrictive legal terms, which allow you to reuse portions of it however you see fit it. Among other things, we include instructions on how to join us in further developing this resource, one way is to view our [[Wikibooks:Peeragogy|Wikbooks project page]].

{{status|75%}} 
{{reading level|intermediate}}
{{Alphabetical|P}}

:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Overview|Overview]]
:# [[Peeragogy Handbook/Preface to the 3rd Edition|Preface]]
:# [[Peeragogy Handbook/Foreword|Foreword]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook/Revised Intro|Intro]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/How to use this Handbook|How to use this Handbook]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Convening|Convening]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/K-12 Peeragogy|K-12 Peeragogy]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Researching Peeragogy|Researching Peeragogy]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Organizing Co-Learning|Organizing Co-Learning]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Adding Structure|Adding Structure]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/The Student authored syllabus|The Student authored syllabus]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/How to Organize a MOOC|How to Organize a MOOC]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Participation|Participation]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/The Workscape|The Workscape]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Co-Facilitation|Co-Facilitation]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Designs for Co-Working|Designs for Co-Working]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Platform Design|Platform Design]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Peeragogical Assessment|Peeragogical Assessment]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Following the money|Following the money]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Thinking about patterns|Thinking about patterns]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Patterns and Heuristics|Patterns and Heuristics]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Patterns|Patterns]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Antipatterns|Antipatterns]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Use Case|Use Case]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Peeragogies Technology|Peeragogies Technology]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Wiki|Wiki]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Real-time Meetings|Real-time Meetings]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/How to get involved|How to get involved]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Peeragogy in Action|Peeragogy in Action]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Style Guide|Style Guide]]
:#[[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Meet the Authors|Meet the Authors]]


[[File:Peeragogy - Welcome 2 -.webm|thumb|right|200px|This is a welcome to peeragogy video with [https://www.visualsforchange.com/bio Amanda].]]

{{Shelves|Education|Learning theory}}
{{BookCat}}

[[id:Peeragogy Handbook V1.0 (Id)]]
[[pt:Peeragogy Handbook V1.1 (pt-Brazilian)]]
[[fr:Peeragogie Manuel V1.3]]

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}</text>
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    <title>Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Researching Peeragogy</title>
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        <id>335813</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Arided moved page [[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Reaserching Peeragogy]] to [[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Researching Peeragogy]]: Fix typo in chapter title</comment>
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      <text bytes="4798" sha1="ndx0wmbzxvwjn142zxakh72i2a11fo1" xml:space="preserve">This section addresses [http://edfutures.net/index.php?title=Practitioner_Research research practitioners]. At a high level, the questions are:

* How can we understand peer learning better?
* How can we do research &amp;quot;the peeragogical way&amp;quot;?
* How do we bring research into our peer learning activities?

We’ll outline three different lines of detailed questioning that expand on these points. These could be studied in many different ways.

== Question A. Which activities have the biggest payoff for learners, in terms of our learning model? ==

The preliminary question is, what is the learning model? For example, our [http://cmapspublic3.ihmc.us/rid=1K81VLSK7-1RL0RQ4-WZK/Peeragogy%20Cmap.cmap concept map] provides one model of &amp;quot;peeragogy&amp;quot; as a subject, but to make this into a &amp;quot;learning model&amp;quot;, we would have to do some further work. What will we accept as evidence of learning or progress?

This is to do with whether we think of learning as something that can happen conceptually, or only &amp;quot;in practice&amp;quot;. In the peeragogy project, we follow the latter view, which is in line with what Peter Sloterdijk says about learning through direct participation:

&lt;blockquote&gt;''The consequences of Foucault's suggestions will only be appreciated if there is one day a fully worked-out form of General Disciplinics -- which would probably take a century to develop. Its implantation would require a suitably contemporary transformation of universities and colleges, both in the structuring of the so called 'subjects' or 'courses' and in the basic assumptions of academic pedagogy -- which, against its better judgement, still clings to the briefcase-and-box theory, where teaching and learning is nothing but transferring knowledge from the professor's briefcase to the students' file boxes, even though it has long been known that learning can only take place through a direct participation in the disciplines. Establishing an academic system with discipline-based content and methods would at once be the only realistic way to counteract the atrophy of the educational system, founded on a reformed idea of the subjects and tasks of a Great House of Knowledge.''&lt;ref&gt;
Sloterdijk, P. (2013). ''You Must Change Your Life'', Polity Press. (Tr. Wieland Hoban)
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
In general, a discipline will &amp;quot;come with&amp;quot; its own learning model and its own sense of &amp;quot;progress&amp;quot;. Given that we can get ahold of the learning model in our discipline of choice, then we can start to address this first question.

=== An hypothesis ===

A study plan that puts learners into contact with new concepts and techniques in such a way that they are not overwhelmed, and yet are continually challenged will be the best. For example, this could be done by solving progressively harder problems (and going back to easier ones when you get stuck).

=== An experiment ===

Look at different interaction histories and “add up” the concepts learned and the heuristics used. There are some features of social interaction (like asking questions) that we could use to guess how much people knew in advance.

== Question B. Does our instrumentation of the learning model have reasonable fidelity? ==

In the best possible scenario, we have a detailed model of learning that indicates clearly what people know, and how they got there, where they can go next, and what steps are required. In practice, the model will probably be a bit more sloppy.

=== An hypothesis ===

The quality of the learning model will be determined by the quality of our underlying representation of &amp;quot;domain&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;disciplinary&amp;quot; knowledge.

=== An experiment ===

If we have a computer-based peeragogy platform that can support “standard” coursework, and a teacher who is willing to run a course using this platform, then we can see whether our instrumentation predicts “traditional” measures of success in the course.

== Question C. Which interventions have the biggest payoff? ==

=== An hypothesis ===

We should be able to use models of learning effects to test out a wide range of possible interventions.

=== An experiment ===

Make the given intervention, and measure the total impact on learning across the population. (This requires a fairly sophisticated learning model and research apparatus!)

== Some further reflections ==

How you decide to learn, and how you decide to do research, will have some significant influence on the sort of group you convene! If you plan to follow a clearly delineated pre-existing course, maybe you don't &amp;quot;need&amp;quot; peeragogy. On the other hand, if you're aiming to build peer support that works, you will definitely want to put some thought into your learning model!

== Reference ==

{{reflist}}


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    <title>Polish/Exercises - Introductory declension</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>fix layout</comment>
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      <text bytes="915" sha1="djh6tsds9x42huwtjeoi90t8ouccpej" xml:space="preserve">== accusative case ==

* On kocha swojego ---- (psa)                    He loves his dog.
* Dziewczyna znalazła dwa ---- na ulicy. (koty)  The girl found two cats on the street.
* Nauczycielka czeka na swoich ----- . (studentów)  The teacher waits for her students.
* On robi ----- (ćwiczenia)                      He is doing an exercise.

== genitive case ==

* Moja siostra nie lubi mleka.                  My sister doesn't like milk.
* Potrzebuję szklankę wody.                       I need a glass of water.

== locative case ==
* On jest w domu. He is at home.
* Ty umiesz jeździć na koniu. You can ride a horse.
 
== instrumentalis ==

* Oglądasz telewizję wieczorem? Do you watch tv in the evening?

== new words ==

* wieczorem: in the evening
* ćwiczenia: exercise
* szklanka: a glass
* ulica: street
* dziewczyna: girl
* nauczycielka: female teacher
* czekać (- am, asz): to wait

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      <text bytes="790" sha1="3pz095q20rpupb61rnp4lunpuf06sj0" xml:space="preserve">'''''Thakur Bhure Singh Sikarwar''''' Post Master DOP India. :- Born 1960 AD - ? Father Name-Late shri prahlad Singh Sikarwar (1926-1995),Ex panchayat member ,G.P.Sarsaini, janpad pahargarh Distt Morena (M.p.) India. 
           primary education : upto 8 th at village Panchampura  and thereafter higher education at Distt HQ  in Govt Multypurpose H. S. School No1.Morena and Govt.Post Graduate College Morena.
Education:- B.Sc.,M.A.(Sociology)

Retirement from job : sub Post Master  joura Date

30.6.2020
          Siblings: Nathu singh (1952),Ummed Singh (1957),Birendra Singh (1964),Ramveer Singh (1967), Surendra Singh (1970).Sister  -Rambeti Devi (68),Late smt.Kanthshree Devi (1949-1993).
       Jobs:- Post Master (Higher Selection Grade).,DDO &amp; Manager PLI/ RPLI.Head Post Office.</text>
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      <comment>Birth</comment>
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      <text bytes="785" sha1="e9mtuapyfn8gu3a08sjedmw47ct2vz5" xml:space="preserve">'''''Bhure Singh Sikarwar''''' ,(Post Master). :- Born July 1960 AD - ? Father Name-Late shri prahlad Singh Sikarwar (1926-1995),Ex Gram Panchayat Member ,G.P.Sarsaini, Block Pahargarh Distt Morena (M.P.) India. 
           primary education : upto 8 th at village Panchampura  and thereafter higher education at Distt HQ  in Govt Multypurpose H. S. School No1.Morena and Govt.Post Graduate College Morena.
Education:- B.Sc.,M.A.(Sociology)

Retirement from job : sub Post Master  joura Date

30.6.2020
          Siblings: Nathu singh (1952),Ummed Singh (1957),Birendra Singh (1964),Ramveer Singh (1967), Surendra Singh (1970).Sister  -Rambeti Devi (68),Late smt.Kanthshree Devi (1949-1993).
       Jobs:- Post Master (Higher Selection Grade).,DDO &amp; Manager PLI/ RPLI.Head Post Office.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Unicode/Character reference/18000-18FFF</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>372369</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632846</id>
      <parentid>4629838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T23:21:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-11447-39</username>
        <id>3561888</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Additional 32 characters!</comment>
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      <text bytes="231492" sha1="9c2j2vfdfkdjvsl265wi9kdpec7l7z8" xml:space="preserve">{{:Unicode/Character reference}}

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut (ctd.)'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1800x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18000|&amp;#x18000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18001|&amp;#x18001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18002|&amp;#x18002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18003|&amp;#x18003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18004|&amp;#x18004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18005|&amp;#x18005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18006|&amp;#x18006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18007|&amp;#x18007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18008|&amp;#x18008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18009|&amp;#x18009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1800A|&amp;#x1800a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1800B|&amp;#x1800b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1800C|&amp;#x1800c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1800D|&amp;#x1800d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1800E|&amp;#x1800e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1800F|&amp;#x1800f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1801x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18010|&amp;#x18010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18011|&amp;#x18011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18012|&amp;#x18012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18013|&amp;#x18013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18014|&amp;#x18014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18015|&amp;#x18015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18016|&amp;#x18016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18017|&amp;#x18017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18018|&amp;#x18018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18019|&amp;#x18019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1801A|&amp;#x1801a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1801B|&amp;#x1801b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1801C|&amp;#x1801c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1801D|&amp;#x1801d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1801E|&amp;#x1801e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1801F|&amp;#x1801f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1802x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18020|&amp;#x18020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18021|&amp;#x18021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18022|&amp;#x18022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18023|&amp;#x18023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18024|&amp;#x18024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18025|&amp;#x18025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18026|&amp;#x18026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18027|&amp;#x18027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18028|&amp;#x18028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18029|&amp;#x18029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1802A|&amp;#x1802a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1802B|&amp;#x1802b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1802C|&amp;#x1802c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1802D|&amp;#x1802d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1802E|&amp;#x1802e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1802F|&amp;#x1802f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18030|&amp;#x18030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18031|&amp;#x18031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18032|&amp;#x18032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18033|&amp;#x18033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18034|&amp;#x18034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18035|&amp;#x18035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18036|&amp;#x18036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18037|&amp;#x18037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18038|&amp;#x18038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18039|&amp;#x18039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1803A|&amp;#x1803a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1803B|&amp;#x1803b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1803C|&amp;#x1803c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1803D|&amp;#x1803d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1803E|&amp;#x1803e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1803F|&amp;#x1803f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1804x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18040|&amp;#x18040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18041|&amp;#x18041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18042|&amp;#x18042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18043|&amp;#x18043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18044|&amp;#x18044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18045|&amp;#x18045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18046|&amp;#x18046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18047|&amp;#x18047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18048|&amp;#x18048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18049|&amp;#x18049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1804A|&amp;#x1804a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1804B|&amp;#x1804b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1804C|&amp;#x1804c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1804D|&amp;#x1804d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1804E|&amp;#x1804e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1804F|&amp;#x1804f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1805x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18050|&amp;#x18050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18051|&amp;#x18051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18052|&amp;#x18052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18053|&amp;#x18053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18054|&amp;#x18054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18055|&amp;#x18055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18056|&amp;#x18056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18057|&amp;#x18057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18058|&amp;#x18058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18059|&amp;#x18059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1805A|&amp;#x1805a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1805B|&amp;#x1805b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1805C|&amp;#x1805c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1805D|&amp;#x1805d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1805E|&amp;#x1805e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1805F|&amp;#x1805f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1806x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18060|&amp;#x18060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18061|&amp;#x18061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18062|&amp;#x18062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18063|&amp;#x18063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18064|&amp;#x18064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18065|&amp;#x18065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18066|&amp;#x18066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18067|&amp;#x18067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18068|&amp;#x18068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18069|&amp;#x18069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1806A|&amp;#x1806a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1806B|&amp;#x1806b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1806C|&amp;#x1806c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1806D|&amp;#x1806d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1806E|&amp;#x1806e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1806F|&amp;#x1806f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1807x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18070|&amp;#x18070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18071|&amp;#x18071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18072|&amp;#x18072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18073|&amp;#x18073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18074|&amp;#x18074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18075|&amp;#x18075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18076|&amp;#x18076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18077|&amp;#x18077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18078|&amp;#x18078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18079|&amp;#x18079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1807A|&amp;#x1807a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1807B|&amp;#x1807b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1807C|&amp;#x1807c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1807D|&amp;#x1807d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1807E|&amp;#x1807e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1807F|&amp;#x1807f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1808x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18080|&amp;#x18080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18081|&amp;#x18081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18082|&amp;#x18082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18083|&amp;#x18083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18084|&amp;#x18084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18085|&amp;#x18085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18086|&amp;#x18086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18087|&amp;#x18087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18088|&amp;#x18088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18089|&amp;#x18089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1808A|&amp;#x1808a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1808B|&amp;#x1808b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1808C|&amp;#x1808c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1808D|&amp;#x1808d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1808E|&amp;#x1808e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1808F|&amp;#x1808f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1809x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18090|&amp;#x18090;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18091|&amp;#x18091;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18092|&amp;#x18092;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18093|&amp;#x18093;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18094|&amp;#x18094;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18095|&amp;#x18095;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18096|&amp;#x18096;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18097|&amp;#x18097;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18098|&amp;#x18098;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18099|&amp;#x18099;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1809A|&amp;#x1809a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1809B|&amp;#x1809b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1809C|&amp;#x1809c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1809D|&amp;#x1809d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1809E|&amp;#x1809e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1809F|&amp;#x1809f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|180Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180A0|&amp;#x180a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180A1|&amp;#x180a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180A2|&amp;#x180a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180A3|&amp;#x180a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180A4|&amp;#x180a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180A5|&amp;#x180a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180A6|&amp;#x180a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180A7|&amp;#x180a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180A8|&amp;#x180a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180A9|&amp;#x180a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180AA|&amp;#x180aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180AB|&amp;#x180ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180AC|&amp;#x180ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180AD|&amp;#x180ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180AE|&amp;#x180ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180AF|&amp;#x180af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|180Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180B0|&amp;#x180b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180B1|&amp;#x180b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180B2|&amp;#x180b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180B3|&amp;#x180b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180B4|&amp;#x180b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180B5|&amp;#x180b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180B6|&amp;#x180b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180B7|&amp;#x180b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180B8|&amp;#x180b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180B9|&amp;#x180b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180BA|&amp;#x180ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180BB|&amp;#x180bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180BC|&amp;#x180bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180BD|&amp;#x180bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180BE|&amp;#x180be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180BF|&amp;#x180bf;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|180Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180C0|&amp;#x180c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180C1|&amp;#x180c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180C2|&amp;#x180c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180C3|&amp;#x180c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180C4|&amp;#x180c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180C5|&amp;#x180c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180C6|&amp;#x180c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180C7|&amp;#x180c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180C8|&amp;#x180c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180C9|&amp;#x180c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180CA|&amp;#x180ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180CB|&amp;#x180cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180CC|&amp;#x180cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180CD|&amp;#x180cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180CE|&amp;#x180ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-180CF|&amp;#x180cf;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18760|&amp;#x18760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18761|&amp;#x18761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18762|&amp;#x18762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18763|&amp;#x18763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18764|&amp;#x18764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18765|&amp;#x18765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18766|&amp;#x18766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18767|&amp;#x18767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18768|&amp;#x18768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18769|&amp;#x18769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1876A|&amp;#x1876a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1876B|&amp;#x1876b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1876C|&amp;#x1876c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1876D|&amp;#x1876d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1876E|&amp;#x1876e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1876F|&amp;#x1876f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1877x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18770|&amp;#x18770;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18771|&amp;#x18771;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18772|&amp;#x18772;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18773|&amp;#x18773;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18774|&amp;#x18774;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18775|&amp;#x18775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18776|&amp;#x18776;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18777|&amp;#x18777;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18778|&amp;#x18778;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18779|&amp;#x18779;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1877A|&amp;#x1877a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1877B|&amp;#x1877b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1877C|&amp;#x1877c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1877D|&amp;#x1877d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1877E|&amp;#x1877e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1877F|&amp;#x1877f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1878x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18780|&amp;#x18780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18781|&amp;#x18781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18782|&amp;#x18782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18783|&amp;#x18783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18784|&amp;#x18784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18785|&amp;#x18785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18786|&amp;#x18786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18787|&amp;#x18787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18788|&amp;#x18788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18789|&amp;#x18789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1878A|&amp;#x1878a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1878B|&amp;#x1878b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1878C|&amp;#x1878c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1878D|&amp;#x1878d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1878E|&amp;#x1878e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1878F|&amp;#x1878f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1879x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18790|&amp;#x18790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18791|&amp;#x18791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18792|&amp;#x18792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18793|&amp;#x18793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18794|&amp;#x18794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18795|&amp;#x18795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18796|&amp;#x18796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18797|&amp;#x18797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18798|&amp;#x18798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18799|&amp;#x18799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1879A|&amp;#x1879a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1879B|&amp;#x1879b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1879C|&amp;#x1879c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1879D|&amp;#x1879d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1879E|&amp;#x1879e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1879F|&amp;#x1879f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|187Ax
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187A0|&amp;#x187a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187A1|&amp;#x187a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187A2|&amp;#x187a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187A3|&amp;#x187a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187A4|&amp;#x187a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187A5|&amp;#x187a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187A6|&amp;#x187a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187A7|&amp;#x187a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187A8|&amp;#x187a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187A9|&amp;#x187a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187AA|&amp;#x187aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187AB|&amp;#x187ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187AC|&amp;#x187ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187AD|&amp;#x187ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187AE|&amp;#x187ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187AF|&amp;#x187af;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|187Bx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187B0|&amp;#x187b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187B1|&amp;#x187b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187B2|&amp;#x187b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187B3|&amp;#x187b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187B4|&amp;#x187b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187B5|&amp;#x187b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187B6|&amp;#x187b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187B7|&amp;#x187b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187B8|&amp;#x187b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187B9|&amp;#x187b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187BA|&amp;#x187ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187BB|&amp;#x187bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187BC|&amp;#x187bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187BD|&amp;#x187bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187BE|&amp;#x187be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187BF|&amp;#x187bf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|187Cx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187C0|&amp;#x187c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187C1|&amp;#x187c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187C2|&amp;#x187c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187C3|&amp;#x187c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187C4|&amp;#x187c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187C5|&amp;#x187c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187C6|&amp;#x187c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187C7|&amp;#x187c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187C8|&amp;#x187c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187C9|&amp;#x187c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187CA|&amp;#x187ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187CB|&amp;#x187cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187CC|&amp;#x187cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187CD|&amp;#x187cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187CE|&amp;#x187ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187CF|&amp;#x187cf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|187Dx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187D0|&amp;#x187d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187D1|&amp;#x187d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187D2|&amp;#x187d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187D3|&amp;#x187d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187D4|&amp;#x187d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187D5|&amp;#x187d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187D6|&amp;#x187d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187D7|&amp;#x187d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187D8|&amp;#x187d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187D9|&amp;#x187d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187DA|&amp;#x187da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187DB|&amp;#x187db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187DC|&amp;#x187dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187DD|&amp;#x187dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187DE|&amp;#x187de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187DF|&amp;#x187df;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|187Ex
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187E0|&amp;#x187e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187E1|&amp;#x187e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187E2|&amp;#x187e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187E3|&amp;#x187e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187E4|&amp;#x187e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187E5|&amp;#x187e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187E6|&amp;#x187e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187E7|&amp;#x187e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187E8|&amp;#x187e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187E9|&amp;#x187e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187EA|&amp;#x187ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187EB|&amp;#x187eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187EC|&amp;#x187ec;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187ED|&amp;#x187ed;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187EE|&amp;#x187ee;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187EF|&amp;#x187ef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|187Fx
|style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187F0|&amp;#x187f0;}}||style=&quot;background:#d093ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187F1|&amp;#x187f1;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187F2|&amp;#x187f2;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187F3|&amp;#x187f3;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187F4|&amp;#x187f4;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187F5|&amp;#x187f5;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187F6|&amp;#x187f6;}}||style=&quot;background:#e896ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187F7|&amp;#x187f7;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187F8|&amp;#x187f8;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187F9|&amp;#x187f9;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187FA|&amp;#x187fa;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187FB|&amp;#x187fb;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187FC|&amp;#x187fc;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187FD|&amp;#x187fd;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187FE|&amp;#x187fe;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-187FF|&amp;#x187ff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut Components'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1880x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-001|&amp;#x18800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-002|&amp;#x18801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-003|&amp;#x18802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-004|&amp;#x18803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-005|&amp;#x18804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-006|&amp;#x18805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-007|&amp;#x18806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-008|&amp;#x18807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-009|&amp;#x18808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-010|&amp;#x18809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-011|&amp;#x1880a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-012|&amp;#x1880b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-013|&amp;#x1880c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-014|&amp;#x1880d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-015|&amp;#x1880e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-016|&amp;#x1880f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1881x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-017|&amp;#x18810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-018|&amp;#x18811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-019|&amp;#x18812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-020|&amp;#x18813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-021|&amp;#x18814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-022|&amp;#x18815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-023|&amp;#x18816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-024|&amp;#x18817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-025|&amp;#x18818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-026|&amp;#x18819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-027|&amp;#x1881a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-028|&amp;#x1881b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-029|&amp;#x1881c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-030|&amp;#x1881d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-031|&amp;#x1881e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-032|&amp;#x1881f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1882x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-033|&amp;#x18820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-034|&amp;#x18821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-035|&amp;#x18822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-036|&amp;#x18823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-037|&amp;#x18824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-038|&amp;#x18825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-039|&amp;#x18826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-040|&amp;#x18827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-041|&amp;#x18828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-042|&amp;#x18829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-043|&amp;#x1882a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-044|&amp;#x1882b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-045|&amp;#x1882c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-046|&amp;#x1882d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-047|&amp;#x1882e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-048|&amp;#x1882f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|1883x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-049|&amp;#x18830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-050|&amp;#x18831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-051|&amp;#x18832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-052|&amp;#x18833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-053|&amp;#x18834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-054|&amp;#x18835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-055|&amp;#x18836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-056|&amp;#x18837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-057|&amp;#x18838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-058|&amp;#x18839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-059|&amp;#x1883a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-060|&amp;#x1883b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-061|&amp;#x1883c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-062|&amp;#x1883d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-063|&amp;#x1883e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-064|&amp;#x1883f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-577|&amp;#x18a40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-578|&amp;#x18a41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-579|&amp;#x18a42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-580|&amp;#x18a43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-581|&amp;#x18a44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-582|&amp;#x18a45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-583|&amp;#x18a46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-584|&amp;#x18a47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-585|&amp;#x18a48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-586|&amp;#x18a49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-587|&amp;#x18a4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-588|&amp;#x18a4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-589|&amp;#x18a4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-590|&amp;#x18a4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-591|&amp;#x18a4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-592|&amp;#x18a4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18A5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-593|&amp;#x18a50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-594|&amp;#x18a51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-595|&amp;#x18a52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-596|&amp;#x18a53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-597|&amp;#x18a54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-598|&amp;#x18a55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-599|&amp;#x18a56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-600|&amp;#x18a57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-601|&amp;#x18a58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-602|&amp;#x18a59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-603|&amp;#x18a5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-604|&amp;#x18a5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-605|&amp;#x18a5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-606|&amp;#x18a5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-607|&amp;#x18a5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-608|&amp;#x18a5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18A6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-609|&amp;#x18a60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-610|&amp;#x18a61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-611|&amp;#x18a62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-612|&amp;#x18a63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-613|&amp;#x18a64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-614|&amp;#x18a65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-615|&amp;#x18a66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-616|&amp;#x18a67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-617|&amp;#x18a68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-618|&amp;#x18a69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-619|&amp;#x18a6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-620|&amp;#x18a6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-621|&amp;#x18a6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-622|&amp;#x18a6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-623|&amp;#x18a6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-624|&amp;#x18a6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18A7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-625|&amp;#x18a70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-626|&amp;#x18a71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-627|&amp;#x18a72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-628|&amp;#x18a73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-629|&amp;#x18a74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-630|&amp;#x18a75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-631|&amp;#x18a76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-632|&amp;#x18a77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-633|&amp;#x18a78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-634|&amp;#x18a79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-635|&amp;#x18a7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-636|&amp;#x18a7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-637|&amp;#x18a7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-638|&amp;#x18a7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-639|&amp;#x18a7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-640|&amp;#x18a7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18A8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-641|&amp;#x18a80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-642|&amp;#x18a81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-643|&amp;#x18a82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-644|&amp;#x18a83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-645|&amp;#x18a84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-646|&amp;#x18a85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-647|&amp;#x18a86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-648|&amp;#x18a87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-649|&amp;#x18a88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-650|&amp;#x18a89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-651|&amp;#x18a8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-652|&amp;#x18a8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-653|&amp;#x18a8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-654|&amp;#x18a8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-655|&amp;#x18a8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-656|&amp;#x18a8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18A9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-657|&amp;#x18a90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-658|&amp;#x18a91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-659|&amp;#x18a92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-660|&amp;#x18a93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-661|&amp;#x18a94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-662|&amp;#x18a95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-663|&amp;#x18a96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-664|&amp;#x18a97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-665|&amp;#x18a98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-666|&amp;#x18a99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-667|&amp;#x18a9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-668|&amp;#x18a9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-669|&amp;#x18a9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-670|&amp;#x18a9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-671|&amp;#x18a9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-672|&amp;#x18a9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18AAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-673|&amp;#x18aa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-674|&amp;#x18aa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-675|&amp;#x18aa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-676|&amp;#x18aa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-677|&amp;#x18aa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-678|&amp;#x18aa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-679|&amp;#x18aa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-680|&amp;#x18aa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-681|&amp;#x18aa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-682|&amp;#x18aa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-683|&amp;#x18aaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-684|&amp;#x18aab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-685|&amp;#x18aac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-686|&amp;#x18aad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-687|&amp;#x18aae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-688|&amp;#x18aaf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18ABx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-689|&amp;#x18ab0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-690|&amp;#x18ab1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-691|&amp;#x18ab2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-692|&amp;#x18ab3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-693|&amp;#x18ab4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-694|&amp;#x18ab5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-695|&amp;#x18ab6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-696|&amp;#x18ab7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-697|&amp;#x18ab8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-698|&amp;#x18ab9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-699|&amp;#x18aba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-700|&amp;#x18abb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-701|&amp;#x18abc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-702|&amp;#x18abd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-703|&amp;#x18abe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-704|&amp;#x18abf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18ACx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-705|&amp;#x18ac0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-706|&amp;#x18ac1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-707|&amp;#x18ac2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-708|&amp;#x18ac3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-709|&amp;#x18ac4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-710|&amp;#x18ac5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-711|&amp;#x18ac6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-712|&amp;#x18ac7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-713|&amp;#x18ac8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-714|&amp;#x18ac9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-715|&amp;#x18aca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-716|&amp;#x18acb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-717|&amp;#x18acc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-718|&amp;#x18acd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-719|&amp;#x18ace;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-720|&amp;#x18acf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18ADx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-721|&amp;#x18ad0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-722|&amp;#x18ad1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-723|&amp;#x18ad2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-724|&amp;#x18ad3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-725|&amp;#x18ad4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-726|&amp;#x18ad5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-727|&amp;#x18ad6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-728|&amp;#x18ad7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-729|&amp;#x18ad8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-730|&amp;#x18ad9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-731|&amp;#x18ada;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-732|&amp;#x18adb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-733|&amp;#x18adc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-734|&amp;#x18add;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-735|&amp;#x18ade;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-736|&amp;#x18adf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18AEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-737|&amp;#x18ae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-738|&amp;#x18ae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-739|&amp;#x18ae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-740|&amp;#x18ae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-741|&amp;#x18ae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-742|&amp;#x18ae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-743|&amp;#x18ae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-744|&amp;#x18ae7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-745|&amp;#x18ae8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-746|&amp;#x18ae9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-747|&amp;#x18aea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-748|&amp;#x18aeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-749|&amp;#x18aec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-750|&amp;#x18aed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-751|&amp;#x18aee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-752|&amp;#x18aef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18AFx
|style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-753|&amp;#x18af0;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-754|&amp;#x18af1;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-755|&amp;#x18af2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-756|&amp;#x18af3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-757|&amp;#x18af4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-758|&amp;#x18af5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-759|&amp;#x18af6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-760|&amp;#x18af7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-761|&amp;#x18af8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-762|&amp;#x18af9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-763|&amp;#x18afa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-764|&amp;#x18afb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-765|&amp;#x18afc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-766|&amp;#x18afd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-767|&amp;#x18afe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-768|&amp;#x18aff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Khitan Small Script'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18B0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B00|&amp;#x18b00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B01|&amp;#x18b01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B02|&amp;#x18b02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B03|&amp;#x18b03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B04|&amp;#x18b04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B05|&amp;#x18b05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B06|&amp;#x18b06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B07|&amp;#x18b07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B08|&amp;#x18b08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B09|&amp;#x18b09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0A|&amp;#x18b0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0B|&amp;#x18b0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0C|&amp;#x18b0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0D|&amp;#x18b0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0E|&amp;#x18b0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0F|&amp;#x18b0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18B1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B10|&amp;#x18b10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B11|&amp;#x18b11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B12|&amp;#x18b12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B13|&amp;#x18b13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B14|&amp;#x18b14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B15|&amp;#x18b15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B16|&amp;#x18b16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B17|&amp;#x18b17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B18|&amp;#x18b18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B19|&amp;#x18b19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1A|&amp;#x18b1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1B|&amp;#x18b1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1C|&amp;#x18b1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1D|&amp;#x18b1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1E|&amp;#x18b1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1F|&amp;#x18b1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18B2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B20|&amp;#x18b20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B21|&amp;#x18b21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B22|&amp;#x18b22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B23|&amp;#x18b23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B24|&amp;#x18b24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B25|&amp;#x18b25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B26|&amp;#x18b26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B27|&amp;#x18b27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B28|&amp;#x18b28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B29|&amp;#x18b29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2A|&amp;#x18b2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2B|&amp;#x18b2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2C|&amp;#x18b2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2D|&amp;#x18b2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2E|&amp;#x18b2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2F|&amp;#x18b2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18B3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B30|&amp;#x18b30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B31|&amp;#x18b31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B32|&amp;#x18b32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B33|&amp;#x18b33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B34|&amp;#x18b34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B35|&amp;#x18b35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B36|&amp;#x18b36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B37|&amp;#x18b37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B38|&amp;#x18b38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B39|&amp;#x18b39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3A|&amp;#x18b3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3B|&amp;#x18b3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3C|&amp;#x18b3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3D|&amp;#x18b3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3E|&amp;#x18b3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3F|&amp;#x18b3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18B4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B40|&amp;#x18b40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B41|&amp;#x18b41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B42|&amp;#x18b42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B43|&amp;#x18b43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B44|&amp;#x18b44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B45|&amp;#x18b45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B46|&amp;#x18b46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B47|&amp;#x18b47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B48|&amp;#x18b48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B49|&amp;#x18b49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4A|&amp;#x18b4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4B|&amp;#x18b4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4C|&amp;#x18b4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4D|&amp;#x18b4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4E|&amp;#x18b4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4F|&amp;#x18b4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18B5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B50|&amp;#x18b50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B51|&amp;#x18b51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B52|&amp;#x18b52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B53|&amp;#x18b53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B54|&amp;#x18b54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B55|&amp;#x18b55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B56|&amp;#x18b56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B57|&amp;#x18b57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B58|&amp;#x18b58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B59|&amp;#x18b59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5A|&amp;#x18b5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5B|&amp;#x18b5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5C|&amp;#x18b5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5D|&amp;#x18b5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5E|&amp;#x18b5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5F|&amp;#x18b5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18B6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B60|&amp;#x18b60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B61|&amp;#x18b61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B62|&amp;#x18b62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B63|&amp;#x18b63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B64|&amp;#x18b64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B65|&amp;#x18b65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B66|&amp;#x18b66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B67|&amp;#x18b67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B68|&amp;#x18b68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B69|&amp;#x18b69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6A|&amp;#x18b6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6B|&amp;#x18b6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6C|&amp;#x18b6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6D|&amp;#x18b6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6E|&amp;#x18b6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6F|&amp;#x18b6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18B7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B70|&amp;#x18b70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B71|&amp;#x18b71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B72|&amp;#x18b72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B73|&amp;#x18b73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B74|&amp;#x18b74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B75|&amp;#x18b75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B76|&amp;#x18b76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B77|&amp;#x18b77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B78|&amp;#x18b78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B79|&amp;#x18b79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7A|&amp;#x18b7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7B|&amp;#x18b7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7C|&amp;#x18b7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7D|&amp;#x18b7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7E|&amp;#x18b7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7F|&amp;#x18b7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18B8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B80|&amp;#x18b80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B81|&amp;#x18b81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B82|&amp;#x18b82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B83|&amp;#x18b83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B84|&amp;#x18b84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B85|&amp;#x18b85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B86|&amp;#x18b86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B87|&amp;#x18b87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B88|&amp;#x18b88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B89|&amp;#x18b89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8A|&amp;#x18b8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8B|&amp;#x18b8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8C|&amp;#x18b8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8D|&amp;#x18b8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8E|&amp;#x18b8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8F|&amp;#x18b8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18B9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B90|&amp;#x18b90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B91|&amp;#x18b91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B92|&amp;#x18b92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B93|&amp;#x18b93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B94|&amp;#x18b94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B95|&amp;#x18b95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B96|&amp;#x18b96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B97|&amp;#x18b97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B98|&amp;#x18b98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B99|&amp;#x18b99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9A|&amp;#x18b9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9B|&amp;#x18b9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9C|&amp;#x18b9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9D|&amp;#x18b9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9E|&amp;#x18b9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9F|&amp;#x18b9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18BAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA0|&amp;#x18ba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA1|&amp;#x18ba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA2|&amp;#x18ba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA3|&amp;#x18ba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA4|&amp;#x18ba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA5|&amp;#x18ba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA6|&amp;#x18ba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA7|&amp;#x18ba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA8|&amp;#x18ba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA9|&amp;#x18ba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAA|&amp;#x18baa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAB|&amp;#x18bab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAC|&amp;#x18bac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAD|&amp;#x18bad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAE|&amp;#x18bae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAF|&amp;#x18baf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18BBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB0|&amp;#x18bb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB1|&amp;#x18bb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB2|&amp;#x18bb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB3|&amp;#x18bb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB4|&amp;#x18bb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB5|&amp;#x18bb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB6|&amp;#x18bb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB7|&amp;#x18bb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB8|&amp;#x18bb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB9|&amp;#x18bb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBA|&amp;#x18bba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBB|&amp;#x18bbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBC|&amp;#x18bbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBD|&amp;#x18bbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBE|&amp;#x18bbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBF|&amp;#x18bbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18BCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC0|&amp;#x18bc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC1|&amp;#x18bc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC2|&amp;#x18bc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC3|&amp;#x18bc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC4|&amp;#x18bc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC5|&amp;#x18bc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC6|&amp;#x18bc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC7|&amp;#x18bc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC8|&amp;#x18bc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC9|&amp;#x18bc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCA|&amp;#x18bca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCB|&amp;#x18bcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCC|&amp;#x18bcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCD|&amp;#x18bcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCE|&amp;#x18bce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCF|&amp;#x18bcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18BDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD0|&amp;#x18bd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD1|&amp;#x18bd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD2|&amp;#x18bd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD3|&amp;#x18bd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD4|&amp;#x18bd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD5|&amp;#x18bd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD6|&amp;#x18bd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD7|&amp;#x18bd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD8|&amp;#x18bd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD9|&amp;#x18bd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDA|&amp;#x18bda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDB|&amp;#x18bdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDC|&amp;#x18bdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDD|&amp;#x18bdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDE|&amp;#x18bde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDF|&amp;#x18bdf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18BEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE0|&amp;#x18be0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE1|&amp;#x18be1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE2|&amp;#x18be2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE3|&amp;#x18be3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE4|&amp;#x18be4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE5|&amp;#x18be5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE6|&amp;#x18be6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE7|&amp;#x18be7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE8|&amp;#x18be8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE9|&amp;#x18be9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEA|&amp;#x18bea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEB|&amp;#x18beb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEC|&amp;#x18bec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BED|&amp;#x18bed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEE|&amp;#x18bee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEF|&amp;#x18bef;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18BFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF0|&amp;#x18bf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF1|&amp;#x18bf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF2|&amp;#x18bf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF3|&amp;#x18bf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF4|&amp;#x18bf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF5|&amp;#x18bf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF6|&amp;#x18bf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF7|&amp;#x18bf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF8|&amp;#x18bf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF9|&amp;#x18bf9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFA|&amp;#x18bfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFB|&amp;#x18bfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFC|&amp;#x18bfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFD|&amp;#x18bfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFE|&amp;#x18bfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFF|&amp;#x18bff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18C0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C00|&amp;#x18c00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C01|&amp;#x18c01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C02|&amp;#x18c02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C03|&amp;#x18c03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C04|&amp;#x18c04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C05|&amp;#x18c05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C06|&amp;#x18c06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C07|&amp;#x18c07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C08|&amp;#x18c08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C09|&amp;#x18c09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0A|&amp;#x18c0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0B|&amp;#x18c0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0C|&amp;#x18c0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0D|&amp;#x18c0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0E|&amp;#x18c0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0F|&amp;#x18c0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18C1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C10|&amp;#x18c10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C11|&amp;#x18c11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C12|&amp;#x18c12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C13|&amp;#x18c13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C14|&amp;#x18c14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C15|&amp;#x18c15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C16|&amp;#x18c16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C17|&amp;#x18c17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C18|&amp;#x18c18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C19|&amp;#x18c19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1A|&amp;#x18c1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1B|&amp;#x18c1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1C|&amp;#x18c1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1D|&amp;#x18c1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1E|&amp;#x18c1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1F|&amp;#x18c1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18C2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C20|&amp;#x18c20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C21|&amp;#x18c21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C22|&amp;#x18c22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C23|&amp;#x18c23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C24|&amp;#x18c24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C25|&amp;#x18c25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C26|&amp;#x18c26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C27|&amp;#x18c27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C28|&amp;#x18c28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C29|&amp;#x18c29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2A|&amp;#x18c2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2B|&amp;#x18c2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2C|&amp;#x18c2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2D|&amp;#x18c2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2E|&amp;#x18c2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2F|&amp;#x18c2f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18C3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C30|&amp;#x18c30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C31|&amp;#x18c31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C32|&amp;#x18c32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C33|&amp;#x18c33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C34|&amp;#x18c34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C35|&amp;#x18c35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C36|&amp;#x18c36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C37|&amp;#x18c37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C38|&amp;#x18c38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C39|&amp;#x18c39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3A|&amp;#x18c3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3B|&amp;#x18c3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3C|&amp;#x18c3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3D|&amp;#x18c3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3E|&amp;#x18c3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3F|&amp;#x18c3f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18C4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C40|&amp;#x18c40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C41|&amp;#x18c41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C42|&amp;#x18c42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C43|&amp;#x18c43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C44|&amp;#x18c44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C45|&amp;#x18c45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C46|&amp;#x18c46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C47|&amp;#x18c47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C48|&amp;#x18c48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C49|&amp;#x18c49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4A|&amp;#x18c4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4B|&amp;#x18c4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4C|&amp;#x18c4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4D|&amp;#x18c4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4E|&amp;#x18c4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4F|&amp;#x18c4f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18C5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C50|&amp;#x18c50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C51|&amp;#x18c51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C52|&amp;#x18c52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C53|&amp;#x18c53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C54|&amp;#x18c54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C55|&amp;#x18c55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C56|&amp;#x18c56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C57|&amp;#x18c57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C58|&amp;#x18c58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C59|&amp;#x18c59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5A|&amp;#x18c5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5B|&amp;#x18c5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5C|&amp;#x18c5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5D|&amp;#x18c5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5E|&amp;#x18c5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5F|&amp;#x18c5f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18C6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C60|&amp;#x18c60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C61|&amp;#x18c61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C62|&amp;#x18c62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C63|&amp;#x18c63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C64|&amp;#x18c64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C65|&amp;#x18c65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C66|&amp;#x18c66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C67|&amp;#x18c67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C68|&amp;#x18c68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C69|&amp;#x18c69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6A|&amp;#x18c6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6B|&amp;#x18c6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6C|&amp;#x18c6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6D|&amp;#x18c6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6E|&amp;#x18c6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6F|&amp;#x18c6f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18C7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C70|&amp;#x18c70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C71|&amp;#x18c71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C72|&amp;#x18c72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C73|&amp;#x18c73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C74|&amp;#x18c74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C75|&amp;#x18c75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C76|&amp;#x18c76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C77|&amp;#x18c77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C78|&amp;#x18c78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C79|&amp;#x18c79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7A|&amp;#x18c7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7B|&amp;#x18c7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7C|&amp;#x18c7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7D|&amp;#x18c7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7E|&amp;#x18c7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7F|&amp;#x18c7f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18C8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C80|&amp;#x18c80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C81|&amp;#x18c81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C82|&amp;#x18c82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C83|&amp;#x18c83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C84|&amp;#x18c84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C85|&amp;#x18c85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C86|&amp;#x18c86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C87|&amp;#x18c87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C88|&amp;#x18c88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C89|&amp;#x18c89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8A|&amp;#x18c8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8B|&amp;#x18c8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8C|&amp;#x18c8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8D|&amp;#x18c8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8E|&amp;#x18c8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8F|&amp;#x18c8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18C9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C90|&amp;#x18c90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C91|&amp;#x18c91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C92|&amp;#x18c92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C93|&amp;#x18c93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C94|&amp;#x18c94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C95|&amp;#x18c95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C96|&amp;#x18c96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C97|&amp;#x18c97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C98|&amp;#x18c98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C99|&amp;#x18c99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9A|&amp;#x18c9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9B|&amp;#x18c9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9C|&amp;#x18c9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9D|&amp;#x18c9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9E|&amp;#x18c9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9F|&amp;#x18c9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18CAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA0|&amp;#x18ca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA1|&amp;#x18ca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA2|&amp;#x18ca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA3|&amp;#x18ca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA4|&amp;#x18ca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA5|&amp;#x18ca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA6|&amp;#x18ca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA7|&amp;#x18ca7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA8|&amp;#x18ca8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA9|&amp;#x18ca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAA|&amp;#x18caa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAB|&amp;#x18cab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAC|&amp;#x18cac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAD|&amp;#x18cad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAE|&amp;#x18cae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAF|&amp;#x18caf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18CBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB0|&amp;#x18cb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB1|&amp;#x18cb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB2|&amp;#x18cb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB3|&amp;#x18cb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB4|&amp;#x18cb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB5|&amp;#x18cb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB6|&amp;#x18cb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB7|&amp;#x18cb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB8|&amp;#x18cb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB9|&amp;#x18cb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBA|&amp;#x18cba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBB|&amp;#x18cbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBC|&amp;#x18cbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBD|&amp;#x18cbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBE|&amp;#x18cbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBF|&amp;#x18cbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18CCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC0|&amp;#x18cc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC1|&amp;#x18cc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC2|&amp;#x18cc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC3|&amp;#x18cc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC4|&amp;#x18cc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC5|&amp;#x18cc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC6|&amp;#x18cc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC7|&amp;#x18cc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC8|&amp;#x18cc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC9|&amp;#x18cc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCA|&amp;#x18cca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCB|&amp;#x18ccb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCC|&amp;#x18ccc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCD|&amp;#x18ccd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCE|&amp;#x18cce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCF|&amp;#x18ccf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18CDx
|style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD0|&amp;#x18cd0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD1|&amp;#x18cd1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD2|&amp;#x18cd2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD3|&amp;#x18cd3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD4|&amp;#x18cd4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD5|&amp;#x18cd5;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18CEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18CFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CFF|&amp;#x18cff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18D0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D00|&amp;#x18d00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D01|&amp;#x18d01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D02|&amp;#x18d02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D03|&amp;#x18d03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D04|&amp;#x18d04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D05|&amp;#x18d05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D06|&amp;#x18d06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D07|&amp;#x18d07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D08|&amp;#x18d08;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D09|&amp;#x18d09;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0A|&amp;#x18d0a;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0B|&amp;#x18d0b;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0C|&amp;#x18d0c;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0D|&amp;#x18d0d;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0E|&amp;#x18d0e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0F|&amp;#x18d0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot; |18D1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D10|&amp;#x18d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D11|&amp;#x18d11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D12|&amp;#x18d12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D13|&amp;#x18d13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D14|&amp;#x18d14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D15|&amp;#x18d15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D16|&amp;#x18d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D17|&amp;#x18d17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D18|&amp;#x18d18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D19|&amp;#x18d19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1A|&amp;#x18d1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1B|&amp;#x18d1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1C|&amp;#x18d1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1D|&amp;#x18d1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1E|&amp;#x18d1e;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1F|&amp;#x18d1f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot; |18D2x
|style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D20|&amp;#x18d20;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot; |18D3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot; |18D4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot; |18D5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot; |18D6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot; |18D7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut Components Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18D8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-769|&amp;#x18d80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-770|&amp;#x18d81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-771|&amp;#x18d82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-772|&amp;#x18d83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-773|&amp;#x18d84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-774|&amp;#x18d85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-775|&amp;#x18d86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-776|&amp;#x18d87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-777|&amp;#x18d88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-778|&amp;#x18d89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-779|&amp;#x18d8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-780|&amp;#x18d8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-781|&amp;#x18d8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-782|&amp;#x18d8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-783|&amp;#x18d8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-784|&amp;#x18d8f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18D9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-785|&amp;#x18d90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-786|&amp;#x18d91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-787|&amp;#x18d92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-788|&amp;#x18d93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-789|&amp;#x18d94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-790|&amp;#x18d95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-791|&amp;#x18d96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-792|&amp;#x18d97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-793|&amp;#x18d98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-794|&amp;#x18d99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-795|&amp;#x18d9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-796|&amp;#x18d9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-797|&amp;#x18d9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-798|&amp;#x18d9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-799|&amp;#x18d9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-800|&amp;#x18d9f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18DAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-801|&amp;#x18da0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-802|&amp;#x18da1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-803|&amp;#x18da2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-804|&amp;#x18da3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-805|&amp;#x18da4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-806|&amp;#x18da5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-807|&amp;#x18da6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-808|&amp;#x18da7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-809|&amp;#x18da8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-810|&amp;#x18da9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-811|&amp;#x18daa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-812|&amp;#x18dab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-813|&amp;#x18dac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-814|&amp;#x18dad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-815|&amp;#x18dae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-816|&amp;#x18daf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18DBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-817|&amp;#x18db0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-818|&amp;#x18db1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-819|&amp;#x18db2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-820|&amp;#x18db3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-821|&amp;#x18db4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-822|&amp;#x18db5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-823|&amp;#x18db6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-824|&amp;#x18db7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-825|&amp;#x18db8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-826|&amp;#x18db9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-827|&amp;#x18dba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-828|&amp;#x18dbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-829|&amp;#x18dbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-830|&amp;#x18dbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-831|&amp;#x18dbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-832|&amp;#x18dbf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18DCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-833|&amp;#x18dc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-834|&amp;#x18dc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-835|&amp;#x18dc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-836|&amp;#x18dc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-837|&amp;#x18dc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-838|&amp;#x18dc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-839|&amp;#x18dc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-840|&amp;#x18dc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-841|&amp;#x18dc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-842|&amp;#x18dc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-843|&amp;#x18dca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-844|&amp;#x18dcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-845|&amp;#x18dcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-846|&amp;#x18dcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-847|&amp;#x18dce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-848|&amp;#x18dcf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18DDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-849|&amp;#x18dd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-850|&amp;#x18dd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-851|&amp;#x18dd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-852|&amp;#x18dd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-853|&amp;#x18dd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-854|&amp;#x18dd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-855|&amp;#x18dd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-856|&amp;#x18dd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-857|&amp;#x18dd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-858|&amp;#x18dd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-859|&amp;#x18dda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-860|&amp;#x18ddb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-861|&amp;#x18ddc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-862|&amp;#x18ddd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-863|&amp;#x18dde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-864|&amp;#x18ddf;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18DEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-865|&amp;#x18de0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-866|&amp;#x18de1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-867|&amp;#x18de2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-868|&amp;#x18de3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-869|&amp;#x18de4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-870|&amp;#x18de5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-871|&amp;#x18de6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-872|&amp;#x18de7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-873|&amp;#x18de8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-874|&amp;#x18de9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-875|&amp;#x18dea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-876|&amp;#x18deb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-877|&amp;#x18dec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-878|&amp;#x18ded;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-879|&amp;#x18dee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-880|&amp;#x18def;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18DFx
|style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-881|&amp;#x18df0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-882|&amp;#x18df1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-883|&amp;#x18df2;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Jurchen'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18E0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E00|&amp;#x18e00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E01|&amp;#x18e01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E02|&amp;#x18e02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E03|&amp;#x18e03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E04|&amp;#x18e04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E05|&amp;#x18e05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E06|&amp;#x18e06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E07|&amp;#x18e07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E08|&amp;#x18e08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E09|&amp;#x18e09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E0A|&amp;#x18e0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E0B|&amp;#x18e0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E0C|&amp;#x18e0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E0D|&amp;#x18e0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E0E|&amp;#x18e0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E0F|&amp;#x18e0f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18E1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E10|&amp;#x18e10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E11|&amp;#x18e11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E12|&amp;#x18e12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E13|&amp;#x18e13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E14|&amp;#x18e14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E15|&amp;#x18e15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E16|&amp;#x18e16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E17|&amp;#x18e17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E18|&amp;#x18e18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E19|&amp;#x18e19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E1A|&amp;#x18e1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E1B|&amp;#x18e1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E1C|&amp;#x18e1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E1D|&amp;#x18e1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E1E|&amp;#x18e1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E1F|&amp;#x18e1f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|18E2x
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  <page>
    <title>Adventist Adventurer Awards and Answers/Beaver</title>
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        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>49843</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Beaver_lodge_1.jpg|Beaver_lodge_1.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Polarlys|Polarlys]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Beaver lodge 1.jpg|]].</comment>
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      <text bytes="3708" sha1="b166f9qifw411jrnyrwdcge6xedplje" xml:space="preserve">{{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Header|class=Eager Beaver}}

==What does a beaver use its tail for?==
Beavers have a large flat tail that helps them steer through the water. When beavers chew on trees they use their tail like a kick stand to give them support. When a beaver feels threatened by danger it will slap its tail on the water as a warning of the predator. Beavers also store fat in their tails for the long, cold winters.

www.wildernessclassroom.com/wilderness-library/beaver/

==Why do beavers have such big front teeth?==
To gnaw through tree trunks, they need extra-strong teeth. Fortunately, their tooth enamel contains iron, which makes them incredibly strong, sharp, and orange.

==What do beavers eat?==
They gnaw trees to access the sugary, nutrient-rich inner bark (cambium) and tender twigs, not the hard outer wood.
Their iron-reinforced teeth are self-sharpening, allowing them to efficiently cut down trees. 
Beavers are herbivores that primarily eat the leaves, twigs, bark (especially the nutritious inner cambium layer), and roots of woody plants like aspen, willow, and maple, but also enjoy aquatic vegetation suchs as lilies, cattails, and grasses, storing food in underwater &quot;rafts&quot; for winter when their diet shifts to just bark and branches.

==How do beavers cut down trees? Move large logs?==
A) With nothing but its four front teeth 

the beaver can cut down a small tree in minutes

However, when a tree is a bit larger in diameter, beavers prefer to cut the trunk to a point and then let the wind blow the tree down.

B) Beavers can transport their own weight in material; 

they drag logs along mudslides and float them through canals to get them in place.

==How do beavers build dams? Why do they build them?==
When beavers come into a new location, they first build dams across small streams. The dam traps water behind it and creates a pond. The purpose of the dam is to provide deep enough water for the beaver to build a safe home - called a lodge.
Beavers don't live in dams, they build two different types of structures. They create a wide, cone-shaped lodge with underwater entrances to live in, and they build dams to provide them with areas of deep, calm water within which to build their lodge.

==How is a beaver’s home made?==
Beavers build their lodge in the middle of the pond, where the pond water provides safety from predators like bears and wolves. But the water level must also be deep enough not to freeze solid in the winter, because beavers live under the ice in the winter, accessing their lodge from underwater entrances and eating twigs and branches they have stored in their submerged larder.

==Build a beaver dam using small sticks and glue or build a beaver lodge.==
[[File:Beaver Lodge.pdf|thumb]]
Builder lodge template using it also for animal home

==Read a story about beavers, their families, and how parent beavers protect their young.==


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oL5SD6z7AG8

==How many babies does a mother beaver have? How soon after birth can baby beavers swim?==
A) The mother in the family may give birth to between one and six kits every year.
B) His eyes open right away, and he has his teeth and his full coat of waterproof fur. 

Because the kit is so well-developed, it is able to start swimming on the day.

A few days after its birth, it may leave the lodge with its mother or father.

==Draw or color a picture of what a beaver’s lodge looks like, if you slice off one side of a typical beaver lodge.==

http://www.supercoloring.com/pages/beaver-lodge

craft do a beaver puppet

'''Note:  A beaver puppet is used by many to work on this chip.  A nice puppet is available for sale here from AdventSource.'''</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Swift Introduction/SwiftAdvanced</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>387811</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-27T19:22:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25682-50</username>
        <id>3579598</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Closure Expressions */</comment>
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      <text bytes="17763" sha1="di0fs10okew16w391bzjy21ce24uw65" xml:space="preserve">= Swift Advanced =

== Closure Expressions ==

Closure expressions are unnamed, anonymous functions which can interact with values from their surrounding context&lt;ref name=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Apple Inc. | 2017 | Closure Expressions | [online][accessed: 18.09.2017] | https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Closures.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40014097-CH11-ID94&lt;/ref&gt;. They are short function-like constructs without a declaration or name. 
In this snippet, you can see the general syntax of a closure expression. It starts with opening curly brackets, a parameter list and a return value. They keyword &lt;code&gt;in&lt;/code&gt; marks the beginning of the closure's body. After the return statement the expression is closed with a curly bracket. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=swift&gt;
// basic syntax
let add = {(int1: Int, int2: Int) -&gt; Int in return int1 + int2}
var result = add(20,5)      // 25
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If a closure is assigned to a function type, a shorthand syntax can be used because Swift can infer the data types from the context. In the shortest version, you only have to tell Swift what to do with the parameters. &lt;code&gt;$0&lt;/code&gt; is short syntax for the first passed in argument, &lt;code&gt;$1&lt;/code&gt; for the second, and so on. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=swift&gt;
let subtract: (Int, Int) -&gt; Int = { int1, int2 in return int1 - int2 }

let multiply: (Int, Int) -&gt; Int = { $0 * $1 }

result = subtract(20,5)     // 15
result = multiply(20,5)     // 100 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Trailing Closures === 

Closures can be passed to functions as arguments. A trailing closure can be used as the function's final argument. It's not written within the functions parentheses but right after them. 
In the snippet below, you can see how a closure is passed to Swift's map function. The &lt;code&gt;map&lt;/code&gt; function can be called on an array, the closure is then executed on every item of the array. In this example, the map functions checks whether a year is a leapyear or not. All years are converted to a string and &quot; is a leap year&quot; is appended if the prerequisites are fulfilled. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;swift&quot;&gt;
// create an Array with values from 1950 to 2020
var years = [Int]()
for year in stride(from: 1950, to: 2020, by: 1){
    years.append(year)
}

let leapYears = years.map{ (year) -&gt; String in
    var output = &quot;&quot;
    let year = year
    if(year%400 == 0){
        output.append(String(year)+&quot; is a leap year&quot;)
    }
    else if(year % 100 != 0 &amp;&amp; year % 4 == 0){
        output.append(String(year)  + &quot; is a leap year&quot;)
    }
    else{
        output.append(String(year) + &quot; is not a leap year&quot;)
    }
    return output
}

for year in leapYears{
    print(year)
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Properties ==

In Swift, there are two main types of properties. Stored properties are used to store values of variables and constants associated with a class or a structure. Computed properties are not used to store, but to compute values.

=== Stored Properties ===

These properties are a part of an instance of a class or a structure. It can have a variable or a constant value.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=swift&gt;
struct Animal{
    let name: String
    let legs: Int
    var weight: Double
}

var sloth = Animal(name: &quot;slothy&quot;, legs: 4, weight: 8.5)
print(&quot;Hi my name is \(sloth.name) and i have \(sloth.weight) kilos!&quot;)

sloth.weight = 9.2
print(&quot;Put one some weight... now i have \(sloth.weight) kilos :) !&quot;)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Computed Properties ===

These properties provide getters and setters to retrieve or set the value of a variable.
In this example, the structure &lt;code&gt;Circle&lt;/code&gt; has a computed property called diameter. It has a getter which returns the doubled value of the radius. The setter changes the value of the radius to the half of the new &lt;code&gt;diameter&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;area&lt;/code&gt; is a read-only property, which means it does not have a setter. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=swift&gt;
struct Circle {
    var radius: Double
    var diameter: Double{
        get {
            let diameter = radius * 2
        return diameter
        }
        set(newDiameter){
            radius = newDiameter/2
        }
    }
    var area: Double{
        get{
            return radius * radius * Double.pi
        }
    }
}

var smallCircle = Circle(radius: 3)

let initialDiameter = smallCircle.diameter
smallCircle.diameter = 10
print(&quot;The circle now has a diameter of \(smallCircle.diameter), a radius of \(smallCircle.radius) and a area of \(smallCircle.area)&quot;)
// prints &quot;The circle now has a diameter of 10.0, a radius of 5.0 and a area of 78.53&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Property Observers ===

Property observers can be used to observe the state of a property and respond to changes. They are called whenever the value of a property is set. There are two types of observers. &lt;code&gt;willSet&lt;/code&gt; is called before a value is stored, &lt;code&gt;didSet&lt;/code&gt; is called after a value is stored.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=swift&gt;
class EctsCounter{
    var ectsCount: Int = 0{
        willSet(newCount){
            print(&quot;About to set your count to \(newCount) points!&quot;)
        }
        didSet{
            print(&quot;Added \(ectsCount - oldValue) points!&quot;)
        }
    }
}

let counter = EctsCounter()
counter.ectsCount += 10
// About to set your count to 10 points!
// Added 10 points!
counter.ectsCount += 4
// About to set your count to 14 points!
// Added 4 points!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Concurrency with GCD ==

The dispatch framework includes a lot of language features, runtime libraries and system enhancements which improve the support for concurrent code execution on hardware with more than one core. The Grand Central Dispatch (GCD) submittes work to dispatch queues managed by the system. 

=== Concurrency vs. Parallelism ===

Parallelism is the term which describes the concept of executing two or more threads at the same time on multi-core processors. Devices with a single core can achieve concurrency with time-slicing. This is the process of switching between multiple threads through context switches.
GCD manages a pool of threads. Codeblocks can be added to dispatch queue and the GCD decides what to execute. 

=== Queues ===
DispatchQueue represents the dispatch queues provided by GCD&lt;ref name=&quot;queue&quot;&gt;Kodeco | 2017 | Grand Central Dispatch Tutorial | [online][accessed: 18.09.2017] | https://www.kodeco.com/5370-grand-central-dispatch-tutorial-for-swift-4-part-1-2&lt;/ref&gt;. The tasks, which you submit to the queues, are executed in a FIFO order, which means the first submitted task will always be the first one that gets started.
There are two types of queues. Serial queues can only execute one task at any time. Concurrent queues can start multiple tasks at the same time. They are started in the order they were added and can finish in any order. 
The scheduling is managed by GCD, which means it controls when tasks are started. GCD provides a main queue, which is a serial queue and runs on the main thread. Tasks on the main queue are executed immediately. It is good practice to put all tasks, which change or update the UI, on the main queue. This makes sure the UI is always responsive. The four global queues are concurrent, shared by the entire system and divided in priorities - high, default, low and background. Queues can also be created by the user and can be serial or concurrent.

The priority is not specified directly, but by using Quality of Service (QoS) classes.
 
&lt;code&gt;.user-interactive&lt;/code&gt; describes tasks which have to be done immediately, because otherwise the user experience would be bad. This QoS is used for UI updates and event handling. 
 
&lt;code&gt;.user-initiated&lt;/code&gt; represents tasks, which can be performed asynchronously and are started from the UI. These tasks are mapped into the high priority queue, because it is used when users are waiting for immediate results or tasks require user interaction to continue. 
 
&lt;code&gt;.utility&lt;/code&gt; represents long-running tasks. This class is used for I/O, networking and computations. Usually a progress indicator is used to make sure the user knows something is going on.
 
&lt;code&gt;.background&lt;/code&gt; describes tasks, which the user usually is not aware of. It is used for tasks that do not need user interaction and are not time-sensitive, for example maintenance or prefetchting. 
 
=== Using queues in iOS ===

The following snipped can be found on Github and can be imported as Xcode project. 
As soon as the &quot;Start&quot; button is pressed, the function &lt;code&gt;download(size: Int, label: UILabel, timeout: Int)&lt;/code&gt; is called twice with different input parameters. After they are put onto a global queue they asynchronously execute the simulation. After each iteration the amount is increased by 1.
Next, the label which displays the progress of the download has to be updated. To do this, it is necessary to put the task back on the main queue, which makes sure that it is executed immediately. After a short timeout the next iteration starts.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=swift&gt;
import UIKit

class ViewController: UIViewController {
    
    @IBOutlet weak var task1: UILabel!
    @IBOutlet weak var task2: UILabel!
    
    @IBAction func start(_ sender: UIButton) {
        download(size: 70, label: task1, timeout: 10)
        download(size: 50, label: task2, timeout: 7)
    }
    
    func download(size: Int, label: UILabel, timeout: Int) -&gt; Void{
    
        DispatchQueue.global(qos: .userInitiated).async {
            // puts the download simulation on a global queue
            var amount = 0
            for _ in stride(from: 0, to: size, by: 1){
                amount += 1
                
                DispatchQueue.main.async {
                /* All actions which change the UI have to be put back on the main queue. */
                    label.text = String(amount)
                }
                // sets a timeout
                usleep(useconds_t(timeout*10000))
            }
        }
    }
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Error Handling ==

There are a lot of situations where errors can occure during the execution of your code. For example, when trying to read a file from your harddisk errors can occur due to missing permission or non-existing files. Swift provides couple of ways&lt;ref name=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Apple Inc. | 2017 | Error Handling | [online][accessed: 18.09.2017] | https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/ErrorHandling.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40014097-CH42-ID508&lt;/ref&gt; to deal with errors during code execution.

*Errors in a function can be propagated to the code calling the function
*do-catch statements
*optional values
*assert the error won't occur

=== Propagating Errors with throwing Functions ===

The keyword &lt;code&gt;throws&lt;/code&gt; is used in a function's declaration after the parameterlist. This function is then called a &quot;throwing function&quot;. 
In the example below, an enum is used to define two types of possible errors. Whenever the  &lt;code&gt;makeCoffee()&lt;/code&gt; function is called, the number of beans in the machine is decreased and a counter is increased. As soon as the beans are empty, an &lt;code&gt;outOfBeans&lt;/code&gt; error is thrown. If a certain number of cups was served, the &lt;code&gt;needsMaintenance&lt;/code&gt; error is thrown. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;swift&quot;&gt;
enum CoffeeMachineError: Error {
    case outOfBeans
    case needsMaintenance
}

class CoffeeMachine{
    var beans = 20
    var count = 1
    
    func makeCoffee() throws{
        if(count &lt; 6){
            
            if(beans &gt; 0){
                print(&quot;Enjoy your cup of coffee!&quot;)
                beans -= 1
                count += 1
            } else{
                throw CoffeeMachineError.outOfBeans
            }
        } else{
            throw CoffeeMachineError.needsMaintenance
        }
    }
}
var machine = CoffeeMachine()
for _ in stride(from: 0, to: 7, by: 1){
    try machine.makeCoffee()
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Do-Catch ===

Do-Catch statements are used to execute different statements depending on what type of error is thrown. For example, here a &lt;code&gt;needsMaintenance&lt;/code&gt; error is caught, the machine asks for maintenance and the counter is set back to 0.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=swift&gt;
var coffeeMachine = CoffeeMachine()
for run in stride(from: 0, to: 25, by: 1){
    do{
        try coffeeMachine.makeCoffee()
    } catch CoffeeMachineError.outOfBeans{
        print(&quot;Out of Beans!&quot;)
		
    } catch CoffeeMachineError.needsMaintenance{
        print(&quot;Machine needs Maintenance!&quot;)
        // Machine is maintained, counter gets set back to 0
        coffeeMachine.count = 0
    }
}	
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Converting Errors to Optional Values ===

With the &lt;code&gt;try?&lt;/code&gt; keyword, an error is converted to an optional value. The value of an expression is &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt; whenever an error is thrown during the execution. In the snippet below, an error is thrown as soon as the digit that should be returned is no longer greater than zero. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;swift&quot;&gt;
enum DigitError: Error{
    case outOfDigitsError(String)
}

var currentDigit = 9
func  getDigit() throws -&gt; Int {
    if(currentDigit &gt; 0){
        let tmp = currentDigit
        currentDigit -= 1
        return tmp
    }
    else{
        throw DigitError.outOfDigitsError(&quot;Sorry, no digits left...&quot;)
    }
}

for _ in stride(from: 0, to: 10, by: 1){
    if let digit = try? getDigit(){
        print(digit)
    }
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


== Accessing data from Sensors ==

Apple's mobile devices include a lot of sensors, including an Accelerometer, a Barometer, an Ambient light sensor and a Pedometer. iOS developers can access these sensors data in their projects with Swift. 

=== Pedometer ===

As an example, the snippet below shows how the Pedometer can be accessed and how data can be retrieved&lt;ref name=&quot;pedo&quot;&gt;Apple Inc. | 2017 | [online][accessed: 18.09.2017] | https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coremotion/cmpedometer&lt;/ref&gt;. This sensor is used for instance to count a persons steps. This project can be downloaded from GitHub.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=swift&gt;
import UIKit
import CoreMotion

@IBDesignable
class ViewController: UIViewController {
   
    
    @IBOutlet weak var stepsDisplay: UILabel!
    @IBOutlet weak var stepsToComplete: UILabel!
    
    let calendar = Calendar.current
    let todayDate = Date()
    var stepsToday: Int = 0
    let pedometer = CMPedometer()
    
    @IBInspectable
    var targetSteps = 10000
    
    func getStartOfDay(from date: Date) -&gt; Date{
        return Calendar.current.startOfDay(for: date)
    }
    
    func handler (_ data: CMPedometerData?, _ error: Error?) -&gt; Void{
        let steps = data?.numberOfSteps
        stepsToday = steps as! Int
        DispatchQueue.main.async(execute: {
            // puts the closure into the Main Queue so it will be executed immediately
            self.stepsDisplay.text = String(self.stepsToday)
            self.stepsToComplete.text = String(self.getStepsToGoal(target: self.targetSteps, actual: self.stepsToday))
        })   
    }
    
    func getStepsToGoal(target steps: Int, actual count: Int) -&gt; Int{
        return steps - count
    }
    
    @IBAction func getSteps(_ sender: UIButton){
        if CMMotionActivityManager.isActivityAvailable(){
            //checks if Activity Data is available
            pedometer.queryPedometerData(from: getStartOfDay(from: todayDate), to: todayDate, withHandler: handler)
            //queries data from the pedometer.
        }
    }   
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


== Unit Testing ==

In this section we will have a look at how simple unit tests can be implemented in Swift&lt;ref name=&quot;agile&quot;&gt;Nolan, G. (2017), Agile Swift: Swift Programming Using Agile Tools and Tech- niques, Springer Science+Business Media New York, New York&lt;/ref&gt;. For this purpose a simple class with three functions will be tested. The class contains variables for two integer values and three functions which can add, subtract or multiply those values.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=swift&gt;
import Foundation

class Calculator {
    
    var a: Int
    var b: Int
    
    init(a:Int, b:Int){
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
     }
    
    func add(a:Int, b:Int) -&gt; Int {
        return a + b
    }
    
    func sub(a:Int, b:Int) -&gt; Int {
        return a - b
    }
    
    func mul(a:Int, b:Int) -&gt; Int {
        return a * b
    }
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Next, let's have a look at how this class can be tested. First of all we have to import the &lt;code&gt;XCTest&lt;/code&gt; testing framework and the Calculator. In the test functions &lt;code&gt;testAdd()&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;testSub()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;testMul()&lt;/code&gt; an instance of the Calculator class is used to call the methods add, subtract and multiply to compare the result to an expected value. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=swift&gt;
import XCTest
@testable import Calculator

class CalculatorTests: XCTestCase {
    
    let calc = Calculator(a:0, b:0)
    
    override func setUp() {
        // called before every test method
        super.setUp()
    }
    
    override func tearDown() {
        // called at the end of every test method
        super.tearDown()
    }
    
    func testAdd() {
        XCTAssertEqual(calc.add(a: 1, b: 1), 2)
        XCTAssertEqual(calc.add(a: 1, b: 2), 3)
        XCTAssertEqual(calc.add(a: 5, b: 4), 9)
    }
    
    func testSub(){
        XCTAssertEqual(calc.sub(a: 5, b: 2), 3)
        XCTAssertEqual(calc.sub(a: 3, b: 3), 0)
        XCTAssertEqual(calc.sub(a: 6, b: 7), -1)
    }
    
    func testMul(){
        XCTAssertEqual(calc.mul(a: 2, b: 4), 8)
        XCTAssertEqual(calc.mul(a: 9, b: 9), 81)
        XCTAssertEqual(calc.mul(a: 0, b: 4), 0)
    }
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Numbers and measurements/Numbers</title>
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      <id>4632748</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-27T16:48:41Z</timestamp>
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        <id>3579569</id>
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      <text bytes="2892" sha1="6hhbceakidb5havfvpliezlea0ynlwl" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

==Countable numbers==
 Zero: 0
 One: 1
 Two: 2
 Three: 3
 Four: 4
 Five: 5
 Six: 6
 Seven: 7
 Eight: 8
 Nine: 9
 Ten: 10
 Hundred: 100
 Thousand: 1,000

==&quot;Uncountable&quot; numbers==
 Million: 1,000,000
 Billion: 1,000,000,000
 Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000
 Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000
 Quintillion: 10^18
 Sextillion: 10^21
 Septillion: 10^24
 Octillion: 10^27
 Nonillion: 10^30
 Decillion: 10^33
 Undecillion: 10^36
 Duodecillion: 10^39
 Tredecillion: 10^42
 Quattuordecillion: 10^45
 Quindecillion: 10^48
 Lcillion: 10^50
 Sexdecillion: 10^51
 Septendecillion: 10^54
 Octodecillion: 10^57
 Novemdecillion: 10^60
 Vigintillion: 10^63
 Unvigintillion: 10^66
 Duovigintillion: 10^69
 Trevigintillion: 10^72
 Quattuorvigintillion: 10^75
 Quinvigintillion: 10^78
 Sexvigintillion: 10^81
 Septenvigintillion: 10^84
 Octovigintillion: 10^87
 Novemvigintillion: 10^90
 Trigintillion: 10^93
 Googol: 10^100
 Gargoogol: 10^200
 Centillion: 10^303
 Faxul: 200!
 Googolchime: 10^1,000
 Millillion: 10^3,003
 Googoltoll: 10^10,000
 Marioplex: 10^12,431
 Myrillion: 10^30,003

==&quot;Unwritable&quot; numbers==
 Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000
 Micrillion: 10^3,000,003
 Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000
 Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000
 Googolplex: 10^10^100
 Googolbang: (10^100)!
 Kilofaxul: (200!)!
 Killillion: 10^10^3,000

==Class 4 numbers==
 Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003
 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000
 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30
 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60
 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90
 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100
 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120
 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150
 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180
 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210
 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240
 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270
 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300
 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100)
 Megafaxul: ((200!)!)!
 Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000

==Class 5 numbers==
 Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000
 Hexalogue: 10^^6
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)!
 Hapaxillion: E3,000#5
 Heptalogue: 10^^7
 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100
 Redillion: E3,000#6
 Octalogue: 10^^8
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Fortchillion: E3,000#7
 Ennalogue: 10^^9
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Txillion: E3,000#8
 Decker: 10^^10
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Bodyillion: E3,000#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Cacicillion: E3,000#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Tintrillion: E3,000#11
 Giggol: 10^^100
 Mega: approx 10^^258
 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100
 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100
 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9)
 Gaggol: 10^^^100
 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901
 Grahal: 3^^^^3
 Geegol: 10^^^^100
 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3
 Graham’s number: g64
 Forcal: g1000000
 Force Forcal: g(g1000000)
 DVD
 Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2}
 BIGG: 200?
 Rayo’s Number: basically infinity 
 Infinity: infinity

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="2887" sha1="afpggt52f6ij5ytikd8qt0yru3urc8t" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

==Countable numbers==
 Zero: 0
 One: 1
 Two: 2
 Three: 3
 Four: 4
 Five: 5
 Six: 6
 Seven: 7
 Eight: 8
 Nine: 9
 Ten: 10
 Hundred: 100
 Thousand: 1,000

==&quot;Uncountable&quot; numbers==
 Million: 1,000,000
 Billion: 1,000,000,000
 Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000
 Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000
 Quintillion: 10^18
 Sextillion: 10^21
 Septillion: 10^24
 Octillion: 10^27
 Nonillion: 10^30
 Decillion: 10^33
 Undecillion: 10^36
 Duodecillion: 10^39
 Tredecillion: 10^42
 Quattuordecillion: 10^45
 Quindecillion: 10^48
 Lcillion: 10^50
 Sexdecillion: 10^51
 Septendecillion: 10^54
 Octodecillion: 10^57
 Novemdecillion: 10^60
 Vigintillion: 10^63
 Unvigintillion: 10^66
 Duovigintillion: 10^69
 Trevigintillion: 10^72
 Quattuorvigintillion: 10^75
 Quinvigintillion: 10^78
 Sexvigintillion: 10^81
 Septenvigintillion: 10^84
 Octovigintillion: 10^87
 Novemvigintillion: 10^90
 Trigintillion: 10^93
 Googol: 10^100
 Gargoogol: 10^200
 Centillion: 10^303
 Faxul: 200!
 Googolchime: 10^1,000
 Millillion: 10^3,003
 Googoltoll: 10^10,000
 Marioplex: 10^12,431
 Myrillion: 10^30,003

==&quot;Unwritable&quot; numbers==
 Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000
 Micrillion: 10^3,000,003
 Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000
 Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000
 Googolplex: 10^10^100
 Googolbang: (10^100)!
 Kilofaxul: (200!)!
 Killillion: 10^10^3,000

==Class 4 numbers==
 Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003
 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000
 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30
 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60
 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90
 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100
 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120
 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150
 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180
 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210
 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240
 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270
 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300
 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100)
 Megafaxul: ((200!)!)!
 Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000

==Class 5 numbers==
 Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000
 Hexalogue: 10^^6
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)!
 Hapaxillion: E3,000#5
 Heptalogue: 10^^7
 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100
 Redillion: E3,000#6
 Octalogue: 10^^8
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Fortchillion: E3,000#7
 Ennalogue: 10^^9
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Txillion: E3,000#8
 Decker: 10^^10
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Bodyillion: E3,000#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Cacicillion: E3,000#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Tintrillion: E3,000#11
 Giggol: 10^^100
 Mega: approx 10^^258
 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100
 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100
 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9)
 Gaggol: 10^^^100
 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901
 Grahal: 3^^^^3
 Geegol: 10^^^^100
 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3
 Graham’s number: g64
 Forcal: g1000000
 Force Forcal: g(g1000000)
 Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2}
 BIGG: 200?
 Rayo’s Number: basically infinity 
 Infinity: infinity

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4632750</id>
      <parentid>4632749</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T16:48:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25678-89</username>
        <id>3579569</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2892" sha1="6hhbceakidb5havfvpliezlea0ynlwl" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

==Countable numbers==
 Zero: 0
 One: 1
 Two: 2
 Three: 3
 Four: 4
 Five: 5
 Six: 6
 Seven: 7
 Eight: 8
 Nine: 9
 Ten: 10
 Hundred: 100
 Thousand: 1,000

==&quot;Uncountable&quot; numbers==
 Million: 1,000,000
 Billion: 1,000,000,000
 Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000
 Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000
 Quintillion: 10^18
 Sextillion: 10^21
 Septillion: 10^24
 Octillion: 10^27
 Nonillion: 10^30
 Decillion: 10^33
 Undecillion: 10^36
 Duodecillion: 10^39
 Tredecillion: 10^42
 Quattuordecillion: 10^45
 Quindecillion: 10^48
 Lcillion: 10^50
 Sexdecillion: 10^51
 Septendecillion: 10^54
 Octodecillion: 10^57
 Novemdecillion: 10^60
 Vigintillion: 10^63
 Unvigintillion: 10^66
 Duovigintillion: 10^69
 Trevigintillion: 10^72
 Quattuorvigintillion: 10^75
 Quinvigintillion: 10^78
 Sexvigintillion: 10^81
 Septenvigintillion: 10^84
 Octovigintillion: 10^87
 Novemvigintillion: 10^90
 Trigintillion: 10^93
 Googol: 10^100
 Gargoogol: 10^200
 Centillion: 10^303
 Faxul: 200!
 Googolchime: 10^1,000
 Millillion: 10^3,003
 Googoltoll: 10^10,000
 Marioplex: 10^12,431
 Myrillion: 10^30,003

==&quot;Unwritable&quot; numbers==
 Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000
 Micrillion: 10^3,000,003
 Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000
 Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000
 Googolplex: 10^10^100
 Googolbang: (10^100)!
 Kilofaxul: (200!)!
 Killillion: 10^10^3,000

==Class 4 numbers==
 Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003
 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000
 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30
 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60
 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90
 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100
 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120
 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150
 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180
 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210
 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240
 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270
 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300
 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100)
 Megafaxul: ((200!)!)!
 Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000

==Class 5 numbers==
 Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000
 Hexalogue: 10^^6
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)!
 Hapaxillion: E3,000#5
 Heptalogue: 10^^7
 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100
 Redillion: E3,000#6
 Octalogue: 10^^8
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Fortchillion: E3,000#7
 Ennalogue: 10^^9
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Txillion: E3,000#8
 Decker: 10^^10
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Bodyillion: E3,000#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Cacicillion: E3,000#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Tintrillion: E3,000#11
 Giggol: 10^^100
 Mega: approx 10^^258
 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100
 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100
 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9)
 Gaggol: 10^^^100
 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901
 Grahal: 3^^^^3
 Geegol: 10^^^^100
 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3
 Graham’s number: g64
 Forcal: g1000000
 Force Forcal: g(g1000000)
 DVD
 Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2}
 BIGG: 200?
 Rayo’s Number: basically infinity 
 Infinity: infinity

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4632751</id>
      <parentid>4632750</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T16:49:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>3579569</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2887" sha1="afpggt52f6ij5ytikd8qt0yru3urc8t" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

==Countable numbers==
 Zero: 0
 One: 1
 Two: 2
 Three: 3
 Four: 4
 Five: 5
 Six: 6
 Seven: 7
 Eight: 8
 Nine: 9
 Ten: 10
 Hundred: 100
 Thousand: 1,000

==&quot;Uncountable&quot; numbers==
 Million: 1,000,000
 Billion: 1,000,000,000
 Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000
 Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000
 Quintillion: 10^18
 Sextillion: 10^21
 Septillion: 10^24
 Octillion: 10^27
 Nonillion: 10^30
 Decillion: 10^33
 Undecillion: 10^36
 Duodecillion: 10^39
 Tredecillion: 10^42
 Quattuordecillion: 10^45
 Quindecillion: 10^48
 Lcillion: 10^50
 Sexdecillion: 10^51
 Septendecillion: 10^54
 Octodecillion: 10^57
 Novemdecillion: 10^60
 Vigintillion: 10^63
 Unvigintillion: 10^66
 Duovigintillion: 10^69
 Trevigintillion: 10^72
 Quattuorvigintillion: 10^75
 Quinvigintillion: 10^78
 Sexvigintillion: 10^81
 Septenvigintillion: 10^84
 Octovigintillion: 10^87
 Novemvigintillion: 10^90
 Trigintillion: 10^93
 Googol: 10^100
 Gargoogol: 10^200
 Centillion: 10^303
 Faxul: 200!
 Googolchime: 10^1,000
 Millillion: 10^3,003
 Googoltoll: 10^10,000
 Marioplex: 10^12,431
 Myrillion: 10^30,003

==&quot;Unwritable&quot; numbers==
 Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000
 Micrillion: 10^3,000,003
 Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000
 Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000
 Googolplex: 10^10^100
 Googolbang: (10^100)!
 Kilofaxul: (200!)!
 Killillion: 10^10^3,000

==Class 4 numbers==
 Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003
 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000
 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30
 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60
 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90
 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100
 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120
 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150
 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180
 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210
 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240
 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270
 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300
 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100)
 Megafaxul: ((200!)!)!
 Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000

==Class 5 numbers==
 Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000
 Hexalogue: 10^^6
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)!
 Hapaxillion: E3,000#5
 Heptalogue: 10^^7
 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100
 Redillion: E3,000#6
 Octalogue: 10^^8
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Fortchillion: E3,000#7
 Ennalogue: 10^^9
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Txillion: E3,000#8
 Decker: 10^^10
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Bodyillion: E3,000#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Cacicillion: E3,000#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Tintrillion: E3,000#11
 Giggol: 10^^100
 Mega: approx 10^^258
 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100
 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100
 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9)
 Gaggol: 10^^^100
 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901
 Grahal: 3^^^^3
 Geegol: 10^^^^100
 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3
 Graham’s number: g64
 Forcal: g1000000
 Force Forcal: g(g1000000)
 Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2}
 BIGG: 200?
 Rayo’s Number: basically infinity 
 Infinity: infinity

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632752</id>
      <parentid>4632751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T16:49:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25678-89</username>
        <id>3579569</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2904" sha1="qmonpdnavevp9d01dl5ac5jlggudy8h" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

==Countable numbers==
 Zero: 0
 One: 1
 Two: 2
 Three: 3
 Four: 4
 Five: 5
 Six: 6
 Seven: 7
 Eight: 8
 Nine: 9
 Ten: 10
 Hundred: 100
 Thousand: 1,000

==&quot;Uncountable&quot; numbers==
 Million: 1,000,000
 Billion: 1,000,000,000
 Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000
 Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000
 Quintillion: 10^18
 Sextillion: 10^21
 Septillion: 10^24
 Octillion: 10^27
 Nonillion: 10^30
 Decillion: 10^33
 Undecillion: 10^36
 Duodecillion: 10^39
 Tredecillion: 10^42
 Quattuordecillion: 10^45
 Quindecillion: 10^48
 Lcillion: 10^50
 Sexdecillion: 10^51
 Septendecillion: 10^54
 Octodecillion: 10^57
 Novemdecillion: 10^60
 Vigintillion: 10^63
 Unvigintillion: 10^66
 Duovigintillion: 10^69
 Trevigintillion: 10^72
 Quattuorvigintillion: 10^75
 Quinvigintillion: 10^78
 Sexvigintillion: 10^81
 Septenvigintillion: 10^84
 Octovigintillion: 10^87
 Novemvigintillion: 10^90
 Trigintillion: 10^93
 Googol: 10^100
 Gargoogol: 10^200
 Centillion: 10^303
 Faxul: 200!
 Googolchime: 10^1,000
 Millillion: 10^3,003
 Googoltoll: 10^10,000
 Marioplex: 10^12,431
 Myrillion: 10^30,003

==&quot;Unwritable&quot; numbers==
 Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000
 Micrillion: 10^3,000,003
 Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000
 Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000
 Googolplex: 10^10^100
 Googolbang: (10^100)!
 Kilofaxul: (200!)!
 Killillion: 10^10^3,000

==Class 4 numbers==
 Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003
 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000
 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30
 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60
 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90
 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100
 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120
 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150
 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180
 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210
 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240
 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270
 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300
 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100)
 Megafaxul: ((200!)!)!
 Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000

==Class 5 numbers==
 Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000
 Hexalogue: 10^^6
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)!
 Hapaxillion: E3,000#5
 Heptalogue: 10^^7
 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100
 Redillion: E3,000#6
 Octalogue: 10^^8
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Fortchillion: E3,000#7
 Ennalogue: 10^^9
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Txillion: E3,000#8
 Decker: 10^^10
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Bodyillion: E3,000#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Cacicillion: E3,000#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Tintrillion: E3,000#11
 Giggol: 10^^100
 Mega: approx 10^^258
 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100
 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100
 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9)
 Gaggol: 10^^^100
 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901
 Grahal: 3^^^^3
 Geegol: 10^^^^100
 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3
 Graham’s number: g64
 Forcal: g1000000
 Force Forcal: g(g1000000)
 Gongulusongulus
 Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2}
 BIGG: 200?
 Rayo’s Number: basically infinity 
 Infinity: infinity

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632753</id>
      <parentid>4632752</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T16:49:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25678-89</username>
        <id>3579569</id>
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      <origin>4632753</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2887" sha1="afpggt52f6ij5ytikd8qt0yru3urc8t" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

==Countable numbers==
 Zero: 0
 One: 1
 Two: 2
 Three: 3
 Four: 4
 Five: 5
 Six: 6
 Seven: 7
 Eight: 8
 Nine: 9
 Ten: 10
 Hundred: 100
 Thousand: 1,000

==&quot;Uncountable&quot; numbers==
 Million: 1,000,000
 Billion: 1,000,000,000
 Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000
 Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000
 Quintillion: 10^18
 Sextillion: 10^21
 Septillion: 10^24
 Octillion: 10^27
 Nonillion: 10^30
 Decillion: 10^33
 Undecillion: 10^36
 Duodecillion: 10^39
 Tredecillion: 10^42
 Quattuordecillion: 10^45
 Quindecillion: 10^48
 Lcillion: 10^50
 Sexdecillion: 10^51
 Septendecillion: 10^54
 Octodecillion: 10^57
 Novemdecillion: 10^60
 Vigintillion: 10^63
 Unvigintillion: 10^66
 Duovigintillion: 10^69
 Trevigintillion: 10^72
 Quattuorvigintillion: 10^75
 Quinvigintillion: 10^78
 Sexvigintillion: 10^81
 Septenvigintillion: 10^84
 Octovigintillion: 10^87
 Novemvigintillion: 10^90
 Trigintillion: 10^93
 Googol: 10^100
 Gargoogol: 10^200
 Centillion: 10^303
 Faxul: 200!
 Googolchime: 10^1,000
 Millillion: 10^3,003
 Googoltoll: 10^10,000
 Marioplex: 10^12,431
 Myrillion: 10^30,003

==&quot;Unwritable&quot; numbers==
 Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000
 Micrillion: 10^3,000,003
 Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000
 Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000
 Googolplex: 10^10^100
 Googolbang: (10^100)!
 Kilofaxul: (200!)!
 Killillion: 10^10^3,000

==Class 4 numbers==
 Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003
 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000
 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30
 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60
 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90
 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100
 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120
 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150
 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180
 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210
 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240
 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270
 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300
 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100)
 Megafaxul: ((200!)!)!
 Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000

==Class 5 numbers==
 Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000
 Hexalogue: 10^^6
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)!
 Hapaxillion: E3,000#5
 Heptalogue: 10^^7
 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100
 Redillion: E3,000#6
 Octalogue: 10^^8
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Fortchillion: E3,000#7
 Ennalogue: 10^^9
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Txillion: E3,000#8
 Decker: 10^^10
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Bodyillion: E3,000#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Cacicillion: E3,000#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Tintrillion: E3,000#11
 Giggol: 10^^100
 Mega: approx 10^^258
 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100
 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100
 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9)
 Gaggol: 10^^^100
 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901
 Grahal: 3^^^^3
 Geegol: 10^^^^100
 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3
 Graham’s number: g64
 Forcal: g1000000
 Force Forcal: g(g1000000)
 Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2}
 BIGG: 200?
 Rayo’s Number: basically infinity 
 Infinity: infinity

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>afpggt52f6ij5ytikd8qt0yru3urc8t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632754</id>
      <parentid>4632753</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T16:49:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25678-89</username>
        <id>3579569</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1786" sha1="7i0zmw4z5it47mbh2eh79qobuv6scp2" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000
Micrillion: 10^3,000,003
Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000
Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000
Googolplex: 10^10^100
Googolbang: (10^100)!
Kilofaxul: (200!)!
Killillion: 10^10^3,000

==Class 4 numbers==
 Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003
 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000
 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30
 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60
 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90
 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100
 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120
 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150
 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180
 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210
 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240
 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270
 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300
 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100)
 Megafaxul: ((200!)!)!
 Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000

==Class 5 numbers==
 Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000
 Hexalogue: 10^^6
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)!
 Hapaxillion: E3,000#5
 Heptalogue: 10^^7
 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100
 Redillion: E3,000#6
 Octalogue: 10^^8
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Fortchillion: E3,000#7
 Ennalogue: 10^^9
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Txillion: E3,000#8
 Decker: 10^^10
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Bodyillion: E3,000#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Cacicillion: E3,000#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Tintrillion: E3,000#11
 Giggol: 10^^100
 Mega: approx 10^^258
 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100
 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100
 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9)
 Gaggol: 10^^^100
 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901
 Grahal: 3^^^^3
 Geegol: 10^^^^100
 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3
 Graham’s number: g64
 Forcal: g1000000
 Force Forcal: g(g1000000)
 Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2}
 BIGG: 200?
 Rayo’s Number: basically infinity 
 Infinity: infinity

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>7i0zmw4z5it47mbh2eh79qobuv6scp2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632755</id>
      <parentid>4632754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T16:51:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25678-89</username>
        <id>3579569</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632755</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2839" sha1="f7wwsx86rq7kely7xlx096hu854fs34" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000
Micrillion: 10^3,000,003
Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000
Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000
Googolplex: 10^10^100
Googolbang: (10^100)!
Kilofaxul: (200!)!
Killillion: 10^10^3,000

==Class 4 numbers==
 Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003
 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000
 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30
 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60
 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90
 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100
 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120
 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150
 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180
 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210
 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240
 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270
 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300
 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100)
 Megafaxul: ((200!)!)!
 Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000

==Class 5 numbers==
 Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000
 Hexalogue: 10^^6
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)!
 Hapaxillion: E3,000#5
 Heptalogue: 10^^7
 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100
 Redillion: E3,000#6
 Octalogue: 10^^8
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Fortchillion: E3,000#7
 Ennalogue: 10^^9
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Txillion: E3,000#8
 Decker: 10^^10
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Bodyillion: E3,000#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Cacicillion: E3,000#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Tintrillion: E3,000#11
 Giggol: 10^^100
 Mega: approx 10^^258
 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100
 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100
 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9)
 Gaggol: 10^^^100
 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901
 Grahal: 3^^^^3
 Geegol: 10^^^^100
 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3
 Graham’s number: g64
 Forcal: g1000000
 Force Forcal: g(g1000000)
 Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2}
 BIGG: 200?
 Rayo’s Number: basically infinity 
 Infinity: infinity
 Googol: 10^100
 Googolplex: 10^10^100
 Googolduplex: 10^10^10^100
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Googolquintiplex: E100#6
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Googolvigintiplex: E100#21
 Googoltrigintiplex: E100#31
 Googolquadragintiplex: E100#41
 Googolquinquagintiplex: E100#51
 Googolsexagintiplex: E100#61
 Googolseptuagintiplex: E100#71
 Googoloctogintiplex: E100#81
 Googolnonagintiplex: E100#91
 Googolcentiplex: E100#101
 Googolmilliplex: E100#1,001
 Googolmyriaplex: E100#10,001
 Googolmegaplex: E100#1,000,001
 Googolgigaplex: E100#1,000,000,001
 Googolteraplex: E100#1,000,000,000,001
 Googolpetaplex: E100#1,000,000,000,000,001
 Googolexaplex: E100#1,000,000,000,000,000,001
 Googolzettaplex: E100#1,000,000,000,000,000,000,001
 Googolyottaplex: E100#1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001
 Googolronnaplex: E100#1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001
 Googolquettaplex: E100#1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <id>4632757</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-27T16:51:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25678-89</username>
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      <text bytes="2855" sha1="m51n6bz2po1ug9a7hh3p4m6zqmdg7zd" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000
Micrillion: 10^3,000,003
Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000
Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000
Googolplex: 10^10^100
Googolbang: (10^100)!
Kilofaxul: (200!)!
Killillion: 10^10^3,000

==Class 4 numbers==
 Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003
 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000
 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30
 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60
 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90
 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100
 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120
 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150
 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180
 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210
 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240
 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270
 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300
 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100)
 Megafaxul: ((200!)!)!
 Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000

==Class 5 numbers==
 Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000
 Hexalogue: 10^^6
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)!
 Hapaxillion: E3,000#5
 Heptalogue: 10^^7
 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100
 Redillion: E3,000#6
 Octalogue: 10^^8
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Fortchillion: E3,000#7
 Ennalogue: 10^^9
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Txillion: E3,000#8
 Decker: 10^^10
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Bodyillion: E3,000#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Cacicillion: E3,000#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Tintrillion: E3,000#11
 Giggol: 10^^100
 Mega: approx 10^^258
 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100
 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100
 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9)
 Gaggol: 10^^^100
 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901
 Grahal: 3^^^^3
 Geegol: 10^^^^100
 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3
 Graham’s number: g64
 Forcal: g1000000
 Force Forcal: g(g1000000)
 Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2}
 BIGG: 200?
 Rayo’s Number: basically infinity 
 Infinity: infinity
 Googol: 10^100
 Googolplex: 10^10^100
 Googolduplex: 10^10^10^100
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Googolquintiplex: E100#6
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Googolvigintiplex: E100#21
 Googoltrigintiplex: E100#31
 Googolquadragintiplex: E100#41
 Googolquinquagintiplex: E100#51
 Googolsexagintiplex: E100#61
 Googolseptuagintiplex: E100#71
 Googoloctogintiplex: E100#81
 Googolnonagintiplex: E100#91
 Googolcentiplex: E100#101
 Googolmilliplex: E100#1,001
 Googolmyriaplex: E100#10,001
 Googolmegaplex: E100#1,000,001
 Googolgigaplex: E100#1,000,000,001
 Googolteraplex: E100#1,000,000,000,001
 Googolpetaplex: E100#1,000,000,000,000,001
 Googolexaplex: E100#1,000,000,000,000,000,001
 Googolzettaplex: E100#1,000,000,000,000,000,000,001
 Googolyottaplex: E100#1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001
 Googolronnaplex: E100#1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001
 Googolquettaplex: E100#1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}
Gongulusongulus</text>
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      <id>4632758</id>
      <parentid>4632757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T16:52:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NDG</username>
        <id>3510220</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-25678-89|~2026-25678-89]] ([[User talk:~2026-25678-89|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-15639-73: test edits, please use the sandbox</comment>
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      <text bytes="2887" sha1="afpggt52f6ij5ytikd8qt0yru3urc8t" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

==Countable numbers==
 Zero: 0
 One: 1
 Two: 2
 Three: 3
 Four: 4
 Five: 5
 Six: 6
 Seven: 7
 Eight: 8
 Nine: 9
 Ten: 10
 Hundred: 100
 Thousand: 1,000

==&quot;Uncountable&quot; numbers==
 Million: 1,000,000
 Billion: 1,000,000,000
 Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000
 Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000
 Quintillion: 10^18
 Sextillion: 10^21
 Septillion: 10^24
 Octillion: 10^27
 Nonillion: 10^30
 Decillion: 10^33
 Undecillion: 10^36
 Duodecillion: 10^39
 Tredecillion: 10^42
 Quattuordecillion: 10^45
 Quindecillion: 10^48
 Lcillion: 10^50
 Sexdecillion: 10^51
 Septendecillion: 10^54
 Octodecillion: 10^57
 Novemdecillion: 10^60
 Vigintillion: 10^63
 Unvigintillion: 10^66
 Duovigintillion: 10^69
 Trevigintillion: 10^72
 Quattuorvigintillion: 10^75
 Quinvigintillion: 10^78
 Sexvigintillion: 10^81
 Septenvigintillion: 10^84
 Octovigintillion: 10^87
 Novemvigintillion: 10^90
 Trigintillion: 10^93
 Googol: 10^100
 Gargoogol: 10^200
 Centillion: 10^303
 Faxul: 200!
 Googolchime: 10^1,000
 Millillion: 10^3,003
 Googoltoll: 10^10,000
 Marioplex: 10^12,431
 Myrillion: 10^30,003

==&quot;Unwritable&quot; numbers==
 Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000
 Micrillion: 10^3,000,003
 Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000
 Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000
 Googolplex: 10^10^100
 Googolbang: (10^100)!
 Kilofaxul: (200!)!
 Killillion: 10^10^3,000

==Class 4 numbers==
 Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003
 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000
 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30
 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60
 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90
 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100
 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120
 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150
 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180
 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210
 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240
 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270
 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300
 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100)
 Megafaxul: ((200!)!)!
 Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000

==Class 5 numbers==
 Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000
 Hexalogue: 10^^6
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)!
 Hapaxillion: E3,000#5
 Heptalogue: 10^^7
 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100
 Redillion: E3,000#6
 Octalogue: 10^^8
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Fortchillion: E3,000#7
 Ennalogue: 10^^9
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Txillion: E3,000#8
 Decker: 10^^10
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Bodyillion: E3,000#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Cacicillion: E3,000#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Tintrillion: E3,000#11
 Giggol: 10^^100
 Mega: approx 10^^258
 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100
 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100
 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9)
 Gaggol: 10^^^100
 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901
 Grahal: 3^^^^3
 Geegol: 10^^^^100
 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3
 Graham’s number: g64
 Forcal: g1000000
 Force Forcal: g(g1000000)
 Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2}
 BIGG: 200?
 Rayo’s Number: basically infinity 
 Infinity: infinity

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.  ==More== Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.  {{BookCat}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4632794</origin>
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      <text bytes="133" sha1="8piuzz7nc8t45xc8vjsmnwkc2fo3k6v" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>8piuzz7nc8t45xc8vjsmnwkc2fo3k6v</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4632795</id>
      <parentid>4632794</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T18:07:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Quinlan83</username>
        <id>3290607</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-25678-89|~2026-25678-89]] ([[User talk:~2026-25678-89|talk]]) to last version by NDG</comment>
      <origin>4632556</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2887" sha1="afpggt52f6ij5ytikd8qt0yru3urc8t" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

==Countable numbers==
 Zero: 0
 One: 1
 Two: 2
 Three: 3
 Four: 4
 Five: 5
 Six: 6
 Seven: 7
 Eight: 8
 Nine: 9
 Ten: 10
 Hundred: 100
 Thousand: 1,000

==&quot;Uncountable&quot; numbers==
 Million: 1,000,000
 Billion: 1,000,000,000
 Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000
 Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000
 Quintillion: 10^18
 Sextillion: 10^21
 Septillion: 10^24
 Octillion: 10^27
 Nonillion: 10^30
 Decillion: 10^33
 Undecillion: 10^36
 Duodecillion: 10^39
 Tredecillion: 10^42
 Quattuordecillion: 10^45
 Quindecillion: 10^48
 Lcillion: 10^50
 Sexdecillion: 10^51
 Septendecillion: 10^54
 Octodecillion: 10^57
 Novemdecillion: 10^60
 Vigintillion: 10^63
 Unvigintillion: 10^66
 Duovigintillion: 10^69
 Trevigintillion: 10^72
 Quattuorvigintillion: 10^75
 Quinvigintillion: 10^78
 Sexvigintillion: 10^81
 Septenvigintillion: 10^84
 Octovigintillion: 10^87
 Novemvigintillion: 10^90
 Trigintillion: 10^93
 Googol: 10^100
 Gargoogol: 10^200
 Centillion: 10^303
 Faxul: 200!
 Googolchime: 10^1,000
 Millillion: 10^3,003
 Googoltoll: 10^10,000
 Marioplex: 10^12,431
 Myrillion: 10^30,003

==&quot;Unwritable&quot; numbers==
 Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000
 Micrillion: 10^3,000,003
 Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000
 Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000
 Googolplex: 10^10^100
 Googolbang: (10^100)!
 Kilofaxul: (200!)!
 Killillion: 10^10^3,000

==Class 4 numbers==
 Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003
 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000
 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30
 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60
 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90
 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100
 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120
 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150
 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180
 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210
 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240
 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270
 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300
 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100)
 Megafaxul: ((200!)!)!
 Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000

==Class 5 numbers==
 Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000
 Hexalogue: 10^^6
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)!
 Hapaxillion: E3,000#5
 Heptalogue: 10^^7
 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100
 Redillion: E3,000#6
 Octalogue: 10^^8
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Fortchillion: E3,000#7
 Ennalogue: 10^^9
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Txillion: E3,000#8
 Decker: 10^^10
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Bodyillion: E3,000#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Cacicillion: E3,000#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Tintrillion: E3,000#11
 Giggol: 10^^100
 Mega: approx 10^^258
 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100
 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100
 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9)
 Gaggol: 10^^^100
 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901
 Grahal: 3^^^^3
 Geegol: 10^^^^100
 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3
 Graham’s number: g64
 Forcal: g1000000
 Force Forcal: g(g1000000)
 Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2}
 BIGG: 200?
 Rayo’s Number: basically infinity 
 Infinity: infinity

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25678-89</username>
        <id>3579569</id>
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      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.  ==More== Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.  {{BookCat}}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="133" sha1="8piuzz7nc8t45xc8vjsmnwkc2fo3k6v" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <id>4632797</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-27T18:08:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Quinlan83</username>
        <id>3290607</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-25678-89|~2026-25678-89]] ([[User talk:~2026-25678-89|talk]]) to last version by Quinlan83: reverting vandalism</comment>
      <origin>4632556</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2887" sha1="afpggt52f6ij5ytikd8qt0yru3urc8t" xml:space="preserve">This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one.

==Countable numbers==
 Zero: 0
 One: 1
 Two: 2
 Three: 3
 Four: 4
 Five: 5
 Six: 6
 Seven: 7
 Eight: 8
 Nine: 9
 Ten: 10
 Hundred: 100
 Thousand: 1,000

==&quot;Uncountable&quot; numbers==
 Million: 1,000,000
 Billion: 1,000,000,000
 Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000
 Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000
 Quintillion: 10^18
 Sextillion: 10^21
 Septillion: 10^24
 Octillion: 10^27
 Nonillion: 10^30
 Decillion: 10^33
 Undecillion: 10^36
 Duodecillion: 10^39
 Tredecillion: 10^42
 Quattuordecillion: 10^45
 Quindecillion: 10^48
 Lcillion: 10^50
 Sexdecillion: 10^51
 Septendecillion: 10^54
 Octodecillion: 10^57
 Novemdecillion: 10^60
 Vigintillion: 10^63
 Unvigintillion: 10^66
 Duovigintillion: 10^69
 Trevigintillion: 10^72
 Quattuorvigintillion: 10^75
 Quinvigintillion: 10^78
 Sexvigintillion: 10^81
 Septenvigintillion: 10^84
 Octovigintillion: 10^87
 Novemvigintillion: 10^90
 Trigintillion: 10^93
 Googol: 10^100
 Gargoogol: 10^200
 Centillion: 10^303
 Faxul: 200!
 Googolchime: 10^1,000
 Millillion: 10^3,003
 Googoltoll: 10^10,000
 Marioplex: 10^12,431
 Myrillion: 10^30,003

==&quot;Unwritable&quot; numbers==
 Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000
 Micrillion: 10^3,000,003
 Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000
 Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000
 Googolplex: 10^10^100
 Googolbang: (10^100)!
 Kilofaxul: (200!)!
 Killillion: 10^10^3,000

==Class 4 numbers==
 Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003
 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000
 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30
 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60
 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90
 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100
 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120
 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150
 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180
 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210
 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240
 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270
 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300
 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100)
 Megafaxul: ((200!)!)!
 Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000

==Class 5 numbers==
 Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000
 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100
 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000
 Hexalogue: 10^^6
 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100
 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)!
 Hapaxillion: E3,000#5
 Heptalogue: 10^^7
 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100
 Redillion: E3,000#6
 Octalogue: 10^^8
 Googolsextiplex: E100#7
 Fortchillion: E3,000#7
 Ennalogue: 10^^9
 Googolseptiplex: E100#8
 Txillion: E3,000#8
 Decker: 10^^10
 Googoloctiplex: E100#9
 Bodyillion: E3,000#9
 Googolnoniplex: E100#10
 Cacicillion: E3,000#10
 Googoldeciplex: E100#11
 Tintrillion: E3,000#11
 Giggol: 10^^100
 Mega: approx 10^^258
 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100
 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100
 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9)
 Gaggol: 10^^^100
 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901
 Grahal: 3^^^^3
 Geegol: 10^^^^100
 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3
 Graham’s number: g64
 Forcal: g1000000
 Force Forcal: g(g1000000)
 Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2}
 BIGG: 200?
 Rayo’s Number: basically infinity 
 Infinity: infinity

==More==
Go to [[/Googology/]] for more.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Samuel.dellit</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>397923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632723</id>
      <parentid>3478189</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T14:47:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>46022</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Professional */</comment>
      <origin>4632723</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3403" sha1="lqvcje1ygm32o8fvpqc626qrd0ir55q" xml:space="preserve">==Professional==
*1978–1986: Station Planning Branch, Department of Communications, Melbourne 
*1986–1990: Sunstate Broadcasting Services, Brisbane 
*1989–2005: Cunningham Australasia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 
*2005–2018+: Australian Communications and Media Authority, Canberra

==WikiBook of current interest==
[[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia|History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia]]
* [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/VIE Esperance|VIE Esperance]]
* [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/VIN_Geraldton|VIN Geraldton]]

==Wikipedia articles of current interest==
[[w:History of broadcasting in Australia]] (core article)

===Forgotten wireless pioneers===
* [[w:William Henry Bragg|William Henry Bragg]]
* [[w:Francis West Chambers|Francis West Chambers]] (coming real soon now)
* [[w:Frederick John Clendinnen|Frederick John Clendinnen]] (coming real soon now)
* [[w:Henry Walter Jenvey|Henry Walter Jenvey]]
* [[w:Edward Hope Kirkby|Edward Hope Kirkby]]
* [[w:Henry Lord|Henry Lord]] (coming real soon now)
* [[w:John Yeates Nelson|John Yeates Nelson]]
* [[w:James Oddie|James Oddie]] coming real soon now
* [[w:Arthur Lionel Rogers|Arthur Lionel Rogers]] coming real soon now
* [[w:George William Selby|George William Selby]] coming real soon now
* [[w:Joseph Patrick Slattery|Joseph Patrick Slattery]]
* [[w:J. W. Wallace|J. W. Wallace]] coming real soon now
* [[w:Philip Billingsley Walker|Philip Billingsley Walker]]

===Corporates===
* [[w:Australasian Wireless]] predecessor to AWA, well advanced

===Australasian Antarctic Expedition===
* [[w:Australasian Antarctic Expedition]] (core article)
* [[w:Walter Henry Hannam]] Expedition senior wireless operator and mechanic and Cape Denison operator 1912
* [[w:Arthur John Sawyer]] Macquarie Island senior wireless operator 1912  (coming real soon now)
* [[w:Charles Albert Sandell]] Macquarier Island assistant wireless operator 1912-1913 (coming real soon now)
* [[w:Sidney Jeffryes]] Cape Denison senior wireless operator 1913 who succumbed to Polar Madness and was relieved of duty
* [[w:Francis Howard Bickerton]] Cape Denison senior wireless operator of necessity 1913

===Editing Notes===

====Subsection Comments====
&lt;!-- &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; --&gt;
&lt;!-- Photo for possible inclusion in article --&gt;
&lt;!-- Map for possible inclusion in article --&gt;
&lt;!-- Relevant quote but not sufficiently important for inclusion in Wikipedia article --&gt;
&lt;!-- Relevant quote but not sufficiently important for inclusion in Wikipedia article, excepting supporting staff listing --&gt;
&lt;!-- Fascinating quote which should only be slightly trimmed down for inclusion in Wikipedia article --&gt;
====Cite====

[[w:Template:Cite news|Template:Cite news]]

====Duplicated References====

[[w:Help:External links and references|Help:External links and references]]

John Smith is forty-three.&lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;insert reference here&lt;/ref&gt;

John Plunkett said this, that, and then some in an article in the Guardian. &lt;ref&gt;Plunkett, John. [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html &quot;Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying&quot;], ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005. Retrieved on 28 October 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; John Smith agreed with what John Plunkett said.&lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Conlang/Appendix/Translation texts</title>
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        <username>Haidit</username>
        <id>3407514</id>
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      <text bytes="5815" sha1="5im1wt2mzin1kgtu3p14z8lt1pl7vvw" xml:space="preserve">{{Navlist/Top}}

These are texts you may wish to translate into your conlang.

__TOC__&lt;br /&gt;

== Article One of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ==

:* ''A popular translation text on {{{{BOOKNAME}}/ref|Omniglot}} and other language websites, this is short and explores vocabulary which may be challenging to translate.''

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

== Babel Text ==
:* ''The story of the Tower of Babel, ''Genesis 11:1&amp;ndash;9'', is a common choice for translation.  {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/ref|Jeffrey Henning}} recommended it as a standard comparison on the popular {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/ref|langmaker}} website, citing its language theme, repeated patterns, numerous existing translations, and less rigid form than the widely-translated Paternoster.  This is (substantially) the King James Version; of course one could work from other English translations, or from the Hebrew (which turns out to have some fascinating challenges in it).''

[[File:Conlangflag.svg|thumb|right|The {{{{BOOKNAME}}/ref|Conlang Flag}} includes the Tower of Babel because of the tradition of translating this text and confusion of languages in the story.]]
{{color|grey|&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;}} And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

{{color|grey|&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;}} And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there.

{{color|grey|&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;}} And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter.

{{color|grey|&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;}} And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.

{{color|grey|&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;}} And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded.

{{color|grey|&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;}} And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do.

{{color|grey|&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;}} Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech.

{{color|grey|&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;}} So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city.

{{color|grey|&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;}} Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.

== The North Wind and the Sun ==
:* ''This is one of Aesop's Fables.  Suggested for parallel translation as a short text of much freer form than the Paternoster.  The version below is an 1887 English translation by George Fyler Townsend.''

The North Wind and the Sun disputed as to which was the most powerful, and agreed that he should be declared the victor who could first strip a wayfaring man of his clothes. The North Wind first tried his power and blew with all his might, but the keener his blasts, the closer the Traveler wrapped his cloak around him, until at last, resigning all hope of victory, the Wind called upon the Sun to see what he could do. The Sun suddenly shone out with all his warmth. The Traveler no sooner felt his genial rays than he took off one garment after another, and at last, fairly overcome with heat, undressed and bathed in a stream that lay in his path.
:''Persuasion is better than force.''

== Juliet's Soliloquoy ==
This is Juliet's speech to Romeo in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Act II Scene 2.&lt;blockquote&gt;O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?

Deny thy father and refuse thy name.

Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love

And I’ll no longer be a Capulet.

‘Tis but thy name that is my enemy:

Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.

What’s Montague? It is nor hand nor foot

Nor arm nor face nor any other part

Belonging to a man. O be some other name.

What’s in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet;

So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call’d,

Retain that dear perfection which he owes

Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name,

And for that name, which is no part of thee,

Take all myself.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Jabberwocky ==
:* ''This poem by Lewis Carroll, from ''Through the Looking-Glass'', is a popular translation subject.  It makes playful use of language, with a relatively high density of invented words (especially in the first/last verse) with interesting {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/ref|phonaesthetics}}.''


[[File:Jabberwocky.jpg|thumb|right|Tenniel illustration for the original edition.]]
'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
:Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
:And the mome raths outgrabe.


&quot;Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
:The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
:The frumious Bandersnatch!&quot;


He took his vorpal sword in hand:
:Long time the manxome foe he sought—
So rested he by the Tumtum tree,
:And stood awhile in thought.


And as in uffish thought he stood,
:The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,
:And burbled as it came!


One, two! One, two! And through and through
:The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
He left it dead, and with its head
:He went galumphing back.


&quot;And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?
:Come to my arms, my beamish boy!
O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!&quot;
:He chortled in his joy.


'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
:Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
:And the mome raths outgrabe.


{{Navlist/Bottom}}</text>
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    <title>History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing</title>
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      <text bytes="1619" sha1="3eax8amrdfhmqunsgog4z5b62hi32px" xml:space="preserve">{{Incomplete}}

This Wikibook, as at 2021, is very largely the work of one author, however the scope of the work is such that it can never be completed by one person. It is hoped that others with an interest in the history of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia will also make a contribution to the book. Such contributions are most welcome and every assistance will be afforded.

The following is intended as a guide to editors in further developing the Wikibook:

Editing Cheatsheets
* [[/Overview|Overview]]
* [[/TOC|Table of Contents]]
* [[/Infobox|Infobox]]
* [[/References|References]]
* [[/Tables|Tables]]
* [[/Graphics|Graphics]]

Editing Templates

* Primary Articles
** [[/Biographies|Biographies]]
** [[/Coastal|Coastal Stations]]
** [[/Broadcast|Broadcasting Stations]]
** [[/Clubs|Radio Clubs and Societies]]
** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Notes Link|Brief Link to Transcriptions and Notes]] - deprecated but some examples still relevant

* Secondary Articles (subpages of primary articles)
** [[/Research|Research]] - based on 4BB - Robert John Beatson; other examples: Raymond Cottam Allsop
** [[/Notes|Transcriptions and Notes]] - 1820 to 2029 (but only copy from 1900 unless earlier years populated)
** [[/Notes2|Transcriptions and Notes2]] - 1900 to 1999 (partial extract from above)
** [[/Graphics|Photos, QSL cards and other graphics]]
** [[/Wikipedia|Incubator of Wikipedia Article]]

Tools of the Carrion

** [[Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]
* [[w:Wikipedia:Reliable_sources]]
* [[w:Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1620" sha1="6fmzu6w47uymxlogbr9pe6sfp20q5l2" xml:space="preserve">{{Incomplete}}

This Wikibook, as at 2021, is very largely the work of one author, however the scope of the work is such that it can never be completed by one person. It is hoped that others with an interest in the history of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia will also make a contribution to the book. Such contributions are most welcome and every assistance will be afforded.

The following is intended as a guide to editors in further developing the Wikibook:

Editing Cheatsheets
* [[/Overview|Overview]]
* [[/TOC|Table of Contents]]
* [[/Infobox|Infobox]]
* [[/References|References]]
* [[/Tables|Tables]]
* [[/Graphics|Graphics]]

Editing Templates

* Primary Articles
** [[/Biographies|Biographies]]
** [[/Coastal|Coastal Stations]]
** [[/Broadcast|Broadcasting Stations]]
** [[/Clubs|Radio Clubs and Societies]]
** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Notes Link|Brief Link to Transcriptions and Notes]] - deprecated but some examples still relevant

* Secondary Articles (subpages of primary articles)
** [[/Research|Research]] - based on 4BB - Robert John Beatson; other examples: Raymond Cottam Allsop
** [[/Notes|Transcriptions and Notes]] - 1820 to 2029 (but only copy from 1900 unless earlier years populated)
** [[/Notes2|Transcriptions and Notes2]] - 1900 to 1999 (partial extract from above)
** [[/Graphics|Photos, QSL cards and other graphics]]
** [[/Wikipedia|Incubator of Wikipedia Article]]

Tools of the Carrion

** [[/Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]
* [[w:Wikipedia:Reliable_sources]]
* [[w:Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>6fmzu6w47uymxlogbr9pe6sfp20q5l2</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1621" sha1="6szqmu8jm9fwkbsr05kceytorv9pxut" xml:space="preserve">{{Incomplete}}

This Wikibook, as at 2021, is very largely the work of one author, however the scope of the work is such that it can never be completed by one person. It is hoped that others with an interest in the history of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia will also make a contribution to the book. Such contributions are most welcome and every assistance will be afforded.

The following is intended as a guide to editors in further developing the Wikibook:

Editing Cheatsheets
* [[/Overview|Overview]]
* [[/TOC|Table of Contents]]
* [[/Infobox|Infobox]]
* [[/References|References]]
* [[/Tables|Tables]]
* [[/Graphics|Graphics]]

Editing Templates

* Primary Articles
** [[/Biographies|Biographies]]
** [[/Coastal|Coastal Stations]]
** [[/Broadcast|Broadcasting Stations]]
** [[/Clubs|Radio Clubs and Societies]]
** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Notes Link|Brief Link to Transcriptions and Notes]] - deprecated but some examples still relevant

* Secondary Articles (subpages of primary articles)
** [[/Research|Research]] - based on 4BB - Robert John Beatson; other examples: Raymond Cottam Allsop
** [[/Notes|Transcriptions and Notes]] - 1820 to 2029 (but only copy from 1900 unless earlier years populated)
** [[/Notes2|Transcriptions and Notes2]] - 1900 to 1999 (partial extract from above)
** [[/Graphics|Photos, QSL cards and other graphics]]
** [[/Wikipedia|Incubator of Wikipedia Article]]

Tools of the Carrion

** [[/Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]
* [[w:Wikipedia:Reliable_sources]]
* [[w:Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Australian Radio Magazines.. */ Reply</comment>
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      <text bytes="24649" sha1="ibu38roku2tjtd1sj92ejp18ig657pd" xml:space="preserve">==[[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/Wireless Institute Qld/Notes]]==
Delete per your blanking?--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:23, 3 June 2019 (UTC)
@Jusjih Yes please, accidental orphan--[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:37, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

== Reverts ==

I dont understand [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless_Weekly/Issues/1929_01_04&amp;oldid=prev&amp;diff=3721462 this] revert, mind explaining? Because they were only fixes to Wiki makeup and punctuation! Why revert? --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Synoman Barris|contribs]]) 21:24, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
::Infact all those reverts, i never changed any content, i was just fixing spacing and punctuation, your edit summary is thin! --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Synoman Barris|contribs]]) 21:26, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
:::Hello Synoman, apologies, I should have emailed you to explain the reverts further. I am in the early phase of a major project to text correct and make generally available the early issues of the iconic Australian Wireless Weekly publication from the 1920s and 1930s. This is necessary because NLA's Trove has not enabled text corrections for this work and their OCR is frequently faulty. At this stage I have only entered a few issues and text corrected even fewer issues. When you change (for example) &quot;wave length&quot; to &quot;wavelength,&quot; while it is grammatically correct, it does not reflect the original presentation of the page which is the primary objective. Again, if the entire issue has not been text corrected, ad hoc changes may be subsequently overwritten by other changes, so your time is wasted. Note the banner at the top of the page &quot;The text in its current form is incomplete.&quot; I would welcome your assistance in this project and if you would like to comprehensively enter and text correct one or more individual issues, I can send you links to the original PDFs and provide further guidance. Regards - [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 21:50, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
::::I am really sorry for this. Sorry for also messing with the books you were in the process of writing. Well also i am not an expert in that area so i may not help much. Please pardon me for my outburst, its just that i have been undergoing some issues in rl so i prefer going about with quiter areas. Best regards --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Synoman Barris|contribs]]) 07:01, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
:::::Not a problem at all, I struggle in Wikipedia doing battle with the policy experts and constantly have my work torn to shreds by people who seem to delight in creating problems. I too love the quiet of Wikibooks. If you would like to come on board with this Wikibook (even as a trial) I can give you lots of interesting material to read, format and text correct!- [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 10:01, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
::::::Hello, thanks for the offer, I have actually been skimming through your work on Wikipedia, it pretty good. I have also taken some hours reading your Wikibook, I actually have some interest in History though I am not an expert. I won’t mind if you send me some of the texts I read through at my free time, since I also like reading. If I am ready and interested I will be in touch but for now I prefer going about with things that don’t tire me much( if you read by self requested block on Wikipedia) I went on a break since I am experiencing a post-traumatic disorder in rl. Best regards --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Synoman Barris|contribs]]) 20:06, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia]] ==

Hello. Is it possible to not add in unnecessary &amp; empty sections? A lot of subpages of the book is [[Special:LongPages|very long]] and makes it hard to read. --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 12:45, 30 July 2021 (UTC)

::Hello Minorax, thanks for fixing up the links to Australian Newspapers in Trove articles, this is really tedious work and your efforts are really appreciated. In respect of &quot;unnecessary and empty&quot; sections, the format of this Wikibook has evolved over about 5 years now. For the &quot;Transcriptions and Notes&quot; subpages for each station and individual (which I assume you are referring to), I found it easier to start with a template of sections for every month, year and decade, sometimes well back into the 1800s. But I agree that several decades with no articles is truly boring to scroll through. In the last few months I have only been adding this template material decade by decade where articles are being added. As every pages banner state &quot;Incomplete&quot;, ie &quot;Work in Progress&quot;. Thanks again. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 10:25, 31 July 2021 (UTC)
:::Hi, sorry for being unclear, what I meant was the inclusion of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;!-- &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; --&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; in every sub-section. It bloats the pages size up by an unnecessary amount (~100k Bytes). --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 03:36, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
::::Ah, I see, sorry, but it is just so convenient to have it there for ready cut and paste. From my perspective a small space wastage factor, against increased time efficiency. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 08:59, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::I suggest having just one chunk of &quot;the stuff&quot; at the top. It's difficult to load a large page on legacy browsers, I removed it initially and it significantly trimmed the page down by a good 120kB. --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 05:03, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::If &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; could be added to the line of helps at the base of every editing page: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt; &lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt; &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; then I would have no need for the commented code at all. I have used the blockquote syntax several thousand times in the Wikibook, very important for me to have that code very handy for cut and paste [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 05:32, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::::I've added it to [[MediaWiki:Edittools]]. Can all of them be removed now? --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 03:50, 6 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::::Yes, thank you so much, works a treat, but would it also be possible to add the comments syntax &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;!-- --&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, its almost trival, but so handy [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 23:55, 6 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::::::Should be working fine now. --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 06:13, 7 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::::::Magic [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 11:39, 7 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::::::::[[Special:Diff/3957718]] I suppose this was due to me removing the headers? --[[User:Minorax|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;&quot;&gt;Minorax&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;&amp;laquo;&amp;brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&amp;brvbar;&amp;raquo;&lt;/sup&gt; 08:13, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::::::::Yes, I am happy for you to delete only &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;!-- &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; --&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 08:19, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::::::::I really don't see a need to actually undo the edits I've made as I'm trying to have an active conversation with you on why it is a need to trim off those stuff. Kindly take a look at [[Wikipedia:Article_size#Readability_issues]] and [[Wikipedia:Template limits]]. While the latter isn't much of a problem in the pages, the former is and I'm trying to fix it. As I've said before, some users are using legacy browsers, old computers, or are on mobile and having a page &gt;100 bytes will start to strain the device they are using. From that page alone, the amount of unnecessary content is at 116,345 bytes and what I've removed [[Special:Diff/3957773]] is not needed per se and I've it's really a must to have it, only have it commented out at the top of the page. I hope you see where I'm coming from and I'm making no attempt to make a fuss over this issue. --[[User:Minorax|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;&quot;&gt;Minorax&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;&amp;laquo;&amp;brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&amp;brvbar;&amp;raquo;&lt;/sup&gt; 12:48, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::::::::To quote what you've said above &quot;a small space wastage factor, against increased time efficiency&quot;, this isn't a small wastage factor and perhaps we could seek what {{U|Mbrickn}} has suggested, which is to have an edit notice that'll appear on every single page within the book. This is definitely the best way to tackle this issue from my point-of-view. --[[User:Minorax|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;&quot;&gt;Minorax&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;&amp;laquo;&amp;brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&amp;brvbar;&amp;raquo;&lt;/sup&gt; 12:51, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::::::::I haven't got any more time to waste on this stuff, thank you for the additions to [[MediaWiki:Edittools]]. You can now remove the tens of thousands of instances of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, the remaining templates are needed and only total a few hundred. I am also happy with the abbreviated URLs. Now please allow me to continue with content creation, our Australian wireless pioneers deserve this recognition. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 21:22, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies]] ==

The page was approaching the 2 MB (2,097,152-byte) hard limit imposed by MediaWiki. Very long pages make them hard to load content, especially for mobile devices.

I have, and am, spilting into subpages to offload the excess data and make them faster to load content.

Thanks. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 19:39, 12 December 2024 (UTC)

:It is incredibly rude of you to make these changes without prior reference to the author. That page is over 6 years of my life. There are major advantages in terms of searching for individuals in having everything on one page. Now that the page is largely complete, I have been progressively deleting a large volume of comments which are no longer required and which will bring the page well below the 2MB limit. Please revert the page to how it was before to let me continue with the ongoing page size reduction effort. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 20:21, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
::See [[w:WP:TOOBIG]] for more details. Pages over 15,000 words, equivalent to about 100kB, &quot;should be divided or trimmed&quot;.
::A page with 1MB size takes about 10-15 seconds to load on low end devices and any larger may make them crash.
::I don't think it is worth reverting given the slow loading times.
::What are your thoughts? [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 20:56, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::The utility of being able to search on one page for specific individuals, callsigns, locations etc far outweighs the slower load times. This is a specialist resource and users will have specific interests. They will not want to search 26 individual pages to find they data they want. Wikibooks is not Wikipedia, to which https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:TOOBIG primarily refers. The author of this page received the Wireless Institute of Australia's President's Commendation for this work, it is an amazing resource for anyone interested in the history of amateur radio and amateur broadcasting in Australia. Such a resource should be allowed to remain as is. Please revert to as was. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 00:27, 13 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I have now reverted, please no more tinkering with an important reference document [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 06:04, 13 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] also suggested spliting by letter for performance reasons. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 08:12, 14 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::Mate, you just don't understand Wikibooks, what's the point in telling the author to do something which will just result in me ceasing development of this important work on Wikibooks and continuing it elsewhere? Do some reading on the relevant Wikibooks pages to get a feeling for Wikibooks. Content creation is the over-riding priority. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 08:31, 14 December 2024 (UTC)

== I have reverted your blankings of Xeverything11's pages ==

'''[[w:WP:OWN|No one owns books on Wikibooks]].''' You are not allowed to blank other people's work just because you it was added to a book that you worked on. The proper venue for that is [[WB:RFD]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 03:12, 8 February 2025 (UTC)

:Hello JJPmaster
:This matter was taken to https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/General with Topic &quot;Page Size&quot;
:I have taken up some of the suggestions offered by reasoned contributors and am still working on implementing others.
:I ask that you should read the full discussion there before proceeding further.
:In the meantime your edits are adversely affecting my content creation and I ask that you revert your edits so that I can proceed unimpeded with this important work.
:Any further discussion should continue in Reading_room/General with Topic &quot;Page Size&quot;
:Regards
:Samuel Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 08:45, 8 February 2025 (UTC)

== Copyright on old magazine issues ===
{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Wikibooks can only accept [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|copyright]] materials with a [[WB:CC-BY-SA|CC-BY-SA]] compatible license'''.&lt;br /&gt;We [[Wikibooks:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] and appreciate your contributions. If {{#if:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23|[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]]|your edition}} is licensed with [[Wikibooks:Boilerplate request for permission|permission]] by the copyright owner(s) to use under a CC-BY-SA compatible license then you need to appropriately attribute the work within 7 days for it to remain at Wikibooks [[WB:COPYVIO|per policy]]. Please read [[Wikibooks:Media]] to learn more about the requirements. If you have any questions you can ask me personally or ask in the [[WB:HELP|reading room]]. Thank you; Happy editing! [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:10, 25 October 2025 (UTC)}}

:Please provide a full indication of why this publication is not in copyright. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:10, 25 October 2025 (UTC)
::Hello 
::Copyright has expired on all magazines, newsletters and newspapers published in Australia prior to 1955.
::That is why, inter alia, NLA's Trove republishes them extensively.
::Sorry, too busy at present to locate the reference, but it is well known and mentioned in Wikipedia.
::Regards
::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:42, 26 October 2025 (UTC)

{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Wikibooks can only accept [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|copyright]] materials with a [[WB:CC-BY-SA|CC-BY-SA]] compatible license'''.&lt;br /&gt;We [[Wikibooks:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] and appreciate your contributions. If {{#if:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1936 08|[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1936 08]]|your edition}} is licensed with [[Wikibooks:Boilerplate request for permission|permission]] by the copyright owner(s) to use under a CC-BY-SA compatible license then you need to appropriately attribute the work within 7 days for it to remain at Wikibooks [[WB:COPYVIO|per policy]]. Please read [[Wikibooks:Media]] to learn more about the requirements. If you have any questions you can ask me personally or ask in the [[WB:HELP|reading room]]. Thank you; Happy editing! [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:16, 25 October 2025 (UTC)}}

[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]
{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Wikibooks can only accept [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|copyright]] materials with a [[WB:CC-BY-SA|CC-BY-SA]] compatible license'''.&lt;br /&gt;We [[Wikibooks:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] and appreciate your contributions. If {{#if:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications|[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]|your edition}} is licensed with [[Wikibooks:Boilerplate request for permission|permission]] by the copyright owner(s) to use under a CC-BY-SA compatible license then you need to appropriately attribute the work within 7 days for it to remain at Wikibooks [[WB:COPYVIO|per policy]]. Please read [[Wikibooks:Media]] to learn more about the requirements. If you have any questions you can ask me personally or ask in the [[WB:HELP|reading room]]. Thank you; Happy editing! [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:21, 25 October 2025 (UTC)}}

Please provide full copyright status information as to each issue you are transcribing. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:21, 25 October 2025 (UTC)

:Hello 
:Copyright has expired on all magazines, newsletters and newspapers published in Australia prior to 1955.
:That is why, inter alia, NLA's Trove republishes them extensively.
:Sorry, too busy at present to locate the reference, but it is well known and mentioned in Wikipedia.
:Regards
:[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:43, 26 October 2025 (UTC)

Also:  
*[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Amateur Radio/Issues/1933 10]][[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:31, 25 October 2025 (UTC)
*[[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1944 01]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 23:55, 25 October 2025 (UTC)

:Hello 
:Copyright has expired on all magazines, newsletters and newspapers published in Australia prior to 1955.
:That is why, inter alia, NLA's Trove republishes them extensively.
:Sorry, too busy at present to locate the reference, but it is well known and mentioned in Wikipedia.
:Regards
:[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:43, 26 October 2025 (UTC)

== [[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY Sydney/Notes]] ==

It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:29, 25 October 2025 (UTC)

:Hello 
:Copyright has expired on all magazines, newsletters and newspapers published in Australia prior to 1955.
:That is why, inter alia, NLA's Trove republishes them extensively.
:Sorry, too busy at present to locate the reference, but it is well known and mentioned in Wikipedia.
:Regards
:[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:42, 26 October 2025 (UTC)

== Australian Radio Magazines.. ==


Elsewhere I've  raised concerns,  The issue isn't that this are PD in Australia, (You are in a position to know this.). The issue is that they might not be out of copyright OUTSIDE Australia due to URAA  (a 50 years pma regime backdating from around 1996 means authors in an Australian publication would have to died by 1945, unlesss as you've seemingly raised, pre 1955 works were already public domain, by 1996 regardless of author lifetimes. I reverted the copyvio tags, to enable you (or the team undertaking your project) to add additional biographical detail, or additionaly confirm what the global status of these are outside Australia.  

I would also strongly suggest that rather than relying on direct to content transclusion, you upload 'cleared' scans to Commons, which can than be taken through the Proofread page process used at Wikisource, which as during contiorbution/editing, the OCR or transcribed content can be compared against original page scans making the eventual result signifcantly more accurate. ( The interface is not identical obviously but is functionally lihe the approach TROVE had for old newsprint transcription at one time.) 
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:15, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:You seem to have answered your own question:
:&quot;unlesss as you've seemingly raised, pre 1955 works were already public domain&quot;
:I am not a copyright expert, but it seems patently obvious that any Australian public magazine published prior to 1955 is in the public domain worldwide.
:Can a Wikibooks copyright expert please review and definitively advise if there are any outstanding issues?
:National Library of Australia's Trove now offers text correction for most of these publications, import to Wikisource would be wasteful duplication of effort.
:[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:24, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ibu38roku2tjtd1sj92ejp18ig657pd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632839</id>
      <parentid>4632813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:47:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY Sydney/Notes */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4632839</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25062" sha1="aziu181e8yjm1estyvly99uc8d5s25u" xml:space="preserve">==[[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/Wireless Institute Qld/Notes]]==
Delete per your blanking?--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:23, 3 June 2019 (UTC)
@Jusjih Yes please, accidental orphan--[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:37, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

== Reverts ==

I dont understand [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless_Weekly/Issues/1929_01_04&amp;oldid=prev&amp;diff=3721462 this] revert, mind explaining? Because they were only fixes to Wiki makeup and punctuation! Why revert? --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Synoman Barris|contribs]]) 21:24, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
::Infact all those reverts, i never changed any content, i was just fixing spacing and punctuation, your edit summary is thin! --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Synoman Barris|contribs]]) 21:26, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
:::Hello Synoman, apologies, I should have emailed you to explain the reverts further. I am in the early phase of a major project to text correct and make generally available the early issues of the iconic Australian Wireless Weekly publication from the 1920s and 1930s. This is necessary because NLA's Trove has not enabled text corrections for this work and their OCR is frequently faulty. At this stage I have only entered a few issues and text corrected even fewer issues. When you change (for example) &quot;wave length&quot; to &quot;wavelength,&quot; while it is grammatically correct, it does not reflect the original presentation of the page which is the primary objective. Again, if the entire issue has not been text corrected, ad hoc changes may be subsequently overwritten by other changes, so your time is wasted. Note the banner at the top of the page &quot;The text in its current form is incomplete.&quot; I would welcome your assistance in this project and if you would like to comprehensively enter and text correct one or more individual issues, I can send you links to the original PDFs and provide further guidance. Regards - [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 21:50, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
::::I am really sorry for this. Sorry for also messing with the books you were in the process of writing. Well also i am not an expert in that area so i may not help much. Please pardon me for my outburst, its just that i have been undergoing some issues in rl so i prefer going about with quiter areas. Best regards --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Synoman Barris|contribs]]) 07:01, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
:::::Not a problem at all, I struggle in Wikipedia doing battle with the policy experts and constantly have my work torn to shreds by people who seem to delight in creating problems. I too love the quiet of Wikibooks. If you would like to come on board with this Wikibook (even as a trial) I can give you lots of interesting material to read, format and text correct!- [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 10:01, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
::::::Hello, thanks for the offer, I have actually been skimming through your work on Wikipedia, it pretty good. I have also taken some hours reading your Wikibook, I actually have some interest in History though I am not an expert. I won’t mind if you send me some of the texts I read through at my free time, since I also like reading. If I am ready and interested I will be in touch but for now I prefer going about with things that don’t tire me much( if you read by self requested block on Wikipedia) I went on a break since I am experiencing a post-traumatic disorder in rl. Best regards --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Synoman Barris|contribs]]) 20:06, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia]] ==

Hello. Is it possible to not add in unnecessary &amp; empty sections? A lot of subpages of the book is [[Special:LongPages|very long]] and makes it hard to read. --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 12:45, 30 July 2021 (UTC)

::Hello Minorax, thanks for fixing up the links to Australian Newspapers in Trove articles, this is really tedious work and your efforts are really appreciated. In respect of &quot;unnecessary and empty&quot; sections, the format of this Wikibook has evolved over about 5 years now. For the &quot;Transcriptions and Notes&quot; subpages for each station and individual (which I assume you are referring to), I found it easier to start with a template of sections for every month, year and decade, sometimes well back into the 1800s. But I agree that several decades with no articles is truly boring to scroll through. In the last few months I have only been adding this template material decade by decade where articles are being added. As every pages banner state &quot;Incomplete&quot;, ie &quot;Work in Progress&quot;. Thanks again. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 10:25, 31 July 2021 (UTC)
:::Hi, sorry for being unclear, what I meant was the inclusion of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;!-- &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; --&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; in every sub-section. It bloats the pages size up by an unnecessary amount (~100k Bytes). --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 03:36, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
::::Ah, I see, sorry, but it is just so convenient to have it there for ready cut and paste. From my perspective a small space wastage factor, against increased time efficiency. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 08:59, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::I suggest having just one chunk of &quot;the stuff&quot; at the top. It's difficult to load a large page on legacy browsers, I removed it initially and it significantly trimmed the page down by a good 120kB. --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 05:03, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::If &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; could be added to the line of helps at the base of every editing page: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt; &lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt; &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; then I would have no need for the commented code at all. I have used the blockquote syntax several thousand times in the Wikibook, very important for me to have that code very handy for cut and paste [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 05:32, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::::I've added it to [[MediaWiki:Edittools]]. Can all of them be removed now? --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 03:50, 6 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::::Yes, thank you so much, works a treat, but would it also be possible to add the comments syntax &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;!-- --&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, its almost trival, but so handy [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 23:55, 6 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::::::Should be working fine now. --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 06:13, 7 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::::::Magic [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 11:39, 7 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::::::::[[Special:Diff/3957718]] I suppose this was due to me removing the headers? --[[User:Minorax|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;&quot;&gt;Minorax&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;&amp;laquo;&amp;brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&amp;brvbar;&amp;raquo;&lt;/sup&gt; 08:13, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
:::::::::::Yes, I am happy for you to delete only &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;!-- &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; --&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 08:19, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::::::::I really don't see a need to actually undo the edits I've made as I'm trying to have an active conversation with you on why it is a need to trim off those stuff. Kindly take a look at [[Wikipedia:Article_size#Readability_issues]] and [[Wikipedia:Template limits]]. While the latter isn't much of a problem in the pages, the former is and I'm trying to fix it. As I've said before, some users are using legacy browsers, old computers, or are on mobile and having a page &gt;100 bytes will start to strain the device they are using. From that page alone, the amount of unnecessary content is at 116,345 bytes and what I've removed [[Special:Diff/3957773]] is not needed per se and I've it's really a must to have it, only have it commented out at the top of the page. I hope you see where I'm coming from and I'm making no attempt to make a fuss over this issue. --[[User:Minorax|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;&quot;&gt;Minorax&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;&amp;laquo;&amp;brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&amp;brvbar;&amp;raquo;&lt;/sup&gt; 12:48, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::::::::To quote what you've said above &quot;a small space wastage factor, against increased time efficiency&quot;, this isn't a small wastage factor and perhaps we could seek what {{U|Mbrickn}} has suggested, which is to have an edit notice that'll appear on every single page within the book. This is definitely the best way to tackle this issue from my point-of-view. --[[User:Minorax|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;&quot;&gt;Minorax&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;&amp;laquo;&amp;brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&amp;brvbar;&amp;raquo;&lt;/sup&gt; 12:51, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
::::::::::::I haven't got any more time to waste on this stuff, thank you for the additions to [[MediaWiki:Edittools]]. You can now remove the tens of thousands of instances of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, the remaining templates are needed and only total a few hundred. I am also happy with the abbreviated URLs. Now please allow me to continue with content creation, our Australian wireless pioneers deserve this recognition. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 21:22, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

== [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies]] ==

The page was approaching the 2 MB (2,097,152-byte) hard limit imposed by MediaWiki. Very long pages make them hard to load content, especially for mobile devices.

I have, and am, spilting into subpages to offload the excess data and make them faster to load content.

Thanks. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 19:39, 12 December 2024 (UTC)

:It is incredibly rude of you to make these changes without prior reference to the author. That page is over 6 years of my life. There are major advantages in terms of searching for individuals in having everything on one page. Now that the page is largely complete, I have been progressively deleting a large volume of comments which are no longer required and which will bring the page well below the 2MB limit. Please revert the page to how it was before to let me continue with the ongoing page size reduction effort. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 20:21, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
::See [[w:WP:TOOBIG]] for more details. Pages over 15,000 words, equivalent to about 100kB, &quot;should be divided or trimmed&quot;.
::A page with 1MB size takes about 10-15 seconds to load on low end devices and any larger may make them crash.
::I don't think it is worth reverting given the slow loading times.
::What are your thoughts? [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 20:56, 12 December 2024 (UTC)
:::The utility of being able to search on one page for specific individuals, callsigns, locations etc far outweighs the slower load times. This is a specialist resource and users will have specific interests. They will not want to search 26 individual pages to find they data they want. Wikibooks is not Wikipedia, to which https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:TOOBIG primarily refers. The author of this page received the Wireless Institute of Australia's President's Commendation for this work, it is an amazing resource for anyone interested in the history of amateur radio and amateur broadcasting in Australia. Such a resource should be allowed to remain as is. Please revert to as was. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 00:27, 13 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I have now reverted, please no more tinkering with an important reference document [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 06:04, 13 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] also suggested spliting by letter for performance reasons. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 08:12, 14 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::Mate, you just don't understand Wikibooks, what's the point in telling the author to do something which will just result in me ceasing development of this important work on Wikibooks and continuing it elsewhere? Do some reading on the relevant Wikibooks pages to get a feeling for Wikibooks. Content creation is the over-riding priority. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 08:31, 14 December 2024 (UTC)

== I have reverted your blankings of Xeverything11's pages ==

'''[[w:WP:OWN|No one owns books on Wikibooks]].''' You are not allowed to blank other people's work just because you it was added to a book that you worked on. The proper venue for that is [[WB:RFD]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 03:12, 8 February 2025 (UTC)

:Hello JJPmaster
:This matter was taken to https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/General with Topic &quot;Page Size&quot;
:I have taken up some of the suggestions offered by reasoned contributors and am still working on implementing others.
:I ask that you should read the full discussion there before proceeding further.
:In the meantime your edits are adversely affecting my content creation and I ask that you revert your edits so that I can proceed unimpeded with this important work.
:Any further discussion should continue in Reading_room/General with Topic &quot;Page Size&quot;
:Regards
:Samuel Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 08:45, 8 February 2025 (UTC)

== Copyright on old magazine issues ===
{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Wikibooks can only accept [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|copyright]] materials with a [[WB:CC-BY-SA|CC-BY-SA]] compatible license'''.&lt;br /&gt;We [[Wikibooks:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] and appreciate your contributions. If {{#if:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23|[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]]|your edition}} is licensed with [[Wikibooks:Boilerplate request for permission|permission]] by the copyright owner(s) to use under a CC-BY-SA compatible license then you need to appropriately attribute the work within 7 days for it to remain at Wikibooks [[WB:COPYVIO|per policy]]. Please read [[Wikibooks:Media]] to learn more about the requirements. If you have any questions you can ask me personally or ask in the [[WB:HELP|reading room]]. Thank you; Happy editing! [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:10, 25 October 2025 (UTC)}}

:Please provide a full indication of why this publication is not in copyright. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:10, 25 October 2025 (UTC)
::Hello 
::Copyright has expired on all magazines, newsletters and newspapers published in Australia prior to 1955.
::That is why, inter alia, NLA's Trove republishes them extensively.
::Sorry, too busy at present to locate the reference, but it is well known and mentioned in Wikipedia.
::Regards
::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:42, 26 October 2025 (UTC)

{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Wikibooks can only accept [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|copyright]] materials with a [[WB:CC-BY-SA|CC-BY-SA]] compatible license'''.&lt;br /&gt;We [[Wikibooks:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] and appreciate your contributions. If {{#if:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1936 08|[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1936 08]]|your edition}} is licensed with [[Wikibooks:Boilerplate request for permission|permission]] by the copyright owner(s) to use under a CC-BY-SA compatible license then you need to appropriately attribute the work within 7 days for it to remain at Wikibooks [[WB:COPYVIO|per policy]]. Please read [[Wikibooks:Media]] to learn more about the requirements. If you have any questions you can ask me personally or ask in the [[WB:HELP|reading room]]. Thank you; Happy editing! [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:16, 25 October 2025 (UTC)}}

[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]
{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Wikibooks can only accept [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|copyright]] materials with a [[WB:CC-BY-SA|CC-BY-SA]] compatible license'''.&lt;br /&gt;We [[Wikibooks:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] and appreciate your contributions. If {{#if:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications|[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]|your edition}} is licensed with [[Wikibooks:Boilerplate request for permission|permission]] by the copyright owner(s) to use under a CC-BY-SA compatible license then you need to appropriately attribute the work within 7 days for it to remain at Wikibooks [[WB:COPYVIO|per policy]]. Please read [[Wikibooks:Media]] to learn more about the requirements. If you have any questions you can ask me personally or ask in the [[WB:HELP|reading room]]. Thank you; Happy editing! [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:21, 25 October 2025 (UTC)}}

Please provide full copyright status information as to each issue you are transcribing. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:21, 25 October 2025 (UTC)

:Hello 
:Copyright has expired on all magazines, newsletters and newspapers published in Australia prior to 1955.
:That is why, inter alia, NLA's Trove republishes them extensively.
:Sorry, too busy at present to locate the reference, but it is well known and mentioned in Wikipedia.
:Regards
:[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:43, 26 October 2025 (UTC)

Also:  
*[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Amateur Radio/Issues/1933 10]][[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:31, 25 October 2025 (UTC)
*[[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1944 01]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 23:55, 25 October 2025 (UTC)

:Hello 
:Copyright has expired on all magazines, newsletters and newspapers published in Australia prior to 1955.
:That is why, inter alia, NLA's Trove republishes them extensively.
:Sorry, too busy at present to locate the reference, but it is well known and mentioned in Wikipedia.
:Regards
:[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:43, 26 October 2025 (UTC)

== [[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY Sydney/Notes]] ==

It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:29, 25 October 2025 (UTC)

:Hello 
:Copyright has expired on all magazines, newsletters and newspapers published in Australia prior to 1955.
:That is why, inter alia, NLA's Trove republishes them extensively.
:Sorry, too busy at present to locate the reference, but it is well known and mentioned in Wikipedia.
:Regards
:[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:42, 26 October 2025 (UTC)
::I have prepared a brief article on the subject of fair dealing as a subpage in the Wikibook:
::https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Editing/Fair_dealing
::You are welcome to develop and edit further.
::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 20:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Australian Radio Magazines.. ==


Elsewhere I've  raised concerns,  The issue isn't that this are PD in Australia, (You are in a position to know this.). The issue is that they might not be out of copyright OUTSIDE Australia due to URAA  (a 50 years pma regime backdating from around 1996 means authors in an Australian publication would have to died by 1945, unlesss as you've seemingly raised, pre 1955 works were already public domain, by 1996 regardless of author lifetimes. I reverted the copyvio tags, to enable you (or the team undertaking your project) to add additional biographical detail, or additionaly confirm what the global status of these are outside Australia.  

I would also strongly suggest that rather than relying on direct to content transclusion, you upload 'cleared' scans to Commons, which can than be taken through the Proofread page process used at Wikisource, which as during contiorbution/editing, the OCR or transcribed content can be compared against original page scans making the eventual result signifcantly more accurate. ( The interface is not identical obviously but is functionally lihe the approach TROVE had for old newsprint transcription at one time.) 
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:15, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

:You seem to have answered your own question:
:&quot;unlesss as you've seemingly raised, pre 1955 works were already public domain&quot;
:I am not a copyright expert, but it seems patently obvious that any Australian public magazine published prior to 1955 is in the public domain worldwide.
:Can a Wikibooks copyright expert please review and definitively advise if there are any outstanding issues?
:National Library of Australia's Trove now offers text correction for most of these publications, import to Wikisource would be wasteful duplication of effort.
:[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:24, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{TOC right|limit=3}}

==Link to Issue PDF==

[https://worldradiohistory.com/index.htm| WorldRadioHistory.com's] scan of Australasian Radio World - Vol. 01 No. 04 - August 1936 has been utilised to create the partial content for this page and can be downloaded at this link to further extend the content and enable further text correction of this issue: [https://worldradiohistory.com/AUSTRALIA/Archive-Australian-Radio-World/30's/Australasian-Radio-World-Vol-01-No-04-1936-08-01.pdf| ARW 1936 08]

In general, only content which is required for other articles in this Wikibook has been entered here and text corrected. The material has been extensively used, inter alia, for compilation of [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies| biographical articles]], [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Clubs| radio club articles]] and [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations| station articles]].

==Front Cover==
The Australasian Radio World

August 1, 1936; Vol. 1 - No. 4.; Price, 1/-

Registered at the G.P.O., Sydney, for transmission by post as a periodical

Cover Photo: Illustration of indigenous person operating a pedal generator powering a Teleradio transceiver (see story on page 6)

Highlighted Contents: &quot;Simplified D.W. Battery Moneysaver&quot;; D.C. Multi-meter; 5-metre Battery Receiver; &quot;Empire Shortwave Three&quot;; List of Prizes for Big All-Wave All-World DX Contest

==Inside Front Cover - Radiotrons Ad==
Radiotron 6B7S, SCIENCE IN A VACUUM, ENGINEERING IN MINIATURE, EXTREME ACCURACY IN EVERY DETAIL.

Radiotron valves have earned their reputation as the World's standard by reason of superiority. The preference of leading manufacturers and of the general public for Radiotrons is a result of enduring satisfaction which Radiotrons give to a greater degree than any other valve.

AMALGAMATED WIRELESS (AUSTRALASIA) LTD., 47 York Street, Sydney; 167-169 Queen Street, Melbourne

AUSTRALIAN GENERAL ELECTRIC LIMITED, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Hobart
(Advertisement of Amalgamated Wireless Valve Company Limited)

==P.01 - Kreisler Ad==
Kriesler
steps out in front again with a
DRY BATTERYLESS RADIO!
HERE is Radio that for sheer outstanding performance an'd economy of operation is miles ahead of anything previously offered.
With a current drain of only .9 ampere it marks new low levels in upkeep costs and maintenance.
ONLY KRIESLER GIVES A 3 YEARS GUARANTEE
Model 460
Broadcast
The ideal receiver for country 31 operation, this model has high sensitivity with extremely lo·w · noise level. Wonder dial and all other Kriesler features. GUINEAS
Model 470
Dual Wave
Combining all the features of model 460 with the additional benefit of short-wave reception of all ·world stations., Krieslel'l
offers this as the greatest development of modern radio ~
35 GUINEAS
And, TO CAP IT ALL, Kriesler presents with every batteryless receiver a cheque for £6, enabling the buyer to purchase at any time a £24 Kriesler Windcharger for £15, free of
Packing, Freight and Sales Tax. Charging power as Free as the Wind!
KRIESLER
The Best Set At Any Price
Send this coupon TODAY for full details of these wonderful Kriesler Receivers. This means money for you! Dealers,
write for special franchise.
KRIESLER AUSTRALASIA LTD.
Corner Pine, Myrtle &amp; Beaumont Sts., Chippendale, Sydney.
Telephone M439
==P.02 - Editorial Notes==
'''Editorial Notes . . .'''

'''FOUR YEARS OF PROGRESS.'''
During the past four years, radio has progressed perhaps more rapidly than ever before, particularly in regard to receiver design. 1932 saw the coming of the six- and seven-pin valves, and with their advent set designers discarded the old reliables, represented by the '24, '35, and 47, in favour of the 57, 58, and 2A5. Now these in their turn are giving way to the new American metal and English
spray-shielded releases. Base standardisation for all new type valves is also an advance worthy of mention.

'''CIRCUIT IMPROVEMENTS.'''
Circuit design has improved in step with, or rather, because of, advances in valve design. Diode detection, automatic volume control, noise suppression control, and then dual-wave and all-wave receivers were all made commercially practicable by valves designed specially for these features. 

'''BETTER TONE THE NEXT STEP.'''
The next step will undoubtedly be in the direction of improving tone; in fact, leading manufacturers are already releasing medium-priced receivers capable of giving high-quality reproduction. During the past few years, set designers have been forced to concentrate on obtaining high selectivity and maximum sensitivity - the former, because of the steady increase in the number of stations operating on the broadcast hand, and the latter, because of the rapid development of worldwide shortwave services. As a result, the modern superhet is more powerful and selective than ever before. What is now needed is these qualities combined with high-quality reproduction - a combination not easily obtained, for it means much more than just providing a modern superhet tuner with a high-class audio channel. Either variable selectivity or some form of tone compensation is needed - preferably the latter - while improved speakers and better baffling are going to help considerably. Price levels will probably be a little higher, because really good tone is expensive to obtain, but nevertheless the manufacturer who caters for this latest trend is going to reap a worthwhile reward.

==P.02 - Contents Banner==
'''THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD'''.

Incorporating The 

'''ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX NEWS'''.

Managing Editor:

A. EARL READ, B.Sc.

Vol. 1 - AUGUST - No. 4

==P.02 - Contents==

CONTENTS:

Pick-Ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

&quot;Air-Commodore&quot; Has High Gain and Selectivity . . . . 4

Radio Makes the Airways Safe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Pedal-Driven Teleradio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

&quot;Empire Shortwave Three&quot; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

A Simple Five-Metre Battery Receiver . . . . . . . . . 14

Palec Vacuum Tube Voltmeter . . . . . . . . . . . .  . 16

Adding Class B to the &quot;Sky-Cruiser Battery Four&quot; . . . 17

Radio Ramblings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Systematic Servicing Brings Best Results . . . . . . . 20

&quot;Simplified D.W. Battery Money-saver&quot; . . . . . . . . . 22

The ABC of Multi-Range Meter Design . . . . . . . . . . 27

A Nine·-Range D.C. Multi-Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Radio Step by Step (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

The Lighter Side of DX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Prize-Winning Transmitter Has Worked All Continents . . 34

Choosing and Using a Vacuum-Tube Voltmeter . . . . . . . 36

More About the 6L6 Beam Power Amplifier . . . . . . . . 39

The AU-Wave All-World DX News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

DX Champion Logs 600 Stations in Five Years . . . . . . . 44

&quot;Card-Hunting&quot; is Not Sole Aim of Dxing . . . . . . . . . 46

Identifying Shortwave Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Universal Time Conversion Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

DX Contest Arouses Widespread Interest . . . . . . . . . . 49

DX News and Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Logging South American Stations . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 51

Frequency Re-Shuffle For Japanese Broadcasters . . . . . . . . 52

Visiting DX Stations (3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

China to have High-Power S.W. Station . . . . . . . . . . 55

All-Wave All-World DX Club-List of Members . . . . . . . . 56

==P.02 - Publication Notes==

The &quot;Australasian Radio World&quot; is published monthly by A. E. Read. Editorial offices, 214 George Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone BW6577. Cable address: &quot;Repress,&quot; Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 15th of month preceding that specified for insertion. 

Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year ( 12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand. Subscribers in New Zealand can remit by Postal Note or Money Order.

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 214 George Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietors of the &quot;Australasian Radio World,&quot; 214 George St., Sydney   (Footnote P.56)

==P.3 - Pick-Ups==
The Beam Wireless Photogram Service between Australia and England gave Australian newspapers a wonderful scoop last month, when photographs of the attempt on the King's life were flashed across the world by radio, to appear in Sydney dailies within 24 hours of the event. The Photogram Service has played a dramatic part in many incidents since it was brought into operation in 1934. The assassination of King Alexander and the take-off of C. W. A. Scott's 'plane in the Centenary Air Race were two early events that were pictured here a few hours after they happened. The service is also proving of immense benefit to commerce by speeding up business tremendously. At a distance of 13,000 miles, reproductions of photographs, hand writing, drawings, plans, fashion plates, cheques, finger-prints and documents of all kinds are now being made. 

There have been plenty of stories about mice getting into the &quot;works&quot; of a transmitter and causing a break-down -in fact, one of them put 2CO out of action for half an hour some months ago - but the Colombian shortwave station HJ1ABB must be the first to be put off the air by an alligator! During a chat with W2XAF in Schenectady, New York, the South American station abruptly went off the air. It transpired afterwards that a tame croc. from a near-by river had entered the transmitter building, and with a side-swipe of its tail, had wrecked one of the big transmitting valves! 

Radiotrician, 
Service man,
Radio expert,
Service expert,
Radio mechanic,
Service technician,
What makes who a what? 

Following the erection of: a new 350-foot vertical radiator for Station WCKY, Connecticut (U.S.A.), a curious phenomenon was noticed by chief engineer Charles Topmiller. When the steel tower had been raised and guyed into position, rain clouds in passing struck the upper portion. Immediately rain started falling in a radius of 30 feet around the tower, and similar falls occurred on four consecutive days. It looks as though the cranks who write periodically to the papers blaming radio for both droughts and floods might be half right after all! Something must have gone wrong with stations in America during the recent record-breaking drought over there, though. 

A receiver tuned with a telephone dial of the automatic variety has just been marketed in the States by one of the leading manufacturers there, following an idea that first originated in Germany. Any desired station is dialed in just the same way as a desired telephone number is selected. The dial controls relays and a motor which drives the tuning condenser around. The number dialed determines where the motor is to stop.
The tuning is always exact, for it has been determined previously by precise instruments. As a means of eliminating slip-shod tuning, with consequent distortion. the idea is great, but production and service problems would worry most manufacturers to death. 

The W.A.S.P: Air Lines mail 'plane which travels over the Sydney-Broken Hill route twice a week is the latest to be fitted with a special receiver to enable the pilot to use the aural radio beacon established recently by A.W.A. at North Brighton, adjoining Mascot aerodrome.
The beacon sends out four beams practically at right angles, and a 'plane approaching or travelling away from Mascot can pick up the signals and &quot;ride the beam&quot; to the aerodrome in any kind of weather-even through fogs, storms, or darkness. A receiver is also being fitted to provide entertainment for the passengers during flights. 

This picture shows Mr. Menzies (centre) Australia's Attorney-General, standing on the steps of the Philips factory at Eindhoven, Holland, during his recent visit. He is accompanied by some of the directors.

==P.4 - &quot;Air-Commodore&quot; Has High Gain and Selectivity==

&quot;AIR-COMMODORE DUAL -WAVE . F I V E&quot;
HAS HIGH GAIN AND SELECTIVITY
Per.ior1nance to that o.i
Six-valve is equal
many
Models
READERS who are planning to build the &quot;Air-Commodore Metal-Valve Dual-Wave Five,&quot; described in the June &quot;Radio World,&quot; will be interested in the following report on tests made with the kit subsequent to its description.
Three Different Localities
. In order. to get a comprehensive idea of the set's behaviour under different conditions, it was given a thorough tryout in three different and widely varying locations. The first test was made in the heart of the
city, where although the noise interference was high, all the main interState stations could be received quite comfortably after three o'clock in the afternoon. London and Paris were also received at full volume, but were badly interfered with by local electrical noises. Even under these conditions, however, the &quot;Air Commodore&quot; showed a better signal-to-noise ratio: than three other A.C. receivers (two five-valve superhets and one six-valve) tested at the same time.
7 4 Broadcast Stations
The second test was made in the Eastern Suburbs, with a tram line
(continued on page 56)

==P.5 - Radio Makes the Airways Safe==

Radio
Makes the
Airfilays Saie
Radio aids to navigation have been perfected to such an extent that it is now possible for a pilot to take off on a flight . and land again without . taking his eyes from the instrument panel. How this is accomplished is explained in the following article.
By DOUGLAS N. LINNETT
RECENT years have seen a great advancement in the application of radio aids to increase the safety element in flying, until to-day blind flying, or flying 'by instruments, is an accomplished
fact. Pilots can now rely implicitly upon their directional radio equipment, and fly into any sort of weather without the slightest fear of straying off their course.
Radio ·Beacons Are Invaluable
By riding the waves of radio beacons, pilots can make safe landings without watching the ground or the horizon. They can guide their 'planes merely by watching the dials on the instrument board and listening to signals of marker beacons through the headphones; while they can land in a fog, at night or in the teeth of a blizzard without any fear of hitting the ground too hard or running into any hangars or sheds.
Already there is one radio beacon installed in Australia, but this guides the 'plane only to a point 'above its destination. If the airport is hidden by rain or sleet, the 'plane might crash. Radio, however, has
overcome the blind lq_ncling hazard by a system of
The instrument panel of the dualcontrol Stinson passenger monoplane Lismore, operated by Airlines of Australia. The 'plane has just been fitted with a special radio . receiver,
enabling the pilot to use the new aural radio beacon at Mascot aerodrome.
directive beams which consist of runway beacon, marker beacons and a landing beam. All these provide continuous and accurate information on the position of the aeroplane in three dimensions, as it approaches and reaches the instant of landing.
Exact Position Given
The runway beacon gives indication of the directional position of the aeroplane with respect to the airport, and ensures keeping the aircraft directed to and over. the desired landing runway.
Longitudinal position of the aircraft as it approaches the airport is given by a combination of the signals from a distance indicator with the aural signals received from two marker beacons. The distance
indicator, operated from the beacon receiver, reads field intensity of the runway beacon and may be calibrated approximately in miles from the beacon (say,
0-5 miles). Absolute indication of the longitudinal position when near the airport is given by aural signals from two 5-watt marker beacon transmitters. One signal is heard when the 'plane is within 2000 feet of the airport, and the other when it is over the field boundary.
Vertical guidance is given by a horizontally polarized ultra-high-frequency landing beam, which has the necessary direction in the vertical plane while spreading the beam out in the horizontal plane to afford
service in the 40-degree sector.
On the aircraft, a simple ultra-high-frequency receiver is used; but the sensitivity is so adjusted that the line of constant received signal below the inclined axis of the beam marks out a landing path which is
suitable for the aircraft and the airport. The horizontal index line across the face or the combined instrument represents the half.scale deflection, and corresponds to the proper landing path. The horizontal pointer represents the position of the aircraft relative to this path. 
The vertical and horizontal index lines of the combined instruments intersect in the centre of the instrument dial. The point of intersection, indicated by a small circle, represents the proper landing path, so by keeping the pointers crossed over the small circle, a suitable landing path is followed down to the point of landing, and the system requires a minimum of manipulation on the part of the pilot.
Landing A 'Plane By Radio.
In practice, the pilot follows the main radio beacon by listening to the blend of dots and dashes in his headphones. As he nears the airport, the signals get stronger and .stronger
until suddenly they stop. This marks the &quot;blind spot&quot; directly over the beacon itself and so the pilot knows he has reached his destination.
Re-tuning his receiver to the local runway beacon frequency, he swings the 'plane into a wide . clock-wise turn and ·presently the earphones and instrument dial pick up beacon signals again. The 'plane is now following the runway beacon, which is simply a miniature of the big airway beacon. Now the ingenious landing beam begins its work. Crossing the vertical needle on the beacon dial is a horizontal needle which swings up and down. If the 'plane is too high for its proper glide, the needle swings up· but if the 'plane is too low, down go~s the needle. Next, the highpitched signals from the first marker are heard in the headphones. These give the warning that the 'plane is 2000 feet from the field boundary and so the engine should be throttled down.
While the pilot is still following the landing beam by watching the instrument board, the low-pitched signals of the second marker beacon are heard. This indicates that the
'plane is over the edge of the field, and gives the warning to cut the motor. By this time, the pilot could see the ground in any kind ·of weather.
Flying Solely By Radio.
The complete practicability of this radio landing system has been amply demonstrated in making safe landings under conditions of zero visibility; while it has made possible blind flying in which radio is the sole means for navigation and for landing. So the technique of radio has made possible flying by instruments and. this has immeasurably increased the safety element in commercial aviation.
The .only limitation from the radio point of view is that the radio range over the main course gives only the direction towards the destination without any indication of the actual height above ground. The Barometric Altimeter now used gives the height above sea level, and can be adjusted to give the height above the starting point; but its limitations are obvious.
For instrument flying, therefore, equipment to give the actual height above ground level is urgently required over certain types of country.
Several systems have been suggested; but the one which makes use of the phenomena known as &quot;radio echo&quot; seems to have the greatest possibilities. Dr. E. F. W. Alexanderson, consulting engineer of the General Electric Company, is reported to have proved experimentally the feasibility of the &quot;Radio Altimeter&quot; ; while Professor Gun, of the Belle View Naval Research Laboratories. is said to have developed a system of radio altitude measurements for 'planes in flight. The object is to measure the distance that a radio wave after leaving the 'plane and being reflected back to  it again from the earth beneath, travels. Indications may be oral,
graphic, visual, or in the form of a warning that will call the pilot's attention when certain limiting values have been reached.
As far as navigation is concerned, the only further information that the pilot requires is his exact position along the course he is flying. This is supplied by marker beacons of short transmitting range that are placed along the course, and which send out a characteristic signal to indicate the approximate position of the 'plane. Then, if there is a change from one radio range to another, similar marker beacons indicate the turning point, and give warning that the receiver must be re-tuned for the new direction. 
==P.6 - Pedal-Driven Teleradio==
P~dal-driven Teleradio
· Boon to Isolated Districts
THIS month's front cover illustration shows the ingenious way in which the engineers of Amalgamated Wireless (A'sia) Ltd. have solved the problem of providing power for portable radio transmitting equipment used in inaccessible districts.
The pedal-driven generator shown on the right is the solution. When the transmitter is needed, a native boy mounts the machine and &quot;rides.&quot;
As the &quot;bicycle&quot; has no wheels, the boy gets nowhere, but the transmitter does, because the energy generated in this way provides all the power necessary to establish communication over distances of 200 miles and more. The complete equipment weighs about 1 cwt., and can be carried in sections.
The Archbold Expedition at present exploring North-west Papua kept in constant touch with the A.W.A. station at Port Moresby by means of one of these Teleradio sets, as they are called, during their journey of 560
miles up the Fly river. Incidentally, a member of the party who became ill during the trip was treated daily by radio from Port Moresby. The symptoms were described by radio to a doctor there, who radioed instructions back to the explorers.
Assists Distressed Ketch
Another illustration of the utility of the Teleradio set was provided several months ago, when an expedition was despatched from Port Moresby by the ketch Veimauri. One of the A.W.A.'s pedal sets had been fitted for the trip, which was expected to occupy twenty days. · On the second day out from Port Moresby very bad weather was encountered in the Gulf of Papua. The engine of the Veimauri stopped when the ketch was 50 miles from land, and as the boat was very heavily laden, the position became. serious. The wireless was brought into action, and communication was established with Port Moresby Radio, the result being that a relief boat with an engineer and spare parts was despatched within an hour to the assistance of the ketch.
On this occasion the boy on the &quot;bike&quot; must have been something of a trick cyclist, to stick on and keep the machine going while the boat was rolling and plunging in the heavy seas.
Popular In Isolated Districts
Teleradio sets have proved particularly valuable in Papua and the Mandated Territory of New Guinea, where no fewer than 36 of them are in use. They are employed by Government
officials on their journeys into places remote from settlement, thus enabling constant touch to be maintained with headquarters. Planters and gold mining companies have lately learned of
the value of this type of instrument, a call through which might save a journey of scores of miles over trackless territory.
Teleradio sets are admirable also as feeders of the main wireless lines of communication between New Guinea and the outside world. Thus an owner will transmit a message from his own locality to Rabaul or Moresby, to be sent on to a business firm perhaps in Sydney or other Australian capital. From the point of view of the owner of a small transmitter the traffic is good business, as the sender,
instead of paying 2d. per word to get his message to the main station, has the right of retaining ld. for acting as his own telegraphist. 
==P.7 - &quot;Empire Shortwave Three&quot;==
The 
&quot;Empire Shortwave Three&quot;
A three-valve battery-operated shortwaver using a 1C4 r.f. stage1 1 C4 detector, with electron-coupled regeneration, and 1 04 output pentode.
The photograph on the right shows the finished receiver. The three lower controls are (left to right) rheostat, on/ off switch, and regeneration control.
THIS three-valve battery
shortwaver was designed primarily for simplicity of . construction and operation, but also for high efficiency and low cost. The parts used are all standard;· in fact, many set-builders will have quite a few of them on hand already.
While the &quot;Empire Shortwave 'l'hree&quot; is simple both in circuit and layout, it is a great distancegetter, and is of a type that is very popular among shortwave enthusiasts in America to-day. The r.f. ::;tage, using a 1C4 screen-grid pentode, not only gives plenty of gain, but, what is just as important, it effectively isolates the aerial from the detector, eliminating the danger of ''dead spots'' on the detector dial, due to aerial damping.
Electron-Coupled Regeneration
Another 1C4 is used as leaky-grid detector. By connecting a shortwave r.f. choke in the positive leg of the detector filament, and returning the negative side of the filament to a small reaction winding
·
[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 23:21, 23 May 2020 (UTC), , ';'.)
..
• I
·1
I
as shown in the circuit, electron-coupled regeneration has been obtained.
This method of obtaining feed-back giYes excellent stability, with negligible de-tnning effect on the received signal when the regeneration control is advanced or retarded. Peed-back i::; controlled by using a potentiometer to vary the voltage applied to the detector screen-a method which gives velvetsmooth control, without the slightest sign of
'' ploppiness.''
Separate Tuning Controls
A pair of 23-plate midget variable coJtclensers
(.0001 mfd. capacity) are used for tuning the r.f.
and detector circuits. 'l'hese conclellSers could have been ganged and only one main tuning control used. but the construction would have been complicated by so doing. Also, as it is hopeless to expect home-wound coils to track perfectly, especially on shortwaYe, it would have been necessary to include a trimmer across the r.f. section of the two gang condenser. This means that two tuning controls are needed, even with ganged condensers, so the latter might just as well be separately~operated.
Sketch A (left) shows dimensions for preparing the front panel, B and C, for the aluminium shield partitions, while D gives details of the bracket
for mounting the r.f. valve under the chassis. All flanges shown should be ~in. wide. The chassis layout is shown elsewhere. 

In pi'.actice{{typo help inline|reason=similar to accite|date=September 2022}}, the setting of the r.f. dial. is not at all critical.
To keep the plate and grid leads to the r.£: valve short, the latter has been mounted horizontally under the chassis, as shown in the under-chassis
photograph. The result is that there is little or no &quot;pulling&quot; of one tuning circuit by the other; in fact, after a station has been tuned in, the r.f. dial can be rotated through the full 180 degrees without upsetting regeneration in the slightest. It acts merely as a volume control.
Impedance Coupling Used
To ensure highest gain, the detector has been impedance-coupled to the 1D4 output pentode. Resistance coupling could be used instead, but there would be less gain and also smooth regeneration over every waveband would be difficult to obtain, due to low detector plate voltage.
To prevent any tendency towards threshold howl, and also to level up the frequency response, a .25-megohm resistor is connected across the choke.
As regeneration takes place between screen and filament of the 1C4 detector, there is no need to include an r.f. choke in the plate circuit . . The .0005 mfd. by-pass condenser prevents any r.f. present from passing to the grid of the 1D4, though if a trace of it does get through it is by-passed by the .005 mfd. condenser shown connected from plate to screen of. the output pentode. This condenser also cuts out much of the &quot;mush&quot; that generally accompanies signals that have travelled half-way around the world.
D.P.D.T. On/Off Switch
A double-pole double-throw rotary on/off switch has been used, one section breaking the filament circuit when the set is switched off, and the other/ the potentiometer circuit.
When the set is turned on, there is a very slight current passing through the potentiometer. It amounts only to a fraction of a mill., but if it were present all the time the life of the &quot;B&quot; batteries would be shortened by a few weeks. Hence provision has been made to stop this drain when the set is turned off.
The simplest, cheapest and most satisfactory method of obtaining bias for a set of this type is to use automatic bias. To do this, a 500-ohm
R.F.C01L DET.COIL
----
The method of winding the coils, and the connections, are shown in this sketch, 

resistor is connected between earth and B --. The &quot;B&quot; current taken by the set, in passing through this, causes a voltage drop that is utilised for bias for the 1D4.
The 30-ohm rheostat has been provided so that either a 2-volt accumulator or two H-volt dry cells can be used for filament supply. Goat shields have been used for both screen-grid valves as being the most suitable for a set of this type. This is particularly the case for the horizontally-mounted r.f. valve, as the shield is clipped on to it and is firmly held.
The circuit of the &quot;Empire Shortwave Three.&quot;
The &quot;Empire Shortwave Three&quot; is powerful enough to provide plenty of volume for operating a speaker on many shortwave stations, but 'phones
will be found very handy for extreme DX work and for dial-searching generally. 

Parts Should Be Chosen Carefully.
The parts needed to build the &quot;Empire Shortwave Three&quot; are listed elsewhere. While they are all standard and are readily obtainable everywhere, they should be chosen with care if best results are to be obtained.
The vernier dials are particularly important, as they make all the difference to the ease with which the set can be operated. There should be no trace of noise or back-lash.
The next essential is a smoothworking potentiometer for the regeneration control. When the moving arm is rotated, the increase in screen voltage should be both smooth and gradual, and also no scraping noise
should be evident in the 'phones.
Potentiometers provided with wire contacts mounted on the resistance element are useless for the purpose, because as the moving arm shifts from one contact to another so the voltage increases or diminishes in
steps, resulting in &quot;ploppy&quot; regeneration. With the correct type of poten-
.......................................................

==P.14 - A Simple Five-Metre Battery Receiver==

==P.16 - Palec Vacuum Tube Voltmeter==
Useful Service Instrument
A soundly-designed vacuum tube voltmeter, such as that marketed by the Paton Electrical Instrument Company, is one of the most valuable instruments that any set designer or serviceman can have on hand.
One of the most serious source's of error in instruments of this type lies in the large input capacity that exists between the cable leads, one of which runs to the grid of the valve. In the
Palec V.T. voltmeter, however, this
drawback has been ingeniously over- come by mounting the valve.,-a 6J7
J)letal type-at the end of the flexible cable, as illustrated in the photograph above. In this way the grid cap can be placed in direct contact with the source of e.m.f. to be measured.
Another advantage of the 6J7 is that the current drawn by it is substantially constant over a fairly wide range of plate voltages, with the result that minor variations in line voltage have no effect on the calibration. ·
Has Built-In -Power Supply.
The instrument is a portable laboratory type weighing eight
August l, 1936.
pounds, and is housed in a black leatherette case measuring 8lin. x 9hn. x 5~in. It is equipped with its own power supply operating on 200-250 volts A.C. Valves used in the standard model are an 80 rectifier and a 6J7, but for ultra high frequency work a special model using an · Acorn type 954 valve can be supplied.
Directly Calibrated Micro-Ammeter.
The measuring instrument is a 150· micro-ammeter carrying individual direct reading scales for all vacuum-tube voltmeter ranges. An additional feature is that the instrument can be used as a high resistance
D.C. voltmeter (6,600 ohms per volt), with two ranges, 0-10 and 0-100 volts.
There are five switch positions. No. 1 provides a line check, in that by bringing the meter pointer to a marked position on the dial, all supplies to the vacuum tube voltmeter can be checked and set. Other ranges are as follows:-
No. 2-0-3h. Peak A.C., 0-2v. D.C.
No. 3-0-lOv. Peak A.C. and D.C.
No. 4-0-50v. Peak A.C. and D.C.
No. 5-Ext. D.C. volts, 0-10, 0-lOOv.

==P.17 - Adding Class B to the &quot;Sky-Cruiser Battery Four&quot;==

==P.19 - Radio Ramblings==
'''Hanging QSL Cards''' This is a good way to mount verification cards on the wall, without filling it with tacks. Get a large piece of cardboard; hang it on the wall, and then attach the cards to it with drawing pins. Another way is to get some paper tape (adhesive tape can be bought very cheaply), and cut it into one-inch pieces. Stick the bottom of one &quot;veri&quot; on to the top of the next, and so on. With one tack, 8 or 10 verifications can be hung. When taken down, the cards can be stacked tidily, just as though they were separated. -Jack Glew (AW13DX), Bentleigh, Vic. '''Simple Polarity Indicator.''' After buying a fair number of American and English DX magazines, I have always hoped that some day Australia could boast one of its own. Now, after reading your July issue, I find that the magazine I have wanted is here. I especially like your S.W. section, and hope that you continue to supply plenty of S.W. dope. Here is a small hint for the &quot;Radio
Ramblings&quot; page, that I trust will be of some use to others. I suppose there are readers who, like myself, have wanted some gadget for determining the poles of an accumulator or battery. Well, here is a simple yet effective instrument. A short length of 1/2 in. glass tubing is fitted at both ends with a cork, through which a short length of copper wire has been forced. The tube is three-quarters filled with a solution of 10 grains of phenolphthalein, 1/4 oz. sulphate of soda, and enough water to give the right volume. Shake the solution well before filling the tube. When placed across a battery the negative pole will turn a reddish colour, which will disappear when the solution is shaken. -Harry D. Hibberd (Bendigo, Vic.). '''&quot;Transocean&quot; Gives Great Results.''' There is no doubt that a magazine such as the &quot;Radio World&quot; was wanted throughout Australia. There have been many books, but they give all their space to the programmes and too little to amateur matters. Even the layman is interested in the strictly amateur side of the game. A friend of mine recommended the book and I am glad to say I got it, and it was No. 1, too. I will not miss one issue. Your articles on broadcast dxing are very interesting and helpful, and I have no doubt are appreciated throughout Australia. I have not had very much experience in dxing of the broadcast band, but on short waves have had a fair amount. I have had a small two-valve all-wave battery set for some years; my best on that was ZL's on 'phone about QSA4, R6-7. It was after seeing the description of the &quot;Transocean&quot; in the &quot;Radio World&quot; that I purchased the kit and built it. I have had excellent results on S.W. Last Sunday afternoon W's were teeming in on 20 m. Only picked out a few W6's and 7's, also XE2. Heard more, but got only the tail end of their addresses - missed the calls - worse luck. The XE2. was QSA5, R7-8; had to retard the volume, it was so loud. Tuning is done on an indoor aerial, and reception is on the speaker (Amplion dynamic). My outdoor aerial is, well, terrible - but will put up a doublet when I get the poles.-R. A. McGhee (Brisbane). '''&quot;Master Five&quot; Steps Out!''' The &quot;Dual Wave Master Five&quot; described in the June &quot;Radio World&quot; is an excellent performer. Sensitivity and selectivity are both very good.
Tone is full and pure, right up to full volume, which is ample for any home.
By using a variable resistance control in the oscillator plate supply of the 1C6 valve, in place of the 25,000 resistance, weak signals on the short- wave band can be brought up to fine
volume and the performance improved considerably. Reproduction on pick-up is also very pleasing.
Wishing your magazine every success.-Lindsay Smith (Horsham, Vic.)
it
Original DX Reports Bring Good Results
Have readers ever considered this aspect of dxing? Quite frequently over 2UW I have heard re-broadcasts from New York Radio City, British
B.B.C., and hosts of American and Continental stations. These 2UW broadcasts come in from midnight to dawn by courtesy of A.W.A. interception department at La Perouse
(N.S.W.).
I have written to the stations concerned and told them of their overseas reception being re-broadcast. I usually send details of 2UW's 24-hour schedules and a few clippings from newspapers and local
post-card views. Very often I have sent an Australian commemoration stamp, and as there are generally stamp collectors on radio stations, this is a greatly appreciated courtesy.
A local radio magazine or a newspaper sent to foreign radio stations is also appreciated, also match box labels, or tram, train or 'bus tickets.
For best results, dxers should make their reports as interesting and original as possible. Send your photograph, a packet of flower or vegetable seeds, or perhaps a visiting card anything to make your report a little
out of the ordinary. If possible, include some of your local tourist bureau folders or maps. Again, when sending a DX report to U.S.A. or Canadian radio stations, always
advise them that reliable and authentic publicity can be had from the Australian National Travel Association, Hotel Clark, Los Angeles, Calif.,
U.S.A.
Any New Zealanders or Australians wanting a local DX session
should write to Mr. Henry Gregory, c/o Stat10n 2.UW, State Shopping Block, 49 Market Street, Sydney,

==P.20 - Systematic Servicing Brings Best Results==
Syste111ati~ Servi~i11g
Brings Best Results
Thorough Set Overhaul
Gi,Tes Most Satisiactio1•
By &quot;SERVICEMAN&quot;
IN servicing receivers, a definite system of tracking down faults should always be followed. &quot;Hit or miss&quot; methods should not be tolerated, as in nine cases out of ten they mean high charges and
low profits. A well-equipped and properly-run service department can not only show a good return, but also it is a valuable aid in building goodwill.
The system for service procedure outlined below is perhaps more thorough than that generally used by servicemen, but it certainly gets results.
Suppose, for example, a radio comes; in for service, and after a few minutes with the voltmeter the serviceman finds it has a shorted screen by-pass condenser. Most service- men would replace that condenser with an equivalent unit and· return the receiver as O.K&quot; Methods like this do more to increase the cost of service than anything else, because, while the charge may be low in the first instance, the chances are ten to one that there are more leaky condensers and perhaps weak valves in the set which will necessitate another call a few weeks later. If such a case occurs, the owner not ·only pays for two calls, but he may also begin to doubt the ability ·of the serviceman.
The system developed by the writer includes rigid inspection and test of nearly all parts of a radio chassis and speaker. For the sake of clarity, each test is numbered, described, and details of the test equipment used are given. ·
Test No. 1 really includes the service call. It is useless for a service- man to rush into a home, collect the radio set, and rush it back to the N.S.W., Australia. Mr. Gregory will put on DX programmes any night,
midnight-to-dawn hours. 2UW is getting out very well in U.S.A., India and England, and they invite DX co-operation. Their New Zealand breakfast session from 4 to 5 a.m. E.A.S.T. is well worth listening to.
Another station that broadcasts regular DX programmes- for New Zealand- is amateur station VK2QY, 45 Oxford Street, Paddington, N.S.W.
Gilbert S. Hayman (Bronte, N.S.W.). workshop, because the trouble might easily be a faulty aerial wire, a shorted lightning arrester, a blown fuse, a break in the power flex, or a slipping knob or dial. A service call should include a rigid inspection of the aerial and earth system-and of the power circuit if the receiver fails to light up. If it lights but will not work, valves should be tested and re- placed if necessary.
If the fault is apparently in the chassis itself, •the set should be brought in to the workshop for repair. This procedure applies to sets located within a limited radius. If any great distance has to be covered
it is wise to treat the case as a special one and endeavour to repair the set on the job.
In Test No. 2 it is assumed that the receiver has been brought in for repair. The best procedure is to re- move it from its cabinet and clean ·the dust out of cabinet and chassis.
Then connect the receiver to a power outlet and hook up the aerial and earth. If there is still no reception, make a careful test of the valves.
The power transformer may smoke, which indicates a short or a breakdown. The rectifier plates may get red hot, indicating a short, probably in a filter condenser. Of course, in the case of a faulty transformer or condenser, the unit must be replaced before further tests can be made. Test No. 3 includes the checking of all condensers and resistors. Faulty condensers are among the commonest causes of breakdown. For this test use a good condenser analyser capable of measuring leakage and capacity. Any doubtful condenser should be discarded, particularly if high voltage is applied across it.
Many &quot;call-backs&quot; are eliminated if proper attention is given to the condensers ,and it should be remembered that radio owners do not like their sets going out of action about once a month. Condensers. should also be checked for capacity and while making this test it is as well to pull gently on the pigtails to make sure the condenser does not open intermittently. Resistors should be checked with an accurate ohmmeter or bridge, and anything showing a tolerance greater
(Continued on page 54.)
Systematic Servicing
(continued from page 2C)
than + or - 10 per cent. should be discarded. Volume and tone controls are included as resistors, and should be checked and replaced if faulty.
Test No. 4 includes an accurate check on all voltages and currents. This is best done with a multi-range meter, with. plate break adapters for measuring plate current. It is of course important, especially with non-A.V.C. sets, to have the volume control full on. This test ·should -take· very litt~e · · time, because by now it is established that valves, condensers and.,-resjstor,..s
are in perfect order. , : · Test No. 5 is purely a loudspeaker test. Intermittent faults are sometimes caused by a break in the field coil or a break in the primary of the matching transformer. For the speaker test, use a 400-volt power supply, with a 0-100 m.a. meter and 10,000-ohm heavy duty potentiometer in series, and pass a heavy current through the field coil and transformer primary. Any intermittent fault should show up immediately;
The speaker should now be tested for rattles, using a good baffle for the purpose. If there is even the slightest rattle, dismantle the speaker,  clean out any dust or dirt, re-assemble
it, and re-centre the cone. Elusive rattles may sometimes be cured by applying a thin coat of glue over the voice coil and its assembly. Also inspect voice coil connections for breaks.
The speaker should be in perfect order before it is returned to the cabinet.
Test No. 6 includes a complete line ~ up of the receiver. An all-wave signal generator is necessary for this test, preferably one with its output calibrated in microvolts so that the actual sensitivity of a receiver may be measured and passed as normal for a receiver of the type. Alignment should be perfect; and if the dial is  frequency calibrated, the stations should come in on the correct readings.
When sensitivity and calibration are finished, the receiver should be passed to test No. 7.
Test No. 7 is for the purpose of checking. The receiver should be checked for tonal quality, sensitivity, selectivity, dial calibration, speaker rattles, and for a slipping dial, as well as for other loose parts about the chassis. When passed as O.K. it should be replaced in the cabinet, checked again for dial position and loose knobs, and the cabinet polished. Test No. 8 is merely running the receiver for a period of time-preferably as long as possible, on a line voltage slightly higher than that to which it is accustomed. Country areas, particularly, have high line voltages, and this test is really more of a check on all the parts, to make sure that none will break down. The writer uses a transformer having a 230 v. primary and tapped secondary up to 270 v. (To be continued next month.)

==P.21 - Stromberg-Carlson Ad==

From a whisp~r ... TO CONCERT Hi-'\LL VOLUME !
WIDE TONAL RANGE
You'11 quickly understand the amazing popularity of the Stromberg-Carlson 1936 Console Grand, once you have actually seen the magnificent cabinet and heard Such as you',,e ne,,er heard before! the unrivalled tone of this modern· as-the-minute Radio! Tune it down to a whisper, or increase its volume to concert hall strength ... in every note of the tonal range you enjoy that same faithful reproduction.
The Console Grand cabinet is 33% heavier than the average, and thus entirely eliminates cabinet resonance. Here are some of the marvellous features of this wonder set:-
7 valves. Short wave covers 16-51 metre hands (which includes 5 short wave reception channels). Broadcast covers 194-555 (all Australian stations). Tone compensation. 6 watt undistorted power · output. Specially designed speaker. Tone control.
World-wide range. Mammoth chassis. Selectorlite dial which revolutionise!! tuning. 3-way isolation switch (broadcast, short wave and pick-up). · New non - microphonic condenser. Full automatic volume control.
Try the Stromberg-Carlson Console Grand for really remarkable DX. London, Paris, Berlin, etc., as clear as locals. Hundreds of other shortwave stations heard. All Australian, New
Zealand, etc., ·on broadcast band.
Ask your nearest StrombergCarlson dealer to demonstrate to you in your home.
Other Stromberg- Carlson models from 14 guineas-there's one to suit every personal preference.
CONSOLE GRAND-MODEL 736-39 GUINEAS
Stromberg-·Carlson
Wholesale Distributors in Australia and New Zealand. N.S.W.: Bennett &amp; Wood Ltd., 284 . Pitt Street. Sydney, and at Lismore. Wagg3.
Wireless Distributors, Box 93, Wagga.
Heiron &amp; Smith (Salonola), 91 Hunter Street, Newcastle.
Queensland: Noyes Bros. (Sydney) Ltd.,
Burton House, Elizabeth Street, Brisbane. Lawrence &amp; Hanson Electrical Co~ Ltd., 87 Elizabeth Street, Brisbane.
S.A.: Savery's Pianos Ltd., 29 Rundle
Street, Adelaide. Radio Wholesalers, James Place, Adelaide.
Victoria: Warburton Franki (Melb.) Ltd., 380-382 Bourke Street, Melbourne. M. Brash &amp; Co. Pty. Ltd., Elizabeth Street,
Melbourne; Vealls Pty. Ltd., 243-249 Swanston Street, Melbourne.
Tasmania: Hobart: Findlays Pty. Ltd., 80 Elizabeth Street; La1mceston: Wills &amp; Co. Pty. Ltd., 7 The Quadrant; Devonport:
Findlay &amp; Wills Pty. Ltd. ; Burnie: Findlays Pty. Ltd.
W.A. : Musgroves Limited, Lyric House,
Murray Street, Perth.
N.Z. : Goull'h, Goull'h &amp; Hamor M&lt;I.,
Cbrlatdiur cti, 

==P.22 - &quot;Simplified D.W. Battery Money-saver&quot;==
The Radiokes
&quot;Simplified Dual-Wave Battery Moneysaver&quot;
Five of the latest metal-clad high,-gain battery valves, together with improved dualwave coils and iron-cored l.F. transformers, are combined in an up-to-date circuit to make this battery kit-set one of the &quot;star&quot; receivers for 1936.
·················································································~
A YEAR or so ago it was impossible to design a battery receiver that would give results comparable with· those obtained from an a.e. operated set using· an equivalent number of valves. To-day, however, with the introduction of new high-gain 2-volt valves, this is no longer true. Radiokes engineers claim that this battery version , of their '' Moneysaver'' described last month can not only out-perform any other set in its class, but also, is the first receiver of its size and economy of operation capable of bringing in shortwave and broadcast stations at the same volume as a modern a.c. dual-waYe superhet.
That this claim is not an exaggeration has been borne out by actual tests, which proved that for sensitivity, selectivity, tone and volume, the battery &quot;Moueysaver&quot; compares very favourably with the best of five-valve a.c. dual-wavers.
Latest Valves An Important Feature.
Five of the new battery-type valves recently released in the Philips and Mullard makes are used in the kit. Three of them are metal-clad, and all use the new universal '' P'' base.
The mixer-oscillator is a KK2 Octode, which while similar in design to earlier converters of its type, . embodies several important imprnverne11ts that result in better performance.
Independent A.V.C. and diode detection, together with high audio gain and good fidelity, are all provided by the '' P'' base KBCl, working in conjunction with a KC3 driver and KDDI &quot;B&quot; class
output valve. 'l'his latter valve has a maximum power output of nearly 2 watts-more than ample for any home.
'rhe· quality of reproduction is very good, but builders who would like to take advantage of the ·wide range audio transformer supplied, and who do not mind slightly lower audio gain, can substitute a 30 driver and 19 output valve for the K03 anCl
KDDI. The resultant fidelity is excellent, thongl1 the total &quot;B&quot; current consumption increases from approximately 11 m.a. to 15 or 16 m.a.
lron-Cor.e I.F. 's Give High Gain.
Both selectivity and gain are exceptionally high in this receiver-due largely to the use of Litzwound iron-core intermediates. The dual-wave aerial and oscillator coils are not only very compact
-both sets of windings are in each case housed in a single can-but also, improved design has resulted in much higher efficiency, . with perfect tracking. The padding condenser for broadcast, by the way, 
Above: An unrler-cfwssis view of the completed kit, showing the simplicity of the assembly and wiring.
Right: This plan view shows the well-spaced layout. The special iron-cored J.F.'s m·e housed in attractive square cans. is pre-set at the factory to the correct capacity and needs little, if any, adjustment.
Stromberg-Carlson Gang and Switch
The two-gang condenser supplied with the kit is a Stromberg-Carlson type &quot;F,&quot; which has a new patented construction making it over 90 per
cent. non-microphonic.
The wave-change switch is also a new Stromberg-Carlson product. Each bank has three sections of three silver-plated contacts, mounted on very low-loss stamping material.
Two-Colour Tuning Dial
The &quot;Colourvision&quot; aero dial is calibrated in metres for both wr.&lt;ve-bands,  and has automatic colour . switching.
When the set is tuned to the broadcast band, the broadcast scale is illuminated in green.
When the wave-change switch is turned to shortwave the green fades out, and the shortwave scale is illuminated in red. The principal Australian stations and the international wave-bands are clearly indicated.
Doublet Aerial and Pick-up.
Though an ordinary &quot;L&quot; type aerial will bring in dozens upon dozens of shortwave and broadcast stations at full volume, maximum results will be obtained if a doublet aerial with
transposed lead-in is used.
Provision is made for an aerial of this type, and as well, pick-up terminals are provided, both additions being taken care of· by the two sets of three terminals mounted on the ·rear wall of the chassis.
An All-British Kit
As in the a.c. &quot;Moneysaver&quot; described last month, every part supplied with the kit is of British manufacture, and is of guaranteed quality.
Construction Described in Detail
Space does not perll).it this month of a detailed description of the kit's assembly. However, this is covered in a pamphlet that will be supplied by Radiokes Ltd. free on request. The assembly is covered down to the last detail in step-by-step instructions' given so fully and clearly that success is assured, even to those who have never tackled set-building before.
The description is lavishly illustrated with photographs, and as well there is a full-size wiring diagram with every connection clearly shown on it.
;A Few Don'ts for Dxers
Don't. report to any station unless you are positive you heard it.
Don't be impetuous. If your verification does not arrive per return post, remember that stations have other important work to do.
Don't send a second report until reasonable time has elapsed.
Don't try to be technical unless you ARE.
Don't resort to fulsome flattery; it will avail you nothing.
Don't forget to enclose return postage or coupon, especially to amateurs.
Don't use ordinary writing paper; the official report form lends prestige.
Don't take any notice of these hints
if you do NOT want verificatiop.s. 
===Kit of Parts===
Radiokes &quot;FIVE-VALVE SIMPLIFIED
BATTERY MONEYSAVER&quot;
DUAL-WAVE
Kit of Parts 1 RKS-SB chassis (sprayed) .
1 Stromberg-Carlson 2-bank switch
(special) same as RKS-8.
1 Radiokes D. W. ~rial coil in can.
1 Radiokes D. W • . oscillator coil in can. 2 Radiokes SIC-465B I.F. Transformers
(Nos. l and 2).
Radiokes AFB audio tran~former.
1 Radiokes DC-1 &quot;Colourvision&quot; dial.
RESISTORS. 3 Erie l meg. resistors.
1 Erie .5 meg. resistor.
2 Erie .1 meg. resistors.
1 Erie .05 meg. resistor. I .5 rneg, volume control, with switch.
1 Radiokes 20,000 ohm volume control
(sensitivity control) with insulating washers.
CONDENSERS. Stromberg-Carlson 2-gang condenser, .
· type &quot;F,&quot; without trimmers.
2 Radiokes 2-gang MEC trimmers without mounting holes.
1 .5 mfd. condenser.
3 .1 mfd. condensers.
1 .01 mfd. condenser.
2 .001 mfd. condensers. 1 .02 mfd. condenser. 1 .005 mfd. mica condenser.
2 . 00-01 mfd. mica condensers. 1 Radiokes 7-plate padder (peaked on oscillator).
SOCKETS. &quot;P&quot; sockets (must be numbered).
4-pin socket.
7-pin socket (small).
7-pin plug.
SUNDRIES.
4 Radie&gt;kes knobs. 1 Ra,diokes T-33 panel ~ompletely wired
with l'h&quot; pillars. 6 bakelite terminals (2 red, 4 black).
3 large grid clips. 4 2.5 volt pea lamps.
} yard. copper braiding.
5 yuds hook-up wire. 3 yards 16 gauge tinned copper wire .
1 ya,rd 7-way battery cable.
15 %&quot; x 1t'S&quot; R.H. brass screws.
12 :tAa.&quot; x 1;5&quot; R.H. brass screws.
2 :%,&quot; x %&quot; R.H. brass screws. 3 14&quot; x 1,4&quot; brass spacers with :t;S&quot; hole.
30 '.l/s&quot; hex. nuts.
12 lock washers, ~&quot; hole. 12 solder Jugs, plain single end.
3 yards 2 mil. spaghetti.
VALVES REQUIRED.
lfKK2; 1/KFB; 1/KBCl; l/KC3; 1/KDDl
(Philips, Mullard).
SPEAKER REQUIRED.
Permanent magnet dynamic, input trans- former to match KDDI (Amplion -&quot;Star&quot; type 05).
type 05).
BATTERIES REQUIRED.
3/45-volt ' heavy duty or triple duty, each tapped at 221;2 volts; 1/41/:,-volt &quot;C&quot;
battery tapped at 3 V. (Ever-Ready),
1/2-ve&gt;lt 100 amiJ. hour accumulator.

==P.27 - The ABC of Multi-Range Meter Design==
The ABC Of
Range ·
Multi·
Meter Design
By using a 0-1 milliammeter as a basis and adding shunts and multipliers to extend current and voltage ranges, a multi-range meter can be made up that will be found invaluable both in set-building and ·troubletracking. This article explains how the necessary resistance values are calculated. 
A SET-BUILDER
without a meter of some sort is as helpless as a ship without a rudder.
Like the ship, he can travel a certain distance but never for long in any one direction, and his chances of finally reaching his destination are very small.
High accuracy, flexibility, and low cost are the three main requirements of a meter designed for radio use. All three are fulfilled by employing a high-grade moving coil 0-1 m.a. meter as a basis, and extending voltage and current ranges by means of multipliers and shunts (series and parallel resistors).
How a Moving-coil Meter Works
The bare essentials of a moving coil meter are illustrated in fig. 1. M is a U-shaped permanent magnet with soft iron pole pieces PP. A cylindrical iron core, C, is clamped so as to leave a small, uniform air gap. Encircling the iron core and travelling in the gap is a light framework of aluminium or copper, carrying a coil of fine silk-covered wire, and pivoted so that it earl rotate over the whole of the arc covered by the pole pieces, the movement being controlled by two springs, one above and one below.
These also serve to conduct the current to and from the moving coil.
When a current passes through the latter, the resultant magnetic field set up interacts with that of the permanent magnet, and the coil (together with the pointer X) turns until the restraining influence of the springs brings it to a stop.
The coil frame not only acts as a support for the wire which carries the current to be measured, but. also damps the motion owing to the eddy currents induced in it . by the permanent magnet.
The coil, over the whole of its arc of movement, will be travelling across a field of constant and uniform flux density produced by the permanent magnet, and ·the torque, or turning force, that the coil experiences will be proportional to the current in the coil.
Thus, readings over the whole scale are uniform. 

High Sensitivity Essential
Regarding it first as a currentmeasuring device, the sensitivity of a meter is best expressed as the current at full-scale deflection. If this current is 1 milliampere, then such is the sensitivity. · In most voltage measurements in radio, it is essential that the current taken by the measuring instrument be kept as low as possible, to avoid the danger of obtaining misleading readings.
For this reason, a voltmeter taking 1 m.a. at full scale deflection has higher accuracy than one taking 2 m.a., · and much higher than one taking 5 m.a. The sensitivity, which can be regarded as a good indication of the accuracy of such a meter, can be obtained by dividing the full scale deflection in amperes into 1-in other words, it is the reciprocal of the full scale current in amperes. The result is given in ohms per volt; in this
1
case, it is --, or 1000 ohms per volt. .001
A 0-2 and 0-5 m.a. meter would have sensitivities of 500 and 200 ohms per volt respectively.
Extending Current Range
Every meter has a resistance of its own, which for a 0-1 milliammeter is generally round about 30 ohms. In fig. 2, this is represented
by R. If a current of 1 m.a. were flowing through the meter, the needle would register full scale deflection. If a resistance equivalent to that possessed by the meter were then connected across the terminals of the latter, half the current would :flow through each, and the meter would register .5 m.a. Thus the currentineasuring capacity of the meter has been doubled by the addition of the shunt, as a current of 2 m.a. is now needed to register full-scale deflection.
This explains the way that the current ranges are extended. To take a general case, let the resistance of the shunt be S ohms, the main current I m.a., and the branch cur- rents I, and I, (see fig. 1). With S
across it, the meter will be capable of measuring a current of say N times the full scale deflection.
We now have:-
1 = Ii + I, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a)
NI,= I .. .. .. .. .. ... . . .... (b)
Next, substituting for I in (a), we get
NI,= I,+ I, Therefore I, (N - 1) = J, . . (c)
The potential difference across the meter equals RI,, and that across the
shunt, SI,. Both must be equal, as they are potentials from A to B. Thus we have RI, = SI,.
Therefore, substituting for I, (from
( c))
RI, = SI, (N - 1)
R
giving S = -- . . . . . . . . . . . (d)
N-1
Thus if we had a 0-1 m.a. meter of, say; 30 ohms resistance, and we wanted to measure 10 m.a. full scale, the value of the shunt required could be found as follows:-
10
R = 30 ohms, and N = - = 10 ohms.
1
30 30
From (d), S = -- = - = 3.333 ohms
10-1 9
With a shunt of this resistance across the meter, current at full scale deflection would be 10 m.a, with proportionate intermediate readings. In this case, actual readings given by the meter should be multiplied by 10 to obtain the true reading.
Measuring Voltages
To measure voltages, a series instead ·of a parallel resistor is used.
The meter is still purely a current _indicator; it measures voltages only because of the resistance in series with it. In fig. 3, R, is used to, limit the current passing through the meter at the maximum voltage to be measured to 1 milliamp.
Thus, if R is the meter resistance and E the maximum voltage to be measured, from Ohm's Law, the current l=---
R+ R,
1
As I = 1 m.a. = -- ampere.
1000
1 E
1000 R + R,
giving R + :R, = 10010 E.
As mentioned before, R is usually only about 30 ohms. If E is 20 volts, R + R, = 20,000, and com- pared with R,, R is very small, and for practical purposes can be neglected. This leaves R, equal to 1000 E,
which means that the value in ohms of the required series resistor is equal to the maximum voltage the meter is required to measure, multiplied by 1000. Thus, for ranges of 20, 200, and 500 volts, series resistors
20,000, 200,000, and 500,000 ohms are required.
If the meter required 5 m.a. to give full-scale deflection, then R, would equal 200 E, and for the voltage ranges given above the necessary series resistors would have values of4,000, 40,000, and 100,0'00 ohms respectively.
Resistance Measurements
Fig. 4 shows the set-up for a singlerange ohmmeter, still using a 0-1 milliammeter. The current that will flow is given by the formula:
E
I - . . . (a)
R,+ R,
(where R, is the unknown). If E =
4.5 volts and R, is fixed, maximum
current will flow when R, = 0 ohms. But the meter will read up to 1 m.a. only, and so-- the minimum value that
't'iiE AUSTRALAStAN RADiO woR.tb
R, should be to restrict the current passing to this value can now be obtained by substituting in (a).
1 4.5
I = 1 m.a. = -- amp. =
1000 R1 + 0
Therefore R, = 4500 ohms.
In practice, R, is made up of a fixed and a variable resistance connected in series, in order to compensate for any voltage drop in the battery. With the test prods shorted, the resistance is adjusted until the
meter gives exact full-scale deflection, thus ensuring that the current passing with zero external resistance
M
I
RI
E.
'-------tl---------111--------'
:FIG. 4
I'IG. 5
is 1 m.a. In this way the accuracy is fully preserved, even though · the voltage of the battery drops with use.
Now, suppose that the unknown resistance has a value of 1500 ohms.
In this case the current reading of the meter will be:
4.5 1000
I = X -- m.a.
1500 + 4500 1
.75 m.a.
From similar calculations, corresponding readings for unknowns of, say, 4000, 20,000, and 100,000 ohms are .53, .18, and .045 m.a. respectively. Using these and other intermediate values, a graph can be easily
plotted so that the resistance of an unknown corresponding to any current reading can be instantly read off.
Obtaining Different Ranges.
Usually a 0-1 m.a. meter has a scale divided into 50 divisions, each
August 1, 1936.
division thus representing a current of 0.02 m.a. With the meter needle &quot;dead on&quot; the first division, a current of .02 m.a. is flowing. This represents roughly the maximum value of resistance that can be measured using the values assumed for R, and E
( 4500 ohms and 4.5 volts).
From (a), we find that
E-IR
X=---
1
4.5 - ( .00002 x 4500)
.00002
= 220,000 ohms, approximately.
For the other extreme, the 49th division on the 50-division scale represents a current of .98 m.a. Substituting in the above equation, we find that this represents a resistance of
roughly 100 ohms. So the resistance range that is covered is from 1001 to 220,000 ohms.
Now, if R, and E in fig. 4 arc doubled, each extreme of the original range is doubled, so the new range is from 200 to 440,000 ohms. Values read from the graph should now be multiplied by 2. If R1 and E are increased to 45,000 ohms and 45 voltsten times their former values-the range extends from 1000 ohms to 2.2 megohms.
Measuring Low Resistances
As regards measurement of low resistances, the method given above is accurate enough for most purposes.
Occasionally, however, the need arises for high accuracy, and in such cases the method shown in fig. 5 can be used.
The ohmmeter test ·prods are shorted, and the resistance R, is adjusted to give exact full-scale deflection. The unknown R, is then shunted across the meter as shown.
This diverts part of the current flowing through the meter, the amount depending on the resistance of R,. For example, if it is the same as the internal resistance of the meter, the latter will show a halfscale reading.
When the reading has been taken, the value of R, is calculated from the formula
RX I
R,=------
Imax.-I
where R is the meter resistance, I
the current reading, and I max. the full-scale deflection current.
With this method, highly accurate measurement of resistance from about 2000 ohms down to 20 ohms is possible, and reasonable accuracy is still obtained down to as low as .5 ohm.

==P.29 - A Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Meter==
A Nine-Range
D.C. Multi-Meter
The principles underlying the design of multi-range meters are fully explained in the preceding article. In that following, the construction of a multi-range tester that set-builders and servicemen will find invaluable is outlined.
J T was pointed out in the previous article that high accuracy, flexibility, and low cost are the main requirements of a meter designed for radio use.. All three are possessed by the multi-range meter
now to be described.
High accuracy has been ensured by using a high-grade 0-1 milliammeter as a basis for the circuit, and by using laboratory-tested shunts and multipliers to give the various current and voltage ranges. As for flexibility, no less than nine ranges are incorporated-four voltage (0-10, 0-50, 0-250, and 0-500 volts) three current (0-1, 0-10, and 0-100 mills.) and two resistance (0-10,000 and 0-100,000
ohms).
· The last consideration, that of cost, is as important as any, as few setbuilders can afford more than ongood meter. This point has been carefully watched in this tester, with the
result that the complete kit of parts,
including an engraved and readydrilled panel, can be purchased for
A sub-pwwl view of the testei·,
only £4. Alternatively, anyone who has a 0-1 milliammeter already on hand can use it and merely buy the balance of the kit. A meter of any resistance up&gt; to 100 ohms can be used, as will be explained later.
Features of The Kit
The complete kit of parts for
A photograph of the completed mnl.ti-meter, showing the nine ranges it covers engraved on the panel.
tester is shown elsewhere. The basis of the instrument is a Palec 0-1 mil- liammeter - a precision-built, high- grade meter that can be depended on to give high accuracy and trouble-free service.
Reads A.C. As Well
The meter is fitted with a universal scale, and as it is calibrated both for A.C. as well as D.C., it can be easily converted for A.C. operation as well by adding a four-pole double~throw
switch and a small copper oxide rectifier unit. The conversion will be described in a future issue of the
&quot;Radio World.&quot;
Sockets Simplest and Best Nine sockets of a special positive contact type have been used for the various ranges. A multi-contact switch could have been used instead, but on practically all counts the sockets are preferable. A switch that will give trouble-free operation for all time is both expensive and difficult to obtain. In the current ranges especially, the switch contacts must have zero resistance-even a small fraction of an ohm could mean serious error in readings.
As well, a multi-contact switch is not easy to wire, but sockets are simple. The two test leads supplied are each fitted with a plug at one end and test prod at the other. The leads are rubber-covered, and, unlike
29
those sometimes supplied with commercial testers, will stand up to plenty of wear . .
Assembly Is Straight-Forward
The panel is supplied ready drilled and engraved, and all that builders have to do is to mount and wire the parts, when the tester is ready for operation.
The multipliers for the four voltage ranges are guaranteed accurate to within 1%, and are specially treated against humidity. --
The leatherette-covered case and carrying-handle, as shown in the photographs, is supplied as an extra.
Alternatively, builders could make up a wooden box &gt;in which to house the completed meter.
The Circuit Explained
Figures 1 (a), (b), and (c) show how the circuit of the tester is built up around a 0-1 m.a. meter.
The resistors for the four voltage ranges are calculated from the simple formula given in the previous article:
25'0,000&quot;' 250 v. C::· .-.-.AAJV\JV\/V'tJ&quot;----1
so~n.~~'-AIV'&quot;&quot;vv&quot;&quot;'rv~---1
IO~n..~JV'VVVVVVVVV-~-t
ls ll·llw
le
11·11 (&amp;)
400w
400c.&gt;
~~. 4·5v.
L,1111J±:&lt;? . COMMON.
10
SCALE
10
THE AUSTRALASIAN ·RADIO WORLD
Rl = 1000 E, where Rl is the seriesnresistor and E, the maximum voltage to be measured in each case. Thus, for ranges of 0-10, 0-50, 0-250, and
0-500 volts, series .resistors of 10,000, 50,000, 250,000, and. 500,000 ohms are required. . A sensitivity of 1,000 ohms per volt is obtained on all voltage readings.
In -1 (b) is shown the three-range milliammeter circuit, the ranges being O•l, 0-10, and 0-100 m.a. The 70-ohm resistor shown in series with the meter has been included for two purposes. ·Firstly, because of its addition, the resistance of the meter can be regarded as 100 ohms (70 ohms + 30 ohms internal resistance of -meter) . . This means that the resistance of each shunt required is over . three times greater than that needed if the 70-ohm resistor were not included. For instance, - without this resistance the value of the shunt needed for the · 0-10 m.a. range would . be equal to R where R is the meter
N-1, resistance, and N the maximum cur- rent (in mills.) to !;&gt;e read. Substituting, this equals 30 = 3.333 ohms.
10-1
Regarding the meter resistance as 100 ohms, however, the shunt value is 100·
10-1
= 11.01 ohms. ·
Shunts are difficult to wind correct to a tiny fraction of an ohm, and so by using the series resistor any slight deviation from the calculated value is rendered much less important than if
the resistor were omitted. This applies particularly · to the 0-100 m.a. range, where without the 70-·ohm ·resistor, a shunt of only .3 of an ohm would be needed.
The second reason why this resistor has been included is one that will appeal to· set-builders who have 0-1
milliammeters on hand, possibly of different values of internal resistance to that of the Palec meter used in the kit. By replacing the 70-ohm resistor with one equal in value to
l()O ohms minus the internal resistance of the meter on hand, the latter, providing it is a dependable make, can be used equally well, and without any further alteration to the circuit values. Special resistances for
this purpose; up to 100 ohms in value, can be obtained from the Paton Electrical · Instrument ·Company.
It will be noticed that the connections to the. 10 and 100 m.a. sockets are &quot;open&quot; . until the. test leads are plugged in. __ The same is true for the
&quot;Scale 7- 10'.'_ socket of the ohmmeter circuit. . . _ .
There are two resistance ranges: 0-10,000 (&quot;Scale + 10&quot;} and 0 0-100,000
ohms (&quot;Scale&quot;). A glance at the circuit will show that, for the latter range, the maximum --resistance that
volts
August 1, 1936.
Z50,ooow ZSOO--'\IV\l\f\l\f\l\r[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])-j
50,000W
MILLS. ~ 70w
r-'
COMMON Scale+10 Scale
(0-10,000..,) (0-100,0~
[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:01, 24 May 2020 (UTC)y I
OHMS
Fig. 2.-The separate circuits shown in figs. 1 (a), 1 (b), and l (c) for the various voltage, current, and resistance ranges are combined above to give the complete circuit used in the tester.
can be included in circuit equals 3800
+ 70 + 30 + 400 + 400 ohms, =
4,700 ohms. When the 3-cell battery is new, the voltage is approximately 4.65 volts, so when the test prods are shorted, a resistance of 4,650 ohms is needed to give exact full-scale deflection on the meter ( 1 m.a.). In practice, this adjustment is made by shorting the test prods, and setting the 400-ohm potentiometer to full scale reading. Resistances of up to 100,000 ohms can then be read off directly on the meter scale, which has been calibrated on the assumption that a 4.5-volt battery will be used.
For the &quot;Scale + 10&quot; range, the 10 m.a. shunt is brought in circuit across the meter. The current that now flows when the test prods are shorted divides into two branches, 1-lOth passing through the 100-ohm branch, and 9-lOths through the 11.11- ohm shunt. The equivalent series resistance of these two resistors in parallel equals 10 ohms. For a cur- rent of 10 m.a., a resistance of 465 ohms is needed to show full scale deflection on the meter (assuming the battery voltage to be 4.65 volts). This value of resistance is obtained by adjusting the potentiometer until a  reading of 1 m.a. is registered on the meter.
Now, if the meter shows a certain reading, in ohms, when the value of an unknown resistance is being tested, the correct value is obtained by dividing the scale reading by 10, because actually only one-tenth of the current flowing through the resistance is passing through the meter.
As the battery ages, its internal resistance increases, and the voltage drops. The potentiometer compensates for this, so that at all times exact readings can be obtained. After six or nine months' use, however, the
voltage will fall to about 4.4 volts, and the battery should then be re- placed. Otherwise, resistance readings obtained will not be reliable.
The three circuits shown. in figures 1 (a), 1 (b), and 1 (c) are combined in· figure 2 to give the circuit of the multi-range tester.
Assembling the Tester
The panel is supplied with the sockets already mounted on it, and with the spring contacts of the 10 mill.,
100 mill., and &quot;Scale -;- 10&quot; sockets already insulated from the sockets themselves by means of insulating washers.
The potentiometer can next be mounted, followed by the meter.
Next, the shunts and multipliers, and other fixed resistances, should be mounted on the bakelite resistance panel as shown in the photograph and sketch of the wiring.
The panel is next bolted to th~ meter, and wired up. The battery can be mounted last of all, by means of the aluminium strap provided,
THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD
Full details of the wiring arc shown in Jig. :J. . Use fairly heavy gauge push-back, and be careful to make every soldered joint as perfect as possible by tinning all contacts before
soldering, and using a hot, clean iron.
When the wiring is finished and checked, the meter can be mounted in its case and the panel screwed down. The meter needle is then accurately set to zero by rotating the
small milled knob mounted on the instrument.
Finally, the test leads are plugged into 'the &quot;Common&quot; and &quot;Scale&quot; soc- kets for resistance measurement, the ends shorted by holding the · test prods together, and the potentiometer
knob rotated until an · exact fullscale reading is obtained: The instrument is then ready for use~

===Kit of Parts===
Nine-Range D~C. Multi~
Meter-Palec Kit of Parts.
1 0-1 m.a. meter, ao ohms internal resistance, with univ&lt;'rsa,l sea le
(Palec).
1 10,000 ohm multiplier.
I 50,000 ohm multiplier.·
I 250,000 ohm multiplier;
1 500,000 ohm multiplier.
2 .shunts (1.01 ohms and 11.11 ohms). 1 70 ohm resistor.
1 3,800 ohm resistor.
1 400 ohm resistor.
1 400 ohm vernier potentiometer with knob. ·
1 bakelite resistor panel.
1 ·engraved ebonite panel.
12. sockets (spring type ) ..
Pair of test prods, with lead~ · and
'Plugs. 1 4.5v. torch battery (flat type), with .mounting 'strap. ·
Hook~up wire, nuts· and . bolts.
1 leatherette-covered case. with carrying handle (optional).

==P.31 - Some Don'ts for S.W. Listeners==
Some
s.w.
Dpn'ts For
Listeners
By &quot;Megacycle&quot;..
TUNING a set is an entirely different matter from tuning a regular broadcast receiver. The main reason for this is that short 31 waves have characteristics unlike lho~c of medium waves.
Here is a short list of DON'TS which should be of interest to all those who have not had much experience of shortwave DX work.
Don't' tune for shortwave stations in the same way as you would tune for broadcast. By rotating the tuning knob quickly you may pass over several stations. The reason for this is due to the exceedingly sharp tuning of the short wavelengths.
Don't tune in indiscriminately on the short waves, or you will probably get nothing. Most sets are calibrated in metres or megacycles. Therefore, use a reliable list showing frequencies and schedules of the principal
stations, and search for each one in turn.
Don't' tune in at the wrong time.
Most stations come in only at certain times of the day as well as at certain times of the year.
Don't expect to pick up shortwave stations easily. It requires careful tuning to bring in the very distant stations.

==P.31 - Palec Ad==
&quot;PALEC&quot; TESTING EQUIPMENT
Dependable, Profitable
MULTITESTER-AN AL YSER-SELECTOR-V AL VE TESTER-
. - ALL~WAVE OSCILLATOR-VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETER.
The above instruments cons'iitute a most complete outfit for the service m1&amp;n or radio
laboratory. All units the same size: 7l/2in. x 8%,in., panel 6in. deep. Available singly or in black leatherette covered cases of two or three Units as illustrated.
(A) MULTITESTER. DC, AC volts.
Current,· resistance, capacity, inductance, impedance, electrolytic condenser capacity and leakage. Power supply built in. 22 ranges. Price ... £13/ 10/-.
(B) ANALYSER-SELECTOR. For current, volt~ge, resistance
ANALYSIS from any valve socket. Price . . . . . . £2/19/ 6
(C) VALVE TESTER. Tests all American, English and Dutch tubes, including· au 'latest types . .
Tests for ·MICRO-LEAKS on HEATED VALVE. Easy read- . jng ·valve tesf chart.
Price . . . . . . -. . . . £11/5/-
(D) ALL-WAVE OS.CILI;ATOR: I;F . to highest . R.F. by 5 bands of
fundamentals. Precision Dial
with vernier scale. Attenuates to microVolts ·by new riaduated capacity attenuator; Battery operated. Perfectly shielded. Price . . . . £11/10/-
(E) VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETER.· Reads 50 c.s. to high R.F., a lso D.C. on multi-range
direct reading dial. · ls equipped with 150 microamp. meter. Metal measuring tube on 3ft. flexible lead. - No grid leads- no pick-up. Power supply built in. Most advanced design _av;iilable anywhe;re. Price ........ ... . . ... . ... . . £11/ 10/-
. AU . Prices are Subject to Sales Tax. Combinations: A &amp; B, £16/1~ -; A, B &amp; C, £26/10/-; A, B &amp; D, £26/10/-, all plus sale8 tax. Other Combinations can be supplied, prices on application.
Write for illustrated catalogue of RADIO &amp; CATHODE RAY TEST EQUIPMENT to
THE PATON ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT CO.
90 VICTORIA STREET, ASHFIELD, SYDNEY. Telephone: UA 1960.
Distributors.- Sydney : Bloch &amp; Gerber, Fox and MacGillicuddy: Lawrence &amp; Hanson. Melbourne: A. H. Gibson (Electrical) Co. Pty. Ltd. New Zealand: The Electric Lamp
House Ltd., Wellington.

==P.32 - Radio Step by Step (3)==
Radio Step By Step • • • 3
DIRECT AND
AL TERNATIN.G
CURRENTS
The differences between direct and alternating currents are explained in this article-the third of a special series for beginners. 
So far only one kind of current, that known as direct current, has been considered. There is another variety-alternating current-that is just as important as d.c., if not more so, because the principles governing radio transmission and reception depend on its action.
Direct current flows in one direction only, i.e., is uni-directional. Fig.
1 shows a graphical representation o1 a steady direct current of 2 amperes.
The time is taken from the moment the switch controlling the circuit in which the current flows, is turned on.
Because neither the voltage nor the resistance changes, then from Ohm's
E
Law (I = -) the current must remain the same, and so it is represented by the straight line &quot;XY.&quot;
Under certain conditions the current might not remain constant, but no matter how much it fluctuates, as long as it always flows in the same direction, it is still direct current.
A.C. Changes Direction Regularly
Alternating current, just as its name implies, alternates, or changes its direction of flow from -time to time. Its action can also be best explained graphically.
At the point &quot;0&quot; on figure 2, both time and current values are at zero. Starting at this point, the current steadily increases until it attains a maximum value &quot;I,&quot; and then it decreases at exactly the same rate until at t]:ie point &quot;X&quot; on the &quot;Time&quot; axis it has fallen to zero. Now it changes its direction and flows the other way.
This is shown on the graph by drawing the curve representing its progress below, instead of above, the &quot;Time&quot; axis.
Once again, the current . steadily builds up to a maximum value &quot;I,&quot; but in the opposite direction this time -and returns to zero again (at the point &quot;Y&quot;). From this point on the whole process is repeated again and
again until the circuit is broken. Each completed operation-current starting from zero, building up to maximum, returning to zero, reversing direction and again building to maximum and returning to zero-is
termed ii. cycle. If the time taken from &quot;O&quot; t'o &quot;Y&quot; is 1 .second, then the frequency of the current is 1 cycle· per second.
If, as shown in the lower portion of the sketch, 5 complete cycles are performed in the 1 second, then the frequency is 5 cycles per second. Most alternating current mains supplies have a frequency of 50 cycles per
second.
Audio and Radio Frequencies
So far we have dealt only with low frequencies, which are measured in cycles. Low frequencies, or audio frequencies as they are often called in
i·adio, extend upwards to the upper limit of audibility, which is about 18,000 cycles per second. Frequencies much greater than this are spoken of as high, or radio frequencies, though there is no clear-cut line of division between the two.
High frequencies such as those used in radio are measured in kilocycles (thousands of cycles) or megacycles (millions of cycles) per second. Thus station 2FC, transmitting on a frequency of 610 kilocycles per second, has no less than 610,000 cycles of high frequency alternating current flowing in its transmitting aerial every second.
Wavelength and Frequency
There is a simple relationship between wavelength and frequency that will become obvious after figure 3 has been studied a little. ·
The length of one complete wave is shown in figure 3(a), where the frequency is one cycle per second. In 3 (b), where the frequency is 5 cycles per second, the wavelength must obviously be one-fifth of what it is in 3(a). It is clear that the more waves there are every second (the greater the frequency, in other words) the shorter is the wavelength. In fact, the two are inversely proportional double one and the other is halved.
Speed of Radio Waves
All radio waves travel at the same speed-that of light. This is 186,000 miles per second, which is approximately equal to 300,000,000 metres per second.
It now becomes clear that if a station operates on a frequency of 1,000 kilocycles per second, which equals 1,000,000 cycles per second, the length of each wave in metres must equal the distance covered in one second divided by the number of cycles per second - in this case, 300,000,000 -7- 1,000,000, which equals 300 metres. So we see that the frequency with which the waves are created governs the wavelength, and if either wave- length or frequency in cycles is known, the other can be found by dividing the known quantity into 300,000,000. (If the frequency is in kilocycles, then 300,000 is the figure to use.)
Measuring A.C.
Some further qualities of alternating current will ·now be considered.
First of all, as a.c. is always changing in value, it is measured in terms of its average, or Root Mean Square, value.
This gives in amperes the current which would be required with d.c. to provide the same heating effect. The R.M.S. value of an alternating current is approximately .707 of the peak value. The voltage of an a .c.
supply, which alternates in the same way as the current and at the same frequency, is measured in exactly the same way.
;A.C. Superior to D.C.
The main advantage of a.c. over d.c. for a mains supply is that it can be easily transformed to any desired voltage. By stepping it up to a high voltage and low current, it can be transmitted over long distances with
little loss. Where required, it is easily stepped down again to a lower voltage by a transformer.
How a Transformer Works
If a direct current is passed through
a length of wire, a magnetic field surrounding it is set up, as shown in figure 4(a). This field can be strengthened greatly by winding the wire in the form of a coil, as shown in 4 (b). The lines of force SUI'l'ounding the coil remain steady until the current is cut off, when they collapse and disappear.
If a.c. is applied to the winding instead of d.c., it can be seen that the magnetic field will build up and collapse twice for every cycle of the, alternating current, because the a.c. itself builds up and returns to zero twice during every cycle.
Now, if we were to place another winding in .close proximity to the first, as shown m 4 ( c), it would be found that the fluctuating magnetic field in the first coil would induce an alternating E.M.F. or voltage in the second. This action is known as mutual induction.
The amount of transfer that takes place depends on the degree of coupTHE AUS'rRALASiAN RADlO WORLD
ling that exists between the two windings. This can be greatly increased by providing both coils with an iron core, as is done in audio and power transformers.
If both coils have the same number of turns, then theoretically the voltage induced in the second will equal that applied to the first. If 250 volts a.c. be put across the primary, which
is always the winding across which the voltage is first applied, and the secondary has twice the number of turns the primary has, then a voltage of 500 will be available across the terminals of the secondary.
Of course, this is assuming that there are no losses; actually a transformer has an efficiency of about 85 per cent., which means that if a voltage is required to be stepped up
b twice its value, slightly more than twice the number of primary turns are needed for the secondary to allow for loss during the transfer.
Next month: Inductance and Capacity

==P.33 - The Lighter Side of DX==
Some Tit-Bits Of Ham Humour
By Leon S. Stone
THE following examples of radio humour were culled during DX listening to amateur stations. Some equally funny incidents have happenec'.
at times during broadcasts from commercial stations, but unfortunately, I have not recorded them. The hams, naturally, provide the most unintentional humour over the air, owing to the more personal touch in their broadcasts, and to the habit most of them have of absent-mindedly leaving their microphones open to the wide world.
DX From Next Door!
An amateur station in one of the Sydney suburbs was going full blast belting out a transmission of gramophone records for hours on end late one Sunday evening, in the days when &quot;ham&quot; stations were allowed on the broadcast band before midnight on Sunday. Next day his bellicose neighbour hailed him over the back fence: &quot;Do you know I got six new stations on my set last night?&quot;
&quot;Really,&quot; replied the &quot;ham&quot; innocently, &quot;what were they?&quot; &quot;Youyou ---,&quot; replied a very annoyed listener. Talk about &quot;double spotting&quot;!
What's This . &quot;CQ&quot; Station?
An N.S.W. ham got a good laugh out of a report from a listener in Queenstown, Tasmania. Verbatim, with original spelling and all, it read:
&quot;Sir-I was listening the other night on the shortwave at 9.15 p.m. and I
picked up over the waves at such strength that I am curious to know what power you were using. It was coming in at such strength that I had
to cut back the volume for good reception. It was as good as 3LO on broadcast. Can you tell me what wave- length CQ is mdng [!] which I heard
you callii1g nearly evel'y amateurs I pick up are call for CQ. I remain,
yours sincerely, --&quot; Some report!
73 es 88 de YL!
Romance is not yet dead, even in the serious (?) atmosphere of amateur experimental stations. Tuning in on the 80-metre band to an N.S.W. ham announcer, I heard:
&quot;Stand by, old man, a YL [and any dxer knows what that cryptic couple of letters means!] here wants to speak to you.&quot; YL's voice is then heard:
&quot;Is that 3 XX? A YW here-one young woman, you know.&quot; A nervous little laugh follows. &quot;I can hardly believe you love me.&quot; Knowing hams as I do, neither can I!
A New Kind Of DX Special.
While on the subject of romance (if any) in amateur radio. A married ham operating an experimental station gave himself away properly to the YF. A receiving set is installed
in her bedroom so she can comfortably listen to hubby's programmes.
During the early hours of one morning one of his girl friends rang the station. Racy conversation between the two continued for close on an hour. The ham (in more senses than one) had blissfully forgotten he had the station &quot;mike&quot; switched on, with the result that the edifying conversation was broadcast to hundreds of listeners as well as to his wife in the next room, who was fuming. It was a very chastened hubby who told himself he would be rather more discreet in future with station 'phone calls particularly from attractive YL's !
A &quot;Low&quot; Station.
A Sydney ham has never been allowed by the rest of his fraternity to forget that one morning he announced to another experimenter: &quot;My
station is a lower one than youl's&quot;. Omission of &quot;wavelength&quot; caused the damage.

==P.34 - Prize-Winning Transmitter Has Worked All Continents==
Portable Tests: 5-Metre Schedules:
Lakelnba Radio Club Notes and News
By W.J.P. 
THE transmitter shown above is owned and operated by Mr.' Bert Dimmock (VK20W), of Hurlstone Park, and succeeded in winning first prize in the transmitting section at the recent Amateur Radio Exhibition organised by the Wireless Institute of Australia.
The transmitter is a conventional four-stage, crystal-controlled job, using a 59 oscillator in a tritet circuit, 46 frequency doubler-buffer; 210 buffer and two 210's in push-pull in the final.
The oscillator and doubler power supply is obtained from a 300-volt pack, with a separate supply of 400 volts for the buffer, and a 500-volt pack for the final. Separate filament transformers are used for all the
valves in the R.F. side. The popular link coupling is used, both in the intermediate stages. and to the aerial.
The aerial is a single wire-fed multiband matched impedance. With this transmitter all continents have been worked (W.A.C.), while all parts of
the British Empire have also been contacted (W.B.E.).
Genemotors for Country and Portable Work.
A party of members of the Lakemba Radio Club, including 20D, 20W,
Messrs. Taylor and Langley, recently paid a visit to Mr. J. Buchanan  (VK2ABT), a new country amateur at Yerrinbqol, N.S.W. The object of 'the visit was--to test out the efficiency
of a genemotor for portable work,
and also to investigate the possibilities of 5-metre communication with Verrinbool. Contact was made with 2ABT from a position on the Great Southern Highway, per medium of a portable 40-metre 'phone transmitter.
It was most interesting to learn that 2ABT was also using a :genemotor for the power supply, because results were so good that the- car party thought that he was using crystal · control in the transmitter, so pure was the carrier. For the operation of these genemotors a large 6-volt battery is usually required the current drain on the battery being from 1 to 5 amps., ·depending on the type and power output of the genemotor. On the return trip to ,Sydney, the transmitter was kept in-operation
most of the way down. It was noted that the output dropped slightly when it became necessary to switch on the car headlamps, due to the extra load on the battery. However; from tests
conducted, indications were that genemotors should prove very popular for portable and country work.
Breaking Into 5 Metres.
VK20D suggests that for those ·who are breaking into five metres, considerable care -should be taken with the tuning of_ -the receiver, and attempts ·should -be- made to locate harmonics from ·-telephony stations who may be operating on the higher wave- bands. With reference to the receiving aeria-J,-it is a good plan to arrange it in a well elevated position, but to those who&quot;are not so fortunately situated, it is suggested that they try the aerial in various available positions, because - 5-metre signals- have a habit of turning up in the most unexpected places.
Should signals be . rather weak on the 5-metre aerial, a good standby is to use a single piece of wire strung vertically for the greater part of its length, which may be up tO 60 feet, attached to the aerial coil, which may be tuned by a 5-plate midget con- denser in a similar way to that described by 2EH elsewhere in this issue. 20D also recommends the new- comer to the ultra-high frequencies to experiment carefully with various aerial systems, once he has his re- -cei ver operating correctly.
Further Freak Reception.
It was revealed in last month's issue of &quot;Radio World&quot; how the code signals from a ship could be heard through the talkie equipment of a Sydney theatre. According to a club member, Mr. W. G. Picknell, similar
&quot;reception&quot; was obtained at Inverell,
N.S.W. Patrons of the local picture theatre were astounded to hear,
&quot;Hullo CQ! Calling CQ!&quot;-coming from the talkie speakers. Eventually, it was traced to Harry Hutton (VK2HV), whose station was in operation on telephony nearby!
How NOT To Send DX Reports. The following is a copy of a DX report received by VK2DL. Reports such as these often cause station operators to literally &quot;tear their ha1r&quot; with rage!
The Direct cir,
Station VK2DL,
April 26, 1936.
I am an ardent - listener to shortwave, and often listen to radio broadcasts from foreign stations. At about 7.30 p.m. E.S.T. I tuned in your station and I heard many songs and musical selections- and talks. This is the first time I have heard your station. I hope to be able to pick you up again on my shortwave receiver. The reception was clear and loud. It was satisfactory. I will thank you in advance for a verification card from your station. Good luck to your station. (Signed) Mr .... . ........ ,
New York, U.S.A.
The above report might possibly be satisfactory for reporting to a focal station, but the essential points so necessary for long distance reporting are missing. The time does not state whether it is American or Australian E.S.T., the wavelength is not given, the type of music, titles or announcements have been omitted, also the type of receiver used. Yet reception was clear and loud!

==P.36 - Choosing and Using a Vacuum-Tube Voltmeter (2)==
last month the principle upon which the vacuum tube voltmeter operates was - explained, and the features necessary in an instrument designed for service work outlined. In the concluding instalment below, a few of the varied uses of a V.T. voltmeter are indicated.
Specially written for the &quot;Radio 'World&quot; by A. H. MUTTON, .B.E.
Paton Electrical Instrument Company. 

JN last month's article,
the essential features of a vacuum tube voltmeter designed for radio use were discussed in detail. They can L2 summed up as follows:-
(a) The instrument should not require more than about one microwatt of power to operate it, so as to avoid dropping the voltage in the circuit
un&lt;l2r test. · (b) It must measure a wide range of voltages to be able to check stage gain.
( c) It must read voltage, independent of frequency.
( d) Its input capacity must be kept at an absolute minimum.
Many other features are desirable, but not so important as those above.
Fig. 3, which is reproduced from last issue, shows a suitable vacuum tube voltmeter circuit.
6J7 Offers Important Advantages
. An improvement consists in using a pentode such as the 6J7. This gives readings independent of plate voltage, which is a great feature for
A.C. operation.
Also, this metal valve can be located at the end of a flexible lead, so that no wires need be attached to the grid for introducing the voltage to be measured. This keeps input capacity down to that of the valve itself. R2 is a 5-megohm resistance, used solely for maintaining D.C. continuity to the grid, ·so that a bias is supplied to it even when the circuit under test would not do so.
It will be assumed in what follows that the vacuum tube voltmeter in use is similar to that qbove, i.e., that it has an input capacity of about 5 mmfd., an input resistance of a very
high figure, and a range of measurable voltage, .1 v. to 50 v. The whole secret of using a vacuum tube voltmeter successfully consists in being sure of what is measured. This must be particularly stressed in receiver
use. A good vacuum tube voltmeter will measure any voltage supplied to it, R.F., I.F., A.F., or D.C., so it is
necessary for the user to see that only that voltage required to be measured reaches it.
Isolating the Needed Voltage ·· '
To stop D.C. reaching the voltmeter is simple. Connect a condenser of reasonable size (say, .001 mfd. for R.F. working, and .1 mfd. for A.F. and 50-cycle working) in the lead to the measuring valve's grid-see fig.
4 (a). Ee sure the insulation of this condenser is excellent, or a progressive change in the voltage reading will result, as the leak charges up the grid.
To measure A.F. in a circuit containing, say, D.C., A.F., and R.F.-see
fig. 4(b)-use a blocking condenser and a low pass filter circuit of the usual type. A 2 m.h. choke with,
i CIRCUIT 0'°&quot;'----11 GRID o.· . ! CONTAININC. I I v. T i THE REQD. V · M 1 VOLTAGE ! AND D.C- EARTH
(A)
:c1Rc.un : .._._.~RIOG ~ i CONTAININC. V. T
:o.c.,A+ V·M.
L[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])-~'.L .. I I E_ ARTHT I iroHEA~UR.E.0 0
: THE A•F I (B)
i 1CO~TAINING CIRCUIT ~I r ~G - -,~ I o.c., A-F. V·T
1-;;;N~fA[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])E.·-I EARTH I Y·M
! THE R·F . I (C)
FIG.4
.0001 mfd. condensers across the circuit from either side of this choke will be suitable.
To measure R.F. where A.F. is present is not so simple, but can be done by stopping the A.F. with a tuned A.F. ·choke, the tuning condenser of which allows the R.F. to pass to the vacuum tube voltmeter-see fig. 4(c)  Usually one finds no need for more than a D.C. blocking condenser, as the R.F. or A.F. can generally be stopped elsewhere.
Now for some uses.
Stage Gain.
This is one of the most important of the vacuum tube voltmeter's many uses. As an· example, consider the measurement of I.F. stage gain in a superhet. Fig. 5 will be taken as a normal type of circuit. Proceed as follows:
Connect an output meter across the speaker and supply an unmodulated input signal to the set. Tune in the set, using the &quot;mush&quot; of the signal or by temporarily modulating it in some way. Next, connect the vacuum tube voltmeter's grid to . &quot;Y&quot; and its other lead to the chassis. Set the input signal to obtain a small readable signal on the voltmeter. Re-tune the trimmer C2 to see if the voltmeter's capacity is upsetting the circuit. This will be immediately evident on the output meter, which will alter its reading when the vacuum tube voltmeter is connected. Obtain the original reading by re-tuning C2.
Next measure the low value unmodulated signal across C2.
Now remove the vacuum tube voltmeter and obtain the same output by re-setting C2 to its original value.
Next, connect the vacuum tube voltmeter between &quot;Z&quot; and earth, placing- a blocking condenser in the grid
·1ead to the vacuum tube voltmeter.
R~-set C4 if necessary to get the 

same output reading, and measure the amplified voltage.
It will be noticed that the gain is not measured by connecting across C4. This is because the voltmeter lead; if attached to the lower side of C4, would introduce extra capacity from this point to earth, and would possibly upset other circuits not shown in this skeleton circuit. Also, it is easier to connect to earth. This connection introduces two extra D.C. voltages between &quot;Y&quot; and the earthed lead of the meter, but the blocking condenser prevents their being effective.
A.F. stage gain is much simpler to measure. Simply connect the vacuum tube voltmeter across the input and output of the stage or stages, taking steps to prevent D.C. operating the meter, and measure a constant input
signal as found at these two points.
If required, various frequencies may be used and a &quot;response curve&quot; of the stage or stages obtained.
A.V.C. Voltages.
The vacuum tube voltmeter measures these with ease. Before testing, it is wise to remove the 5- megohm grid . resistance from the meter's input circuit as it is not now required and parallels the A.V.C. resistor, effectively reducing its value.
There is little to be said about this test. No precautions against unwanted voltages are required.
Osciliator Voltages.
Connect the meter across the oscillator coil or between the elements of the valve, taking care that D.C. cannot enter the meter's circuit. The capacity · of the vacuum tube voltmeter will alter the frequency slightly, but unless other things in the circuit necessitate it, this need not be allowed for, as the oscillator's output voltage will not be affected.
Percentage Modulation Measurements.
It is sometimes interesting to know the percentage modulation of a signal arriving at the second detector. It checks the first detector's action
and gives a rough check on the source of modulation, i.e., whether the signal
TltE AUSTRAtAStAN ltADtO \VOitLt&gt;
generator is deeply modulated or not.
Connect the voltmeter across the diode resistance in the second detector's circuit and measure the voltage there when the input signal is unmodulated, and also when modulated.
The percentage modulation is then given by
Percentage modulation =
r Voltage (modulated) l
I -1 I xlOO
l Voltage (unmodulated) J
Hum Measurements
These can be made at a great many points in the circuit of a receiver, such as across the voltage divider, across the speaker transformer, across the automatic bias resistor of
the power valve, and at the input to the power valve.
OUT~
PUT
METE;R_
FIG. 5
In all cases be careful to prevent D.C. operating the meter, and as far as possible always measure between some point in the circuit and earth.
This latter statement might almost be regarded as a law in receiver work. Generally one then finds several voltages sent along to the meter, but one can usually &quot;stop out&quot; the unwanted ones.
As an example· of incorrect procedure, consider the measurement of hum at the speaker transformer. Do not connect the vacuum tube voltmeter directly to the transformer's terminals. It is much better to con- nect from the plate side of the transformer to earth, making sure, if necessary, that one is not also measuring the hum in the &quot;B&quot; supply by checking this. If it is large allow for it.
Other Receiver Uses Every voltage in the receiver can be checked with a vacuum tube voltmeter, with the aid of a few condensers and resistors. Even the H.T. secondary winding on the power transformer can be tested, by simply using a high resistance voltage divider.
For instance, if the vacuum tube voltmeter has an input resistance of 5 megohms and a full scale deflection
(Continued overleaf) 

of 50 volts, it will read to 500 . volts
when a 45-megohm resistor is connected in the lead to its grid, since the valve then has applied to it a voltage of one-tenth that applied across the series resistor and the 5-
megohm grid resistance. If these values are inconveniently high, lower ones such as input grid resistance of .1 megohm and a series resistance of
. 9 megohm may be used.
Filament voltages, screen grid voltages, detector voltages-all can be measured with ease. When once one learns to take a few precautions, it is soon found the vacuum tube voltmeter is invaluable as a time-saving
service and laboratory aid. 

==P.38 - Six-Valve All-Wave Ultimate==
Has Many Attractive Features
IN New Zealand, locally built receivers share the market not only with Australian-made sets, but also with leading American makes. It is undoubtedly a fine achievement that the Auckland firm of Radio Ltd., in
the face of this keen competition, has in the past few years established such a reputation for Ultimate receivers that now they rank with three or four imported makes as best-sellers in New Zealand.
Produced in one of the most modern factories in Australasia, Ultimate radios are not only up-to-the-minute in design, but as well are precision built throughout of high quality components.
A little over a year ago these sets were introduced into Australia by Messrs. Geo. Brown and Company, of Sydney, and have sold consistently well.
Six-Valve All-Wave Model
A fairly wide range of A.C. and battery Ultimates is available, including a recently-landed 11-valve twin chassis de luxe model that is attractillg widespread interest.
One of the most popular receivers in the A.C. range is the six-valve all- wave model illustrated above. It can be supplied in three different style console cabinets, that shown being the
&quot;Baby Grand.&quot;
To ensure plenty of gain and high selectivity, an r.f. stage has been incorporated. There are three wave- bands instead of- the usual two, giving complete coverage of the short waves from 16 to 130 metres as well as of the broadcast band. Incidentally, this is the model· on which 603 broadcast band stations were logged by J. R.
}fain, a New Zealander, in a recent DX . competition conducted in that country.. · · · ·
The Five Controls
The controls (left t'o right) are:- . Combined on/off switch and volume
THE AtJS'rRAtAStAN. RADiO WOlttO
control, quiet tuning control (for usein localities where power interference is prevalent), main tuning control, three-position wave change switch, and tone control.
The tuning control not· only operates . the conventional double-ended pointer, but also a special &quot;logging hand&quot; as well. This hand is a single-ended
auxiliary pointer which rotates 16 times faster than the main indicator . By its use, tuning is made both simple and accurate, particularly on shortwave.
Three-Colour Dial
The dial is illuminated in red on the broadcast band, in blue on the medium shortwave band, and in green on the short waves. For the first band, the dial is calibrated in kilocycles, and in metres for the remaining two.
Other Features Among other attractive features of this model can be included the volume and tone control colour indicators; an effective A.V.C. system; high-gain r.f. and i.f .. transformers; and a wave- change switch with additional contacts to short out the unused coils, resulting in a complete elimination of &quot;dead spots&quot; on the dial.

==P.38 - The Month on Shortwave==
By '''Alan H. Graham''' RECEPTION during the past month has been fair, conditions being much better in the morning and afternoon than at night. Taken on the whole, stations on the 31-metre band are the most consistent, and almost any morning quite a number can be logged at good speaker strength. Naturally, the Daventry (GSB) and Zeesen (DJA and DJN) transmitters are outstanding - the two last-named having been extremely good this month around 8 a.m. Not far behind comes W2XAF, which is usually quite good until mid-morning, when very bad fading spoils signals. The other Americans are not nearly so good, though W1XK made a welcome re-appearance at reasonable strength on several mornings this week. Another regular on the band is the Rome transmitter 12RO, which is usually at speaker strength. Other stations heard include PRF5, which occasionally comes in splendidly with an entertaining programme of South American music (incidentally, they usually have an English session at 8.30 a.m. on Tuesdays); LKJ1, which is unfortunately heterodyned by W2XAF; HBL and CT1AA. '''Swedish Station Best 20m. Catch.''' The 20m. amateur band is still a source of enjoyment for DX enthusiasts, as splendid &quot;catches&quot; may be made even at the most unexpected times. Generally speaking, the best time for reception is in the late afternoon, although on June 16 four English amateurs (G5VL, G5NI, G6XR and G2NH) were heard on 'phone around 8 a.m. SM5SX, located at the Royal Technical University, Stockholm, Sweden, was the best catch last month - the usual quota of W's, K6's, XE's, VE's, CO's, etc., being logged. The 25m. band is rather unexciting as the usual stations are the only ones audible - Paris (TPA3 and TPA4), Daventry, W8XK and RNE all being fairly regular. '''Zeesen Best on 19 Metres.''' On 19 metres the best reception has been from the Zeesen transmitter, DJB, during the mid-morning period, when they are regularly heard at good speaker strength. W2XAD were also unexpectedly heard on several occasions, at quite fair strength for them, both before and after midday. By the way, reports on this station are eagerly sought after by the station engineers. '''Verifications From America.''' Finally, the last American mail brought a most interesting batch of verification cards. They included the following:- W9XAA. - Frequencies 17,780, 11,830 and 6,080 k.c. Address: 666 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Ill. &quot;The Shortwave Voice of Labor and Farmer.&quot; 20m. amateurs.- HI2K, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; CO2KC, Habana, Cuba; CO7CX, Central Florida, Cuba; VE50T, Vancouver, Canada; and the Americans W3AHR, W3DPC and W5BEE. 10m. amateurs ('phone).- W3CWG, Lake Hopatcong, N.J.; and W5ERV, Shreveport, Louisiana (operated by Mr. S. H. Powell, who is, in his own words, &quot;65 years young&quot;).

==P.39 - More About the 6L6 Beam Power Amplifier==
More About
The6L6Beam
Power
Amplifi~~ In the June issue of the &quot; Radio World&quot; advance details were given of the new 6L6 beam power amplifier. The theory of its operation is covered in the article below published by courtesy of the Amalgamated Wireless Valve Company1 Ltd. - -
THE Radiotrori 6L6 is -a n~w type of tetrode intended for use in the power output stage of an A.F. amplifier. Unlike most earlier double grid valves, the 6L6 does not exhibit any secondary emission effects at low plate and control grid voltages;
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FIG. 3
SKETCH SHOWING FORMATION BY GRID WIRES OF BEAM SHEETS its characteristics, therefore, resemble those of the usual power output pentodes. Some unique features of the 6L6 are high power output, high efficiency, and high power sensitivity.
The Pentode Suppressor Grid.
When the plate voltage of the usual tetrode is less than the screen voltage, an appreciable number of secondary electrons, which are emitted from the plate be- cause of bombardment by primary electrons, are attracted
to the screen. The plate current, therefore, is greatly reduced.
For this reason, the plate voltage of the usual tetrode should not swing below the screen voltage if the output is to be substantially free from distortion. A zero potential suppressor grid (G,), positioned between screen (G,) and plate (P), serves to prevent the loss of plate current due to -secondary emission. Hence, in a pentode, the plate voltage (Eg) can be made less than the screen voltage
(Eg,) without appreciable secondary emission effects.
The manner in which a suppressor prevents secondary emission loss in plate current can be explained by fig. lA. When the suppressor is connected to the cathode, the potential of the suppressor wires is zero, and the potential of the spaces between the wires is positive by an amount depending upon the geometry of the valve and the applied. voltages. The effect is, therefore, to reduce the potential at all points between the screen and plate.
Fig. lA shows the approximate potential distribution between the screen and plate of a pentode for various plate voltages. When Eb is greater than a certain critical value (Eib) a potential minimum is formed in
the vicinity of the suppressor. When the difference between the plate voltage and the potential at the suppressor (Eb'-Eb11 ) is great enough, secondary electrons
from the plate are not attracted to the screen, but return to the plate.
Consequently, for all values of Eb greater than Eb1 there is no appreciable loss in plate current due to secondary emission. Under these conditions the plate current is nearly independent of plate voltage.
Fig. lB shows the plate characteristic of a typical pentode. The knee between Eb and Ebr is rounded, due mostly to the. non-uniformity of the field around Ga, giving no definite value of Ebr where the plate current begins to become independent of plate voltage. 
There are several other factors which govern the sharpness of the knee, such as the shapes, sizes and uniformity of the grids and cathode.
Much of the distortion of the field occurs at the grid side rods. The ideal curve (dotted in fig. lB) would have a greater usable range of plate voltage, with reduced third-harmonic distortion.
The 6L6 dispenses with a physical suppressor in order to reduce secondary emission effects. Suppression is obtained by creating a potential minimum between G, and plate by space charge effects. The electron
stream to the plate is confined to a beam whose electrons have nearly uniform path lengths and velocities.
Such a design results in a plate characteristic that has a relatively sharp knee at low plate voltage.
The Virtual Cathode.
If we had a valve in: which each electron traversed the same distance in the same time on its journey from cathode to plate, many of the pentode difficulties could be obviated.
Consider s'ijcl1 a tetrode. Apply a
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voltage to its screen, and a lower voltage to its plate. Shifting the plate further from the screen under
those conditions gives a set of potential grade curves as in fig . 2A. After a distance D,, there is found to be a point of minimum potential between screen and plate, which tends to
repel secondary electrons, preventing their passage to the screen.
In simpler words, the cloud of electrons set free by bombardment of the plate has been moved out beyond the reach of the screen grid's positive field. If, then; the plate voltage is increased, the cloud extends further inward toward the grid, but owing to the increased intensity of the plate's positive field, it is not sufficiently negative to set up a current from plate to screen, but simply retards the normal flow of plate current, making it practically independent of plate voltage.
Below t he critical voltage, at distances of either D, or D, (figs. 2B,
2C), the cloud is not present in any large extent, its electrons being drawn to the screen grid by its positive potential. Thus there is a sharp falling-off of plate current at a critical voltage, after which a negative current may flow. By increasing the distance to D:i (fig. 2D), it. is found that a region of minimum potential
(Mi, M, P min.) exists for all values of plate potential, and that the cloud of electrons is always present, even at very low values of plate potential.
Thus the field between the plate and screen has a region of low potential which effectively ·prevents the production of further secondary electrons, in much the same way as t he suppressor of a pentode. The resulting tetrode, however, has a much sharper knee at Eb1 in fig. 2D than has a pentode.
The cloud of electrons near t he positively-charged plate is, in ,effect, a virtual cathode, the position of which is changed by varying the control grid voltage or the plate potential. With the correct screen t o plate distances, the potential of P min.
can. be made just enough to suppress secondary emission effects. The plate then acts as a diode plate, which reaches a saturation current when its potential reaches · Eb1, after which there remains an almost constant potential grade between the virtual cathode and plate.
If the screen volta$·e is i'edu·ced, 01°  the control grid voltage made more negative, the density of the cloud of electrons becomes less, and the diode saturates at a lower value of plate voltage. The voltage at which the knee occurs depends either on the screen voltage or the control grid bias.
Radiotron 6L6.
To simulate the ideal conditions of the hypothetical valve discussed above, the electron streams must be focussed into some form of parallel &quot;beams.&quot; In the 6L6 this has been done by carefully winding the two
grids with the same pitch, and even more carefully aligning them so that each turn of the screen grid lies exactly outside that of the control grid along a line perpendicular to the cathode.
In pentode valves, the grid side rods do much to disturb the field near the plate. To overcome such effects in the 6L6, two side plates, called &quot;beam forming plates,&quot; have been placed at the sides of the grids in the plane of the virtual cathode, as shown in fig. 3. Being held at cathode potential, these plates effectively screen the plate from the field of the side rods of the screen grid, and deflecting the &quot;beams&quot; into paths very nearly perpendicular to the axis of the cathode after passing the screen. Fig. 3 illustrates the combined effect.
1'Ht AUS'ftlALASlAN tlADlO WOtlLD
It must be noted that the screen current is greatly reduced, as few electrons flying from the cathode are caught by its field. A saving of overall power input thus results, and the efficiency is high. The careful design of the valve generally, coupled with the large cathode, . has given a very high value of mutual conductance-4,300 micromhos, at 175 volts screen and a negative control grid bias of 12.5, and 250 volts plate potential. The sensitivity for this reason is very high, and only small grid swings are necessary for high output under most conditions.
While the overall distortion for a given output is less with Radiotron 6L6 than a single 42 type pentode, at higher outputs, which would seriously overload the latter valve, the predominant harmonic produced by the 6L6 is the second. When used in push-pull this can be nullified, and far greater outputs at low distortion are !JOssible when the valve is operating along its optimum load line.
Operation of Radiotron 6L6.
In Table I are given a number of operating conditions, both for single valve and push-pull.
Conditions Nos. 1, 2, 6 and 7 are those most likely to be used by receiver manufacturers, who must necessarily consider the required power input to plate. The power supply is most generally the limiting factor. ·
TABLE 1
August l, 1936.
Condition 6, giving 14.5 watts output with 2 % distortion and with a grid swing of 32 volts peak, should prove of service in any large receiver.
Where fidelity is required, there must always be a reserve of output power. Radiotron 6L6 offers a method of obtaining that without resorting to abnormally high voltages. The other conditions, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 8,
9, 10, should prove very useful to the maker of P.A. equipment or cinema sound equipment. 
==P.42 - For Radio Mechanics==
Special Training Class
THE Marconi School of Wireless, conducted by Amalgamated Wireless at 97 Clarence Street, Sydney, has organised an intensive course of instruction for youths who wish to become radio mechanics. The course comprise,s a daily lecture on the theory of electricity and radio, with special application to receiving sets, the rest of the day being devoted to practical work. Students will be instructed in assembling, wiring and testing, and also in the use of tools. The intention is to start the class on August 3 and to terminate in February, 1937, when the busy season of radio manufacture is about to commence. The Marconi School has recently been enlarged in order to accommodate the increasing number of students in various classes.

==P.43 - The All-Wave All-World DX News==
'''The All-Wave All-World DX News''' 
'''Official Organ of the All-Wave All-World DX Club.''' '''Club Is Proving Highly Popular.''' 
Every DX fan in Australia must have wanted a DX Club to join, and a DX Contest to take part in, if the letters that have been rolling in lately from all parts of the Commonwealth are anything to go by! This letter, from Leon S. Stone, of Gordon, N.S.W., is typical of dozens more:- &quot;I must say the Membership Certificate is certainly a neat one. I must also compliment you on the badge, which I consider exceptionally striking and effective. It looks and is a high-class job that anyone would be proud to wear. It is really much superior to what I expected. &quot;Re the Club. It is a worthy organisation of great value to the dxer to run hand in hand with A.R.W., and I am sure it is going to be - if not already - most popular. &quot;Thanks for the specimen report form - a very useful idea indeed and a wonderful time-saver for any dxer. It is also very handy, as it sets the seal of an 'Official' report on any sent to stations, with an increased chance of getting an acknowledgement. For this reason the idea of giving each member an Official Receiving Station Call Sign is an excellent one, of which I heartily approve.&quot; '''The Right One At Last.''' Another reader, writing from Ipswich, Queensland, says: &quot;The All-Wave All-World DX Club is just what has been needed in Australia for a long time. I have wasted no end of money in buying different magazines and at last I have come across the right one. I can say it is very popular here in Ipswich. I have been praising it to everyone I see or talk to about dxing, and have given my newsagent a permanent order for it.&quot; It goes without saying that support as enthusiastic as this is always highly appreciated, not only because it proves that a magazine like the &quot;Radio World&quot; was badly needed in Australia, but because the more support that is forthcoming, the greater is the service that can be given to readers. '''More Members Wanted.''' This applies particularly to the All-Wave All-World DX Club. Every application for membership that is received means that just a little more can be done for those who have already joined. If every dxer who has joined or who is about to join persuaded several friends to send in applications too, the Club would have a thousand or more members in no time. With the membership at this figure, there would be no end to the competitions and little &quot;stunts&quot; that could be arranged for members. '''All-Wave DX Contest.''' In the conditions governing the Contest, published last month, it is stated that &quot;the Contest is an all-wave one, but broadcast stations only count - not commercials or amateurs.&quot; A correspondent asks whether the word
&quot;commercial&quot; includes &quot;B&quot; class stations, which are run along commercial lines. The term does not apply in this case - what is meant are stations whose broadcasts are purely commercial in character, such as ship and aeroplane stations, etc. 
===Application for Membership===
ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX CLUB

Application for Membership

The Secretary,

All-Wave All-World DX Club,

214 George Street,

Sydney, N.S.W.

Dear Sir,

I am very interested in dxing, and am keen to join your Club.

The details you require are given below:

Name..........................................................

Address.......................................................

[Please print both plainly.] .................................

..............................................................

My set is a...................................................

[Give make or type,

number of valves, and

state whether battery

or mains operated.]............................................

I enclose herewith the Life Membership fee of 3/6 [Postal Notes

or Money Order], for which I will receive, post free, a Club badge and

a Membership Certificate showing my Official Club Number.

(Signed) ...................................................

[Note: Readers who do not want to mutilate their copies of the &quot;Radio World&quot; by

cutting out this form can write out the details required.]

==P.44 - DX Champion Logs 600 Stations in Five Years==
Following a recently-held New Zealandwide DX contest, Mr. J .. R. Bain, of Marton, was declared DX champion of N.Z. In the following article, written specially for the &quot;Radio World,&quot; he tells readers how he built
up his 600-station log. 
A reception report from the author to this station at Wilnu, Poland, brought this photograph in return as a vel&quot;ification.
I first started dxing early in 1931, just after purchasing my first set- a four-valve t.r.f. Ultimate. It was a battery-operated model, as I was living in the backblocks of Taranaki then, where mains power was not
available. Valves used were a 442 screen-grid r.f. stage, 415 detector, 409 first audio, and 443 power valve.
, The aerial was an inverted &quot;L&quot;, 100 feet long, 45 feet high, and running north to south. The earth consisted of a five-foot pipe driven well down into moist soil.
As is usual with the owner of a .new set, I was keen to see what my new four-valver would do, and after logging all the New Zealand and most of the Australian stations, I concentrated on the weaker signals. To
avoid disturbing other members of the household when I was dxing late at night, 'phones were sometimes used.
After several months, I started dxing in earnest. My first overseas report was sent to KFOX, Long Beach, California, and the next two to 3KZ and 3GL in Victoria. From then on I was kept busy making out reports, and looking forward to the arrival of overseas mails. Most of the world's broadcast stations are located in U.S.A., and my locality must have been a good . one for them, because in six months I had
sent reports to 100. On occasions, when conditions were good, I would  stay up all night to pick up Eastern stations or other stray ones that might have been testing, or on a special programme. I would consider
it a very poor night's dial-hunting if I didn't get at least three or four new Joggings.
Towards the end of 1933 I shifted to Marton, an inland town about 200 miles north of Wellington. ·Mains power was available here, so I bought a six-valve a.c. Ultimate superhet, and . carried on dxing. Like the battery set, this also gave excellent results, so that last year I was able to win the &quot;N.Z. Radio Record&quot; DX Challenge Cup with a verified log of 603 overseas stations. Previously,
while operating the battery set, I won the &quot;N.Z. Radio Times&quot; Battery Cup twice.
Some Hints for Newcomers
After one becomes keenly interested in dxing, one soon finds which months of the year are most suitable for the reception of stations in each country. For instance, during the winter months the Americans are heard at
good volume from 4.30 till 7.30 p.m.,  but in the summer they are heard better from 11.30 p.m. till 3 a.m.
European stations come in well during the spring and autumn, but at other times of the year they arc hardly worth bothering about. On the other hand, the Eastern stations are heard practically all the year round, so it will be seen that one can be on the lookout for new loggings all the year round.
When reporting to stations, to ensure a verification one must give every detail that will be of interest to the station engineers, and I can advise nothing better than the use of
the All-Wave All-World DX Club report forms. These forms cover everything, and the station officials can see at a glance just how the transmission was received.
If is always advisable to enclose return postage to the New Zealand and Australian stations. In the case of more distant stations, I have sent an I.R.C. only on very rare occasions; in fact, several stations have returned the coupon, saying that they did not accept postage when a detailed  report was sent, as they were only too pleased to know how their transmissions were getting out.
Then again, one must not be disappointed if an occasional station fails to acknowledge a report, as several circumstances must be taken into consideration. For instance, a powerful station such as KFI has a daily mail running into thousands of letters. Is it any wonder if one gets overlooked? Or, in the case of a foreign station, a letter may be lost in transit, or perhaps no one at the
station can read or write in English. Then again, there are one or two stations that definitely refuse to &quot;verify reception&quot;; but these, I am pleased to say, are few and far between.
I have found it a good idea to enclose a folder or booklet of views with
THE AUSTltALASiAN llAJJl() WORLD
each report. Distant stations are always interested in anything of this nature, and very often send in return some photos or views of their station or locality. I have built up a very
fine collection of cards, letters, and photos, all received from B.C. stations.· In addition to the pleasure I have had from dxing I have also made many friends in all parts of the world, and regularly receive letters from them. Also, I have built up a fine collection of stamps. In conclusion, to be a successful dxer and build up a good log, one must have a good receiver and a good locality, plenty of patience and a tolerant family.
Anyone seeking information on broadcast band stations need only drop me a line at 97 Princess Street, Marton, N.Z., and I will do all in my power to assist them.

==P.46 - &quot;Card-Hunting&quot; is Not Sole Aim of Dxing==
By M.T.H.
IN the early days of radio, a broadcasting station was very seldom heard at a distance greater than some 500 miles. Under such circumstances the&quot;· owners of radio stations were very interested in
receiving information concerning both strength and the steadiness of reception at distant points. It enabled them to determine the extent of their &quot;area of effective service,&quot; and also, the effect of atmospheric conditions upon this service. It can be readily seen from these considerations that the tireless efforts of early enthusiasts were of great importance to the success of radio entertainment.
To-day, the supplying of such information is a hobby which yearly gains more enthusiastic adherents.
Mo~t broadcasting stations send a &quot;Reception Verified&quot; card to all those who give them helpful information, and the &lt;:ol!ection of such cards has become a matter of keen competition.
Reports Must be Complete
There is a danger to-day, however, that this hobby may degenerate into a form of tai·d collecting, and nothing more,, 'As an instance, :;;tations
occasionilly rel'eivc report;; running
:;omethinir like thi~: &quot;I heard your station last night; it was coming in like a local. Please send me a card, ., ., ' etc.&quot; Needless to say, this sort of thing debases the hobby, and could
ultimately lead to its extinction.
It is necessary, therefore, that every report sent to stations should be of service to them and to radio as a whole. This is the whole aim of dxing. The verification card is a reward for service rendered, and should
not be regarded as the sole object of dxing.
Preparing a Report
Intelligent and accurate reports are undoubtedly of great assistance in determining the occurrence and duration of fading, the intensity of signal
strength, and, perhaps, most important of all, the quality of speech and
music. In forwarding reports to distant stations there are several essentials to be borne in mind.
1. Set down the time and date of reception, and also the frequency if possible. It is quite unnecessary to give every item you hear, but make sure you get at least half a dozen if conditions permit. If possible, quote titles in preference to saying that a &quot;piano item&quot; was heard, &quot;a lady was singing,&quot; or &quot;a band was playing,&quot; etc.
Station engineers prefer to get the name of the item itself, the name of the orchestra, the composer, or the artist which enables them to verify definitely.
2. Next comes the readability
(QSA) and strength of signals (R), as well as the quality. Many are apt to exaggerate when giving these particulars. Do not tell a station you heard them at RS, when in reality they were only R4. Misleading re- ·
August l; 1936.
ports concerning strength are useless.
The object of a report is not to let the engineers know what a wonderful receiver you have for DX, but to inform them how their signals are getting out. Weak and disturbed signals
may not be due to your receiver, but to several other things; e.g., the time at which you hear the station or the · 1ocal climatic conditions. Both these factors affect reception to some ex- tent, hence the importance of stating as nearly as possible the volume and clarity of signals.
3. Pay particular attention to fading, and mention whether the carrier wave is steady or swinging at the same time, being careful to make sure your own aerial is not swinging.
4. Describe as accurately as you can the weather conditions at the time of reception, giving temperature and barometer readings (if available), direction of wind, and other details.
If dxers follow the above instructions and give some details as to the set used, length and height of aerial, etc., they will have the satisfaction of knowing their report is a helpful one. Postage should be enclosed
where possible.
Some Shortwave DONT'S.
Don't expect to log all the stations in the world the first day you have your set. You must become used to your receiver and know just how to tune it, and this takes time and patience. It is best to try for the more powerful stations first, as they will be the easiest ones to pull in.
Don't expect to receive the same station every day, as conditions in the upper reaches of the earth's atmosphere cause reception conditions to change constantly. There are occasions when you will pick up a station with excellent volume, but perhaps a few days later you will not be able to bring in the station at all.
Don't expect to get stations instantly. A station may be coming in well one minute, but during the next you may scarcely hear it. This is one reason why · patience and slow tuning are necessary.
Don't use a make-shift aerial. Only the best and most carefully-installed types will bring in shortwave stations satisfactorily. A doublet is always well worth while on the short waves.
Don't become discouraged. Every new shortwave listener, before he has become familiarised with the vagaries of short waves, is apt to become disheartened when trying out a new set.

==P.47 - Identifying Shortwave Stations==
Chimes, bells, horns, cuckoo calls-these are just a few of the many and varied interval signals used by shortwave stations throughout the world to enable listeners to identify their transmissions easily. A list of these signals used by the more powerful stations is given below.
By H. I. JOHNS. 
LISTENERS often find it difficult to identify foreign shortwave stations, especially those where. the English language is very little used. For instance, some of the South American stations do not announce their actual call-signs in English, but in Spanish. Similarly, French and Russian stations use their own languages when announcing.
Fortunately, however,· most of these stations now use what are known as interval signals which enable listeners to identify them easily. A list of these signals used by the more powerful stations will now be given.
From the Empire stations (Daventry) a tuning whistle is sounded for at least fifteen minutes before the opening announcement. Next, Big Ben will be heard, and then the announcer will inform listeners . that &quot;This is London calling you.&quot; These well-known stations, which always close with &quot;God Save the King,&quot; will be found on the 19, 25 and 31-metre bands.
When tuning into a German station one will hear chimes, consisting of eight notes of an old German folk song, frequently repeated, for about fifteen minutes before the station's announcements. Then follows: &quot;Dear
friends and listeners abroad.&quot; These stations also announce in Spanish, and close down with the German national anthem and Nazi hymn. Finally, the chimes will be heard once again. · The French station, &quot;Radio Coloniale&quot; (FY A) and now known as TP A2, TP A3 and TP A4, always opens up with the &quot;Marsellaise.&quot; The call-sign will not be heard, but instead the announcement, &quot;lei Paree, Radio Coloniaie.&quot; The station closes with &quot;Bon soir mesdames, bon soir, mademoi- sell~s bon soir, messieurs,&quot; followed by the &quot;Marsellaise.&quot;
From -Paris we go to 2.RO, Rome,
which announces &quot;Radio Roma
Napoli.&quot; This is given by a lady an- nouncer, the interval signal being a
nightingale singing. The station closes
with the Fascist hymn.
Another station in Rome is HVJ,
Vatican City, which opens with a
metronome beating for five minutes. Then will be heard the striking of the
bells ·of St. Peter's, followed by the
announcement, &quot;Pronto Radio Vaticano. Wave length 50.26 metres.
Laudetur Jesus Christus.&quot; The station
remains on the air for fifteen minutes
only.
A well-known station in Portugal
is CTlAA, Lisbon, which uses three
cuckoo calls as an interval signal. 
The announcement is, &quot;CTlAA, Radio
Coloniale.&quot; This station can be
heard on Wednesdays, Fridays and
Sundays, on the 31 m. band, but only
during the winter.

Turning next to Switzerland, we
have HBL and HBO, which together
with several other stations are known
as &quot;Radio Nations,&quot; Geneva, Switzerland. Announcements are made in
English, Spanish and French.
ORK, Belgium, which transmits interesting programmes heard daily in 
the early morning, is known as &quot;Belradio.&quot; The announcement is,, &quot;Ici
Bruxelles emission s·pecials pour la
Congo par Ia station de Ruysselede,&quot;
and the station closes with &quot;La Brabaconne.&quot;
Station OER2 in Austria can also be
heard in the early morning. The an- nouncement is, &quot;Hello, Hier Radio
Wien,&quot; and also &quot;Hello, hello, this is
radio station OER2, Vienna, Austria.&quot;
A metronome is used for the interval
signal.
Station EAQ (30.4 m.) in Spain, announces in English and Spanish after
every item, the announcement in
Spanish being-&quot;Estacion Ay-Ah-Coo
(EAQ), Madrid, Espana!' This station
is on the air daily, but is heard only
during the winter.
Perhaps the best-known station
throughout the world to shortwave
listeners is PHI, Holland. Announcements are made in English, Dutch,
Malay, German, French, Spanish and
Portuguese, all by the same announ- cer. Listeners will hear, &quot;Hullo, hullo,
PHI, Holland,&quot; also &quot;This is Huizen.&quot;
This station, which is known as the
&quot;happy station&quot; among shortwave
listeners, closes with the Dutch
national anthem.
PRF5, in Brazil, is known as &quot;La
Presse Nacional,&quot; the announcement
being &quot;You are listening to shortwave
station PRF5-F for Friday.&quot; They
also give the station's longitude and
latitude.
RNE, the Russian station, on 25
metres, always opens and closes with
the playing of the &quot;International.&quot;
You will hear, &quot;This is Moscow calling on a wave length of 25 metres,
12,000 kilocycles, Workers of the
World.&quot;
All American stations can be identified by the prefix &quot;W.&quot; The callsigns are given every fifteen minutes,
preceded in nearly all cases by the
striking of three gongs. Shortwave
stations in America which operate
from or in conjunction with a broadcast station, give announcements as follows: &quot;Westinghouse stations WBZ,
WBZA and shortwave station WlXK.&quot;
W2XAF on 31 metres is known as &quot;The Voice of Electricity,'' the an- nouncement being, &quot;This is WGY and
W2XAF.&quot; Each programme is opened
with a broadcast from the noise of a
discharge of 10 million volts.
\VSXAL's announcement is, &quot;The
Nation's Station, WLW, and short- wave station WSXAL.&quot;
W9XF-&quot;Your station is W9XF,
Chicago, Illinois, operating on 6,100
kilocycles.&quot; The call-sign, etc., is also
given out in several different languages.
VK2M:E, Australia, is known a s
THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD
&quot;The Voice of Australia,'' the identifying signal being the well-known
laug·hter of the kookaburra, Australia's
famous bird. The station always
closes with &quot;God Save the King.&quot;
VPD has no interval signal, but the announcer will be heard to say,
&quot;Hullo listeners, this is station VPD,
Suva, Fiji,'' before almost every item.
VK3ME opens with clock chimes
and closes with &quot;God Save the King.&quot;
The South American stations are the hardest to identify, as the ma- jority do not give their call-signs in
English but only in Spanish.
HJlABB is known as &quot;La Voz de
Barranguilla,&quot; the call-sign in Spanish
being &quot;Acha hota und ah bey, bey.&quot;
The interval signal consists of three
chimes.
HJ2ABA will be heard as &quot;La V oz de! Rais.&quot;
HJ3ABD-the name of this station
is &quot;Ecos de Calle,&quot; and the announcement is &quot;Atcha kah effch.&quot; The identifying signal consists of strokes on a gong.
August 1, 1936.
HJ5ABD's call will be given by the announcer as &quot;Achay jay sinks ah
bay day.&quot;
HCJB, which is heard daily broadcasting in English and Spanish, _ is
&quot;Le Voz de los Andes&quot; (the Voice of
the Andes). It can be identified by
a two-tone chime.
HC2RL, known as &quot;Quinta Riedad,''
calls &quot;Hullo America&quot; both in English
and Spanish. It closes with the
Ecuadorian national anthem.
OAX4D is heard well on Thursdays
and Sundays on 51 metres. The announcement, &quot;La Voz de Peru, Radio,
D.U.S.A.&quot; is given in English and
Spanish.
XEBT is another well-known station and can be easily identified by
the blowing of a motor horn, like very
fast cuckoo calls, repeated twice.
Also listeners will sometimes hear a siren blowing, similar to that on a fire engine. The station signs off
with that beautiful sacred song, &quot;Ave
Maria.&quot;

==P.48 - Universal Time Conversion Indicator==
How to Assemble and Use It
EvERY radio enthusiast
will find the Radiotron Universal
Time Conversion Indicator issued as a free supplement to this issue, invaluable in obtaining time differences between various parts of the world.
To assemble it, the large circle
should be carefully cut out around its
outside edge. The small circle is also
cut out, just inside the red line forming the circumference. Two discs of
fairly heavy cardboard are also re- quired, of the same diameters as the
cut-out circles. The latter are then
glued to the discs, the smaller one placed evenly over the larger, a paper
fastener passed through the centre,
and the Indicator is ready for opera- tion.·
Alternatively, both discs can be
fastened to a convenient spot on a wall with a drawing-pin passing
through their centres.
Using the Indicator
To obtain the time in any country
when it is, say, 8 p.m. in Sydney, set
&quot;N.S.W.&quot; opposite 8 p.m., and then
times in othe1· parts of the world can be read off. For example, the Indicator shows it is t hen 7.30 p.m. in
South Australia and Northern Territory, 7 p.m. in Japan, 6 p.m. in West
Australia, and 9.30 p.m. in New Zealand.
The only country of any importance
from a radio point of view that is
ahead of Sydney in regard to time is
New Zealand, which is H hours ahead
during winter. During summer, when
Daylight Saving is in force, the time
difference increases to 2 hours.
Some Further Examples
In big continents there are several
divisions of time. In the United States
there are four belts-Pacific, Mountain, Central and Eastern. These arc 18, 17, 16, and 15 hours behind Sydney time, respectively. Australia has
three belts, Western Australia and
Central Australia being two hours and
half an hour respectively behind Sydney time. All these differences are shown by the Indicator.
Allowance For Summer Time
Summer time is observed in some countries, notably Argentine, Belgium,
Brazil, France, Great Britain, Holland,
Portugal, and Roumania. During the
Australian winter, the time in these
countries is advanced one hour, fo1·
which due allowance should be made.

==P.49 - All-Wave DX Contest Arouses Widespread Interest==
List of Prizes Give11
Below Ineludes Kit-Sets,
Multi-Range Teste1•
and Aerial K.its.
T IIE announcement of the All-\Vave
DX Contest in last month's &quot;Radio World&quot; has brought in dozens of
letters from readers anxious to take part in the competition. Judging
by their enthusiasm, station officials in all parts of the world are going
to have a busy time during the next few months checking up on reports
and · sending back verifications !
Thanks to the generosity of leading advertisers in the ''Radio
vVorld,&quot; over thirty pounds' worth of prizes have already been donated
for distribution among the winners. 'rhere will be two sedions in the
Contest, one for Australian and one for New Zealand dxers. Details of
the prize list are as follows:-
AUSTRALIAN SECTION.
First Prize : . . .... . .. ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiokes &quot;Moneysa ver&quot;
Kit-Set (value £9/17/ 6).
(Kit donated by Radiokes Ltd., except /01· condenser gang an(l
wave-change switch, given by Stroniberg-Carlson (A'sia) Ltd.)
Second Prize: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' l.936 Master Five''
(Complete Velco kit of parts, value £6) . (Donated by .Messrs. A. J. Veall Pty. Ltd., Melbourne .)
Third Prize: .... . .. . . . ...... .. . Palec Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Tester
(value £5).
(Donated by the Paton Electrical Instrnment Company,
Sydney.)
Fourth Prize: . .. . .. ... . . ..... .. Noisemaster All-Purpose Aerial Kit
(value 52/6).
(Donated by Antenne:x; (A'sia) Agenc1:es, Sydney.)
NEW ZEALAND SECTION.
First Prize : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kit of parts for complete receiver
(type will be published next month).
(Donated by Messrs. F . J. W. Fear &amp; Co., Wellington, N.Z.)
Second Prize: ..... . .. ... . . ... . . Noisemaster AllPurpose Aerial Kit (value 52/6).
(Donated by Antennex (A'sia) Agenc·ies,
Sydney).
Further additions to both prize lists may be
published next month.
. Every prize-winner will also receive an Award Certificate
in twocolonrs, printed on parchment, while six Certificates of
Merit will be awarded for the six best logs entered, apart from
those of the prize-winners.

==P.50 - DX News and Views==

'''A page for letters from DX readers.'''

'''Wants To Exchange QSL Card'''
I would like to congratulate you on your fine paper &quot;Radio World.&quot; I look forward to getting my copy of it every month. I have a QSL card of my own, and would like to exchange it with anyone anywhere. Wishing the &quot;Radio World&quot; every success in the future.- '''C. R. Landrigan''' (Camperdown Road, Terang, Vic.).

'''Fine 10-Metre DX'''
Following is a list of loggings for the past week - mostly on 14 m.c. (20 metres) c.w.:- W6CXW, W6ITH ('phone Q5, R9), W6LDP, WE1EA, W7BUB, W9POS, OZ2M, J2CL, UK3AA, PACE, G5RS, G60S, U9MF, KA1SP (7 m.c.), XU3RY, OH5MR, OZ5BK, EI8B, W2LU, KA1ER (7 m.c.), W2HSD, U2ME, PAHG, W6HR, K6AKP, W410, F8NY, W9KJP, K6LBH. Some time ago I heard the following on 28 m.c. (10 metres):- ZL1GX, W6GZU, ZL3AB, VK3YF, AS1H, VK6SA, HJ3AJH, J2HJ, and VK6MN. Also, VK6FO used to be regular, but have not heard him for some time. My total log, including VK's and ZL's, must be around about 1,000 stations. I have not sent many reports out, but have about 30 cards. I have received from ZBW, Hong Kong, a very nice card, showing views of the studio, station and transmitter.- '''Len. Burston''' (Wangaratta, Vic.).

'''Airways Station Heard'''
The stations which I have heard with my 4-valve battery set, with an aerial 60 feet long and 30 feet high, are as follows:- Daylight stations: 3AR, 2FC, 5CK, 2CO, 7NT, 5CL, 2BL, 3LO, 3GI, 5RM, 2GB, 3UZ, 3BO, 2UE, 2GZ, 3HA, 2KY, 3DB, 2CA, 2UW, 2WG, 3KZ, 2CH, 2NC, 2WR, 2SM, 3AW, 2GN. Night: 2YA, 1YA, 4YA (New Zealand from about 5 p.m. onwards), 6WF, 4QG, 5DN, 6AM, 5PI, 7LA, 2HD, 4MK, 3TR, 6IX, 4BK, 5AD, 2MO, 2KO, 3XY, 4CA. These are the stations which I have noted down as having heard their calls since I bought the set in September last. Amateurs I have received include VK2YW, Wagga; VK2EI, Leeton, and VK2KD, Temora. Recently I picked up a station on about 5PI's wavelength. I heard a male announcer asking- &quot;How long before you will be landing? Over, over.&quot; A little later- &quot;You will be landing in about 15 minutes; see you later; OK, ---,&quot; a name which l could not get; possibly the name of the machine. A few days later I saw by the papers that an Airways 'plane had to return to Cootamundra aerodrome on account of bad weather, so, possibly, that's what I heard. Also, a station has been heard near 2FC - I think it is KZRM, Manila. I picked it up on Sunday night at about 10.45 p.m.; it was QSA4 and R6, for about half an hour. No call was given, but the announcer spoke with an American accent.- '''C. D. Moller''' (Coolamon, N.S.W.). 

'''Two-Valve Battery Shortwaver'''
My receiver is a two-valve battery s.w. receiver, 30 detector, 32 output, using resistance coupling. It is of my own construction. The antenna is of the inverted &quot;L&quot; type - 25-foot lead-in around the skirting-board, and a 25-foot flat top, 10 feet high, pointing to N.W. I use no earth. Since winding the 20-metre coil three days ago I have heard several stations, the best being VPD (22.94 m.) and W7ALZ calling 4JU and W6FQY. W6FQY can generally be heard at 4.20 p.m. The W6's come in best here. I use &quot;cans&quot; for s.w. reception. Wishing your excellent radio journal all the best.- '''Jack Harrower''' (Seddon, Melbourne, Vic.).

'''500 Stations In Six Weeks'''
I have received over 500 stations in the past six weeks - mostly amateurs on 20 metres, but including a couple of Japanese stations, XGOA, and KZRM on broadcast band. I wish to congratulate you on the '&quot;Radio
World,&quot; and here's hoping you keep up the good work. It is the best radio book I have seen, and I have a standing order for it at my newsagent.- '''W. Pearson''' (Malvern, Victoria).

'''Foreign Stations On 49 Metres'''
&quot;I wish to acknowledge having received my Club Certificate and Badge, and to commend you on the smart design of both badge and certificate. Also, the Report Forms are just what the DX fans have looked for for ages.
Well, the most notable items in the DX line here lately have been on the short waves. XE2AH, Mexico, W6ITH and W6MGJ, California, W6BY, Whittier, California, have all been heard on 20-metre 'phone at R8-9 QSA4-5. They can be heard around 4 p.m. till 5 p.m. South Australian Time. There is a station on approximately 49 metres which plays all the latest recordings with vocal refrains in English, and also a lot of Hawaiian music and songs, but announces in a foreign language. It does not give a call-sign, and is on the air from about 7.30 p.m. till 2 a.m. At intervals a chime is heard. This station comes in at R9, QSA5. I have just received a verification and programme from Russia with the information that all reports will be answered, and that programmes may be obtained in any language on request. All reports should be addressed to the Editor, Inna Marr, Radio Centre, Moscow.- '''R. H. McColl''' (Semaphore, S.A.).

'''Sixty-Foot Aerial Mast'''
Just a few short lines to let you know how I am getting along in the way of dxing. So far things have not been the best, on the broadcast band it certainly has been very hard, the trouble being local interference. Though during June I received 80 odd cards from Australian stations, and hope to have a good collection in a very short time. So far I have only sent cards to TPA4, DJQ, GSB, VBD and to a few American hams. I have tried various forms of aerials here, because conditions here in the North are not so good. At present I have under construction a sixty-foot three-corner lattice mast and will gladly send photo of same when completed. Wishing the &quot;Radio World&quot; and DX Club every success.- '''C. Watts''' (Bowen, Q'land).

'''Interested In 5-Metre DX'''
I have just bought the June issue of your remarkable magazine, which is certainly one of the best, and I enclose P.N. for one shilling and stamps to cover postage of the May issue. I have had a radio since 1925 - you know the days of knobs, dials and squeals. At the present time I am very interested in 5 metres and would like to suggest that the &quot;Radio World&quot; publish as soon as possible a 5-metre receiver. By doing this you would give those of us who are interested on this side of the Tasman a chance to hear the first signal from Aussie on a &quot;Radio World&quot; receiver; what could be better? I will in the near future join the &quot;All-World DX Club.&quot; I take this opportunity of wishing the &quot;Radio World&quot; the best of success - and it is a success.- '''Vince Hanstock''' (Denniston, N.Z.). [Details of a.c. and battery 5-metre receivers are published in the July and August issues. Best of luck in your 5-metre DX work. Glad you like &quot;R.W.&quot; - Ed.]

'''Logged Nearly 3,000 Stations!'''
I have an eight-valve all-wave job, and only operate it on an indoor aerial at present but in the near future I intend to erect two 60-foot poles, so I ought to drag them in. I am in a very bad locality owing to the Railway Rock, and two sets of high powered mains pass in the next street. I have had the set about 16 months and have logged near the 3,000 mark of world-wide stations. I received a card yesterday from OA4R, Peru. I would also like to mention I have my own card and have sent out dozens and dozens to different VK's, but have got about one dozen in return. I have never missed including return postage and thought I might be doing these chaps a good turn, but they evidently do not appreciate reports.- '''C. E. Neill''' (Ipswich, Queensland). [Congratulations on your card - a very neat job. Hard to understand your not getting replies from &quot;hams,&quot; who generally are only too pleased to send a card if postage is included.- Ed.l

'''&quot;Glorious Fourth&quot; Celebrations Heard'''
Have had a Stromberg-Carlson D.W. only for five or six weeks, but have logged a number of overseas stations and also many amateurs. GSD and GSB, Daventry, from about 2 p.m. till 4.30 p.m., have been excellent on 25 and 31 metres - but cannot get them above a whisper on the 20-metre band. Radio Colonial, Paris, from 10 a.m., and I2RO, Rome, on 25 metres, were very good from 1.15 a.m. early in July. Also, at between 9 and 10 a.m. on the same day I heard I2RO give their &quot;American Hour&quot; request numbers in English. On July 4 at 10.20 a.m. on 25 metres, I heard part of celebration at the United States Great Hall, Paris, of the &quot;Glorious Fourth.&quot; Readability was fair to good, but there was some fading. I can recognise only the French and German languages (and perhaps Spanish and Italian), so unless the call is heard, it is difficult to tell what station one is listening to.- '''Mrs. E. M. A. A. Heathorn''' (Smithton, Tasmania). [The list of interval signals published this month will help you considerably in identifying s.w. stations.- Ed.]

===Photo of George Notley, Moonah, DX Den===
The &quot;Radio World&quot; certainly seems to be popular in this DX den, which belongs to '''George Notley''', of Moonah, Tasmania. Mr. Notley is a very keen dxer, and has logged plenty of S.W. and broadcast stations on the battery three-valver shown in the photo.

===Photo of 1YA Auckland Mast===
This aerial mast belongs to lYA, Auckland, which operates on 650 k.c. with a power of 10 k.w.- '''Jack M. Flower''' (Tauranga, N.Z.).

==P.51 - Logging South American Stations==
During any Sunday afternoon dxers in good locations can, by careful
searching, pick up quite
a few South American
broadcasters at good volume. In the article below
over two dozen of the
more powerful stations are
listed, together with frequencies, powers, and best
times to look for them.
This high.powered broadcaster at Breslau, Germany, can generally be
heard at fine volume in ·the spring and autumn. During the early morn·
ing is the b.est time of the day to try for him. Frequency is 950 k .c.,
By D. N. ADAMS
and power, 100 k.w.
THERE are quite a
few powerful stations in the Argentine, which can sometimes be heard
in Australasia during the winter from
about mid-day onwards. Sunday is a good day to try for them. Some
go off the air at about 1.30 p.m., but
others carry on, and these would probably be the best for Australian
dxers to search for.
Published on this page is a list of
the more powerful of the South
Americans together with the approximate times (E.A.S.T.) at which they
close down. Try for them before the more powerful of the U.S.A. stations
start to come in, or there will be
plenty of heterodynes with which to
contend.
A good way of ensuring a verification from any of these stations you
may pick up is to send a copy of
your report to Mr. Hector Rivola, c/o
Radio Station LR8, Radio Paris,
Buenos Aires, Argentine, and ask
him if he would mind seeing the
management of the station in question regarding a verification for your
report. Enclose some used or unused
Australian stamps for his collection
and he will be pleased to help you
out. I have received back several
verifications through his kind assistance.
Other stations in South America
which have been heard here are:
TGK, Guatemala City, Guatemala, on 1,210 k.c., 10,000 watts. Broadcasts DX programmes on Sunday
nights till about 6 p.rrL E.A.S.T.
CX26, Montevideo, Uruguay, on
1,050 k.c., 2,000 watts, is often heard on DX broadcasts.
CX24, Montevideo, Uruguay, on 1,010 k.c., 10,000 watts, is often heard
on DX broadcasts.
CP4, La Paz, Bolivia, on 1,040 k.c.,
10,000 watts, is sometimes heard on till 6 p.m. with DX broadcasts. CE76, Valparaiso, Chile, on 765 k.c., 
10,000 watts, is heard on Sundays tm
the U.S.A. stations come in. A very
good station. Listed below are the ·stations in
South America which have verified
my reports. This will give dxers a good idea of the stations to report
to, providing, of course, they are picked up:
Argentine: LS2, LS8, LR3, LR5,
LR4, LR8, LSlO, LT3, LU7, LVL
Uruguay: CX26. Bolivia: CP4. Venezuela: YVlBC. 
Argentine Broadcast Stations.
Station
LSlO
LV2
LS3
LS4 .
LS1
LR7
LTl
LRlO
LR5
LR6
LR2
LR3
LR4
LR9
LRl
LT3
LS5
LRS
LS2
LSS
LU7
LS9
LS7
LS6
Freq.
(K.C.)
590
620
630
670
710
750
780
790
830
870
910
950
990
1,030
1,070
1,080
1,110
1,150
1,190
1,230
1,240
1,270
1,310
1,350 
Power
(Watts)
6,000
2,000
5,000
7,000
5,000
15,000
4,000
10,250
29,000
26,000
12,000
31,000
12,000
9,000
50.000
4,500
5,000
7,000
30,000
20,000
2,000
6,000
10,000
6,000
Rema.rks
Heard till 3 p.m. Sundays, sometimes after that.
Has been heard till 3 p.m. (E.A.S.T.).
Heard till 3 p.m. Sundays.
Closes at 3 p.m. Sundays.
Closes about 3.30 p,m. Sundays.
Heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it, which would
be about 4 p.m. (E.A.S.T.).
Closes about 4 p.m. Sundays.
Is heard on Sundays till U .S.A. stations drown it out; very good station.
Is heard till 3 p.m.- sometimes later-on Sundays. A won- derful station.
Heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it. Wonderful
volume last winter.
Closes at 2 p.m. usually, but has been heard later and is a good stat ion to log.
This is one of the best. Is heard until 4 p.m. Sundays and
verifies }&gt;romptly.
This is another good station-is like LR3.
Heard best on Saturdays till 3 p.m.
Wonderful station. Heard till U .S.A. stations drown it out on Sundays.
Closes at 2 p.m. (E.A.S.T.).
Heard on Sundays at good volume till U.S.A. stations come in.
Heard on Sundays at good volume till U.S.A. stations drown it.
Welcomes reports and verifies all that are correct.
This is usually the first S.A. station to be heard. On till after 4 p.m. on Sundays.
Is easily R6 here at 2 p.m. your time Sundays.
Is heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it. Comes in well and verifies promptly. Is also heard on Sunday at good volume, but will not verify .
Another station which is heard well.
Should al~o be heard, but it has not verified reports.

==P.52 - Frequency Re-Shuffle For Japanese Broadcasters==
Frequency Re-shuffle for Japanese Broadcasters
New Stations: Higher Powers
By our Japanese Correspondent
THE operating frequencies of many Japanese stations will be changed soon, the new allocations being given below. At the present time these stations are on the air on their new frequencies for test after 10 p.m. J.S.T. It is expected that the new frequency allocation will become effective after July 1, 1936. Two new stations - JBBK1 and JBBK2 -are located at Heijo, Chosen (Korea). They are now testing with 50 watts, but power will be increased to 500 watts soon. Also, the power of JODK2 will be increased to 50 k.w. soon. The transmitter is already completed and will be on the air after autumn. 
New transmitters for JOAKl,
JOAK2, JOJ~ JOKG, JOL~ JONG
and JOOG are now under construction. They may be on the air this
year.
The new station at Shinkio (Hsinking) is MTCY2; it will be opened
this year. The antenna power is 10
k.w.
·Two transmitters will'be established
at Seishin, Chosen (Korea). The an- tenna power of them is 10 k.w. each.
-Akifusa Saito (Kumamoto, Japan).
K.C. CALL. LOCATION. POWER.
(K.W.)
560 MTCY Shinkio (Hsin580
590
600
610
630
640
650
670
674
680
690
700
710
720
720
730
740
7.50
760
770
780
790
JFCK
JOAKl
JONG
JOJK
JOKK
JODG
JOUK
.TOTK
MTFY
JOVK
JOBIKl
JOCG
JODK2
JORK
JFBK
JOCKl
JOSK
JFAK
JQAK
JOHK
JOPK
JOGK
king) , Manchukuo 100
Taichu, Formosa 1
Tokio* 10
Miyazakit .5
Kanazawa 3
Okayama .5
Hamamatsu .5
Akita .3
Matsue .5
Harbin, Manchukuo 3
Hakodate .5
Osaka 10
Asahigawa .3
Keijot 10
Kou chi .5
Tainan, Formosa 1
Nagoya 10
Kokura 1
Taihoku, Formosa 10
Dair en .5
Sendai 10
Shizuoka .5
Kumamoto 10

800
810
820
. 830
870
JOKG
JOIK
JB1BK2
JOFK
JOAK2
Koufut
Sapporo
Heijo, Korea~
Hiroshima
Tokio*
.5
10
.5
10
10
This photograph of Mr. Akifu.sa Saito,
the &quot;Radio World's&quot; Japanese correspondent, was taken with one of JOGK's
masts in the background. Mr. Saito is a
noted Japanese radio engineer, and so
knows the kind of news that dxers want.
890 JOLG Tottorit .5
890 MTBY Hoten (Mukden),
Manchukuo
910 JOLK Fukuoka
920 JOQK Niigata
930 JOAG Nagasaki
940 JOBK2 Osaka
950 JONK Nagano
970 JODKl Keijo, Korea
980 JOXK Tokushima
990 JOCK2 Nagoya
1000 JOBG Maebashi
1020 JOFG Fukui
1030 JBAK Fusan, Korea
1040 JOJG Yamagatat
1050 JOHIG Kagoshima
1060 JOIG Toyama
1070 JOOK Kioto
1080 JOOG Obihirot
1090 JBBKl Heijo, Korea§
1
.5
.5
.5
10
.5
10
.5
10
.5
.3
.15
.5
.5
.5
.3
.5
.5
* Will be increased to 150 k.w. this
year.
t Will be opened this year.
§ Already opened.
t Will be increased to 50 k.w. this
autumn.

==P.53 - Visiting DX Stations (3)==

==P.55 - China to have High-Power S.W. Station==

'''China to have High-Power S.W. Station''' - '''Some Shortwave News Flashes''' By A. B. McDonagh +

'''Africa Launching Out - '''
A new building of eight stories, and with 13 studios - the most ambitious radio building outside of Daventry - is now being erected. Look for ZSR, 9.18 m.c., and the shortwave relay station of ZTJ on 6.09 m.c.

'''China's Contribution - '''
The Administration of Chinese Broadcasting has placed an order with the Marconi Co. for a shortwaver of higher power than that used by the B.B.C. It will relay the 75,000-watter XGOA, and advice states it will take two years to build. Meantime, Chinese radio engineers will study at the Marconi College in England, and also in America, to learn modern shortwave technique.

'''New Venezuelan Station - '''
Caracas, Venezuela, is going to have a new station on 6.27 m.c.- YV14RC. YV7RMO is on 6.07 m.c., and is located at the end of Lake Maracaibo nearest the sea.

''''Plane and Police Stations - '''
Just a shade under 5 m.c. at about 11 p.m. N.Z.S.T., an aeroplane station may be heard. Some of the U.S.A. police stations, which are above 100 metres, can be heard round about 9 p.m. N.Z.S.T.

'''Shortwave Jottings - '''
RAN (?), Moscow, 31.6 metres, is testing daily from midnight G.M.T. This is the same transmitter as used for the 9 p.m. G.M.T. sessions.
Java (said to be PMO) is on approximately 26 metres with the same programme as YDB on the 31-metre band.
It is hinted that New Zealand's proposed shortwave station may be erected alongside the 60-kilowatt national station now being built near Wellington.
Higher in frequency, and about a degree from the 6.5 megacycle mark, a rapid foreign voice is often heard about 11 p.m. N.Z.S.T. I heard the call as JTAS, calling WWV and others.
This is evidently a Japanese ship, as several of them use telephony when nearing U.S.A.
Many people do not know that Moscow has an English session on 25 metres (12 megacycles) between 2.30 and 3.30 a .m. N.Z.S.T. on Monday mornings.
It will ease the minds of Australian listeners to know that Shanghai has been heard in N.Z. at midnight on the 31-metre band.
A new station, with speech in Italian, is on Abyssinia's wavelength of 25 metres.
Watch Geneva for different relays; they test at odd times.

+ Australian listeners who wish to be introduced to pen pals in New Zealand should write A. B. McDonagh, Secretary N.Z. Short Wave Club, 4 Queen Street, Wellington, E.1, New Zealand. The same applies to exchange of QSL cards or stamps. Kindly enclose a penny stamp for reply.

==P.55 - &quot;Simplified Moneysaver&quot; Is Fine Performer==
Son•e · Reports from Readers
That the Radiokes a.c. &quot;Money·
saver&quot; described last month is one of
the finest receivers of its class for DX
listening it would be possible to de·
sign has been proved conclusively by
tests carried out in several locations
since publication of last month's is.- sue. On each occasion, the &quot;Money·
saver&quot; pulled in dozens of DX sta-·
tions with the ease and selectivity
of many. modern commercial sets using
one and even two valves more.
Some Amazing Reports
Already some fine reports on the
set's performance have come to hand
from &quot;Moneysaver&quot; builders. One
reader in Bulli gives a glowing account of the set's DX capabilities, his
list of stations logged including nearly every broadcast station in Australia
and New Zealand, as well as a Chinese
station. On the short waves he has
logged practically all the principal in·
ternational shortwave stations as well
as many amateurs iri all parts of the
world. The report concludes: &quot;The
set shows absolutely uncanny selec·
tivity, separating without the least
difficulty some of the most distant 'B'
class stations.&quot;
Another reader states·: &quot;When I
first tried the set out, I was amazed
at the number of stations I could re• ceive. · I didn't think there were so
many on the air.&quot; .
It is certain that anyone buildingthe receiver from the Kit-Set should
not have the least difficulty in duplicating these performances. . The construction is made easy by the instruc·
tions and diagrams; the- alignment is
easily carried out, very little adjustment being necessary. To assist the
amateur builder, the intermediate
transformers and padder h-ave been
tested under operating conditions and
set to the correct alignment positions
at the facory.
Iron-Cored I.F.'s Used
An important fact not mentioned in
the descriptive article last month is
that the latest Radiokes iron-cored
intermediate frequency transf9rmers
(type SIC-465) are supplied with the
kit. These new intermediates are
highly efficient, and their use in both
the a.c. and battery &quot;Moneysavers&quot; is
largely responsible for the exceptional
gain and high selectivity that are outstanding features of both models.

==P.56 - All-Wave All-World DX Club-List of Members==

All-Wave All-World DX Club List of Life Members

Club No. - Name and Address

AW1DX - Graham Cumming, Meyer St., Donald, Victoria.

AW2DX - F. H. Stacey, c/o Mrs. H. Murphy, 80 Princess St., Petrie Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland.

AW3DX - Noel Jenkins, 80 Bannister St., Masterton, N.Z.

AW4DX - Robert E. Foothead, Newlands, Johnsonville, Wellington, N.Z.

AW5DX - J. Bisceop, Allison Road, Cronulla, Sydney.

AW6DX - F. G. Richards, 15 Dalley St., West Kogarah, N.S,W.

AW7DX - H. M. Downes, Bell Street, Penshurst, Victoria.

AW8DX - H. C. Major, 45 Nirvana Ave., Malvern, S.E. 5, Victoria.

AW9DX - C. G. Arnold, McDowall Street, Roma, Queensland.

AW10DX - Ken Scott, 12 Mitchell St., Stockton, N.S.W.

AW11DX - E. Davison, Box 4, P.O., The Entrance, N.S.W.

AW12DX - W. L. Barry, c/o J. Hall, Esq., 11 Gloucester Street, South Brisbane, Queensland.

AW13DX - Jack Glew, 203 Centre Road, Bentleigh, S.E. 14, Victoria.

AW14DX - Eric K. Webb, 297 Mitcham Road, Mitcham, Victoria.

AW15DX - A. T. Baxter, Casterton, Sandford, Victoria.

AW16DX - Frank Keirsnowski, Acheson Street, Rockhampton, Queensland.

AW17DX - James Laing, 85 Moncur Street, Woollahra, Sydney.

AW18DX - Douglas Pearsall, 512 Macauley Street, Albury, N.S.W.

AW19DX - '''Jack M. Flower''', Norris Street, Tauranga, N.Z.

AW20DX - R. H. McColl, 32 Esplanade, Semaphore, South Australia.

AW21DX - E. A. Glenie, 41 Ashworth Street, Albert Park, Victoria.

AW22DX - C. T. Frost, P.O. Box 44, Seymour, Victoria.

AW23DX - V. Smith, 350 Wellington Street, Collingwood, Melbourne, Vic.

AW24DX - F. C. Collins, Hot Springs Hotel, Te Aroha, N.Z.

AW25DX - James Brooks, &quot;Athelstan,&quot; Wamberal, N.S.W.

AW26DX - R. P. Veall, 38 Eildon Road, St. Kilda, S. 2, Melbourne, Victoria.

AW27DX - B. Beauchamp, 83 Ira Street, Miramar, Wellington, N.Z.

AW28DX - R. C. Watts, Box 91, Pode Street, Bowen, North Queensland.

AW29DX - Cecil Howard, 219 Ellena Street, Maryborough, Queensland.

AW30DX - Len R. Burston, 93 Rowan Street, Wangaratta, Victoria.

AW31DX - F. J. Davis, Mount Battery Station, Mansfield, Victoria.

AW32DX - W. H. Emanuel, 109 Bathurst Street, Hobart, Tasmania.

AW33DX - G. L. Ford, 129 Curzon Street, North Melbourne, Victoria.

AW34DX - A. Spriggins, Navy Wireless Room, Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, Victoria.

AW35DX - J. T. Jarvey, 520 Elizabeth Street, Albury, N.S.W.

AW36DX - J. M. Burke, Lyster Street, Coff's Harbour, N.S.W.

AW37DX - Dave Adams, 35 Bowker Street, Timaru, N.Z.

AW38DX - C. Jarlett, 23 Queens Road, Hurstville, N.S.W.

AW39DX - G. Billings, Wattle Bank, 251 Murrumbeena Road, Murrumbeena, S.E. 9, Victoria.

AW40DX - G. Notley, 37 Main Road, Moonah, Tasmania.

AW41DX - F. C. White, 24 Prentice Street, Elsternwick, Victoria.

AW42DX - '''A. M. Branks''', 67 Robertson Street, Invercargill, N.Z.

AW43DX - '''E. R. Service''', 81 Ettrick Street, Invercargill, N.Z.

AW44DX - D. Morath, Box 11, P.O., Narromine, N.S.W.

AW45DX - K. Morehead, Chatsworth Street, Mt. Druitt, N.S.W.

AW46DX - E. Morehead, Chatsworth Street, Mt. Drtiitt, N.S.W.

AW47DX - N. W. Lumby, 228 Oberon Street, Coogee, Sydney.

AW48DX - G. F. Thompson, 104 Bambra Road, Caulfield, S.E.8, Victoria.

AW49DX - F. H. Hagedorn, Ambrose, North Coast Line, Queensland.

AW50DX - K. Moyes, Mani Arm, Mullumbimby, N.S.W.

AW51DX - A. H. Graham, 258 Lower Plenty Road, Rosanna, N.22, Melbourne, Victoria.

AW52DX - R. Doyle, 24 Baden Powell Street, Rockhampton, Queensland.

AW53DX - William H. Pearson, 10 Soudan St., Malvern, S.E.4, Victoria.

AW54DX - Clive Holland, 32 Railway Crescent, Maryborough, Victoria.

AW55DX - M. Temby, 1 John St., Mordia1loc, S.12, Victoria.

AW56DX - Jack Reedy, Scarba St., Goff's Harbour, N.S.W.

AW57DX - Sidney Hayward, Wimble St., Seymour, Victoria.

AW58DX - Ron Gurr, c/o Port Stephens Canning Co., Pindimar, N.S.W.

(To be continued next month.)


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==Link to Issue PDF==

[https://worldradiohistory.com/index.htm| WorldRadioHistory.com's] scan of Australasian Radio World - Vol. 01 No. 04 - August 1936 has been utilised to create the partial content for this page and can be downloaded at this link to further extend the content and enable further text correction of this issue: [https://worldradiohistory.com/AUSTRALIA/Archive-Australian-Radio-World/30's/Australasian-Radio-World-Vol-01-No-04-1936-08-01.pdf| ARW 1936 08]

In general, only content which is required for other articles in this Wikibook has been entered here and text corrected. The material has been extensively used, inter alia, for compilation of [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies| biographical articles]], [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Clubs| radio club articles]] and [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations| station articles]].

==Front Cover==
The Australasian Radio World

August 1, 1936; Vol. 1 - No. 4.; Price, 1/-

Registered at the G.P.O., Sydney, for transmission by post as a periodical

Cover Photo: Illustration of indigenous person operating a pedal generator powering a Teleradio transceiver (see story on page 6)

Highlighted Contents: &quot;Simplified D.W. Battery Moneysaver&quot;; D.C. Multi-meter; 5-metre Battery Receiver; &quot;Empire Shortwave Three&quot;; List of Prizes for Big All-Wave All-World DX Contest

==Inside Front Cover - Radiotrons Ad==
Radiotron 6B7S, SCIENCE IN A VACUUM, ENGINEERING IN MINIATURE, EXTREME ACCURACY IN EVERY DETAIL.

Radiotron valves have earned their reputation as the World's standard by reason of superiority. The preference of leading manufacturers and of the general public for Radiotrons is a result of enduring satisfaction which Radiotrons give to a greater degree than any other valve.

AMALGAMATED WIRELESS (AUSTRALASIA) LTD., 47 York Street, Sydney; 167-169 Queen Street, Melbourne

AUSTRALIAN GENERAL ELECTRIC LIMITED, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Hobart
(Advertisement of Amalgamated Wireless Valve Company Limited)

==P.01 - Kreisler Ad==
Kriesler
steps out in front again with a
DRY BATTERYLESS RADIO!
HERE is Radio that for sheer outstanding performance an'd economy of operation is miles ahead of anything previously offered.
With a current drain of only .9 ampere it marks new low levels in upkeep costs and maintenance.
ONLY KRIESLER GIVES A 3 YEARS GUARANTEE
Model 460
Broadcast
The ideal receiver for country 31 operation, this model has high sensitivity with extremely lo·w · noise level. Wonder dial and all other Kriesler features. GUINEAS
Model 470
Dual Wave
Combining all the features of model 460 with the additional benefit of short-wave reception of all ·world stations., Krieslel'l
offers this as the greatest development of modern radio ~
35 GUINEAS
And, TO CAP IT ALL, Kriesler presents with every batteryless receiver a cheque for £6, enabling the buyer to purchase at any time a £24 Kriesler Windcharger for £15, free of
Packing, Freight and Sales Tax. Charging power as Free as the Wind!
KRIESLER
The Best Set At Any Price
Send this coupon TODAY for full details of these wonderful Kriesler Receivers. This means money for you! Dealers,
write for special franchise.
KRIESLER AUSTRALASIA LTD.
Corner Pine, Myrtle &amp; Beaumont Sts., Chippendale, Sydney.
Telephone M439
==P.02 - Editorial Notes==
'''Editorial Notes . . .'''

'''FOUR YEARS OF PROGRESS.'''
During the past four years, radio has progressed perhaps more rapidly than ever before, particularly in regard to receiver design. 1932 saw the coming of the six- and seven-pin valves, and with their advent set designers discarded the old reliables, represented by the '24, '35, and 47, in favour of the 57, 58, and 2A5. Now these in their turn are giving way to the new American metal and English
spray-shielded releases. Base standardisation for all new type valves is also an advance worthy of mention.

'''CIRCUIT IMPROVEMENTS.'''
Circuit design has improved in step with, or rather, because of, advances in valve design. Diode detection, automatic volume control, noise suppression control, and then dual-wave and all-wave receivers were all made commercially practicable by valves designed specially for these features. 

'''BETTER TONE THE NEXT STEP.'''
The next step will undoubtedly be in the direction of improving tone; in fact, leading manufacturers are already releasing medium-priced receivers capable of giving high-quality reproduction. During the past few years, set designers have been forced to concentrate on obtaining high selectivity and maximum sensitivity - the former, because of the steady increase in the number of stations operating on the broadcast hand, and the latter, because of the rapid development of worldwide shortwave services. As a result, the modern superhet is more powerful and selective than ever before. What is now needed is these qualities combined with high-quality reproduction - a combination not easily obtained, for it means much more than just providing a modern superhet tuner with a high-class audio channel. Either variable selectivity or some form of tone compensation is needed - preferably the latter - while improved speakers and better baffling are going to help considerably. Price levels will probably be a little higher, because really good tone is expensive to obtain, but nevertheless the manufacturer who caters for this latest trend is going to reap a worthwhile reward.

==P.02 - Contents Banner==
'''THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD'''.

Incorporating The 

'''ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX NEWS'''.

Managing Editor:

A. EARL READ, B.Sc.

Vol. 1 - AUGUST - No. 4

==P.02 - Contents==

CONTENTS:

Pick-Ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

&quot;Air-Commodore&quot; Has High Gain and Selectivity . . . . 4

Radio Makes the Airways Safe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Pedal-Driven Teleradio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

&quot;Empire Shortwave Three&quot; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

A Simple Five-Metre Battery Receiver . . . . . . . . . 14

Palec Vacuum Tube Voltmeter . . . . . . . . . . . .  . 16

Adding Class B to the &quot;Sky-Cruiser Battery Four&quot; . . . 17

Radio Ramblings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Systematic Servicing Brings Best Results . . . . . . . 20

&quot;Simplified D.W. Battery Money-saver&quot; . . . . . . . . . 22

The ABC of Multi-Range Meter Design . . . . . . . . . . 27

A Nine·-Range D.C. Multi-Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Radio Step by Step (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

The Lighter Side of DX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Prize-Winning Transmitter Has Worked All Continents . . 34

Choosing and Using a Vacuum-Tube Voltmeter . . . . . . . 36

More About the 6L6 Beam Power Amplifier . . . . . . . . 39

The AU-Wave All-World DX News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

DX Champion Logs 600 Stations in Five Years . . . . . . . 44

&quot;Card-Hunting&quot; is Not Sole Aim of Dxing . . . . . . . . . 46

Identifying Shortwave Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Universal Time Conversion Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

DX Contest Arouses Widespread Interest . . . . . . . . . . 49

DX News and Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Logging South American Stations . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 51

Frequency Re-Shuffle For Japanese Broadcasters . . . . . . . . 52

Visiting DX Stations (3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

China to have High-Power S.W. Station . . . . . . . . . . 55

All-Wave All-World DX Club-List of Members . . . . . . . . 56

==P.02 - Publication Notes==

The &quot;Australasian Radio World&quot; is published monthly by A. E. Read. Editorial offices, 214 George Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone BW6577. Cable address: &quot;Repress,&quot; Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 15th of month preceding that specified for insertion. 

Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year ( 12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand. Subscribers in New Zealand can remit by Postal Note or Money Order.

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 214 George Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietors of the &quot;Australasian Radio World,&quot; 214 George St., Sydney   (Footnote P.56)

==P.3 - Pick-Ups==
The Beam Wireless Photogram Service between Australia and England gave Australian newspapers a wonderful scoop last month, when photographs of the attempt on the King's life were flashed across the world by radio, to appear in Sydney dailies within 24 hours of the event. The Photogram Service has played a dramatic part in many incidents since it was brought into operation in 1934. The assassination of King Alexander and the take-off of C. W. A. Scott's 'plane in the Centenary Air Race were two early events that were pictured here a few hours after they happened. The service is also proving of immense benefit to commerce by speeding up business tremendously. At a distance of 13,000 miles, reproductions of photographs, hand writing, drawings, plans, fashion plates, cheques, finger-prints and documents of all kinds are now being made. 

There have been plenty of stories about mice getting into the &quot;works&quot; of a transmitter and causing a break-down -in fact, one of them put 2CO out of action for half an hour some months ago - but the Colombian shortwave station HJ1ABB must be the first to be put off the air by an alligator! During a chat with W2XAF in Schenectady, New York, the South American station abruptly went off the air. It transpired afterwards that a tame croc. from a near-by river had entered the transmitter building, and with a side-swipe of its tail, had wrecked one of the big transmitting valves! 

Radiotrician, 
Service man,
Radio expert,
Service expert,
Radio mechanic,
Service technician,
What makes who a what? 

Following the erection of: a new 350-foot vertical radiator for Station WCKY, Connecticut (U.S.A.), a curious phenomenon was noticed by chief engineer Charles Topmiller. When the steel tower had been raised and guyed into position, rain clouds in passing struck the upper portion. Immediately rain started falling in a radius of 30 feet around the tower, and similar falls occurred on four consecutive days. It looks as though the cranks who write periodically to the papers blaming radio for both droughts and floods might be half right after all! Something must have gone wrong with stations in America during the recent record-breaking drought over there, though. 

A receiver tuned with a telephone dial of the automatic variety has just been marketed in the States by one of the leading manufacturers there, following an idea that first originated in Germany. Any desired station is dialed in just the same way as a desired telephone number is selected. The dial controls relays and a motor which drives the tuning condenser around. The number dialed determines where the motor is to stop.
The tuning is always exact, for it has been determined previously by precise instruments. As a means of eliminating slip-shod tuning, with consequent distortion. the idea is great, but production and service problems would worry most manufacturers to death. 

The W.A.S.P: Air Lines mail 'plane which travels over the Sydney-Broken Hill route twice a week is the latest to be fitted with a special receiver to enable the pilot to use the aural radio beacon established recently by A.W.A. at North Brighton, adjoining Mascot aerodrome.
The beacon sends out four beams practically at right angles, and a 'plane approaching or travelling away from Mascot can pick up the signals and &quot;ride the beam&quot; to the aerodrome in any kind of weather-even through fogs, storms, or darkness. A receiver is also being fitted to provide entertainment for the passengers during flights. 

This picture shows Mr. Menzies (centre) Australia's Attorney-General, standing on the steps of the Philips factory at Eindhoven, Holland, during his recent visit. He is accompanied by some of the directors.

==P.4 - &quot;Air-Commodore&quot; Has High Gain and Selectivity==

&quot;AIR-COMMODORE DUAL -WAVE . F I V E&quot;
HAS HIGH GAIN AND SELECTIVITY
Per.ior1nance to that o.i
Six-valve is equal
many
Models
READERS who are planning to build the &quot;Air-Commodore Metal-Valve Dual-Wave Five,&quot; described in the June &quot;Radio World,&quot; will be interested in the following report on tests made with the kit subsequent to its description.
Three Different Localities
. In order. to get a comprehensive idea of the set's behaviour under different conditions, it was given a thorough tryout in three different and widely varying locations. The first test was made in the heart of the
city, where although the noise interference was high, all the main interState stations could be received quite comfortably after three o'clock in the afternoon. London and Paris were also received at full volume, but were badly interfered with by local electrical noises. Even under these conditions, however, the &quot;Air Commodore&quot; showed a better signal-to-noise ratio: than three other A.C. receivers (two five-valve superhets and one six-valve) tested at the same time.
7 4 Broadcast Stations
The second test was made in the Eastern Suburbs, with a tram line
(continued on page 56)

==P.5 - Radio Makes the Airways Safe==

Radio
Makes the
Airfilays Saie
Radio aids to navigation have been perfected to such an extent that it is now possible for a pilot to take off on a flight . and land again without . taking his eyes from the instrument panel. How this is accomplished is explained in the following article.
By DOUGLAS N. LINNETT
RECENT years have seen a great advancement in the application of radio aids to increase the safety element in flying, until to-day blind flying, or flying 'by instruments, is an accomplished
fact. Pilots can now rely implicitly upon their directional radio equipment, and fly into any sort of weather without the slightest fear of straying off their course.
Radio ·Beacons Are Invaluable
By riding the waves of radio beacons, pilots can make safe landings without watching the ground or the horizon. They can guide their 'planes merely by watching the dials on the instrument board and listening to signals of marker beacons through the headphones; while they can land in a fog, at night or in the teeth of a blizzard without any fear of hitting the ground too hard or running into any hangars or sheds.
Already there is one radio beacon installed in Australia, but this guides the 'plane only to a point 'above its destination. If the airport is hidden by rain or sleet, the 'plane might crash. Radio, however, has
overcome the blind lq_ncling hazard by a system of
The instrument panel of the dualcontrol Stinson passenger monoplane Lismore, operated by Airlines of Australia. The 'plane has just been fitted with a special radio . receiver,
enabling the pilot to use the new aural radio beacon at Mascot aerodrome.
directive beams which consist of runway beacon, marker beacons and a landing beam. All these provide continuous and accurate information on the position of the aeroplane in three dimensions, as it approaches and reaches the instant of landing.
Exact Position Given
The runway beacon gives indication of the directional position of the aeroplane with respect to the airport, and ensures keeping the aircraft directed to and over. the desired landing runway.
Longitudinal position of the aircraft as it approaches the airport is given by a combination of the signals from a distance indicator with the aural signals received from two marker beacons. The distance
indicator, operated from the beacon receiver, reads field intensity of the runway beacon and may be calibrated approximately in miles from the beacon (say,
0-5 miles). Absolute indication of the longitudinal position when near the airport is given by aural signals from two 5-watt marker beacon transmitters. One signal is heard when the 'plane is within 2000 feet of the airport, and the other when it is over the field boundary.
Vertical guidance is given by a horizontally polarized ultra-high-frequency landing beam, which has the necessary direction in the vertical plane while spreading the beam out in the horizontal plane to afford
service in the 40-degree sector.
On the aircraft, a simple ultra-high-frequency receiver is used; but the sensitivity is so adjusted that the line of constant received signal below the inclined axis of the beam marks out a landing path which is
suitable for the aircraft and the airport. The horizontal index line across the face or the combined instrument represents the half.scale deflection, and corresponds to the proper landing path. The horizontal pointer represents the position of the aircraft relative to this path. 
The vertical and horizontal index lines of the combined instruments intersect in the centre of the instrument dial. The point of intersection, indicated by a small circle, represents the proper landing path, so by keeping the pointers crossed over the small circle, a suitable landing path is followed down to the point of landing, and the system requires a minimum of manipulation on the part of the pilot.
Landing A 'Plane By Radio.
In practice, the pilot follows the main radio beacon by listening to the blend of dots and dashes in his headphones. As he nears the airport, the signals get stronger and .stronger
until suddenly they stop. This marks the &quot;blind spot&quot; directly over the beacon itself and so the pilot knows he has reached his destination.
Re-tuning his receiver to the local runway beacon frequency, he swings the 'plane into a wide . clock-wise turn and ·presently the earphones and instrument dial pick up beacon signals again. The 'plane is now following the runway beacon, which is simply a miniature of the big airway beacon. Now the ingenious landing beam begins its work. Crossing the vertical needle on the beacon dial is a horizontal needle which swings up and down. If the 'plane is too high for its proper glide, the needle swings up· but if the 'plane is too low, down go~s the needle. Next, the highpitched signals from the first marker are heard in the headphones. These give the warning that the 'plane is 2000 feet from the field boundary and so the engine should be throttled down.
While the pilot is still following the landing beam by watching the instrument board, the low-pitched signals of the second marker beacon are heard. This indicates that the
'plane is over the edge of the field, and gives the warning to cut the motor. By this time, the pilot could see the ground in any kind ·of weather.
Flying Solely By Radio.
The complete practicability of this radio landing system has been amply demonstrated in making safe landings under conditions of zero visibility; while it has made possible blind flying in which radio is the sole means for navigation and for landing. So the technique of radio has made possible flying by instruments and. this has immeasurably increased the safety element in commercial aviation.
The .only limitation from the radio point of view is that the radio range over the main course gives only the direction towards the destination without any indication of the actual height above ground. The Barometric Altimeter now used gives the height above sea level, and can be adjusted to give the height above the starting point; but its limitations are obvious.
For instrument flying, therefore, equipment to give the actual height above ground level is urgently required over certain types of country.
Several systems have been suggested; but the one which makes use of the phenomena known as &quot;radio echo&quot; seems to have the greatest possibilities. Dr. E. F. W. Alexanderson, consulting engineer of the General Electric Company, is reported to have proved experimentally the feasibility of the &quot;Radio Altimeter&quot; ; while Professor Gun, of the Belle View Naval Research Laboratories. is said to have developed a system of radio altitude measurements for 'planes in flight. The object is to measure the distance that a radio wave after leaving the 'plane and being reflected back to  it again from the earth beneath, travels. Indications may be oral,
graphic, visual, or in the form of a warning that will call the pilot's attention when certain limiting values have been reached.
As far as navigation is concerned, the only further information that the pilot requires is his exact position along the course he is flying. This is supplied by marker beacons of short transmitting range that are placed along the course, and which send out a characteristic signal to indicate the approximate position of the 'plane. Then, if there is a change from one radio range to another, similar marker beacons indicate the turning point, and give warning that the receiver must be re-tuned for the new direction. 
==P.6 - Pedal-Driven Teleradio==
P~dal-driven Teleradio
· Boon to Isolated Districts
THIS month's front cover illustration shows the ingenious way in which the engineers of Amalgamated Wireless (A'sia) Ltd. have solved the problem of providing power for portable radio transmitting equipment used in inaccessible districts.
The pedal-driven generator shown on the right is the solution. When the transmitter is needed, a native boy mounts the machine and &quot;rides.&quot;
As the &quot;bicycle&quot; has no wheels, the boy gets nowhere, but the transmitter does, because the energy generated in this way provides all the power necessary to establish communication over distances of 200 miles and more. The complete equipment weighs about 1 cwt., and can be carried in sections.
The Archbold Expedition at present exploring North-west Papua kept in constant touch with the A.W.A. station at Port Moresby by means of one of these Teleradio sets, as they are called, during their journey of 560
miles up the Fly river. Incidentally, a member of the party who became ill during the trip was treated daily by radio from Port Moresby. The symptoms were described by radio to a doctor there, who radioed instructions back to the explorers.
Assists Distressed Ketch
Another illustration of the utility of the Teleradio set was provided several months ago, when an expedition was despatched from Port Moresby by the ketch Veimauri. One of the A.W.A.'s pedal sets had been fitted for the trip, which was expected to occupy twenty days. · On the second day out from Port Moresby very bad weather was encountered in the Gulf of Papua. The engine of the Veimauri stopped when the ketch was 50 miles from land, and as the boat was very heavily laden, the position became. serious. The wireless was brought into action, and communication was established with Port Moresby Radio, the result being that a relief boat with an engineer and spare parts was despatched within an hour to the assistance of the ketch.
On this occasion the boy on the &quot;bike&quot; must have been something of a trick cyclist, to stick on and keep the machine going while the boat was rolling and plunging in the heavy seas.
Popular In Isolated Districts
Teleradio sets have proved particularly valuable in Papua and the Mandated Territory of New Guinea, where no fewer than 36 of them are in use. They are employed by Government
officials on their journeys into places remote from settlement, thus enabling constant touch to be maintained with headquarters. Planters and gold mining companies have lately learned of
the value of this type of instrument, a call through which might save a journey of scores of miles over trackless territory.
Teleradio sets are admirable also as feeders of the main wireless lines of communication between New Guinea and the outside world. Thus an owner will transmit a message from his own locality to Rabaul or Moresby, to be sent on to a business firm perhaps in Sydney or other Australian capital. From the point of view of the owner of a small transmitter the traffic is good business, as the sender,
instead of paying 2d. per word to get his message to the main station, has the right of retaining ld. for acting as his own telegraphist. 
==P.7 - &quot;Empire Shortwave Three&quot;==
The 
&quot;Empire Shortwave Three&quot;
A three-valve battery-operated shortwaver using a 1C4 r.f. stage1 1 C4 detector, with electron-coupled regeneration, and 1 04 output pentode.
The photograph on the right shows the finished receiver. The three lower controls are (left to right) rheostat, on/ off switch, and regeneration control.
THIS three-valve battery
shortwaver was designed primarily for simplicity of . construction and operation, but also for high efficiency and low cost. The parts used are all standard;· in fact, many set-builders will have quite a few of them on hand already.
While the &quot;Empire Shortwave 'l'hree&quot; is simple both in circuit and layout, it is a great distancegetter, and is of a type that is very popular among shortwave enthusiasts in America to-day. The r.f. ::;tage, using a 1C4 screen-grid pentode, not only gives plenty of gain, but, what is just as important, it effectively isolates the aerial from the detector, eliminating the danger of ''dead spots'' on the detector dial, due to aerial damping.
Electron-Coupled Regeneration
Another 1C4 is used as leaky-grid detector. By connecting a shortwave r.f. choke in the positive leg of the detector filament, and returning the negative side of the filament to a small reaction winding
·
[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 23:21, 23 May 2020 (UTC), , ';'.)
..
• I
·1
I
as shown in the circuit, electron-coupled regeneration has been obtained.
This method of obtaining feed-back giYes excellent stability, with negligible de-tnning effect on the received signal when the regeneration control is advanced or retarded. Peed-back i::; controlled by using a potentiometer to vary the voltage applied to the detector screen-a method which gives velvetsmooth control, without the slightest sign of
'' ploppiness.''
Separate Tuning Controls
A pair of 23-plate midget variable coJtclensers
(.0001 mfd. capacity) are used for tuning the r.f.
and detector circuits. 'l'hese conclellSers could have been ganged and only one main tuning control used. but the construction would have been complicated by so doing. Also, as it is hopeless to expect home-wound coils to track perfectly, especially on shortwaYe, it would have been necessary to include a trimmer across the r.f. section of the two gang condenser. This means that two tuning controls are needed, even with ganged condensers, so the latter might just as well be separately~operated.
Sketch A (left) shows dimensions for preparing the front panel, B and C, for the aluminium shield partitions, while D gives details of the bracket
for mounting the r.f. valve under the chassis. All flanges shown should be ~in. wide. The chassis layout is shown elsewhere. 

In pi'.actice{{typo help inline|reason=similar to accite|date=September 2022}}, the setting of the r.f. dial. is not at all critical.
To keep the plate and grid leads to the r.£: valve short, the latter has been mounted horizontally under the chassis, as shown in the under-chassis
photograph. The result is that there is little or no &quot;pulling&quot; of one tuning circuit by the other; in fact, after a station has been tuned in, the r.f. dial can be rotated through the full 180 degrees without upsetting regeneration in the slightest. It acts merely as a volume control.
Impedance Coupling Used
To ensure highest gain, the detector has been impedance-coupled to the 1D4 output pentode. Resistance coupling could be used instead, but there would be less gain and also smooth regeneration over every waveband would be difficult to obtain, due to low detector plate voltage.
To prevent any tendency towards threshold howl, and also to level up the frequency response, a .25-megohm resistor is connected across the choke.
As regeneration takes place between screen and filament of the 1C4 detector, there is no need to include an r.f. choke in the plate circuit . . The .0005 mfd. by-pass condenser prevents any r.f. present from passing to the grid of the 1D4, though if a trace of it does get through it is by-passed by the .005 mfd. condenser shown connected from plate to screen of. the output pentode. This condenser also cuts out much of the &quot;mush&quot; that generally accompanies signals that have travelled half-way around the world.
D.P.D.T. On/Off Switch
A double-pole double-throw rotary on/off switch has been used, one section breaking the filament circuit when the set is switched off, and the other/ the potentiometer circuit.
When the set is turned on, there is a very slight current passing through the potentiometer. It amounts only to a fraction of a mill., but if it were present all the time the life of the &quot;B&quot; batteries would be shortened by a few weeks. Hence provision has been made to stop this drain when the set is turned off.
The simplest, cheapest and most satisfactory method of obtaining bias for a set of this type is to use automatic bias. To do this, a 500-ohm
R.F.C01L DET.COIL
----
The method of winding the coils, and the connections, are shown in this sketch, 

resistor is connected between earth and B --. The &quot;B&quot; current taken by the set, in passing through this, causes a voltage drop that is utilised for bias for the 1D4.
The 30-ohm rheostat has been provided so that either a 2-volt accumulator or two H-volt dry cells can be used for filament supply. Goat shields have been used for both screen-grid valves as being the most suitable for a set of this type. This is particularly the case for the horizontally-mounted r.f. valve, as the shield is clipped on to it and is firmly held.
The circuit of the &quot;Empire Shortwave Three.&quot;
The &quot;Empire Shortwave Three&quot; is powerful enough to provide plenty of volume for operating a speaker on many shortwave stations, but 'phones
will be found very handy for extreme DX work and for dial-searching generally. 

Parts Should Be Chosen Carefully.
The parts needed to build the &quot;Empire Shortwave Three&quot; are listed elsewhere. While they are all standard and are readily obtainable everywhere, they should be chosen with care if best results are to be obtained.
The vernier dials are particularly important, as they make all the difference to the ease with which the set can be operated. There should be no trace of noise or back-lash.
The next essential is a smoothworking potentiometer for the regeneration control. When the moving arm is rotated, the increase in screen voltage should be both smooth and gradual, and also no scraping noise
should be evident in the 'phones.
Potentiometers provided with wire contacts mounted on the resistance element are useless for the purpose, because as the moving arm shifts from one contact to another so the voltage increases or diminishes in
steps, resulting in &quot;ploppy&quot; regeneration. With the correct type of poten-
.......................................................

==P.14 - A Simple Five-Metre Battery Receiver==

==P.16 - Palec Vacuum Tube Voltmeter==
Useful Service Instrument
A soundly-designed vacuum tube voltmeter, such as that marketed by the Paton Electrical Instrument Company, is one of the most valuable instruments that any set designer or serviceman can have on hand.
One of the most serious source's of error in instruments of this type lies in the large input capacity that exists between the cable leads, one of which runs to the grid of the valve. In the
Palec V.T. voltmeter, however, this
drawback has been ingeniously over- come by mounting the valve.,-a 6J7
J)letal type-at the end of the flexible cable, as illustrated in the photograph above. In this way the grid cap can be placed in direct contact with the source of e.m.f. to be measured.
Another advantage of the 6J7 is that the current drawn by it is substantially constant over a fairly wide range of plate voltages, with the result that minor variations in line voltage have no effect on the calibration. ·
Has Built-In -Power Supply.
The instrument is a portable laboratory type weighing eight
August l, 1936.
pounds, and is housed in a black leatherette case measuring 8lin. x 9hn. x 5~in. It is equipped with its own power supply operating on 200-250 volts A.C. Valves used in the standard model are an 80 rectifier and a 6J7, but for ultra high frequency work a special model using an · Acorn type 954 valve can be supplied.
Directly Calibrated Micro-Ammeter.
The measuring instrument is a 150· micro-ammeter carrying individual direct reading scales for all vacuum-tube voltmeter ranges. An additional feature is that the instrument can be used as a high resistance
D.C. voltmeter (6,600 ohms per volt), with two ranges, 0-10 and 0-100 volts.
There are five switch positions. No. 1 provides a line check, in that by bringing the meter pointer to a marked position on the dial, all supplies to the vacuum tube voltmeter can be checked and set. Other ranges are as follows:-
No. 2-0-3h. Peak A.C., 0-2v. D.C.
No. 3-0-lOv. Peak A.C. and D.C.
No. 4-0-50v. Peak A.C. and D.C.
No. 5-Ext. D.C. volts, 0-10, 0-lOOv.

==P.17 - Adding Class B to the &quot;Sky-Cruiser Battery Four&quot;==

==P.19 - Radio Ramblings==
'''Hanging QSL Cards''' This is a good way to mount verification cards on the wall, without filling it with tacks. Get a large piece of cardboard; hang it on the wall, and then attach the cards to it with drawing pins. Another way is to get some paper tape (adhesive tape can be bought very cheaply), and cut it into one-inch pieces. Stick the bottom of one &quot;veri&quot; on to the top of the next, and so on. With one tack, 8 or 10 verifications can be hung. When taken down, the cards can be stacked tidily, just as though they were separated. -Jack Glew (AW13DX), Bentleigh, Vic. '''Simple Polarity Indicator.''' After buying a fair number of American and English DX magazines, I have always hoped that some day Australia could boast one of its own. Now, after reading your July issue, I find that the magazine I have wanted is here. I especially like your S.W. section, and hope that you continue to supply plenty of S.W. dope. Here is a small hint for the &quot;Radio
Ramblings&quot; page, that I trust will be of some use to others. I suppose there are readers who, like myself, have wanted some gadget for determining the poles of an accumulator or battery. Well, here is a simple yet effective instrument. A short length of 1/2 in. glass tubing is fitted at both ends with a cork, through which a short length of copper wire has been forced. The tube is three-quarters filled with a solution of 10 grains of phenolphthalein, 1/4 oz. sulphate of soda, and enough water to give the right volume. Shake the solution well before filling the tube. When placed across a battery the negative pole will turn a reddish colour, which will disappear when the solution is shaken. -Harry D. Hibberd (Bendigo, Vic.). '''&quot;Transocean&quot; Gives Great Results.''' There is no doubt that a magazine such as the &quot;Radio World&quot; was wanted throughout Australia. There have been many books, but they give all their space to the programmes and too little to amateur matters. Even the layman is interested in the strictly amateur side of the game. A friend of mine recommended the book and I am glad to say I got it, and it was No. 1, too. I will not miss one issue. Your articles on broadcast dxing are very interesting and helpful, and I have no doubt are appreciated throughout Australia. I have not had very much experience in dxing of the broadcast band, but on short waves have had a fair amount. I have had a small two-valve all-wave battery set for some years; my best on that was ZL's on 'phone about QSA4, R6-7. It was after seeing the description of the &quot;Transocean&quot; in the &quot;Radio World&quot; that I purchased the kit and built it. I have had excellent results on S.W. Last Sunday afternoon W's were teeming in on 20 m. Only picked out a few W6's and 7's, also XE2. Heard more, but got only the tail end of their addresses - missed the calls - worse luck. The XE2. was QSA5, R7-8; had to retard the volume, it was so loud. Tuning is done on an indoor aerial, and reception is on the speaker (Amplion dynamic). My outdoor aerial is, well, terrible - but will put up a doublet when I get the poles.-R. A. McGhee (Brisbane). '''&quot;Master Five&quot; Steps Out!''' The &quot;Dual Wave Master Five&quot; described in the June &quot;Radio World&quot; is an excellent performer. Sensitivity and selectivity are both very good.
Tone is full and pure, right up to full volume, which is ample for any home.
By using a variable resistance control in the oscillator plate supply of the 1C6 valve, in place of the 25,000 resistance, weak signals on the short- wave band can be brought up to fine
volume and the performance improved considerably. Reproduction on pick-up is also very pleasing.
Wishing your magazine every success.-Lindsay Smith (Horsham, Vic.)
it
Original DX Reports Bring Good Results
Have readers ever considered this aspect of dxing? Quite frequently over 2UW I have heard re-broadcasts from New York Radio City, British
B.B.C., and hosts of American and Continental stations. These 2UW broadcasts come in from midnight to dawn by courtesy of A.W.A. interception department at La Perouse
(N.S.W.).
I have written to the stations concerned and told them of their overseas reception being re-broadcast. I usually send details of 2UW's 24-hour schedules and a few clippings from newspapers and local
post-card views. Very often I have sent an Australian commemoration stamp, and as there are generally stamp collectors on radio stations, this is a greatly appreciated courtesy.
A local radio magazine or a newspaper sent to foreign radio stations is also appreciated, also match box labels, or tram, train or 'bus tickets.
For best results, dxers should make their reports as interesting and original as possible. Send your photograph, a packet of flower or vegetable seeds, or perhaps a visiting card anything to make your report a little
out of the ordinary. If possible, include some of your local tourist bureau folders or maps. Again, when sending a DX report to U.S.A. or Canadian radio stations, always
advise them that reliable and authentic publicity can be had from the Australian National Travel Association, Hotel Clark, Los Angeles, Calif.,
U.S.A.
Any New Zealanders or Australians wanting a local DX session
should write to Mr. Henry Gregory, c/o Stat10n 2.UW, State Shopping Block, 49 Market Street, Sydney,

==P.20 - Systematic Servicing Brings Best Results==
Syste111ati~ Servi~i11g
Brings Best Results
Thorough Set Overhaul
Gi,Tes Most Satisiactio1•
By &quot;SERVICEMAN&quot;
IN servicing receivers, a definite system of tracking down faults should always be followed. &quot;Hit or miss&quot; methods should not be tolerated, as in nine cases out of ten they mean high charges and
low profits. A well-equipped and properly-run service department can not only show a good return, but also it is a valuable aid in building goodwill.
The system for service procedure outlined below is perhaps more thorough than that generally used by servicemen, but it certainly gets results.
Suppose, for example, a radio comes; in for service, and after a few minutes with the voltmeter the serviceman finds it has a shorted screen by-pass condenser. Most service- men would replace that condenser with an equivalent unit and· return the receiver as O.K&quot; Methods like this do more to increase the cost of service than anything else, because, while the charge may be low in the first instance, the chances are ten to one that there are more leaky condensers and perhaps weak valves in the set which will necessitate another call a few weeks later. If such a case occurs, the owner not ·only pays for two calls, but he may also begin to doubt the ability ·of the serviceman.
The system developed by the writer includes rigid inspection and test of nearly all parts of a radio chassis and speaker. For the sake of clarity, each test is numbered, described, and details of the test equipment used are given. ·
Test No. 1 really includes the service call. It is useless for a service- man to rush into a home, collect the radio set, and rush it back to the N.S.W., Australia. Mr. Gregory will put on DX programmes any night,
midnight-to-dawn hours. 2UW is getting out very well in U.S.A., India and England, and they invite DX co-operation. Their New Zealand breakfast session from 4 to 5 a.m. E.A.S.T. is well worth listening to.
Another station that broadcasts regular DX programmes- for New Zealand- is amateur station VK2QY, 45 Oxford Street, Paddington, N.S.W.
Gilbert S. Hayman (Bronte, N.S.W.). workshop, because the trouble might easily be a faulty aerial wire, a shorted lightning arrester, a blown fuse, a break in the power flex, or a slipping knob or dial. A service call should include a rigid inspection of the aerial and earth system-and of the power circuit if the receiver fails to light up. If it lights but will not work, valves should be tested and re- placed if necessary.
If the fault is apparently in the chassis itself, •the set should be brought in to the workshop for repair. This procedure applies to sets located within a limited radius. If any great distance has to be covered
it is wise to treat the case as a special one and endeavour to repair the set on the job.
In Test No. 2 it is assumed that the receiver has been brought in for repair. The best procedure is to re- move it from its cabinet and clean ·the dust out of cabinet and chassis.
Then connect the receiver to a power outlet and hook up the aerial and earth. If there is still no reception, make a careful test of the valves.
The power transformer may smoke, which indicates a short or a breakdown. The rectifier plates may get red hot, indicating a short, probably in a filter condenser. Of course, in the case of a faulty transformer or condenser, the unit must be replaced before further tests can be made. Test No. 3 includes the checking of all condensers and resistors. Faulty condensers are among the commonest causes of breakdown. For this test use a good condenser analyser capable of measuring leakage and capacity. Any doubtful condenser should be discarded, particularly if high voltage is applied across it.
Many &quot;call-backs&quot; are eliminated if proper attention is given to the condensers ,and it should be remembered that radio owners do not like their sets going out of action about once a month. Condensers. should also be checked for capacity and while making this test it is as well to pull gently on the pigtails to make sure the condenser does not open intermittently. Resistors should be checked with an accurate ohmmeter or bridge, and anything showing a tolerance greater
(Continued on page 54.)
Systematic Servicing
(continued from page 2C)
than + or - 10 per cent. should be discarded. Volume and tone controls are included as resistors, and should be checked and replaced if faulty.
Test No. 4 includes an accurate check on all voltages and currents. This is best done with a multi-range meter, with. plate break adapters for measuring plate current. It is of course important, especially with non-A.V.C. sets, to have the volume control full on. This test ·should -take· very litt~e · · time, because by now it is established that valves, condensers and.,-resjstor,..s
are in perfect order. , : · Test No. 5 is purely a loudspeaker test. Intermittent faults are sometimes caused by a break in the field coil or a break in the primary of the matching transformer. For the speaker test, use a 400-volt power supply, with a 0-100 m.a. meter and 10,000-ohm heavy duty potentiometer in series, and pass a heavy current through the field coil and transformer primary. Any intermittent fault should show up immediately;
The speaker should now be tested for rattles, using a good baffle for the purpose. If there is even the slightest rattle, dismantle the speaker,  clean out any dust or dirt, re-assemble
it, and re-centre the cone. Elusive rattles may sometimes be cured by applying a thin coat of glue over the voice coil and its assembly. Also inspect voice coil connections for breaks.
The speaker should be in perfect order before it is returned to the cabinet.
Test No. 6 includes a complete line ~ up of the receiver. An all-wave signal generator is necessary for this test, preferably one with its output calibrated in microvolts so that the actual sensitivity of a receiver may be measured and passed as normal for a receiver of the type. Alignment should be perfect; and if the dial is  frequency calibrated, the stations should come in on the correct readings.
When sensitivity and calibration are finished, the receiver should be passed to test No. 7.
Test No. 7 is for the purpose of checking. The receiver should be checked for tonal quality, sensitivity, selectivity, dial calibration, speaker rattles, and for a slipping dial, as well as for other loose parts about the chassis. When passed as O.K. it should be replaced in the cabinet, checked again for dial position and loose knobs, and the cabinet polished. Test No. 8 is merely running the receiver for a period of time-preferably as long as possible, on a line voltage slightly higher than that to which it is accustomed. Country areas, particularly, have high line voltages, and this test is really more of a check on all the parts, to make sure that none will break down. The writer uses a transformer having a 230 v. primary and tapped secondary up to 270 v. (To be continued next month.)

==P.21 - Stromberg-Carlson Ad==

From a whisp~r ... TO CONCERT Hi-'\LL VOLUME !
WIDE TONAL RANGE
You'11 quickly understand the amazing popularity of the Stromberg-Carlson 1936 Console Grand, once you have actually seen the magnificent cabinet and heard Such as you',,e ne,,er heard before! the unrivalled tone of this modern· as-the-minute Radio! Tune it down to a whisper, or increase its volume to concert hall strength ... in every note of the tonal range you enjoy that same faithful reproduction.
The Console Grand cabinet is 33% heavier than the average, and thus entirely eliminates cabinet resonance. Here are some of the marvellous features of this wonder set:-
7 valves. Short wave covers 16-51 metre hands (which includes 5 short wave reception channels). Broadcast covers 194-555 (all Australian stations). Tone compensation. 6 watt undistorted power · output. Specially designed speaker. Tone control.
World-wide range. Mammoth chassis. Selectorlite dial which revolutionise!! tuning. 3-way isolation switch (broadcast, short wave and pick-up). · New non - microphonic condenser. Full automatic volume control.
Try the Stromberg-Carlson Console Grand for really remarkable DX. London, Paris, Berlin, etc., as clear as locals. Hundreds of other shortwave stations heard. All Australian, New
Zealand, etc., ·on broadcast band.
Ask your nearest StrombergCarlson dealer to demonstrate to you in your home.
Other Stromberg- Carlson models from 14 guineas-there's one to suit every personal preference.
CONSOLE GRAND-MODEL 736-39 GUINEAS
Stromberg-·Carlson
Wholesale Distributors in Australia and New Zealand. N.S.W.: Bennett &amp; Wood Ltd., 284 . Pitt Street. Sydney, and at Lismore. Wagg3.
Wireless Distributors, Box 93, Wagga.
Heiron &amp; Smith (Salonola), 91 Hunter Street, Newcastle.
Queensland: Noyes Bros. (Sydney) Ltd.,
Burton House, Elizabeth Street, Brisbane. Lawrence &amp; Hanson Electrical Co~ Ltd., 87 Elizabeth Street, Brisbane.
S.A.: Savery's Pianos Ltd., 29 Rundle
Street, Adelaide. Radio Wholesalers, James Place, Adelaide.
Victoria: Warburton Franki (Melb.) Ltd., 380-382 Bourke Street, Melbourne. M. Brash &amp; Co. Pty. Ltd., Elizabeth Street,
Melbourne; Vealls Pty. Ltd., 243-249 Swanston Street, Melbourne.
Tasmania: Hobart: Findlays Pty. Ltd., 80 Elizabeth Street; La1mceston: Wills &amp; Co. Pty. Ltd., 7 The Quadrant; Devonport:
Findlay &amp; Wills Pty. Ltd. ; Burnie: Findlays Pty. Ltd.
W.A. : Musgroves Limited, Lyric House,
Murray Street, Perth.
N.Z. : Goull'h, Goull'h &amp; Hamor M&lt;I.,
Cbrlatdiur cti, 

==P.22 - &quot;Simplified D.W. Battery Money-saver&quot;==
The Radiokes
&quot;Simplified Dual-Wave Battery Moneysaver&quot;
Five of the latest metal-clad high,-gain battery valves, together with improved dualwave coils and iron-cored l.F. transformers, are combined in an up-to-date circuit to make this battery kit-set one of the &quot;star&quot; receivers for 1936.
·················································································~
A YEAR or so ago it was impossible to design a battery receiver that would give results comparable with· those obtained from an a.e. operated set using· an equivalent number of valves. To-day, however, with the introduction of new high-gain 2-volt valves, this is no longer true. Radiokes engineers claim that this battery version , of their '' Moneysaver'' described last month can not only out-perform any other set in its class, but also, is the first receiver of its size and economy of operation capable of bringing in shortwave and broadcast stations at the same volume as a modern a.c. dual-waYe superhet.
That this claim is not an exaggeration has been borne out by actual tests, which proved that for sensitivity, selectivity, tone and volume, the battery &quot;Moueysaver&quot; compares very favourably with the best of five-valve a.c. dual-wavers.
Latest Valves An Important Feature.
Five of the new battery-type valves recently released in the Philips and Mullard makes are used in the kit. Three of them are metal-clad, and all use the new universal '' P'' base.
The mixer-oscillator is a KK2 Octode, which while similar in design to earlier converters of its type, . embodies several important imprnverne11ts that result in better performance.
Independent A.V.C. and diode detection, together with high audio gain and good fidelity, are all provided by the '' P'' base KBCl, working in conjunction with a KC3 driver and KDDI &quot;B&quot; class
output valve. 'l'his latter valve has a maximum power output of nearly 2 watts-more than ample for any home.
'rhe· quality of reproduction is very good, but builders who would like to take advantage of the ·wide range audio transformer supplied, and who do not mind slightly lower audio gain, can substitute a 30 driver and 19 output valve for the K03 anCl
KDDI. The resultant fidelity is excellent, thongl1 the total &quot;B&quot; current consumption increases from approximately 11 m.a. to 15 or 16 m.a.
lron-Cor.e I.F. 's Give High Gain.
Both selectivity and gain are exceptionally high in this receiver-due largely to the use of Litzwound iron-core intermediates. The dual-wave aerial and oscillator coils are not only very compact
-both sets of windings are in each case housed in a single can-but also, improved design has resulted in much higher efficiency, . with perfect tracking. The padding condenser for broadcast, by the way, 
Above: An unrler-cfwssis view of the completed kit, showing the simplicity of the assembly and wiring.
Right: This plan view shows the well-spaced layout. The special iron-cored J.F.'s m·e housed in attractive square cans. is pre-set at the factory to the correct capacity and needs little, if any, adjustment.
Stromberg-Carlson Gang and Switch
The two-gang condenser supplied with the kit is a Stromberg-Carlson type &quot;F,&quot; which has a new patented construction making it over 90 per
cent. non-microphonic.
The wave-change switch is also a new Stromberg-Carlson product. Each bank has three sections of three silver-plated contacts, mounted on very low-loss stamping material.
Two-Colour Tuning Dial
The &quot;Colourvision&quot; aero dial is calibrated in metres for both wr.&lt;ve-bands,  and has automatic colour . switching.
When the set is tuned to the broadcast band, the broadcast scale is illuminated in green.
When the wave-change switch is turned to shortwave the green fades out, and the shortwave scale is illuminated in red. The principal Australian stations and the international wave-bands are clearly indicated.
Doublet Aerial and Pick-up.
Though an ordinary &quot;L&quot; type aerial will bring in dozens upon dozens of shortwave and broadcast stations at full volume, maximum results will be obtained if a doublet aerial with
transposed lead-in is used.
Provision is made for an aerial of this type, and as well, pick-up terminals are provided, both additions being taken care of· by the two sets of three terminals mounted on the ·rear wall of the chassis.
An All-British Kit
As in the a.c. &quot;Moneysaver&quot; described last month, every part supplied with the kit is of British manufacture, and is of guaranteed quality.
Construction Described in Detail
Space does not perll).it this month of a detailed description of the kit's assembly. However, this is covered in a pamphlet that will be supplied by Radiokes Ltd. free on request. The assembly is covered down to the last detail in step-by-step instructions' given so fully and clearly that success is assured, even to those who have never tackled set-building before.
The description is lavishly illustrated with photographs, and as well there is a full-size wiring diagram with every connection clearly shown on it.
;A Few Don'ts for Dxers
Don't. report to any station unless you are positive you heard it.
Don't be impetuous. If your verification does not arrive per return post, remember that stations have other important work to do.
Don't send a second report until reasonable time has elapsed.
Don't try to be technical unless you ARE.
Don't resort to fulsome flattery; it will avail you nothing.
Don't forget to enclose return postage or coupon, especially to amateurs.
Don't use ordinary writing paper; the official report form lends prestige.
Don't take any notice of these hints
if you do NOT want verificatiop.s. 
===Kit of Parts===
Radiokes &quot;FIVE-VALVE SIMPLIFIED
BATTERY MONEYSAVER&quot;
DUAL-WAVE
Kit of Parts 1 RKS-SB chassis (sprayed) .
1 Stromberg-Carlson 2-bank switch
(special) same as RKS-8.
1 Radiokes D. W. ~rial coil in can.
1 Radiokes D. W • . oscillator coil in can. 2 Radiokes SIC-465B I.F. Transformers
(Nos. l and 2).
Radiokes AFB audio tran~former.
1 Radiokes DC-1 &quot;Colourvision&quot; dial.
RESISTORS. 3 Erie l meg. resistors.
1 Erie .5 meg. resistor.
2 Erie .1 meg. resistors.
1 Erie .05 meg. resistor. I .5 rneg, volume control, with switch.
1 Radiokes 20,000 ohm volume control
(sensitivity control) with insulating washers.
CONDENSERS. Stromberg-Carlson 2-gang condenser, .
· type &quot;F,&quot; without trimmers.
2 Radiokes 2-gang MEC trimmers without mounting holes.
1 .5 mfd. condenser.
3 .1 mfd. condensers.
1 .01 mfd. condenser.
2 .001 mfd. condensers. 1 .02 mfd. condenser. 1 .005 mfd. mica condenser.
2 . 00-01 mfd. mica condensers. 1 Radiokes 7-plate padder (peaked on oscillator).
SOCKETS. &quot;P&quot; sockets (must be numbered).
4-pin socket.
7-pin socket (small).
7-pin plug.
SUNDRIES.
4 Radie&gt;kes knobs. 1 Ra,diokes T-33 panel ~ompletely wired
with l'h&quot; pillars. 6 bakelite terminals (2 red, 4 black).
3 large grid clips. 4 2.5 volt pea lamps.
} yard. copper braiding.
5 yuds hook-up wire. 3 yards 16 gauge tinned copper wire .
1 ya,rd 7-way battery cable.
15 %&quot; x 1t'S&quot; R.H. brass screws.
12 :tAa.&quot; x 1;5&quot; R.H. brass screws.
2 :%,&quot; x %&quot; R.H. brass screws. 3 14&quot; x 1,4&quot; brass spacers with :t;S&quot; hole.
30 '.l/s&quot; hex. nuts.
12 lock washers, ~&quot; hole. 12 solder Jugs, plain single end.
3 yards 2 mil. spaghetti.
VALVES REQUIRED.
lfKK2; 1/KFB; 1/KBCl; l/KC3; 1/KDDl
(Philips, Mullard).
SPEAKER REQUIRED.
Permanent magnet dynamic, input trans- former to match KDDI (Amplion -&quot;Star&quot; type 05).
type 05).
BATTERIES REQUIRED.
3/45-volt ' heavy duty or triple duty, each tapped at 221;2 volts; 1/41/:,-volt &quot;C&quot;
battery tapped at 3 V. (Ever-Ready),
1/2-ve&gt;lt 100 amiJ. hour accumulator.

==P.27 - The ABC of Multi-Range Meter Design==
The ABC Of
Range ·
Multi·
Meter Design
By using a 0-1 milliammeter as a basis and adding shunts and multipliers to extend current and voltage ranges, a multi-range meter can be made up that will be found invaluable both in set-building and ·troubletracking. This article explains how the necessary resistance values are calculated. 
A SET-BUILDER
without a meter of some sort is as helpless as a ship without a rudder.
Like the ship, he can travel a certain distance but never for long in any one direction, and his chances of finally reaching his destination are very small.
High accuracy, flexibility, and low cost are the three main requirements of a meter designed for radio use. All three are fulfilled by employing a high-grade moving coil 0-1 m.a. meter as a basis, and extending voltage and current ranges by means of multipliers and shunts (series and parallel resistors).
How a Moving-coil Meter Works
The bare essentials of a moving coil meter are illustrated in fig. 1. M is a U-shaped permanent magnet with soft iron pole pieces PP. A cylindrical iron core, C, is clamped so as to leave a small, uniform air gap. Encircling the iron core and travelling in the gap is a light framework of aluminium or copper, carrying a coil of fine silk-covered wire, and pivoted so that it earl rotate over the whole of the arc covered by the pole pieces, the movement being controlled by two springs, one above and one below.
These also serve to conduct the current to and from the moving coil.
When a current passes through the latter, the resultant magnetic field set up interacts with that of the permanent magnet, and the coil (together with the pointer X) turns until the restraining influence of the springs brings it to a stop.
The coil frame not only acts as a support for the wire which carries the current to be measured, but. also damps the motion owing to the eddy currents induced in it . by the permanent magnet.
The coil, over the whole of its arc of movement, will be travelling across a field of constant and uniform flux density produced by the permanent magnet, and ·the torque, or turning force, that the coil experiences will be proportional to the current in the coil.
Thus, readings over the whole scale are uniform. 

High Sensitivity Essential
Regarding it first as a currentmeasuring device, the sensitivity of a meter is best expressed as the current at full-scale deflection. If this current is 1 milliampere, then such is the sensitivity. · In most voltage measurements in radio, it is essential that the current taken by the measuring instrument be kept as low as possible, to avoid the danger of obtaining misleading readings.
For this reason, a voltmeter taking 1 m.a. at full scale deflection has higher accuracy than one taking 2 m.a., · and much higher than one taking 5 m.a. The sensitivity, which can be regarded as a good indication of the accuracy of such a meter, can be obtained by dividing the full scale deflection in amperes into 1-in other words, it is the reciprocal of the full scale current in amperes. The result is given in ohms per volt; in this
1
case, it is --, or 1000 ohms per volt. .001
A 0-2 and 0-5 m.a. meter would have sensitivities of 500 and 200 ohms per volt respectively.
Extending Current Range
Every meter has a resistance of its own, which for a 0-1 milliammeter is generally round about 30 ohms. In fig. 2, this is represented
by R. If a current of 1 m.a. were flowing through the meter, the needle would register full scale deflection. If a resistance equivalent to that possessed by the meter were then connected across the terminals of the latter, half the current would :flow through each, and the meter would register .5 m.a. Thus the currentineasuring capacity of the meter has been doubled by the addition of the shunt, as a current of 2 m.a. is now needed to register full-scale deflection.
This explains the way that the current ranges are extended. To take a general case, let the resistance of the shunt be S ohms, the main current I m.a., and the branch cur- rents I, and I, (see fig. 1). With S
across it, the meter will be capable of measuring a current of say N times the full scale deflection.
We now have:-
1 = Ii + I, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a)
NI,= I .. .. .. .. .. ... . . .... (b)
Next, substituting for I in (a), we get
NI,= I,+ I, Therefore I, (N - 1) = J, . . (c)
The potential difference across the meter equals RI,, and that across the
shunt, SI,. Both must be equal, as they are potentials from A to B. Thus we have RI, = SI,.
Therefore, substituting for I, (from
( c))
RI, = SI, (N - 1)
R
giving S = -- . . . . . . . . . . . (d)
N-1
Thus if we had a 0-1 m.a. meter of, say; 30 ohms resistance, and we wanted to measure 10 m.a. full scale, the value of the shunt required could be found as follows:-
10
R = 30 ohms, and N = - = 10 ohms.
1
30 30
From (d), S = -- = - = 3.333 ohms
10-1 9
With a shunt of this resistance across the meter, current at full scale deflection would be 10 m.a, with proportionate intermediate readings. In this case, actual readings given by the meter should be multiplied by 10 to obtain the true reading.
Measuring Voltages
To measure voltages, a series instead ·of a parallel resistor is used.
The meter is still purely a current _indicator; it measures voltages only because of the resistance in series with it. In fig. 3, R, is used to, limit the current passing through the meter at the maximum voltage to be measured to 1 milliamp.
Thus, if R is the meter resistance and E the maximum voltage to be measured, from Ohm's Law, the current l=---
R+ R,
1
As I = 1 m.a. = -- ampere.
1000
1 E
1000 R + R,
giving R + :R, = 10010 E.
As mentioned before, R is usually only about 30 ohms. If E is 20 volts, R + R, = 20,000, and com- pared with R,, R is very small, and for practical purposes can be neglected. This leaves R, equal to 1000 E,
which means that the value in ohms of the required series resistor is equal to the maximum voltage the meter is required to measure, multiplied by 1000. Thus, for ranges of 20, 200, and 500 volts, series resistors
20,000, 200,000, and 500,000 ohms are required.
If the meter required 5 m.a. to give full-scale deflection, then R, would equal 200 E, and for the voltage ranges given above the necessary series resistors would have values of4,000, 40,000, and 100,0'00 ohms respectively.
Resistance Measurements
Fig. 4 shows the set-up for a singlerange ohmmeter, still using a 0-1 milliammeter. The current that will flow is given by the formula:
E
I - . . . (a)
R,+ R,
(where R, is the unknown). If E =
4.5 volts and R, is fixed, maximum
current will flow when R, = 0 ohms. But the meter will read up to 1 m.a. only, and so-- the minimum value that
't'iiE AUSTRALAStAN RADiO woR.tb
R, should be to restrict the current passing to this value can now be obtained by substituting in (a).
1 4.5
I = 1 m.a. = -- amp. =
1000 R1 + 0
Therefore R, = 4500 ohms.
In practice, R, is made up of a fixed and a variable resistance connected in series, in order to compensate for any voltage drop in the battery. With the test prods shorted, the resistance is adjusted until the
meter gives exact full-scale deflection, thus ensuring that the current passing with zero external resistance
M
I
RI
E.
'-------tl---------111--------'
:FIG. 4
I'IG. 5
is 1 m.a. In this way the accuracy is fully preserved, even though · the voltage of the battery drops with use.
Now, suppose that the unknown resistance has a value of 1500 ohms.
In this case the current reading of the meter will be:
4.5 1000
I = X -- m.a.
1500 + 4500 1
.75 m.a.
From similar calculations, corresponding readings for unknowns of, say, 4000, 20,000, and 100,000 ohms are .53, .18, and .045 m.a. respectively. Using these and other intermediate values, a graph can be easily
plotted so that the resistance of an unknown corresponding to any current reading can be instantly read off.
Obtaining Different Ranges.
Usually a 0-1 m.a. meter has a scale divided into 50 divisions, each
August 1, 1936.
division thus representing a current of 0.02 m.a. With the meter needle &quot;dead on&quot; the first division, a current of .02 m.a. is flowing. This represents roughly the maximum value of resistance that can be measured using the values assumed for R, and E
( 4500 ohms and 4.5 volts).
From (a), we find that
E-IR
X=---
1
4.5 - ( .00002 x 4500)
.00002
= 220,000 ohms, approximately.
For the other extreme, the 49th division on the 50-division scale represents a current of .98 m.a. Substituting in the above equation, we find that this represents a resistance of
roughly 100 ohms. So the resistance range that is covered is from 1001 to 220,000 ohms.
Now, if R, and E in fig. 4 arc doubled, each extreme of the original range is doubled, so the new range is from 200 to 440,000 ohms. Values read from the graph should now be multiplied by 2. If R1 and E are increased to 45,000 ohms and 45 voltsten times their former values-the range extends from 1000 ohms to 2.2 megohms.
Measuring Low Resistances
As regards measurement of low resistances, the method given above is accurate enough for most purposes.
Occasionally, however, the need arises for high accuracy, and in such cases the method shown in fig. 5 can be used.
The ohmmeter test ·prods are shorted, and the resistance R, is adjusted to give exact full-scale deflection. The unknown R, is then shunted across the meter as shown.
This diverts part of the current flowing through the meter, the amount depending on the resistance of R,. For example, if it is the same as the internal resistance of the meter, the latter will show a halfscale reading.
When the reading has been taken, the value of R, is calculated from the formula
RX I
R,=------
Imax.-I
where R is the meter resistance, I
the current reading, and I max. the full-scale deflection current.
With this method, highly accurate measurement of resistance from about 2000 ohms down to 20 ohms is possible, and reasonable accuracy is still obtained down to as low as .5 ohm.

==P.29 - A Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Meter==
A Nine-Range
D.C. Multi-Meter
The principles underlying the design of multi-range meters are fully explained in the preceding article. In that following, the construction of a multi-range tester that set-builders and servicemen will find invaluable is outlined.
J T was pointed out in the previous article that high accuracy, flexibility, and low cost are the main requirements of a meter designed for radio use.. All three are possessed by the multi-range meter
now to be described.
High accuracy has been ensured by using a high-grade 0-1 milliammeter as a basis for the circuit, and by using laboratory-tested shunts and multipliers to give the various current and voltage ranges. As for flexibility, no less than nine ranges are incorporated-four voltage (0-10, 0-50, 0-250, and 0-500 volts) three current (0-1, 0-10, and 0-100 mills.) and two resistance (0-10,000 and 0-100,000
ohms).
· The last consideration, that of cost, is as important as any, as few setbuilders can afford more than ongood meter. This point has been carefully watched in this tester, with the
result that the complete kit of parts,
including an engraved and readydrilled panel, can be purchased for
A sub-pwwl view of the testei·,
only £4. Alternatively, anyone who has a 0-1 milliammeter already on hand can use it and merely buy the balance of the kit. A meter of any resistance up&gt; to 100 ohms can be used, as will be explained later.
Features of The Kit
The complete kit of parts for
A photograph of the completed mnl.ti-meter, showing the nine ranges it covers engraved on the panel.
tester is shown elsewhere. The basis of the instrument is a Palec 0-1 mil- liammeter - a precision-built, high- grade meter that can be depended on to give high accuracy and trouble-free service.
Reads A.C. As Well
The meter is fitted with a universal scale, and as it is calibrated both for A.C. as well as D.C., it can be easily converted for A.C. operation as well by adding a four-pole double~throw
switch and a small copper oxide rectifier unit. The conversion will be described in a future issue of the
&quot;Radio World.&quot;
Sockets Simplest and Best Nine sockets of a special positive contact type have been used for the various ranges. A multi-contact switch could have been used instead, but on practically all counts the sockets are preferable. A switch that will give trouble-free operation for all time is both expensive and difficult to obtain. In the current ranges especially, the switch contacts must have zero resistance-even a small fraction of an ohm could mean serious error in readings.
As well, a multi-contact switch is not easy to wire, but sockets are simple. The two test leads supplied are each fitted with a plug at one end and test prod at the other. The leads are rubber-covered, and, unlike
29
those sometimes supplied with commercial testers, will stand up to plenty of wear . .
Assembly Is Straight-Forward
The panel is supplied ready drilled and engraved, and all that builders have to do is to mount and wire the parts, when the tester is ready for operation.
The multipliers for the four voltage ranges are guaranteed accurate to within 1%, and are specially treated against humidity. --
The leatherette-covered case and carrying-handle, as shown in the photographs, is supplied as an extra.
Alternatively, builders could make up a wooden box &gt;in which to house the completed meter.
The Circuit Explained
Figures 1 (a), (b), and (c) show how the circuit of the tester is built up around a 0-1 m.a. meter.
The resistors for the four voltage ranges are calculated from the simple formula given in the previous article:
25'0,000&quot;' 250 v. C::· .-.-.AAJV\JV\/V'tJ&quot;----1
so~n.~~'-AIV'&quot;&quot;vv&quot;&quot;'rv~---1
IO~n..~JV'VVVVVVVVV-~-t
ls ll·llw
le
11·11 (&amp;)
400w
400c.&gt;
~~. 4·5v.
L,1111J±:&lt;? . COMMON.
10
SCALE
10
THE AUSTRALASIAN ·RADIO WORLD
Rl = 1000 E, where Rl is the seriesnresistor and E, the maximum voltage to be measured in each case. Thus, for ranges of 0-10, 0-50, 0-250, and
0-500 volts, series .resistors of 10,000, 50,000, 250,000, and. 500,000 ohms are required. . A sensitivity of 1,000 ohms per volt is obtained on all voltage readings.
In -1 (b) is shown the three-range milliammeter circuit, the ranges being O•l, 0-10, and 0-100 m.a. The 70-ohm resistor shown in series with the meter has been included for two purposes. ·Firstly, because of its addition, the resistance of the meter can be regarded as 100 ohms (70 ohms + 30 ohms internal resistance of -meter) . . This means that the resistance of each shunt required is over . three times greater than that needed if the 70-ohm resistor were not included. For instance, - without this resistance the value of the shunt needed for the · 0-10 m.a. range would . be equal to R where R is the meter
N-1, resistance, and N the maximum cur- rent (in mills.) to !;&gt;e read. Substituting, this equals 30 = 3.333 ohms.
10-1
Regarding the meter resistance as 100 ohms, however, the shunt value is 100·
10-1
= 11.01 ohms. ·
Shunts are difficult to wind correct to a tiny fraction of an ohm, and so by using the series resistor any slight deviation from the calculated value is rendered much less important than if
the resistor were omitted. This applies particularly · to the 0-100 m.a. range, where without the 70-·ohm ·resistor, a shunt of only .3 of an ohm would be needed.
The second reason why this resistor has been included is one that will appeal to· set-builders who have 0-1
milliammeters on hand, possibly of different values of internal resistance to that of the Palec meter used in the kit. By replacing the 70-ohm resistor with one equal in value to
l()O ohms minus the internal resistance of the meter on hand, the latter, providing it is a dependable make, can be used equally well, and without any further alteration to the circuit values. Special resistances for
this purpose; up to 100 ohms in value, can be obtained from the Paton Electrical · Instrument ·Company.
It will be noticed that the connections to the. 10 and 100 m.a. sockets are &quot;open&quot; . until the. test leads are plugged in. __ The same is true for the
&quot;Scale 7- 10'.'_ socket of the ohmmeter circuit. . . _ .
There are two resistance ranges: 0-10,000 (&quot;Scale + 10&quot;} and 0 0-100,000
ohms (&quot;Scale&quot;). A glance at the circuit will show that, for the latter range, the maximum --resistance that
volts
August 1, 1936.
Z50,ooow ZSOO--'\IV\l\f\l\f\l\r[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])-j
50,000W
MILLS. ~ 70w
r-'
COMMON Scale+10 Scale
(0-10,000..,) (0-100,0~
[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:01, 24 May 2020 (UTC)y I
OHMS
Fig. 2.-The separate circuits shown in figs. 1 (a), 1 (b), and l (c) for the various voltage, current, and resistance ranges are combined above to give the complete circuit used in the tester.
can be included in circuit equals 3800
+ 70 + 30 + 400 + 400 ohms, =
4,700 ohms. When the 3-cell battery is new, the voltage is approximately 4.65 volts, so when the test prods are shorted, a resistance of 4,650 ohms is needed to give exact full-scale deflection on the meter ( 1 m.a.). In practice, this adjustment is made by shorting the test prods, and setting the 400-ohm potentiometer to full scale reading. Resistances of up to 100,000 ohms can then be read off directly on the meter scale, which has been calibrated on the assumption that a 4.5-volt battery will be used.
For the &quot;Scale + 10&quot; range, the 10 m.a. shunt is brought in circuit across the meter. The current that now flows when the test prods are shorted divides into two branches, 1-lOth passing through the 100-ohm branch, and 9-lOths through the 11.11- ohm shunt. The equivalent series resistance of these two resistors in parallel equals 10 ohms. For a cur- rent of 10 m.a., a resistance of 465 ohms is needed to show full scale deflection on the meter (assuming the battery voltage to be 4.65 volts). This value of resistance is obtained by adjusting the potentiometer until a  reading of 1 m.a. is registered on the meter.
Now, if the meter shows a certain reading, in ohms, when the value of an unknown resistance is being tested, the correct value is obtained by dividing the scale reading by 10, because actually only one-tenth of the current flowing through the resistance is passing through the meter.
As the battery ages, its internal resistance increases, and the voltage drops. The potentiometer compensates for this, so that at all times exact readings can be obtained. After six or nine months' use, however, the
voltage will fall to about 4.4 volts, and the battery should then be re- placed. Otherwise, resistance readings obtained will not be reliable.
The three circuits shown. in figures 1 (a), 1 (b), and 1 (c) are combined in· figure 2 to give the circuit of the multi-range tester.
Assembling the Tester
The panel is supplied with the sockets already mounted on it, and with the spring contacts of the 10 mill.,
100 mill., and &quot;Scale -;- 10&quot; sockets already insulated from the sockets themselves by means of insulating washers.
The potentiometer can next be mounted, followed by the meter.
Next, the shunts and multipliers, and other fixed resistances, should be mounted on the bakelite resistance panel as shown in the photograph and sketch of the wiring.
The panel is next bolted to th~ meter, and wired up. The battery can be mounted last of all, by means of the aluminium strap provided,
THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD
Full details of the wiring arc shown in Jig. :J. . Use fairly heavy gauge push-back, and be careful to make every soldered joint as perfect as possible by tinning all contacts before
soldering, and using a hot, clean iron.
When the wiring is finished and checked, the meter can be mounted in its case and the panel screwed down. The meter needle is then accurately set to zero by rotating the
small milled knob mounted on the instrument.
Finally, the test leads are plugged into 'the &quot;Common&quot; and &quot;Scale&quot; soc- kets for resistance measurement, the ends shorted by holding the · test prods together, and the potentiometer
knob rotated until an · exact fullscale reading is obtained: The instrument is then ready for use~

===Kit of Parts===
Nine-Range D~C. Multi~
Meter-Palec Kit of Parts.
1 0-1 m.a. meter, ao ohms internal resistance, with univ&lt;'rsa,l sea le
(Palec).
1 10,000 ohm multiplier.
I 50,000 ohm multiplier.·
I 250,000 ohm multiplier;
1 500,000 ohm multiplier.
2 .shunts (1.01 ohms and 11.11 ohms). 1 70 ohm resistor.
1 3,800 ohm resistor.
1 400 ohm resistor.
1 400 ohm vernier potentiometer with knob. ·
1 bakelite resistor panel.
1 ·engraved ebonite panel.
12. sockets (spring type ) ..
Pair of test prods, with lead~ · and
'Plugs. 1 4.5v. torch battery (flat type), with .mounting 'strap. ·
Hook~up wire, nuts· and . bolts.
1 leatherette-covered case. with carrying handle (optional).

==P.31 - Some Don'ts for S.W. Listeners==
Some
s.w.
Dpn'ts For
Listeners
By &quot;Megacycle&quot;..
TUNING a set is an entirely different matter from tuning a regular broadcast receiver. The main reason for this is that short 31 waves have characteristics unlike lho~c of medium waves.
Here is a short list of DON'TS which should be of interest to all those who have not had much experience of shortwave DX work.
Don't' tune for shortwave stations in the same way as you would tune for broadcast. By rotating the tuning knob quickly you may pass over several stations. The reason for this is due to the exceedingly sharp tuning of the short wavelengths.
Don't tune in indiscriminately on the short waves, or you will probably get nothing. Most sets are calibrated in metres or megacycles. Therefore, use a reliable list showing frequencies and schedules of the principal
stations, and search for each one in turn.
Don't' tune in at the wrong time.
Most stations come in only at certain times of the day as well as at certain times of the year.
Don't expect to pick up shortwave stations easily. It requires careful tuning to bring in the very distant stations.

==P.31 - Palec Ad==
&quot;PALEC&quot; TESTING EQUIPMENT
Dependable, Profitable
MULTITESTER-AN AL YSER-SELECTOR-V AL VE TESTER-
. - ALL~WAVE OSCILLATOR-VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETER.
The above instruments cons'iitute a most complete outfit for the service m1&amp;n or radio
laboratory. All units the same size: 7l/2in. x 8%,in., panel 6in. deep. Available singly or in black leatherette covered cases of two or three Units as illustrated.
(A) MULTITESTER. DC, AC volts.
Current,· resistance, capacity, inductance, impedance, electrolytic condenser capacity and leakage. Power supply built in. 22 ranges. Price ... £13/ 10/-.
(B) ANALYSER-SELECTOR. For current, volt~ge, resistance
ANALYSIS from any valve socket. Price . . . . . . £2/19/ 6
(C) VALVE TESTER. Tests all American, English and Dutch tubes, including· au 'latest types . .
Tests for ·MICRO-LEAKS on HEATED VALVE. Easy read- . jng ·valve tesf chart.
Price . . . . . . -. . . . £11/5/-
(D) ALL-WAVE OS.CILI;ATOR: I;F . to highest . R.F. by 5 bands of
fundamentals. Precision Dial
with vernier scale. Attenuates to microVolts ·by new riaduated capacity attenuator; Battery operated. Perfectly shielded. Price . . . . £11/10/-
(E) VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETER.· Reads 50 c.s. to high R.F., a lso D.C. on multi-range
direct reading dial. · ls equipped with 150 microamp. meter. Metal measuring tube on 3ft. flexible lead. - No grid leads- no pick-up. Power supply built in. Most advanced design _av;iilable anywhe;re. Price ........ ... . . ... . ... . . £11/ 10/-
. AU . Prices are Subject to Sales Tax. Combinations: A &amp; B, £16/1~ -; A, B &amp; C, £26/10/-; A, B &amp; D, £26/10/-, all plus sale8 tax. Other Combinations can be supplied, prices on application.
Write for illustrated catalogue of RADIO &amp; CATHODE RAY TEST EQUIPMENT to
THE PATON ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT CO.
90 VICTORIA STREET, ASHFIELD, SYDNEY. Telephone: UA 1960.
Distributors.- Sydney : Bloch &amp; Gerber, Fox and MacGillicuddy: Lawrence &amp; Hanson. Melbourne: A. H. Gibson (Electrical) Co. Pty. Ltd. New Zealand: The Electric Lamp
House Ltd., Wellington.

==P.32 - Radio Step by Step (3)==
Radio Step By Step • • • 3
DIRECT AND
AL TERNATIN.G
CURRENTS
The differences between direct and alternating currents are explained in this article-the third of a special series for beginners. 
So far only one kind of current, that known as direct current, has been considered. There is another variety-alternating current-that is just as important as d.c., if not more so, because the principles governing radio transmission and reception depend on its action.
Direct current flows in one direction only, i.e., is uni-directional. Fig.
1 shows a graphical representation o1 a steady direct current of 2 amperes.
The time is taken from the moment the switch controlling the circuit in which the current flows, is turned on.
Because neither the voltage nor the resistance changes, then from Ohm's
E
Law (I = -) the current must remain the same, and so it is represented by the straight line &quot;XY.&quot;
Under certain conditions the current might not remain constant, but no matter how much it fluctuates, as long as it always flows in the same direction, it is still direct current.
A.C. Changes Direction Regularly
Alternating current, just as its name implies, alternates, or changes its direction of flow from -time to time. Its action can also be best explained graphically.
At the point &quot;0&quot; on figure 2, both time and current values are at zero. Starting at this point, the current steadily increases until it attains a maximum value &quot;I,&quot; and then it decreases at exactly the same rate until at t]:ie point &quot;X&quot; on the &quot;Time&quot; axis it has fallen to zero. Now it changes its direction and flows the other way.
This is shown on the graph by drawing the curve representing its progress below, instead of above, the &quot;Time&quot; axis.
Once again, the current . steadily builds up to a maximum value &quot;I,&quot; but in the opposite direction this time -and returns to zero again (at the point &quot;Y&quot;). From this point on the whole process is repeated again and
again until the circuit is broken. Each completed operation-current starting from zero, building up to maximum, returning to zero, reversing direction and again building to maximum and returning to zero-is
termed ii. cycle. If the time taken from &quot;O&quot; t'o &quot;Y&quot; is 1 .second, then the frequency of the current is 1 cycle· per second.
If, as shown in the lower portion of the sketch, 5 complete cycles are performed in the 1 second, then the frequency is 5 cycles per second. Most alternating current mains supplies have a frequency of 50 cycles per
second.
Audio and Radio Frequencies
So far we have dealt only with low frequencies, which are measured in cycles. Low frequencies, or audio frequencies as they are often called in
i·adio, extend upwards to the upper limit of audibility, which is about 18,000 cycles per second. Frequencies much greater than this are spoken of as high, or radio frequencies, though there is no clear-cut line of division between the two.
High frequencies such as those used in radio are measured in kilocycles (thousands of cycles) or megacycles (millions of cycles) per second. Thus station 2FC, transmitting on a frequency of 610 kilocycles per second, has no less than 610,000 cycles of high frequency alternating current flowing in its transmitting aerial every second.
Wavelength and Frequency
There is a simple relationship between wavelength and frequency that will become obvious after figure 3 has been studied a little. ·
The length of one complete wave is shown in figure 3(a), where the frequency is one cycle per second. In 3 (b), where the frequency is 5 cycles per second, the wavelength must obviously be one-fifth of what it is in 3(a). It is clear that the more waves there are every second (the greater the frequency, in other words) the shorter is the wavelength. In fact, the two are inversely proportional double one and the other is halved.
Speed of Radio Waves
All radio waves travel at the same speed-that of light. This is 186,000 miles per second, which is approximately equal to 300,000,000 metres per second.
It now becomes clear that if a station operates on a frequency of 1,000 kilocycles per second, which equals 1,000,000 cycles per second, the length of each wave in metres must equal the distance covered in one second divided by the number of cycles per second - in this case, 300,000,000 -7- 1,000,000, which equals 300 metres. So we see that the frequency with which the waves are created governs the wavelength, and if either wave- length or frequency in cycles is known, the other can be found by dividing the known quantity into 300,000,000. (If the frequency is in kilocycles, then 300,000 is the figure to use.)
Measuring A.C.
Some further qualities of alternating current will ·now be considered.
First of all, as a.c. is always changing in value, it is measured in terms of its average, or Root Mean Square, value.
This gives in amperes the current which would be required with d.c. to provide the same heating effect. The R.M.S. value of an alternating current is approximately .707 of the peak value. The voltage of an a .c.
supply, which alternates in the same way as the current and at the same frequency, is measured in exactly the same way.
;A.C. Superior to D.C.
The main advantage of a.c. over d.c. for a mains supply is that it can be easily transformed to any desired voltage. By stepping it up to a high voltage and low current, it can be transmitted over long distances with
little loss. Where required, it is easily stepped down again to a lower voltage by a transformer.
How a Transformer Works
If a direct current is passed through
a length of wire, a magnetic field surrounding it is set up, as shown in figure 4(a). This field can be strengthened greatly by winding the wire in the form of a coil, as shown in 4 (b). The lines of force SUI'l'ounding the coil remain steady until the current is cut off, when they collapse and disappear.
If a.c. is applied to the winding instead of d.c., it can be seen that the magnetic field will build up and collapse twice for every cycle of the, alternating current, because the a.c. itself builds up and returns to zero twice during every cycle.
Now, if we were to place another winding in .close proximity to the first, as shown m 4 ( c), it would be found that the fluctuating magnetic field in the first coil would induce an alternating E.M.F. or voltage in the second. This action is known as mutual induction.
The amount of transfer that takes place depends on the degree of coupTHE AUS'rRALASiAN RADlO WORLD
ling that exists between the two windings. This can be greatly increased by providing both coils with an iron core, as is done in audio and power transformers.
If both coils have the same number of turns, then theoretically the voltage induced in the second will equal that applied to the first. If 250 volts a.c. be put across the primary, which
is always the winding across which the voltage is first applied, and the secondary has twice the number of turns the primary has, then a voltage of 500 will be available across the terminals of the secondary.
Of course, this is assuming that there are no losses; actually a transformer has an efficiency of about 85 per cent., which means that if a voltage is required to be stepped up
b twice its value, slightly more than twice the number of primary turns are needed for the secondary to allow for loss during the transfer.
Next month: Inductance and Capacity

==P.33 - The Lighter Side of DX==
Some Tit-Bits Of Ham Humour
By Leon S. Stone
THE following examples of radio humour were culled during DX listening to amateur stations. Some equally funny incidents have happenec'.
at times during broadcasts from commercial stations, but unfortunately, I have not recorded them. The hams, naturally, provide the most unintentional humour over the air, owing to the more personal touch in their broadcasts, and to the habit most of them have of absent-mindedly leaving their microphones open to the wide world.
DX From Next Door!
An amateur station in one of the Sydney suburbs was going full blast belting out a transmission of gramophone records for hours on end late one Sunday evening, in the days when &quot;ham&quot; stations were allowed on the broadcast band before midnight on Sunday. Next day his bellicose neighbour hailed him over the back fence: &quot;Do you know I got six new stations on my set last night?&quot;
&quot;Really,&quot; replied the &quot;ham&quot; innocently, &quot;what were they?&quot; &quot;Youyou ---,&quot; replied a very annoyed listener. Talk about &quot;double spotting&quot;!
What's This . &quot;CQ&quot; Station?
An N.S.W. ham got a good laugh out of a report from a listener in Queenstown, Tasmania. Verbatim, with original spelling and all, it read:
&quot;Sir-I was listening the other night on the shortwave at 9.15 p.m. and I
picked up over the waves at such strength that I am curious to know what power you were using. It was coming in at such strength that I had
to cut back the volume for good reception. It was as good as 3LO on broadcast. Can you tell me what wave- length CQ is mdng [!] which I heard
you callii1g nearly evel'y amateurs I pick up are call for CQ. I remain,
yours sincerely, --&quot; Some report!
73 es 88 de YL!
Romance is not yet dead, even in the serious (?) atmosphere of amateur experimental stations. Tuning in on the 80-metre band to an N.S.W. ham announcer, I heard:
&quot;Stand by, old man, a YL [and any dxer knows what that cryptic couple of letters means!] here wants to speak to you.&quot; YL's voice is then heard:
&quot;Is that 3 XX? A YW here-one young woman, you know.&quot; A nervous little laugh follows. &quot;I can hardly believe you love me.&quot; Knowing hams as I do, neither can I!
A New Kind Of DX Special.
While on the subject of romance (if any) in amateur radio. A married ham operating an experimental station gave himself away properly to the YF. A receiving set is installed
in her bedroom so she can comfortably listen to hubby's programmes.
During the early hours of one morning one of his girl friends rang the station. Racy conversation between the two continued for close on an hour. The ham (in more senses than one) had blissfully forgotten he had the station &quot;mike&quot; switched on, with the result that the edifying conversation was broadcast to hundreds of listeners as well as to his wife in the next room, who was fuming. It was a very chastened hubby who told himself he would be rather more discreet in future with station 'phone calls particularly from attractive YL's !
A &quot;Low&quot; Station.
A Sydney ham has never been allowed by the rest of his fraternity to forget that one morning he announced to another experimenter: &quot;My
station is a lower one than youl's&quot;. Omission of &quot;wavelength&quot; caused the damage.

==P.34 - Prize-Winning Transmitter Has Worked All Continents==
Portable Tests: 5-Metre Schedules:
Lakelnba Radio Club Notes and News
By W.J.P. 
THE transmitter shown above is owned and operated by Mr.' Bert Dimmock (VK20W), of Hurlstone Park, and succeeded in winning first prize in the transmitting section at the recent Amateur Radio Exhibition organised by the Wireless Institute of Australia.
The transmitter is a conventional four-stage, crystal-controlled job, using a 59 oscillator in a tritet circuit, 46 frequency doubler-buffer; 210 buffer and two 210's in push-pull in the final.
The oscillator and doubler power supply is obtained from a 300-volt pack, with a separate supply of 400 volts for the buffer, and a 500-volt pack for the final. Separate filament transformers are used for all the
valves in the R.F. side. The popular link coupling is used, both in the intermediate stages. and to the aerial.
The aerial is a single wire-fed multiband matched impedance. With this transmitter all continents have been worked (W.A.C.), while all parts of
the British Empire have also been contacted (W.B.E.).
Genemotors for Country and Portable Work.
A party of members of the Lakemba Radio Club, including 20D, 20W,
Messrs. Taylor and Langley, recently paid a visit to Mr. J. Buchanan  (VK2ABT), a new country amateur at Yerrinbqol, N.S.W. The object of 'the visit was--to test out the efficiency
of a genemotor for portable work,
and also to investigate the possibilities of 5-metre communication with Verrinbool. Contact was made with 2ABT from a position on the Great Southern Highway, per medium of a portable 40-metre 'phone transmitter.
It was most interesting to learn that 2ABT was also using a :genemotor for the power supply, because results were so good that the- car party thought that he was using crystal · control in the transmitter, so pure was the carrier. For the operation of these genemotors a large 6-volt battery is usually required the current drain on the battery being from 1 to 5 amps., ·depending on the type and power output of the genemotor. On the return trip to ,Sydney, the transmitter was kept in-operation
most of the way down. It was noted that the output dropped slightly when it became necessary to switch on the car headlamps, due to the extra load on the battery. However; from tests
conducted, indications were that genemotors should prove very popular for portable and country work.
Breaking Into 5 Metres.
VK20D suggests that for those ·who are breaking into five metres, considerable care -should be taken with the tuning of_ -the receiver, and attempts ·should -be- made to locate harmonics from ·-telephony stations who may be operating on the higher wave- bands. With reference to the receiving aeria-J,-it is a good plan to arrange it in a well elevated position, but to those who&quot;are not so fortunately situated, it is suggested that they try the aerial in various available positions, because - 5-metre signals- have a habit of turning up in the most unexpected places.
Should signals be . rather weak on the 5-metre aerial, a good standby is to use a single piece of wire strung vertically for the greater part of its length, which may be up tO 60 feet, attached to the aerial coil, which may be tuned by a 5-plate midget con- denser in a similar way to that described by 2EH elsewhere in this issue. 20D also recommends the new- comer to the ultra-high frequencies to experiment carefully with various aerial systems, once he has his re- -cei ver operating correctly.
Further Freak Reception.
It was revealed in last month's issue of &quot;Radio World&quot; how the code signals from a ship could be heard through the talkie equipment of a Sydney theatre. According to a club member, Mr. W. G. Picknell, similar
&quot;reception&quot; was obtained at Inverell,
N.S.W. Patrons of the local picture theatre were astounded to hear,
&quot;Hullo CQ! Calling CQ!&quot;-coming from the talkie speakers. Eventually, it was traced to Harry Hutton (VK2HV), whose station was in operation on telephony nearby!
How NOT To Send DX Reports. The following is a copy of a DX report received by VK2DL. Reports such as these often cause station operators to literally &quot;tear their ha1r&quot; with rage!
The Direct cir,
Station VK2DL,
April 26, 1936.
I am an ardent - listener to shortwave, and often listen to radio broadcasts from foreign stations. At about 7.30 p.m. E.S.T. I tuned in your station and I heard many songs and musical selections- and talks. This is the first time I have heard your station. I hope to be able to pick you up again on my shortwave receiver. The reception was clear and loud. It was satisfactory. I will thank you in advance for a verification card from your station. Good luck to your station. (Signed) Mr .... . ........ ,
New York, U.S.A.
The above report might possibly be satisfactory for reporting to a focal station, but the essential points so necessary for long distance reporting are missing. The time does not state whether it is American or Australian E.S.T., the wavelength is not given, the type of music, titles or announcements have been omitted, also the type of receiver used. Yet reception was clear and loud!

==P.36 - Choosing and Using a Vacuum-Tube Voltmeter (2)==
last month the principle upon which the vacuum tube voltmeter operates was - explained, and the features necessary in an instrument designed for service work outlined. In the concluding instalment below, a few of the varied uses of a V.T. voltmeter are indicated.
Specially written for the &quot;Radio 'World&quot; by A. H. MUTTON, .B.E.
Paton Electrical Instrument Company. 

JN last month's article,
the essential features of a vacuum tube voltmeter designed for radio use were discussed in detail. They can L2 summed up as follows:-
(a) The instrument should not require more than about one microwatt of power to operate it, so as to avoid dropping the voltage in the circuit
un&lt;l2r test. · (b) It must measure a wide range of voltages to be able to check stage gain.
( c) It must read voltage, independent of frequency.
( d) Its input capacity must be kept at an absolute minimum.
Many other features are desirable, but not so important as those above.
Fig. 3, which is reproduced from last issue, shows a suitable vacuum tube voltmeter circuit.
6J7 Offers Important Advantages
. An improvement consists in using a pentode such as the 6J7. This gives readings independent of plate voltage, which is a great feature for
A.C. operation.
Also, this metal valve can be located at the end of a flexible lead, so that no wires need be attached to the grid for introducing the voltage to be measured. This keeps input capacity down to that of the valve itself. R2 is a 5-megohm resistance, used solely for maintaining D.C. continuity to the grid, ·so that a bias is supplied to it even when the circuit under test would not do so.
It will be assumed in what follows that the vacuum tube voltmeter in use is similar to that qbove, i.e., that it has an input capacity of about 5 mmfd., an input resistance of a very
high figure, and a range of measurable voltage, .1 v. to 50 v. The whole secret of using a vacuum tube voltmeter successfully consists in being sure of what is measured. This must be particularly stressed in receiver
use. A good vacuum tube voltmeter will measure any voltage supplied to it, R.F., I.F., A.F., or D.C., so it is
necessary for the user to see that only that voltage required to be measured reaches it.
Isolating the Needed Voltage ·· '
To stop D.C. reaching the voltmeter is simple. Connect a condenser of reasonable size (say, .001 mfd. for R.F. working, and .1 mfd. for A.F. and 50-cycle working) in the lead to the measuring valve's grid-see fig.
4 (a). Ee sure the insulation of this condenser is excellent, or a progressive change in the voltage reading will result, as the leak charges up the grid.
To measure A.F. in a circuit containing, say, D.C., A.F., and R.F.-see
fig. 4(b)-use a blocking condenser and a low pass filter circuit of the usual type. A 2 m.h. choke with,
i CIRCUIT 0'°&quot;'----11 GRID o.· . ! CONTAININC. I I v. T i THE REQD. V · M 1 VOLTAGE ! AND D.C- EARTH
(A)
:c1Rc.un : .._._.~RIOG ~ i CONTAININC. V. T
:o.c.,A+ V·M.
L[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])-~'.L .. I I E_ ARTHT I iroHEA~UR.E.0 0
: THE A•F I (B)
i 1CO~TAINING CIRCUIT ~I r ~G - -,~ I o.c., A-F. V·T
1-;;;N~fA[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])E.·-I EARTH I Y·M
! THE R·F . I (C)
FIG.4
.0001 mfd. condensers across the circuit from either side of this choke will be suitable.
To measure R.F. where A.F. is present is not so simple, but can be done by stopping the A.F. with a tuned A.F. ·choke, the tuning condenser of which allows the R.F. to pass to the vacuum tube voltmeter-see fig. 4(c)  Usually one finds no need for more than a D.C. blocking condenser, as the R.F. or A.F. can generally be stopped elsewhere.
Now for some uses.
Stage Gain.
This is one of the most important of the vacuum tube voltmeter's many uses. As an· example, consider the measurement of I.F. stage gain in a superhet. Fig. 5 will be taken as a normal type of circuit. Proceed as follows:
Connect an output meter across the speaker and supply an unmodulated input signal to the set. Tune in the set, using the &quot;mush&quot; of the signal or by temporarily modulating it in some way. Next, connect the vacuum tube voltmeter's grid to . &quot;Y&quot; and its other lead to the chassis. Set the input signal to obtain a small readable signal on the voltmeter. Re-tune the trimmer C2 to see if the voltmeter's capacity is upsetting the circuit. This will be immediately evident on the output meter, which will alter its reading when the vacuum tube voltmeter is connected. Obtain the original reading by re-tuning C2.
Next measure the low value unmodulated signal across C2.
Now remove the vacuum tube voltmeter and obtain the same output by re-setting C2 to its original value.
Next, connect the vacuum tube voltmeter between &quot;Z&quot; and earth, placing- a blocking condenser in the grid
·1ead to the vacuum tube voltmeter.
R~-set C4 if necessary to get the 

same output reading, and measure the amplified voltage.
It will be noticed that the gain is not measured by connecting across C4. This is because the voltmeter lead; if attached to the lower side of C4, would introduce extra capacity from this point to earth, and would possibly upset other circuits not shown in this skeleton circuit. Also, it is easier to connect to earth. This connection introduces two extra D.C. voltages between &quot;Y&quot; and the earthed lead of the meter, but the blocking condenser prevents their being effective.
A.F. stage gain is much simpler to measure. Simply connect the vacuum tube voltmeter across the input and output of the stage or stages, taking steps to prevent D.C. operating the meter, and measure a constant input
signal as found at these two points.
If required, various frequencies may be used and a &quot;response curve&quot; of the stage or stages obtained.
A.V.C. Voltages.
The vacuum tube voltmeter measures these with ease. Before testing, it is wise to remove the 5- megohm grid . resistance from the meter's input circuit as it is not now required and parallels the A.V.C. resistor, effectively reducing its value.
There is little to be said about this test. No precautions against unwanted voltages are required.
Osciliator Voltages.
Connect the meter across the oscillator coil or between the elements of the valve, taking care that D.C. cannot enter the meter's circuit. The capacity · of the vacuum tube voltmeter will alter the frequency slightly, but unless other things in the circuit necessitate it, this need not be allowed for, as the oscillator's output voltage will not be affected.
Percentage Modulation Measurements.
It is sometimes interesting to know the percentage modulation of a signal arriving at the second detector. It checks the first detector's action
and gives a rough check on the source of modulation, i.e., whether the signal
TltE AUSTRAtAStAN ltADtO \VOitLt&gt;
generator is deeply modulated or not.
Connect the voltmeter across the diode resistance in the second detector's circuit and measure the voltage there when the input signal is unmodulated, and also when modulated.
The percentage modulation is then given by
Percentage modulation =
r Voltage (modulated) l
I -1 I xlOO
l Voltage (unmodulated) J
Hum Measurements
These can be made at a great many points in the circuit of a receiver, such as across the voltage divider, across the speaker transformer, across the automatic bias resistor of
the power valve, and at the input to the power valve.
OUT~
PUT
METE;R_
FIG. 5
In all cases be careful to prevent D.C. operating the meter, and as far as possible always measure between some point in the circuit and earth.
This latter statement might almost be regarded as a law in receiver work. Generally one then finds several voltages sent along to the meter, but one can usually &quot;stop out&quot; the unwanted ones.
As an example· of incorrect procedure, consider the measurement of hum at the speaker transformer. Do not connect the vacuum tube voltmeter directly to the transformer's terminals. It is much better to con- nect from the plate side of the transformer to earth, making sure, if necessary, that one is not also measuring the hum in the &quot;B&quot; supply by checking this. If it is large allow for it.
Other Receiver Uses Every voltage in the receiver can be checked with a vacuum tube voltmeter, with the aid of a few condensers and resistors. Even the H.T. secondary winding on the power transformer can be tested, by simply using a high resistance voltage divider.
For instance, if the vacuum tube voltmeter has an input resistance of 5 megohms and a full scale deflection
(Continued overleaf) 

of 50 volts, it will read to 500 . volts
when a 45-megohm resistor is connected in the lead to its grid, since the valve then has applied to it a voltage of one-tenth that applied across the series resistor and the 5-
megohm grid resistance. If these values are inconveniently high, lower ones such as input grid resistance of .1 megohm and a series resistance of
. 9 megohm may be used.
Filament voltages, screen grid voltages, detector voltages-all can be measured with ease. When once one learns to take a few precautions, it is soon found the vacuum tube voltmeter is invaluable as a time-saving
service and laboratory aid. 

==P.38 - Six-Valve All-Wave Ultimate==
Has Many Attractive Features
IN New Zealand, locally built receivers share the market not only with Australian-made sets, but also with leading American makes. It is undoubtedly a fine achievement that the Auckland firm of Radio Ltd., in
the face of this keen competition, has in the past few years established such a reputation for Ultimate receivers that now they rank with three or four imported makes as best-sellers in New Zealand.
Produced in one of the most modern factories in Australasia, Ultimate radios are not only up-to-the-minute in design, but as well are precision built throughout of high quality components.
A little over a year ago these sets were introduced into Australia by Messrs. Geo. Brown and Company, of Sydney, and have sold consistently well.
Six-Valve All-Wave Model
A fairly wide range of A.C. and battery Ultimates is available, including a recently-landed 11-valve twin chassis de luxe model that is attractillg widespread interest.
One of the most popular receivers in the A.C. range is the six-valve all- wave model illustrated above. It can be supplied in three different style console cabinets, that shown being the
&quot;Baby Grand.&quot;
To ensure plenty of gain and high selectivity, an r.f. stage has been incorporated. There are three wave- bands instead of- the usual two, giving complete coverage of the short waves from 16 to 130 metres as well as of the broadcast band. Incidentally, this is the model· on which 603 broadcast band stations were logged by J. R.
}fain, a New Zealander, in a recent DX . competition conducted in that country.. · · · ·
The Five Controls
The controls (left t'o right) are:- . Combined on/off switch and volume
THE AtJS'rRAtAStAN. RADiO WOlttO
control, quiet tuning control (for usein localities where power interference is prevalent), main tuning control, three-position wave change switch, and tone control.
The tuning control not· only operates . the conventional double-ended pointer, but also a special &quot;logging hand&quot; as well. This hand is a single-ended
auxiliary pointer which rotates 16 times faster than the main indicator . By its use, tuning is made both simple and accurate, particularly on shortwave.
Three-Colour Dial
The dial is illuminated in red on the broadcast band, in blue on the medium shortwave band, and in green on the short waves. For the first band, the dial is calibrated in kilocycles, and in metres for the remaining two.
Other Features Among other attractive features of this model can be included the volume and tone control colour indicators; an effective A.V.C. system; high-gain r.f. and i.f .. transformers; and a wave- change switch with additional contacts to short out the unused coils, resulting in a complete elimination of &quot;dead spots&quot; on the dial.

==P.38 - The Month on Shortwave==
By '''Alan H. Graham''' RECEPTION during the past month has been fair, conditions being much better in the morning and afternoon than at night. Taken on the whole, stations on the 31-metre band are the most consistent, and almost any morning quite a number can be logged at good speaker strength. Naturally, the Daventry (GSB) and Zeesen (DJA and DJN) transmitters are outstanding - the two last-named having been extremely good this month around 8 a.m. Not far behind comes W2XAF, which is usually quite good until mid-morning, when very bad fading spoils signals. The other Americans are not nearly so good, though W1XK made a welcome re-appearance at reasonable strength on several mornings this week. Another regular on the band is the Rome transmitter 12RO, which is usually at speaker strength. Other stations heard include PRF5, which occasionally comes in splendidly with an entertaining programme of South American music (incidentally, they usually have an English session at 8.30 a.m. on Tuesdays); LKJ1, which is unfortunately heterodyned by W2XAF; HBL and CT1AA. '''Swedish Station Best 20m. Catch.''' The 20m. amateur band is still a source of enjoyment for DX enthusiasts, as splendid &quot;catches&quot; may be made even at the most unexpected times. Generally speaking, the best time for reception is in the late afternoon, although on June 16 four English amateurs (G5VL, G5NI, G6XR and G2NH) were heard on 'phone around 8 a.m. SM5SX, located at the Royal Technical University, Stockholm, Sweden, was the best catch last month - the usual quota of W's, K6's, XE's, VE's, CO's, etc., being logged. The 25m. band is rather unexciting as the usual stations are the only ones audible - Paris (TPA3 and TPA4), Daventry, W8XK and RNE all being fairly regular. '''Zeesen Best on 19 Metres.''' On 19 metres the best reception has been from the Zeesen transmitter, DJB, during the mid-morning period, when they are regularly heard at good speaker strength. W2XAD were also unexpectedly heard on several occasions, at quite fair strength for them, both before and after midday. By the way, reports on this station are eagerly sought after by the station engineers. '''Verifications From America.''' Finally, the last American mail brought a most interesting batch of verification cards. They included the following:- W9XAA. - Frequencies 17,780, 11,830 and 6,080 k.c. Address: 666 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Ill. &quot;The Shortwave Voice of Labor and Farmer.&quot; 20m. amateurs.- HI2K, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; CO2KC, Habana, Cuba; CO7CX, Central Florida, Cuba; VE50T, Vancouver, Canada; and the Americans W3AHR, W3DPC and W5BEE. 10m. amateurs ('phone).- W3CWG, Lake Hopatcong, N.J.; and W5ERV, Shreveport, Louisiana (operated by Mr. S. H. Powell, who is, in his own words, &quot;65 years young&quot;).

==P.39 - More About the 6L6 Beam Power Amplifier==
More About
The6L6Beam
Power
Amplifi~~ In the June issue of the &quot; Radio World&quot; advance details were given of the new 6L6 beam power amplifier. The theory of its operation is covered in the article below published by courtesy of the Amalgamated Wireless Valve Company1 Ltd. - -
THE Radiotrori 6L6 is -a n~w type of tetrode intended for use in the power output stage of an A.F. amplifier. Unlike most earlier double grid valves, the 6L6 does not exhibit any secondary emission effects at low plate and control grid voltages;
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SKETCH SHOWING FORMATION BY GRID WIRES OF BEAM SHEETS its characteristics, therefore, resemble those of the usual power output pentodes. Some unique features of the 6L6 are high power output, high efficiency, and high power sensitivity.
The Pentode Suppressor Grid.
When the plate voltage of the usual tetrode is less than the screen voltage, an appreciable number of secondary electrons, which are emitted from the plate be- cause of bombardment by primary electrons, are attracted
to the screen. The plate current, therefore, is greatly reduced.
For this reason, the plate voltage of the usual tetrode should not swing below the screen voltage if the output is to be substantially free from distortion. A zero potential suppressor grid (G,), positioned between screen (G,) and plate (P), serves to prevent the loss of plate current due to -secondary emission. Hence, in a pentode, the plate voltage (Eg) can be made less than the screen voltage
(Eg,) without appreciable secondary emission effects.
The manner in which a suppressor prevents secondary emission loss in plate current can be explained by fig. lA. When the suppressor is connected to the cathode, the potential of the suppressor wires is zero, and the potential of the spaces between the wires is positive by an amount depending upon the geometry of the valve and the applied. voltages. The effect is, therefore, to reduce the potential at all points between the screen and plate.
Fig. lA shows the approximate potential distribution between the screen and plate of a pentode for various plate voltages. When Eb is greater than a certain critical value (Eib) a potential minimum is formed in
the vicinity of the suppressor. When the difference between the plate voltage and the potential at the suppressor (Eb'-Eb11 ) is great enough, secondary electrons
from the plate are not attracted to the screen, but return to the plate.
Consequently, for all values of Eb greater than Eb1 there is no appreciable loss in plate current due to secondary emission. Under these conditions the plate current is nearly independent of plate voltage.
Fig. lB shows the plate characteristic of a typical pentode. The knee between Eb and Ebr is rounded, due mostly to the. non-uniformity of the field around Ga, giving no definite value of Ebr where the plate current begins to become independent of plate voltage. 
There are several other factors which govern the sharpness of the knee, such as the shapes, sizes and uniformity of the grids and cathode.
Much of the distortion of the field occurs at the grid side rods. The ideal curve (dotted in fig. lB) would have a greater usable range of plate voltage, with reduced third-harmonic distortion.
The 6L6 dispenses with a physical suppressor in order to reduce secondary emission effects. Suppression is obtained by creating a potential minimum between G, and plate by space charge effects. The electron
stream to the plate is confined to a beam whose electrons have nearly uniform path lengths and velocities.
Such a design results in a plate characteristic that has a relatively sharp knee at low plate voltage.
The Virtual Cathode.
If we had a valve in: which each electron traversed the same distance in the same time on its journey from cathode to plate, many of the pentode difficulties could be obviated.
Consider s'ijcl1 a tetrode. Apply a
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voltage to its screen, and a lower voltage to its plate. Shifting the plate further from the screen under
those conditions gives a set of potential grade curves as in fig . 2A. After a distance D,, there is found to be a point of minimum potential between screen and plate, which tends to
repel secondary electrons, preventing their passage to the screen.
In simpler words, the cloud of electrons set free by bombardment of the plate has been moved out beyond the reach of the screen grid's positive field. If, then; the plate voltage is increased, the cloud extends further inward toward the grid, but owing to the increased intensity of the plate's positive field, it is not sufficiently negative to set up a current from plate to screen, but simply retards the normal flow of plate current, making it practically independent of plate voltage.
Below t he critical voltage, at distances of either D, or D, (figs. 2B,
2C), the cloud is not present in any large extent, its electrons being drawn to the screen grid by its positive potential. Thus there is a sharp falling-off of plate current at a critical voltage, after which a negative current may flow. By increasing the distance to D:i (fig. 2D), it. is found that a region of minimum potential
(Mi, M, P min.) exists for all values of plate potential, and that the cloud of electrons is always present, even at very low values of plate potential.
Thus the field between the plate and screen has a region of low potential which effectively ·prevents the production of further secondary electrons, in much the same way as t he suppressor of a pentode. The resulting tetrode, however, has a much sharper knee at Eb1 in fig. 2D than has a pentode.
The cloud of electrons near t he positively-charged plate is, in ,effect, a virtual cathode, the position of which is changed by varying the control grid voltage or the plate potential. With the correct screen t o plate distances, the potential of P min.
can. be made just enough to suppress secondary emission effects. The plate then acts as a diode plate, which reaches a saturation current when its potential reaches · Eb1, after which there remains an almost constant potential grade between the virtual cathode and plate.
If the screen volta$·e is i'edu·ced, 01°  the control grid voltage made more negative, the density of the cloud of electrons becomes less, and the diode saturates at a lower value of plate voltage. The voltage at which the knee occurs depends either on the screen voltage or the control grid bias.
Radiotron 6L6.
To simulate the ideal conditions of the hypothetical valve discussed above, the electron streams must be focussed into some form of parallel &quot;beams.&quot; In the 6L6 this has been done by carefully winding the two
grids with the same pitch, and even more carefully aligning them so that each turn of the screen grid lies exactly outside that of the control grid along a line perpendicular to the cathode.
In pentode valves, the grid side rods do much to disturb the field near the plate. To overcome such effects in the 6L6, two side plates, called &quot;beam forming plates,&quot; have been placed at the sides of the grids in the plane of the virtual cathode, as shown in fig. 3. Being held at cathode potential, these plates effectively screen the plate from the field of the side rods of the screen grid, and deflecting the &quot;beams&quot; into paths very nearly perpendicular to the axis of the cathode after passing the screen. Fig. 3 illustrates the combined effect.
1'Ht AUS'ftlALASlAN tlADlO WOtlLD
It must be noted that the screen current is greatly reduced, as few electrons flying from the cathode are caught by its field. A saving of overall power input thus results, and the efficiency is high. The careful design of the valve generally, coupled with the large cathode, . has given a very high value of mutual conductance-4,300 micromhos, at 175 volts screen and a negative control grid bias of 12.5, and 250 volts plate potential. The sensitivity for this reason is very high, and only small grid swings are necessary for high output under most conditions.
While the overall distortion for a given output is less with Radiotron 6L6 than a single 42 type pentode, at higher outputs, which would seriously overload the latter valve, the predominant harmonic produced by the 6L6 is the second. When used in push-pull this can be nullified, and far greater outputs at low distortion are !JOssible when the valve is operating along its optimum load line.
Operation of Radiotron 6L6.
In Table I are given a number of operating conditions, both for single valve and push-pull.
Conditions Nos. 1, 2, 6 and 7 are those most likely to be used by receiver manufacturers, who must necessarily consider the required power input to plate. The power supply is most generally the limiting factor. ·
TABLE 1
August l, 1936.
Condition 6, giving 14.5 watts output with 2 % distortion and with a grid swing of 32 volts peak, should prove of service in any large receiver.
Where fidelity is required, there must always be a reserve of output power. Radiotron 6L6 offers a method of obtaining that without resorting to abnormally high voltages. The other conditions, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 8,
9, 10, should prove very useful to the maker of P.A. equipment or cinema sound equipment. 
==P.42 - For Radio Mechanics==
Special Training Class
THE Marconi School of Wireless, conducted by Amalgamated Wireless at 97 Clarence Street, Sydney, has organised an intensive course of instruction for youths who wish to become radio mechanics. The course comprise,s a daily lecture on the theory of electricity and radio, with special application to receiving sets, the rest of the day being devoted to practical work. Students will be instructed in assembling, wiring and testing, and also in the use of tools. The intention is to start the class on August 3 and to terminate in February, 1937, when the busy season of radio manufacture is about to commence. The Marconi School has recently been enlarged in order to accommodate the increasing number of students in various classes.

==P.43 - The All-Wave All-World DX News==
'''The All-Wave All-World DX News''' 
'''Official Organ of the All-Wave All-World DX Club.''' '''Club Is Proving Highly Popular.''' 
Every DX fan in Australia must have wanted a DX Club to join, and a DX Contest to take part in, if the letters that have been rolling in lately from all parts of the Commonwealth are anything to go by! This letter, from Leon S. Stone, of Gordon, N.S.W., is typical of dozens more:- &quot;I must say the Membership Certificate is certainly a neat one. I must also compliment you on the badge, which I consider exceptionally striking and effective. It looks and is a high-class job that anyone would be proud to wear. It is really much superior to what I expected. &quot;Re the Club. It is a worthy organisation of great value to the dxer to run hand in hand with A.R.W., and I am sure it is going to be - if not already - most popular. &quot;Thanks for the specimen report form - a very useful idea indeed and a wonderful time-saver for any dxer. It is also very handy, as it sets the seal of an 'Official' report on any sent to stations, with an increased chance of getting an acknowledgement. For this reason the idea of giving each member an Official Receiving Station Call Sign is an excellent one, of which I heartily approve.&quot; '''The Right One At Last.''' Another reader, writing from Ipswich, Queensland, says: &quot;The All-Wave All-World DX Club is just what has been needed in Australia for a long time. I have wasted no end of money in buying different magazines and at last I have come across the right one. I can say it is very popular here in Ipswich. I have been praising it to everyone I see or talk to about dxing, and have given my newsagent a permanent order for it.&quot; It goes without saying that support as enthusiastic as this is always highly appreciated, not only because it proves that a magazine like the &quot;Radio World&quot; was badly needed in Australia, but because the more support that is forthcoming, the greater is the service that can be given to readers. '''More Members Wanted.''' This applies particularly to the All-Wave All-World DX Club. Every application for membership that is received means that just a little more can be done for those who have already joined. If every dxer who has joined or who is about to join persuaded several friends to send in applications too, the Club would have a thousand or more members in no time. With the membership at this figure, there would be no end to the competitions and little &quot;stunts&quot; that could be arranged for members. '''All-Wave DX Contest.''' In the conditions governing the Contest, published last month, it is stated that &quot;the Contest is an all-wave one, but broadcast stations only count - not commercials or amateurs.&quot; A correspondent asks whether the word
&quot;commercial&quot; includes &quot;B&quot; class stations, which are run along commercial lines. The term does not apply in this case - what is meant are stations whose broadcasts are purely commercial in character, such as ship and aeroplane stations, etc. 
===Application for Membership===
ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX CLUB

Application for Membership

The Secretary,

All-Wave All-World DX Club,

214 George Street,

Sydney, N.S.W.

Dear Sir,

I am very interested in dxing, and am keen to join your Club.

The details you require are given below:

Name..........................................................

Address.......................................................

[Please print both plainly.] .................................

..............................................................

My set is a...................................................

[Give make or type,

number of valves, and

state whether battery

or mains operated.]............................................

I enclose herewith the Life Membership fee of 3/6 [Postal Notes

or Money Order], for which I will receive, post free, a Club badge and

a Membership Certificate showing my Official Club Number.

(Signed) ...................................................

[Note: Readers who do not want to mutilate their copies of the &quot;Radio World&quot; by

cutting out this form can write out the details required.]

==P.44 - DX Champion Logs 600 Stations in Five Years==
Following a recently-held New Zealandwide DX contest, Mr. J .. R. Bain, of Marton, was declared DX champion of N.Z. In the following article, written specially for the &quot;Radio World,&quot; he tells readers how he built
up his 600-station log. 
A reception report from the author to this station at Wilnu, Poland, brought this photograph in return as a vel&quot;ification.
I first started dxing early in 1931, just after purchasing my first set- a four-valve t.r.f. Ultimate. It was a battery-operated model, as I was living in the backblocks of Taranaki then, where mains power was not
available. Valves used were a 442 screen-grid r.f. stage, 415 detector, 409 first audio, and 443 power valve.
, The aerial was an inverted &quot;L&quot;, 100 feet long, 45 feet high, and running north to south. The earth consisted of a five-foot pipe driven well down into moist soil.
As is usual with the owner of a .new set, I was keen to see what my new four-valver would do, and after logging all the New Zealand and most of the Australian stations, I concentrated on the weaker signals. To
avoid disturbing other members of the household when I was dxing late at night, 'phones were sometimes used.
After several months, I started dxing in earnest. My first overseas report was sent to KFOX, Long Beach, California, and the next two to 3KZ and 3GL in Victoria. From then on I was kept busy making out reports, and looking forward to the arrival of overseas mails. Most of the world's broadcast stations are located in U.S.A., and my locality must have been a good . one for them, because in six months I had
sent reports to 100. On occasions, when conditions were good, I would  stay up all night to pick up Eastern stations or other stray ones that might have been testing, or on a special programme. I would consider
it a very poor night's dial-hunting if I didn't get at least three or four new Joggings.
Towards the end of 1933 I shifted to Marton, an inland town about 200 miles north of Wellington. ·Mains power was available here, so I bought a six-valve a.c. Ultimate superhet, and . carried on dxing. Like the battery set, this also gave excellent results, so that last year I was able to win the &quot;N.Z. Radio Record&quot; DX Challenge Cup with a verified log of 603 overseas stations. Previously,
while operating the battery set, I won the &quot;N.Z. Radio Times&quot; Battery Cup twice.
Some Hints for Newcomers
After one becomes keenly interested in dxing, one soon finds which months of the year are most suitable for the reception of stations in each country. For instance, during the winter months the Americans are heard at
good volume from 4.30 till 7.30 p.m.,  but in the summer they are heard better from 11.30 p.m. till 3 a.m.
European stations come in well during the spring and autumn, but at other times of the year they arc hardly worth bothering about. On the other hand, the Eastern stations are heard practically all the year round, so it will be seen that one can be on the lookout for new loggings all the year round.
When reporting to stations, to ensure a verification one must give every detail that will be of interest to the station engineers, and I can advise nothing better than the use of
the All-Wave All-World DX Club report forms. These forms cover everything, and the station officials can see at a glance just how the transmission was received.
If is always advisable to enclose return postage to the New Zealand and Australian stations. In the case of more distant stations, I have sent an I.R.C. only on very rare occasions; in fact, several stations have returned the coupon, saying that they did not accept postage when a detailed  report was sent, as they were only too pleased to know how their transmissions were getting out.
Then again, one must not be disappointed if an occasional station fails to acknowledge a report, as several circumstances must be taken into consideration. For instance, a powerful station such as KFI has a daily mail running into thousands of letters. Is it any wonder if one gets overlooked? Or, in the case of a foreign station, a letter may be lost in transit, or perhaps no one at the
station can read or write in English. Then again, there are one or two stations that definitely refuse to &quot;verify reception&quot;; but these, I am pleased to say, are few and far between.
I have found it a good idea to enclose a folder or booklet of views with
THE AUSTltALASiAN llAJJl() WORLD
each report. Distant stations are always interested in anything of this nature, and very often send in return some photos or views of their station or locality. I have built up a very
fine collection of cards, letters, and photos, all received from B.C. stations.· In addition to the pleasure I have had from dxing I have also made many friends in all parts of the world, and regularly receive letters from them. Also, I have built up a fine collection of stamps. In conclusion, to be a successful dxer and build up a good log, one must have a good receiver and a good locality, plenty of patience and a tolerant family.
Anyone seeking information on broadcast band stations need only drop me a line at 97 Princess Street, Marton, N.Z., and I will do all in my power to assist them.

==P.46 - &quot;Card-Hunting&quot; is Not Sole Aim of Dxing==
By M.T.H.
IN the early days of radio, a broadcasting station was very seldom heard at a distance greater than some 500 miles. Under such circumstances the&quot;· owners of radio stations were very interested in
receiving information concerning both strength and the steadiness of reception at distant points. It enabled them to determine the extent of their &quot;area of effective service,&quot; and also, the effect of atmospheric conditions upon this service. It can be readily seen from these considerations that the tireless efforts of early enthusiasts were of great importance to the success of radio entertainment.
To-day, the supplying of such information is a hobby which yearly gains more enthusiastic adherents.
Mo~t broadcasting stations send a &quot;Reception Verified&quot; card to all those who give them helpful information, and the &lt;:ol!ection of such cards has become a matter of keen competition.
Reports Must be Complete
There is a danger to-day, however, that this hobby may degenerate into a form of tai·d collecting, and nothing more,, 'As an instance, :;;tations
occasionilly rel'eivc report;; running
:;omethinir like thi~: &quot;I heard your station last night; it was coming in like a local. Please send me a card, ., ., ' etc.&quot; Needless to say, this sort of thing debases the hobby, and could
ultimately lead to its extinction.
It is necessary, therefore, that every report sent to stations should be of service to them and to radio as a whole. This is the whole aim of dxing. The verification card is a reward for service rendered, and should
not be regarded as the sole object of dxing.
Preparing a Report
Intelligent and accurate reports are undoubtedly of great assistance in determining the occurrence and duration of fading, the intensity of signal
strength, and, perhaps, most important of all, the quality of speech and
music. In forwarding reports to distant stations there are several essentials to be borne in mind.
1. Set down the time and date of reception, and also the frequency if possible. It is quite unnecessary to give every item you hear, but make sure you get at least half a dozen if conditions permit. If possible, quote titles in preference to saying that a &quot;piano item&quot; was heard, &quot;a lady was singing,&quot; or &quot;a band was playing,&quot; etc.
Station engineers prefer to get the name of the item itself, the name of the orchestra, the composer, or the artist which enables them to verify definitely.
2. Next comes the readability
(QSA) and strength of signals (R), as well as the quality. Many are apt to exaggerate when giving these particulars. Do not tell a station you heard them at RS, when in reality they were only R4. Misleading re- ·
August l; 1936.
ports concerning strength are useless.
The object of a report is not to let the engineers know what a wonderful receiver you have for DX, but to inform them how their signals are getting out. Weak and disturbed signals
may not be due to your receiver, but to several other things; e.g., the time at which you hear the station or the · 1ocal climatic conditions. Both these factors affect reception to some ex- tent, hence the importance of stating as nearly as possible the volume and clarity of signals.
3. Pay particular attention to fading, and mention whether the carrier wave is steady or swinging at the same time, being careful to make sure your own aerial is not swinging.
4. Describe as accurately as you can the weather conditions at the time of reception, giving temperature and barometer readings (if available), direction of wind, and other details.
If dxers follow the above instructions and give some details as to the set used, length and height of aerial, etc., they will have the satisfaction of knowing their report is a helpful one. Postage should be enclosed
where possible.
Some Shortwave DONT'S.
Don't expect to log all the stations in the world the first day you have your set. You must become used to your receiver and know just how to tune it, and this takes time and patience. It is best to try for the more powerful stations first, as they will be the easiest ones to pull in.
Don't expect to receive the same station every day, as conditions in the upper reaches of the earth's atmosphere cause reception conditions to change constantly. There are occasions when you will pick up a station with excellent volume, but perhaps a few days later you will not be able to bring in the station at all.
Don't expect to get stations instantly. A station may be coming in well one minute, but during the next you may scarcely hear it. This is one reason why · patience and slow tuning are necessary.
Don't use a make-shift aerial. Only the best and most carefully-installed types will bring in shortwave stations satisfactorily. A doublet is always well worth while on the short waves.
Don't become discouraged. Every new shortwave listener, before he has become familiarised with the vagaries of short waves, is apt to become disheartened when trying out a new set.

==P.47 - Identifying Shortwave Stations==
Chimes, bells, horns, cuckoo calls-these are just a few of the many and varied interval signals used by shortwave stations throughout the world to enable listeners to identify their transmissions easily. A list of these signals used by the more powerful stations is given below.
By H. I. JOHNS. 
LISTENERS often find it difficult to identify foreign shortwave stations, especially those where. the English language is very little used. For instance, some of the South American stations do not announce their actual call-signs in English, but in Spanish. Similarly, French and Russian stations use their own languages when announcing.
Fortunately, however,· most of these stations now use what are known as interval signals which enable listeners to identify them easily. A list of these signals used by the more powerful stations will now be given.
From the Empire stations (Daventry) a tuning whistle is sounded for at least fifteen minutes before the opening announcement. Next, Big Ben will be heard, and then the announcer will inform listeners . that &quot;This is London calling you.&quot; These well-known stations, which always close with &quot;God Save the King,&quot; will be found on the 19, 25 and 31-metre bands.
When tuning into a German station one will hear chimes, consisting of eight notes of an old German folk song, frequently repeated, for about fifteen minutes before the station's announcements. Then follows: &quot;Dear
friends and listeners abroad.&quot; These stations also announce in Spanish, and close down with the German national anthem and Nazi hymn. Finally, the chimes will be heard once again. · The French station, &quot;Radio Coloniale&quot; (FY A) and now known as TP A2, TP A3 and TP A4, always opens up with the &quot;Marsellaise.&quot; The call-sign will not be heard, but instead the announcement, &quot;lei Paree, Radio Coloniaie.&quot; The station closes with &quot;Bon soir mesdames, bon soir, mademoi- sell~s bon soir, messieurs,&quot; followed by the &quot;Marsellaise.&quot;
From -Paris we go to 2.RO, Rome,
which announces &quot;Radio Roma
Napoli.&quot; This is given by a lady an- nouncer, the interval signal being a
nightingale singing. The station closes
with the Fascist hymn.
Another station in Rome is HVJ,
Vatican City, which opens with a
metronome beating for five minutes. Then will be heard the striking of the
bells ·of St. Peter's, followed by the
announcement, &quot;Pronto Radio Vaticano. Wave length 50.26 metres.
Laudetur Jesus Christus.&quot; The station
remains on the air for fifteen minutes
only.
A well-known station in Portugal
is CTlAA, Lisbon, which uses three
cuckoo calls as an interval signal. 
The announcement is, &quot;CTlAA, Radio
Coloniale.&quot; This station can be
heard on Wednesdays, Fridays and
Sundays, on the 31 m. band, but only
during the winter.

Turning next to Switzerland, we
have HBL and HBO, which together
with several other stations are known
as &quot;Radio Nations,&quot; Geneva, Switzerland. Announcements are made in
English, Spanish and French.
ORK, Belgium, which transmits interesting programmes heard daily in 
the early morning, is known as &quot;Belradio.&quot; The announcement is,, &quot;Ici
Bruxelles emission s·pecials pour la
Congo par Ia station de Ruysselede,&quot;
and the station closes with &quot;La Brabaconne.&quot;
Station OER2 in Austria can also be
heard in the early morning. The an- nouncement is, &quot;Hello, Hier Radio
Wien,&quot; and also &quot;Hello, hello, this is
radio station OER2, Vienna, Austria.&quot;
A metronome is used for the interval
signal.
Station EAQ (30.4 m.) in Spain, announces in English and Spanish after
every item, the announcement in
Spanish being-&quot;Estacion Ay-Ah-Coo
(EAQ), Madrid, Espana!' This station
is on the air daily, but is heard only
during the winter.
Perhaps the best-known station
throughout the world to shortwave
listeners is PHI, Holland. Announcements are made in English, Dutch,
Malay, German, French, Spanish and
Portuguese, all by the same announ- cer. Listeners will hear, &quot;Hullo, hullo,
PHI, Holland,&quot; also &quot;This is Huizen.&quot;
This station, which is known as the
&quot;happy station&quot; among shortwave
listeners, closes with the Dutch
national anthem.
PRF5, in Brazil, is known as &quot;La
Presse Nacional,&quot; the announcement
being &quot;You are listening to shortwave
station PRF5-F for Friday.&quot; They
also give the station's longitude and
latitude.
RNE, the Russian station, on 25
metres, always opens and closes with
the playing of the &quot;International.&quot;
You will hear, &quot;This is Moscow calling on a wave length of 25 metres,
12,000 kilocycles, Workers of the
World.&quot;
All American stations can be identified by the prefix &quot;W.&quot; The callsigns are given every fifteen minutes,
preceded in nearly all cases by the
striking of three gongs. Shortwave
stations in America which operate
from or in conjunction with a broadcast station, give announcements as follows: &quot;Westinghouse stations WBZ,
WBZA and shortwave station WlXK.&quot;
W2XAF on 31 metres is known as &quot;The Voice of Electricity,&quot; the announcement being, &quot;This is WGY and
W2XAF.&quot; Each programme is opened
with a broadcast from the noise of a
discharge of 10 million volts.
\VSXAL's announcement is, &quot;The
Nation's Station, WLW, and short- wave station WSXAL.&quot;
W9XF-&quot;Your station is W9XF,
Chicago, Illinois, operating on 6,100
kilocycles.&quot; The call-sign, etc., is also
given out in several different languages.
VK2M:E, Australia, is known a s
THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD
&quot;The Voice of Australia,&quot; the identifying signal being the well-known
laug·hter of the kookaburra, Australia's
famous bird. The station always
closes with &quot;God Save the King.&quot;
VPD has no interval signal, but the announcer will be heard to say,
&quot;Hullo listeners, this is station VPD,
Suva, Fiji,&quot; before almost every item.
VK3ME opens with clock chimes
and closes with &quot;God Save the King.&quot;
The South American stations are the hardest to identify, as the ma- jority do not give their call-signs in
English but only in Spanish.
HJlABB is known as &quot;La Voz de
Barranguilla,&quot; the call-sign in Spanish
being &quot;Acha hota und ah bey, bey.&quot;
The interval signal consists of three
chimes.
HJ2ABA will be heard as &quot;La V oz de! Rais.&quot;
HJ3ABD-the name of this station
is &quot;Ecos de Calle,&quot; and the announcement is &quot;Atcha kah effch.&quot; The identifying signal consists of strokes on a gong.
August 1, 1936.
HJ5ABD's call will be given by the announcer as &quot;Achay jay sinks ah
bay day.&quot;
HCJB, which is heard daily broadcasting in English and Spanish, _ is
&quot;Le Voz de los Andes&quot; (the Voice of
the Andes). It can be identified by
a two-tone chime.
HC2RL, known as &quot;Quinta Riedad,&quot;
calls &quot;Hullo America&quot; both in English
and Spanish. It closes with the
Ecuadorian national anthem.
OAX4D is heard well on Thursdays
and Sundays on 51 metres. The announcement, &quot;La Voz de Peru, Radio,
D.U.S.A.&quot; is given in English and
Spanish.
XEBT is another well-known station and can be easily identified by
the blowing of a motor horn, like very
fast cuckoo calls, repeated twice.
Also listeners will sometimes hear a siren blowing, similar to that on a fire engine. The station signs off
with that beautiful sacred song, &quot;Ave
Maria.&quot;

==P.48 - Universal Time Conversion Indicator==
How to Assemble and Use It
EvERY radio enthusiast
will find the Radiotron Universal
Time Conversion Indicator issued as a free supplement to this issue, invaluable in obtaining time differences between various parts of the world.
To assemble it, the large circle
should be carefully cut out around its
outside edge. The small circle is also
cut out, just inside the red line forming the circumference. Two discs of
fairly heavy cardboard are also re- quired, of the same diameters as the
cut-out circles. The latter are then
glued to the discs, the smaller one placed evenly over the larger, a paper
fastener passed through the centre,
and the Indicator is ready for opera- tion.·
Alternatively, both discs can be
fastened to a convenient spot on a wall with a drawing-pin passing
through their centres.
Using the Indicator
To obtain the time in any country
when it is, say, 8 p.m. in Sydney, set
&quot;N.S.W.&quot; opposite 8 p.m., and then
times in othe1· parts of the world can be read off. For example, the Indicator shows it is t hen 7.30 p.m. in
South Australia and Northern Territory, 7 p.m. in Japan, 6 p.m. in West
Australia, and 9.30 p.m. in New Zealand.
The only country of any importance
from a radio point of view that is
ahead of Sydney in regard to time is
New Zealand, which is H hours ahead
during winter. During summer, when
Daylight Saving is in force, the time
difference increases to 2 hours.
Some Further Examples
In big continents there are several
divisions of time. In the United States
there are four belts-Pacific, Mountain, Central and Eastern. These arc 18, 17, 16, and 15 hours behind Sydney time, respectively. Australia has
three belts, Western Australia and
Central Australia being two hours and
half an hour respectively behind Sydney time. All these differences are shown by the Indicator.
Allowance For Summer Time
Summer time is observed in some countries, notably Argentine, Belgium,
Brazil, France, Great Britain, Holland,
Portugal, and Roumania. During the
Australian winter, the time in these
countries is advanced one hour, fo1·
which due allowance should be made.

==P.49 - All-Wave DX Contest Arouses Widespread Interest==
List of Prizes Give11
Below Ineludes Kit-Sets,
Multi-Range Teste1•
and Aerial K.its.
T IIE announcement of the All-\Vave
DX Contest in last month's &quot;Radio World&quot; has brought in dozens of
letters from readers anxious to take part in the competition. Judging
by their enthusiasm, station officials in all parts of the world are going
to have a busy time during the next few months checking up on reports
and · sending back verifications !
Thanks to the generosity of leading advertisers in the &quot;Radio
World,&quot; over thirty pounds' worth of prizes have already been donated
for distribution among the winners. 'rhere will be two sedions in the
Contest, one for Australian and one for New Zealand dxers. Details of
the prize list are as follows:-
AUSTRALIAN SECTION.
First Prize : . . .... . .. ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiokes &quot;Moneysa ver&quot;
Kit-Set (value £9/17/ 6).
(Kit donated by Radiokes Ltd., except /01· condenser gang an(l
wave-change switch, given by Stroniberg-Carlson (A'sia) Ltd.)
Second Prize: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' l.936 Master Five''
(Complete Velco kit of parts, value £6) . (Donated by .Messrs. A. J. Veall Pty. Ltd., Melbourne .)
Third Prize: .... . .. . . . ...... .. . Palec Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Tester
(value £5).
(Donated by the Paton Electrical Instrnment Company,
Sydney.)
Fourth Prize: . .. . .. ... . . ..... .. Noisemaster All-Purpose Aerial Kit
(value 52/6).
(Donated by Antenne:x; (A'sia) Agenc1:es, Sydney.)
NEW ZEALAND SECTION.
First Prize : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kit of parts for complete receiver
(type will be published next month).
(Donated by Messrs. F . J. W. Fear &amp; Co., Wellington, N.Z.)
Second Prize: ..... . .. ... . . ... . . Noisemaster AllPurpose Aerial Kit (value 52/6).
(Donated by Antennex (A'sia) Agenc·ies,
Sydney).
Further additions to both prize lists may be
published next month.
. Every prize-winner will also receive an Award Certificate
in twocolonrs, printed on parchment, while six Certificates of
Merit will be awarded for the six best logs entered, apart from
those of the prize-winners.

==P.50 - DX News and Views==

'''A page for letters from DX readers.'''

'''Wants To Exchange QSL Card'''
I would like to congratulate you on your fine paper &quot;Radio World.&quot; I look forward to getting my copy of it every month. I have a QSL card of my own, and would like to exchange it with anyone anywhere. Wishing the &quot;Radio World&quot; every success in the future.- '''C. R. Landrigan''' (Camperdown Road, Terang, Vic.).

'''Fine 10-Metre DX'''
Following is a list of loggings for the past week - mostly on 14 m.c. (20 metres) c.w.:- W6CXW, W6ITH ('phone Q5, R9), W6LDP, WE1EA, W7BUB, W9POS, OZ2M, J2CL, UK3AA, PACE, G5RS, G60S, U9MF, KA1SP (7 m.c.), XU3RY, OH5MR, OZ5BK, EI8B, W2LU, KA1ER (7 m.c.), W2HSD, U2ME, PAHG, W6HR, K6AKP, W410, F8NY, W9KJP, K6LBH. Some time ago I heard the following on 28 m.c. (10 metres):- ZL1GX, W6GZU, ZL3AB, VK3YF, AS1H, VK6SA, HJ3AJH, J2HJ, and VK6MN. Also, VK6FO used to be regular, but have not heard him for some time. My total log, including VK's and ZL's, must be around about 1,000 stations. I have not sent many reports out, but have about 30 cards. I have received from ZBW, Hong Kong, a very nice card, showing views of the studio, station and transmitter.- '''Len. Burston''' (Wangaratta, Vic.).

'''Airways Station Heard'''
The stations which I have heard with my 4-valve battery set, with an aerial 60 feet long and 30 feet high, are as follows:- Daylight stations: 3AR, 2FC, 5CK, 2CO, 7NT, 5CL, 2BL, 3LO, 3GI, 5RM, 2GB, 3UZ, 3BO, 2UE, 2GZ, 3HA, 2KY, 3DB, 2CA, 2UW, 2WG, 3KZ, 2CH, 2NC, 2WR, 2SM, 3AW, 2GN. Night: 2YA, 1YA, 4YA (New Zealand from about 5 p.m. onwards), 6WF, 4QG, 5DN, 6AM, 5PI, 7LA, 2HD, 4MK, 3TR, 6IX, 4BK, 5AD, 2MO, 2KO, 3XY, 4CA. These are the stations which I have noted down as having heard their calls since I bought the set in September last. Amateurs I have received include VK2YW, Wagga; VK2EI, Leeton, and VK2KD, Temora. Recently I picked up a station on about 5PI's wavelength. I heard a male announcer asking- &quot;How long before you will be landing? Over, over.&quot; A little later- &quot;You will be landing in about 15 minutes; see you later; OK, ---,&quot; a name which l could not get; possibly the name of the machine. A few days later I saw by the papers that an Airways 'plane had to return to Cootamundra aerodrome on account of bad weather, so, possibly, that's what I heard. Also, a station has been heard near 2FC - I think it is KZRM, Manila. I picked it up on Sunday night at about 10.45 p.m.; it was QSA4 and R6, for about half an hour. No call was given, but the announcer spoke with an American accent.- '''C. D. Moller''' (Coolamon, N.S.W.). 

'''Two-Valve Battery Shortwaver'''
My receiver is a two-valve battery s.w. receiver, 30 detector, 32 output, using resistance coupling. It is of my own construction. The antenna is of the inverted &quot;L&quot; type - 25-foot lead-in around the skirting-board, and a 25-foot flat top, 10 feet high, pointing to N.W. I use no earth. Since winding the 20-metre coil three days ago I have heard several stations, the best being VPD (22.94 m.) and W7ALZ calling 4JU and W6FQY. W6FQY can generally be heard at 4.20 p.m. The W6's come in best here. I use &quot;cans&quot; for s.w. reception. Wishing your excellent radio journal all the best.- '''Jack Harrower''' (Seddon, Melbourne, Vic.).

'''500 Stations In Six Weeks'''
I have received over 500 stations in the past six weeks - mostly amateurs on 20 metres, but including a couple of Japanese stations, XGOA, and KZRM on broadcast band. I wish to congratulate you on the '&quot;Radio
World,&quot; and here's hoping you keep up the good work. It is the best radio book I have seen, and I have a standing order for it at my newsagent.- '''W. Pearson''' (Malvern, Victoria).

'''Foreign Stations On 49 Metres'''
&quot;I wish to acknowledge having received my Club Certificate and Badge, and to commend you on the smart design of both badge and certificate. Also, the Report Forms are just what the DX fans have looked for for ages.
Well, the most notable items in the DX line here lately have been on the short waves. XE2AH, Mexico, W6ITH and W6MGJ, California, W6BY, Whittier, California, have all been heard on 20-metre 'phone at R8-9 QSA4-5. They can be heard around 4 p.m. till 5 p.m. South Australian Time. There is a station on approximately 49 metres which plays all the latest recordings with vocal refrains in English, and also a lot of Hawaiian music and songs, but announces in a foreign language. It does not give a call-sign, and is on the air from about 7.30 p.m. till 2 a.m. At intervals a chime is heard. This station comes in at R9, QSA5. I have just received a verification and programme from Russia with the information that all reports will be answered, and that programmes may be obtained in any language on request. All reports should be addressed to the Editor, Inna Marr, Radio Centre, Moscow.- '''R. H. McColl''' (Semaphore, S.A.).

'''Sixty-Foot Aerial Mast'''
Just a few short lines to let you know how I am getting along in the way of dxing. So far things have not been the best, on the broadcast band it certainly has been very hard, the trouble being local interference. Though during June I received 80 odd cards from Australian stations, and hope to have a good collection in a very short time. So far I have only sent cards to TPA4, DJQ, GSB, VBD and to a few American hams. I have tried various forms of aerials here, because conditions here in the North are not so good. At present I have under construction a sixty-foot three-corner lattice mast and will gladly send photo of same when completed. Wishing the &quot;Radio World&quot; and DX Club every success.- '''C. Watts''' (Bowen, Q'land).

'''Interested In 5-Metre DX'''
I have just bought the June issue of your remarkable magazine, which is certainly one of the best, and I enclose P.N. for one shilling and stamps to cover postage of the May issue. I have had a radio since 1925 - you know the days of knobs, dials and squeals. At the present time I am very interested in 5 metres and would like to suggest that the &quot;Radio World&quot; publish as soon as possible a 5-metre receiver. By doing this you would give those of us who are interested on this side of the Tasman a chance to hear the first signal from Aussie on a &quot;Radio World&quot; receiver; what could be better? I will in the near future join the &quot;All-World DX Club.&quot; I take this opportunity of wishing the &quot;Radio World&quot; the best of success - and it is a success.- '''Vince Hanstock''' (Denniston, N.Z.). [Details of a.c. and battery 5-metre receivers are published in the July and August issues. Best of luck in your 5-metre DX work. Glad you like &quot;R.W.&quot; - Ed.]

'''Logged Nearly 3,000 Stations!'''
I have an eight-valve all-wave job, and only operate it on an indoor aerial at present but in the near future I intend to erect two 60-foot poles, so I ought to drag them in. I am in a very bad locality owing to the Railway Rock, and two sets of high powered mains pass in the next street. I have had the set about 16 months and have logged near the 3,000 mark of world-wide stations. I received a card yesterday from OA4R, Peru. I would also like to mention I have my own card and have sent out dozens and dozens to different VK's, but have got about one dozen in return. I have never missed including return postage and thought I might be doing these chaps a good turn, but they evidently do not appreciate reports.- '''C. E. Neill''' (Ipswich, Queensland). [Congratulations on your card - a very neat job. Hard to understand your not getting replies from &quot;hams,&quot; who generally are only too pleased to send a card if postage is included.- Ed.l

'''&quot;Glorious Fourth&quot; Celebrations Heard'''
Have had a Stromberg-Carlson D.W. only for five or six weeks, but have logged a number of overseas stations and also many amateurs. GSD and GSB, Daventry, from about 2 p.m. till 4.30 p.m., have been excellent on 25 and 31 metres - but cannot get them above a whisper on the 20-metre band. Radio Colonial, Paris, from 10 a.m., and I2RO, Rome, on 25 metres, were very good from 1.15 a.m. early in July. Also, at between 9 and 10 a.m. on the same day I heard I2RO give their &quot;American Hour&quot; request numbers in English. On July 4 at 10.20 a.m. on 25 metres, I heard part of celebration at the United States Great Hall, Paris, of the &quot;Glorious Fourth.&quot; Readability was fair to good, but there was some fading. I can recognise only the French and German languages (and perhaps Spanish and Italian), so unless the call is heard, it is difficult to tell what station one is listening to.- '''Mrs. E. M. A. A. Heathorn''' (Smithton, Tasmania). [The list of interval signals published this month will help you considerably in identifying s.w. stations.- Ed.]

===Photo of George Notley, Moonah, DX Den===
The &quot;Radio World&quot; certainly seems to be popular in this DX den, which belongs to '''George Notley''', of Moonah, Tasmania. Mr. Notley is a very keen dxer, and has logged plenty of S.W. and broadcast stations on the battery three-valver shown in the photo.

===Photo of 1YA Auckland Mast===
This aerial mast belongs to lYA, Auckland, which operates on 650 k.c. with a power of 10 k.w.- '''Jack M. Flower''' (Tauranga, N.Z.).

==P.51 - Logging South American Stations==
During any Sunday afternoon dxers in good locations can, by careful
searching, pick up quite
a few South American
broadcasters at good volume. In the article below
over two dozen of the
more powerful stations are
listed, together with frequencies, powers, and best
times to look for them.
This high.powered broadcaster at Breslau, Germany, can generally be
heard at fine volume in ·the spring and autumn. During the early morn·
ing is the b.est time of the day to try for him. Frequency is 950 k .c.,
By D. N. ADAMS
and power, 100 k.w.
THERE are quite a
few powerful stations in the Argentine, which can sometimes be heard
in Australasia during the winter from
about mid-day onwards. Sunday is a good day to try for them. Some
go off the air at about 1.30 p.m., but
others carry on, and these would probably be the best for Australian
dxers to search for.
Published on this page is a list of
the more powerful of the South
Americans together with the approximate times (E.A.S.T.) at which they
close down. Try for them before the more powerful of the U.S.A. stations
start to come in, or there will be
plenty of heterodynes with which to
contend.
A good way of ensuring a verification from any of these stations you
may pick up is to send a copy of
your report to Mr. Hector Rivola, c/o
Radio Station LR8, Radio Paris,
Buenos Aires, Argentine, and ask
him if he would mind seeing the
management of the station in question regarding a verification for your
report. Enclose some used or unused
Australian stamps for his collection
and he will be pleased to help you
out. I have received back several
verifications through his kind assistance.
Other stations in South America
which have been heard here are:
TGK, Guatemala City, Guatemala, on 1,210 k.c., 10,000 watts. Broadcasts DX programmes on Sunday
nights till about 6 p.rrL E.A.S.T.
CX26, Montevideo, Uruguay, on
1,050 k.c., 2,000 watts, is often heard on DX broadcasts.
CX24, Montevideo, Uruguay, on 1,010 k.c., 10,000 watts, is often heard
on DX broadcasts.
CP4, La Paz, Bolivia, on 1,040 k.c.,
10,000 watts, is sometimes heard on till 6 p.m. with DX broadcasts. CE76, Valparaiso, Chile, on 765 k.c., 
10,000 watts, is heard on Sundays tm
the U.S.A. stations come in. A very
good station. Listed below are the ·stations in
South America which have verified
my reports. This will give dxers a good idea of the stations to report
to, providing, of course, they are picked up:
Argentine: LS2, LS8, LR3, LR5,
LR4, LR8, LSlO, LT3, LU7, LVL
Uruguay: CX26. Bolivia: CP4. Venezuela: YVlBC. 
Argentine Broadcast Stations.
Station
LSlO
LV2
LS3
LS4 .
LS1
LR7
LTl
LRlO
LR5
LR6
LR2
LR3
LR4
LR9
LRl
LT3
LS5
LRS
LS2
LSS
LU7
LS9
LS7
LS6
Freq.
(K.C.)
590
620
630
670
710
750
780
790
830
870
910
950
990
1,030
1,070
1,080
1,110
1,150
1,190
1,230
1,240
1,270
1,310
1,350 
Power
(Watts)
6,000
2,000
5,000
7,000
5,000
15,000
4,000
10,250
29,000
26,000
12,000
31,000
12,000
9,000
50.000
4,500
5,000
7,000
30,000
20,000
2,000
6,000
10,000
6,000
Rema.rks
Heard till 3 p.m. Sundays, sometimes after that.
Has been heard till 3 p.m. (E.A.S.T.).
Heard till 3 p.m. Sundays.
Closes at 3 p.m. Sundays.
Closes about 3.30 p,m. Sundays.
Heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it, which would
be about 4 p.m. (E.A.S.T.).
Closes about 4 p.m. Sundays.
Is heard on Sundays till U .S.A. stations drown it out; very good station.
Is heard till 3 p.m.- sometimes later-on Sundays. A won- derful station.
Heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it. Wonderful
volume last winter.
Closes at 2 p.m. usually, but has been heard later and is a good stat ion to log.
This is one of the best. Is heard until 4 p.m. Sundays and
verifies }&gt;romptly.
This is another good station-is like LR3.
Heard best on Saturdays till 3 p.m.
Wonderful station. Heard till U .S.A. stations drown it out on Sundays.
Closes at 2 p.m. (E.A.S.T.).
Heard on Sundays at good volume till U.S.A. stations come in.
Heard on Sundays at good volume till U.S.A. stations drown it.
Welcomes reports and verifies all that are correct.
This is usually the first S.A. station to be heard. On till after 4 p.m. on Sundays.
Is easily R6 here at 2 p.m. your time Sundays.
Is heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it. Comes in well and verifies promptly. Is also heard on Sunday at good volume, but will not verify .
Another station which is heard well.
Should al~o be heard, but it has not verified reports.

==P.52 - Frequency Re-Shuffle For Japanese Broadcasters==
Frequency Re-shuffle for Japanese Broadcasters
New Stations: Higher Powers
By our Japanese Correspondent
THE operating frequencies of many Japanese stations will be changed soon, the new allocations being given below. At the present time these stations are on the air on their new frequencies for test after 10 p.m. J.S.T. It is expected that the new frequency allocation will become effective after July 1, 1936. Two new stations - JBBK1 and JBBK2 -are located at Heijo, Chosen (Korea). They are now testing with 50 watts, but power will be increased to 500 watts soon. Also, the power of JODK2 will be increased to 50 k.w. soon. The transmitter is already completed and will be on the air after autumn. 
New transmitters for JOAKl,
JOAK2, JOJ~ JOKG, JOL~ JONG
and JOOG are now under construction. They may be on the air this
year.
The new station at Shinkio (Hsinking) is MTCY2; it will be opened
this year. The antenna power is 10
k.w.
·Two transmitters will'be established
at Seishin, Chosen (Korea). The an- tenna power of them is 10 k.w. each.
-Akifusa Saito (Kumamoto, Japan).
K.C. CALL. LOCATION. POWER.
(K.W.)
560 MTCY Shinkio (Hsin580
590
600
610
630
640
650
670
674
680
690
700
710
720
720
730
740
7.50
760
770
780
790
JFCK
JOAKl
JONG
JOJK
JOKK
JODG
JOUK
.TOTK
MTFY
JOVK
JOBIKl
JOCG
JODK2
JORK
JFBK
JOCKl
JOSK
JFAK
JQAK
JOHK
JOPK
JOGK
king) , Manchukuo 100
Taichu, Formosa 1
Tokio* 10
Miyazakit .5
Kanazawa 3
Okayama .5
Hamamatsu .5
Akita .3
Matsue .5
Harbin, Manchukuo 3
Hakodate .5
Osaka 10
Asahigawa .3
Keijot 10
Kou chi .5
Tainan, Formosa 1
Nagoya 10
Kokura 1
Taihoku, Formosa 10
Dair en .5
Sendai 10
Shizuoka .5
Kumamoto 10

800
810
820
. 830
870
JOKG
JOIK
JB1BK2
JOFK
JOAK2
Koufut
Sapporo
Heijo, Korea~
Hiroshima
Tokio*
.5
10
.5
10
10
This photograph of Mr. Akifu.sa Saito,
the &quot;Radio World's&quot; Japanese correspondent, was taken with one of JOGK's
masts in the background. Mr. Saito is a
noted Japanese radio engineer, and so
knows the kind of news that dxers want.
890 JOLG Tottorit .5
890 MTBY Hoten (Mukden),
Manchukuo
910 JOLK Fukuoka
920 JOQK Niigata
930 JOAG Nagasaki
940 JOBK2 Osaka
950 JONK Nagano
970 JODKl Keijo, Korea
980 JOXK Tokushima
990 JOCK2 Nagoya
1000 JOBG Maebashi
1020 JOFG Fukui
1030 JBAK Fusan, Korea
1040 JOJG Yamagatat
1050 JOHIG Kagoshima
1060 JOIG Toyama
1070 JOOK Kioto
1080 JOOG Obihirot
1090 JBBKl Heijo, Korea§
1
.5
.5
.5
10
.5
10
.5
10
.5
.3
.15
.5
.5
.5
.3
.5
.5
* Will be increased to 150 k.w. this
year.
t Will be opened this year.
§ Already opened.
t Will be increased to 50 k.w. this
autumn.

==P.53 - Visiting DX Stations (3)==

==P.55 - China to have High-Power S.W. Station==

'''China to have High-Power S.W. Station''' - '''Some Shortwave News Flashes''' By A. B. McDonagh +

'''Africa Launching Out - '''
A new building of eight stories, and with 13 studios - the most ambitious radio building outside of Daventry - is now being erected. Look for ZSR, 9.18 m.c., and the shortwave relay station of ZTJ on 6.09 m.c.

'''China's Contribution - '''
The Administration of Chinese Broadcasting has placed an order with the Marconi Co. for a shortwaver of higher power than that used by the B.B.C. It will relay the 75,000-watter XGOA, and advice states it will take two years to build. Meantime, Chinese radio engineers will study at the Marconi College in England, and also in America, to learn modern shortwave technique.

'''New Venezuelan Station - '''
Caracas, Venezuela, is going to have a new station on 6.27 m.c.- YV14RC. YV7RMO is on 6.07 m.c., and is located at the end of Lake Maracaibo nearest the sea.

''''Plane and Police Stations - '''
Just a shade under 5 m.c. at about 11 p.m. N.Z.S.T., an aeroplane station may be heard. Some of the U.S.A. police stations, which are above 100 metres, can be heard round about 9 p.m. N.Z.S.T.

'''Shortwave Jottings - '''
RAN (?), Moscow, 31.6 metres, is testing daily from midnight G.M.T. This is the same transmitter as used for the 9 p.m. G.M.T. sessions.
Java (said to be PMO) is on approximately 26 metres with the same programme as YDB on the 31-metre band.
It is hinted that New Zealand's proposed shortwave station may be erected alongside the 60-kilowatt national station now being built near Wellington.
Higher in frequency, and about a degree from the 6.5 megacycle mark, a rapid foreign voice is often heard about 11 p.m. N.Z.S.T. I heard the call as JTAS, calling WWV and others.
This is evidently a Japanese ship, as several of them use telephony when nearing U.S.A.
Many people do not know that Moscow has an English session on 25 metres (12 megacycles) between 2.30 and 3.30 a .m. N.Z.S.T. on Monday mornings.
It will ease the minds of Australian listeners to know that Shanghai has been heard in N.Z. at midnight on the 31-metre band.
A new station, with speech in Italian, is on Abyssinia's wavelength of 25 metres.
Watch Geneva for different relays; they test at odd times.

+ Australian listeners who wish to be introduced to pen pals in New Zealand should write A. B. McDonagh, Secretary N.Z. Short Wave Club, 4 Queen Street, Wellington, E.1, New Zealand. The same applies to exchange of QSL cards or stamps. Kindly enclose a penny stamp for reply.

==P.55 - &quot;Simplified Moneysaver&quot; Is Fine Performer==
Son•e · Reports from Readers
That the Radiokes a.c. &quot;Money·
saver&quot; described last month is one of
the finest receivers of its class for DX
listening it would be possible to de·
sign has been proved conclusively by
tests carried out in several locations
since publication of last month's is.- sue. On each occasion, the &quot;Money·
saver&quot; pulled in dozens of DX sta-·
tions with the ease and selectivity
of many. modern commercial sets using
one and even two valves more.
Some Amazing Reports
Already some fine reports on the
set's performance have come to hand
from &quot;Moneysaver&quot; builders. One
reader in Bulli gives a glowing account of the set's DX capabilities, his
list of stations logged including nearly every broadcast station in Australia
and New Zealand, as well as a Chinese
station. On the short waves he has
logged practically all the principal in·
ternational shortwave stations as well
as many amateurs iri all parts of the
world. The report concludes: &quot;The
set shows absolutely uncanny selec·
tivity, separating without the least
difficulty some of the most distant 'B'
class stations.&quot;
Another reader states·: &quot;When I
first tried the set out, I was amazed
at the number of stations I could re• ceive. · I didn't think there were so
many on the air.&quot; .
It is certain that anyone buildingthe receiver from the Kit-Set should
not have the least difficulty in duplicating these performances. . The construction is made easy by the instruc·
tions and diagrams; the- alignment is
easily carried out, very little adjustment being necessary. To assist the
amateur builder, the intermediate
transformers and padder h-ave been
tested under operating conditions and
set to the correct alignment positions
at the facory.
Iron-Cored I.F.'s Used
An important fact not mentioned in
the descriptive article last month is
that the latest Radiokes iron-cored
intermediate frequency transf9rmers
(type SIC-465) are supplied with the
kit. These new intermediates are
highly efficient, and their use in both
the a.c. and battery &quot;Moneysavers&quot; is
largely responsible for the exceptional
gain and high selectivity that are outstanding features of both models.

==P.56 - All-Wave All-World DX Club-List of Members==

All-Wave All-World DX Club List of Life Members

Club No. - Name and Address

AW1DX - Graham Cumming, Meyer St., Donald, Victoria.

AW2DX - F. H. Stacey, c/o Mrs. H. Murphy, 80 Princess St., Petrie Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland.

AW3DX - Noel Jenkins, 80 Bannister St., Masterton, N.Z.

AW4DX - Robert E. Foothead, Newlands, Johnsonville, Wellington, N.Z.

AW5DX - J. Bisceop, Allison Road, Cronulla, Sydney.

AW6DX - F. G. Richards, 15 Dalley St., West Kogarah, N.S,W.

AW7DX - H. M. Downes, Bell Street, Penshurst, Victoria.

AW8DX - H. C. Major, 45 Nirvana Ave., Malvern, S.E. 5, Victoria.

AW9DX - C. G. Arnold, McDowall Street, Roma, Queensland.

AW10DX - Ken Scott, 12 Mitchell St., Stockton, N.S.W.

AW11DX - E. Davison, Box 4, P.O., The Entrance, N.S.W.

AW12DX - W. L. Barry, c/o J. Hall, Esq., 11 Gloucester Street, South Brisbane, Queensland.

AW13DX - Jack Glew, 203 Centre Road, Bentleigh, S.E. 14, Victoria.

AW14DX - Eric K. Webb, 297 Mitcham Road, Mitcham, Victoria.

AW15DX - A. T. Baxter, Casterton, Sandford, Victoria.

AW16DX - Frank Keirsnowski, Acheson Street, Rockhampton, Queensland.

AW17DX - James Laing, 85 Moncur Street, Woollahra, Sydney.

AW18DX - Douglas Pearsall, 512 Macauley Street, Albury, N.S.W.

AW19DX - '''Jack M. Flower''', Norris Street, Tauranga, N.Z.

AW20DX - R. H. McColl, 32 Esplanade, Semaphore, South Australia.

AW21DX - E. A. Glenie, 41 Ashworth Street, Albert Park, Victoria.

AW22DX - C. T. Frost, P.O. Box 44, Seymour, Victoria.

AW23DX - V. Smith, 350 Wellington Street, Collingwood, Melbourne, Vic.

AW24DX - F. C. Collins, Hot Springs Hotel, Te Aroha, N.Z.

AW25DX - James Brooks, &quot;Athelstan,&quot; Wamberal, N.S.W.

AW26DX - R. P. Veall, 38 Eildon Road, St. Kilda, S. 2, Melbourne, Victoria.

AW27DX - B. Beauchamp, 83 Ira Street, Miramar, Wellington, N.Z.

AW28DX - R. C. Watts, Box 91, Pode Street, Bowen, North Queensland.

AW29DX - Cecil Howard, 219 Ellena Street, Maryborough, Queensland.

AW30DX - Len R. Burston, 93 Rowan Street, Wangaratta, Victoria.

AW31DX - F. J. Davis, Mount Battery Station, Mansfield, Victoria.

AW32DX - W. H. Emanuel, 109 Bathurst Street, Hobart, Tasmania.

AW33DX - G. L. Ford, 129 Curzon Street, North Melbourne, Victoria.

AW34DX - A. Spriggins, Navy Wireless Room, Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, Victoria.

AW35DX - J. T. Jarvey, 520 Elizabeth Street, Albury, N.S.W.

AW36DX - J. M. Burke, Lyster Street, Coff's Harbour, N.S.W.

AW37DX - Dave Adams, 35 Bowker Street, Timaru, N.Z.

AW38DX - C. Jarlett, 23 Queens Road, Hurstville, N.S.W.

AW39DX - G. Billings, Wattle Bank, 251 Murrumbeena Road, Murrumbeena, S.E. 9, Victoria.

AW40DX - G. Notley, 37 Main Road, Moonah, Tasmania.

AW41DX - F. C. White, 24 Prentice Street, Elsternwick, Victoria.

AW42DX - '''A. M. Branks''', 67 Robertson Street, Invercargill, N.Z.

AW43DX - '''E. R. Service''', 81 Ettrick Street, Invercargill, N.Z.

AW44DX - D. Morath, Box 11, P.O., Narromine, N.S.W.

AW45DX - K. Morehead, Chatsworth Street, Mt. Druitt, N.S.W.

AW46DX - E. Morehead, Chatsworth Street, Mt. Drtiitt, N.S.W.

AW47DX - N. W. Lumby, 228 Oberon Street, Coogee, Sydney.

AW48DX - G. F. Thompson, 104 Bambra Road, Caulfield, S.E.8, Victoria.

AW49DX - F. H. Hagedorn, Ambrose, North Coast Line, Queensland.

AW50DX - K. Moyes, Mani Arm, Mullumbimby, N.S.W.

AW51DX - A. H. Graham, 258 Lower Plenty Road, Rosanna, N.22, Melbourne, Victoria.

AW52DX - R. Doyle, 24 Baden Powell Street, Rockhampton, Queensland.

AW53DX - William H. Pearson, 10 Soudan St., Malvern, S.E.4, Victoria.

AW54DX - Clive Holland, 32 Railway Crescent, Maryborough, Victoria.

AW55DX - M. Temby, 1 John St., Mordia1loc, S.12, Victoria.

AW56DX - Jack Reedy, Scarba St., Goff's Harbour, N.S.W.

AW57DX - Sidney Hayward, Wimble St., Seymour, Victoria.

AW58DX - Ron Gurr, c/o Port Stephens Canning Co., Pindimar, N.S.W.

(To be continued next month.)


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==P.02 - Editorial Notes==
'''Editorial Notes . . .'''

Nil

==P.02 - Contents Banner==
'''The Australasian Radio World'''

Incorporating the

'''All-Wave All-World DX News'''

Managing Editor - '''A. Earl Read''', B.Sc.

Vol. 4. - JANUARY, 1940 - No. 8.

==P.02 - Contents==

'''CONTENTS:'''

The Daventry Dual-Waver . . . . 3

The Story Of R.C.S. Radio (2) . . . . 6

Five-Band Communications Superhet . . . . 8

Service Equipment (3) . . . . 10

Vulcan Pre-Selector Unit . . . . 13

Choosing A Microphone . . . . 15

&quot;Radio World&quot; All-Wave Oscillator . . . . 17

Waverley Radio Club Notes . . . . 25

What's New In Radio . . . . 26

New Headquarters For Marconi School . . . . 28

&quot;Communications Eight&quot; A Fine Performer . . . . 30

Shortwave Review . . . . 31

Broadcast Band DX Notes . . . . 37

==P.02 - Publication Notes==

The &quot;Australasian Radio World&quot; is published monthly by '''Read Publications.''' Editorial offices, 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone FL2842. Cable address: &quot;Repress,&quot; Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 14th of month preceding that specified for insertion. 

Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year (12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand. 

Printed by Bridge Printery, 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietors of the &quot;Australasian Radio World,&quot; 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.40)

==P.03 - The Daventry Dual-Waver==
==P.06 - The Story Of R.C.S. Radio (2)==
==P.08 - Five-Band Communications Superhet==
==P.10 - Service Equipment (3)==
==P.13 - Vulcan Pre-Selector Unit==
==P.15 - Choosing A Microphone==
==P.17 - &quot;Radio World&quot; All-Wave Oscillator==
==P.25 - Waverley Radio Club Notes==
==P.26 - What's New In Radio==
==P.28 - New Headquarters For Marconi School==
==P.30 - &quot;Communications Eight&quot; A Fine Performer==
==P.31 - Shortwave Review==
'''Shortwave Review'''
CONDUCTED BY '''ALAN H. GRAHAM.'''
Summer Conditions: Night Reception IBest * Many New Stations Reported * Latest News of Projected Stations and
Schedule Changes * Amateur Bands and UHF Notes *
Full List of the Month's Loggings. 
Random Jottings.
Review Of C&lt;&gt;nditions.
With the close of the year, summer conditions become more and more evident, with a definite falling off in morning reception; with conditions during the forenoon and early afternoon very poor; with an ever-increasing noise-level making things difficult on the lower frequencies; and, finally, with evening reception splendid. From about 8.30 p.m. conditions on all bands between 13 and ·31 metres are really excellent. Signals on 13 and 16 metres are worth some attention, their clarity being a convincing proof that it is possible to find real entertainment on the shortwave bands.
New Stations Listed.
Included in the list of the month's loggings readers will find many new stations. Located in every quarter of the globe, many of these new stations are of outstanding interest to keen dx-ers. Fears expressed in some quarters that the outbreak of war would result in drastic curtailment of shortwave transmissions are now shown to have been quite groundless.
As a matter of fact, the tendency is definitely in the other direction. Each month readers of these columns will have noted details of projected transmitters, and many of these will take the air early this year. With the development of shortwave broadcasting as a means of spreading -propaganda, few countries can afford to remain silent, and governments throughout the world are hastening to ensure that their views will be aired to the world at large. An interesting development in this direction is the inauguration of an Australian short- wave service, full details of which are given elsewhere in these columns.
Overcrowding On The Shortwave Channels.
This considerable increase in the number of shortwave transmitters now on the air, whilst providing SWL's with much interesting DX,
also has very obvious drawbacks. For some time past listeners have been concerned at the overcrowding on some of the shortwave broadcast bands. At the present time, the 30-31 metre band is most adversely affected, as there are many more stations operating on these frequencies than can be comfortably accommodated.
Moreover, there has been a veritable stampede to acquire frequencies on the newly-announced .J.1-metre broadcast band, on which over 30 station:;
have already made reservations, despite the fact that the band only covers lOOkc. At present the higher frequency bands are not crowded, but ., definite tendency by many European
and American stations to utilise allocations on 13, 16 .and 19 metres will soon alter that.
Amateurs Still Interest.
Despite the number of amateur stations compulsorily off the air because of the war, interesting 20-metre DX is still reported by many readers who are mainly concerned with amateur band loggings. A full list of
countries in which amateur transmitters are still permitted to operate is given in the Amateur Review section. 

News (?) Broadcasts.
Since the first novelty of the war has worn off, and the full weight of the censorship regulations have been felt, the majority of the news broadcasts lack interest. At times they are merely boring, consisting chiefly of futile and inevitably incorrect speculation, endless repetition of the same items, and fantastic propaganda. Even the American sessions lack spice. Details of news broadcasts and weekly war talks from Daventry are worth noting.
Full news bulletins are given at the following times (the transmitters shown are beamed towards Australia) :-At 2 a.m. (GSJ, GSF, GSG); 

&amp;t 3.30 a.m. (GSD); at 7.45 a.m. (GSD); at 10.30 a.m. (GSC); at 4.15
p.m. (GSD, GSB); at 7 p.m. (GSD);
at 9.30 p.m. (GSJ, GSF, GSG) and at
ll.15 p.m. (GSJ, GSF, GSG).
Interesting programmes heard regularly from Daventry include
&quot;London Log,&quot; with the well-known B.B.C. personality, Howard Marshall, at 5.30 p.m. on Saturdays and at 1.1·5
and 8.45 a.m. on Sundays; &quot;Back- ·ground to the News&quot; on Tuesdays and Fridays at 1.15 and 10.15 a .m. and 4.45 p.m.; &quot;In England Now,&quot; on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at 1.15
and 8.45 a.m. and 6.15 p.m.; &quot;Matters of Moment,&quot; on Thursdays, at 1.15 a.m. and 2.30 and 7.30 p.m.
Official Observers.
A word of very heartfelt praise to · the Official Observers who contribute so much to the success of this short- wave section of the &quot;Radio World.&quot;
We regret to record the resignation of two of our West Australian Observers, Messrs. George La Roche and Cyril Anderson. Our best wishes to both, especially to 0.M . .Cyril, who is now serving with the 2nd A.I.F.
Readers Repor&gt;ts Requested.
Readers are requested to write the Shortwave Editor on any matters concerning these columns. Reports of reception conditions are especially appreciated; all such reports will be
acknowledged. Enquiries on any matters relating to shortwave reception will be answered by mail. Addres~
all letters to Alan H. Graham, 258
Lower Plenty Rd., Rosanna, N22,
Victoria.
* Latest Station Changes And Schedules
Andorra.
Another new country for the keen dx-er. Reports from overseas indicate that &quot;Radio Andorra&quot; has been
testing on .the 2·5-metre band. Exact frequency is a bit obscure, being given variously as 11850kc. and 11835 kc. For those readers whose geography is a little rusty, we might
mention that Andorra is in the Eastern Pyrenees, being a small, semiindependent State of 190 square miles, which pays a small tribute to France
and Spain as joint suzerairn;. 'I'he chief industry is smuggling. Hi.
Australia.
The new Australian station in
Perth, VL W, has been reported testing on both 48 and 25 metres. VL W
is one of the stations to be used In
the Australian shortwave service,
which will have come on the air by the time these notes appear in print, the opening date being December 22.
Full schedule for these transmissions are:-
For Europe, through VLQ, 9615kc., 

31.2m.: In German, Dutch, French and English. From 5 to 7 p.m. For Southern Europe, through
VLQ2, 11870kc., 25.25m. In Turkish,
Italian, Spanish, English and Arabic. From 5.30 to 6.30 p.m.
For North America, through VLQ.
In English. From 7 to 8 a.m. For North America and the Pacific,
through VLQ. In English. From 7.·30 to 8.30 a .m. For India, through VLQ. In English. From 11.15 to 11.45 p.m.
For South America, through VLQ.
In English and Spanish. From 9.30 to 10 p.m.
For Africa, through VLW3, 11830 kc., 25.36m. In Engl.ish and Afrikaans. From 3.30 to 4.30 p.m.
For the East, through VLR, 958CJ
kc., 31.32m. In English and Dutch.
From midnight to 12.30 a.m. Through VLR3, 11880kc., 25.23m. In Engfo,h. From 9.30 to 10 a.m.
Algeria.
Plans for a powerful shortwave transmitter are now being considered. It is hoped to start transmissions at the end of this year.
Belgian Congo,
The new 250-watt .3tatio!l at Leor,ddville operates under the call, OQ· 2AA, on either 9525 or .l5170k.?., :n.49 or 19.77m. However, its present schedule, 10.25 a.m. till noon, make~
n :ception in this country rather improbable for the present, ar, !e:ist.
China.
No appearance of the &quot;Shortwave
P.eview&quot; seems complete these days without news of additional Chinese
stations. The latest transmitter i~; reported as being on 7970kc., 38.3m. Located
in Shanghai, the call of this station,
already reported in New Zealand, is
thought to be XHHB.
Some details re XPSA recently received may be of interest. Located at Kweiyang, XPSA operates on 7010kc., 42.2m. (official frequency is
given as 6.970kc., but that is definitely wrong). Power is lOkw.; and the station ir;; on the air from 6-9 a.m.,
and from 8.30 p.m.-1.·30 a.m. News in English is ·broadcast at 11.30 p.m.
Reports are greatly appreciated.
Cuba.
Further information regarding the new station at Santa Clara, COHI, indicates that it will also transmit 011 the 25-metre band, on approx. 11800
kc. (Radex). Latest alterations in frequencies of Cuban stations are as follow:-COCE, on 12230kc., 24.53m.; COCX, on 117.53
kc., 25.52m.; COCA, on 9700kc., 30.93 m.; and COBC, on 9350kc., 32.08m.
France.
The new lOOkw. stations are gradually coming on the air. At present two of these are operating on 9680kc.,
30.99m., and 11843kc., 25.35m. No calls have yet been assigned, the stations merely being in the experimental stage as yet.
Latest official schedules from Paris show a change in call-sign for the 11885kc., 25.23m., transmitter; it now operates with the calls TPB-11 and
TPB-12 (not TPA-3 and TPB-7, as before).
French lndo-China.
Apart from &quot;Radio Saigon.&quot; there has been considerable activity by . other stations in F.J..C. &quot;Radio Vol·
onte,&quot; in Saigon, is reported as operating regularly on 7100kc., 42.25m., commencing a recorded programme at 11.30 p.m. with the &quot;Marseillaise.&quot;
In addition, &quot;Radio Boy-Landry&quot; is transmitting on three frequencies, namely, 6215kc., 967.Gkc., and 11685 kc., or 48.27m., 31.0lm. and 25.68m.
Hawaii!.
It is reported that the '·Voice of
Hawaii&quot; programmes are being re- layed through KHB, Kahuku, on 17120kc., 17.5m., from 10-10.30 a.m. on Sundays (QSA-5).
Eire.
The latest available schedule for the Irish station at Athlone is:-On
17840kc., 16.82m.: Daily 3.30-5 a.m.; odd days of the month, 7.30-11.30a.m.; even days of the month, 7.30- 8.30 a.m. On 9595kc., 31.27m.: Eve;-, days of the month, 9.30-11.30 a .m. and 12.30-1 p.m.
Luxembourg.
&quot;Radio Luxembourg,&quot; recently heard on 25 metres, have been testing on 6090kc., 9527.5kc., 11782 .. 5kc. and 15330kc. ( 49.26m., 31.49m., 25.46 m. and 19.56m.). Whether these experimental transmissions are still being carried on is obscure, as &quot;Radio Luxembourg&quot; has not been reported in this country for some weeks now. QRA for reports is Wireless Publicity
Ltd., Electra House, Victoria Embankment, London, WC2. (Tune-In).
Mauritius.
VQSJM, Port Louis, is reported from several sources as broadcasting irregularly on 7190kc., 41.7m. (Radex, Tune-In).
Paraguay,
ZP-8, Asuncion, to operate Ol•
11850kc., 25.32m., with a power of
500 watts, is a new station (Universalite).
Switzerland.
The Swiss transmitters of the
League of Nations are again on the
air. HBO, HBL and HBP are all
operating for North America around
10 a.m., whilst HBF, 18450kc., 16.2m.,
transmits a programme for the Orient on Saturdays from 4.45 to 6.45 p.m. Syria. 

It is understood that a new station at Damascus is now transmitting on 12295kc., 24.4m.
U.S.S.R.
A feature of the past few weeks has been the number of new Russian stations heard. No calls are available for these stations, but full details of frequencies and times of
tranmission are given in the list of the month's loggings.
Yugo-Sl'avia.
Full details of the Belgrade stations are now available. YUB (this is understood to be new call for station previously listed as YUA) on 6100kc., 49.18m.; YUC, on 9505kc.,
31.57m.; YUE, on ll 735kc., 25.57m.; and YUF-YUG, on 15240kc., 19.6.Sm.
(Universalite).
*
Ultra-High-Frequency Notes.
Conditions Disappoint.
The promise of some good U.H.F. reception during December was not fulfilled. After a good period at the end -of November, the unsettled weather in our locality resulted in almost a complete &quot;black-out&quot; during December. The police bunds were most affected, and, at the time of writing, no signals have been heard on 8 and 9 metres for the past fortnight. Conditions on 10 and 11 metres are very little better.
Police Bands.
Towards the end of November conditions were quite good, and one or two additional loggings were made.
Police stations definitely identified
this year are:- WPDS, St. Paul, 33800kc., 8.9 m. KQCI, Glendale, 33800kc., 8.9 m. KQBH, Kansas City, Kansas, 3-3100
kc., 9.06m.
KQAN, Fort Worth, 33100kc.,
9.06m.
WRBH, Cleveland, 33100kc., 9.06m.
KQAO, Long Beach, 33100kc.,
9.06m.
KQ-, National City, 33100kc.,
9.06m.
KQBV, Los Angeles, approx. 9.4m.
WQIE, Newark, 30700kc., 9.7m. KQBR, Alameda, 30700kc., 9.7m.
WQKB, Evansville, 30700kc., 9.7m.
11-M'etre Band Loggings.
Only WSXNU remains a regular on 11 metres, and signals from this station are now very poor. The other
stations listed below were heard in the last week of November.
W4XA, 26150kc., ll.47m., Nashville: Only very occasionally now; usually with football descriptions on Sunday mornings.
WSXNU, 25950kc., ll.56m., Cincinnati: Very good at end of November; 

heard regularly still, but signais weak and hard to copy.
W9XA, 26100kc., ll.49m., Kansas City: Frequency altered again from 26000kc. Seldom heard.
W9XH, 26050kc., 1L51m., South
Bend: Heard once at end of November; closes 9.30 a.m. W9XJL, 26100kc., ll.49m., Superior: Heard, with bad QRM from
W9XA, late in November. Signals
weak.
W9XPD, 25900kc., ll.58m., St.
Louis: Very weak, but heard at times
just above WSXNU.
9-Metre Band Notes.
No sign yet of the 31600kc. broad- cast stations. Even if this band does
open up, it will probably be of little
value, as the latest information available shows over 30 American stations licensed to use this frequency.
The harmonic of KGEI on 9.78m. has been heard very well indeed in New Zealand, though it seldom exceeded R4 in our locality.
Amateur Bands * Review.
The following list -of countries in which amateur stations are still permitted to transmit is as accurate as is possible under the circumstances.
Incidentally, readers will have noted
that Cuban amateurs are no longer on the air. The war is not the reason for this ban imposed by the Director -of Radio. 

Countries in Which Amateurs Still
Operate:
South America: Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela.
Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Canal Zone. West Indies: Puerto Rica, Dominican Republic, Haiti.
Europe: Belgium, Holland, Portugal, Spain.
Africa: Belgian Congo, Tangier International Zone.
Oceania: Hawaii, Philippines, Dutch
East Indies, American islands.
Asia: Japan, China.
North America: United States,
Mexico, Alaska

Calls * Heard.
(Reports for 20 metres from Messrs. Bantow, Hastings, Cushen; Taylor and Chapman. For 10 metres, from Mr. Taylor and the S.W. Ed.)
10 Metres.
South America: CE3AC (Chile).
Oceania: KA- lER, lGX, lME, lLZ,
(Philippines); K6- BAZ, GQF, MVV,
OJI, PIT, PLZ, QLB, QRD, QXU,
QXY, ROJ, RRM, PIR (iHawaii).
United States: W- lCND, lBBX,
lHDQ, lLMB, 2LIR, 2FXB, 2CJ A,
2CQX, 2AIH, 2KAX, 3BBA, 3GNA,
3A WX, 3GRO, 4FUM, 4MV, 4EDD,
5IJM, 6FFN, 6FZD, 6IEF, 6IMI, 

6KYL, 6MIW, 6NWG, 6P Ai, 6PMJ,
6QHE, 6QPH, 6DUC, 6RCT, 60XV,
6QUZ, 6CDO, 6HGN, 6AWV, 6QMJ,
6NKF, 60AK, 6FVM, 6RRU, 7FVO, 7GFK, 7GMV, 7GUI, 7HCD, 7HCS,
SSOE, 9BRZ, 9JUI, 9KDA, 9RGT,
9ZIX, 9DLC, 9EW, 9ZN A, 9LMX,
9YZK, 9ARK, · 9NWN, 9CXV.
20 Metres.
South America.
Venezuela: YV5AK.
Ecuador: HClFG.
Argentina: LU4DM.
Peru: OA- 4L, 4C, 4AI, 4R.
Chile: CE- lAR, lAO, 3EW, 3CZ,
3CG, 3AC, 3BK, 3CE, 3AG, 4AC.
Brazil:. PY- 2AR, 2SN.
Central America.
Costa Rica: TI2RC.
Africa.
Tangier International Zone: EKlAF.
Belgian Congo: OQ5AB.
Pacific.
Guam: KB6- OCL, ILT.
Canton Is.: KF6- JEG.
Baker Is.: K6- LEJ, NYD, OJI,
OQE, MVA, QHU, CGK, MZQ, ILW,
OCM, BNR.
The East.
China: XU- lA, lB, 5W, 6PL, 7HV,
SAM, SRB, SZA, SRJ, SRP, SMY, OA.
Japan: J- 2CS, 2NG, 2KN, 2NQ,
2XA, 7CB.
D.E.I.: PK- lDM, lMF, lOG, 2LZ,
3GD, 3MP, 3RP, 4KS.
Philippines: KA- lFG, lCS, lCM,
lCW, lAC, lAG, lAP, lJP, lGC, lGX,
lDL, lAF, lLZ, lGS, lME, lKF, lOZ,
lJG, lBB, lBH, lER, lGE, ISM,
3BW, 3KK, 3RA, 4RF, 4LH, 7EF,
7FV, 7RF.
Reports Acknowledged. *
Mr. W. M. Chapman (Kensington, N.S.W.): Many thanks for very comprehensive report. Yes, that reference in the last issue to South African amateurs remaining on the air after November 1 was wrong. The new
Russian stations are certainly difficult to follow. Will see what can be done about those mystery stations you mention.
Mr. A. · T. Cushen (lnvercargill,
N.Z.): Report to hand. Will look forward to some real DX loggings from
you in the new year when you instal that new receiver. Mr. W. E. Bantow (Edithvale, Vic.): Pleased to receive such an interesting report. Would be pleased
if you will check up on station on 6110kc., listed as VUC, Calcutta, as we believe this transmitter is not in use at present.
Mr. 0. G. Washfold (Camberwell,
Vic.): Your report was most certainly
Page 34
of some use, and we hope to hear from you regularly.
M.r. !D. J. Hastings (Brisbane, Ql'd.):
Despite that QRM you seem to have little difficulty in logging some very fine DX on 2-0 metres. OQ5AB, PY2AR and PY2SN are certainly real catches.
Mr. J. C. Taylor (Hurstville, N.S.W.): Many thanks for list of 10 and 20 metre loggings. Your Sunday morning sessions on 10 are getting
.results, CE2AC being a fine logging.
Mr. J. Ferrier (Coleraine, Vie.):
Many thanks for photo. of shack.
U.H.F. conditions have certainly been most disappointing.
Mr. H. I. Johns (Nelson, N.Z.):
Thanks for yet another fine report.
Conditions in N.Z. seem a good deal better than they are in our locality, especially on 49 metres in the afternoon.
The Month's * Loggings.
In future, stations not listed in this
section in the previous issue will be
indicated by an asteri;;k (*).
South America.
Peru.
*OAX4T, 9556kc., 3.i..38m., Lima:
This station is heard occasionally opening at 11 p.m., but, more often than not, it is inaudible on account of Q.RM.
OAX5C, 9·350kc., 31.95m., lea: Now heard only on Sundays; better signal in N.Z.
OAX4J, 9340kc., 32.12m., Lima:
Heard fairly regularly still; early mornings around 7 a.m., and on Sunday afternoons till closing at 4 p.m.
OAX4Z, 6.077kc., 49.3'/m., Lima:
Heard in the late afternoons in N.Z.;
also believed to have been testing
around 9 p.m. Ecuador.
HCJB, 12460kc., 24.08m., Quito:
This well-known station has had a fresh lease of life and is again putting in a very fine signal around 10
p.m. (Chapman).
*HC2('W, 9135kc., 32.84m., Guayaquil: This unusual station is being
heard in N.Z., closing after 3 p.m.
Colombian Republic.
&quot;HJFK, 9740kc., 30.8111., Pereira:
New South American station heard with good signal from 10 p.m. As is usual with these stations, the first half-hour's transmission is mainly news in Spanish.
Chile.
CB-960, 9600kc., 31.25m., Santiago:
Heard quite well from 10 p.m. nightly.
Brazil.
*PRA-8, 6015kc., 49.87m., Pernambuco: Although this station has not
been heard here lately, it is reported from N.Z., opening at 7 a.m. with a fair signal.
Argentine.
*LRA-1, 9690kc., 3o.96m., Buenos
Aires: Still heard weakly on some mornings; best when it opens earlier at 7 a.m. on Saturdays.
Uruguay.
CXA-8, 9640kc., 31.12111., Colonia:
Only Uruguayan station reported this month. ;Heard weakly on Sundays both afternoon and evening. Central America And West Indies.
Guatemala.
TGW A, 15170kc., 19.78m., Guatemala City: Now being heard at good strength in the early mornings-best around 7 a.m. on Mondays (Washfold).
TGW A, 9685kc., 30.96m., Guatemala City: Best during special DX programmes on Sunday afternoons. Also on weekdays, closing between 2.30
and 3 n.m. (Washfold, Johns).
*TGWB, 6486kc., 46.25m., Guatemala Gitv: Now harder to log on Sunday afternoons on account of high noise-level.
*TG-2, 6195kc., 48.4m., Guatemala
City: Another Sunday afternoon station; best around 5.15 p.m.
Costa Rica.
TIPG, 96I.5kc., 31.21m., San Jose:
Still very strong from 10 p.m.
TIL8, 6.165kc., 48.66m., San Jose : Also opens at 10 p.m., but not nearly as good as a few weeks ago.
Panama.
HP5A, 11700kc., 25.64m., Panama
City: Still very erratic, nut sometimes at good strength after 10 p.m.
(Chapman).
HP5J, 9590kc., 31.28m., Panama City: Fair signal from 10 p.m.
*HP5K, 6005kc., 49.96111., Panama City: Good old regular, opening with waltz.
Cuba.
(Once again we would remind you that the following frequencies were correct at time of writing, hut will probably be out of date by the time they appear in print).
*COGF, 11800kc., 25.42m., Matanzas: Heard weakly from 11 p.111. and sometimes in the early morning.
COCM, 9850kc., 30.46m., Habana:
Heard irregularly from l1 p.m.
COCH, 9437kc., 31.Sm., Habana:
Weakly at nights,. but spoilt by morse
QRM.
COBC, 9·350kc., 32.08m., Habana:
As is mentioned elsewhere, this station has changed its frequency. Back to old channel from 99S.5kc. Opens with fair signal at 9.55 p.m.
COBZ, 9030kc., 33.32m., Habana:
Irregular; a weak signal on occasions around 11 p.m.
OOCQ, 8850kc., 33.9m., Habana:
Perhaps the best of the Cubans at present; from around 9.50 p.m . .

*COJK, 8685kc., 34.54m., Camaguey: Heard once or twice of late, opening just before 10 p.m.
Dominican Republic.
*HllN, 12486kc., 24.03m., Trujillo
City: Heard just below HCJB, but not nearly as loud as that station.
Scheduled to open at 9.40 p.m.
North America. Mexico.
*XEWW, 15160kc., 19.79m., Mexico City: Heard with a fair signal on Sunday afternoons. (Chapman).
XEWW, 9503kc., 31.57m., Mexico City: Very reliable station. Heard daily till around 4 p.m. with fairly strong signal.
*XEBT, 6000kc., 50m., Mexico City: Reported at good strength in N.Z.; Sundays, till closing at 4.30 p.m. (Johns).
United States.
WCBX, 21570kc., 13.9lm., New York: Fairly strong signal on some nights around midnight. (Chapman).
WPIT, 21540kc., 13.93m., Pittsburgh: Heard occasionally at night around 10 p.m., though GSJ and GST
tend to blot it out.
WNBI, 17780kc., 16.87m., Bound
Brook: Very nice signal in the early morning, best between 7 and 8 a.m. Also heard during forenoon, but hard to follow because of bad fading. (Bantow, Johns).
*WRCA, 17780kc., 16.87m., Bound
Brook: Not heard in our locality but
reported from Sydney with weak
signal from 11 p.m. (.Chapman).
WGEA, 15330kc., 19.56m., Schenectady: Good early morning station,
with steady signal till 8 a.m. (Chapman, Bantow).
KGEI, 153·30kc., 19.56m., San Francisco: Very weak now and erratic;
around noon.
*WCAB, 15270kc., 19.65m., Philadelphia: Another early morning station, heard best around 8 a.m. (Chapman).
*WRUL, 15250kc., 19.67m., Boston:
Heard on some mornings around 7 a.m.; used alternatively with WRUW,
15130kc.
WCBX, 15270kc., 19.65m., New York: Still another early morning American station, closing M 6.30 a.m. Erratic, but signals very strong on some mornings.
WPIT· 15210kc., 19.72m., Pitts- burgh: Fairly strong signal around midnight.
&quot;'WRUW, 15130kc., 19.83m., Boston: Nice strong signal on some mornings, with same programme as
WRUL on 25 metres. Closes at 8 a.m. (Chapman).
KKZ, 13690kc., 21.91m., Bolinas:
Used for special relays to Hawaii on Sunday afternoons. KKQ, 11950kc., 25.lm.,Bolinas: Also 

used for special relays on Sundays, and sometimes on week days around
3 p.m. (Chapman).
WPIT, 11870kc., 25.?6m.,
burgh: Regular mormng around 7 a.m., with good
(Bantow).
P1UFstation signal
WCBX, 11830kc., 23.36m., New
York: Very strong signal from 7-9 a.m.; news in severni languages. WRUL, 11790kc., 23.43m., Boston:

Good signal till closing at 8 a.m. (Chapman).
WRUW, 11730kc., 25 58rn., Boston:
Used on some :nr,rning-,;; opening with a fairly strong signal :it 8.30 a.rn.
(.Cushen).
WRCA, 9670kc., ~~ l 0 3m , Hound Brook: Heard with weak signal in the afternoons, closing· a.; 4 p.m. (Chapman).
WCAB, ;:)590ke, 31.2&gt;\m., Philadelphia: Fair signal t1!l closing '~ .5
p.m.; news just before signing off.
(Chapman, Washfold).
WBOS, 9570kc., 31.35m., Boston:
Strong afternoon station; closes at 5 p.m.
WGEA, 9550kc., 3l.41m., Schenectady: Barely audible in the mornings from 8.15 a.m.
WGEO, 95·30kc., 31.48m., Schenectady: Opens at 6 a.m. with strong signal. (Chapman, Bantow, Johns).
KGEI, 9530kc., 31.48m., San Francisco: Heard from 4 p.m.; and also from 10 p.m. when QRM from JZI is bad. (Chapman).
*WPIT,__ 6140kc., 48.86m., Pittsburgh: Reported with excellent signal from 3-4 p.m. Sundays in N .Z. Very weak in our locality. (Johns).
WCBX, 6120kc., 49m., New York: Weakish signal till 5 p.m.
WLWO, 6060kc., 49.5m., Cincinnati:
Heard fairly well on some afternoons;
best on Sundays when on till .5.30 p.m.
Also at night around 10 p.m.
*WBKM (ex-W4XB), 6040kc.,
•:19.65m., Miami Beach: Reported from
N.Z. with strong signal on Sundays
at 3.30 p.m. (Johns).
*WRUL, 6040kc., 49.65m., Boston:
Reported from N.Z. on special test
with TG-2, Guatemala. (Cushen).
AFRICA.
Kenya Colony.
VQ7LO, 6083kc., 49.31m., Nairobi:
Consistent early morning station;
heard best towards close after 5 a.m.
(.Chapman).
Ethiopia.
12AA, 9650kc., 31.09m.,
Ababa: Good signal around
call was previously IABA.
Canary Is.
Addis
2 a.m
EAJ-43, 10360kc., 28.96m., Teneriffe : Hard to log now; at times just
audible around 6 a.m.
Algeria.
TPZ-3, 8960kc., 33.48m., Algiers:
Quite a good signal until closing at 7 a.m.
Mozambique.
*CR7BH, 11718kc., 25 6m., Lourenco Marques: Reported at good strength from N.Z.; from 8 p.m. on Sundays, with religious service.
(Johns).
Madagascar.
*Radio Tananarive, 9695kc., 30.95
m., Tananarive : Quite good on 1-2
a.m. transmission, opening, of course, with the &quot;Marseillaise.&quot;
*Radio Tananarive, 6060kc., 49.5m.,
Tananarive : Same time and same
programme as the 9695kc., transmitter.
South Africa.
*ZRO, 9752kc., 30.77m., Durban:
Have found this station difficult to log after midnight. *ZRL, 96.06kc., ·31.23m., Klipheuval:
Also heard only once or twice, around
2 a.m.
*ZRK, 6097kc., 49.2m., Klipheuval:
Fairly good signal from 3 a.m.; closes at 7 a.m. on week-days.
*ZRH, 6007kc., 49.94m., Roberts
Heights: Just fair till closing at 6.30
a.m. 

' *ZNB, .5900kc., 50.85m., Mafeking,
British Bechuanaland: May be heard
daily except Mondays, 4-5.30 a.m.
OCEANIA.
New Caledonia.
FK8AA, 6122kc., 49m., Noumea:
Still heard at good strength in the
late afternoons.
AUSTRALIA.
YLR-3, 11880kc., 25.z:&gt;m., Lyndhurst: Used in - the mornings and
afternoons. (Washfold).
*VLW, 11830kc., 25.36m., Perth:
New station heard testing at good
strength; to be used in new overseas service. (Washfold).
VLR, 9580kc., 31.32m., Lyndhurst:
Replaces VLR-3 for night session.
(Washfold, Johns).
*VLW, 6130kc., 48.94m., Perth:
Tests heard on this frequency. (Washfold).
THE EAST. Philippine Is.
*KZRH, 9660kc., 31.06m., Manila:
New frequency for KZRH; heard at
good strength; scheduled from 7 p.m.-
1 a.m. (Bantow, Washfold).
KZRM, 9570kc., 31.35m., Manila:
Good night station; very reliable and
excellent signal. (Chapman, Washfold, Bantow).
KZIB, 9500kc., 31.58m., Manila:
Also a good signal from 8 p.m.;
widely reported at good strength.
(Washfold, Bantow, Chapman).
I\ZRM/KZEG,/KZRF, 6140kc.,
48.86m., Manila: Still heard well;
this transmitter uses all of the calls
mentioned. (Chapman, Bantow, Washfold).
KZRH, 6110kc., 49.lm., Manila:
Also heard at night. (Chapman).
KZIB,.. 6040kc., 49.6.7m., Manila:
Not as loud as other P.L stations on this band. (Chapman).
Mafaya.
ZHP, 9690kc., 30.96m., Singapore:
One of the most reliable signals to
be heard; best between 10 and 11 p.m.
(Bantow, Chapman, Washfold) . . · ZHJ, 6080kc., 49.3m., Penang: Hard
to hear now; but from N.Z. it is re- ported at good strength. Announces
in English from 9.-30-11.30 p.m.;
power increased to lkw. (Johns).
India.
VUD-3, 15290kc., 19.62m., Delhi:
Heard on occasions after mid-day and
in late afternoon. (Bantow). VUD-18, 4960kc., 60.48m., Delhi:
Very good indeed at present. from
10.30 p.m.; maintains strength till
close at 3.30 a.m. (Bantow, Chapman).
VUD18, 4960kc., 60.48m., Delhi:
Note new call. News at 10.30 (Chapman).
VUM-2, 4920kc., 60.98m., Madras:
Just fair .. (Chapman). VUB-2, 4880kc., 61.48m., Bombay:
Jm;t audible. (Chapman).
VUC-2, 4840kc., 61.98m., Calcutta:
Fairly strong. (Chapman).
Page 36
Burma.
XYZ, 6007kc., 49.94m., Rangoon:
Not very strong now, best in the
early a.m. (Chapman).
French Indo-China.
Radio Saigon, .. 11780kc., 25.47m.,
Saigon: Exceptionally strong signal
from 9 p.m. Replaces the 49m. transmi.tter as regular evening station. Power increase to 12kw. re- ported. (.Chapman, Bantow, Washfold, Johns).
*Radio Boy-Landry, 9680kc., 30.99
m., Saigon: Testing on new frequency.
Heard nightly till after midnight.
*RadiO Volonte, 7100kc., 42.25m.,
Saigon: Reported weakly in N.Z.
from 11.30 p.m., opening with the
&quot;Marseillaise.&quot;
Radio Saigon,.. 6.116kc., 49.05m.,
Saigon: Believed .to have gone off the
air on December 10; replaced by 25-
metre station. (Bantow, Johns).
Hong Kong.
ZBW-3, 9525kc., 31.49m., Hong
Kong: Regular strong signal at
night. (Chapman, Bantow, Washfold).
China.
XGOX, 15190kc., 19.75m., Chungking ( ? ) : Excellent signal at night.
XGOY, 11900kc., 25.21m., Chunking
(?) : Very reliable station; heard
early morning and at night. (Cushen,
Chapman, Bantow, Washfold).
XMHA, 11850kc., 2.5 .32m., Shanghai: Quite good at night.
XGOK, 11820kc., 25.38m., Canton:
Fairly regular at night.
XP.SA, 7000kc., · 42.Sm., Kweiyang:
Good signal nightly. (Bantow). XO.TD, 6880kc., 43.6m., Hankow:
Still some doubt as to call, but
majori.ty of overseas sources favour
XO.TD and not XJOD.
*XHHB, 7970kc., 88.5m., Shanghai:
Call doubtful; heard in N.Z. Mnm~hukuo.
MTCY, 11775kc., 25.48m., Hsinking:
Good morning session from 7 a.m. (.Chapman).
MTCY, 6125kc., 48.98m., Hsinking:
Used at night. (Bantow).
Thailand.
HSSPJ, 9510kc., 31.55m., Bangkok:
Not on the air every night, but always good signal when logged.
*HS6PJ, 19020kc., 1·5.77m., Bangkok: Used on Mondays from 11 p.m.;
heard weakly on occasions. Taiwan. · JIE-2, 9695kc., 30.95m., Tyureki:
Same programme as JFO, relaying
JF AK. Hard to hear.
JFO, 9635kc., -31.13m., Taihoku:
Never very loud, but usually audible
at night. · · .TIE, 7295kc., 41.13m., Tyureki:
Fair signal around midnight. (Chapman).
Japan.
JZK· 15160kc., 19.79m., Tokyo:
Good strong signal; best at night.
(Chapman).
JZI, 11800kc., 25.42m., Tokyo: Best
from 10 p.m. at night. (Chapm&lt;:c
Johns).
JVW-3, 11720kc., 25.6m., Tokyo:
Fair from 8 p.m. (Chapman, Bantow,
Washfold).
JLG-3, 11705kc., 25.63m., Tokyo:
Also heard at night.
JZI, 953.5kc., 31.47m., Tokyo: At
night from 10 p.m.; but makes a good
job of interfering with KGEI.
JVW, 7258kc., 41.3,1m., Tokyo: This new station is still heard well fron:
6-7 a .m. (Chapman).
!Dutch East lndi'es.
YDC, 15150kc., 19.Sm., Bandoeng:
This station puts on a really entertaining programme at night. (Chapman, Cushen, W ashfold).
PLP, llOOOkc., 27.27m., Bandoeng:
Relays YDC; fair. (Chapman, Washfold).
PMN, 10260kc., 29.24m., Bandoeng:
As PLP; fair. (Washfold).
YDB, 9550kc., 3l.41m., Bandoeng:
Quite good at midnight.
YDX, 7220kc., 41.55m., Medan:
Strong, native programme. PMH, 6720kc., 44.64m., Bandoeng:
Very loud, native programme. (Chapman).
YDD, 6.045kc., 49.63m., Bandoeng:
Fair some nights.
EUROPE.
Sweden.
SBP, 11705kc., 2.5.63m., Motala:
Heard some mornings; and reported
from N.Z. as heard at 8 p.m. on Sundays. (Johns).
SBT, 15155kc., 19.79m., Motala: Reported with good signal around 7 a.m. in South Australia.
Yugo-Sfavia.
*YUG, 15240kc., 19.68m., Belgrade:
New frequency for Belgrade; reported from N.S.W. and Qld. in early
morning.
YUC, 9505kc. ,3L56m., Belgrade:
Not as loud as formerly in early
mornings. (Chapman).
Turkey.
TAP, 9465kc., 31.7m., Ankara:
Heard well every morning; also now on the air from 10 p.m. on weekcrn'ls. (Bantow).
Portugal.
CSW-6, 11040kc., 27.17m., Lisbon:
Good signal till 6 a.m. or 7 a.m. (Chapman). · CSW-7, 9740kc., 30.0Sm., Lisbon:
Seems to be opening at either 6 or 7 a.m., with nice, clear signal.
Belgium. ORK, 10330kc., 29.04m., Ruysselede:
Regular signal in early morning till
6 a.m. (Chapman).
Holland . PCJ-2, 15220kc., 19.71m,, Huizen:
Best in special session for Australasia, Tuesdays, 6 p.m. · PC.J, 9.590kc., ·3l.28m., Huizen: Fair ~ignal at 6 a .JY.. (.Chapman).
·PHI-2, 17770kc., 16.88m., Hu1zen:
Fair signal some nights.
Spain. . EAQ, 9860kc., 30.43m., Madrid:
Only weak in early morning.
The Australasian Radio World, January 1, 1940. 

Norway.
LKV, 15170kc., 19.78m., Osio: Still
heard . from about 2 a.m.; weakens a good deal by 6 a.m. (Chapman).
Switzerland.
¥HBO, 1l402kc., 26.32111., Geneva: Th~s League station is again on the
air; heard one Sunday at 7 p.m.
(Chapman).
Vatican City.
*HVJ, 15120kc., 19.84m., Vatican
City: May be heard at times just before midnight.
U.S.S.R.
· .*New station, call and location un- known, on 9680kc., 30.97m. Scheduled from midnight-6.20 a.m.; very
loud on opening. (Chapman).
*New station on 11640kc .. 25.77m.
Used irregularly; very loud. (Chapman).
*New station on approx. 5710kc.,
52.4m. .Heard nightly at good
strength.
*RKI, 7520kc., 39.89m., Moscow: Not used regularly; heard sometimes
at midnight.
Also logged: RV-96, on 19.47, 19.75,
31.51 and 49.75m.; RAN, RNE and
RKI, 19.95m.
France.
*Paris · Mondial. 11843kc., 25.35m.,
:Paris: New lOOkw. station; strong
signal in early morning. (Bantow).
Paris Mondial, 9680kc., 30.99m.,
Paris: Much weaker now in afternoons. (Bantow).
*TYA-2, 9040kc., 33.19m., Paris:
Now heard again in late afternoons.
Also logged: TPA-2, TPB-3, TPB-6,
TPA-4, TPB-11 (41.21 and 25.23m.)
and TPB-12.
Italy.
*2R0-15, 11760kc., 25.5m., Rome:
New station, heard testing at 1 a.m.;
very strong.
*2R0-5, 15170kc., 19.78m., Rome:
Also a new station, testing around
midnight.
Also logged: 2R0-3, 2R0-4, 2R0-9,
2R0-6, 2R0-8, 2R0-12, IRF, IQY,
IQA.
England.
The best stations on the Daventry
transmissions are set out below:-
Transmission 1: Early, GSD; after
6 p.m., GSF and GSD.
Transmission 2: Before midnight,
GSJ; after midnight, GSF.
Transmission 4a: GS.O.
Transmission 4b: GSB and GSD.
Transmission 5: Signals from all ~tations poor.
,,rans mission 6: Very poor 

Letter~Box Sectiort.
Joseph A. Bull, Caron, W.A.: Thank
you for interesting letter and kind
offer of assistance. Have written you re latter matter.
H. Whyte-Meach, Sydney, N.S.W.:
Pleased to hear your views on con- test. Am writing you further re matters mentioned.
Tom Cowls, Timaru, N.Z.: Received
your cheery note. Am forwarding information required.
Eric W. Watson, Christchurch
N.Z.: Pleased to get your views o~
club management. Sorry I could not ~ssist with publicity. Will write you m near future.
R. A. KeUy, .. Wellington, .. N.Z.:
Thank you for notes. Have sent you
information by separate letter.
M. E. Tribe, Inglewood, N.Z.:
Sorry to hear about your set. Write
again.
G. E, Notley, Moonah, Tas.: That
is the sort of letter I want. Send me a monthly list of loggings.
Merv. A. Branks, Invercargill', N.Z.:
Merv. is B.C. Editor of the N.Z. &quot;DXtra.&quot; Thanks for letter, Merv. Not€d source of QRM. Especially bad at
nights, they tell me. Hi! Hi!
Ray Simpson, Concord, N.S.W.:
Can't agree B.C. DX is difficult. Write
again.
* Inter-Club Notes.
N.Z. DX 9lub: We are much indebted to this club for its kind offer
of assistance from time to time and
all members of this cluub are eligible
to compete .f ?r the Pacific Trophy.
Persons reqmrmg further information
should write to Merv. A. Brank&gt;; 5
Dublin Street, Invercargill, N.Z. '
* Best Stations Of The Month.
Owing to the poor reception from
Asia at the moment, it is proposed to
publish a European list in three
parts.
Anyone desiring information should
write to me C/- 188 Chapel Street,
Prahran, Victoria. Return postage is
unnecessary.
,. Here is Part I. of the European 11st:-
536kc., lOkw., Bolzano,. litaI•y: Identifies with whistle or song of a nightingale.
536kc., 50kw., Wilno, Poland: Signal was call of cuckoo and, if relaying
from Warsaw, they superimposed the
letter &quot;W&quot; over the programme being
relayed. Signal now, if still on air,
would probably be same as German
stations.
546kc., 120kw., Budapest, Hungary:
Interval during programmes; a phase
of nine notes in two-part harmony,
four notes repeated, followed by 

initial notes, thus: G sharp, BABG
sharp, BABG sharp. Call, &quot;Hallo. Itt
Radio Budapest,&quot; followed by &quot;Hallo!
Hier Budapest&quot; and &quot;Voici le poste
radiophonique, Budapest, Hongrie.&quot;
556kc., lOOkw., Beromunster, Switzerland: Interval signal: Cl·ock ticking. Male announcer. &quot;Hallo, hier
Schweizerischer Landessender, Beromunster.&quot; Relays to other Swiss stations.
565kc., lOOkw., Athlone, Eire: Dual
announcements in Gaelic and English.
Identification signal not known.
565kc., 3kw., Catania, Italy: See
Bolzano, 536kc.
565kc., lOkw., Klaipeda, Lithunia:
Not known to make English announcements. Identification signal unknown.
565kc., 3kw., Palermo, litaly: See
Bolzano, 536kc.
574kc., lOOkw., Stuttgart, Germany:
Uses a metronome (ticking 200 times
per minute) during intervals in programme. Signs with &quot;Heil Hitler.&quot;
583kc., 20kw., Alpes-Grenoble,
France: Announces only in French.
ldentification signal unknown.
583kc., 50kw., Madona, Latvia: No
information available. Should be loggable in Australia.
592kc., lOOkw., Vienna, Germany:
Same as Stuttgart, 574kc.
60lkc., 15kw., Athens, Greece: No
particulars available.
601kc., lOkw., Sunsdvall, Sweden:
See Stockholm, 704kc.
610kc., 20kw., Florence, Italy: See
Bolzano, 536kc.
620kc., 15kw., Brussells, Belgium:
All announcements in French. Gall
&quot;Ice, Bruxelles, emissions d'essais,&quot;
repeated between sessions and most
items.
625kc., lOkw., Kourbyshev, U.S.S.R.:
Does not feature English ses~io11.
Closes with &quot;Internationale.&quot;
629kc., 20kw., Christiansand, Norway: No information available.
629kc., 20kw., Lisbon, Portugal:
English sessions unlikely.
629kc., 20kw ., Trondelag, Nor way:
No information available.
638kc., 120kw., Prague, Germany:
Announcer mys, &quot;Halo! Radio Praha
Vygila&quot; in Czech, German, French and
English.
648kc., lOkw., Petrozavodsk,
U.S.S.R.: See 625kc.
658kc., lOOkw., Cologne, Germany:
See Stuttgart, 574kc.
668kc., 70kw., North Regional, Gt.
Britain.
677kc., lOOkw., Sottens, Switzerland: Male and female announcers.
&quot;Allo ! Allo ! lei Radio Suisse Roman de Sottens&quot;. (&quot;Geneve,&quot; &quot;Lausanne&quot;).
Page 38.
686kc., 20kw., Belgrade, Yugo8lavia: Announces in German and in
Italian, as well as in Croat.
G95kc., 120kw., Paris, France: Identification signal unknown but announces frequently as &quot;Radio Mondiale.&quot;
704kc., 55kw .. , Stockholm, Sweden:
Call, &quot;Stockholm Rundradio,&quot; or
&quot;Stockholm Motala,&quot; if Motala i3 relaying. Call is repeated. Relays to
r.everal stations throughout Sweden.
713l;:c., 120kw., Rome, Italy: Signal,
belis{{typo help inline|reason=similar to belies|date=September 2022}} of Rome and whistle of birds.
Announcer says, &quot;Radio Roma,&quot; or
&quot;Radio Roma-Napoli.&quot;
722kc., lkw., Frederikstad, N orwa·y :
No information available.
722kc., 17kw., Hilversum 2, Hol-
;1,md: Gall, &quot;Hier, Hilversum, Holland,&quot; coupled with name of broadcasting company providnig the broadcast.
722kc., lOkw., Kharkov, U.S.S.R.:
See 625kc.
73lkc., 3kw., Madrid, Spain: No information available.
73lkc., 5kw., Seville, Spain; No information available.
7 40kc., lOOkw., Munich, Germany:
See 574kc.
H9kc., lOOkw., Marseilles, France:
No information available.
7-19kc., lkw., Pori, Finland: See
Hel!&quot;inki, 895kc.
758kc., 120kw., Katowice, Poland:
Very doubtful if still on air.
767kc., 60kw., Burghead, Great
Britain.
776kc., 250kw . ., Sortavala, Finland:
See 895kc.
776kc., lOkw., Italino, U.S.S.R.: See
625kc.
776kc., 120kw., Toulouse, France.
785kc, 120kw., Leipzig, Germany:
See 574kc.
795kc., 7.5kw., Barcel'ona, Spain: No
information available.
79·3kc., 50kw., LwG•W, Poland: Probably off air now.
80,Jkc., 5kw., Penmon, Anglese;;,
Great Britain.
804kc., 70kw., Welsh Regional,
Great Britain.
814kc., 50kw., Milan, Italy: See
Bolzano, 536kc.
823kc., 12kw., Bucharest, Roumania:
Uses metronome (160 beats per minL1te ).
832kc., 35kw . ., Kiev 2, U.S.S.R.:
See 625kc.
832kc., 400w., Rueil-Malmaison,
France.
832kc., lOkw., Stavanger, Norway:
H::&gt;.s been verified by Australian
dx-ers.
841kc., lOOkw;, Berlin, Germany,
See 574kc.
850kc., lkw;, Porsgrund, Norway,
850kc., -, Saragossa, Spain.·
850kc., lOOkw., Sofia, Bulgaria.;
850kc., 3kw., Valencia, Spain.
859kc., lOkw., Simferopol, US.S,R.:
See 625kc.
859kc., lOOkw., Strasbourg, France.
868kc., 50kw., Poznan, Poland:
Probably off air now.
877kc., 70kw., London Regional,
Great Britain.
886kc., 15kw., Graz, Germany: See ·
Stuttgart, 574kc.
886kc., 15kw., Linz, Germany: As
for Graz.
895kc., lOkw., Hel'sinki, Finland:
Male and female announcers. All an- nouncements and calls given in
Swedish and Finnish. May not be
transmitting now. Most Finnish stations relay Helsinki.
895kc . ., 1.5kw., Limoges, France ..
Should any reader be able to furnish further information regarding
stations listed above, we would be
very grateful to receive such information.
* Review Of Conditions and
Listening Times;
The American and Europeans are
now booming in. Best times for DX
are:-·11 p.m.-1 a.m. (Yanks) and 2.30
to 6. a.m. (Europeans).
The changeover to summer conditions has proved rather trying because of the static barrage. DX, however, has been exceptionally good,
and many FB catches have been re- ported.
DX is better than in January, 1939,
and it looks like a bumper year for
Europeans between now and early
April, because many stations are
opening earlier and closing later be- cause -of present European politics.
We may yet again hear the broadcast
of the bombing of cities by air, such
as we experienced during the Spanish conflict in 1936.
QSL Exchange Bureau.
The following readers would like to
exchange QSL cards with members of
the All-Wave All-World DX Club:-
A. E. Watson, Lloyd St., Murtoa,
Victo1fa.
John H. Lilburne (AW.541DX), Post
Office, M urtoa, Victoria.
Percival Roy Horan (AW531DX),
George St., Bowen, Nth. Q'land.
L. R. J. Knighton (A W298DX), 245
Armagh St., Christchurch, New
Zealand

==P.37 - Broadcast 'Band DX Notes==
'''Broadcast Band DX Notes'''

Conducted by '''Kevin A. Crowley'''

'''Station Notes And News.'''
Australia: The P.M.G.'s Department has notified us of the following changes:-2RG, Griffith, to 1070 kc., power increase to 200 w.; 2XL, Cooma, to 920kc.; 3UL, Warragul, to 880kc.; 4VL, Charleville, to 920 kc.; 5MU, Murray Bridge, to 1460kc.; 7DY, Derby, to 1450kc.; 7UV, Ulverstone, to 900kc.; 2BH, Broken Hill, to 570kc.; 4AY, Ayr, to 970kc.; 2DU, Dubbo, power to 150w.; 4RO, Rockhampton, power to 200w.

America: List of new call signs and frequency changes will be published next month.

'''Specials.'''
American stations are the best midnight scoops at the moment. Listen for them between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m. Listen for these. They are very easy loggings at present:- 
600kc., KFSD, San Diego.
610kc., KFRC, San Francisco.
640kc., KFI, Los Angeles.
680kc., KPO, San Francisco.
780kc., KEHE, Los Angeles.
790kc., KGO, San Francisco.
900kc., KHJ, Los Angeles.
1010kc., KQW, San Francisco.
1050kc., KNX, Los Angeles.
1300kc., KSL, Salt Lake City.

'''Contest Notes.'''
The Editor of &quot;Radio World&quot; has
kindly donated three twelve-month
subscriptions to &quot;R.W.&quot; as additional
prizes in the Pacific Trophy contest.
Dx-ers will best show their thanks
by entering wholeheartedly into the
contest.
Allocations of these prizes is as follows:-(1) Best Australasian log;
(2) best Indian log; (3) best Chinese
log. Receiver, location and time of reception will all be considered in
awarding these prizes.

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{{TOC right|limit=3}}

==P.03 - Contents Banner==

'''The Australasian Radio World'''

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

'''All-Wave All-World DX News'''

Vol. 8 - JANUARY, 1944 - No. 8

==P.03 - Publication Notes==

Proprietor - '''A. G. HULL'''

Manager - Dudley L. Walter

Secretary - Miss E. M. Vincent

Short-wave Editor - '''L. J. Keast'''

For all correspondence: City Office - 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney -   Phone MA2325

Office Hours - Week-days: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 12 noon

Editorial Office - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the &quot;Australasian Radio World,&quot; 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

==P.03 - Contents==

'''CONTENTS:'''

'''CONSTRUCTIONAL -'''

Simple Vacuum Tube Voltmeter . . . . 5

Hi-Fi Gramophone Pick-up . . . . 9

N.Z. All-Wave Two . . . . 13

Ribbon-Type Microphone . . . . 17

'''TECHNICAL -'''

Measurement of Inductance . . . . 7

Radio Nails for Plywood . . . . 14

Band Pass and Pre-selector Unit . . . . 15

Review of &quot;Radio World&quot; . . . . 19

'''SHORTWAVE SECTION -'''

Short-wave Review . . . . 20

Short-wave Notes and Observations . . . . 21

New Stations . . . . 20

Loggings of the Month . . . . 23

'''THE SERVICE PAGES -'''

Answers . . . . 26

==P.03 - Editorial Notes==

'''Editorial'''

Lunching recently with Captain Knock (you would know him as Don Knock, radio editor of the &quot;Bulletin&quot; and a frequent contributor to &quot;Australasian Radio World&quot; in the good old days) the discussion veered to the influence of war on the future trends in radio set design and construction. It is very evident that the present demands in the matter of tropic-proofing will ensure that the commercial sets of the future will not be affected by humidity. Radio sets for the forces are tested by operating them with a hose playing on them. An army receiver is built in anticipation of being thrown overboard into saltwater, dragged up the beach on the end of a rope and then operating to perfection as soon as it is switched on! Country readers will be pleased to hear that the shelf life of batteries has been vastly increased through improved construction methods for providing better internal insulation. Post-war batteries should last nearly twice as long as previously. Australian technicians are also gaining valuable experience in handling communications-type receivers, some of the latest jobs being available &quot;in official circles.&quot; It is expected that these designs will be studied intently and their best features digested so that Australian enthusiasts can hope to be catered for adequately with sets of a type which have previously existed only as pictures in American magazines. - '''A. G. HULL.'''

==P.05 - Constructional - Simple Vacuum Tube Voltmeter==
==P.07 - Technical - Measurement of Inductance==
==P.09 - Constructional - Hi-Fi Gramophone Pick-up==
==P.13 - Constructional - N.Z. All-Wave Two==
==P.14 - Technical - Radio Nails for Plywood==
==P.15 - Technical - Band Pass and Pre-selector Unit==
==P.17 - Constructional - Ribbon-Type Microphone==
==P.19 - Technical - Review of &quot;Radio World&quot;==
==P.20 - Shortwave Section - Short-wave Review==

'''Shortwave Review''' conducted by L. J. Keast

'''NOTES FROM MY DIARY -'''

'''YES, WE HAVE NO BANANAS -''' Yes, and we have no Fiji broadcasts either. Just after conducting a series of tests and producing a splendid signal from 4.55 till 9 p.m. on 6.13 mc., VPD-2 faded out as quickly as it came. But I am told the withdrawal is only for a short period. I am sure their return will be welcome, particularly if they continue to relay the favourite American transcriptions.

'''ARTHUR CUSHEN -''' Mr. '''Arthur Cushen''', of Tnvercargill, writes me that he received a fine card from KGEI verifying his report on their 7.25 frequency. He says the card shows Transmitter House, and a new Box Antennae. Arthur's total of veris. must now nearly reach that of Flying Officer Ray Simpson. Talking of KGEI reminds me they are back again on 15.53 mc., 19.57 m. I do not know their schedule, but when closing at noon it is given in full.

'''BY KILLARNEY'S -''' I almost said, Lakes and Fells, but read on: No! all that timber you see at Killarney, Queensland, is not for an American Military Hospital. That, together with those many coils of wire, those boxes of insulators are for the listening-post of '''Dr. Gaden''', who, from the flat in the west (and later a flat in Brisbane) has moved to the hills of Killarney, and from 1700 feet above sea level will send to this magazine news of the Cubans, Central and South Americans and those other hard-to-getters.

'''AMERICAN NEWSLETTER -''' Prepared by Columbia Broadcasting System and read by Dave Hamilton, this is a nice start for the day. It is at present coming through very well on either WCRC 11.83 mc., 25.36 m., or WCBX 15.27 mc., 19.64 m. at 7
a.m. I prefer the former for signal strength and clarity.

'''NEW YEAR RESOLUTIONS -''' Notwithstanding all the good resolutions for what we trust will be Peace Year, I must complain of the very poor quality of the BBC Radio News Reel. I am not referring to the subject matter, but the processing. Sometimes almost half of it should have been scrapped as it is nigh impossible for even a regular listener to follow it. Sounds to me as though some substitute for the old record base is being used. And while on the BBC, have you noticed the metronome that appears to be in the background when the 10 p.m. news is read?

'''A BREATH OF THE PAST -''' An air mail letter from Flying Officer '''Ray Simpson''' reached me on Christmas Eve. As usual very brief (only time he is verbiose is when sending a report overseas for verification), but it was great to hear from him. I am sure we all hope this year will see he and all other soldiers home, and for good.

'''SHOULD WE COMPLAIN? -''' And another soldier who was a great DX-er writes. I have not the least idea where he is, but Sgt. '''Raymond K. Clack''', in a most interesting letter, gives some idea of listening conditions presumably under the sheltering palms. Amongst other things this is what he says, &quot;Listening conditions here are terrific. It may not be so bad on frequencies above 7.5 mc., but below that one has to rely on VLQ and VLQ-2 for anything of entertainment value, although GRM, 7.12 mc., in the Pacific Service is not so bad at times. &quot;Noise level is terrific. Just try and take as a comparison the 49 metre band at its noisiest in Sydney and multiply that noise by three or four times and you'll have some idea of the noise level here on frequencies between 7.5 and 3.5 mc. Add to that a high atmospheric moisture content, which, by affecting coils, etc., causes a receiver to drift, and one has another difficulty with which to contend.&quot; Should WE complain?

==P.20 - Shortwave Section - New Stations==

'''New Stations'''

KWIX, 'Frisco, 11.87 me., 25.27m.: First
heard December 2. Another outlet for the
Associated Broadcasters and from opening
at 6.30 p.m. when it joins its sister station,
KWID, in French, puts in a very fine signal
untily about 8.40. At that hour VUD- the
new All India Radio Station in Delhi, switches
on his carrier, sometimes a little earlier, and
being on the same frequency it is a fight for
best signal. Odds are in favour of KWIX
and they can be generally copied till closing
at 9.15. Report are asked for, so, you
veri.-hunters, get busy.
AFHQ, Algiers, 18.025 me., 16.64 m.: This
further outlet for The United Nations Radio is
mentioned by Mr. Matthew'!&lt; of Perth. They
open in good strength at 1 u.20 p.m.
AFHQ, Algiers, 11.883 me., 25.24m: Mr. Ted
Whiting (Radio &amp; Hobbies) tells me of this
one. Opens at 7.57 p.m. with anthems. A
BBC relay is given at 8.15.
WRUA, Boston, 7575 kc., 39.6m.: At time of
making this note I have not heard the new
transmitter for the World Radio University.
When listening to WRUA on 26.92 m. the
other morning I heard the announcer say on
closing at 7.30 they would re-open in fifteen
minutes on 7575 kilocycles.-L.J.K.
VWY, Kirkee (India) 17.94 me., 16.72m. :
This is another new one submitted by Mr. Matthews,
of Perth. He heard them at 1 0.30
p.m. calling the BBC.

VWY, Kirkee, 9.045 me., 33.16 m. : This has
not been heard here yet, but is reported in
&quot;The Broadcaster&quot; as audible ot 9 a .m.
HER-, Berne, 18.45 me., 16.26 m.: This is
the trequency of the old League of Nations
station, HBF. It was brought into use on December
18, for use in parallel with HER-5,
25.61 m., in the Austra lian service. Signal
is only fair, reaching R4 Q3 on the occas-
ions I listened. Schedule is Tuesdays and
Saturdays from 6.30 till 8 p.m. with English
on Tuesdays and the National languages on
Saturdays.
British Mediterranean Station.: Have hesitated
to mention this one before, but they
have now apparently settled down to regular
schedule and are to be heard on three frequencies
at times, viz. : 9.67 me., 3 I .02m.;
11.71 me., 25.62 m.; 7.215 me., 41.58 m.;
Opens at 11 p.m. with musical note. 1 I .45
Italian. Midnight YUigos lavian. At 12.15 announces,
&quot;For Balkan Military Forces.&quot; Then
goes into Roumanian. At 12.30. German. At
12.45 announces, &quot;Next news in Germon at
19.30 Central European Time (5.30 a.m. Syd)
on 3 1.02 .and 41.58 m. Signal is very good
on 31 .02 m. The a bove remarks refer to
31.02 and 25.62 m. I om not sure of 41.58
m. schedule, but it opens at 5.30 o.m. in
German.
(Mr. Cushen, N.Z., mentions Mediterranean
Station heard on 9.90 me., 30.30 m. from
5-5 .30 a.m. and on 9. 19 me., 32.64 m from
4 pm).
AFHQ, Algiers, 6.04 me., 49.67 m.: This one
is reported by Mr. Lindsay Walker of Applecross,
W.A., and Mr. Arthur Cushen of N.Z.
Heard at 5 a.m. with news from Algiers and
at 6 o.m. with &quot;Voice of America&quot; news at
6 o.m. Very good signal till closing at 10 a .m.
WCRC, .New York, 6.12 me., 49.02m: Mr.
Cushen reports hearing this one at 5.45 p.m.
GWJ, London, 9.53 me., 31.48 m. : Heard
irre.gularly for some t ime, but schedule is
now 8-11.45 p.m.; midnioiht-1.30 a.m.
GWI, London, 7.25 me., 41.38m.: This is a
new one and is heard 5 a.m.-2 p.m.; 3.45-
8.15 p.m.
GWK, London, 6.165 me., 48.66m.: Another
new BBC outlet. See schedule list.
GWH is coll sign of 11.80 me., 25.42 m.
And here ore some new London transmitters
that have been given a call sign,
but whose schedules are not yet known:GWG,
15.06 me., 19.92 m.
GWQ, 11.84 me., 25.34 m.
GWW, 9.66 me., 31.06 m. heard at 11.30
p.m.)
GWO, 9.62 me., 31.17 m.
GWN, 7 .28 me., 41.21 m.
GWL, 7.20 me., 41.64 m.
GWM, 6.09 me., 49.26 m.

==P.21 - Shortwave Section - Short-wave Notes and Observations==

'''Shortwave Notes and Observations'''

AUSTRALIA
In the second transmission to the
British Isles, VLI-2 has been replaced
by VLI-8, 17.80 me., 16.85 m. This is
fortunate as it leaves the new KWIX
in the clear for an additional 15 minutes,
excepting that our friend VUDin
Delhi, puts his carrier on long before
8.45 p.m.- L.J.K.
VLG-2, 9.45 me., 31.45m. closes at
about 2.38 p.m. with &quot;Star Spangled
Banner&quot; and &quot;God Save the King.&quot;L.
J.K.
OCEANIA
New Caledonia
FK-8AA, Noumea, on 6.20 me., 48.39
m., is still going great guns in the two
schedules of an evening.-L.J.K.
FIJI
VPD-2, Suva, on both 25.22 and
48.94 m. seems to have closed; not
heard since 29th November.-L.J.K.
AFRICA
Algeria
AFHQ, Algiers, 18.025 me., 16.64 m.
Good on opening at 10.20 p.m. and also
later with BBC. (Matthews).
AFHQ, Algiers, 9.53 me., 31.46 m.
Heard at quite good level from 5 a.m.
when news is broadcast, and until just
before 6.15 a.m. (Cushen.)
Announces as &quot;The United Nations
Radio coming to you from Algiers.&quot; L.
J.K.)
AFHQ, Algiers, 11.883 me., 25.24rn.
Opens at 7.57 p.m., relays BBC at 8.15
(Whiting).

Belgian Congo

RNB, Leopoldville, 9.78 me., 30.66
m.: Terrific signal in afternoon (Gaden).
Booming in here (Perth) . Announces
as either &quot;Radio Diffusion 
Belge&quot;, or &quot;Radio N ationale Beige.&quot;
At 2.30 a.m. they rebroadcast a special
&quot;V. of A.&quot; programme in Afrikaans
and English. Close at 3 and re-open
at 4.15 a.m. in French (Nolan). (Best
signal from RNB, in Sydney, is from
opening at 4 till closing at 5.45 p .m.,
whilst around 7 a .m. till closing ·at
7.30 it is fair.-L.J.K. )
H ave you heard the Kissantzi at 2.30
a .m. ?-it's terrific here. (Matthews,
Perth). (Yes, and it is good here also.
-L.J.K.).
OPL, Leopoldville, 17.77 me., 16.88
m., comes in well at 9.45 p.m. At 10
p.m. t here is an announcement in Flemish
and then in English, &quot;This is Leopoldville
directed to Africa and the
Far East, on 17, 770 kc., 16.88 m. Here
is the news and war headlines.&quot; -
L.J.K.
Egypt
Heard SUV, 10.05 me., 29.84, m.
from about 5.30 till 6.15 a.m. in Arabic.
Strength of &quot;Radio Cairo&quot; is excellent
(Nolan, Matthews) .
Ethiopia
Heard Addis Ababa opening at 2.30
a.m. on 9.625 me., 31.17 m. with, &quot;This
is Addis Ababa calling,&quot; then followed
a musical programme (Nolan) .
French Equatorial Africa
FZI, Brazzaville on 15.56 me., is
coming in at terrific strength at night
now. They open at 10.15 in French. At
11.30 t here is a programme in English
until closing at 12. 15 a.m. (Nolan,
Matthews).
(Since December 15 t hey have been
t esting on 15.595 me., 19.2.5 m. from
10.15 t ill 10.4,5 p .m.So far I have not
heard them, but am told they were
heard at 11.1 5. Another test thev are
making is from 4.30 t ill 5 p .m. on ·11.97
m.c., 25.06 m. Noise and morse, here,
makes listening very unpleasant.-
L.J.K.
Mr. Nolan, of Perth, reports Brazzaville
as audible on 6.16 me., 48.70 m.
in French at 3 a.m.
Kenya
VQ7LO, Nairobi, 6.08 me., 49.32 m.,
is excellent in early morning and on
10.73 me., 29.96 m. is good (Nolan) .
Portuguese East Africa
CR7BE, Lourenco Marques, 9.88
me., 30.38 m. Good signal on opening
at .5.30 a.rn. (Nolan) . Mr. Matthews
reports CR7BE on 98,65 m., opening
at 2 a.m., one Monday night &gt;dth a
relay of &quot;Command Performance.&quot;
AMERICA
U.S.A.
vVL\VO, C'nnati, 17.80 me., lG.85 m.:
News at 5 a.m., signal poor (Cushen).
KROJ, 'Frisco, 17. 76 me., 16.89 m.
from noon till closing at 1 p.m., is not
as good as it used to be. (Nolan,
Perth) . (Signal is actually improdng
over here.-L.J.K.)
KMI, 'Frisco, 17.09 me., 17.50 m.
Scheduled from 2-5 a.m. Is anyone
hearing t his station ? \Vould appreciate
prompt reply.-L.J.K.) ·
KKR, Bolinas, 15.46 m.c., 19.4 m.:
This one I fancy at 1 (Gaden) .
K\VU, 'Frisco, 15.35 me., 19.53 m. :
My favourite (Gaden). Is as mercurial
as the weather down here.-L.J.K. )
KGEI, 'Frisco, 15.33 me., 19.57 m.:
Heard on December 17 closing at noon.
Jack Paul was giving station particulars
and schedules, but noise was too
bad to copy same.-L.J.K.
\VRUS, Boston, 15.13 me., 19.83 m. :
Closes at 7.30 a.m. re-opening on 9.57
at 7.4.5.
I thought \VRUA was call sign for
31.35 m., but with A's, L' s, S's, \V's,
and \VL \ \' with L' and O's - OH,
'ELL.- L.J.K.
\VLWO, C'nnati, 11.71 m.c., 25.62
m.: Good at 10 p .m. (Cushen).
\VRUA, Boston, 11.B me., 2'6.92 m.
Has been good for some time, has
usual V of A programmes and news
in English at 5, 6 and 7 a .m. (Cushen ) .
Very fine signal (Gaden). (WRUA
closes at 7.30 a .m. and re-opens as
WRUA on 7575 kc., 39.6 m. at 7.45
a.m.- L .. J.K.)
WRUA is heard from 11 p .m. and
signal is fair at 12.30 a.m. (Matthe&gt;rn) .
KES-3, 'Frisco, 10.62 me., 28.25 m.
Opens at 4 p.m. (Cushen) . Carries
same programme as KGEI till closing
at 9.15 p.m.-L.J.K.)

kWi:X, ;Frisco, 9.57 rric., 31.35 m.
Good at 4 and 11 p.m. (Cushen).
KGEI, 'Frisco, 7.25 me., 41.38 m.:
Appears to be spoilt around late afternoon
by the new BBC transmitter,
GWI, on exactly the same frequency.
GWI is directed to Europe and is on
till about 8 p.m.-L.J.K.
WKTM, New York, 6.38 me., 47.01
m.: Good at 6 p.m. (Cushen).
WGEO, Schenectady, 6.18 me., 48.47
m.: Signs off at 6.15 p.m. (Cushen).
WCBX, New York, 6.17 me., 48.62
m.: Good when signing at 6 p.m.
(Cushen).
THE EAST
China
XGOY, Chungking, 6.13 me., 48.92
m.: Good signal when giving overseas
programme at 4.45 a.m. (Cushen).
XGOY has been heard on 15.20 me.,
19.73 m., testing for an American
channel between 6 and 8 p.m. for a
week. Signal was good, but modulation
like that on 25.21 m., very poor.L.
J.K.
India
VUD-, 11.87 m.c., 2.5.27 m.: Heard in
French at 9.45 p.m. and News in English
at 11 p.m. (Matthews, Nolan).
VWY, Kirkee, 17.94 me., 16.72 m.:
Heard at 10.30 p.m. calling the BBC.
(Matthews).
VWY, Kirkee, 9.045 me., 33.16 m.:
Reported in &quot;The Broadcaster&quot; as a
new station heard around 9 a.m. (That
would be 6 a.m. in W.A., I doubt if
33.16 would be audible here at 9 a.m.
-L.J.K.
Great Britain
13 metre band. A letter from my
friend, Ted Whiting, who conducts the
Short Wave pages of &quot;Radios and Hobbies'',
tells me he heard 3 transmitters
on this band on December 13, and believed
two of them to be BBC outlets.
I have not caught any yet, and
am afraid the band, like my Christmas
Bush, is a little slow in colouring up.
GSF, 15.14 me., 19.82 m.: Heard in
General Overseas Service at 10.30 p.m.
(Matthews).
(They open at 10 p.m. for Near and
Middle East and East Africa.-L.J.K.)
GWC, 15.07 me., 19.91 m.: All evening
is the tops (Matthews).
GVX, 11.93 me., 25.15 m.: Good at
9.25 p.m. (Nolan).
GWH, 11.80 me., Heard at 9 p.m. in
European Service (Cushen). Excellent
at 9.45 in English -L.J.K.).
GVZ, 9.64 me., 31.12 m .. Great signals
at 1 a.m. (Matthews).
GWU, 9.62 me., 31.17 m.: English at
2 a.m. (Matthews).
GWJ, 9.53 me., 31.48 m.: English at
2 a.m. (Matthews).
GSW, 7.23 me., 41.49 m.: Home news
at 4 a.m. (Cushen).
GWI, 7.25 me., 41.38 m.: The blighter
that puts KGEI out of step from 4
till 8.15 p.m.-L.J.K.
GSU, 7.26 me., '41.32 m.: Used in
Pacific service from 4.45 till 7.15 p.m.
Page 22
-L.J.K.
GRM, 7.12 me., 42.13 m.: Same remarks
as GSU.
GWF, 9.49 me., 31.61 m.: Excellent
in News for Clandestine Press at 9.45
p.m.-L.J.K.
GRU, 9.45 me., 31.75 m.: Great signal
at 1 a.m. in G.O.S. (Matthews).
U.S.S.R.
-, Moscow, 15.22 me., 19.7. Very good
when closing at 2.30 p .m. (Cushen).
- , Moscow, 8.94 me., 33.54 m.: This
new Russian heard at 10.20 p.m. Nice,
clear and loud signal (Cushen).
MISCELLANEOUS
Iran
-, 8.11 me., 36.99 m.: Heard around
4 a.m. in French. (Matthews).
Switzerland
The Swiss broadcasts on 6.34 me.,
47.28 m., can be heard at very good
strength at 6 a.m. (Cushen). (Now
only a fair signal at 6.30 and almost
impossible to hear the news at 7.53-
L.J.K.).
Sweden
SBO, Stockholm, 6.06 me., 49.46 m. :
Good at 8 a.m. (Matthews, Nolan).
Turkey
TAQ, Ankara, 15.195 me., 19.75 m.:
Splendid in Turkish at 1.1 p.m. (Nolan).
Very good when closing at 11.15
p.m. (Matthews).
TAP, Ankara, 9.465 me., 31. 70 m.:
Excellent from 2.30 a.m. (Matthews).
Madagascar
-, Antananarivo, 6.16 me., 48.62
m.: Closes at 3 a.m. (Matthews) .
Mexico
XEWW, Mexico City, 9.50 me., 31.58
m.: Good signal when opening at 1
a.m. and good also at 10 a.m. (Matthews.)
(Has been coming in here
well, in the late afternoon, but is fading
out now.-L.J.K.)

'''TOO LATE FOR CLASSIFICATION'''
EQB, Teheran, 6.155 me., 48.74 m.
These people advise by letter their
schedule is 2.30-7.30 a.m. (Walker,
W.A.)
RNB, Leopoldville, 9.785 me., 30.66m.,
open at 2.30 a.m. with programme for
South Africa. Definitely the strongest
African I have heard (Walker, W.A.) .
Great signal around 5 p.m. (Hallett).
WRUA, Boston, heard on two new
channels, 9.57 closing at 10.30 a.m. on
Sundays and on 7.565 opening at 10.45
a.m. (Walker, W.A.). (I have an idea
now, correct call of 9.57 me. is WRUS.
Announcer the other· morning was very
hesitant when giving call-signs, but
this is what I took him to mean.L.
J .K.)
FZI, Brazzaville. Good here on 25.06
m. in transmission to Madagascar in
French from 3-4 a.m. (Hallett).
Algiers on 31.46 m. may be followed
in relay of BBC calling Europe between
1 and 2 a.m. (Hallett).
Radio Aigiers heard iiciW ufi i:hrl!e
frequencies in the morning: on 6.04
me., 49.67 m. (very good); 8.96 me.,
33.48 m. (fair) and 9.54 me., 31.46 m.
(good at 5 and until 6.15 a.m. when
WGEO blots them out. News in English
at 5 a.m. from Algiers and V of
A 6 a.m. (Cushen).
WCRC, New York, heard on 6.12
me., 49.02 m., till closing at 5.45 p.m.
(Cushen).
WCBX, New York, good on 6.17 me.,
48.62 m.; signs at 5.45 p.m. (Cushen).
WLWO, Cincinnati, News in English
at 5 a.m. on 17.80 me., 16.85 m.
(Cushen).
WLW K, 6.08 me., 49.34 m. Good till
closing at 7.30 p.m. (Cushen).
KWIX heard now on 11.87 me., 25.27
m. Very good, but interfered with by
Delhi on same frequency from 8.45
p.m. (Walker, Cushen).
WRUA, Boston. Good on 26.92 m.
in the morning, heard also at 10 p.m.
.(.C.u..s.h.e.n.).. .

Dcihi on 11.87 me spoilt at 8.45 p.m.
when giving news by KWIX, but at
11 p .m. reaches RS (Cushen) . Reaches
R9 here- L.J.K.
XGOX, Chungking, 15.20 me., 19.73
m. Heard from 12.30-1.30 p.m. in
programme to America. Announces,
&quot;This is the Chinese International
Broadcasting Station XGOX, Chung-
king.&quot;-L.J.K.

SBP, Motala, 11.705 me., 25.63 m.
Opens at 10 p.m.- goo&lt;l signal- L.J.K.
AFHQ, Algiers, 11.883 me., 25.24 m.
Mr. ·walker of vV.A. says, &quot;vVhen closing
on 49 .. 67 m. at 10 a .m. announce
&quot;they will be back at 10.00 GMT (9
p .rn. Syd.) on 25.2 m.&quot;
KWV, 'Frisco, 10.8 me., 27.68 m. the

8-10 p.m. sched. is for Latin America·
(Cushen).
HCJB, Quito, 12.45 me., 24.11 m.
and 9.958 me., 30.12rn. Both open at 11
p.m.-L.J.K.
CS&quot;W-7, Lisbon, 9.735 me., 30.82 m.:
Have not heard in the morning for
some time, but CSW-6, 27.17 m. was
audible at 7.36 a.m. on Sunday, December
19.- L.J.K.

==P.23 - Shortwave Section - Loggings of the Month==
==P.26 - The Service Pages - Answers==

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==P.03 - Contents Banner==

'''The Australasian Radio World'''

Devoted entirely to Technical Radio

and incorporating

'''All-Wave All-World DX News'''

Vol. 8 - JANUARY, 1944 - No. 8

==P.03 - Publication Notes==

Proprietor - '''A. G. HULL'''

Manager - Dudley L. Walter

Secretary - Miss E. M. Vincent

Short-wave Editor - '''L. J. Keast'''

For all correspondence: City Office - 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney -   Phone MA2325

Office Hours - Week-days: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 12 noon

Editorial Office - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney

Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address

Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each

Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the &quot;Australasian Radio World,&quot; 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28)

==P.03 - Contents==

'''CONTENTS:'''

'''CONSTRUCTIONAL -'''

Simple Vacuum Tube Voltmeter . . . . 5

Hi-Fi Gramophone Pick-up . . . . 9

N.Z. All-Wave Two . . . . 13

Ribbon-Type Microphone . . . . 17

'''TECHNICAL -'''

Measurement of Inductance . . . . 7

Radio Nails for Plywood . . . . 14

Band Pass and Pre-selector Unit . . . . 15

Review of &quot;Radio World&quot; . . . . 19

'''SHORTWAVE SECTION -'''

Short-wave Review . . . . 20

Short-wave Notes and Observations . . . . 21

New Stations . . . . 20

Loggings of the Month . . . . 23

'''THE SERVICE PAGES -'''

Answers . . . . 26

==P.03 - Editorial Notes==

'''Editorial'''

Lunching recently with Captain Knock (you would know him as Don Knock, radio editor of the &quot;Bulletin&quot; and a frequent contributor to &quot;Australasian Radio World&quot; in the good old days) the discussion veered to the influence of war on the future trends in radio set design and construction. It is very evident that the present demands in the matter of tropic-proofing will ensure that the commercial sets of the future will not be affected by humidity. Radio sets for the forces are tested by operating them with a hose playing on them. An army receiver is built in anticipation of being thrown overboard into saltwater, dragged up the beach on the end of a rope and then operating to perfection as soon as it is switched on! Country readers will be pleased to hear that the shelf life of batteries has been vastly increased through improved construction methods for providing better internal insulation. Post-war batteries should last nearly twice as long as previously. Australian technicians are also gaining valuable experience in handling communications-type receivers, some of the latest jobs being available &quot;in official circles.&quot; It is expected that these designs will be studied intently and their best features digested so that Australian enthusiasts can hope to be catered for adequately with sets of a type which have previously existed only as pictures in American magazines. - '''A. G. HULL.'''

==P.05 - Constructional - Simple Vacuum Tube Voltmeter==
==P.07 - Technical - Measurement of Inductance==
==P.09 - Constructional - Hi-Fi Gramophone Pick-up==
==P.13 - Constructional - N.Z. All-Wave Two==
==P.14 - Technical - Radio Nails for Plywood==
==P.15 - Technical - Band Pass and Pre-selector Unit==
==P.17 - Constructional - Ribbon-Type Microphone==
==P.19 - Technical - Review of &quot;Radio World&quot;==
==P.20 - Shortwave Section - Short-wave Review==

'''Shortwave Review''' conducted by L. J. Keast

'''NOTES FROM MY DIARY -'''

'''YES, WE HAVE NO BANANAS -''' Yes, and we have no Fiji broadcasts either. Just after conducting a series of tests and producing a splendid signal from 4.55 till 9 p.m. on 6.13 mc., VPD-2 faded out as quickly as it came. But I am told the withdrawal is only for a short period. I am sure their return will be welcome, particularly if they continue to relay the favourite American transcriptions.

'''ARTHUR CUSHEN -''' Mr. '''Arthur Cushen''', of Tnvercargill, writes me that he received a fine card from KGEI verifying his report on their 7.25 frequency. He says the card shows Transmitter House, and a new Box Antennae. Arthur's total of veris. must now nearly reach that of Flying Officer Ray Simpson. Talking of KGEI reminds me they are back again on 15.53 mc., 19.57 m. I do not know their schedule, but when closing at noon it is given in full.

'''BY KILLARNEY'S -''' I almost said, Lakes and Fells, but read on: No! all that timber you see at Killarney, Queensland, is not for an American Military Hospital. That, together with those many coils of wire, those boxes of insulators are for the listening-post of '''Dr. Gaden''', who, from the flat in the west (and later a flat in Brisbane) has moved to the hills of Killarney, and from 1700 feet above sea level will send to this magazine news of the Cubans, Central and South Americans and those other hard-to-getters.

'''AMERICAN NEWSLETTER -''' Prepared by Columbia Broadcasting System and read by Dave Hamilton, this is a nice start for the day. It is at present coming through very well on either WCRC 11.83 mc., 25.36 m., or WCBX 15.27 mc., 19.64 m. at 7
a.m. I prefer the former for signal strength and clarity.

'''NEW YEAR RESOLUTIONS -''' Notwithstanding all the good resolutions for what we trust will be Peace Year, I must complain of the very poor quality of the BBC Radio News Reel. I am not referring to the subject matter, but the processing. Sometimes almost half of it should have been scrapped as it is nigh impossible for even a regular listener to follow it. Sounds to me as though some substitute for the old record base is being used. And while on the BBC, have you noticed the metronome that appears to be in the background when the 10 p.m. news is read?

'''A BREATH OF THE PAST -''' An air mail letter from Flying Officer '''Ray Simpson''' reached me on Christmas Eve. As usual very brief (only time he is verbiose is when sending a report overseas for verification), but it was great to hear from him. I am sure we all hope this year will see he and all other soldiers home, and for good.

'''SHOULD WE COMPLAIN? -''' And another soldier who was a great DX-er writes. I have not the least idea where he is, but Sgt. '''Raymond K. Clack''', in a most interesting letter, gives some idea of listening conditions presumably under the sheltering palms. Amongst other things this is what he says, &quot;Listening conditions here are terrific. It may not be so bad on frequencies above 7.5 mc., but below that one has to rely on VLQ and VLQ-2 for anything of entertainment value, although GRM, 7.12 mc., in the Pacific Service is not so bad at times. &quot;Noise level is terrific. Just try and take as a comparison the 49 metre band at its noisiest in Sydney and multiply that noise by three or four times and you'll have some idea of the noise level here on frequencies between 7.5 and 3.5 mc. Add to that a high atmospheric moisture content, which, by affecting coils, etc., causes a receiver to drift, and one has another difficulty with which to contend.&quot; Should WE complain?

==P.20 - Shortwave Section - New Stations==

'''New Stations'''

KWIX, 'Frisco, 11.87 me., 25.27m.: First
heard December 2. Another outlet for the
Associated Broadcasters and from opening
at 6.30 p.m. when it joins its sister station,
KWID, in French, puts in a very fine signal
untily about 8.40. At that hour VUD- the
new All India Radio Station in Delhi, switches
on his carrier, sometimes a little earlier, and
being on the same frequency it is a fight for
best signal. Odds are in favour of KWIX
and they can be generally copied till closing
at 9.15. Report are asked for, so, you
veri.-hunters, get busy.
AFHQ, Algiers, 18.025 me., 16.64 m.: This
further outlet for The United Nations Radio is
mentioned by Mr. Matthew'!&lt; of Perth. They
open in good strength at 1 u.20 p.m.
AFHQ, Algiers, 11.883 me., 25.24m: Mr. Ted
Whiting (Radio &amp; Hobbies) tells me of this
one. Opens at 7.57 p.m. with anthems. A
BBC relay is given at 8.15.
WRUA, Boston, 7575 kc., 39.6m.: At time of
making this note I have not heard the new
transmitter for the World Radio University.
When listening to WRUA on 26.92 m. the
other morning I heard the announcer say on
closing at 7.30 they would re-open in fifteen
minutes on 7575 kilocycles.-L.J.K.
VWY, Kirkee (India) 17.94 me., 16.72m. :
This is another new one submitted by Mr. Matthews,
of Perth. He heard them at 1 0.30
p.m. calling the BBC.

VWY, Kirkee, 9.045 me., 33.16 m. : This has
not been heard here yet, but is reported in
&quot;The Broadcaster&quot; as audible ot 9 a .m.
HER-, Berne, 18.45 me., 16.26 m.: This is
the trequency of the old League of Nations
station, HBF. It was brought into use on December
18, for use in parallel with HER-5,
25.61 m., in the Austra lian service. Signal
is only fair, reaching R4 Q3 on the occas-
ions I listened. Schedule is Tuesdays and
Saturdays from 6.30 till 8 p.m. with English
on Tuesdays and the National languages on
Saturdays.
British Mediterranean Station.: Have hesitated
to mention this one before, but they
have now apparently settled down to regular
schedule and are to be heard on three frequencies
at times, viz. : 9.67 me., 3 I .02m.;
11.71 me., 25.62 m.; 7.215 me., 41.58 m.;
Opens at 11 p.m. with musical note. 1 I .45
Italian. Midnight YUigos lavian. At 12.15 announces,
&quot;For Balkan Military Forces.&quot; Then
goes into Roumanian. At 12.30. German. At
12.45 announces, &quot;Next news in Germon at
19.30 Central European Time (5.30 a.m. Syd)
on 3 1.02 .and 41.58 m. Signal is very good
on 31 .02 m. The a bove remarks refer to
31.02 and 25.62 m. I om not sure of 41.58
m. schedule, but it opens at 5.30 o.m. in
German.
(Mr. Cushen, N.Z., mentions Mediterranean
Station heard on 9.90 me., 30.30 m. from
5-5 .30 a.m. and on 9. 19 me., 32.64 m from
4 pm).
AFHQ, Algiers, 6.04 me., 49.67 m.: This one
is reported by Mr. Lindsay Walker of Applecross,
W.A., and Mr. Arthur Cushen of N.Z.
Heard at 5 a.m. with news from Algiers and
at 6 o.m. with &quot;Voice of America&quot; news at
6 o.m. Very good signal till closing at 10 a .m.
WCRC, .New York, 6.12 me., 49.02m: Mr.
Cushen reports hearing this one at 5.45 p.m.
GWJ, London, 9.53 me., 31.48 m. : Heard
irre.gularly for some t ime, but schedule is
now 8-11.45 p.m.; midnioiht-1.30 a.m.
GWI, London, 7.25 me., 41.38m.: This is a
new one and is heard 5 a.m.-2 p.m.; 3.45-
8.15 p.m.
GWK, London, 6.165 me., 48.66m.: Another
new BBC outlet. See schedule list.
GWH is coll sign of 11.80 me., 25.42 m.
And here ore some new London transmitters
that have been given a call sign,
but whose schedules are not yet known:GWG,
15.06 me., 19.92 m.
GWQ, 11.84 me., 25.34 m.
GWW, 9.66 me., 31.06 m. heard at 11.30
p.m.)
GWO, 9.62 me., 31.17 m.
GWN, 7 .28 me., 41.21 m.
GWL, 7.20 me., 41.64 m.
GWM, 6.09 me., 49.26 m.

==P.21 - Shortwave Section - Short-wave Notes and Observations==

'''Shortwave Notes and Observations'''

AUSTRALIA
In the second transmission to the
British Isles, VLI-2 has been replaced
by VLI-8, 17.80 me., 16.85 m. This is
fortunate as it leaves the new KWIX
in the clear for an additional 15 minutes,
excepting that our friend VUDin
Delhi, puts his carrier on long before
8.45 p.m.- L.J.K.
VLG-2, 9.45 me., 31.45m. closes at
about 2.38 p.m. with &quot;Star Spangled
Banner&quot; and &quot;God Save the King.&quot;L.
J.K.
OCEANIA
New Caledonia
FK-8AA, Noumea, on 6.20 me., 48.39
m., is still going great guns in the two
schedules of an evening.-L.J.K.
FIJI
VPD-2, Suva, on both 25.22 and
48.94 m. seems to have closed; not
heard since 29th November.-L.J.K.
AFRICA
Algeria
AFHQ, Algiers, 18.025 me., 16.64 m.
Good on opening at 10.20 p.m. and also
later with BBC. (Matthews).
AFHQ, Algiers, 9.53 me., 31.46 m.
Heard at quite good level from 5 a.m.
when news is broadcast, and until just
before 6.15 a.m. (Cushen.)
Announces as &quot;The United Nations
Radio coming to you from Algiers.&quot; L.
J.K.)
AFHQ, Algiers, 11.883 me., 25.24rn.
Opens at 7.57 p.m., relays BBC at 8.15
(Whiting).

Belgian Congo

RNB, Leopoldville, 9.78 me., 30.66
m.: Terrific signal in afternoon (Gaden).
Booming in here (Perth) . Announces
as either &quot;Radio Diffusion 
Belge&quot;, or &quot;Radio N ationale Beige.&quot;
At 2.30 a.m. they rebroadcast a special
&quot;V. of A.&quot; programme in Afrikaans
and English. Close at 3 and re-open
at 4.15 a.m. in French (Nolan). (Best
signal from RNB, in Sydney, is from
opening at 4 till closing at 5.45 p .m.,
whilst around 7 a .m. till closing ·at
7.30 it is fair.-L.J.K. )
H ave you heard the Kissantzi at 2.30
a .m. ?-it's terrific here. (Matthews,
Perth). (Yes, and it is good here also.
-L.J.K.).
OPL, Leopoldville, 17.77 me., 16.88
m., comes in well at 9.45 p.m. At 10
p.m. t here is an announcement in Flemish
and then in English, &quot;This is Leopoldville
directed to Africa and the
Far East, on 17, 770 kc., 16.88 m. Here
is the news and war headlines.&quot; -
L.J.K.
Egypt
Heard SUV, 10.05 me., 29.84, m.
from about 5.30 till 6.15 a.m. in Arabic.
Strength of &quot;Radio Cairo&quot; is excellent
(Nolan, Matthews) .
Ethiopia
Heard Addis Ababa opening at 2.30
a.m. on 9.625 me., 31.17 m. with, &quot;This
is Addis Ababa calling,&quot; then followed
a musical programme (Nolan) .
French Equatorial Africa
FZI, Brazzaville on 15.56 me., is
coming in at terrific strength at night
now. They open at 10.15 in French. At
11.30 t here is a programme in English
until closing at 12. 15 a.m. (Nolan,
Matthews).
(Since December 15 t hey have been
t esting on 15.595 me., 19.2.5 m. from
10.15 t ill 10.4,5 p .m.So far I have not
heard them, but am told they were
heard at 11.1 5. Another test thev are
making is from 4.30 t ill 5 p .m. on ·11.97
m.c., 25.06 m. Noise and morse, here,
makes listening very unpleasant.-
L.J.K.
Mr. Nolan, of Perth, reports Brazzaville
as audible on 6.16 me., 48.70 m.
in French at 3 a.m.
Kenya
VQ7LO, Nairobi, 6.08 me., 49.32 m.,
is excellent in early morning and on
10.73 me., 29.96 m. is good (Nolan) .
Portuguese East Africa
CR7BE, Lourenco Marques, 9.88
me., 30.38 m. Good signal on opening
at .5.30 a.rn. (Nolan) . Mr. Matthews
reports CR7BE on 98,65 m., opening
at 2 a.m., one Monday night &gt;dth a
relay of &quot;Command Performance.&quot;
AMERICA
U.S.A.
vVL\VO, C'nnati, 17.80 me., lG.85 m.:
News at 5 a.m., signal poor (Cushen).
KROJ, 'Frisco, 17. 76 me., 16.89 m.
from noon till closing at 1 p.m., is not
as good as it used to be. (Nolan,
Perth) . (Signal is actually improdng
over here.-L.J.K.)
KMI, 'Frisco, 17.09 me., 17.50 m.
Scheduled from 2-5 a.m. Is anyone
hearing t his station ? \Vould appreciate
prompt reply.-L.J.K.) ·
KKR, Bolinas, 15.46 m.c., 19.4 m.:
This one I fancy at 1 (Gaden) .
K\VU, 'Frisco, 15.35 me., 19.53 m. :
My favourite (Gaden). Is as mercurial
as the weather down here.-L.J.K. )
KGEI, 'Frisco, 15.33 me., 19.57 m.:
Heard on December 17 closing at noon.
Jack Paul was giving station particulars
and schedules, but noise was too
bad to copy same.-L.J.K.
\VRUS, Boston, 15.13 me., 19.83 m. :
Closes at 7.30 a.m. re-opening on 9.57
at 7.4.5.
I thought \VRUA was call sign for
31.35 m., but with A's, L' s, S's, \V's,
and \VL \ \' with L' and O's - OH,
'ELL.- L.J.K.
\VLWO, C'nnati, 11.71 m.c., 25.62
m.: Good at 10 p .m. (Cushen).
\VRUA, Boston, 11.B me., 2'6.92 m.
Has been good for some time, has
usual V of A programmes and news
in English at 5, 6 and 7 a .m. (Cushen ) .
Very fine signal (Gaden). (WRUA
closes at 7.30 a .m. and re-opens as
WRUA on 7575 kc., 39.6 m. at 7.45
a.m.- L .. J.K.)
WRUA is heard from 11 p .m. and
signal is fair at 12.30 a.m. (Matthe&gt;rn) .
KES-3, 'Frisco, 10.62 me., 28.25 m.
Opens at 4 p.m. (Cushen) . Carries
same programme as KGEI till closing
at 9.15 p.m.-L.J.K.)

kWi:X, ;Frisco, 9.57 rric., 31.35 m.
Good at 4 and 11 p.m. (Cushen).
KGEI, 'Frisco, 7.25 me., 41.38 m.:
Appears to be spoilt around late afternoon
by the new BBC transmitter,
GWI, on exactly the same frequency.
GWI is directed to Europe and is on
till about 8 p.m.-L.J.K.
WKTM, New York, 6.38 me., 47.01
m.: Good at 6 p.m. (Cushen).
WGEO, Schenectady, 6.18 me., 48.47
m.: Signs off at 6.15 p.m. (Cushen).
WCBX, New York, 6.17 me., 48.62
m.: Good when signing at 6 p.m.
(Cushen).
THE EAST
China
XGOY, Chungking, 6.13 me., 48.92
m.: Good signal when giving overseas
programme at 4.45 a.m. (Cushen).
XGOY has been heard on 15.20 me.,
19.73 m., testing for an American
channel between 6 and 8 p.m. for a
week. Signal was good, but modulation
like that on 25.21 m., very poor.L.
J.K.
India
VUD-, 11.87 m.c., 2.5.27 m.: Heard in
French at 9.45 p.m. and News in English
at 11 p.m. (Matthews, Nolan).
VWY, Kirkee, 17.94 me., 16.72 m.:
Heard at 10.30 p.m. calling the BBC.
(Matthews).
VWY, Kirkee, 9.045 me., 33.16 m.:
Reported in &quot;The Broadcaster&quot; as a
new station heard around 9 a.m. (That
would be 6 a.m. in W.A., I doubt if
33.16 would be audible here at 9 a.m.
-L.J.K.

Great Britain
13 metre band. A letter from my
friend, Ted Whiting, who conducts the
Short Wave pages of &quot;Radios and Hobbies&quot;,
tells me he heard 3 transmitters
on this band on December 13, and believed
two of them to be BBC outlets.
I have not caught any yet, and
am afraid the band, like my Christmas
Bush, is a little slow in colouring up.
GSF, 15.14 me., 19.82 m.: Heard in
General Overseas Service at 10.30 p.m.
(Matthews).
(They open at 10 p.m. for Near and
Middle East and East Africa.-L.J.K.)
GWC, 15.07 me., 19.91 m.: All evening
is the tops (Matthews).
GVX, 11.93 me., 25.15 m.: Good at
9.25 p.m. (Nolan).
GWH, 11.80 me., Heard at 9 p.m. in
European Service (Cushen). Excellent
at 9.45 in English -L.J.K.).
GVZ, 9.64 me., 31.12 m .. Great signals
at 1 a.m. (Matthews).
GWU, 9.62 me., 31.17 m.: English at
2 a.m. (Matthews).
GWJ, 9.53 me., 31.48 m.: English at
2 a.m. (Matthews).
GSW, 7.23 me., 41.49 m.: Home news
at 4 a.m. (Cushen).
GWI, 7.25 me., 41.38 m.: The blighter
that puts KGEI out of step from 4
till 8.15 p.m.-L.J.K.
GSU, 7.26 me., '41.32 m.: Used in
Pacific service from 4.45 till 7.15 p.m.
Page 22
-L.J.K.
GRM, 7.12 me., 42.13 m.: Same remarks
as GSU.
GWF, 9.49 me., 31.61 m.: Excellent
in News for Clandestine Press at 9.45
p.m.-L.J.K.
GRU, 9.45 me., 31.75 m.: Great signal
at 1 a.m. in G.O.S. (Matthews).
U.S.S.R.
-, Moscow, 15.22 me., 19.7. Very good
when closing at 2.30 p .m. (Cushen).
- , Moscow, 8.94 me., 33.54 m.: This
new Russian heard at 10.20 p.m. Nice,
clear and loud signal (Cushen).
MISCELLANEOUS
Iran
-, 8.11 me., 36.99 m.: Heard around
4 a.m. in French. (Matthews).
Switzerland
The Swiss broadcasts on 6.34 me.,
47.28 m., can be heard at very good
strength at 6 a.m. (Cushen). (Now
only a fair signal at 6.30 and almost
impossible to hear the news at 7.53-
L.J.K.).
Sweden
SBO, Stockholm, 6.06 me., 49.46 m. :
Good at 8 a.m. (Matthews, Nolan).
Turkey
TAQ, Ankara, 15.195 me., 19.75 m.:
Splendid in Turkish at 1.1 p.m. (Nolan).
Very good when closing at 11.15
p.m. (Matthews).
TAP, Ankara, 9.465 me., 31. 70 m.:
Excellent from 2.30 a.m. (Matthews).
Madagascar
-, Antananarivo, 6.16 me., 48.62
m.: Closes at 3 a.m. (Matthews) .
Mexico
XEWW, Mexico City, 9.50 me., 31.58
m.: Good signal when opening at 1
a.m. and good also at 10 a.m. (Matthews.)
(Has been coming in here
well, in the late afternoon, but is fading
out now.-L.J.K.)

'''TOO LATE FOR CLASSIFICATION'''
EQB, Teheran, 6.155 me., 48.74 m.
These people advise by letter their
schedule is 2.30-7.30 a.m. (Walker,
W.A.)
RNB, Leopoldville, 9.785 me., 30.66m.,
open at 2.30 a.m. with programme for
South Africa. Definitely the strongest
African I have heard (Walker, W.A.) .
Great signal around 5 p.m. (Hallett).
WRUA, Boston, heard on two new
channels, 9.57 closing at 10.30 a.m. on
Sundays and on 7.565 opening at 10.45
a.m. (Walker, W.A.). (I have an idea
now, correct call of 9.57 me. is WRUS.
Announcer the other· morning was very
hesitant when giving call-signs, but
this is what I took him to mean.L.
J .K.)
FZI, Brazzaville. Good here on 25.06
m. in transmission to Madagascar in
French from 3-4 a.m. (Hallett).
Algiers on 31.46 m. may be followed
in relay of BBC calling Europe between
1 and 2 a.m. (Hallett).
Radio Aigiers heard iiciW ufi i:hrl!e
frequencies in the morning: on 6.04
me., 49.67 m. (very good); 8.96 me.,
33.48 m. (fair) and 9.54 me., 31.46 m.
(good at 5 and until 6.15 a.m. when
WGEO blots them out. News in English
at 5 a.m. from Algiers and V of
A 6 a.m. (Cushen).
WCRC, New York, heard on 6.12
me., 49.02 m., till closing at 5.45 p.m.
(Cushen).
WCBX, New York, good on 6.17 me.,
48.62 m.; signs at 5.45 p.m. (Cushen).
WLWO, Cincinnati, News in English
at 5 a.m. on 17.80 me., 16.85 m.
(Cushen).
WLW K, 6.08 me., 49.34 m. Good till
closing at 7.30 p.m. (Cushen).
KWIX heard now on 11.87 me., 25.27
m. Very good, but interfered with by
Delhi on same frequency from 8.45
p.m. (Walker, Cushen).
WRUA, Boston. Good on 26.92 m.
in the morning, heard also at 10 p.m.
.(.C.u..s.h.e.n.).. .

Dcihi on 11.87 me spoilt at 8.45 p.m.
when giving news by KWIX, but at
11 p .m. reaches RS (Cushen) . Reaches
R9 here- L.J.K.
XGOX, Chungking, 15.20 me., 19.73
m. Heard from 12.30-1.30 p.m. in
programme to America. Announces,
&quot;This is the Chinese International
Broadcasting Station XGOX, Chung-
king.&quot;-L.J.K.

SBP, Motala, 11.705 me., 25.63 m.
Opens at 10 p.m.- goo&lt;l signal- L.J.K.
AFHQ, Algiers, 11.883 me., 25.24 m.
Mr. ·walker of vV.A. says, &quot;vVhen closing
on 49 .. 67 m. at 10 a .m. announce
&quot;they will be back at 10.00 GMT (9
p .rn. Syd.) on 25.2 m.&quot;
KWV, 'Frisco, 10.8 me., 27.68 m. the

8-10 p.m. sched. is for Latin America·
(Cushen).
HCJB, Quito, 12.45 me., 24.11 m.
and 9.958 me., 30.12rn. Both open at 11
p.m.-L.J.K.
CS&quot;W-7, Lisbon, 9.735 me., 30.82 m.:
Have not heard in the morning for
some time, but CSW-6, 27.17 m. was
audible at 7.36 a.m. on Sunday, December
19.- L.J.K.

==P.23 - Shortwave Section - Loggings of the Month==
==P.26 - The Service Pages - Answers==

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==Link to Issue PDF==

[https://worldradiohistory.com/index.htm| WorldRadioHistory.com's] scan of Australasian Radio World - Vol. 01 No. 04 - August 1936 has been utilised to create the partial content for this page and can be downloaded at this link to further extend the content and enable further text correction of this issue: [https://worldradiohistory.com/AUSTRALIA/Archive-Australian-Radio-World/30's/Australasian-Radio-World-Vol-01-No-04-1936-08-01.pdf| ARW 1936 08]

In general, only content which is required for other articles in this Wikibook has been entered here and text corrected. The material has been extensively used, inter alia, for compilation of [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies| biographical articles]], [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Clubs| radio club articles]] and [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations| station articles]].

==Front Cover - Front Page==
&lt;!-- &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; --&gt;


WIRELESS
WEEKLY
Broadcast Programmes a Week in advance
VOLUME 11
Registered at the G.P.0., Sydney, for transmission by post as a Newspaper.
NUMBER 22
Ul‘éé’gbﬁyodc‘d 81‘s
■ iT?Ml3rl
Friday, March 23, 1928
Price Threepence

==Inside Front Cover - Philips Industries Ad==

fi
0
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II
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tii
II
I ;
ACCUMULATOR
CHARGER
•'
M \\\
• •
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Si
VvV
AHV
v\\Wv
\\
\W
L
»»•
*
AND now comes still another Philips Battery Charger —this time to aid the man who has both accumulator “A” and “B” Batteries.
We make no sensational claims for the No. 1009, but merely say that it is an honest to goodness Charger
that will keep both accumulators in first-class trim, —year in, year out.
Of course all the features of the by-now famous “FOUR-FIFTY” are incorporated.
A unique switching device, by which at a turn of the wrist, “A” or “B” battery is charged at will , lends simplicity to its other sterling qualities. Let your nearest Radio Dealer give you further
ticulars.
SOLD BY EVERY RADIO DEALEr
V 2
PH 111 lILIII
&gt;
RADIO APPARATUS

==P.01 - Metropolitan Electric Ad===

RADIOKES
SHORT WAVE KITS
are the undisputed leaders in their held.
Are used and specified by all who know. Have a wide tuning range and only cost 55/- per kit.
RADIOKES RADIO FREQUENCY CHOKES
Are specified for the Foursome Receiver described in this issue, and are moderately priced at 8/6 each.
RADIOKES NEW_ MARCO FOUR KIT
For 'he excellent Receiver in last week’s issue of this journal— an excellent kit priced at 30/-
All RADIOKES NEW KITS will be on display at our stam
No. 20 (Great Hall ) Radio Exhibition next week.
DON’T FAIL TO VISIT US
METROPOLITAN ELECTRIC CO. LTD
27-29 KING STREET, SYDNEY

==P.02 - Harrington's Ad==

lb
e m
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mum
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On view at the Radio Exhibition
March 21-31, at Stand No. 1
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has arrived
JUST PLUG INTO THE LIGHT SOCKET
and switch on the current. A 5 Valve
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It looks like, sounds
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The all Electric Gilfillan Console can be purchased on remarkably Easy Terms.
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Wholesale Warehouse : 213 Clarence St., Sydney
Also at: Katoomba, Newcastle, Melbourne, Brisbane.
Adelaide, Wellington (N.Z.), Auckland (N.Z.)

==P.03 - Editorial==

WIRELES
WEEKLY
VOL. 11. No. 22.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928.
Criticism, Selfish and Otherwise
EVER since the commencement of wireless broadcasting criticism of some kind or other has been directed against every broadcasting station the world over. Much has been well-intentioned, some ill-intentioned, and most of it positively selfish. What I mean is that the critic usually approaches things from his own individual point of view and consequently it behoves those responsible for the broadcasting services not to take him over seriously, seeing that they have to please many hundreds of thousands of other listeners of varying tastes. However, the critic who is kindly and constructively disposed is always heeded by enterprising broadcasters, for from him many hints are gleaned, but, unfortunately, this class of critic is all too rare.
It is only by comprehensive study of average tastes and by psychological research that the broadcasting companies can gauge the requirements of listeners. The absolute futility of pleasing everyone at any one time is recognised by even the most unreasonable. It is not in human nature to do so, and it is the broadcasters’ duty, therefore, to please as many as possible, as long as possible, : and everybody as much as possible. Heigho! do you envy them the task?
That 3LO, Melbourne, succeeds remarkably well in their attempt in this direction is evidenced by the unprecedented popularity of their services, and also by the favorable financial position of broadcasting in Victoria.
No proof could be more conclusive, and no answer to adverse criticism more emphatic.
Of course, it is only natural that at some time or other during the 12 hours daily broadcasting by 3LO every listener would, if he or she listened-in the whole of the time, find something that failed to please; but, who wants to listen-in for 12 hours a day, even if time permitted? In carefully analysing the programmes I find that, they are arranged so that every reasonably-minded and normal listener-in is well catered for. I have before me a resume of recent newspaper letters and critiques and this shows conclusively that if the broadcasting authorities deleted from the programmes the items selfishly objected to by certain critics there would be nothing left to broadcast. One objects to jazz, another to church services, some to sporting items and others to bands, community singing, classical music, theatres, talks and so
on right through the whole gamut of broadcasting. Verily we should say one to the other,
“Save us from ourselves.”

==P.04 - Catching Up with the Wireless World==

Catching Up with the
Wireless World.
By R. E. CORDER.
A COMPLETE receiving set in a band ring is being marketed in America, priced at 5/-. Headphones are unnecessary.
DURING 1927, 200,000 licenses were issued in Canada, which brings the total of licensed listeners in that country up to 1,000,000.
AILSA CRAIG, the island rock at the mouth of the River Clyde, England, where most of the good curling stones come from, is to be equipped with a transmitter and receiver.
Apart from the keepers of the lighthouse, the only other occupants are myriads of sea birds.
DURING the last few weeks, reception has not been too good owing to weather conditions. The first man to find a reliable method of forecasting reception conditions, particularly with regard to the shorter waves, will be doing what is probably the greatest service since De Forest added the grid to the valve.
A RADIO MESSAGE received by the steamer Ruapehu, off Pitcairn Island, from the freighter Westmoreland, asked for medical assistance for a cadet who was seriously ill with appendicitis. An eight-hour voyage was necessary before Doctor Hudson, a passenger on the former boat, reached the Westmoreland, and performed a successful operation, despite heavy seas.
THE NUMBER of licensed listeners in Germany reached 2,000,000 on December 15th, 1927. The number at the end of September was 1,757,683, and the increase which is partly due to the removal of the Inter-Allied restrictions in the Rhine and Ruhr districts and the opening of the Rhineland high-power station at Langenberg has exceeded expectations. A further rise in the license fee, now 24 marks, will, it is thought, be necessary, and it is even possible that later on the amount of the fee may be reduced.
“I’M GOING out to-night, dear,”
said father. Mother lookei across at him sternly. “One dial control,” murmured father to himself as he changed his mind about that appointment;
WMHA, the New York station, is owned by Troop 707 of the Boy Scouts’ Association, of Washington Heights. The wave length is 230 metres, and a power of 30 watts is used.
THE NEW radio inspector meant business. “Show me your licence,” he demanded of the washerwoman. “I ain’t got no car,” she said; “what d’yer take me for?” “Don’t twaddle with me, woman,” said the inspector, haughtily; “where’s your wireless licence?” “Me? I ain’t got no wireless; I ain’t a millionaire, y’know!” “What’s that aerial for then?” he queried artfully. “Aerial?” she replied, scornfully, “that’s me blinkin’
washin’ line!”
ANOTHER AIR TRAGEDY.
By “Mintie.”
There once was a 3LO fellow,
Who sang in a voice sweet and mellow;
By a tragedy strange,
He fell over his range,
And they hurried him home in a
Yellow.
FRANCE IS to have a Communist broadcasting station. M. Vaillent Couteurier, Communist Deputy, is the donor of the station, which is to
known as the Red Star.
A NEW type of valve has been invented by H. J. Round, England, which has the grid element wound outside the valve, which resembles a cotton reel.
A LADY ORGANIST applying for a broadcasting contract in America said she knew 8000 tunes by heart.
The lady in question also offered to play continuously for 24 hours without a break, and with no repeated numbers.
ALMOST every circuit in American radio publication is now arranged for A.C. power for plate, filament, and grid voltage. Dr. Lee Forest commented recently that Australia and Great Britain have not progressed as rapidly in radio as America, but we have not reached our peak yet.
SCIENCE has turned a curious eye on the effect of the northern lights on radio transmission, and first steps have been taken by the National Research Council of Canada to determine just what is the effect. Following a meeting held in Ontario of the Associated Committee on Physics and Engineering of the Council, research work has been undertaken. It is known that conditions in the upper atmosphere have a very marked effect upon the transmission of messages by radio. *
BROADCASTING stations in America are endeavoring to do away with the numerical call sign and jumble of letters, suggesting that a name would be more suitable. The argument is that if ships were identified same as broadcasting stations, we should need a reference library if our friend told us he would be sailing for
Great Britain on the 465,958,857. Certainly ships have license numbers, but they have names also, and they are known and recognised by their names.
ALARM.
Fiction about radio seldom interests radio enthusiasts. Perhaps it is because listeners live in an atmosphere of reality; pei'haps it is because they generally know more about the subject than the author. The exception is the short story,
ALARM! in the March issue of “RADIO.” Illustrated in two colors by Townshend, it is the best thing of its kind yet published in Australia. You must read it.

==P.05 - Radio Exhibition==

Wednesday to Friday Week
you must not miss visiting this year's Radio Exhibition— the largest yet organised here. You will see every latest development of the science there from new receivers and loudspeakers to screened grid valves.
Wednesday, Ivfarch 21, the greatest Radio and Electrical Exhibition yet held in this State is to start.
This Exhibition has grown to such an extent in the past three years that the committee has had to take both the Great Hall and the Lower Hall of the Sydney Town Hall to stage the display.
Radio has become such a popular part of the average individual’s existence that there are now in New South Wales alone probably more than 100,000 receiving sets in action, it not on every day or night in the week, at least occasionally.
Here, at the Town Hall, are to be seen the latest models, the most advanced receivers and accessories, each in competition with the other. Every radio manufacturer watches jealously the products of his rivals in business, and at the annual exhibition the public. in an two, can gauge for themselves which meet their requirements best.
There are many attractions at this Exhibition. The amateur set builders, who are competing with each other, are putting up some remarkable exhibits, and, doubtless, to this section of the Exhibition a very large proportion of visitors will be drawn two most striking displays are the Electric Home and the Public Authorities exhibit. The Electric Home
{? a . fall^ lze bungalow cottage, built
%* xton and Sons, on the floor of the Town Hall. It is being equipped with electrical labor-saving devices of many kinds—electric cleaner, cooking range, washing machine, bath-heater, electric iron, electric kettle, electric jugs, and so on— appliances which have turned the life of many a housewife from drudgerv to comfort. 3
b i S Home is no mere model, but the type of bungalow in which hundreds of thousands of every-day citizens live. Incidentally, it. has no chimney—none is needed in an electric home—a fact
means a saving of from £5O to building. The exhibit of the Public Authorities—Railways and Tramways, Public Works* University, and Institution of Engineers is expected to create something of a sensation. An electric railway carriage has been built upon rails and sleepers in the Lower Hall (the floor of the upper hall would never have carried it), and visitors may see for themselves Just how the electric current works the train. A collection of signalling gear has also been installed, and a couple of model trains show how the signals work for themselves,
n * ~ .
+• ° ne I the features of the Exhibition will be available to the general
Han*’ S*&quot; the k° W ”
1“ &gt;
These will be heard, day and night,
se . nd j? lg ' out Programmes of music, re-
PL&quot;? 11 * - all . and sundry that the Ex '
n£ht°V S “ pr ° gl ? ss - , On a clear
mUes 6 h6ard ° Ver
y ‘
There are many owners of broad-cast receivers who care nothing about the scientific side of their hobby. They keep a radio set in the house just as others keep a piano-player simply for what it brings them. They are interested in the personalities of the artists who, from the broadcasting stations, supply daily and nightly programmes. For these broadcasting stations 2FC and 2BL have arranged to give a programme each afternoon and evening, from the platform of the Town Hall.
The modest admission fee of one shilling (children half price, and free on Saturday afternoons, if accompanied by adults), covers not only the Exhibition, but a concert programme which could hardly be excelled in Australia. The broadcasting stations have saved up their best artists, and the concert programmes from the Exhibition will certainly be a very great draw.
And those who are not at the Exhibition have simply to tune in their receivers, and hear it in their own homes.
The Radio and Electrical Exhibition will be open continuously, from J; to 10 P-m., from March 21 to 01, and all the indications are that the attendances will break all records.
It is too early yet to disclose what each exhibitor is preparing for his stand. That the Exhibition will completely outclass its predecessors is certain, and the fact that the committee has arranged with Mr. Augustas Aley, architect, for uniformity of stands and signwriting, and has let one contract for the erection of all the stands, indicates that the Exhibition will present a symmetry of appearance which will make a wonderful effect on visitors.
All the floor space is now booked, except for a space which has been retained for seating accommodation.
At the moment of writing, however, further inquiries are being made, and’ it seems likely that the committee will have to sell the last inch of space that can be used for an exhibit.
Following are the exhibitors:—
# Harringtons.
# Lawrence and Hanson (radio).
# Bennett and Wood.
3a. Mick Simmons.
4. Australian General Electric Co.
5. Lawrence and Hanson (electrical).
6. Clyde Engineering Co.
7. The Ever-Ready Co. (Great Britain).
8. Cossor Valves.
9. Noyes Bros. (Sydney).
10. W. H. Wiles and Co.
11. Amalgamated Wireless.
12. Australian Wireless Co.
13. New System Telephones.
14. Anthony Hordern and Sons.
15. W. G. Watson and Co.
16. Standard Telephones and Cables.
17. Philips Lamps.
18. Keogh Radio Supplies.
19. Stromberg Carlson.
20. Metropolitan Electric Co
21. Manufacturers’ Products,
22. Australian Westinghouse
23. Burgin Electric Co.
24. Colville-Moore Wireless Supplies.
25. Hecla Electric.
26. Amateur Competitions.
27. Amplion (Australasia).
28. Mullard Wireless Service Co.
(Continued over leaf.)
RADIO EXHIBITION
REVIEWED.
Before you go to the Radio Exhibition, glance through the f preliminary notices of the exhibits in the March “RADIO.”
A summary of the new apparatus shown at most of the stands is given, for the benefit of those country folk who will be unable to visit the Exhibition, and the city listener will find therein an index to the important exhibits.


29. Railways and Tramways, Public Works, Institution of Engineers, University.
30. Listeners-in.
31. Burt Goldsmid (Turbinet Cleaners). Sla. Dangar Gedye.
32. Eureka Cleaners.
33. A. G. Healing and Co.
34. United Distributors.
34a. Federal Radio Distributors.
35. G. C. Beardsmore.
35a. John Danks and Sons.
36. Hoover (Aust.), Ltd.
37. Wireless Newspapers, Ltd.
38. C. W. Winterbotham.
i AMATEUR COMPETITIONS.
The amateur competitions are likely to be very successful. Numbers of clubs and individual enthusiasts have informed the organiser that they are working hard on their exhibits, and the Radio Transmitters League will have a transmitting set in operation.
Radio dealers are again reminded to use their influence to induce the “hams” to prepare an exhibit. Following is the prize list:—
1. Best amateur designed and built short-wave receiver, covering the band from 10 to 80 metres, and suitable for reception of both international telegraphy and telephony:
Ist prize, £4/4/; 2nd prize, £l/1/.
2. Best flexible lower-power trans-l
mitter, covering amateur wave band:
Ist prize, £7/7/; 2nd prize, £3/3/. 1
3. Best amateur designed end constructed piece pf radio apparatus, submitted by an amateur radio organisation ; limited to one entry
from each competing organisation.
Prize: Cup, valued at £lO, presented by “Wireless Weekly.”
4. Best home-constructed piece of apparatus, other than a complete transmitter -or receiver, submitted by an individual: Ist prize, £3/3/;
2nd prize, £l/1/.
5. Most novel crystal set: Ist prize, £2/2/; 2nd prize, 10/6.
6. Most novel valve set: Ist prize, £3/3/; 2nd prize, £l/1/.
The committee retains £7/7/, for special prizes, and Mr. A. Carter offers as a special prize a set of Cossor valves, to be awarded as the
judges decide in section (1) or (6).
CONDITIONS.
For the purpose of these competitions, an amateur is defined as any person who is not considered by the committee to be the proprietor of a radio establishment, or who, on December 1, was not the holder of a dealer’s license.
All exhibits shall be bona-fide work of the competitor in whose name they are entered.
All exhibits shall be in the hands of the Exhibition Committee of Control by 4 p.m. on Monday, March 19, 1928, at a place to be announced.
No exhibit shall be removed from the hall until the conclusion of the Exhibition.
A receipt shall be given to each competitor when he hands in his exhibit, and exhibits shall be returned only on surrender of receipt.
The decision of the judges, and any- ruling of the Committee of Control,
shall be final.
AUGUSTUS ALEV. M.I.A.
ARCHITECT FOR EXHIBITION.

==P.07 - The Safety Valve==

The Safety Valve
Readers are urged to express their opinion on matters pertaining to broadcasting. If you have some grievance, if you
haik some constructive criticism to offer, here is your chance for expression—your safety valve. The editor assumes no responsibility for statements made by readers and Published on this page, as opinions of correspondents do not represent our editorial Policies or beliefs. Anonymous letters are not considered.
, A.W.P. AND L.L.
H Dear Sir, —Apropos the experience
| of W., Young (“W.W.”, 17/2A28)
['and the Listeners’ League,
jr About three or four months ago, I heard of the League, and being desirous of helping in any movement
I for the benefit of listeners, went to
la lot of trouble to ascertain the secretary’s address. 2FC referred me
Itpthe Radio Broadcast Bureau. Thdy
jvery kindly supplied the address, and
H wrote asking for particulars.
Months went by, until last week I received a printed slip, bearing an
lad. for batteries, giving object find
Membership fee, and address. Not even a word of explanation for the
I long wait.
k However, my enthusiasm having
(cooled by the long wait, I’ll keep the
12/6, and put it towards the price of
II new valve.
Yours, etc.,
A. W. PATTERSON.
P’Punchbowl.
Im, * * * '
| MORE ENTERTAINERS.
Dear Sir, —Don’t you think it is time we had a change of programme?
I am, like the others, complaining of too much singing, and I think it is
&gt; over the odds to have to listen to five
records running, and some of them played over again; also request numbers.
I What about putting on more en-
| tertafners and less of picture show
music, as there is nothing in listening to a lot of laughing ? I don’t wonder people get tired of wireless.
One time we had theatre acts from
2BL Studio. All my friends say they
pi enjoyed them; but even they are taken off. I suppose the fights are put on instead. We know they can-
not please everybody, but it is time they gave us better programmes than what they give us at present.
| Another bad practice is to stop music, etc., to give out race results, etc. It looks like if wireless is only for the sporting class.
I Where are the minstrel bands and
I think they will have to have a change soon, or they will find they are talking to the air.
Yours, etc.,
M. NORTON.
I Leichhardt.
SMOKE CLOUDS.
Dear Sir, —To quote a correspondent in your last issue:
“According to these traditions
(sc. ‘our British traditions’ from previous sentence), when a man had sunk to the vilest depths (as Rev. R. B. S. Hammond’s work clearly shows)
and recaptures all that he had lost, and more through Divine intervention—(Query: If ‘Divine intervention’ does the trick, why bother about the rev. gentleman)—and realises that there are others in a .position as bad as he was, and further realises that he can be the means of uplifting some, surely under heaven it is no crime to try and do so.”
The italics are mine. 7 Further Comment&quot;is* superfluous.
It is obvious that Mr. Moon has wandered as far from the British traditions as the object of his “savage indignation.” In Mr. Moon’s case,
however, it was in a praiseworthy endeavor to despatch a sentence which had gradually assumed the sinuous complexities of Laocoon’s serpent, and which was threatening, to assimilate him. Being, as Mb'. Moon, correctly suspicious, unblessed with a Rudyard Kipling _ cum playing-fields of Eton upbringing, I am forced, in all fairness, to add that logical presentation of ideas is essential to debate.
Also, &quot;being rather more tickled by my sobriquet than I am ashamed of my perversities, I must continue to veil my identity in a cloud of tobacco-smoke.
Yours, etc.,
THREE CASTLES.
Darlinghurst.
CAPPOS AGAIN.
Dear Sir, —As the letter by “Three Castles,” which Mr. Spencer O. G. Moon reviews in your issue of 2nd March, was in support of mine, in an effort to improve Sunday programmes, I trust you will find space for the “Capstan” again.
Mr. Moon will, no doubt, make the same suggestion to “Capstan” as he did to “Three Castles” in the matter of a nom-de-plume. This latter I regard as a very weak point in an otherwise instructive letter, but perhaps Mr. Moon is a non-smoker.
Assuming that Mr. Moon’s figures are correct (and he appears to be a mathematician of no little skill), we have indeed taken a great step forward since the days of, say, a couple of years ago. I don’t know definitely if Mr. Moon was endeavoring to prove that the. B.C. companies have realised that the general public demand something more than the noises produced in churches, and are gradually improving their Sunday programmes, but it appears to me that, if such was his motive, he has adequately proved
his case.
Progress must be the watchword of the successful B.C. company, and it is of interest to note here that only lately 3LO have commenced a series of recitals of the world s most famous records during Sunday afternoon.
Now, I venture to say that 3LO has made a bigger effort than any other Australian station , to accurately gauge the wishes of listeners, and the fact that they have improved their Sunday programmes in this manner indicates the progress made, not by 3LO alone, but by the listening public also.
3LO are making great strides In cultivating in their listeners the due appreciation of the world’s best music on all days of the week, and there
is a very noticeable improvement in many other stations, and if this upward trend is continued, Mr. Moon, ere long, will be able to produce a
schedule showing a still greater improvement in Sunday programmes.
Yours, etc., j
CAPSTAN. I
Darlington Point.
AN ARCHBISHOR ON BROADCASTING.
Have you been following the Safety Valve controversy on Sunday 'programmes? Yes! Then you will be interested to read Archbishop Lee’s ideas about religious broadcasting, in the March issue of “RADIO” Just a short article, from the eminent Melbourne ecclesiastic.
Also a statement by Archbishop Wright, of Sydney.


FIFTY MILLION.
Dear Sir, —Any household—any
morning—with a set.
Mum: “Seven o’clock, George; get
up at once.”
George: “S’only ten to; clock’s fast.”
Mum: “Excuse me, I just heard
the G.P.O. on the wireless; it’s
s-e-v-e-n. Now, Ethel, put down
those earphones, and get dressed.”
Ethel (excitedly): “Mum, mum,
he’s back—Mr. Halbert’s back—hoo-
ray.”
Mum: “Well, I never; I’m glad. I thought he’d gone to Melbourne, or somewhere.”
Flapper Daughter: “Oo! how thrilling to think he is back again. Perhaps he’s been sick.”
Schoolboy Jack: “Huh! been to a
*nebriates’ home, more like it. ‘Mike’
said they drink whisky, those announcers.”
George the Knut: “Cut it out; don’t you know “Mike” only pulls
legs 7 Why, if he was serious, they could have him up for libel.”
Dad (putting down earphones):
“How much lower are those shares going to fall, I wonder; wish to the devil I’d sold out long ago.”
Mum: “Oh, is that the honeyman?
Good morning, one pound of honey, please. What? Tuppence more than last week. I’ll have you know that the wholesale price is exactly the same this week, for I heard it over the wireless. What? I should think you have made a mistake. Thank heaven for Mr. Marconi; he’s saved me many a penny. Now, then, Dad, don’t go without your umbrella.”
Dad: “Why, there’s not a cloud in the sky.”
Mum: “Uncle Bas says rain prophesied before mid-day.” To schoolboy Jack: “Will you go to school?
Perhaps you would like your ’phones glued to your ears.”
5.8. J.: “Oh, but, Mum, I know all
of “‘Fifty Million Frenchmen” except the last verse.” (Spank spank.)
5.8. J.: “Ooh! crumbs, you can hit, Mum; and now they’ve closed down, and I’ve missed it; talk about a nark.”
Mum: “Thank goodness, he’s gone; and now I c&amp;n get those sweet peas in without delay. Mr. Lockley says
I’ll be a ‘gonner’ if I don’t.”
Oh, good morning. An &quot;inspector?
“Oh, yes, certainly, we’ve got our license; it will be up next month.
Going to renew it? Well, I should say so; we can go without lots of things, but will never be without our wireless set.”
“Good morning.” Yours, etc.,
Greenwich. ROSTAND.
♦
MORSE KEY.
The Morse message on the opposite page reads: —There will be a special issue of “Radio” for March.
Watch out for our Grand Exhibition
Number.
BOTH SIDES.
Dear Sir, —In reference to the discussion that is now being carried on, in the “Safety Valve,” where listeners-in are discussing the advantages or disadvantages of too much church on Sundays, I would like to add my voice to the appeal of anti-church-goer.
Perhaps I should not put that down in such a crude fashion, because, perhaps, there are plenty of church-goers who do not want it “canned,” but who still go to their churches on Sundays. There, in that word “canned,” lies my whole contention in regard to broadcast sermons. I wish to maintain that broadcast services do not, and never will, have the spiritual meaning that the sermons themselves would have if delivered in a House of God. It is only the living personality of the minister that can really
feed the soul.
To those who advocate broadcast services, I would like to ask them a question Do you feel the same after a broadcast service as you do when you come out of a church?
Do you feel the same spiritual upliftment? No, definitely no. How anyone could seems to me to be amazing. How could you feel the same, when, in the general course of events, the service is listened to in an armchair, or some other comfortable seat?
Sometimes you smoke —I know I do — and all around you cannot take the same interest, or give the reverence that a spiritual matter deserves.
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well; so here I say, and always will say, that if you want church, go to church, by all means, but do not try to be a kill-joy. There are other people who have sets, besides you, who are not interested in church services. Still, for the cake of invalids, and those folks who are right out in the
backblocks, and who never get a chance to go to church, I would like to advocate, say, one church service from each main station. What I am against are the class who, before broadcasting started, would only go to church once on Sundays, but now advocate for religious services from dawn to dark every Sunday from the broadcasting stations.
Perhaps the stations are to blame, more than anyone. The continual services on a Sunday wears away one’s patience, as continual dripping of water wears away the stone. If
there is any more harm in listening to a little light music on a Sunday than in going surfing, or playing tennis, or golf, then I stand to be corrected. 2JW and 2UE, although only B class stations, have stepped out from ti e more conservative class, and have proved that light music is liked and appreciated on Sundays.
It is time that the A class stations woke up. One can quite agree with the P.M.G., when he states that the programmes are not up to the mark.
Sundays, to these stations, seems to be a day when they can put over anything without getting justified complaints. Thank goodness that the
great majority of sane listeners are beginning to wake up, and demand a little return for their hard-earned
license money. Not only Sunday programmes. but the whole week of entertainment from the A class stations leaves much to be desired.
Time was when one could have sat down to one’s set at night with a reasonable chance of being entertained. But now even the station who never let us down, i.e., 3LO, seems to find pleasure in giving us rotten programmes.
Talks, then some more talks, then few more talks, by way of a change. The whole thing through seems to me to be a case of indirect advertising.
What is becoming of our money that we pay in so regularly a question that may seem embarrasing for some of these stations to answer. I do not wish to commit myself in any way, but I think that even for the stations themselves, it y;ould be better if the stations could issue some sort of a monthly account, so that the listeners could see just where their money was going.
In the meantime, there is the present question of church all day Sunday; church half of Sunday; or not church at all on Sunday. The most agreeable way, I really think, that this could be settled on both hands,
would be to compromise, by letting each station put over one service each Sunday. The other stations, in the meantime, while not putting over absolute jazz, could easily enough find plenty of other music, besides sacred songs, that we would find entertaining.
I would welcome reports from other listeners in regard to my statements. It is, after all, only by controversy that we can get to the bottom of things, and get every one satisfied.
Before I close, I would like to thank the gentleman who first brought this interesting discussion to light, and would like to commend those who have taken what I consider as the only sane view of the matter, and who advocate church services in moderation.
Yours, etc.,
“FAIR GO.”
Stanmore.
THE SPIRIT OF RADIO.
Watch for the spedial cover of the March issue of “RADIO” on the bookstalls this week. It is an attempt to define the Spirit of Radio. It is the head of a strange woman, yet as different from the 'usual type of pretty-girl cover as you could imagine. It has a queer mystic quality truly of Radio.

==P.09 - Is Your Letter Here?==

Is Your Letter Here ?
Recent Correspondence
at 2FC and 2BL
2FC always have a large mail from U.S.A., and busy typewriters are going for days after their receipt, Germany and Holland
also have interested listeners to 2FC, and in the former country lives Karl Nister, a regular correspondent. It is noteworthy to remark on the exceptional good English of some of 2FC’s foreign correspondents, and though sometimes letters from Japan, Germany, France, Holland, and other foreign countries are written most quaintly; as a general rule, the English rivals that of many of our own countrymen. Yet it is surprising to find that grammatical and spelling errors are prevalent in American letters in the majority of cases. Nearly every letter received from that country has several bad spelling errors, apart from Americanisms. On the whole, foreigners are much more careful about their English. They are very careful about the use of capitals, and endeavor to write their letters in the most interesting manner possible, whereas our American cousins do just the opposite.
American Stations Our Call Signs.
A letter just received by 2FC from one of their regular listeners in U.S.A. reads: “On January 22nd between II and 12 p.m. Central Standard time I heard your station very plainly. I have heard you on several occasions before, and never could get tuned in just right. Can it be that some of our stations are using your call letters and trying to fool the public ?
“Telling friends about my reception, and advising wireless papers only brings me the ‘Hee Haw,’ but if there is any chance of my having heard you at that hour, I hope to be able to substantiate my claims if you would kindly let me know.” There is no error about the reception of 2FC in America, each mail from that country bringing hosts of letters for 2FC, most of which describe fully the programme most accurately.
The Prodigal Son.
Many letters are received by 2FC from mothers whose sons have been lost in wide Australia, and often relatives request 2FC to make enquiries
regarding some long lost brother, sister, aunt, great grandmother, etc., etc., but it is impossible to accede to these requests unless the information and particulars come direct from the police. The following letter received from Mr. George Booth, of Chicago, is an example of this type:—
“Gentlemen, —My brother, Arthur Pearson Booth, left Melbourne a little more than a year ago for Sydney, but we have no information as to whether he ever got there. Naturally his relatives, widowed mother, and sisters are very worried over his disappearance. The mother lives at Wingletye Lane, Hornchurch, Essex, England.
“I wonder if it would be too much to ask you to broadcast the news and ask him to write to his mother at once,
or for other people who know of him to communicate to you and thru’ you to his mother. I will be glad to defray any expenses involved.
“He is about 38 years old, either slightly deaf, or fully so, served in France, Verdun, two years artillery, was shell shocked, and invalided home for some time, then went to Melbourne, where he lived at 18 Jolimont- street, Jolimont, Melbourne. He was an expert toolmaker and worked at Footscray, is about 5ft. Bin. high, about 150 1 b. weight, has a slight moustache, is rather retiring.
“It is quite possible due to his experiences in the War and his affliction that he may have lost his identity for the time being.
“Please do what you can in the matter, and ask other agencies to help
A MORSE MESSAGE TO
READERS.
(For key, see opposite page.)
if you know of any,—and advise his mother first if you get news of him.
Yours very truly,
GEORGE BOOTH.
Though 2FC regret that in matters like this they cannot do anything, they request that readers who are aware of any such person as Arthur Pearson
Booth would be good enough to correspond with Mrs. Booth in England
immediately to alleviate her distress.
Cow Robber Explains.
Dear Sir,—A couple of nights back I heard “Mike” (the young rascal) skiting about the good programmes that 2FC puts on the air. Well they do, but I must say that a lot of it is “high-brow” and passes over the heads of “us waybacks” and “Cow robbers.”
“Frinstance! Mr. Cochrane (may his elbow never weaken) says that Professor So and So will now play “Allegro tout Suite in a B flat” and some bloke sits down (or I suppose he does) and drags out some notes at the rate of about 60 hours a mile, and as my Crystal Set can only get 2FC (when it is on the air the others are drowned out). I have to listen in or wait for the next item.
“Well, I like the other bloke to have his bit of pleasure, if that is what he calls it, but couldn’t you give us some more Banjo, Mandolin or Steel Guitar
items ? I have heard people who claim to know, say that such music is “low class.” Well, if they heard Mr. Harrison White play “The Pilgrim’s
Chorus” as we did from 2FC one night, I think they would alter their tune. How about at least 6 Banjo Mandolin, or Guitar items every night or four times a week? I am
not greedy, and it needn’t be “Naughty Eyes” or “Nighty Nights” too often.
“Also could you beg, order or request Mr. Chappie to treat us to a lot more solos, on the organ in the studio? I think it has a splendid tone, and is a treat to listen to. Such pieces as “The Lost Chord,” “Crossing the Bar,” “The Pilgrim’s March” and “The Grand March,” and hosts of others, that I’ll bet Mr. Chappie knows, would
be very thankfully received and as often as you like. Well you thanked me once for what you termed the interest I took in your programmes, so I’m hoping you won’t be annoyed with this humble effort.
Cheerio, Yours truly, ,
(Sgd). W. M. MARSHALL.
P.S. The mosquitoes (Cripes! I nearly swore then, and me a Digger too) are bad round here and make it hard to listen in at times but still we struggle on.
W. M. M.
Penrith.
STARS.
There is an impressive list of contributors in the March issue of “RADIO.” Among the writers, there are,
Brasso,
M. C. Mahood,
A. S. Cochranne,
Ray Allsop,
Don. B. Knock,
U. R. Ellis,
Archbishop Lees,
Martin P. Rice,
R. G. Walker,
Gordon Bland,
C. C. Faulkner.
And the artists include:
Jack Waring,
G.K. Townshend,
Unk. White,
M. C. Mahood,
Alex. Gurney,
R. Whitmore.

==P.10 - Notes and News from 4QG==

Notes and News from 4QG
By the Station Correspondent
“CHANGING OVER.”
Most listeners who hear a big- broadcasting station announce that it has completed its transmission from some place or other, and that it is “changing-over” to some other point, hardly ever stop to realise with what smoothness the whole system works, and how quickly the changes are made. It is very seldom that any hitch in a change-over occurs, especially in a modern station such as 4QG. Some few nights ago, however, 4QG had a rather sad experience in its changes, and this experience resulted in at least one member of its staff having to do some strenuous work. The station was effecting transmission of a description of motor-cycle races, from the Davies Park Speedway, and, after finishing several races, announced that it would charge over to Lennon’s Ballroom. The change was made, quite in order, but the orchestra had just finished a strenuous dance, and had stopped for a “breather.”
There was no music, so the engineer-in-charge switched back to the Speed-way, and asked for more motor-cycle races. The announcer there had had a heavy three-quarters of an hour, but he willingly obliged, and gave further descriptions. Then another change was made to the Ballroom, only to learn that supper was on, and still no music was ready. There w-as nothing to do but change back again to the Speedway, and a very dry-throated announcer was compelled to give more descriptions, meantime silently envying those w'ho w-ere more fortunately placed than he was, and w’ho were having supper at Lennon’s. It was with feelings of relief that he concluded his extra task, and announced “Changing-over” to the Studio.
S.O.S. CALLS.
Every listener has, at some time or other, heard a broadcasting station give some urgent call, requesting any listener knowing the w-hereabouts of some person or other to communicate with the police. Such calls are termed “SOS” messages at the broadcasting stations, and very few people realise the tremendous number of requests which are made for the inclusion of such messages- in the transmissions. At 4QG, never a day passes by without several such requests being made. The management of the station is at all times in a difficult position in regard to these requests.
It does not, for one moment, desire to refuse a request, the granting of which w r ill mean much to the inquirer, but, at the same time, it cannot possibly grant the space to all requests made. Were it to do so, the programmes would become filled with such calls, and the license-holder would receive very little for his money. Station 4QG therefore takes as “SOS” calls only messages which are extremely urgent, and, even then, refers the inquirer- to the Police Department, and demands that the message be perused by police officers. It has been found necessary of late to quite firmly refuse to broadcast from 4QG inquiries for missing friends, unless these are submitted in the form of advertisements, to be included in the regular advertising sessions. The station does not desire to make money out of any personal misfortune, but of late it has been receiving so many requests to broadcast messages, to try and trace missing cousins, aunts, uncles, etc., many of whom were last heard of fifteen or twenty years ago, that in fairness to its customers —the listeners—it has been compelled to
“put its foot down with a firm hand.”
QUICK ACTION.
Some idea of the quickness of thought and action required in the conducting of a large broadcasting station may be gained from the transmission of the civic reception to Bert.Hinkler, at Bundaberg, the night the famous airman arrived at that city.
Extensive arrangements had previously been made to broadcast a description of his arrival, and these had been carried out very successfully.
Prior to his arrival, however, it had been very difficult to secure definite information regarding functions, and it was not until the afternoon he landed in Bundaberg that it was definitely known that at such and such a time a welcome would be accorded to him in the Town Hall. A programme had been arranged at 4QG, but everything went by the board when Hinkler was considered. Trunk lines were busy, and messages flew backwards and forwards, between 4QG and Bundaberg. With lightning-like haste, the Town Hall was connected by landline, and portable gear was installed.
Then, at a few minutes’ notice, the studio programme was cancelled, and a change-over was made to Bundaberg.
By virtue of the extreme courtesy displayed by the Postmaster-General’s Department, and the excellent line facilities provided, the speeches came over with the utmost clarity. It was not known how long the welcome would take, and a jazz band was, therefore, kept in attendance at 4QG.
Shortly after nine o’clock the welcome ended, and 4QG then changed back, and gave a programme of dance music from the studio until closing down time. It was not possible, of course, to warn the public beforehand of the Station’s intention to effect the relay, and many people who listened in at eight o’clock, expecting to hear dance music, were surprised to hear Hinkler’s welcome at Bundaberg. Judging by the countless congratulatory telegraph, telephone, and written congratulations the Station received,
everybody was delighted with the last minute arrangements.
4QG’S RACING ANNOUNCER
COINCIDES WITH JUDGE.
The Welter Handicap of the Queensland Turf Club’s February meeting wa's responsible for one of the most thrilling finishes witnessed at Eagle Farm racecourse for some
years, when Civetta, Perfect Night. Tigrinum, and Sheila’s Lad flashed past the winning-post almost in line with three others a short margin away.
4QG’S ANNOUNCER singled out Civetta and Perfect Night, but declared that the finish was so close that he could not separate them.
When the numbers were hoisted, the judge declared a dead-heat between Civetta and Perfect Night!
MISS THELMA CHAMPION, who has written several radio plays, which have been produced from time to time by Station 4QG, is now at work on a radio drama, “Rio Ferber on Trial,” which will be broadcast from the studio on the night of Friday, March 30th. The cast will be taken by a number of well-known artists, who have successfully played in previous interludes written by Miss Champion.
“Rio Ferber on Trial” will be the first drama yet attempted by these players from 4QG.
THERE SHE BLOWS!
Most readers cherish recollections of the whaling yarns of their earlier years —Moby Dick and other novels, which still have a great attraction. But whaling has changed a great deal since those days. It has become a business, and in the March number of “ RADIO ,” R.
G. Walker tells of how wireless is making that business an exact science. He tells of the Nielson Alonso, and the other whalers, operating south of Tasmania.

==P.11 - Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh==

Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh Hear One Another Speak Through London
Hinkler (newest Mike), standing before hie 'plane on his arrival.
Determined that such small things as atmospherics and jamming were not to be allowed to interfere with residents in the British Isles hearing him speak,
Bert Hinkler made his second appearance at th 6 Studios of 2FC on Tuesday morning, March 13. On this occasion, he was not only relayed; and
heard with the greatest clarity throughout Great Britain, but those present in the Sydney studios also
heard him relayed back to Australia.
Irene Vanbrugh, also imbued with the true spirit, spoke again this morning, and joined in the thrilling experience of talking round the world
to Bert Hinkler. Whilst the famous airman spoke in one studio, Miss Vanbrugh listened to his voice coming back from London in another studio.
The positions were then reversed, and Mr. Hinkler listened to the speech of the eminent. English actress under
similar conditions.
Owing to jamming, which interfered with the previous transmission on the 28.5-metres wave-length, the 8.8. C., London, got in touch with
2FC, Sydney, and suggested that an alteration should be made in the wave-length. The engineers of A.W.A. at once fell in with the suggestion, and it was arranged for this morning’s programme to be transmitted on a wave-length of 31.5 metres.
Punctually at 6.25, Sydney time, corresponding with 8.25, London time, 2LO, London, called as follows:
“Hello, 2FC, Sydney; hello,. 2FC,
Sydney. Conditions are favorable, and if they remain so, we will re-
broadcast you at 2035, G.M.T.” The London station then continued to transmit, through SSW, Chelmsford, a short musical programme, and then
the following announcement was heard, at 6.34:—“London calling. We are now crossing over to Australia, to hear Captain Hinkler’s speech,
from 2FC, Sydney.” At 6.35, Bert Hinkler delivered a short five-minute
speech, followed, at 6.40, by Irene Vanbrugh, who spoke for the same period. At 6.47, the following message came through on the air:—
“London calling. We will now resume our evening programme, from the point where it was interrupted. You
have been listening to Captain Hinkler’s speech, from 2FC, Australia.”
At 6.51, the following message was sent from sSW:—“Hello,, 2FC; hello,
2FC, Sydney, Australia. We relayed your full message from Captain
Hinkler at 2035 GMT; also Miss
Vanbrugh.”
At 6.53, the London night programme was continued, with orchestral selections from the 2LO Studio.
Both Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh felt that they had been fully
rewarded for their efforts in coming to the 2FC Studios at such an early hour, after their previous disappointment.

==P.12 - 3LO Sporting News==

3LO Sporting News
THERE is a glamor and thrill about Big Public Schools Cricket that is not found to such a degree in any other sphere of this
sport. The keen, healthy rivalry of youth, playing for the honour of their school, is enjoyed by “cricket” enthusiasts who regard it as the true
spirit of the great game.
The progress results on March 22nd
and 23rd between the Big Public
Schools will be broadcast by 3LO during the afternoons, and final results
will be given at 7 p.m. each day. Old
boys all over the Commonwealth and
in New Zealand will want to know
how their schools are faring, and will
listen in when the results are broad-
cast.
Randwick Autumn Carnival
Broadcast.
The A.J.C. Autumn Racing Carnival will open at Randwick on Saturday, April 7th—and 3LO will be there
to give racing enthusiasts in all
parts of the Commonwealth full ac-
counts of the racing.
The Doncaster Handicap and the
A.J.C. Sires Produce Stake are the
two main events on the programme,
and each event promises keen racing.
Racegoers have long learnt to rely
upon 3LO for full and accurate re-
ports of race meetings in all parts of
Australia. The turf has been in-
vested with a new interop as a re .
suit of 3LO’s broadcasting service.
Stawell’s Famous Athletic Carnival.
The Stawell Athletic Club’s carnival to open at Central Park, Stawell,
on Saturday, April 7th, will attract
the leading runners of Australia, and all Australia will be interested in the
results of the elimination heats of the big event, the Stawell Gift.
3LO has arranged to broadcast full
reports of the carnival events in this,
one of the biggest professional running meetings in the world. The
possibility of new champions being discovered is always present, and if
they are, well, all Australia will want to know about it at once. 3LO will
provide this service.
Frank Beaurepaire’s Advice to
Swimmers.
There is no one in Australia to-day
better qualified to give advice to
swimmers than the Australian champion, Frank Beaurepaire.
Winner of a long string of championships in a period of over 30
years of active participation in front
rank events. Beaurepaire has
amassed a wealth of practical knowledge that no theoretical training can
approach.
3L0 listeners will therefore he
glad to learn that Beaurepaire will
talk from the studio on Tuesday, April
3rd, on the subject, “Long Distance
Swimming, and How to Prepare for
It.” Hints from such an unrivalled
authority on the sport at a time when
long-distance swimming is so popular should be of particular interest.
Green Mill Roller Cycling Results.
The results of the Green Mill roller
cycling championships of Victoria
Frank Beaurepaire, champion swimmer, Who is to broadcast a talk from
SLO on the technique of swimming . will be broadcast from 3LO on the
nights of Monday and Wednesday,
April 2nd and 4th.
These one mile events are attracting considerable attention because of
their novelty, and the fact that a large measure of skill is required of
the contestants. 3LO’s announcements are being awaited eagerly by
the thousands interested in the out-
come of the contests.
AIREALITIES
(By “Rados.”)
A Vagary of Time.
SUCH is one of Time’s vagaries
that Monday’s news is known in London on Sunday night.
The news broadcast by 3LO, Melbourne, during the early morning
short-wave session is listened to or*
the other side of the world 10 hours previously, and incidents are known chronologically before they happen.
On the other hand, British news, although transmitted and received simultaneously, is ten hours late when
It arrives in the Antipodes.
The simplicity of the explanation
does not rob the peculiarity of its
Interest, and to the child mind it is
a source of endless thought, besides
being an object-lesson in chrono-
logical reckoning.
Science and Radio.
The Spectrum of the Sun and Stars
can be dissected, one color from the
other, until their virtues or disad-
vantages for use of mankind can be
accurately analysed and calculated.
It can be ascertained from the color
of the light of the stars what mine-
rals they contain. Their weight and
distance can be measured, and their
movements calculated with precision.
Such is the march of science. Soon
the phenomena of wireless will be
known, fading and distortion will be
overcome, and the way opened up for
contiuonus telephonic communication
the world over. 3LO, Melbourne, is
doing much to elucidate these prob-
lems. by conducting a regular short-
wave broadcasting service every Mon-
day morning, between 4.30 and 6.30
(corresponding to 18.30 to 20.30
G.M.T., Sunday).
They are also carrying out exten-
sive fading and distortion tests, be-
sides endowing special research at
the Melbourne University. Much
valuable data has already been col-
lected, and the importance of the
ultimate results cannot be foretold.
Sufficient for the day is the satisfac-
tion of taking its place with the
foremost wireless stations in the
world* with the optimistic hope that
It will discover the cause of the bug-
bears standing in the pathway of
radio advancement.

==P.13 - It 's All in the Air==

'''It 's All in the Air'''
Coming Features in the
Broadcasting Programmes
INCLUDED in the programme to
be broadcast from 3LO on Sunday
night, April Ist, will be community
singing from the Welsh Church.
“THE SILVER KING” is to be re-
peated by special request, by the H.
W. Varna Company at 2FC Studio on
evening of 28th March.
RAYMOND ELLIS: Has arranged
his farewell recital from 2FC on Wed-
nesday, 28th March, when he will in-
clude request songs, from his many
listeners in a number of well selected
items.
THE METHODIST Church Choir,
Nicholson Street, will broadcast the
inspiring “Olivet to Calvary,” on the
night of Wednesday, April 4th. The
Choir will visit the studio for the oc-
casion.
PETER GAWTHORNE, English
baritone, is appearing at 2FC on the
evening of Sunday, 25th March. Mr.
Gawthorne is a man of many parts,
and will long be remembered by Syd-
ney theatregoers for his masterly
interpretation of The Examiner in
“Outward Bound.”
THE STUDIO Orchestra, under
the baton of Mr. J. Sutton Crowe,
will broadcast the opera, “II Trova-
tore,” from 3LO on the night of Mon-
day, April 2nd. This orchestra
specialises in this type of classical
music, and listeners are advised to
make a special note of the date and
time of this performance.
ANOTHER OF the popular So-
nora Sunday afternoon concerts will
be broadcast from 3LO, from 2 till 3
p.m., bn Sunday, April Ist. Speci-
ally selected records are used in these
concerts, and include a wide variety
of selections. The best records are
chosen from latest releases, and
gramophone owners are thus assisted
very materially in the choice of their
new records.
N.S.W. BLINDED SOLDIERS AS-
SOCIATION : An entertainment on
behalf of this Association has been or-
ganised by Captain Fred Aarons, and
will be held at the Pavilion Cafe on
Saturday night, 24th March. The pro-
gramme, which will be broadcast by
2FG, includes old favorites of Sydney’s
listening public, viz., Charles Law-
rence, Cliff Arnold, Brunton Gibb,
Borman McLennan and Louise Hom-
frey. Dinner Music will be
from the Cafe on the same evening.
THE SCOTS’ Church Choir will
render “The Crucifixion” on Tues-
day night, April 3rd, and 3LO has
arranged to broadcast it.
SADIE GRAINGER BROAD, who
has not been heard by listeners for
some time, will sing from 2FC Studio
on Wednesday, 28th March.
ROSEHILL will be broadcast by
2FC on Saturday afternoon, 24t*h
March, when the popular Racing Com-
missioner, M. A. Ferry, will describe
the meeting in running.
“ON WENLOCK EDGE,” Vaughan
Williams’ whimsical song cycle, has
been chosen by William Dallison for
his appearance at 2FC Studio on Mon-
day evening, 26th March, which will be
presented with string quartette and
piano accompaniment.
ON TUESDAY night, April 3rd,
BLO will broadcast a special West
Country programme, on the occasion
of the convention of the Devon, Corn-
wall and Somerset Associations of
Victoria. The president of the asso-
ciation will also deliver a short ad-
dress on Cornwall.
RADIO EXHIBITION: The pro-
grammes at the Radio Exhibition at
the Town Hall are to be supplied by
2FC on the afternoon and evening of
Friday, 23rd March. In the afternoon,
the artists include Daisy Sweet, Harry
Whyte, Sammy Cope, Clara Hartge
and William Bowyer. At night Len
Maurice, Gabriel loffe, Ernest Archer,
Eileen Boyd and Cyril Coy’s Dance
Orchestra will appear. Enid Connellv
is the accompanist in the afternoon,
and Horace Keats at night.
J. Ernest Sage, the celebrated con-
ductor and baritone, who is to broad-
cast from 3LO shortly.
A CONCERT under the auspices of
the Australian League of Nations will
be given in the Great Hall, Sydney
University, on the evening of 26th
and will be broadcast by 2FC.
A very enjoyable programme has been
arranged, to which Moore McMahon,
the British Music Society Quartette,
and the Royal Sydney Apollo Club
will contribute.
ADVANCE ANNOUNCEMENTS.
Features of 3LO programmes dur-
ing the week of April 2nd till 7th will
be musical interludes by the Four
Colored Emperors of Harmony and
the Hawaiians, Frank and Francis
Luiz. The colored performers will
mingle the latest popular hits with
dreamy plantation lullabies, and the
Hawaiians will transport listeners to
the moonlit isles of the Pacific, with
their quaint and appealing songs and
guitar music. Both features should
be popular.
REALISING that the possibilities
that attend such a session as the
“Women’s Hour,” broadcast each
morning from 3LO, are tremendously
far reaching, no pains are being
spared to make this session as all em.
bracing as possible, and fresh fea-
tures are being added weekly. Apart
from the lecturettes that have a
direct bearing on the home life, cook-
ing, dressmaking, etc., the series of
“Health Talks” (with exercises),
given by Mrs. Clarence Weber, are
proving of more than usual interest,
and, through this medium, hundreds
of country women are engaged in the
fascinating process of not only “get*
ting” but “keeping” fit.
BRASSO.
Have you met Brasso?—the
hard-bitten, worldly-wise brass-
pounder, who is writing of his
wartime experiences as chief
op. with transports and tramps ,
and other submarine-boat prey
in “RADIO.” Then read the
rattling good adventure yarn he
tells in the next issue. It has
to do with the rum-running in
radio, an industry not unfa-
miliar to the author.
Illustrated by Jack Waring.


LISTENERS will be interested to
learn that final arrangements have
been made to broadcast the com-
munity singing from Ballarat on Fri-
day, March 30th. This is always a
popular feature with every class of
listener, and not only will it afford
additional pleasure to old Ballarat re-
sidents living in Melbourne to hear
Items broadcast from their own home
town, but, as it justly claims to be
one of the “Homes of Song,” com-
munity singers of Melbourne will be
busily engaged in comparing notes,
and possibly trying to glean a few
hints from their country cousins.
ANYTHING that enables the aver-
age listener, especially the house-
wife, to cast aside the cares and
worries of the day, is especially wel-
come, and the evensong service
broadcast each Thursday evening by
BLO, from St. Paul’s Cathedral, is a
peaceful interlude in the wear and
tear of daily routine. But for this
thousands of country listeners would
never have an opportunity of hearing
the famous Cathedral choir, with its
beautiful boy sopranos and the
equally famous organ.
LISTENERS are reminded that on
March 26th, “The Boy Comes Home,”
a delightfully humorous ' and enter-
taining playlet, will be broadcast
from 3LO. The play is being re-
hearsed and produced by Terence
Crisp, who will give a good account
of the principal role, and has been
chosen with a special view to effec-
tive radio appeal. Mr.. Crisp, who
has been associated with the Reper-
tory movement for some considerable
time past, has little to learn in the
art of acting and production, and
listeners may look forward to a most
artistic and enjoyable performance.
FEW ENTERTAINER lecturers
are more popular over the air than
Charles Nuttall, who has been
dispensing much humour and wisdom
during the past two years from 3LO,
and whose fund of amusing anecdotes
seems endless. “A little episode
comes to my mind in connection with
a railway journey from New York up
country,” he says, “my .fellow pas-
senger being a gentleman who had
just arrived from the Old Country.
This was his first trip since landing,
and he had apparently forgotten that
meals were not included in the fare,
so gave himself a thoroughly good
time. He had an immense capacity,
and ordered portion after portion,, no-
thing seemed to satisfy him, and
huge steaks followed each other as
easily as peanuts. However, he was
speedily brought to his bearings,
when the waiter presented the bill,
32/6 for breakfast. I felt distinctly
sorry for him, more especially when
I discovered he was a Scotsman, for
I knew then how deeply he must have
felt the shock.”
THAT VERY popular contralto,
Madoline Knight, is again broadcast-
ing from 3LO, her perfect diction
and enunciation much enhancing the
enjoyment of listeners. And thereby
hangs a tale. “When I was training,”
she said, ‘my singing master was al-
ways particularly strict about my
enunciation, and, being very enthusi-
astic, I followed his instructions im-
plicitly. On one occasion I was
Kinging at a church gathering, ancr,
after the congregation had left the
building, being anxious to discover
what kind of an impression my songs
had made, I asked the old verger
twho was dusting the pews and put-
ting the books away) if he thought
the people had heard my words dis-
tinctly. He looked at me a few
moments and said, ‘Yes, missie, you're
the plainest singer we’ve had here for
many a long day.’ ”
A MUSICAL TREAT is in store
for listeners on Saturday, March
31st, when the “colourful” song-
cycle, “In a Persian Garden,” will be
broadcast from Studio 3LO. The
arrangements are in the hands of
Madame Ella Kingston, the well-
known soprano from Collins Street
Baptist Church, who had already
firmly established herself in the good
graces of listeners, and who will ren-
der the soprano solos in her cus-
tomary artistic manner, whilst the
choir, under • her capable baton, will
give an excellent account of the
ensemble numbers.
“THE BELLE of Ney York,”
though by no means one of our
latest musical comedies, never seems
to lose its charm of appeal, and, in
response to repeated requests for a
“further edition,” arrangements have
been made for another performance
of the musical numbers, which will be
broadcast from 3LO, on Wednesday,
28th, and once again the tuneful
melodies, “Lucky Jim,” “Try again,
Johnnie” and “The Belle of New
York” will delight hundreds of
listeners.
“IT WAS THE MORNING of Hink-
ler's broadcast to England,” said Mr.
Oswald Anderson, Manager of 2FC,
“and I was on my way to the Studio
for the preliminary tests at 5 a.m. As
the punt crossed the Harbor, I frankly
indulged in a little day dreaming.
Sixteen days to accomplish a six
weeks journey, and now through radio
Hinkler’s spoken word would cover
the distance in 1/15 of a second.
“In a very few years, Empire broad-
casting will be quite common, but as
yet we are experiencing the thrill of
pioneering. Blase as we pretend we
are, we still stand a little in awe of
the microphone—‘Mike’ of 2FC,” he
added, laughing.
“As we drew near Fort Macquarie,
a voice at my elbow said: ‘Got time
to give me a lift ? ’ I invited the brawny
son of toil to jump in, and along de-
serted Pitt Street he waxed confiden-
tial. ‘I catch that punt every morn-
ing (4.30_L but most times I have to
walk to the station. Guess this is my
lucky day.’
“At his destination he gripped my
hand with wincing earnestness. ‘Don’t
know who you are, but it was mighty
good of you,’ he said, ‘l’ll have to
get “Mike” of 2FC to thank you!”’
2FC’S SHORT-WAVE BROADCAST
ON 28.35 METRES.
“WE HEARD this station clearly,
also the announcement of their wave-
length. This station came through
very strong, and both voice and music
were received with clarity. The
quality was in no way inferior with
Philips. At 6.10 till 8.50 p.m. a musi-
cal programme was received consist-
ing of orchestral items which 'in-
cluded ‘Always,’ and ‘lt’s a Long Way
to Tipperary,’ concluding atT 8.50 with
the National Hymn. Power R 9, using
a detector and two stages of audio .
no stages of radio frequency.”
TELEGRAMS were received from
the stations who rebroadcast 2FC’s
description of Hinkler’s landing at
Bundaberg. A few of them read as
follows:
“Your studio transmission short-
wave excellent. Bundaberg poor stop.
Summary’ of events as given from
studio after conclusion of broadcast
from Bundaberg very clear and
steady stop. Many thanks for your
courtesy in this. Laws, 7ZL.”
“We successfully rebroadcast your
Hinkler reception from Bundaberg.
Please accept our many thanks. SCL.”
“Reception extremely difficult but
could follow enthusiastic proceedings
at Bundaberg stop. Resume of events
appreciated. Again many thanks.
6WF.”
Telegrams were also received-from
listeners all over Australia congratu-
lating 2FC on their initiative in re-
broadcasting these historical events
oh short waves.
SUPER-POWER.
Network Broadcasting.
What is the next development
in Australian Broadcasting?
What are the great powers con-
sidering just now? Is it Super-
Power and Chain Broadcast-
ing? F. R. Leppard, in the
March issue of “RADIO,” be-
lieves that it is. Analysing the
present situation, in view of the
Royal Commission's findings, he
cannot see anything else but the
establishment of super-power
stations and the linking-up of
relay stations. The name Lep-
pard is a psuedonym concealing
a well-known identity in broad-
casting whose position makes
him specially qualified to write
on this subject.

==P.15 - The 3LO Childrens Page==

'''The 3LO Childrens Page'''
THE WIRELESS FAIRY’S GIFT.
| (By Ruby Sykes Lyon.)
THE Studio at 3LO was very
quiet, as “Billy Bunny” sat in
■ his big chair, sorting his birth-
day letters for the “Children’s Hour,”
* then the Wireless Fairy (whose real
same is Twinkletoes) jumped from
, the microphone on to “Billy Bunny’s”
desk, and whispered to him, “Don’t
forget to tell the children about the
fairy gift of -lovely garden seeds you
lave for the birthday little folk.”
[‘Til tell them,” said “Billy Bunny.”
( “I wonder if they know that a
lovely little fairy lives in each flower
that will blossom when those seeds
are properly cared for and watered?”
'asked the fairy. “I wonder,” said
“Billy Bunny.” “They may not even
how that in that one packet of seeds
they will have, if they are good little
[gardeners, seeds, plants, and blossoms
for years. That is the reason that I
call them fairy gifts, for fairy gifts
[always multiply,” the fairy said.
(“You’re a very nice person, Twinkle-
’ toes,” “Billy Bunny” said, “and I
[shall certainly tell the children what
you say.’’
iTwinkletoes flew three, times round
the microphone (that is the way she
shows she is pleased), and then left
‘“Billy Bunny” to tell the children
that a packet of garden feeeds is being
®nt by 3LO to every boy and girl
rwhose birthday is recorded there. So,
children, those, of you who have not
[sent in your birthdays to 3LO, so as
‘you may receive one of these fairy
[gifts, dot. so, for where could you get
a gift that got better and better the
[more you used it but from a fairy?
[Besides, think of the joy of bringing
[“Billy Bunny” a nice bunch of fairy
Blossoms, that you have grown all by
pourself, from the birthday fairy
gift from 3LO.
THE PAST.
(By “Mintie.)
Where was a time when Pa went out,
WArtd left Ma home to sew;
l utthat was ere, the wireless came;
I There was no 3LO.
mere was a time when Mother said
f The house was dull and slow;
m that was ere the wireless came;
(There was no 3LO.
mere was a time when Grandpa
m snored,
vAnd led the folk a dance;
bit that Avas ere the wirelesdj came,
\ And brought our Norm. McCance.
Vow home is quite d different place,
\And no one cares to stray;
|'hey listen in to 3LO,
And tfiat’s th.e happy way.
FAIRY FLOWERS.
(By “Micky the Sprite.”)
Once upon a time (most fairy
stories commence that way), when
there were no ' Faity Flowers on
earth, a sweet little Fairy, who was
very sad at all the sorrow and sick-
ness among little children, thought
how beautiful it would be if she could
fill the world with love and gladness,
and if she could cheer the little sick
children with sweet perfumed Fairy
Flowers. She called all the Love
Fairies, together, and told them what
she. wanted to do, and they clapped
their hands with joy. They decided
to make a big garden, and bring in
seed from. the deserts tnd'the forests,
and put into them fairy magic, to
make, them grow sweet, and more
beautiful than -ever before. The gar-
den grew, and grew, and grew, and
the Fairies breathed into the flowers,
and when the seed came, they scat-
tered it to the four corners of the
earth. The mortal children grew to
love the Fairy 'Flowers, and the
world was filled with love and joy
and beauty.
After many years the Flower
Fairies came to 3LO with their gar-
den seeds, and in every envelope
going to all the children with birth-
day cards they now slip-in quietly a
packet of seed. . The children are
overjoyed to receive these gifts, and
they are all making gardens like the
fairies did many years ago, so that
they will grow more and more fairy
flowers to. give to their loved ones,
and the little children in hospitals,
and the dear old folk, who are not
able to make a garden for themselves.
Don’t you think. this is a beautiful
thing to do, children? and if you
would like to do your share of scat-
tering the seed of joy and love and”
sunshine, just have your birthday put
in the big birthdav book at 3LO, and
the fairies will do the rest.
SUNDAY SONORA RECITALS
SOUGHT AFTER.
3LO’s Feature Success.
There were some who predicted
failure for the broadcasting of
gramophone records, when 3LO
mooted the Sunday afternoon concerts
some time ago, but then they were not
to know the quality of the concerts
3LO intended to provide. The Sunday
afternoon sonora concerts have proved
one of SLO’s most successful and most
appreciated ventures. Scores of let-
ters of commendation have been re-
ceived. The concerts are given from
2 p.m. till 3 p.m. on Sundays, and the
programmes are always specially
selected'.
Bayreuth Festival Records.
Bayreuth Festival records wera
used for the concert on Sunday, March
18. Bayreuth is a small town in
Bavaria, and ;s not only the Mecca of
all Wagnerites, but also of all lovers
of opera. It is the shrine of Wagner.
Nowhere in the world are the operas
of Wagner to be seen and heard in
such magnificent productions as at
Bayreuth. The members of the or-
chestra at this famous theatre, which
is shaped like a fan, having unique
acoustic properties, are each a profes-
sor of his instriiment. They are actu-
ated not by the high rate of pay, but
by the honor and distinction of being
selected to play at the Wagner
festival.
Wonderful Records.
The records, then, are of distinct
beauty and appeal. On the 18th
March programme will be played
Parsifal, in 15 parts, Siegfried, in
three parts, Rhinegold, in two parts,
and Valkyrie, in two parts. It is an
opportunity for music lovers to hear a
particularly good programme. The
records, when broadcast, are enriched
in tone and color until the listeners
are almost made to believe that they
are listening, eyes closed, to the art-
ists in the flesh.
MARY GUMLEAF. '
(By “Mintie.”) j
Did the Fairies send you, Mary, ’
From their magic land of light? '
/ can hear the Fairy whispers,
When you speak to us, at night.
Birthdays were not half so jolly,
Till we knew the Wireless Bird;.
John and Jean , and Jim and Polly
Scamper when their name is
heard.
Did the Fairies really send you,
From their land to 3LO?
Mary Gumleaf,, tell me truly,
’Cos I’d really LOVE to know.
HELLO! THE HELLO MAN.
Yes, he's writing for the
Mctrch “RADIO” An article
on the serious aspect of the
Bedtime story. He makes you
think more of the value of the
children’s session, and after
reading this article, you feel
confident that the story-teller’s
influence is a great one, and in
the case of 2FC, is in the rigfit
hands.
It is only one of rthe outstand-
ing features of this issue.'

==P.16 - The Economic Radio Stores Ad==

WE SELL IT FOR LESS *&quot;
SATISFACTION
5
SPECIAL
BARGAINS
Parts for “THE FOURSOME TWO” this issue
Cost £4 12/1 r
1 Polished Radion Panel, 12 x 7 x 3/16, cut true 5 3
1 E.C.O. .0005, one hole fixing straightline Condenser . 10 0
1 E.C.O. .00035, one hole fixing straightline Condenser 7 6
2 B.M.S. Vernier Dials, Bakelite, with logging windows, 6/6 13 0
1 Bakelite Former, Cut True, 3x3 1 0
1 ilb. 26 D.C.C. wire 110
1 Crescent 6to 1 Audio Transformer 13 6
1 Philmore Midget Condenser 4 3
1 De Jur, 400 ohm. Potentiometer 4 6
1 Philmore “Certified” 30 ohm. Rheostat 2 0
1 Brachstat Ballast, to suit Valve 4 9
1 Radioakes Radio Frequency Choke 8 6
3 Wetless Mica Condensers, .001, .002, .00025, at 1/6 4 6
1 Philmore 2-meg. leak and holder 2 0
1 Fuller li volt “Inert” dry cell 1 0
1 Everready 4£ volt “C” Battery 2 9
1 B.M.S. Push-pull Battery Switch 1 0
1 Fantail Single Circuit Jack 1 ?
9 Engraved Binding Posts, 4d - 3 JJ
1 Bakelite Strip, for terminal board 0 b
Guaranteed against burn-out for
one year.
“ Crescent ” Audio Transformer
Ratios, 6 to 1
and Sh to 1
13/6
COUNTRY CLIENTS.—Our parts are absolutely guaranteed to give satis-
faction. Send your orders to us conditionally that your money is refunded
if you are not satisfied with the goods upon receipt of same. Goods must
be returned to us within ten days. We Pay Carriage on all Orders of 10/-
and over, except on Speakers, Cabinets, Batteries, and Value Payable
Post Parcels.
Terms Cash with Order, or
Valuable Payable Post.
No discounts.
Valves —no responsibility unless
fragile postage rates are paid
by purchaser.
For QUICK SERVICE address Mail Orders to ECONOMIC RADIO STORES, 492 George Street, SYDNEY
“YOURS FOR LOWER PRICES AND SERVICE THAT SATISFIES”
THE ECONOMIC RADIO STORES
PARR VMATTA:
Cor. Macquarie and Church Sts.
’Phone: UW 9601.
SYDNEY:
25 NEW ROYAL ARCADE,
’Phone: M 6138.
NEWCASTLE:
No. 13 Union St.
’Phone: New. 1622.

==P.17 - The Foursome Two==

'''The Foursome Two'''
THE heading “Foursome Two” may sound ambiguous, but a glance at the diagrams will show why this receiver is so styled. Many readers have written us from time to time, asking for details of a circuit making use of Tetrode valves. Until recently it has been a difficult matter to obtain four electrode valves which were really worth the use thereof from an economical and efficiency view-point, but now it is possible to design a receiver of extreme
economy and yet retain the quality of volume combined with all other requisite features; by the use of suitable Tetrodes. The word Tetrode, as the reader will conclude, is the term applicable to the four electrode valve.
Many readers will probably “stall” at the idea of breaking new ground, and may consider the Tetrode something
beyond their ken until they have sufficiently mastered the ins and outs of the three electrode valve, or Triode.
There are differences, of course, which are material, but these will not pass beyond comprehension for those
who are sufficiently conversant with the function of the Thermionic valve. The main outstanding feature of the
four electrode valve is that it may be used with a considerably lower plate voltage than is possible with a three
electrode valve. A Tetrode of suitable design will also give a much higher amplification for a given B supply them with the Triode.
Evidence of the efficiency of the Tetrode is in the fact that the commercial long and medium wave receiver used for telegraphic communication on ships whose wireless installations are designed by one of the world’s leading wireless companies, uses a single Tetrode valve. The penetrating power of short waves is now well known and trans-world communication established daily; yet the writer remembers well that uncanny feeling when listening in Sydney harbour to signals emanating from GBL Leafield, in England, a few years ago.
The wavelength was in the region of 22,000 metres and the signal perfectly readable using a Tetrode detector and
a separate heterodyne oscillator.
The receiver, as described here, is illustrative of and well adapted to the use of Tetrodes. It will be found perfectly simple to control, highly sensitive, and above all, the last word in economy. A glance at the theoretical diagram will show that there is nothing terrifying to the novice about it. The arrangements of the components is quite straightforward, and mainly because it is thought that the enthusiast who builds such a set as this will want to find out something about its “modus operandi,” more controls are provided than are really necessary. The tuning coil used is centre tapped as shown, although this tapping need not be electrically central. Here is one immediate advantage of this receiver, which is that it is easily adaptable to a highly sensitive and' easily controllable short-wave receiver. In this case, it will, of course, be necessary to materially reduce the capacity of condenser Cl, which is normally .0005 mfd. for the broadcast band. The value of the inductance naturally will also require
LIST OF PARTS FOR THE
FOURSOME TWO.
Although the parts listed below and mentioned throughout the articles were those actually used by us in the receiver
described, it must be pointed out that it is not absolutely essential that they be rigidly adhered to.
Other parts of similar quality and technical values should function quite satisfactorily.
1 Dilecto formica or hard rub-
ber panel 12 x 7 x 3-16 in.
1 Baseboard li x 10 x lin.
1 .0005 variable condenser (Ge-
cophone).
1 .00035 variable condenser
(Gecophone).
If alternative makes, two
good quality vernier dials.
1 3in. former, three inches long.
1 Small reel 26 D.C.C. wire.
1 5 to 1 ratio transformer.
1 50 mfd. midget variable con-
denser.
1 400 ohms potentiometer.
1 30 ohm rheostat.
1 Amperite or Brachstat.
1 R.F. choke (Radiokes).
1 .001 fixe£ condenser.
1 .00025 grid condenser.
1 .002 fixed condenser.
1 Two meg. leak, with clips.
1 li volt dry cell.
1 41 volt C battery.
1 Battery switch.
I Single circuit jack,
9 Terminals.
Wood screws, 16 tinned cop-
ped wire, etc.
Valves recommended, two
Philips A 441.


reduction. A centre tapped coil for
short wave work will render tuning
quite easy with a fairly large value
of variable capacity in shunt. Note,
however, that if this receiver is
adapted for short wave work, that
the micro variable condenser C 3 in
the aerial lead must not under any
circumstances be omitted. This is
invaluable for the avoidance of “dead
spots” where oscillation ceases owing
to harmonics from the aerial-earth
system. For the present, however,
we will discuss the receiver as used
on the broadcast band of wavelengths.
It is interesting to note that if the
inner grid of the detector valve and
the inner grid of the amplifier to the
connections marked G 1 and G 2 were
omitted, then the circuit is virtually
an ordinary three electrode arrange-
ment which would require a mucn
higher value of B voltage.
We are indebted to our British con-
temporary. the “Wireless World,” for
the original idea of this receiver, vide
that well-known writer, Mr. Castel-
lain, B.Sc., and it will be noted that in
accordance with the original circuit
a potentiometer is provided as a
means of~ controlling the grid poten-
tial of the detector valve. A 11 volt
cell is provided in series with the
potentiometer arm and the grid leak.
The only actual advantage of this
potential differentiation, is that both
methods of rectification may be used.
This provides an interesting means of
comparison of the respective advan-
tages or disadvantages of leaky grid
or “anode bend” rectification. It is
possible to change over from one to
the other by simply rotating the
potentiometer control. By using
various settings of the potentio-
meter, the most efficient conditions of
signal strength may he noted There
is nothing complicated about the cir-
cuit which we will now go over in
detail. Condenser Cl is a .0005
variable condenser which should be of
the straight line frequency type. Con-
denser C 2 is also a good quality con-
denser with a capacity of .00025 to
.00035 mfd. C 4 is a grid condenser
of .00025, C 5 is a fixed condenser of
.002, although almost any higher
capacity will do in this position. Con-
denser C 6 has a fixed capacity of
.001, C 3 is a midget variable con-
denser with a maximum capacity of
50 mfd. This is invaluable as an
aid to selectivity and is most impor-
tant as a means of overcctming
“dead spots.” The grid leak has a
value of 2 megs, and the potentio-
meter of 400 ohms. R.F.C. is the
radio frequency choke, which in this
case is a “Radiokes,” but may be of
any other good make or construction.
The inter-valve transformer should
preferably have a ratio of 5 to 1, and
should also be of good manufacture.
The one used in the receiver described
is an A.W.A. The filament rheostat
on the detector has a maximum value
SHORT-WAVE SUPER-
HETERODYNE.
The outstanding article in
the March “RADIO” is by Ray
Allsop, chief engineer of 2BL,
in which he describes the con-
struction and operation of his
special Relay Short-Wave Su-
perheterodyne.
No radio enthusiast or experi-
menter should ?niss this article.


of 30 ohms, and the amplifier valve is
controlled by an automatic ballasting
resistance of the Amperite type. It
will be noted that A negative and B
negative are linked together and the
filament switch placed in the A nega-
tive lead. The tuning coil should
consist of 50 turns of No. 26 D.C.C.
wire on a 3 inch former three inches
long, and centre tapped, as shown.
This may be mounted permanently on
the baseboard or sub panel, but if the
reader desires to use this receiver for
short wave reception, then it is quite
a simple matter to construct a suit-
able mounting, having three pins so
that various plug in coils may be
used. A little experimentation will
be necessary with the number of
turns for short wave work, as the
reader will probably use a condenser
of far too high a capacity. The con-
denser used for broadcast reception
will be quite suitable provided that it
is controlled by a very fine reduction
vernier. For this reason, the Geco-
phone slow motion SLF condenser is
recommended, as it was found quite
easy to control the receiver on the
short wave bands by the use of this
condenser. Here it is well to mention
that the regeneration condenser C 2
should also be provided with a very
fine control if the receiver is to be
used for short waV€ work.
A single circuit jack is provided for
use with the headphones or the loud
speaker, but it should be thoroughly
understood that this receiver is not
designed for loud speaker reproauc-
tion, although this is possible to a
certain degree on strong signals. Al-
though inter-State stations are aud-
ible on the headphone, do not expect
loud speaker reproduction on long
distance signals. Before proceeaing-
any further, it is necessary to say a
little about the valves used with this
receiver. Two Philips A44l’s were
used and found highly satisfactory.
These valves have a filament voltage
of 3-4 volts with a filament current
consumption of .06 ampere. The
plate voltage is from 2 to 20 volts
and the amplification factor 4i. The
filament, pl&amp;te, and outer grid con-
nect in the usual manner with the
valve socket, but the inner grid is
connected with the body of the valve
and terminates with a connector on a
small strip of springy brass. These
valves may be used with any set em-
ploying three Bleotrode valves, by
simply connecting the inner grid to
the B positive of the B battery. Full
details of these valves are supplied
in the carton and they are highly re-
commended by the writer as a most
economical and efficient production.
By obtaining Tetrodes of this nature,
the reader will not subject himself to
any loss, as there are many applica-
tions in which they may be employed.
There are various aspects R.F.
amplification to which a TeLode is
particular’y suited.
A will be required measuring
12 x Tin. with a baseboard measuring
11 x lOin. Layout and mark off the
panel, in accordance with the mea-
surements given in the template dia-
gram. There are two main tuning
controls, consisting of condenser Cl
and C 2 respectiyely. In the receiver
used, these condensers were of Geco-
phone manufacture, but any good con-
densers may be substituted. The
condenser C 2 is the regeneration con-
trol and has a capacity of .00035
mfd. Below this condenser is placed
the single circuit jack. Condenser
Cl is located on the left of the panel
and has a capacity of .0005 mfd. Be-
low this is placed the battery switch.
The two knobs in the centre of the
panel are raspectively the 30 ohm
rheostat and 400 ohm potentiometer.


Mount the panel components first,
having attached the baseboard and
then layout as shown in the back of
panel diagram. The C battery and
the Is volt cell are both mounted on
the baseboard with the components.
Nine terminals are required and are
mounted in the usual way with a strip
of dilecto on the back edge of the
baseboard. A negative and B nega-
tive are linked together. It will be
noticed in the wiring diagram that
terminals G 1 and G 2 are shown with
arrows indicating the connection to
the inner-grids of the two valves.
This may be done by means of a short
length of flex, but if the reader so
desires he may arrange a small spring
clip on the baseboard close to each
valve, so that when the valve is
placed in the socket, the terminal of
the inner-grid will connect with the
clip. To avoid confusion, it is best to
make these two connections last of
all. Commence the wiring with the
filament circuit. From B negative, A
negative take a lead to one side of
the filament switch, and to the nega-
tive filament terminal of both valve
sockets. The positive terminal of the
volt C battery is also connected to
the negative filament supply. • Con-
nect up one side of condenser C 6 and
the potentiometer to the negative
filament supply and continue to the
earth terminal. From A positive join
to one side of the ballasting resist-
ance, controlling the second valve and
also to one side of the potentiometer.
From the aerial terminal run a con-
nection to one side of the 50 mfd.
variable condenser, and the other side
of this condenser to the rotor plates
of the tuning condenser Cl. The
rotor plates of this condenser are also
connected to one end of the coil. Join
up one side of condenser C 4, which is
the grid condenser with the rotor
plates of Cl and the other side of the
grid condenser to the grid terminal of
the first valve socket. The two meg-
ohm grid leak is connected to this
grid also, and thg other side to the
negative terminal of the 1 h volt bat-
tery and one side of C 5 as shown.
The other side of C 5 is connected to
the negative filament. The positive
terminal of the 1£ volt cell is con-
nected to the moving arm of the
potentiometer. Now connect up the
centre tap of the coil with the earth,
and the stator plates of condenser Cl
with the other end of the coil and
the stator nlates of the regeneration
condenser C 2. From the rotor plates
of C 2, a connection is made to the
plate of the first valve and one side
of the R.F. choke. The other side
of this choke is connected to . ter-
minal P of the primary of the inter-
valve transformer, and also to the
other side of the by-pass condenser
C 6. Terminal B of the primary of
the inter-valve transformer is con-
nected to the B positive D terminal
on the mounting strip. Terminal G
of the transformer secondary is con-
nectcd to he grid terminal of the
second valve socket in the usual way,
and terminal F to the negative ter-
minal of the 41 volt C battery. From
one side of the single circuit jack,
take a lead to the plate of the second
valve and the other side to the B
positive A terminal on the strip.
The other side of the 30 ohm rheostat
is connected to the positive filament
terminal of the first valve, and the
ballasting resistance to the positive
filament terminal of the second valve.
Place the valves in the sockets and
join up the two terminals G 1 and G 2
by means of a length of flex with the
terminal on the cap of each valve. A
four volt accumulator or dry cells
will be required with a B battery hav-
ing intermediate tappings up to zO
volts. The voltage on the inner grid
of each valve should be from 2 to 4
volts, but the reader will soon find
the best potential to apply. Connect
up the batteries and the aerial and
earth and plug in the telephones.
The tuning will be found exactly
similar to a Reinartz receiver, and
the strength of signals equal to a two
valve receiver using Triodes with the
normal higher B voltage. The first
test of this receiver was made with
an extremely long aerial in an un-
screened position, and owing to this
the variable midget condenser was
found to be a valuable asset toward
selectivity. Rotate condenser Cl
until a station is tuned in and then
increase the capacity of C 2 until
maximum volume is obtainable with-
out oscillation. Vary the setting of
the potentiometer, and note the dif-
ference in the control of oscillation.
It will be found that reaction is per-
fectly smooth, and that there is no
bangsring into oscillation and out
again. Inter-State stations were
easily received on the headphones,
and 2BL, 2FC and 2GB well audible
in a medium sized loud speaker. Sub-
sequently the coil was changed for a
short wave coil, and the receiver
proved itself admirably suited for re-
ception at the higher frequencies.
For this reason, Gecophone con-
densers were used owing to their ex-
tremely fine control. By using a
centre tapped coil the higher capacity
of the condensers was not seriously
detrimental to tuning. The receiver
proved itself intensely interesting,
being efficient and, above all, ex-
tremely economical.
OVER FIFTY Inverell residents
accepted the invitation of their Dis-
trict Hospital committee to attend
the official opening of the hospital
radio set, the installation of which
was completed three weeks ago.
The night was ideal for the occa-
sion, and reception could not have
been much clearer. Shortly after 8
o’clock a message of congratulation
came over the air from 2FC, Sydney:
“Hello, Inverell. We congratulate
the committee of your hospital on its
decision to install wireless, and the
successful conclusion of its efforts.
We also congratulate the generous
people of Inverell and district who
have made possible the installation.
If they desire any thanks, we ask
them to look to-night at the smiling
faces of Doreen Jarrett, Jackie Hoey,
and George Truman, in the children’s
ward.”
Following this message, the gather-
ing listened for an hour to pro-
grammes broadcast from stations in
Sydney and Melbourne.
Mr. McKie, president of Tingha
Hospital, said he hoped the time was
not far distant when his hospital
would also have a radio installation.
Ho remarked that wireless was one
of the finest things that could be in-
stalled in any hospital.
The cost of the installation was
£l6O. The set is a Bremer Tully.
There are 27 pairs of head-’phones
for patients, as well as three loud-
speaker points in the wards. There
is also a loud-speaker point in the
nurses’ quarters and the matron’s
room.
♦
JAZZ NIGHTS.
The regular Wednesday jazz nights
are proving very popular at 4QG, and
messages, reporting appreciative re-
ception of the music by Alf. Feather-
stone and his Studio Syneopators,
continue to reach the station. It has
been the practice lately to include
humorous items between dance num-
bers, and this, too, has been greatly
appreciated.
+ __
WIRELESS IN FLOOD TIME.
The very heavy rains of the past
week, resulting in flooding through-
out the State, brings home the value
of wireless to those living in low-
lying areas.
4QG makes a point of broadcast-
ing the fullest information, as sup-
plied by the Weather Bureau and the
newspapers, so that those whose
lives may be in danger by flood shall
receive ample warning of an impend-
ing rise in the water-courses to dan-
ger level. To country residents es-
pecially, wireless is a necessity, for
when mails are held up through im-
possible roads, they are supplied
through the ether with the latest
news and .weather bulletins.
WHAT IS A HAM?
Ever thought how the word
“Ham” came to be applied to
Amateur Radio Experimenters?
The dictionary does not mention
the connection. Few Hams
themselves can give you an au-
thentic account of its deriva-
tion. 2ZY does so, though , in
the March “RADIO.” All en-
thusiasts should read this amus-
ing skit on radio fanatic.

==P.21 - Wireless Sought as Aid to Sport==

'''Wireless Sought as Aid to Sport.'''   '''Its Worth Recognised'''
ONE of the surest evidences of
ignorance is fear. Only a few
months ago sporting organisa-
tions, chief among them racing clubs,
were clamoring for a ban on the
broadcasting of fixtures. They
thought it would keep people away.
To-day these same people welcome
with open arms the broadcasting of
sporting fixtures, knowing wireless as
the greatest advertising medium the
world has ever known. Confidence is
one of the most reliable indications of
knowledge.
3LO’S Big Part.
3LO has played a big part in bring-
ing about this change of attitude. It
has taught sporting bodies to regard
wireless not as an enemy, but as an
ally. It has done this through service
—service to sporting organisations
and to the public of Australia. Its
successful descriptions over the air of
important sporting fixtures in all
branches has done much to bring
about a tremendous uplift in the
standard of Australian sport. Aus-
tralian swimmers, cyclists, runners,
and tennis players, to mention a few,
have done things which none thought
they could accomplish. Why?' Be-
cause wireless, 3LO particularly, has
created a new public interest in these
men, and as a consequence a new de-
sire to excel in the men themselves.
Services Paid for Overseas.
Such is the demand for wireless
publicity from various sporting
bodies that 3LO has found it impos-
sible to accede to their requests al-
ways. This is evidence of the general
appreciation of the usefulness of
wireless as a means of popularising
and making known a particular sport
The experience of broadcasting com-
panies overseas has been the same
as that of 3LO. The difference is,
however, that sporting organisations
in other countries, notably America,,
often offer the companies large sums
of money to broadcast their fixtures,
realising that they can reach far more
people in the best possible way than
by any other means. Wireless, in
sport, has become indispensable.
Sustaining Interest.
What wireless really does for sport
Is this. It sustains interest among
those who follow a sport, it enlight-
ens others on what is doing, and it
keeps all right up to the minute with
his or her favorite sport so that there
is little likelihood of interest waning,
and supporters of any sport falling
off. Wireless is daily creating new
fans. Overwhelming evidence in
support of these statements is found
in every branch of sport. Wrestling
was never spoken of in more than a
hundred Melbourne homes until wire-
less descriptions of the Stadium
matches were broadcast. What was
the result? The wrestling fever
spread and one of the biggest wrest-
ling booms the Commonwealth has
ever known ensued.
Tennis and Cycling.
Tennis and cycling have never en-
joyed such wide popularity as they do
to-day in Australia. The attendances
at tennis matches Were, until recently,
notoriously small. Even international
matches failed to awaken much in-
terest. Then the matches were
broadcast, and the result—Kooyong
not large enough to hold the crowds
which wanted to see the last cham-
pionships there. The newspapers at
the time commented upon this new in-
terest, speaking of the sudden de-
velopment of the “fan” in tennis— an
individual to take a place with the
football and cricket fan armies.
Cycling, too, has benefited immeasur-
ably from the publicity given it by ac-
counts broadcast by 3LO from the
motordrome. It was largely due to
the interest created in our cyclists
that Australia was able to send away
her Tour de France team. That *s
generally conceded.
Cricket and Racing.
Of cricket is has been said that it
cannot be adequately described over
the air. But the interest which broad-
cast accounts of big matches creates,
has been reflected in the big attend-
ances at Sheffield Shield matches this
year. When Ponsford was making his
record score against Queensland re-
cently the crowds flocked out to see
him. They had heard of it on the
wireless. Again, when things looked
black for Victoria in the match against
New South Wales here, the crowds
flocked to the M.C.C. to watch the
struggle. 3LO had told of the fight in
progress. The broadcasting of horse
races is undoubtedly a big factor in
maintaining interest. Men, and women
too, are able to follow form almost as
well as if they were watching the
races. Nothing can compare, of
course, with the actual thrill of watch-
ing a race, but then, only wireless could
fill the gap, as it were, for those who
are unable to go some Saturday.
Gustav Froelich to Attack Back
Stroke Record.
The performances of the German
swimmer, Gustav Froelich, since his
arrival in Australia have stamped him
as among the world’s foremost swim-
mers. At the Y.M.OA. baths on
Thursday, March 15, Froelich will at-
tack the world’s 100 yards back stroke
record. The attempt will be described
by 3LO, and should prove of absorbing
interest to swimmers all over the
Commonwealth, ft will be&lt; remem-
bered that it was at the Y.M.C.A.
baths last year that Ivan Stedman
made an onslaught on the 220 yards
breast stroke record in an effort Ko
win the 3LO cup, given to an athlete
who breaks an Australian record.
Stedman was successful, and was pre-
sented with the cup.
Roller Cycling Championship.
An account of the Green Mill roller
cycling championship of Victoria will
be broadcast by 3LO on the night of
March 19.
Interstate School Cricket.
3LO has made arrangements to
broadcast results of the triangular
State school cricket matches between
Victoria, New South Wales and
Queensland to be played in Sydney on
March 22nd and 23rd. Thousands of
school children in all States, and in the
three States concerned particularly,
will be eager to hear the accounts of
the doings of their champions.
Frank Beaurepaire to Talk.
Holder of 120 championship titles,
Frank Beaurepaire is undoubtedly en-
titled to the honor of Australia’s most
famous swimmer. “Boy” Charlton
and other young performers have
brought renown to Australia with
their feats, but Beaurepaire’s remarkable consistency has won for him a distinction which younger exponents
cannot yet lay claim to. Included in Beaurepaire’s 120 championships are 20 championships of Australia, 14 of
England, five of France, three of Belgium and four of Finland.
Frank is recognised, therefore, as an authority on swimming, and it is with particular pleasure that 3LO announces that he will speak from the studio on the night of March_2o on the subject of “General Swimming Technique.” Beaurepaire has been swimming for nearly 30 years, and only this year won the 880 yards championship otf Victoria—a wonderful performance for a swimmer who was opposed to youths just getting into their swimming stride.
In all those years of active participation on champion:«hips the world over Beaurepaire has assimilated a fund of knowledge on all swimming points imaginable. The popular saying, “What he does not know about it is not worth knowing,” might aptly be applied to Frank Beaurepaire.
March 20 offers an exceptional opportunity for swimmers to learn some helpful points on swimming.

==P.22 - Radio in ANZ Ad==

Have The March ( Radio ’
Delivered To Your door
See Also
Subscription Form
on Page 62
LTERE is your opportunity of
1 1 making sure of receiving a copy of the special exhibition issue of ‘ RADIO ’ delivered free to your
home.
You should not miss this issue even
if you do not get ‘ RADIO ’ regular-
ly, for it contains, in addition to the
two leading technical articles of the
year, short stories of merit, humorous
articles illustrated by the best artists
and numerous other features, both
important and interesting to radio
enthusiasts.
PLEASE send post free to the follow-
ing address, one copy of the
Special Exhibition Number of
“RADIO,” for March 21, 1928, for
which I enclose 1/1 in stamps.*
Name . . . . ? . ... ..... .r.?.-. . . .
Add reSS &gt; .' • •
*•» .... . f*T»l . • !«X.' .
• • . . • « v
• &gt;?
•Note. —This places me under no obligation
rhatever to subscribe regularly to “Radio.”
Fill in, clip oat, and forward this
coupon to the “Circulation Department,
Wireless Newspapers, Ltd., 51
Castlereagh-street, Sydney,” enclosing
1/1 in stamps. A copy of the Special
MARCH Issue of “Radie” will be
posted to you by return mail.

==P.23 - BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES==

BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES
for the COMING WEEK
Friday, March 23
2FC, SYDNEY.
Farmer’s Broadcasting Service.
Wave Length, 442 Metres.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
,10.15 a.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A reading. •
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m.— Studio music.
11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and
Recipes by Miss Ruth Furst.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 P-m. “Big Ben.” Weather intelligence
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news 'ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1-20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 P-m. Eileen Moreau, soprano.
1-34 p.m.—Studio music.
1-55 p.m.—Eileen Moreau, 60Drano.
2 P-m.—“ Big Ben.” Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m. Big Ben” and announcements.
p.m.—Thelma Mitchell, mezzo:
“Big Lady Moon” (Coleridge Taylor).
3.7 p.m.—Popular records.
3.15 p.m.—Kathleen Colls, mezzo.
3.19 p.m.—Studio music.
3.26 p.m.—Thelma Mitchell, mezzo:
“That’s All”” (Brahe).
3.30 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall, on
the occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibi-
tion, a programme by 2FC artists:
Harry Whyte, novelty pianist:
(a) “My Pet” (Confrey).
(b) “Bluin’ the Black Keys” (Schutt).
8-38 p.m.—Daisy Sweet, contralto:
Sk !l,? Ummer Night” (Thomas).
(b) Still, as the Night” (Bohm).
Platf ° rm of the Sydney Town
3.46 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumental novel-
ties:
“Stars an Stripes for Ever” (Sousa).
3.54 p.m. William Bowyer, basso:
“Sea Haven” (Anderson).
3.59 p.m.—Claire violinist:
“Concerto” (de Beriot).
4.5 p.m.—Daisy Sweet, contralto-
ihl °f, Ve ” (de P^yvaal).
(b) My Rose” (Langtry).
4.11 p.m.—Sammp Cope, instrumental novelty:
“Because I Love You” (Berlin).
4.18 p.m.—William Bowyer, basso:
“All a Merry Maytime” (Ronald).
4.21 p.m.—Claire Hartgs, violinist:
“Midnight Bells” (Kreisler).
4.2 G p.m.—Harry Whyte, novelty pianist:
“Pianoflage” (Lange).
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Kathleen Colls, mezzo.
4.35 p.m.—Studio music.
4.47 p.m.—Results of the Cricket Match,
played in New Zealand to-day:
Australia versus New Zealand.
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
5.45 p.m.—The “Hetyo Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story tipie for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
The 2FC Racing Commissioner will give the
latest Sporting Information.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m. Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News’’ late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
&lt;•45 p.m.—S. Gordon Lavers talks on the
“Music Teachers’ Conference”:
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
“A Seat in the Park.”
8.10 p.m.—From the platfoqp of the Sydney
Town Hall, or the occasion of
The Radio Electrical Exhibition,
A programme by 2FC a.-tists:
Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Red Lips Kiss My Blues Away” (Bryan
Movaco Wendling).
(b) “My Idea of Heaven” (Johnson Sher-
man Tobias).
8.18 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall:
Eileen Boyd, contralto;
(a) “Still as the Night” (Bohm).
(b) “Soul of Mine” (Burns).
8.26 p m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter-
tainers :
(a) “Ain’t that too bad.”
(b) Piano solo, Selected.
8.34 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Blue Room” (Rodgers).
(b) “The Girl Friend” (Rodgers).
8.42 p.m.—Wally Baynes, well-known come-
dian in Drolleries.
8.52 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor:
(a) “The Message” (Blumenthal).
(b) “Dolorosa” (Montague Phillips).
9 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “I won’t kiss ycu Good-night” (Tucker
Moore).
(b&gt; “Russian Lullaby” (Berlin).
9.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
&gt;A talk on Sport by ,T. H. Fay:
“Secrets of the World’s Jumpnig Cham-
pions.”
9.25 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto:
!!™ e Silver Ring ” (Chaminade).
(b) When all was Young” (Gounod).
9.33 p.m.—Ernest Archer, - tenor •
“My Beloved Queen” (Fabian 'Rose)
9.3 &lt; p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band •
(o) “Yesterday” (Wilhite).
(b) “My Regular Girl” (Warren-Green).
9.47 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenos:
&quot;The Message&quot; (Bkimenthal).
9.51 p.m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter-
tainers :
(a) “You can’t walk back from an aer*“’'l‘**
ride.”
(b) Banjo novelty.
10 p.m.-—“Big Ben.”
Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Grand and Glorious” (Yellen-Ager).
(b) ‘Doll Dance” (Brown).
10.12 p.m.—Wally Baynes, comedian:
(a) &quot;When Banana Skins are Falling” (Mil-
ler).’
(b) “The Railway Porter” (Scott).
10.20 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Me and My Shadow” (Dreyer).
“ Just like a Butterfly” (Dixon Woods).
10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.31 p.m. C&gt;ril Coy's Dance Band:
(a) “There's a something nice about you”
(Wendling).
tb) “A Night in June” (Friend).
10.57 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and late
news.
11 P-m. —“Big Ben.”
Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
Popular numbers.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem
2BL, SYDNEY
Broadcaster’s Ltd.
Wave Length, 353 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION. 8 to 9 am.
MORNING SESSION.
10 m° a m ~ G -P O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from the Studio.
10 p^r?af” NeW8 fr ° m the Da ‘ ,y Te,egra P h
IO.SO a.m.—Musical programme from the
otuaio.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Talk on “Croquet,” by Miss Gwen Varley.
Broadcast r’s Women’s Sports Authority.
Social Notes. Replies to Correspondents.
Talk on “heeding the Family,” by Mrs.
Jordan.
12 noon. G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Spec.a l ocean, forecast and weather report,
o, p : m —Musical programme from the
otuaio.
12.8 P.m. -Information, mails, shipping, and
port directory.
12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless.
12.13 p.m.—Fruit market report.
12.16 p.m.—Vegetable market report.
L pm ' London metal market report.
12-19 p.m.—Dairy farm and produce market
report.
12.22 p.m.—Forage market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit market report,
toon P-m * —Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—-H.M.V. Gramaphone recital.
J on p,m '— Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Talk to
nu-Vj en • an £ special entertainment for
Children in Hospital.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.


AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information broadcast immediately
after each race by courtesy of the &quot;Sun”
Newspapers.
8 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Talk by Mrs. Jordan.
3.15 p.m.—Civil Service Stores Trio, direc-
tion, Miss de Courcey Bremer.
3.30 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk on “Sweets,” by Miss Kathleen Jor-
dan.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Civil Service Stores Trio.
4.15 p.m.—Talk on &quot;The Women of Ancient
Rome.”
8.35 p.m.—Pianoforte Recital from the Studio.
4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
4.55 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
5 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Fruit and vegetable
Market report. Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce Report (&quot;Sun.”).
N.R.M.A. Talk.
6.45 p.m.—Country news from the “Sun.”
f p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Gulbransen Dinner Music.
f. 30 p.m.—Talk on &quot;Gardening Science,” by
Mr. Cooper. Park Superintendant City
Council.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dance Night. Anne Henderson's Happiness
Girls in Dance Numbers.
6 p.m.—The Sporting Editor of the “Sun”
will talk on the prospects of Saturday's
racing.
6.15 p.m.- Romano’s Restaurant dance orches-
tra, under the direction of Mr. Merv Lyons,
broadcast from Romano’s.
6.25 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Gordon Ireland (songs at the Piano).
9.30 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orcbes-
tra.
8.42 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Douglas Graham (Scotch Comedian).
8.49 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orches-
tra.
9.59 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Gordon Ireland.
10.6 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orches-
tra.
10.16 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Douglas Graham.
10.23 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares, Government Meteorologist.
10.30 p m. —Romano’s Restaurant dance or-
chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv.
Lyons. During intervals between dances,
“Sun” news will be broadcast.
11.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea.
National Anthem.
2GB, SYDNEY
Theosophical Broadcasting Service.
Wave Length, 316 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m. —Music.
10.10 ajn.—Happiness Talk by Alfred E.
Bennett.
10.20 a.m. —Music.
10.30 a.m. —Women’s Session by Miss Helen
J. Beegling.
11 a.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2 p.m.—Music.
2.7 p.m.—Address.
2.22 p.m.—Music.
2.37 p.m.—Address by Miss Needham.
3 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
5.30 p.m.—Music and Childrens’ Session by
Uncle George.
7 p.m.—The Joys of Wireless.
7.15 p.m.—Music.
7.30 p.m.—Address by Arthur Beaufoy.
7.45 p.m.—Music.
8 p.m.—Opening Chorus.
8.2 p.m.—Violin Sonata by Mr. Dan Scully
and Mr. Leonard Brewer.
8.15 p.m.—Address.
8.30 p.m.—2Gß Vocal Quartette:
Miss Ethel Jones, Miss Eva Casimir, Mr.
Thomas Hall, Mr. Clement Hosking.
8.38 p.m.—Flute solos by Mr. Leslie Sproule.
8.45 p.m. —Songs by Miss Eva Casimir.
8.62 p.m. —Pianoforte solos by Miss Molly
Jones.
9 p.m.—Recital by Mr. Heath Burdock.
9.20 p.m. —2GB Vocal Quartette.
9.27 p.m. —Violin Duets by Mr. Dan Scully
and Mr. Leonard Brewer.
9.35 p.m.—Songs by Miss Ethel Jones.
9.42 p.m. —Flute Solos by Mr. Leslie Sproule.
9.50 p.m.—Songs by Mr. Clement Hosking.
10 p.m.—Close down.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
Broadcasting Co. of Aust.
Wave Length, 371 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Morning Session.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.27 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
7.33 a m.—Weather forecast for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m. —News.
8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal.
8.1 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
8.5 a.m. —News. Sporting information.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—3EO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comfort* with a
minimum of cash.
HOME-MADE SOAP.
3Vs-lbs. fat (use all burn or waste fat from
kitchen).
5 quarts water, %-lb. resin.
1 tin caustic soda (small), 3 tablespoons
borax.
Clarify fat (if burnt or discolored) by
boiling it in 1-pint water. Pour it into a
the sedment off the bottom of the fat.
tin and allow it to set. Next day scrape
• Melt fat and allow it to become warm.
Dissolve caustic soda in the water, mix in
the fat, soa, resin and borax. Stir until
well mixed. Put on to the fire and str
until boiling. Boil two hours. Pour into
a box lined with a wet cloth. Next
day cut into blocks and allow to dry. It
is a splendid laundry kitchen soap.
11.5 a.m.—MRS. EWAN LITTLEJOHN:
“A Talk to the Mothers of Girl Guides and
those who wish to join.”
11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m.—&quot;AU FAIT.” l
11.40 a.m.—Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—Under the ausices of the Public
Health Deartment, DR. VERA SC-ANTLE-
BURY will speak on:
“Summer Dangers to Infants.”
AFTERNOON SESSION.
12 noon. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchang e this day.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
Reuters’ and The Australian Press Asso-
ciation cables. “Argus” news service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Rus:et and Gold” (Sanderson).
12.30 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“The Blind Ploughman” (Clarke).
“I Pitch my Caravan” (Coates).
12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, violin:
“Hullamzo Ballaton” (Hubay).
12.47 p.m.—ALMA HORLOCK, soprano:
&quot;There are Fairies at the Bottom of th*
Garden” (Lehman).
“If no one ever marries me (Lehman).
12.54 a.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Lonely Hours” (English).
“Contra Dance” (Beethoven).
1 p.m.—Melbourne Observatory Time SignaL
1.1 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“Verti La Giubba” (Leoncavallo).
“Requiem” (Homer).
1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather forecast for Victoria, Tasmania,
New South Wales and South Australia.
Ocean forecast. River reports.
FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH will con-
tinue her Viola Recitals. To-day she will
give
“Concerto for Alto Viola,” 2nd movement
(Garl Stanitz).
1.25 p.m.—ALMA HORLOCK, soprano:
&quot;Nicaela’s Aria” (Carben).
“Le Roi D’ys” (Lale).
1.32 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Jevington Suite” (Loughborough).
&quot;Nocturne” (Crest).
1.45 p.m.—Close down.
2.15 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA :
Selection, &quot;The Boy” (Monckton).
“Siamese Patrol” (Lincke).
2.30 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone:
“The Temple Bells” (Finden).
&quot;Marguerita” (Lohr).
2.37 p.m.—THE KNOCKABOUTS:
Those Scintillating, Syncopating Sentiment-
alists, in:
“You guess—and see who is right.”
2.44 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
&quot;La Sera Melodie” (Gounod).
3 p.m.—FRANCES FRASER:
“TRAVEL, LITERATURE AND ART,
AND THEIR CORRELATION. ‘Home Keep-
ing youths have ever lonely wits,' was the
way in which Shakespeare indicates the
value of travel, and Bacon followed by writ-
ing an essay full of advice to those about
to travel; but merely travelling about from
one place to another place is not an educa-
tion, nor is it even a pleasure, unless the
eyes are open to see, the ears to hear and
the mind to receive impressions of the life
of various nations, as it is expressed in
their customs, their music, their art, and
their literature.”
3.15 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
&quot;Andante Cantabile” (Tschaikowskj).
&quot;March Characteristique Orientale” (Mar-
key).
3.26 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, Soprano:
&quot;A thrush’s Love Song”
&quot;Music When Soft Voices Die' (Bishop).
3.33 p.m.—GILBERT BISHOP, violin aolo:
Selected.
3.40 p.m.—HUXHAM’S SERENADERS:
Hugh Huxham, Renn Millar,
Edith Huxham, Dolly Burdett.
Quartette: &quot;Smiling Eyes,” The Quartette.


Solo, “Go to Sea,” Rann Millar.
Chas. McFee, Tenor Sax —Selected.
Eastern Quartette, “Cairo,” Edith Huxhara
and Company.
Humorous item, “ Vs Wonder Why,”
The Quartette.
Ned Tyrrell, Banjo—Selected.
Operatic Quartette, “The Waltz Song,”
from “Romeo and Juliet,” Serenader
Quartette.
4 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
‘ Andante Cantabile from the First Sym-
phony” (Beethoven).
4.10 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone;
“Non e Ver” (Nattei).
’“The Adjutant” (Fischer).
4.17 p.m.—THE KNOCKKABOUTS, in more
“Scintillating, Syncopating Sentimentalism”
4.24 p.m.—THE STATION CRCHESTRA:
“Dance of the Egyptian Maidens.”
“March of Triumph,” “Enlry of the Gladiators” (Fuick). *•-
4.34 p.m.—MOLLY V A OKAY, soprano:
“Pipes of Pan.”
“The Cuckoo” (Lehmann).
4.41 p.m.—PERCY CODE, Cornet solo:
Selected.
4.45 p.m.—Special Weather report from Adelaide. Weather report fc .* Mildura district.
4.46 p.m—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Adagio Sosteni.to” (Be. thoven).
Selected.
5 p.m.—“Herald” news ervice. Stock Exchange information.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6120 p.m.—CAPTAIN DONALD MacLEAN,
“The Spanish Conquests—“ How the Dons discovered the treasures of the World.”
6.35 p.m.—“BILLY BUNNY”:
&quot;Stories of the Australian Bash.”
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket Stock Sales by the Associated Stock and Station Agents, Bourke-street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Excharge information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish Market reports by J. R. Bcr-
rett. Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River report*-.
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry, Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce, Potatoes, and Onions. Market reports of Fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Association. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
Fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants, Association. Citrus fruits.
17.30 p.m.—Under the Auspices of the
r DEPARTMENT OF ACRICULTURE, J.
BRAKE, Senior Inspector of the Agriculture Department, will speak on “Wheat
Cultivation in New Malle ? Country.”
7.45 p.m.—COLLINWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
March, “Gladiator’s Farewell.”
Novelty March, “Awake” (Handel).
7.55 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“The Erl King” (Schubert).
“Vulcan Song” (Gounod).
8.2 p.m.—H. K. LOVE:
'‘Technicalities.*
Mr. Love will be glad to attend to your wireless difficulties, and we ask you to write to him for any advice that you may require.
8.12 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
“Soldiers' Chorus” (“Fiust”).
8.19 p.m.—MOLLY MACXAY, soprano:
&quot;Musetta’s Song.”
“Wind Song” (Rodgers).
8.26 p.m.—ERIC AKINS will speak on
“To-morrow’s Events at the Motordrome.”
8.36 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
Trombone solo, “The Tyrcban.”
(Soloist, A. Thorn.
“Selected.”
8.46 p.m.—ZRNEST SAGE, baritone:
“O, lhank Me Not” (A. ] lallinson).
“Over the Westeri. Sea.”
“Sing, Break into ; ong.”
8.53 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS*
BAND:
Selection from Comic Opera.
9.3 p.m.—HUGH HUXHAM’S SERENADERS.
Quartette: “Isle of Bim Bam Boo,”
The Quartette.
Solo, ”c,mile Through Y'.ur Tears”:
Dolly Burdett. contralt .
LES RICHMOND, Piano:
“Selected.”
Humorous item:
&quot;the Silv’ry Sea,” The Quartette
Quartet, “The Yale Flues,” The Quartette.
TASMA TIERNAN;
’Cello, “Selected.”
Operatic Quartette:
“Companiona,” from “Ernani,” The Quar-
«etu.
9.„0 p.m.-COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS*
BAND:
Selected.
9.30 p.m.—PROGRAMME OF GIPSY MUSIC
arranged by MISS MARY CAMPBELL, of the Albert Street Conservatorium.
MARY KINGSTON and DAWN HARDING.
Duets:
“Know Ye, Loved One” (Brahma).
“From Woods Around” (Korbay).
IDA SCOTT. Piano:
“Hungarian Dance” (Brahms).
DAWN HARDING, Songi
“o*er the Lit ic Lily” (Koj jay).
“My Brown Boy” (Korbay).
MARY GASKIN, violin:
“Hungarian I.'ance No. 5, G Minor”
(Brahms-Hu bay).
MARY KINGSTON, songs-
“ Sun Brown J r.d is Leading” (Brahma).
“Rosebuds T 1 rc &quot; (Brahms*
IDA SCOTT, Piano;
“Spanish Gipsy Dance” (Mowrey).
DAWN HARDING. Songs:
“Songs My Mother Taught Me” (Dvorak).
“Cloudy Heights of Tatra” (Dvorak).
MARY GASKIN, Songs:
'“Down in the Valley,” Hungarian Folk Songs.
“Gipsy Music.”
“The Gipsy’s Price.”
IDA SCOTT. Piano:
“Hungarian Dance” (MacDowell).
J. TOWARD KING, baritone i
“Fad a Horse” (Korbay).
Vihepherd, see thy horse’s foaming mane”
(Korbay).
Accompaniste: Ida Scott.
10.27 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteorological information. Road notes. BritishOfficial wireless news from Rugby. IslandShipping notes. The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s SAFETY MESSAGE for Today is for MOTORISTS:
“Always carry a spare bulb for your headlights, the same as you do a spare tyre.’ -
10.30 p.m.—“CARDIGAN” (Mr. H. A. Wolfe) will speak on tomorrow’s races. Results of Triangular State School Cricket between
Victoria, N.S.W. and Queensland, played at Sydney.
10.53 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Battling Butler” (Braham).
11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“Let no man be sorry he has done good ;
because otherr. concerned with him have
done evil. If a man acted right, he has
done well, though alone; if wrong, the
sanction of all mankind will not justify
him.” —Fieldi ig.
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS.
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
Associated Radio Co. J
Wave Length, 484 Metres.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928. j
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
3AR, Melbourne, —Friday, March 23, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSIOTT.*
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 258 Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton, Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
2 p.m—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance
Session by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band.
All the latest popular hits, each one announced prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m.-‘-Melbourne Concert Orchestra*
Suite: “The Fragrant Year” (Ewing&gt;,
2.44 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano*
2.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra*
3.8 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano:
“Duetto” (Mendelssohn).
3.12 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
3.35 p.m.—lnterval Talk on Cookery in the House.
3.45 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano.
5.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
4 p.m.—-G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.pi.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous entertainer : v
“My Word. You Do Look Queer” (Weston and Lee).
4.10 p.m.—Mtlbourne Concert Orchestra:
“On Jheluua River” (Amy Woodforde-Finden).
4.26 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, trumpet:
“Macushla&quot; (Margetson).
4.30 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock humorous entertainer :
“The Market&quot; (Wilcocfc).
4.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
4.55 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment. Announcements.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says &quot;Five.” God Save the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—3AR’S Cousin Peter.
EVENING SESSION.
BALL ROOM AND CONCERT HALL.
7.15 p.m.—Health Session : Mr. George Beattie, Principal of the Beattie College of Physical Culture, on “Physical Fitness.”
7.30 p.m.—Sport Session: “Harlequin” presents his budget of news and comments on Sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s Stock Reports.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.”
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“L’Arlesienne, Part 2” (Bizet).
8.18 p.m.—Miss Diane Lovell, soprano.
8.26 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians._
8.42 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
“Elegie,” unaccompanied (Donjou).
6.46 p.m.—Mr. Norman Carter, entertainer*
Some more Snapshots.
8.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Qrchestr#,
9.9 p,m.—Miss Diane Lovell, soprano.
9.16 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
0.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert. Orchestra :
Selection: “The Cabaret Girl” (Kern).
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Tep.”
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, specially for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m.—Mr. Michael Connolly, Irish baritone.
10.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
10.27 p.m. —Mr. Michael Connolly, Irish baritone.
10.35 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.50 p.m.—“Age” News Bulletin, exclusix s to
3AR.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” GodSave the King.


4QG, BRISBANE.
j Queensland Radio Service
Wave Length, 385 Metres.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
1 p.m.—Market reports ; weather information ;
“The Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard”
news.
1.30 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p-m.—Standard time signal.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times.
3.31 p.m.—A programme of music.
4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph” news; weather
news.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
€ p.m.—Mail train running times: “Daily Standard” news; weather information; announcements.
6.10 p.m.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “The Sandman.”
7 p.m.—Special news service; market reports; stock reports.
7JO p.m.—Weather news ; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signal.
7.45 p.m.—A review of to-morrow’s racyvg.
NIGHT SESSION.
The first portion of the programme will comprise a radio novelty.
Station 4QG has received from Palings the full parts for a choral number. These have not been seen by any person and have been placed in a sealed package.
At eight o'clock the station will change across to the Brisbane Scho«d of Arts, where the Brisbane Eisteddfod Choir (Conductor, Mr. Robinson), will be at work. 4QG's Announcer will hand the sealed package to the conductor of the choir before the microphone and he will open it, distribute the parts and immediately commence a rehearsal.
The conductor of the choir has promised that by half-past eight the' choir will give a first-class rendering of the number which
neither he nor any of the choristers have seen.
8 p.m.—From the Brisbane School of Arts.
Radio Novelty—The Brisbane Eisteddfod
Choir at Rehearsal.
PART 11.
In response to numerous requests, particularly from returned soldiers, the third of the three diggers' plays which were broadcast last year—“ The Battalion Reunion” —will be repeated.
The first and second of the three “Off Duty” and “Homeward Bound” were repeated in January and February.
“The Battalion Reunion” is a radio play in
■which the adventures of four diggers who meet at a Smoke Concert after twelve months in civil life are related.
Cast:
Dad Mr. Tom Mullar
Bill Mr. H. Gilroy
Snowy Mr. Ray Bruce
Long ’Un Mr. J. P. Cornwell
Yvonne Miss Thelma Champion
The Colonel Mr. G. Williamson
Speaker Mr. A. Rees
Officers. Chairman, comrades, etc., by members of the “Studio Orpheans.”
The Musical Numbers will include soldier
songs and choruses.
8.30 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO:
Digger Play—“ The Battalion Reunion.”
10 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO:
“The Daily Mail” news; weather news;
close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
Central Broadcasters, Ltd.
Wave Length, 395 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes.
12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service.
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Exchange Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the studio “Recreator.”
1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. j
3.1 p.m. Musical numbers on the studio “Recreator.”
3.30 p.m.—Menu talk by “Homelover.”
3.45 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. W’ard and Co.’s Stock Exchange Intelligence.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O.. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s entertainment—Amscols
Half-hour.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Recreator.”
6.55 p.m.—General market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co.. A .E. Hall and Co., Dalgety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union, Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Association, Interstate Fruit and Produce Market Co. Ltd.
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—Stock Exchange Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service.
7.15 p.m.—Talk by Nurse Grigg, of Nestle—
Anglo-Swiss Condensed Mil Co. (Australia) Ltd. —“The Feeding of Infants.”
7.30 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
7.35 p.m.—Baritone solo. Syd. Morrell.
7.40 p.m.—Selection. Studio Orchestra.
7.50 p.m.—Quartette, Apollo Quartette.
7.55 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Relayed from Malcolm Reid's showrooms—orchestral selections by Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra.
7.15 p.m.—Baritone solos, Syd. Morrell.
7.20 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra.
8.30 p.m.—Quartette. Apollo Male Quartette.
8.35 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra .
8.45 p.m.—Baritone solos, Syd. Morrell.
8.50 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat report.
9.3 p.m. —Station announcements.
9.5 p.m.—Quartettes, Appollo Male Quartette.
9.10 p.m.—Selection. Studio Orchestra.
9.20 p.m.—Operatic Recital. Antonio Molinari.
9.30 p.m.—Talk by Mr. S. B. Opie, (Field
Officer) “Tobacco Growing.”
9.45 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.52 p.m.—Operatic recital, Antonio Molinari.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1- p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.15 p.m.—Selections, Studio Orchestra.
10.25 p.m.—Relay from the Maison de Dance,
Glenelg, Dance Music.
10.55 p.m.—Saturday’s programme and me-
teorological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem.
6WF, PERTH
Westralian Farmer’s.
Wave Length, 1250 Metres.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH; 1928-
morning SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supp &lt;1 by the Me-
teorological Bureau of We.. ; Au ralia.
1.2 p.m.—Studio Quintette, conducted by Mr.
Val Smith.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—Orchestral music played by Hoyts
Orchestra, . conducted by Mr. Harold Par-
tington, relayed from Hoyts Regent Theatre,
William Street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—Tune ih.
The Evening Transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy. ,
7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News.
7.45 p.m.—Racing talk by the Sporting editor
of “Truth” Newspaper Coy.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations to
programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Popular Night.
Musical programme from the studio, includ-
ing vocal and instrumental artists.
Items by the Misses Mason and De Boulay,
Instrumental Duo of the s.s. Katoomba.
9.35 p.m.—Health talk by Mr. H. S. Hatton,
Principal of Hatton’s Physical Culture
School.
10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The
* Daily News” Newspaper Co., Ships within
range announcement; Weather report and
forecast.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m.
7ZL, HOBART
Tasmanian Broadcasters, Ltd.
Wave Length, 516 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.1 p.m.—Musical Selections.
3.5 p.m —Hobart Stock Exchange quotations.
Weather forecasts. Items of interest.
3.15 p.m.—Musical Selections, continued.
4.15 p.m.—Educational Talk.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Children’s Corner, with the Radio
Lady.
7.15 p.m.—Young Folks’ gardening chat, by
Mr. George Nation.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Fruit, Poultry, and Prodcue re-
ports, through the courtesy of Roberts and
Co., Ltd.
7.35 p.m.—Gardening Talk by Mr. George
Nation, Glen Nurseries, Cascades.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.


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8.1 p.m.—Broadcast, by direct wire, from
Lyceum Club, Hobart: Weekly Lecture.
9.30 p.m.—Cricket Chat by Mr. A. O’Leary.
9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
6.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special interstate news
service. Ships within wireless range. Tas-
manian district weather reports. 9 p.m.
weather reports. Travellers’ week-end in-
formation. Tasmanian district weather re-
ports. Station announcements. Saturday’s
programme.
10 p.m.—Close down.
Saturday, March 24
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—&quot;Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m. —Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A reading.
10.45 a.m. —Stjdio music.
11 a.m. —&quot;Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m.—A.PA. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m. —Studio music.
11.15 a.m. —A talk on Home Cooking and
Recipes by Miss Ruth Fnrst.
11.30 a.m. —Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange.
12.3 p.m.—Studio music
12.20 p.m.—&quot;Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
12.25 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—&quot;Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
NOTE: During the afternoon the Racing
Events at Rosehill will be described by the
2FC Commissioner.
Musical items will incllde:
From the Studio:
Howard Leighton, novelty pianist.
From the Ambassadors:
At intervals between 3.30 p.m. and 5 p.m.:
“The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
From the Crystal Palace Theatre. George
Street. Sydney:
The Crystal Palace Orchestra, oonducted by
Harry Cross.
4.45 p.m.—Complete sporting resume, includ-
ing scores .of the Cricket Match, played in
New Zealand to-day:
Australia versus New Zealand.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
6.45 p.m.—The &quot;Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m. —Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe:
Dinner music by the Pavilion Orchestra.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
From the Studio:
Late Sporting News.
7.15 p.m.—Weather intelligence.
7.18 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
7.28 p.m.—Studio music.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Studio music.
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
From the Hay market Theatre.:
The Haymarket Operatic Orchestra, under
the baton of Stanley’ Porcer.
8.20 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe, in connec-
tion with the New South Blinded
Soldiers’ Association :
A Concert by 2FC Artists to the N.S.W.
Blinded Soldiers:
Brunton Gibb, elocutionist:
“Bertram on Business” (Rutherford).
8.30 p.m.—Cliff Arnold, novelty pianist.
8.40 p.m.—Louise Homfrey, lady baritone.
8.48 p.m.—Norman McLennan, baritone»
(a) “The Irish Fusilier” (Squire).
(b) “Tommy Lad” (Margetson).
8.56 p.m.—-Charlie Lawrence, entertainer.
9.5 p.m.—From the Haymarket Theatre:
The Haymarket Operatic Orchestra.
9.15 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.16 p.m.—Dr. T. J. Henry: A talk on
“Harlem—the Negro Metropolis. ’
9.30 p.m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter-
tainers :
Popular numbers. Banjo novelty.
0.38 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe:
Further items from the Concert to the
N.S.W. Blinded Soldiers.
Cliff Arnold, novelty pianist.
9.40 p.m.—Brunton Gibb, elocutionist:
“The Transformation of Mary” (Spencer,.
9.46 p.m.—Norman McLennan, baritone:
“Ben the Bo’sun” (Adams).
9.49 p.m.—Charlie Lawrence, entertainer.
9.55 p.m.—Louise Homfrey, lady baritone.
10 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Eden and Jack Landeryou, entertainers:
Popular numbers.
10.8 p.m.—From the Ambassadors:
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
10.15 p.m.—From the Studio:
Eden and Jack Landeryou, entertainers.
10.22 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.23 p.m.—The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio:
To-morrow’s programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Antneui.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
ft
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION, 8 to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Social Notes by Mrs. Jordan.
Talk on &quot;Simple Cooking for Children,” by
Mrs. Jordan.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
12.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
12.25 p.m.—Sporting and athletic fixtures.
12.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the.
Studio.
12.40 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
12.50 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from the Studio.
2.15 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
2.30 p.m.—Pianoforte Recital from the Studio.
2.45 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
3.10 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
3.30 p.m.—CONCERT BROADCAST FROM
THE RADIO AND ELECTRICAL EXHIBI-
TION AT THE SYDNEY TOWN HALL.
Broadcaster’s Instrumental Trio.
3.37 p.m.—Miss Nellie Ravens, Contralto.
3.44 p.m. —Mr. Warwick McKenzie, violinist
3.51 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Mc;Calium, baritone.
3.58 p.m.—broadcasters, instrumental Trio.
4.5 p.m.—Miss Nellie Ravens.
4.12 p.m.—Mr. Warwick McKenzie.
4.19 p.m.—Mr. Leslie McCallum.
4.26 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio,
Accompanist: Mr. G. Vern Barnett.
Announcer: Mr. B. W. Kirke.
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio. News from the
“Sun.”
4.40 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio •
4.45 p.m.—Resume of Races held during the
afternoon.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
6.30 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
Racing resume and results of day’s sport-
ing.
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner Music.
7.30 p.m.—Talk on “The Aborigines,” by
“Bringa.”
B p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Mr. Roger Jones, baritone.
8.8 p.m. —Mr. Reg. Harrison, comedian.
6.15 p.m.—Broadcast from the Radio Exhi-
bition at the Sydney Town Hall.
The Cheer-oh girls under the direction &lt;fi
Mrs. S. Bennett White.
&lt;3.15 p.m.—From the studio:
Mr. Roger Jones.
9.22 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
0.29 p.m.—Miss Mab Fotheringham, soubrette.
0.36 p.m.—M. Reg. Harrison.
9.43 p.m.—Miss Phyllis Atkinson.
9.50 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
9.57 p.m. —Miss Mab Fotheriugham.
10.4 p.m.—Miss Phyllis Atkinson.
10.11 p.m.—Resume of following day’s Pro-
gramme.
10.15 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra
under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson broad-
cast from the ballroom of the Wentworth.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Morning melodies.
7.20 p.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES.
7.33 a.m. —Weather forecasts for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m.—NEWS.
8 p.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m. —Morning melodies.
8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information.
Shipping, Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m. —Morning melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “Merchant of Venice.”
11.15 a.m. —MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Thou Art Like a Lovely Flower” (Schu-
mann). ‘
“Les Cloches” (Debussy).
11.22 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Songs of India from the Legend Sadka”
(Rimsky-Korsakov).
“Spanish Rhapsody.”
11.32 a.m.—HUXHAM’S SERENADERS :
Song, “I Don’t Like Being Tickled by a Fly&quot;
The Quartette.
Song. “ In the Land.” Hugh Huxham.
Percy Code.
Cornet, “Selected.”


Special Exhibition
a
RADIO
59
Don’t miss the Special Exhibition Number of “RADIO.&quot;
The best issue yet published. Strong in technical matter,
rich in interest, and light with humour. Printed in two
colours and profusely illustrated. The features include:
RAY ALLSOP’S SHORT-WAVE SUPERHETERODYNE
How to make a super-heterodyne which will tune in any short-wave broadcasting
stat.on ,n the world at good loud-speaker strength. A description by the Chief
Engineer of 2BL (Ray Ailsop, 2YG), of the remarkable shortwave receiver used to
pick up and relay the British and foreign stations heard from 2BL. You must see
this circuit—it’s the best and latest.
THE 1928 BROWNING-DRAKE
A newly-developed and more efficient Browning-Drake of two valves-a regenerative
detector and one stage of K.F. as a complete unit with a single control panel arrange-
ment Separate amplifier units employing either transformer or resistance coupling
Will be described. By Don B. Knock (2NO).
ADVENTURE YARN BY “BRASSO”
Something new. Hi-Jackers and rum-running in the Atlantic. An Aussie brasspounder,
a Yank, and the short waves. Best thing yet written by Brasso.
SHORT STORIES HUMOUR ARTICLES
Alarm! A short story about a broadcasting studio-a woman's intuition-warning-
and bush fires. Also, “The Echo of Eden News Service,’’ and “How Noah Got His
Weather Reports During the Flood.’’ Humorous drawings by Jack Waring, Mark
White, and others. A. S. Cochrane (Hello Man 2FC) on the Bedtime Story. The ideal
wavelength for International Broadcasting.
Watch for Special Cover on Bookstalls
On Sale March 19®*


Duet, “The Garden Wall.” Edith and Hugh
Huxham.
Solo, “The Open Road.” Renn Millar.
Gilbert Bishop.
Violin, “Selected.”
Quartet, “The Inflammatus,” from “Stabat
Mater.”
11.52 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Fox trot, “By the Shalimar” (Mazine).
“Marcheta” (Schertzinger).
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —Melbourne Obesrvatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—Australian Mine sand Metals Asso-
ciation from the London Stock Exchange
this day. British official wireless news from
Rugby. Reuter’s and the Australian Press
Association cables. “Argus” news service.
“NOTES THAT RIPPLED WAVE ON
WAVE.”
12.20 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Plantation Melody” (Farwell).
Who is Sylvia?” (Schubert).
“Siamese Patrol” (Linke).
12.30 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Se Saran Rose” (Arditi).
“Saper Voreste” (Verdi).
12.38 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.41 p.m.—HENRY TROMPF, baritone:
London Silhouettes —“The Fortune Hunter.&quot;
“Up ’Lugate Hill” (Willoughby).
12.48 p.m.—NED TYRRELL, banjo:
“Selected.”
12.53 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
&quot;Hymn to the Sun from The Golden
Cockerel” .
1 p.m -Meloburne Observatory time signal.
1.1 p.m. —Meteorological information. Weather
forecast and rainfall for Victoria. Tas-
mania, South Australia and New South
Wales. Ocean forecast. River reports.
1.8 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“The Land of the Rose” (Gilbert).
THE FOUNDATION OF MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH, viola, will
to-day give specially selected items from
the works of the masters.
1.25 p.m.—HENRY TROMPF, baritone:
“Salaam&quot; (Mary Lang).
“A Spirit Flower” (Tipton).
1.32 p.m.-THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“In a Chinese Temple Garden” (Ketelby).
Bolero, &quot;Spanish Dance’’ (Moszkowski).
“Les Serenata de Argentina” (Olsen).
1,45 p.m.—Close down.
2 p.m.—Description of Yannathan Trial
Hurdle, 2 miles, run at MOONEE VALLEY,
by “Musket,” of the ‘Sporting Globe.”
2 5 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRICKe/T
—Semi-finals. *
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.- HARRY SIIUGG’S BAND I
Selection. “Gipsy Love” (Lehar).
2.30 p.m.—Description of Calliope Handicap.
5 furlongs, MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by
&quot;Musket,” of the &quot;Sporting Globe.’’
2.35 P-m. —OeScription of PENNANT CRICKET —Semi-finals.
2.50 p.m.— HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
•Minuet in G” (Beethoven).
Idyll. My Syrian Maid” (Rimmer).
8 p m.—Description of Quality Handicap, 6
furlongs, MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by
“Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
8.5 p.m.— HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Waltz, “The Druids’ Prayer” (Dayson).
“Selected.”
3.15 p.m. —Description of PENNANT CRIC-
KET —Semi-finals.
8.30 p.m.-HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Overture, “Prince and Peasant (Round).
“Selected.”
f. 40 p m. —Description of Moonee Ponds Handi-
cap, 1)4 miles, MOONEE VALLEY RACES,
by “Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
3.45 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRIC-
KET —Semi-finals.
4 p.m.—HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Selection, “The Maid of the Mountains”
(Simson).
Selected.
4.20 p.m.—Description of Trial Mile, MOONEE
VALLEY RAQES, by “Musket,” of the
“Sporting Globe.”
4.25 p.m. —Description of PENNANT CRIC-
KET —Semi-finals.
4.40 p.m.—HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Fox Trots, “My Blue Heaven” (Danoldson).
“Me and My Shadow” (Jolson).
4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report from the Mildura \ is-
trict.
4.50 p.m.—Description of Sherwood High-
weight Handicap, 7 furlongs. MOONEE
VALLEY RACES, by “Musket,” of the
“Sporting Globe.”
4.55 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex-
change information.
6.10 p.m. —Close down.
6.50 p.m.—Sporting results.
EVENING SESSION.
g p.m.—PENNANT CRICKET—Semi-finals.
Stump scores.
6.1 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday
greetings by “LITTLE MISS KOOKA-
BURRA.”
6.20 p.m. —Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m.— LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA:
&quot;A story for the Little Ones.”
6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.40 p.m.— LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA:
“A Story for the Older Children.”
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—Sporting results. Acceptances for
Werribee Races, Wednesday, 28.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m. -Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—River reports.
7.20 p.m. Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Cooperative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay. straw, jute, dairy produce, pota-
toes and onions. Market reports of fruit by
the Victorian Fruiterers’ Assocation, retail
prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by the
Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association.
Citrus fruits.
7.30 p.m.—E. E. PESCOTT will speak on:
“Australian Pine Trees and other Conifers.”
7.45 p.m.—Dr. J. A. LEACH will speak on
“Black Cocoktoos.”
8 p.m.—Speeches from the Trades Hall Dinner.
Toast, “The Day We Celebrate.”
Proposed by Mr. C. J. Holloway, Sec. of the
Trades Hall Council, with song at interval
by Mr. J. Clinton.
FROM THE STUDIO.
8.30 p.m.— SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND:
Fox trot. “Drifting and Dreaming”
(Schmidt).
Waltz Song, “Honolulu Moon” (Lawrence).
8.40 p.m.- MOLLY MACKAY. soprano:
“Nymphs and Sylvans” (Bemberg).
“The Hoot Owl.”
8.47 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “The Orcid” (Monckton).
8.57 p.m.—Description of events at the Motor-
drome by “Olympus.”
9.7 p.m.— SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND:
Selection, “Operatic Melodies” from Caryll,
Monckton and Suulivan’s Operas (Arr.
A. C. Southye).
Song, “I passed by your window.”
©l7 D m .—HUXHAM’S :
Song, “I never wronged an Onion —The
Quartette.
Solo, “Land of Hope and Glory’ —Len Mil-
lar.
Will Page, xylophone solo, selected.
Duet, “Hunting,,—Hugh and Edith Hux-
ham.
Quartette, “Faraway Bells”—The Quartette.
Harold Moschetti, tenor, Sax. —Selected.
Quartette, “Dream of Home” —Serenade?
Quartette.
0.37 p.m.—Description of to-night’s Stadium
event by NORMAN McCANCE. At the con-
clusion of the match, NORMAN McCANCE
will give a resume.
1C p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection from “Li’ Lombardi” (Verdi).
10.7 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“A Ballad of Gretna Green” (Brahe).
“Bonnie Dundee.”
10.14 p.m.—SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND
Song, “Mother Machree” (Olcott and Bell).
Intermezzo, “Swing Song” (Zameacnik).
Song, “Sometimes in Summer” (Bennett).-
10.24 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Mimi’s Song” (Puccini).
“A de a oiseaux” (Hiie).
10.31 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA*
Selection, “The Rise of Rosie O’Reilly.”
10.41 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“The Wanderer” (Schubert).
“The Garden of Allah” (Chas. Marshall).
10.48 .pm.—Late sporting news.
11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“Oh wad some power the gif tie gie uf
To see oursel’s as others see us !
It would frae monie a blunder free ut
And foolish notion.
Burns —to a Louse.
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS.
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
12 noon to 1.54 p.m.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Paton. Ltd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
Sports Results. During the afternoon, the
results of the Moonee Valley races will be
broadcast, immediately after each race is
run, together with other information.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance
Session by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band
The latest popular hits, each .one announced
prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m. —Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Schumann Songs” (Ar. Roberts).
2.46 p,m—Miss Stella Challen, soprano:
“I Love the Moon” (Rubens).
“Still as the Night” (Bohm).
2 53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, clarinet:
“La Militaire” (Raymond).
3.13 p.m.—Miss Stella Challen, soprano*
“Ave, Maria” (Cooper).
“If My Songs Were Only Winged (Hahn).
8.21 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“A Hillside Melody” (Phillips).
8.30 p.m. —Interval announcements.
3.40 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestral
“La Source” Ballet Suite (Delibes).
Suite: “Andalusia” (Miramontes).
4 p.m— G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4 1 p.m. —Second weather forecast.
4 ; 3 p.m.—Mr. Alan T. Eddy, bass baritene:
“The Erl King” (Schubert).
“The Still Room” (Arundale).
4.11 p.m:—Melbourne Concert Orchestral
“Canzona del Violino” (Schebek).
“Three Famous Pictures” (Wood).
4.26 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg. flute:
“Claire de Lune” (Debussy).
4 30 p.m.—Mr. Alan T. Eddy, bass baritones
“I Want to be Ready” (Negro Spiritual).
“Swing Low,/ Sweet Chariot” _ (Negr#
Spiritual).


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4.37 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Musical Gems of Tschaiwowsky” (Ar.
Langey).
“Consolation” (Wood).
4.55 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment. An-
nouncements.
5 p m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.” God Save
the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Uncle Mac.’s Entertainment.
EVENING SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-d.to news and
comments on Sport of the day.
7.45 p.m.—Every Man’s Garden. Special
week-end talks by Mr. W. R. Warner, Pre-
sident of the Nurserymen’s and Seedsmen’s
Association of Victoria.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.”
8.1 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.16 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Williams. humorous
entertainer:
“It’s Lucky I Keep My Temper” (Grain).
&quot;Flappers” (Hylton).
8.24 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.40 p.m.—Miss Jessie Shmith. contralto:
&quot;Don’t You Mind the Sorrows” (Cowles).
“I Love You Mqre” (Dorothy Lee).
8.47 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, saxaphone:
“Saxarella” (Wiedoeft).
8.50 p.m.—Announcements.
9.2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.18 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Williams, humorous en-
tertainer :
&quot;Dude Patter” (Manuscript).
“I’m Burlington Bertie from Bow” (Har-
greaves) .
9.26 p.m—Ayavz Dansonlana
9.42 p.m.—Miss Jessie Shmith, contralto:
“Sometimes in my Dreams” (d’Hardelot).
“Dedication” (Franz).
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Ten.”
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonirns
10 1 p.m—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin:
“Bolero” (Bohm).
10.23 p.m.— Ayarz Dansorians.
10.33 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, cornet:
I'Killamey” (Balfe).
10.37 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.50 p.m.—To-morrow’s Entertainment. An-
nouncements.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night quote
is taken from the poem. “Out ol the Si-
lence.” by George Essex Evans.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” God
Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE
SATURDAY. MARCH 24th, 1928.
NO MORNING TRANSMISSION.
NO MIDDAY TRANSMISSION.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
TATTERSALL’S RACES.
The Tattersall’s Club Race Meeting will be
described direct from the Ascot Racecourse.
The commencement of transmission will depend
upon the starting time of the first race, and
will a 3 usual be announced from the studio
at 7.45 p.m. on the evening preceding the
meeting. ,
FROM ASCOT —Tattersall’s Club Meeting.
6 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “Uncle Ben.”
7.15 p.m. —Racing results.
7.20 p.m.—To-day’s sporting news described.
7.30 p.m.—Sailing Notes by Fred Smith.
NIGHT SESSION.
8 p.m.—Orchestral Music by the Tivoli Opera-
tic Orchestra, under the baton of Mr. C.
Groves.
8.45 p.m.—FROM THE SPEEDWAY:
Motor Cycle Races.
9.30 p.m.—FROM LENNON’S BALLROOM:
Dance Music.
10 p.m. —“The Sunday Mail” News.
Weather news. Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
11.1 a.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
11.30 a.m. —Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
1.15 p.m. (Approx).—Relayed from the Gaw-
ler Racecourse, a running description of
events by Mr. Arnold Treioar, interspersed
with musical numbers and interstate re-
sults from the studio.
5.10 p.m. ( Approx).—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.50 p.m.—Summary of the afternoon’s racing
results..
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s entertainment.
6.40 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7.5 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Exchange
Intelligence.
7.16 p.m. —Talk on Mission Heroes.
7.30 p.m.—“Books and Bookman” by C. G.
Riley.
7.45 p.m.—Resume of local and interstate
sporting results.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Final Judging of SCL Bonniest
Baby Competition and musical demonstra-
tion arranged by SCL at the Adelaide Town
Hall.
10.30 p.m.—Local and interstate sporting re-
sults.
10.40 p.m.—Relay from the Maison de Danse,
Glenelg—Dance Music.
10.55 p.m.—Sunday’s programme.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem.
6WF, PERTH.
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
12 noon. —Tune in.
12.5 p.m.—Musical Programme, including
pianoforte selections by Miss Evelyn Wills,
A.R.C.M.
12.47 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m.—Close down.
1.55 p.m.—Tune in.
AT ASCOT.
Running commentary of the following
Racing events relayed from Ascot Race-
course, Ascot.
2 p.m.—Maiden Plate (One Mile).
2.40 p.m.—Armidale Handicap (six furlongs).
3.2op.m.—Harvest Handicap (five furlongs).
3.30 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO:
Musical programme, including vocal and in-
strumental artists.
Progressive cricket scores.
4 p.m. —Summer Plate (One Mile).
4.40 p.m.—Charity Handicap (One mile and
a Quarter).
5.20 p.m.—Kalamunda Handicap, Welter
(Seven furlongs).
5.30 p.m.—Close down.
6.45 pjn.—Tune in.
The evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 p.m.—Birthday greetings for the Kiddies
by Uncles Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.10 p.m.—Sports results.
7.20 p.m.—Markets, News and Cables.
7.20 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
7.45 p.m.—Talk.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations
td programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Music and song.
Musical programme from the studio, in-
cluding vocal and instrumental artists.
Motor cycling events described in detail
relayed from the Claremont Speedway.
9 p.m.—Talk on the J?olo Tournament by Mr.
Lawson Weir.
10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather report and forecast.
Sports results.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m. ,
7ZL, HOBART

SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
Broadcast from the T.C.A. Ground, descrip-
tion by Mr. A. O’Leary of the cricket
match, Newtown v. Sandy Bay. Progress
racing and sporting results from the Studio.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Uncle Hector’s Corner.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Musical Selections.
7.50 p.m-—“Mercury” special Tasmanian news
service. Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock
Exchange quotations. Sporting results.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes.
8.15 p.m.—Dance numbers b ythe Pavilion
Dance Band from the City Hall, Hobart, in-
terspersed with items from the Studio.
10.20 p.m.—British Official Wireless news.
Weather information. Station announce-
ments. Sunday’s Programme. Close down.
Sunday, March 25
2FC, SYDNEY.
MORNING SESSION.
10.40 a.m.—PrograriilW announcements.
10.45 a.m. —From the Christ Church, St. Laur-
ence:
The Morning Service.
Organist, Christian Hellemann.
12.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Musical items and news service.
12.30 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.30 p.m.—Programme announcements.
2.35 p.m.—&quot;Broadcasting conditions in Eng-
land” : A talk by Frank E. Buckel.
2.50 p.m. —From the Congregational Church,
Pitt Street, Sydney:
An Organ Recital by Lilian Frost, recently
returned from a tour abroad.
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
From the Band Rotunda, Coogee Beach:
The Randwick Municipal Band:
(a) Fantasia, “Knight Errant” (Trussell).
(b) Waltz, “Donan Wellen” (Ivanicur).
(c) Selection, “Gems of Sullivan” (Sullivan).
(d) Selection, “Down South” (Ketelby).
(e) March. “Underhill House” (Moorhouse).
Conductor, E. P. Kerry.
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.


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EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben” and programme
ments.
6.5 p.m.—Captain Fred Arrons will deliver a
talk on
“The Humors of History.”
6.18 p.m.—Kenneth Hunt, tenor:
(a) “God that madest Earth and Heaven”
(Sanderson).
(b) “A Legend” (Tsi haikowskyj .
(c) “How many hired servants,” from “The
Prodigal Son” (Sullivan).
6.27 p.m.—From ;the Petersham Congregational
Church:
An Organ, Orchestral and Vocal Recital:
Organ:
(a) “Light Cavalry” (Suppe).
(b) Overture, “Egmont” (Beethoven).
Ambrose F. Gibbs, L.L.C.M.
6.41 p.m.—Orchestra:
(a) “Rouseasu’s Dream.”
(b) “Et Incarnitius” (Haydn).
(c) “Sun of my Soul.”
(d) “Stand up for Jesus.”
(e) “Gloria” (12th Mass) (Mozart).
6.56 p.m.—Vocal:
J. Prior: Two selected items.
7 p.m.—Orchestra:
(a) “Palestine.”
(b) “Agnus Dei” (Mozart).
(c) “St. Arin’s.”
(d) “I love to hear the Saviour’s voice.”
(e) “Only an armour bearer.”
(f) “Holy, holy, holy,” from “Elijah.”
715 p.m.—The Evening Service from the
Petersham Congregational Church:
Minister, Rev. A. P. Doran:
Invocation and Lord’s Prayer.
Hymn, “O fir a thousand tongues to sing.”
Lesson.
Anthem, “There is a Green Hill” (Gounod).
Lesson.
Hymn, “I heard the voice of Jesus say.”
Prayer.
Violin duet, “Ave Maria” (Mascagni).
Mr. Roy Scott and Matter Gorden Scott.
Anthem, “Seek ye the Lord” (Bradley).
Hymn, &quot;Lead, Kindly Ligl t.”
Sermon.
Hymn, “Guide me, O Thou Great Jehovah.”
Benediction.
8.80 p.m.—From the Band Rotunda, Coogee
Beach:
The Randwick Municipal Band, conducted by
E. P. Kerry:
(a) Selection, “Classical Favorites” (Rim-
mer).
(b) Waltz, “Dreams of Ocean.”
(c) Selection from “Rose Marie” (Friml).
(d) Morceau, “Lea Cloekes St. Etienne”
(Hume).
(e) Selection. “Echoes of Opera” (arr. Sed-
don).
(f) March, “Washington Poet&quot; (Sousa).
©.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Peter Gawthome, baritone:
(a) “Three Shakespeare Songs” (Roger
Quilter).
(b) &quot;Two American-Indian Songs” (Charles
Wakefield Cadm an).
i. 42 p^n. —Alexander Sverjensky, pianoforte
solos:
(a) &quot;Adagio from C Minor Sonata—Pathe-
tigue” (Beethoven).
(b) “Largo from D Major Sonata—Pathe-
tique” (Beethoven).
8.52 p.m.—Peter Gawthorne, baritone:
“Jnst So.” Stories by Rudyard Kipling.
(Music by Edward German.)
10.5 p.m.—Alexander Sverjensky. pianoforte
solos:
(a) “Hum Wesque” (Rachmaninoff).
(b) “Lotus Land” (Scott).
(c) “Gavotte Joyeuse” (Mozart-Boscoff).
10.15 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
1.045 a.m.—Special news service.
11 a.m. —Service broadcast from Chalmers
Presbyterian Church.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special session for Children in hospitals.
2.15 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramaphone Recital.
2.45 a.m.—Special information service.
8 p.m.—Music from the studio.
4 p.m.—Organ recital broadcast from Chal-
mers Presbyterian Church.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes
National Anthem
EVENING SESSION
6.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children's Session.
7 p.m.—Service broadcast from St. Jude’s
Church of England, Randwick.
6.30 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
6.37 p.m. Miss Millie Hughes, soprano
8.44 p.m.—Miss Dulcie Blair, violinist.
6.51 p.m. Mr. Cyril James, baritone.
8.58 p.m.—Miss Norah Alexander, elocutionist
9.8 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter, ’cellist.
0.15 p.m.—Miss Linda Hartge, contralto.
0.22 p.m. —Broadcasters Trio.
0.29 p.m.—Miss Millie Hughes.
0 36 p.m.—Miss Dulcie Blair.
0.43 p.m.—Mr. Cyril James.
0.50 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter. *
0.57 p.m.—Resume of following day's pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares, Govt. Meteorologist.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
10.1 p.m.—Miss Linda Hartge.
10.8 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
10.15 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
SUNDAY. 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—Bells from St. Paul’s Cathedral.
10.45 a.m.—Express train information.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
News from yesterday’s papers
11 a^?o&quot;^ MORNING SERVICE FROM BAP-
-IIST CHURCH, COLLINS STREET
MELBOURNE.
Preacher: REV. W. D. JACKSON BA
Choir Director: MADAME ELLA KING-
STON.
Sanctus.
Call to '
Prayer and Lord’s Prayer (sung).
Hymn, “Welcome, Happy Morning.”
Scripture. Philippians, IV., 10-23.
Children’s Talk.
Quartette. “Lowley Kneel We in Submission.”
(Gounod).
Notices.
Offertory.
Offertory Prayer.
Anthem. “From the Throne of His Son”
(Stainer).
Prayer.
Hymn. “I Do Not Ask, O Lord.”
SERMON: “The Secret of Contentment and
Power.”
Hymn, “Peace, Perfect Peace.”
Benediction.
The Choir of the Collins Street Baptist
Church is well 'known for its skilful work
in the production of oratories not often
heard in Melbourne
On Wednesday, March 28, at 8 p.m. it will
be rendering Gounod’s “Mors et Vita.”
12.15 p.m.—Giose down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
“Methinks in thee some blessed spirit doth
speak
—This powerful sound within an organ weak.”
SONORA RECITAL OF THE” WORLD’S
MOST FAMOUS RECORDS.
2 p.m.—PIANO SOLO:
“Sonata in F Minor for Pianoforte, Op. 5”
(Brahms).
Played by Percy Grainger.
Part 1. Allegro maestoso.
Part 2. Allegro maestoso.
Part 3. Andante.
Part 4. Andante.
Part 5: Intermezzo (Retrospect).
Part 7. Allegro moderato ma rubato.
Part 8. Allegro moderato ma rubato.
SONGS—
Norman Allin, bass:
“The Jewess—Tho’ Faithless Men”
(Halevy).
“Little Cattle, little' Care” (Waugh and
Jackson).
ORCHESTRAL—
Overture, “Der Freischutz,” Part 1 and
2 (Weber).
State Opera Orchestra, Berlin, conducted
by Dr. Leo Blech.
3 p.m.—PLEASANT SUNDAY AFTERNOON
FROM CENTRAL MISSION, LONS-
DALE STREET, MELBOURNE.
Chairman: Rev. J. H. CAIN.
Hymn No. 112, “Ye Servants of God.”
P-rayer, Rev. C. Irving Benson.
Orchestral selection, Mr. G. M. Williams,
Conductor.
Hymn No. 81: “There’s Not a Friend.”
Solo, Mr. -J. M. Hill, “Gipsy Dan” (Russell)
Orchestra.
Solo, Mr. J. M. Hill, “The Chapel in the
Woods” (Bennett).
Notices.
Offering. \-
Orchestra.
ADDRESS.
National Anthem.
Benediction.
Orchestra.
4.30 p.m.—J. HOWLETT ROSS:
“The Passion Pay at Ammwgau.”
4.45 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
CHILDREN’S HOUR.
Storyteller, “BROTHER BILL.”
6 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday
greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.25 p.m.—“BROTHER BILL.”
“Strike While the Iron is Hot.”
6.45 p.m.—Bells from St. Paul’s Cathedral.
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—EVENING SERVICE FROM ST
PAUL’S CATHEDRAL.
Exhortation.
General Confession.
Absolution.
The Lord’s Prayer.
Versicles and Responses (Ferial).
Psalm—sl.
Ist Lesson.
Magnificat (Tarrant in Mode 10).
2nd Lesson.
Nunc Dimittis (Tarrant in Mode 10.).
The Apostles’ Creed.
Collects.
Anthem, “Blessed Jesus” (Dvorak).
Prayers.
Hymn (A. &amp; M.) 200, “We Sing the Praise
of Him Who Died.”
SERMON, BISHOP GREEN.
Hymn 520, “Love Divine, All Love
Excelling.” «
Benediction.
FROM THE STUDIO—
-8.30 p.m.—Birthday Greetings and announce-
ments. Island shipping movements.
8.32 p.m.—Song Feature of the Week.
8.35 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
Overture, Arc” (Wright).
Test Piece, British Trade Exhibition. Con-
test.
Championship of Victoria, March 15, 1928.
8.47 p.m.—VIOLET JACKSON,_ Soprano (by
permission of J. C. Williamson, Ltd).
“A Brown Biid Singing” (Haydn Wood).
“Morning” (Oley Speaks).
8.54 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND: v &gt;
Selection, “111 Crociato in Egitte.”
9.6 p.m.—STORIES OF OPERAS, Part 1.
9.3 6p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND.
Hymns, “Edwinston.”
“Rutherford.”
9.43 p.m.—VIOLET JACKSON, soprano:
Selected.
9.50 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Announce-
ments.
ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VIC-
TORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR TO-
DAY IS:—
“If you expect other people to avoid in-
juring your children, you should take care
not to injure the children of others.”


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10 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“The world makes way for a resolute
soul, obstacles get out of the way of a deter-
mined man who believes in himself.”
10.1 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING CHURCH SESSION.
11 a.m.—Morning Service from St. John’s
Church, Melbourne. Minister: Archdeacon
Lamble.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Anniversary Service of the Kensington
Methodist Church, broadcast from Ileming-
ton Town Hall. Minister: R»v. Geerge F.
Dyson. Choirmaster: Mr. Fred. Harry.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
8 pan.—Special Children's Hour.
EVENING CHURCH SESSION.
T p.m.—Evening Service from the Brunswick
Methodist Church, Brunswick. Minister:
Rev. E. Lewis.
EVENING SESSION.
5.30 p.m.—Brunswick Panatrope Entertain-
ment, broadcast from Pauatrope House, 252
Collins Street, Melbourne (by exclusive per-
msision of Wills and Paton, Ltd.), under
the direction of the Panatrope Committee.
9.31 p.m.—The B.B.C.Wireless Symphony Or-
chestra : e
Overture: “The Barber of Seville” (Ros-
si in two parts.
8.39 p.rir—Signor Giuseppe Danise. baritone:
“La Paloma” (Yradier).
“Thorna a Surriento” (de Curtis).
8.47 p.m.—J. H. Sqjire Celeste Octet:
“Love’s OW, Sweet Song” (Molloy).
“Poem” (Fibich).
•.53 p.m.—Mr. W. H. Sqnire, ’cello:
“La Provengale” (Mari-Marias).
“Sleepy Song” (Jeanjean).
8.69 p.m.—The Regimental Band of His Ma-
jesty’s Grenadier Guards:
“The Battle of Waterloo” (Ar. H. Echerg-
berg), in two parts.
9.7 p.m.—Mr. Leopold Godowsky, pianoi
“Polonaise in A Flat' (Chopin).
“Marche Militaire” (Schubert).
• 15 p.m.—Miss Elizabeth Rethberg, soprano:
“Ye Wand’ring Breezes, Hear Me,” Act JI.
from,Lohengrin (Wagner).
*'Oh, Hall of Song,” Act 11. from Tann-
hauser (Wagner).
8.21 p.m.—Mr. Frederic Fradkin, violin:
“Schon Rosmarin” (Kreisler).
“The Last Rose of Summer&quot; (Moore).
8.27 p.m.—The Regimental Band of His Ma-
jesty’s Grenadier Guards:
Selections from Rigoletto (Verdi), in two
parts.
8.83 p.m.—Mr. Mario Chanlee, tenor:
“Racconto di Rodolfo” from La Boheme
(Puccini).
**Ah, fuyez douce image,” from the opera
Manon (Massenet).
8-14 pan.—The Sevoy Havana Band, at the
Savoy Hotel. London:
&quot;Valse Bleue” (Margis).
‘‘Blue Danube” (Strauss).
8.49 pan.—The Regimental Band of His Ma-
jesty’s Grenadier Guards:
“Triana. Spanish March” (Lopez).
“The Voice of the Guns” (Alford).
it. 54 pan.—The, “Age” News Bulletin, exclu-
sive to 3AR.
9.58 p.m.—Weather forecast.
9.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night qnote
is from the poem, “Delilah,” by Adam Lind-
say Gordon.
10 p.m.—Uod Save Che King.
4QG, BRISBANE.
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
The complete Morning Service will be
relayed from the Albert Street Methodist
Church.
11 a.m.—FROM ALBERT STREET METHO-
DIST CHURCH: Morning Service.
12.39 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
BAND CONCERT.
The Concert by the Brisbane Federal Band
(Conductor: Mr. W. H. Davies) will be relayed
from the Botanic Gardens.
3.15 p.m.—Band Concert.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
NIGHT SESSION.
The complete Evenin g Service will be re-
layed from the Albert Street Methodist Church
7 p.m.—FROM ALBERT STREET METHO-
DIST CHURCH: Children’s Service.
7.30 p m.—Evening Service.
At the conclusion of the Church Service,
the Concert by the Brisbane Municipal Con-
cert Band will be relayed from Wickham
Park.
Band Concert.
9.30 p.m.—Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
SUNDAY. 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.45 a.m.—Carillon of bells from St. An-
drew’s Church, Walkerville.
11 a.m.—r—G.P.O. Chimes.
11.1 a.m.—Relay from Rose Park Congre-
gational Church, Divine Service.
12 noon.—G.P.O. chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m.—Sacred concert from Rose Park
Congregational Church.
4 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.31 p.m.—Carillon of bells from St. Andrew’s
Church, Walkerville.
6.37 p.m.—Sunday story for children by
“Bird Lady.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—Relay Archer Street Methodist
Church, Evening Divine Service.
8.10 p.m.—Sacred concert by Archer Street,
Methodist Church choir.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Relayed from Henley Beach Rotunda
—Holden’s Silver Band.
9.30 p.m.—Talk by Mr. P. H. Nicholls on “A
Deaf Man Hears.”
9.45 p.m.—Talk by Mr. A. L. Brown on
“Adelaide’s Churches.”
10 p.m.—Monday’s Programme and meteoro-
logical information.
10.5 p.m.—National Anthem and close down.
6WF, PERTH.
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.45 p.m.—Tune in.
11 a.m.—Morning service relayed from Church
of Christ, Lake Street, Perth.
Preacher, Rev Chas. Schwab. ,
12.15 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—From the Studio.
Musical programme, including vocal and in-
strumental artists.
4.30 p.m.—Close! down.
EVENING SESSION.
7 p.m.—Tune in.
The evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
7.5 p.m.—Children’s bedtime stories.
7.30 p.m.—Evening Service relayed from St.
George’s Cathedral, St. George’s Terrace,
Perth.
8.45 pan.—A Relay.
Concert by the Perth City Band, conducted
by Mr. L. M. Price, and items by vocal as-
sisting artists, relayed from the Govern-
ment Gardens, Perth.
10.5 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 7 p.m. t
7ZL, HOBART
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
11 a.m.—Church Service from Melville Street
Methodist Church, Hobart. Preacher; Rev.
Robert Williams. Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.31 p.m.—Conct-* from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
G. 30 p.m.—Children’s Corner, with the Sun-
day Lady.
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—Church Service from Chalmers Pres-
byterian Church. Hobart. At conclusion
of Church Service, Band Concert form St.
David’s Park, or Studio Concert.
9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
“Mercury” special interstate news service,
British Official Wireless News. Ships
within wireless range. 9 p.'m. weather
forecasts. Station announcements. Mon-
day’s Programme. Close down.
Monday, March 26
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION,
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—‘‘Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—‘‘Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—Last minute racing information by
the 2FC Commissioner.
10.45 a.m. —Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Bfg Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.15 a.m.—A reading.
11.30 a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcement*.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report,
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, seiond call.
1.30 p.m.—Margaret Grimshaw., mezzo.
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.55 p.m.—Margaret Grimshaw, mezz%
2 p.m.—“Bljj Ben.” Close down.


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AFTERNOON SESSION.
8 p.m.—“B g Ben” and anr^punceme.’its.
3.3 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden
Theatre:
Jimmy Elkins’ Jazz Bana.
3.15 p.m. —From the Studio:
Betty Armstrong, soprano:
“Serenade” (Toselli).
3.20 p.m.—Pianoforte solo.
3.28 p.m.—Thelma Lansdowne, mezzo!
• “Swing low, sweet chariot” (Burleigh).
3.32 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden
Theatre, Sydney:
Jimmy Elkins’ Jazz Band.
3.55 p.m.—From the Studio:
Claire Fothergi'l, mezzo.
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Pianoforte solo.
4.10 p.m.—Betty Armstrong, soprano:
“Lovers in the Lane” (Lehmann).
4.14 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden
Theatre, Sydney:
Items by Jimm/ Elkins’, Jazz Band.
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Thelma Lansdowne, mezzo:
“The Sweetest Flower that 31ows” (Hawley).
4.35 p.m.—A reading.
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, Uiird call.
4.47 p.m.—Claire Fothergill, mez. o.
4.50 p.m.—From the Lyrit W.nier Garden
Theatre, Sydney:
Jimmy Elliins’ Jazz Band.
4.68 p.m.—From the Studio:
Results of the Cricket Match, played in New
Zealand to-day: Australia versus New Zea-
land. 4
5 p.m.—&quot;Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of IFC.
6.45 p.m.—The &quot;Hello Mai. ’ talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the yoyng
e. 30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—&quot;Big Ben.” Late sporting new,
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.55 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.40 p.m.—Edgar Warwick and Eileen Dawn
in a Domestic Sketch:
“Turning the Tables” (Warwick).
7.55 p.m.—“On Wenlock Edge” (Vaughan Wil-
liams): A cycle of six songs for tenor
voice, with accompaniment of String Quar-
tette and I'iano (words by A. E. Housraan).
Sung by William Dallison:
(a) “On Wenlock Edge”—The Storm.
(a) “From far, from eve and morning.”
(c) “Is my team 1 loughing.’’
(d) “Ch, when I was in love with you.”
(e) “Bredon Hill.”
(f) “Clun.”
6.20 p.m.—From the Great Hall. Sydney Uni-
versity ,on the occasion of the function in
connection with »the Australian League of
Nations’ TTriion.
The British Music Society String Quartette.
8.27 p.m.—Statement by the President of tTie
Union. Rev. A. H. Garnsey. M.A.
8.32 p.m. -Address by the Premier of N.S.W.:
The Hon. T. R. Bavin, M.L.A.
8.47 p.m —Address by the Hon. E. A. McTier-
nan.
9.2 p.m.—The British Music Society String
Quartette.
9.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.11 p.m.—Edgar Warwick and Eileen Dawn,
in a sketch entitled:
“Mrs. ’lggins at the Booksellers” (Warwick).
9.21 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra, conducted
by Horae? Keats:
(a) Overture, “Norma” (Bellinij.
(b) “Cairo Memories” (Armandola).
9.40 p.m.—Mavis Deaiman, contralto.
9.17 p.m. —The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) Selection, “In a Persian Garden” (Leh-
mann).
(b) “Danse Rnstique” (Godard).
10 3 p.m—Goodie Reeve will continue her
series of talks:
“Behind the Scenes at Hollywood.*
10.16 p.m.—Tl y 2FC Studio Orchestra, con-
ducted by Horace K ’ats :
“Gilbert and Sullivt n Memories.&quot;
10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.31 p.m.—Len Maur.ce, popular bariton*.
10.45 p.i l. —The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) “Nenna Nanna’ (Amadei).
(bi Overture, “Le Nozze de Figaro*'
(Mozart).
10.58 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and* late
news.
11 p.m.- “Big Ben.” National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. —G.P.O. Clock agd chimes.
Musical programme from studio.
10.40 p.m. -News from the “Daily Telegraph”
Pictorial.'
10.60 a.m. —Musical programme from the
studio.
ll a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and Chimes.
Talk on “Tennis” by Miss Gwen Varley,
Broadcasters Womens Sports Authority.
Social Notes —Replies to correspondents.
Talk on “Breakfast Cereals” by Mrs. Jordan.
t 2 no&lt;Th.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special Ocean Forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the studio
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, Mails, Shipping, and
port directory.
12.12 p.m.—Boats in call by wlteiess.
12.14 p.m.—Fruit Market report.
12.16 p.,m.—Vegetable Market report.
12.18 p.m.—Dairy Farm and Produce Market
report.
21.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report,
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramaphone Recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to children and special entertainment
for Children in Hospital.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea.
Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information broadcast immediately
after each race by courtesy of the “Sun”
newspapers.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea.
News from the “Sun.”
3.10 p.m.—Musical programme from the studio.
3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
8.30 p.m.—Concert broadcast from the Radio
Exhibition at the Sydney Town Hall.
The Pacific Trio.
6.37 p.m.- Miss Bertha Waters, soprano.
3.44 p.m.- Miss Mary Charlton, pianist.
3.51 p.m.—Mr. Cecil Chaseling, baritone.
3.58 p.m.- The Pacific Trio.
4.5 p.m.—Miss Bertha Waters.
4.12 p.m.—Miss Mary Chalton.
4.19 p.m. Mr. Cecil Chaseling.
4.26 p.m.—The Pacific Trio.
4.30 p.m.—The Dungowan Dance Band, broad-
cast from Dungowan Cabaret.
4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
4.57 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Child-
ren’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
* 6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and* chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
6.45 p.m.—Country news, from the “Sun.
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Gulbransen dinner music.
f. 30 p.m.—Talk on “The Motor Car, and its
Idiosyncrasies,” by Mr. Martin.
EVENING SESSIONS.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Mr. Alfred Wilmore, tenor:
8.8 p.m.—’The Wurlitzer Organ, broadcast
from the Arcadia Theatre. Chatswood. Or-
ganist: Mr. N. Robins.
8.15 p.m.—Broadcast from the Radio Exhi-
bition, at the Town Hall:
Tooth’s Brewery Band.
6.22 p.m.—Mr. Clement Q. Williams, bari-
tone. .
8.29 p.m.—Mr. Michael O’Connell, elocu-
tionist.
8.36 p.m.—Miss Madge Clague, contralto.
9.43 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
8.50 p.m.—Mr. Alfred Wilmore.
8-57 p.m.—Miss Helena Stewart, soprano.
9.4 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
9.15 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Clement Q. Williams.
9.22 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
9.29 p.m. —Miss Madge Clague.
9.36 p.m.—Mr. Michael O’Connell.
9.43 p.m. —Miss Helena Stewart.
5.50 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
9.57 p.m.—Duet: Miss Helena Stewart and
Mr. Alfred Wilmore.
10.2 p.m.—Resume of following day’s Pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Me. Mares, Government Meteorologist.
10.7 p.m.—The Wurlitzer Organ, broadcast
from the Arcadia Theatre, Chatswood.
10.20 p.m.—.Romano’s Restaurant Dance Or-
chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv.
Lyons, broadcast from Romano’s. During
intervals between dances, “Sun” news will
be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
7.20 a.m. —PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.27 a.m. —Morning melodies.
7.33 a.m.—WEATHER FORECAST for all
States. Mails.
70.40 a.m.—NEWS.
8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m. —Morning melodies.
8.5 a.m. —NEWS. Sporting information. Ship-
ping. Stock Exchange information.
8.13 p.m.—Morning melodies.
8.15 a.m. —Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comforts, with a
minimum of cash—
HOME-MADE SELF-RAISING FLOUR.
81b. flour, l%oz. bicarbonate of soda, 4oz.
cream of tartar, 2 teaspoons sugar.
Mix all ingredients together and sift, then
put in flour bag ready for use.
11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN:
Keep yours Bright with Fragrant Flowers.
“All the hardiest annuals attain the greatest
perfection when sown in early Autumn, be-
cause they have a longer season to grow.
They attain greater development, and con-
sequently flower the stronger, but tender
sorts must not be sown until the Spring.
Sow now Verbenas, Violets, Violas and Vir-
ginian Stock.
11.5 a.m.—MISS E. NOBLE—GAS COOKING:
“Preparing Cold Sweets —Jellies and
Creams.”
11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m. —“DOMINA” will speak on:
“Journalism as a Career for Women.**
Part 11.
11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—Capt. Donald Mac Lean?
&quot;Great Women of History.”


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MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —Melbourne Observatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—British official wireless news from
Rugby. Reuter’s and the Australian Press
Association cables. “Argus” news service.
“LISTEN TO ME, AND THEN IN
CHORUS GATHER.”
12.15 p.m.—Community singing transmitted
from the Assembly Hall, Collins Street, Mel-
bourne. (Conductor, G.* J. MACKAY, as-
sisted by BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUAR-
TET.
Soloists.
GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Cornin’ Through the Rye” (Old Scotch).
“Little Brown Cottage” (Dickson).
VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“You in a Gondola” (Clarke).
“Spring Flowers” (Johnson).
1.45 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO: Meteoro-
logical information. Weather forecast and
rainfall for Victoria. Tasmania, South Aus-
tralia and New South Wales. Ocean fore-
casts. River reports. Announcements.
S p.m.—Description of Ardmillan Hurdle Race,
two miles, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Mus-
ket,” of the &quot;Sporting Globe.”
2.5 p.m.—HARRY WITTY, General Secretary
of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Users’ As-
sociation, will speak on “Motor Omnibus
Act.”
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “Othello” (Coleridge-Taylor).
2.30 p.m.—Description of Hollymont Handicap,
MOONEE VALLEY, by “Mu?ket,” of the
“Sporting Globe.”
2.35 p.m.—JACK DUNNE, baritone (by per-
mission of J. C. WILLIAMSON.
“The Smoking Room” (Arundale).
“The Old Flagged Path” (Arundale).
2.42 p.m—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Funeral March, “Humpty Dumpty” /Brand-
era).
|47 p.m —FRANCES LEA, soprano:
“O, Lovely Night” (Landon Ronald).
“Babe o’ Mine” (J. Shmith).
2.54 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
‘Traumerei” (Schuman).
“Romanze” (Schuman).
8 p.m.—Description of Roth well Steeplechase,
MOONEE VALLEY, by “Musket,&quot; of the
“Sporting Globe.”
SJ» p.m.—NORMAN BRADSHAW, tenor:
&quot;Alice, Where art Thou?” (Aseher).
&quot;Spring” (Raymond).
i. 12 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Songs from Eliland” (F. von Fieltz).
2.20 p.m.—ONE-ACT PLAY.
SCENE FROM “THE SCHOOL FOR
SCANDAL” (Sheridan).
Played by LOUISE MOORHEAD and J.
HOWLETT ROSS.
8.35 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“I Know of Two Bright Eyes,” from Songs
of the Turkish Hills (Clutsam) .
8.40 p.m.—Description of Eight Hour Handi-
cap. IVi miles, MOONEE VALLEY, by
“Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
8.45 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY. soprano:
“Air in Variations” (Froeh).
0 “I’ve Been Roaming” (Old English).
8.52 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“By the Mill Stream” (G. Smith).
“A Lover in Damascus” (Finden).
4 p.m.—JACK DUNNE, baritone:
“Young Tom o’ Devon” (Russell).
“The Little World is Mine” (Deppen).
4.7 p.m.—HAROLD MOSCHETTE, tenor sax:
“I Wonder What Became of Sally.”
4.11 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Caro Nome” (Verdi).
Selected.
4.18 p.m.—Announcements.
4.20 p.m.—Description of The Knoll Handicap,
one mile, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Musket,”
of the “Sporting Globe.”
4.25 p.m.—Description of One Mile Amateur
Cycling Championship of Victbria, from the
Amateur Sports Ground, by “Olympus.”
Also results of Eight Hours Day Sports.
4.40 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Waltz, “Spanish Moon” (Teress).
4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report for Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano:
“Moon Dear” (Whiting).
4.50 p.m.—Description of Macedon Welter, six
furlongs. MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by
“Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
4.55 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano:
“My Hero”—“The Chocolate Soldier.”
5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex-
change information.
5.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
CHILDREN’S HOUR.
6 p.m.—Answers to letters arid birthday greet-
ings, by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.20 p.m.—CAPTAIN DONALD MacLEAN:
“The Spanish Conquest.”
How the Dons discovered the treasures of
the world.
6.35 p.m.—Concert for the children arranged
by Mr. Fritz Hart, of the Albert Street
Conservatorium.
Some Old French Music.
EDNA LAIRD will sing:
“My Heart Longs for You” (Orlando de
Lassus).
“La Romaneses.”
“Menuet.”
MURIEL CAMPBELL, violinist will play:
&quot;Sarabanda” (Mondonvillea).
“La Girouette” (Francois du Val).
“Sailors’ Dance” (Marais).
IDA SCOTT, pianist:
“Le Rossignol.”
“Giga” (Corelli).
“Minuet and Trio” (Rameau).
Accompanist: IDA SCOTT.
NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock
sales by the Associated Stock and Station
Agents. Bourke Street, Melbourne. Number
of sheep and cattle drawn for week’s sales.
7.5 p.m.—&quot;Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movement**.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor-
rett, Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River reports.
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce, pota-
toes and onions. Market reports of fruit
by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Association. Re-
tail prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by
the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association.
Citrus fruits.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—E. C. H. Taylor will talk to young
Australia on
“School Life and School Sport.”
7.45 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DEPART-
MENT OF AGRICULTURE, W. J. YUILLE,
Senior Inspector of Agriculture, will speak
on “Influence of Green Crops on Milk Pro-
duction Costs.”
8 p.m.—R. CHALMERS, Australian Team
Coach at Inter-Allied Games, Paris, will
speak on:
“Relay Racing.&quot;
“Athletics for Women.”
8.15 p.m.—Birthday Greetings and Programme
Announcements-
Girl Guide Notes.
BAND AND ORCHESTRAL CONCERT.
8.18 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
March, “The Governor’s Own” (Adams).
8.25 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Charming Chloe” (German).
Selected.
8.32 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
Selection, “H.M.S. Pinafore” (Sullivan).
8.42 p.m EDWARD HOCKING, tenor:
“Oh, Moon of My Delight” (Lehman).
&quot;Songtime and Dawning” (Bayton Power).
8.49 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
Medley Selection of Plantation Airs
(Couterns).
8.55 p.m.—DONALD McBEATH, violin:
“Ave Maria” (Gounod).
“Vienna Waltz” (Keeper).
9.2 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Pirates of Penzance” (Sullivan).
9.12 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel” (Schu-
bert) .
“Synnoves Song” (Kjerluf).
9.19 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
Slavonic Rhapsody (Friedermann).
9.26 p.m.—ONE ACT PLAY:
“THE BOY COMES HOME.”
A Comedy in One Act by A. A. Milne.
Produced by Terence Crisp.
CAST:
Uncle James Eric Donald
Aunt Emily Louise Moorehead
Philip Terence Crisp
Mary Phyllis Orford
Mrs. Higgins Betty Rae
Scene:
A room in Uncle James’ house in the
Cromwell-road, London.
TIME:
The day after the war.
9.56 p.m.—DONALD MacBEATH, violin I
“The Old Refrain” (Kreislerj.
“Mazurka” (Wieniawski).
10.3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Egmont” (Beethoven).
10.10 p.m.—Results of Triangular School Cric-
ket Match, Victoria, New South Wales and
Queensland, played in Sydney.
10.11 p.m.—J. HOWARD KING, baritone:
“My lodging is the cellar here” (Old Ger-
man).
“Youth” (Allitsen).
10.18 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
“Waltz, “Girlie” (Robyn).
10.25 p.m.—WILL PAGE, xylophone:
Selected.
10.30 p.m. —EDWARD HOCKING, tenor:
“Eleanor” (Coleridge-Taylor).
“Why do I love you so?” (Schwartz).
10.37 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteoro-
logical information. British official wireless
news from Rugby. Island steamer* move-
ments.
The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s
SAFETY MESSAGE for to-day is for
MOTORISTS:
“Never turn the steering wheel while the
car is standing still. This puts a severe
and unnecessary strain on all steering
parts and is bad for tyres.”
10.47 p.m.—J. HOWARD KING, baritone:
“The Two Grenadiers” (Schuman).
“Dedication” (Franz).
10.54 p.m. —Results of Green Mill Roller
Cycling Championships.
10.55 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN: Keep
yours bright with fragrant flowers:
“The man who wants a garden fair
Or small or very big,
With flowers growing here and therqf
Must bend his back and dig.
The things are mighty few on earth
That wishes can attain
whate’er we want of any worth
We’ve got tc work to gain.
It matters not what goal you seek
Its secret here reposes;
You’ve got to dig from week tp weeii
To get results or roses.”
10.56 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS.
11.40 p.m.—God Save the King.


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3AR, MELBOURNE
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
12 noon to 1 p.m.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Paton, Ltd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
Sport. During the afternoon, the results
of the Moonee Valley races (Eight Hours
Meeting), together with other information,
will be given immediately each race is run.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance
Session of the latest popular dance hits, by
Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band. Each
one announced prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
2.45 p.m.—Miss Beth Corrie, contralto.
2.52 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
3.9 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, saxaphone:
“Danse Hongroise” (Ring Hager).
3.13 p.m.—Miss Beth Corrie, contralto.
3.20 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
3.30 pjn.—lnterval announcements.
3.40 j/m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast-
-4.3 p.m.—Mr. Charles Duncan, baritone.
4.11 pjn.—Ayarz Dansoniar.s.
4.20 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
&quot;Chanson” (Whittaker).
4.24 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Savoy Scottish Medley” (Somers).
&quot;Neapolitan Nights” (Zamecnik).
4.31 p.m.—Mr. Charles Duncan, baritone :
&quot;Lolita” (Buzzi Peccia).
“The Barber of Turin” (Russell).
4.39 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
4.50 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment.
4-55 p.m.—Special Racing: Acceptances and
barrier positions for the Werribee races,
by “Daybreak.”
f p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.” God Save
the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
BJ3O p.m.—3AR’S Cousin Peter.
EVENING SESSION.
EVERYBODY’S CONCERT.
7.15 p.m.—Book Session. Mr. Alfred Firman,
Chief Librarian of Mullen’s, presents rapid
reviews on books of yesterday, to-day, and
to-morrow.
7.25 p.m.—Hobby Session. Mr. W. S. Corfield,
of Harrington's, will speak on &quot;Photography
for Beginners.”
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-date news and
comments on Sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s Stock Report.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.”
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Martial Moments” (Ar. Winter).
8.12 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano:
“Rosebuds” (Araiti).
“A Heart that’s Free” (Robyn).
8.20 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.36 p.m. —Mr. Robert Adams, cornet:
“Flower Song” from Faust (Gounod).
8.40 p.m.—Mr. Alan Eddy, bass baritone:
“Go Down, Moses” (Negro Spiritual).
“The Old Kitchen” (Arundale).
8.48 p.m.—Announcements.
9 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
Suite Espagnole: “La Ferin” (Lacome).
“Tschaikowsky Fantasie” (Urbach).
9.22 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano:
“Magdalen at Michael’s Gate” (Liza
Lehmann).
“The Lark” (Rubinstein).
9.30 p.m.—&quot;Harlequin.” : Sports Results.
9.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Ten.”
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestras
Selection: “No. No, Nanette” (Youmans).
“March of the Dwarfs” (Moskowski).
10.17 p.m.—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin:
“Humoreske” (Dvorak).
10.21 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.30 p.m,—Mr. Alan Eddy, bass baritones
“Tally Ho” (Flegier;.
“A Page’s Road Song” (Novetfo).
10.38 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestras
“Introduction from Eugen Onegin” (Tschai-
kowsky).
10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin”': Sport Results.
10.52 p.m.—“Age” News Bulletin, exclusive to
3AR.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night quote
is from the poem, “The Man’s Way,” by
Mary Gilmore .
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” God
Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
I p.m.—Market reports; weather information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau; news services supplied by “The
Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal.
t p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
830 p.m.—Mail train running times.
1.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph News.”
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Mail train running times, “Daily
Standard’ news, Weather information an-
nouncements.
6.10 p.m.—Lecturette: A French talk —the
eighth of a series—“ Word Binding and
Tonic Accent” —story, “Le Corbeau at Le
Renard”—-by Dr. E. A. D’Edgerley.
6.30 p.m ; —-The Children’s Session:
Stories by “The Sandman.”
f p.m.—Special news service; market reports;
stock reports.
f. 30 p.m.—Weather news; Standard”
news; announcements.
L 43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
T. 45 p.m.—Lecturette: “The Children’s Music
Corner,” conducted by “The Music Man.”
NJGHT SESSION.
6 p.m.—From the Studio:
A programme arranged by Mr. Erich John.
Part I.
Grand Opera:
Instrumental, “Prelude” and “Siciliana”
from “Cavaleria Rusticana”) (Mascagni).
String “Trio.
“Hark the Distant Hilla” (from “Martha*
—Flotow).
Quartette.
Duet, “In This Solemn Hour” (from “Force
of Destiny”—Verdi).
Messrs. Geo. Williamson (tenor) and
Albert Falk (baritone).
“Here We Rest” (from “The Sleepwalker”
—Bellini).
Quartette.
Instrumental. “La Lisaniera” (Chamlnade).
String Trio.
Song of North American Indians:
Duet, “Where the Sad Waters Flow.”
Messrs. Albert Falk (baritone) and Tom
Ryan (bass).
Solo, “By the Waters of Minnetonka”
(Lieurance).
Mis 3 Mildred Bell (contralto).
(a) “A Mountain Madrigal from the Yel-
lowstone.”
(b) “Where Drowsy Waters Steal.”
Quartette.
Instrumental, &quot;Indian Intermezzo”, (Lauren-
dean).
String Trie.
Sacred:
Solo, *’Ave Maria” (Hoben).
Miss Mabel Maiouf (soprano).
Duet, “Love Divine” (from “Daughter of
Jarius”—Stainer).
Miss Audrey Bell (contralto) and Mr.
Jack Lord (tenor).
Anthem, “Praise the Lord O My Soul*
(Burnham).
Quartette.
Instrumental, “Berceuse” (Gounod).
String Trio.
PART 11.
Classical:
“A Red, Red Rose” (Schumann).
Quartette.
Duets, (a) “Lullaby*’ (Brahms).
(b) “The Blacksmith” (Brahms).
Miss Mabel Maiouf (soprano) and Mr.
Geo. Williamson (tenor).
Song, “When Lydia Would Leave Me”
(Beethoven).
Mr. Albert Falk (baritone).
“Parting and Meeting” (Mendelssohn).
Quartette.
Piano solo, “Rigoletto Paraphrase” (Verdi-
Liszt).
Mr. Rees Morgan.
Characteristic —Songs of the Bells:
“Evening Bells” (Michael Croger-Ericb
John).
Mr. Geo. Williamson (tenor).
Duet, “The Belfry Towel-” (Hatton).
Misses Mabel Maiouf (soprano) and
Mildred Bell (contralto).
“The Legend of the Bells” (Planquette).
Quartette.
Instrumental, “Serenade” (Toselli).
String Trie.
Light Opera:
“Chorus of Quakers and Villagers” (from
“Quaker Girl” —Monckton).
Quartette.
Solo, “With a Welcome For All” (from
“Dorothy”—Collier).
Mr. Tom Ryan (bass).
Duet, “Galloping” (from “FLorodora”—
Stuart).
Miss Mildred Bell (contralto) and Mr.
Albert Falk (baritone).
“Now the Merry Vintage” (opening chorus
from “La Mascotte” —Andran).
Quartette.
Instrumental, “Sons La Feuille” (Thome).
String Trio.
(0 p.m. —“The Daily Mail” news. Weather
news. Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes.
12.1 p.m. —“Advertiser” news service and Bri-
tish Wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.'s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.” •
3.30 p.m.—Menu talk Iby “Homelover.”
3.45 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. &quot;Ward and Co’s Stock Ex-
change intelligence.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s time with the SCL Radio
Family.


6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—General Market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union, Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso-
ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar-
ket Co., Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Talk by Miss Thompkinson of the
Aborigines Protection League.
7.30 p.m.—“The care of the clothes” a talk
arranged by Ford Bros.
7.40 p.m.—Entertainment and address for the
SCL Boys Club —“The Treasure Hunt” con-
tinued. —Progress report of Air Patrols and
other information.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Overture Studio Orchestra.
8.10 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette.
8.15 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
8.20 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
8.30 p.m.—Novelty Turn —Listeners should
have a pack of cards ready—Geo. Quin
wil] demonstrate card tricks.
8.40 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette.
8.45 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
8.50 p.m.—Selections, Studio Orchestra.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat report.
9.4 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette.
9.10 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.15 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
9.20 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra .
9.25 p.m.—Novelty card turn by Geo. Quin.
9.35 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.40 p.m.—Baritone Solo, Harry Worden.
9.45 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.50 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
9.55 p.m.—Baritone Solo, Harry Worden.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News.
10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.10 p.m-—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
10.20 p.m.—Baritone solo, Harry Worden.
10.25 p.m.—Relayed from Maison de Danse,
Glenelg—Dance music.
10.55 p.m.—Tuesday’s programme and meteo-
rological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem.
6WF, PERTH.
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m. —Lunch Hour Music.
Brunswick Panatrope Hour relayed from
Messrs. Musgrove’s Limited, Concert Hall,
Murray Street.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—Afternoon Tea Concert relayed
from the Carlton Cafe, Kay Street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
6.45 p.m.-—Tune in.
The evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.5# p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News.
7.45 p.m.—Talk by Lieut. Col. Le Souef, Direc-
tor of the Zoological Gardens, South Perth.
8 pun.—Time Signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations
to programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Concert Night.
Musical programme from the Studio, in-
cluding vocal and instrumental artists.
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10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather report and forecast.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m.
7ZL, HOBART
MONDAY, 26th MAR£H, 1928.
MORNING SESSION. 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.1 p.m.—Musical Selection.
3.6 p.m.—Hobart Stock Exchange quotations.
Weather information. Items of interest.
Announcements.
8.15 p.m.—Musical elections, continued.
4.15 p.m.—Fashion Talk by Aunt Edna, of
Brownells, Ltd.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Funny Man talks to the children.
7 p.m.—Uncle Hector talks to the children.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Musical Selection.
7.35 p m.—News Bulletin from the Depart-
ment of Markets and Migration.
7.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special Tasmanian news
Bervice. Railway auction produce sales.
Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock Exchange
quotations.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes.
5.1 p.m.—Band Selections by Risdon EZ.
Rand; conductor. Mr. E. Bryce.
9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
9.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special interstate news
service. Tasmanian district weather re-
ports ; 9 p.m. weather forecast ; weather re-
port from Australian capital cities. Sta-
tion announcements. Tuesday’s Programme.
Tuesday, March 27
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m. —“Big Ben” and announcement*.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m. —Last minute racing information
by the 2FC Commissioner.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m. —“Big Ben” and studio music.
11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.15 a.m.—A Cooking talk by Miss Ruth
Furst.
IL3O a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —“Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m. —Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m.—Studio music:
Gladys Aubin, soprano:
“Dearest, I love the Morning” (Haydn
Wood).
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.55 p.m.—Gladys Aubin, soprano:
“Voi Che Sapete” (Mozart).
3 p.m.—“Big Ben.’ Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
3.3 p.m.—Popular records.
3.15 pan.—Ester Herford, soprano:
“If my songs were only winged” (Reynolds).
3.20 p.m.—A reading.
3.27 p.m.—Esther Herford, soprano:
“Bonnie Wee Thing” (Burns).
3.30 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney
Town Hau, on the occasion of
The Radio Electrical Exhibition:
A programme supplied by artists from 2FC:
Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist:
(a) “Forgive me.”
(b) “High, high, high up in the Hills.”
3.36 p.m.—George Veevers, baritene:
(a) “To-morrow” (Keel).
(b) “I Love Thee’ (Grieg).
3.42 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumentalist:
(a) “Blaze Away” March (Holzmann).
(b) “The Rosary.”
3.50 p.m.—Frank Leonard, entertainer:
(a) “Sara Alice” (Weston Lee).
(b) “I migt marry you” (Weston Lee).
8.58 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto:
(a) “The Dream Child” (Rawle).
(b) “The Enchantress” (Hatton).
4.6 p.m.—Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist:
(a) “The Girl Friend.”
(b) “Blue Room.”
At the Piano: Enid Conley.
4.12 p.m.—George Veevers, baritonei
&quot;Soul of Mine” (Barns).
4.15 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumentalist:
“Russian Lullaby” (Berlin).
4.19 p.m.—Frank Leonard, entertainers
“The Ford Car” (Russell).
4.23 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto:
“The Hills of Donegal” (Sanderson).
4.27 p.m.—Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist:
“Mountain Greenery.”
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Studio music.
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.—Studio music.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
6.45 p.m.—T&gt;ie “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk:
Fairy Tales told by “Aunt Eily.”
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.&quot; Late sporting news.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety*s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock)*
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
P.D.S. Poultry Reports.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Jack Wright, novelty pianist, and
W. G. McGraigh, banjoist:
Double Act: Popular numbers.
7.55 p.m.—A talk by Dr. T. J. Henry*
“Aspects of London Life.”
8.10 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney
Town Hall, on the occasion of the Radio
Electrical Exhibition:
A programme by 2FC artists
The New South Wales State Military Band
(conductor, Charles King) :
March, “Entry of the Gladiators” (Fuick).
8.25 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con-
ducted by William Bourne:
Part Songs, (a) “The Singers” (McKenzie).
(b) “The Bells of St. Michael’s Tower”
(Stewart).
(c) “The Dance” (Hungarian Highlands)
(Elgar).
8.35 p.m.—Douglas McKinnin, concertina:
(a) “Poet ard Peasant” (Suppe).
(■b) “Under the Double Eagle,” March (Wag-
ner).
8.43 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band:
“Grand Operatic Medley” (Bentley).
8.50 p.m.—Charles Armand, celebrated English
basso (first broadcast appearance in Aus-
tralia), late of the “Carl Rosa and Moody
Manners” Opera Company:
“Invictus” (Huhn).
8.58 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con-
ducted by William Bourne:
Ladies’ Chorus, (a) “The Snow” (Elgar),
“The Two Clocks” (Rogers).
9.4 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band:
March, “The Great Little Army” (Alford),
At the piano: Horace Keats.
9.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.11 p.m.—Douglas McKinnon, concertina:
Popular chorus selection.
9.17 p.m.—Charles Armand, basso:
(a) “Qui adegno” (Magic Flute) (Mozart).
(b) “Si les filles d’Arles” (Mirelle) (Gounod).
9.25 p.m.—Jack Wright, novelty pianist, and
W. G. McGraigh (banjo):
Popular numbers.
9.35 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con-
ducted by William Bourne:
(a) “Pilgrims’ Chorus” (Tannhauser) (Wag-
ner).
(b) “Gondoliers’ Serenade” (Schubert).
9.45 p.m.—The N.S.W, State Military Band:
Overture, “Macßeth” (Hatton).
9.58 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir:
(a) “Ring out, wild bells” (Fletcher).
(b) “The old folks at home” (Negro melody).
10.8 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band:
Selection, “The Mikado” (Sullivan).
10.25 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.26 p.m.—From the Ambassadors:
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio: ,
To-morrow’s programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from the Studio.
10.40 a.m.—News from the “Daily Telegraph
Pictorial.”
10.50 a.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Social Notes. Replies to correspondents.
Talk on “Toilet Hints” by Mamselle Viv-
kowska.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio,
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping, and
port directory.
12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless.
12.13 pjn.—Fruit Market report.
12.15 p.m.—Vegetable Market reoprt.
12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report.
12.19 p.m.—Dairy Farm Produce Market re-
port.
12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report.
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramophone Recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to children, and special entertainment
for children in hospitals.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Race results broadcast immediately after each
race, by courtesy of the “Sun.”
S p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
3.15 p.m.—Civil Service Stores Trio, direction
Miss d.e Courcey Bremer.


3.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
8.40 p.m.—Pianoforte recital from Studio.
3.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Civil Service Stores Trio.
4.15 p.m.—Talk on “The Women of Ancient
Rome.”
4.35 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
4.50 p.m.—News from the &quot;Sun.**
4.55 p.m.—Features of evening s programme.
4.58 p.m.—Producers’ Distributing Society’s
Poultry report.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
6.45 p.m.—Country News, from the &quot;Sun.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner Music.
7-.30 p.m.—Talk on “First Aid,” by Mr. Wil-
kinson, Dist. Superintendent, St. John’s
Ambulance.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Broadcasters’ Topical Chorus.
8.3 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
8.10 p.m.—Miss Eileen Shettle, contralto.
8.17 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter, ’cellist.
8.24 p.m.—Miss Joan Shorter, soprano.
8.31 p.m.—Mr. Ellis Price, elocutionist.
8.38 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
8.58 p.m.—Weather report and forecast, b
courtesy of Mr. C. J. Mares. Government
Meteorologist.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Mr. H. Nevill Smith, baritone.
9.8 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
9.15 p.m.—Miss Eileen Shettle.
9.22 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter.
9.29 p.m.—Miss Joan Shorter.
9.36 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
9.56 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro-
gramme.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
10.1 p.m.—Mr. Ellis Price.
10.8 p.m.—Mr. H. Nevill Smith.
10.15 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra,
under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson,
broadcast from the ballroom of the Went-
worth. During intervals between dances,
&quot;Sun” news will be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.30 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to Music).
7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.33 a.m.—WEATHER FORECAST for all
States. Mails.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory Time Signal
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN
Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers.
“Great gardens have a glory though
it does not come my way.
The lure of little gardens is a grace for
every day;
w
a
'o*o*o o
n
c?
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FARMER’S
WIRELESS DEPT., GROUND FLOOR, NEW BUILDING


In the white radiance of the dawn, the
tenderness of dusk,
There’s magic in the Mignonette and
witchery in the Musk.”
This week be sure to plant Foxgloves,
Freesias, Larkspurs, Lobelias, Mignonette
and Musk.
AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK.
TREE PLANTERS’ CONFERENCE—OFFI-
CIAL OPENING BY THE RIGHT HON.
THE LORD MAYOR (SIR STEPHEN
MORELL), transmitted from Wirths’
Park.
11 a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS—or
how to create creature comforts with a
minimum of cash.
APPLE FLEUR.
good short crust.
pint cream or white 2 eggs.
Stewed apples nicely flavored Angelica and
few crystallised cherries.
Method. —Roll paßtry into nice round, and
fit it on cold shelf round fleur ring or
in sandwich tin. Bake in hot oven 20
minutes. Rub apples through sieve. Fill
case with apples. Beat up cream and
white and sweeten. Pile high on
top of apples. Pipe round if liked. Cut
up angelica and cherries, and sprinkle
over. Serve cold as a sweet.
11.5 a.m. —MRS. J. S. FRASER. Senior Presi-
dent of Victoria League, will speak on its
“Aims and Object.”
11.20 a.m.—Musical Interlude.
I. a.m.—MRS. DOROTHY SILK:
“Homecrafts.”
11. a.m.—MISS R. G. HARRIS. Publicity
Officer of the Free Kindergartens of Vic-
toria, will describe—
“A Morning in a Free Kindergarten.”
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY
TIME SIGNAL.
12.1 p.m.—Australian Mines and Metals Asro.
elation from the London Stock Exchange
this day. British Official Wireless news
from Rugby. Reuter’s and The Australian
Press Association Cables. “Argus” news
service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Piano Quartette” (Beethoven).
12.80 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contraltei
“Christina’s Lament” (Dvorak).
“The Silver Ring” (Chaminade).
12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH. Viola:
Rondino.
“The Sailor” (Marais).
&quot;Musetta.’ *
12.47 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano (by per-
mission of J. C. Williamson, Ltd.) :
“The Violet” (Mozart).
“Take, Oh Take Those Lips Away” (Parry).
12.64 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
TRIO:
Trio (Beethoven).
1 p.m.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY
TIME SIGNAL.
1.1 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto;
“Open Thy Blue Eyes” (Massenet).
“Bless You” (Ivor Novello).
1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather forecast and rainfall for Victoria,
Tasmania. South Australia, and New South
Wales. River reports. Ocean forecasts.
FOUNDATIONS MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE will give in-
terpretations of the works of Beethoven.
1.25 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano:
“Porgi Amor” (Mozart).
“Vadrai Farino” (Mozart).
1.32 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Water Music” (Handel).
1.45 p.m. —Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.-’fHE VAGABONDS:
“When I am With You.”
“There’s Just One You.”
“Consolation.”
2.24 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, sopea-o.
“Pale Moon” (Logan).
“The Little Hills” (Gleeson).
2.31 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Doctor Jazz” (Oliver).
“Millenburg” (Joys).
“Lock a little Sunshine in Your Heart”
(Marby).
2.40 p.m.—THOMAS GEORGE, bass:
“Prince Ivan’s Song” (Allitsen).
“The Old Navy” (Davies).
2.47 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Cross your Heart” (Gensler).
&quot;Baby feet go pitter patter” (Kahn).
“Sweet and Low Down” (Gershwin).
2.56 p.m.—Announcements.
8 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
OFFICIAL OPENING OF GARDEN WEEK
AT WIRTHS’ PARK, Princes Bridge,
Melbourne, by HIS EXCELLENCY THE
GOVERNOR-GENERAL. (LORD STONE-
HAVEN).
3.15 pun.—THE VAGABONDS:
“When Day is Done” (Katscher).
“Shanghai Dream Man” (Davis).
“Persian Rosebud” (Nicholls).
3.24 p.m.—MADOLINE KNIGHT, contralto:
In Old-Time Melodies:
“What Might Have Been.”
“Come, Sing to Me.”
3.31 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Just Around the Corner” (Henscher).
“Sweet Yvette” (Davis).
“Twilight Rose’&gt; (Corbell).
3.40 p.m.—CHAS. NUTTALL:
&quot;Afraid of Life.”
3.55 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Dearest Isle” (Thompson).
“Shady Tree” (Donaldson).
“Put Your Arms Where they belong”
(Davis).
4.4 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano:
■ Love's Garden of Roses” (Haydn V/ood).
“Waiti Poi” (Alfred Hill).
4.11 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“I Wonder How 1 Look when I’m Asleep”
(De Sylva).
”Chloe“ (Kahn).
“Just a Little Sunshine in Your Heart.”
4.20 p.m.—THOMAS GEORGE, bass:
“Tangi” (Hill).
“Song of the Toreador” (Bizet).
4.36 p.m.—MADOLLNE KNIGHT, contralto,
in more Old-Time Melodies:
“Daddy.’ *
“There let me rest.”
4.43 p.m.—Weather report from Adelaide.
Weather report from Mildura district.
4.44 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“The Dance of the Tinker Toys” (Collins).
“Me and My Shadow” (Alberts).
“Tampeekoc” (Schobel).
4.53 p.m.—GILBERT BISHOP. Violin:
Selected.
5 p.m.—&quot;Herald” news service.
Stock Exchange information.
6.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birifiday
Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.20 p.m—LT.-COL. J. W. M. CARROL:
“Training a Dog”
6.35 p.m.—BOBBY BLUEGUM :
“We are singing the best song ever was
sung.
And it has a rousing chorus”
(Hilaire Belloc).
COME TO THE STUDIO AND JOIN US.
NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS.
7 p.m.—Notes on Lacrosse Game by H. R.
Balmer, hon. general Secretary of the
Lacrosse Association. Acceptances for Mor-
nington races. Official report of Newmarket
Stock sales by the Associated Stock and
Station Agents. Bourke-street. Melbourne.
7.10 p.m. —“Herald” news service. Weathe?
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m. —Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m—Fish Market reports by J. R.' Bor-
rett, Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River reports.
7.21 p.m.—Market report by the VictJrlan
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce,
potatoes and onions. Market reports of
Fruit by the Victorian Fruit-growers’ Asso-
ciation. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
Fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’
Association. Citrus fruits.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Under the auspices of the UNI-
VERSITY EXTENSION BOARD, P. D.
PHILLIPS, M.A., LL.B., Lecturer in
Modern Political Institutions at the Uni-
versity, will speak on
“Disarmament.”
7.45 p.m.—E. M. PASCOE will speak on
“Bowls.”
6 p.m.—THE GLORY QF THE GARDEN.
Sow the seeds of Cornflowers, Daisies,
Freesias, Godetias, Hollyhocks, and Iberis.
8.1 p.m.—MR. J. H. MARTIN, vice-president
State Branch R.5.5.1.L.A., will speak on
Combined Reunion and Anzac Pilgrimage.
8.15 p.m.—Birthday greetings and programn*
announcements.
BRIGHT MUSIC AND MELODIOUS
SOUND.
8.16 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
“Three Dale Dances” (Wood).
8.26 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON (contralto) :
“Hame o’ Mine” (Murdock) .
“Arise, O Sun” (Craske Day).
8.33 p.m.—“THE DARKEST HOUR,” SCOTS
CHURCH CHOIR, transmitted from Scots
Church, Collina-street, Melbourne. MANS&quot;-
LEY GREER, organist and director.
“THE DARKEST HOUR,” a Passion Can-
tata, by Harold Moore.
SOLOISTS:
ANNIE CADDELL, soprano.
MADAME GREGOR WOOD, contralto:
COLIN THOMSON, tenor.
GORDON PEART, baritone.
LESLIE PAULL, bass.
ERNEST SIMMON, bass.
PROLOGUE.
Chorus, “Now, my Soul, Thy Voice Up-
raising.” &gt; -
Recitative (Narrator).
Solo (Jesus) and Chorus: “Then Jesus Took
Unto Him the Twelve.”
Solo (soprano and chorus): “God so Loved
the World.”
SCENE I.—Gethsemane.
Recitative (Narrator), “Then Cometh
Jesus with Them.”
Solo (Jesus).
Hymn, “In the Lord’s Atoning Grief.”
SCENE ll.—The Trials, before Caiaphas
and Pilate.
Recitative (Narrator).
Solo and chorus: “And they th*t had laid
hold on Jesus.”
SCENE 111.
Professional March.
Chorus, &quot;Surely He Hath Borne Our
Griefs.”
Solo, baritone and soprano, “And He,
Bearing His Cross.”
SCENE IV.—Calvary.
Narrator, solo and chorus: “And when
They were Come to a Place.”
Chorus and solo, “It is Finished.”
EPILOGUE.
Solo, contralto and chorus.
“Let This Mind be in You.”
Hymn, “At the Name of Jesus.”
FROM THE STUDIO:
9.23 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
March, “Honest Toil” (Rimmer).
March, “The Storm Fiend” (Greenwood).
9.33 p.ui.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“The Rose Eternal” (Derwood).
“The Standard on the Braes o’ Mar”
(Lady John Scott).
9.40 p.m.—FRANK E. BEAUREPAIRE will
speak on
“Art of Sprint and Middle Distance Swim-
ming.”
9.50 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano;
“Chanson de Florian” (Godard).
“The Rosary” (Nevin).
9.57 p.m.—‘‘Herald” news service. British
Official Wireless news from Rugby. Sport-
ing Notes by “Olympus.” Announcements.
Island shipping notes.
THE ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF
VICTORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR
TO-DAY IS:
“A driver should assume that every child
on or near the street may dash suddenly
in front of his car. You cannot tell by
looking at a child what it is going to do.
You should therefore drive slowly, and
have absolute control of your car.”
Results of Trangular School Cricket Match,
Victoria, New South Wales and Queens-
land, played in Sydney.


10.9 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
Cornet Polka, “The Cornet King” (Green-
wood).
Soloist, A. McEwan.
Selected.
10.19 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contrarlto:
“My Land of Dreams” (Jessie Winne).
“My Dear Soul” (Sanderson).
10.26 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Kamennoi Ostrow (Rubinstein).
“Dream Days of Seville” (Bratton). *
10.36 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Les Cloches” (Debussy).
Selected.
10.43 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
Air Varie, “Hanover” (Round).
Selected.
10.55 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
Songs from “A Lover in Damascus”
(Florence Aylward).
11 p.m.—GREAT THOUGHT:
“There is no philosophy by which a man
can do a thing when he thinks he cann&lt;/ ’
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS W
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
•12 noon to 1 p.m.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Paton, Letd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
A half-hour dance session by Melbourne’s
favorite dance band. All the. latest popu-
lar hits, each one announced prior to
its presentation.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Second selection from “Lilac Time” (arr.
Clutsam).
“The Savoy American Medley” (Somers).
2.45 p.m.—Miss Jessie Smith, contralto:
“Prelude” (Landon Ronald).
“Boat S9ng” (Harriet Ware).
2.52 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Ballet Music” from Gioconda (Ponchielli).
“Berceuse Slave” (Neruda).
3.7 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano:
“Jet t’aime” (Greig).
3.11 p.m.—Ayarz Dansoj»ians.
3.22 p.m.—Miss Jessie Smith, contralto:
“Love came calling” (Lee).
“I’m a’, longing for you” (Hathaway).
3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
3.35 p.m.—“Madamoiselle Jeynesse” :
Interval talk on timely topics of interest
to our lady listeners.
3.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Suite, “Tales of Moonlight” (Thomas).
“Menuett” (Mozart).
4 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Four.
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
“Nightingale” (Beckett).
4.7 p.m.—Mr. Robert Allen, alto:
“Lackaday” (Crampton).
“The Rosary” (Nevin).
4.14 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Suite, “Four Selected Pieces” (Friml).’
“Cavatine” (Raff).
4.30 p.m.—Mr. Robert Allen, alto:
“Sapphic Ode” (Brahms).
“Red Devon by the Sea” (Clarke).
4.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
Fox Trot, “Look in the Mirror” (Stept)
Fox Trot, “Who-ee? You-ool” (Ager).
4.44 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Norwegian Scenes” (Matt).
4.55 p.m.—Announcements.
To-night’s entertainment.
5 p.m.—&quot;G.P.O. clocks says Five.
God Save the King.
I2E
A “Single-Dial” Masterpiece.
The “D.J. Super-Six”
This most easily controlled set is becoming more
and more popular in the home, because of its
simplicity of operation. A gentle turn of the one dial,
and station after station can be brought in, enabling
you to make a wide choice of programme. If you
have not yet heard this “Single-Dial Masterpiece”
come along to our Demonstration Room. Compare
it with any other set you have ever heard ! Notice the
purity of Tone ; the volume; the selectivity. Test
its day-time reception, and come again on Friday
evening to listen to its night-time reception.
The “D.J. Super-Six” is a King quality Super-
Neutrodyne, and is supplied fully equipped with
high-grade accessories. It is therefore guaranteed bv
David Jones’!
There is no need to delay any longer ! You can
acquire this remarkable set on payment of /4/10/-
deposit, and 17/3 weekly for twelve months.
Radio Department on the Lower Ground Floor .
Demonstration Room on the Fourth Floor .
f
Open till 9 o’clock on Fridays.'
DAVID JONES’
For Service


CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m-—Uncle Mac’s entertainment. An
hour of music, song and story for all
Uncle Mac’s nephews and nieces all over
Australia and New Zealand. “Blue Bell”
is here, too.
EVENING SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL CONCERT.
7.20 p.m.—Dr. Floyd, organist and choir-
master at St. Paul’s Cathedral, Melbourne,
will talk on “The Art of Listening to
Music.”
7.30 p.m.—A broadminded and up-to-date
short talk by “Friar Tuck”: “Self Decep-
tion.”
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-date news and
comments on sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock report.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight.
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra;
Overture, “Zampa” (Herold).
8.9 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous enter-
tainer :
“Any dirty work to-day” (Weston and
Lee).
8.17 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.33 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, clarinet:
“Nocturne” (Chopin).
8.37 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous enter-
tainer:
“Our little garden subbub” (Weston and
Lee).
“That’s a good girl” (Berlin).
8.44 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Edera” (Carosio).
“Violin solo from Sylvia” (Delibes).
8.50 p.m.—Announcements.
9.2 p.m.—Radio play: “An Old Time Melody”
(Danvers Walker).
9.15 pm.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Der Zarewitsch” (Lebar).
9.30 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
9.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m. —G.P.O. clock says Ten.
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m. —Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Remembrance of Joseph Strauss” (Fetras).
Suite, “From India” (Popy).
10.26 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, cornet:
“Believe me if all those endearing young
charms” (Moore).
10.30 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
10.62 p.m.—The “Age” news bulletin, exclu-
sive to 3AR.
10.68 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quote
is taken from the poem, “Cito Pede Pre-
terit Aetas,” by Adam Lindsay Gordon.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven.
God Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a-m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
I p.m.—Market reports; weather Information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau; news services supplied by &quot;The
Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal,
t p.m. —Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
1.80 p.m.—Mail train running times.
1.81 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—&quot;The Telegraph News.”
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Mail train running times; “Daily
Standard” news; Weather information an-
nouncements.
6.10 p.m.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—The Children’s Session.
7 p.m.—Special news service; market re-
ports ; stock reports.
7.30 p.m.—Weather news; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
f. 45 p.m.—Lecturette : “Queensland Overseas:
Exhibition Impressions” (last of a series),
by Mr. H. W. Mobsby, F.R.G.S. (Govern-
ment Artist and Photographer).
NIGHT SESSION.
A programme by the Silkstone Apollo
Club (conductor, Mr. T. Westwood).
6 p.m.—Opening Chorus, “Awake, Aeolian
Lyre” (Danby).
Tenor solo, “Until.”
Mr. T. S. Westwood.
Chorus, “The Name of France” (Rodgers).
The Apollo Club.
Baritone solo, Selected.
Mr. A. E. Little.
Humorous solo and chorus, “Camptown
Races” (Foster).
Mr. G. Jones and Apollo Club.
Chorus, &quot;The Image of a Rose” (Reichardt)..
The Apollo Club.
Musical monologue. Selected.
Mr. D. Owen.
Quartette. “The Little Church” (Becker).
“The Royals.”
Bass solo, Selected.
Mr. Vic. Morris.
Chorus, “Anchored” (Wgtson).
The Apollo Club.
Solo, Selected.
Mr. D. Griffith.
Humorous chorus, “Quibbles Cocoa” (Har-
per).
The Apollo Club.
Tenor solo, Selected.
Mr. A. Elliott.
Plantation melodies. “Poor Old Joe” (Fos-
ter), “Good Old Jeff” (Griffin).
TTie Apollo Club.
Baritone solo, “The Veteran’s Song.”
Mr. J. A. R. Thompson.
Chorus, “John Peel” (Arr. Fletcher).
The Apollo Club.
Musical monologue, Selected.
Mr. D. Owen.
Chorus, “Crusaders” (Protheree).
The Club.
10 p.m.—“The Daily Mail” news. Weather
News. Cloee down.
SCL, ADELAIDE
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 192&amp;
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes. -
12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service and Bri-
tish Wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.**
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
3.45 p.m.—Talk by Rev. G. E. Hale, B.A.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
4.1 p.m. —Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change intelligence.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s time with the SCL Radio
Family.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—General Market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso-
ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar-
ket Co. Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Extracts from &quot;News Bulletin,”
supplied by Minister for Markers and Mi-
gration.
7.30 p.m.—Gardening Talk by Lasscocks Nur-
series, Lockleys.
7.40 p.m.—Entertainment for the SCL Girls’
Club.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Quartette, Haydn Male Quartette.
8.5 p.m.—Selection, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
8.15 p.m.—A One-act Play, by Steve Dunks
and Gwen Hone.
8.20 p.m.—Quartette, Haydn Male Quartette.
8.35 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
8.35 p.m.—Soprano Solo, Yvonne Heaslip.
8.54 p.m.—Musical Monologue, Gwen Hone.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. __
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat Reports.
9.3 p.m.—Station Announcements.
9.5 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
8.15 p.m.—Novelty card turn, by Geo. Quin.
9.30 p.m.—Soprano Solo, Yvonne Heaslip.
9.34 p.m.—A One-act Play, by Steve Dunks
and Gwen Hone.
9.40 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
9.45 p.m.—Popular Songs. Noel Tapp.
9.50 p.m.—Selection, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
9.55 p.m.—Popular Songs, Noel Tapp.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes
10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News.
10.9 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.13 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service.
10.18 p.m.—Relayed from the Maison de
Danse, Glenelg. Dance Music.
\0.55 p.m.—Wednesdays Programme and me-
teorological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National An.
hem.
6WF, PERTH.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m. —Markets, News and Cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m.—Studio Instrumental Trio.
1.30 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—Organ music relayed from the
Grand Theatre, Murray Street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—Tune jn.
The Evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 pun.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News.
7.45 p.m.—Talk Iby Dr. J. S. Battye, 8.A.,
LL.B.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations to
programmes, etc.
8.3 p m.—Orchestral Night.
Concert by 6WF’s Station Orchestra, con-
ducted by Mr. Ronald E. Moyle, A.T.C.L.
Vocal assisting artists.
10 p.m. —Late news items by courtesy of ‘The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather report and forecast.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.


104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 Metres, com-
mencing at 6.45 p.m.
7ZL, HOBART
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.1 p.m.—Musical election.
3.5 p m.—Hobart Stock Exchange quotations.
Weather information. Items of interest.
Announcements.
3.15 p.m.—Musical Selections, continued.
4.15 p.m.—Educational Talk..
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLYY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Cousin Mac talks to the children.
7 p.m.—Uncle Hector talks to the children.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Musical Selection.
7.35 p.m.—Literary Lapses and Library Lists,
by Mr. W. E. Fuller.
7.50 p.m. —“Mercury” special Tasmanian news
service. Railway auction produce sales.
Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock Exchange
quotations.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
8.1 p.m.—Broadcast, bv direct wire, from
Strand Theatre, Hobart: Selections by
Strand Orchestra; conductor. Mr. Ben.
Corrick. Items from the Studio, by Miss
Beryl Scetrine, soprano. Miss Elsie Lampkin. soprano, Miss Ruby Piesse, accompanist.
9.50 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
“Mercury” special interstate news service.
Shins within wireless range. Tasmanian
district weather reports. 9 p.m. weather
forecasts. Weather reports from Austra-
lian capital cities. Station announcements.
Wednesday’s Programme.
10 p.m.—Close down.
Wednes., March 28
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—&quot;Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m. —Studio music.
10.35 a.m. —A reading.
10.45 a.m. —Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and Re-
cipes by Miss Ruth Furst.
11.30 a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.-»-Rugby wireless news.
12 20 p.m.—Studio music.
12 40 p.m.—Annie Sedger, mezzot
(a) “Autumn” (Mallinson).
(b) “To-morrow morning” (Tennent).
12.48 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—‘Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—‘Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1 20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m.—Studio music.
2 p.m.—‘Big Ben.” Close down.
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AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
3.3 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre, Pitt
Street, Sydney:
Items by the Lyceum Theatre Orchestra.
2.15 p.m.—From tho Studio:
Hilda Nelson, soprano:
“Just Love Me” (Lyail Phillips).
3.19 p.m.—Nancye McGiJchrist, violinist:
(a) “Lullaby” (Cyril Scott).
(bj “Brahm's Waltz in A” (Brahms).
3.27 p.m.—Netta Mullarkey, mezzo i
“At Dawning” (Cadman).
3.30 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre, Pitt
Street, Sydney:
Orchestral items.
3.45 p.m.—From the Studio* •
Rita Head, mezzo:
“Poigi, Amor” (Mozart).
3.50 p.m.—Nancye McGilchrist, violinist:
(a) “Somewhere a voice is calling” (Tate).
(b) “Chant” (White-Kreisler).
3.63 p.m.—Aileen Bear, mezzo:
“I told my love to the roses” (Newton).
4.2 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre:
Orchestral music.
4.15 p.m.—From the Studio;
Hilda Nelson, soprano:
“In a Monastern Garden” (Ketelbey).
4.20 p.m.—Popular records.
4.28 p.m.—Netta Mullarkey, mezzo:
“Sapphic Ode” (Brahms).
4.32 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre:
Orchestral music.
4.45 p.m.—From the Studio:
Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.—Rita Head, mezzo:
“Convien Partir” (Donizetti).
4.50 p.m.—Aileen Bear, mezzo:
“The rose will blow” (Wilton King).
4.54 p.m.—Studio music.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
C. 45 p.m.—The &quot;Hello ’ talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Lat 9 sporting new*.’
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Studio music.
7.53 p.;n.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano.
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The 2FC Orchestra, conducted by Horaee
Keats:
(a) “Rhapsodie Russe” (arr. Nausebaum).
(b) “Egmont Overture” (Beethoven).
8.18 p.m.—Raymond Ellis, English operatic
baritone (last broadcast appearance prior to
his departure for Melbourne).
8.27 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) “San Toy” Selection (Jones).
(b) “The Prize Song” (Wagner).
8.48 p.m.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano.
8.52 p.m.—Fred Philpotts, cornet solo:
“Kathleen Mavourneen” (Crouch).
8.58 p.m.—Raymond Ellis, English operatic
baritone.
9.12 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
9.13 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) “The Aftermath” (Marillier).
(b) Fantasie, “The Bartered Bride.”
9.35 p.m.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano.
9.40 p.m.—Fred Philpotts, cornet 6olo:
“O ! Star of Eve” (Wagner).
1.45 p.m.—H. W. Varna and his Company—by
special request—will repeat the production of
“The Silver King,” by Henry Arthur Jones:
Cast:
Wilfred Denver, H. W. Varna.
Captain Skinner (The Spider), William
Hume.
Father Christmas, Charles Curran.
Cripps (a Locksmith), Paul Robertson.
'Enery Corkett, F. Fisher.
Oliver Skinner (The Spider’s Wife), Felix
Clark.
Cissy Denver (Denver’s Daughter), Cleo
Glover.
Nellie Denver, Meg Service.
Part I.:
Scenes 1. Geoffrey Ware’s Room.
2. Denver’s House.
3. Outside the Cheker’s Inn.
10.10 p.m.—lncidental music&quot; to Part 11. of
“The Silver King.”
10.13 p.m.—Part 11. of “The Silver King.”
Scenes 1. Nellie Denver’s Home.
2. Gardens of “The Grange.”
10.43 p.m.—lncidental jnusic to Part 111. of
“The Silver King.”
10.45 p.m.—Part 111. of “The Silver King,”
Scenes 1. “The Wharf—Rotherith.
2. Gardens of “The Grange.”
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
**n?'!?* G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk on “Camping,” by Miss Gwen. Varley,
Broadcasters’ Women’s Sports Authority.'
Social Notes. Replies to correspondents.
Welfare Talk by Mrs. Jordan. *
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information broadcast immediately
after each race is run, by courtesy of the
Sun.
* 2 o no °?' —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping and
port directory.
12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless.
12.13 p.m.—Fruit Market report.
12-15 p.m.—Vegetable Market report.
12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report.
12.19 p.m.—Dairy. Farm and Produce Market
report.
12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report.
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramophone recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to children, and special entertainment
for children in hospitals.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Racing resume.
2.6 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio.
2.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
2.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio..
2.45 p.m.—Talk on “Celtic Mythology.”
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes,
ftacing resume.
3.10 p.m.—Pianoforte recital from Studio.
3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
3.30 p.m.—Concert, broadcast from the Radio
Exhibition, at the Sydney Town Hall.
The Ahad Duo (steel guitars).
3.37 p.m.—Miss Capiille Alder, soprano.
3.44 p.m* —Mr. Haagen Holenbergh, pianist.
3.51 p.m.—Mr. Donald Woodrow, baritone.
3.56 p.m.—The Ahad Duo.
4.5 p.m.—Miss Camille Alder.
4.12 p.m.—Mr. Haagen Holenbergh.
4.19 u.m.—Mr. Donald Woodrow.
4.26 p.m.—The Ahad Duo.
■4.30 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band, broadcast
frqpi Dungowan cabaret.
4.50 nun.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.52 p.m.—Racing resume.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Prodders’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report. ’
Grain and fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
6.45 p.m.—Country News from the “Sun.”
I p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner Music.
7.30 p.m,—Talk on “Astrology,” by Miss J.
Charlton Smith.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Mr. W. E. Lewis, baritone.
8.8 p.m.—Miss Dorrie Ward, soprano.
8.15 p.m.—From the Radio Exhibition, at the
Town Hall: The Whichello Trio.
8.22 p.m.—Mr. Norman Wright, tenor.
8.29 p.m.—Miss Beryl Scott, songs at the
piano.
8.36 p.m.—Miss Dorrie Ward.
8.43 p.m.—The Whichello Trio.
8.50 p.m.—Mr. W. E. Lewis.
8.57 p.m.—Miss Beryl Scott.
9.4 p.m.—Mr. Norman Wright.
9.11 p.m.—Duet: Miss Dorrie Ward and Mr.
W. E. Lewis.
9.15 p.m.—From Baker’s Hall, Campsie: The
Canterbury District B'and.
9.35 p.m.—Deal and Maynard, entertainers.
9.55 p.m.—Broadcasters’ All-Sports Expert
will talk on General Sporting.
10.10 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares, Government Meteorolo-
gist.
10.15 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant Dance Or-
chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv.
Lyons. During intervals between dances,
“Sun” news will be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.33 a.m.—WEATfIER FORECAST for all
States.
7.40 a.m.—NEWS.
8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal.
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.5 a.m.—SPORTING INFORMATION.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
II a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comforts with a
minimum of cash:
WORCESTER SAUCE.
1 pint treacle, 1 oz. ground pepper, %oz.
bruised cloves, % oz. powdered mace, % oz.
cayenne, %oz. garlic, onions
(peeled), 2 qts. vinegar, 1 teaspoon sugar.
Method —(1) Put all into earthenware jar,
and allow to stand for two weeks. (Stir
well once a day.) (2) Beil all together
for ..20 minutes. (3) Strain through mus-
lin. N (4) Bottle.
11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden bright wi,th Fragrant
Flowers.
11.5 a.m. —S. SHELDON. Household Laundry
Problems. “Some Short Cut Methods of
Doing the Washing.”
11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m.—MRS. M. CALLAWAY MAHOOD.
Difficulties in Decoration.
‘“Balance and Bowej Birds.”
11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—MISS FRANCES FRASER:
“Books fti the Home” —the Novel.


MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory Time Signal
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
Reuter’s and The Australian Press Associa-
tion cables. “Argus” news service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
Gavotte, “Woman’s Heart” (Holst).
Gavotte, “Louis XIII.” (Holst).
12.30 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Thank God for a Garden” (Del Riego).
“Will Ye No Come Back Again”
(Old Scotch).
12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Cleopatra Suite” (Dehmler).
&lt;2.50 p.m.—JOHN D. FRASER, baritone:
“Serenata” (Toselli).
“The Empty Nest” (Mason).
12.57 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, Violin:
“Slow Movement Concerto” (Mendelssohn).
1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather forecast for Victoria, Tasmania,
New South Wales, and South Australia.
Ocean forecast. River reports.
FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE, Pflano, will
continue with selections from the works of
Beethoven.
1.25 p.m.—JOHN D. FRASER, baritone:
“A Castillian Lament” (Del Riego).
“Evening Song” (Blumenthal).
1.30 p.m.—Speeches from the Rotary Cju»
Luncheon, transmitted from the Town Hall,
Melbourne.
2 p.m.— Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, ‘Y’ou’re in Lovei’ (Friml).
“Tomanza Sanza Parole” (Soro).
2.30 p.m.—Description of Trial Handicap, 6
furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Musket,”
of “he Sporting Globe.”
2.35 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Love and Sleep”r (Gambogi).
“The New Umbrella” (Besley).
2.42 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“The Arabian Dances” (Ring).
“Elegy” (Massenet).
2.47 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“E Lucevan Le Stelle” (Puccini).
“Ma Little Banjo” (Dichmont).
2.54 p.m.— PERCY CYODE, Comet:
“Selected.”
3 p.m.—Description of Jumpers’ Flat Race,
9 furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Mus-
ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
3.5 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Bells” (Hurlstone).
“Darkness” (Hurlstone).
“Selected.”
8.12 p.m.—Announcements.
3.14 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
This Month Sow the Seeds of Cornflowers,
Calliopsis, Candy Tuft, Cabbages and
Carrot*.
3.15 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK.
Transmission from Wirth’s Park, E. G. M.
Gibson, of “The Acgus” and “Australasian,”
will speak on “Vegetable Culture.”
8.30 p.m.—Description of Werribee Handicap
I V* miles, WERRIBEE RACES, bv ••Mus-
ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
FROM THE STUDIO—
-8.35 p.m.—3&gt;TATION\ ORCHESTRA :
Largo from New World Symphony”
(Dvorak). X
Selected. )
8.50 p.m.—JEAN HAMBLETON, contralto:
“Down by the Sally Gardens” (Hughes).
“The Heart Worship?” (Holst).
3.57 p.m,—LES RICHMOND, Piano:
Selected.
4 p.m.—Description of Welter Handicap, 7
furlongs, 65 yards. WERRIBEE RACES,
by “Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
4.5 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Dance of the Serpents” (Bocalani).
4.10 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenors
“Celeste Aida” (Verdi).
“Request Number.”
Look for the name “EVER-READY”
and this TRADE-MARK
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Radio Exhibition, Town
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4.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection from “The Quaker Girl”
(Monckton).
4.30 p.m.—Description of Rockleigh Plate, 5
furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Mus-
ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
4.35 p.m.—JEAN HAMBLETON, contralto:
“The Hawk” (Clarke).
“Life and Death” (Taylor).
4.42 p.m.—Announcements.
4.45 p.m.—Special Weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report for Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Medley Overture Ace High” (arr.
Brockton).
6 p.m.—Description of Rockleigh Purse, 7
furlongs and 65 yards, WERRIBEE RACES,
by “Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
6.5 p.m.—“Herald” News Service.
Stock' &quot;Exchange information.
6.15 p.m.—Close down.
Results of Boort Races will be given hourly
during the afternoon.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “MARY. MARY.”
6.20 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m.—“MARY, MARY”:
“A Fairy Story for the Little Ones.”
6.40 p.m.—Musical interlude.
••45 p.m.—“MARY, MARY”:
A Story of Robin Hood.
NEWS SESSION.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket Stock
Sales, by The Associated Stock and Station
Agents, Bourke-street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.19 p.m—River reporta
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce,
potatoes and onions. Market reports of
fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa-
tion. Retail prces. Wholesale prices of
fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’
Association. Citrus fruits.
Swimming notes.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.80 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, R.
CROWE, Exports Superintendent, will
speak on “Marketing Methods.”
7.45 p.m.—CAPTAIN C. H. PETERS:
&quot;Books, Wise and Otherwise.”
8 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK:
Keep your garden bright with fragrant
flowers. This month be sure to plant:
Foxgloves, Freesias, and Phlox Drumnjondi.
Transmission from Wirth’s Park.
J. OLIVER, Curator of Essendon Gardens,
will speak on “Trees for Avenues.”
FROM THE STUDIO—
-8.16 p.m.—KALLMA DUO, Hawaiian instru-
mentalists :
“La Paloma.”
“Yackahula.”
8.23 p.m.—An Australian Novelty.
8.28 p.m.—J. ALEXANDER BROWNE, bari-
tone:
“The Drum Major” (Newton).
“The Muleteer of Malaga” (Trotere).
8.35 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA •
Selection: “The Rainbow” (Gershwin).
8.45 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“The Little Dustman” (Brahms).
“The Little Blue Bonnet” (Schuman).
8.52 p.m.—STUDIO PRESENTATION OF
“THE BELLE OF NEW YORK” (Musical
numbers only).
“A Musical Comedy in Two Acts.”
Music by Gustave Kerker.
Words by Hugh Morton.
Musical Director.
MADAME ETHEL ASHTON.
ACT 1.
Scene 1.
Opening Chorus, “When a Man is “Twenty-
One.”
Bong and Chorus, “When I was Born the
Stars stood still.”
Song, “Little Sister Kissie.”
Song, “Teach Me How to Kiss.”
Chorus, “We Come this Way.”
Song, “The Anti-Cigarette Society.”
Song and Chorus, “Wine, Women and
Song.”
SCENE 2.
Song, “La Belle Parisienne.”
Song, “My Little Baby.”
SCENE 9.
Chorus, “Pretty Little China Girl.”
Song, “They follow me.”
Song and Chorus, “We’ll stand and die
together.”
Song, “She is the Belle of New York.”
Finale, Act 1, “Your life, my little girl’.'
ACT 2.&quot;
Scene 1.
Opening Chorus, “Oh, Sonny.”
Duet, “When we are Married.”
Song and Chorus, “The Purity Brigade.”
Song and Chorus, “I do so there.”
Scene 2.
Chorus, “For the twentieth time we’ll
drink.”
Song, “At ze naughty Folies Bergere.”
Finale, “Two in the Field.”
10.7 p.jn. —“Argus” news service. Britisn
Official Wireless news from Rugby. An-
nouncements. Meteorological information.
Island shipping information.
THE ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF
VICTORIA SAFETY MESSAGE FOR
TO-DAY IS FOR MOTORISTS:
*'Do not allow anyone to ride on the
running board, rear tire, or bumper of your
car.”
10.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “From India” (Francis Popper).
10.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Nymphs et Sylvans” (Bemberg).
“The Hoot Owl.”
10.34 p.m.—KALIMO DUOt
&quot;Isles of Paradiie.”
“Popular Airs Medley.”
10.40 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA,'
“Light Cavalry Overture” (Suppe).
“In the Tavern” (Jensen).
10.49 p.m.—J. ALEXANDER BROWNE,
baritone:
“O Flower of all the World” (Woodforde-
Finden).
“All the Fun of the Fair” (Martin).
10.36 p.m.—Announcements.
11 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep yoursbright with fragrant flowers.
'“No garden, however Email, should) be
devoid of Roses, for, as has been well
said:—‘A garden without a rose is like
a sky without a sun.’ Sow the seeds
now of Dianthus, Mimulus, PolyantKffs
and Schezanthus.”
HI p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
SPORT. During the afternoon, results of the Werribee Races together with other information, will be broadcast immediately each race is run.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
A half-hour Dance Session, by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band. The latest popular
hits, each one announced prior to its pre-
sentation.
Broadcasting from “The Venetian Court,”
Hotel Australia.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Suite, “Ballet Suite” (Gretry-Mottl).
“Romeo’s Farewell to Juliet” (Baron).
2.45 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, Saxaphone:
“Valse Hilda” (Doer).
2.49 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano:
“The Love Song of Har Dyal” (Batten).
“Japanese Love Song” (Thomas).
256 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Three Pictures from Syria” (Ring).-
“Spanish Dances, No. 1 and 2.” (Moszkow-
ski).
3.11 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, Soprano:
3.19 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians :
3.30 p.m.—Announcements.
3.35 p.m.—Dr. George Payne Philpots, President of the Food Education Society of Victoria, and Editor of the National Magazine of Health.
3.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Selection, “Popy” (Samuels).
“Valse Poudree” (Popy).
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.m.—Mr. Bernard Thomas, tenor:
“Rose of My Heart” (Lohr).
“At Dawning” (Cadman).
4.10 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra^
“By the Lake of Geneva, Part I.”
“Polly” (Zamecnik).
“The Savoy English Medley” (Somers).
4.26 p.m.—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin:
“Elegie” (Ernst).
4.30 p.m.—Mr. Bernard Thomas, tenor :
“Thank God for a Garden” (Teresa del Riego).
‘T Know of Two Bright Eyes” (Clutsam).
4.37 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
4.55 p.m.—Announcements. To-night’s entertainment.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.”
God Save the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—3Aß’s Cousin Peter.
EVENING SESSION.
CONCERT FROM BENALLA.
FROM THE STUDIO.
7.15 p.m.—Our Boy Scouts. Commissioner W. D. Kennedy, Deputy Camp Chief of Victoria, will give his interesting weekly notes
and news on the Scout Movement.
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” presents his budget of up-to-date ne\ys and
comments on sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock reports.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight.
FROM BENALLA.
8.1 p.m.—Orchestra:
Overture, “Poet and Peasant” (Suppi).
Benalla Musical Society, chorus:
“Carnovale” (Rossini).
Mrs. Blait, contralto:
“My Ships” (Barrat).
Mr. M. Tough, baritone:
“Mountain Lovers” (Squire).
Mr. J. McNamara, humorous recital*
“The Liver Wing Testimonial.”
Miss Findley and Mr. Senior, with male choir:
Duet and chorus: “Miserere and Tower
Song,” from Trovatore.
Miss M. Rahilly, violin:
“Legende” (Wieniawski).
Miss E. Beale, soprano:
“Golden Bird” (Haydn-Wood).
Miss Gallaher, Mrs. Machin, Mr. H. Williams, and Mr. S. Machin, quartette:
“You swear to be good and true,” from
Gelliers Dorothy.
Mr. R. Senior and Miss Rahilly, tenor solo, with violin obligato.
“Angels Guard Thee” (Goddard).
Orchestra:
“Prelude” (Rachmaninoff).
Benalla Musical Society:
Chorus, “Regular Royal Queen” from the
Gondoliers (Sullivan).
Mrs. Blair and Miss Rahilly, contralto, with
violin obligato:
“Ave Maria” (Gounod).
Marangan Lodge Choir:
Male chorus, “The Old Banjo” (Scott
Gattys).
Miss E. Findley, soprano:
“One Fine Day” (Puccini).
Mr. J. McNamara, recital:
“After the Ball.”
Mr. T. Hughes, tenor:


“Songs of Araby” (Clay).
Genaila Musical Society:
Chorus, “To the Death” (Alfred Wheeler).
p.m.—“Age” news service, exclusive to
3AR.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quite
is taken from the poem, “The Dominion,”
by Brunton Stephens.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven.
God Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE.
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
6.30 a.m. to 7 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
1 p.m.—Market reports: weather information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau; news services supplied by “Thd Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.30 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times.
8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph News.”
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Mail train running times; &quot;Daily
Standard” news; weather information announcements.
6.15 p.m.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—The Children’s Hour:
Stories 'by “Little Miss Brisbane.”
f p.m.—Special news service ,* market reports ;
stock reports.
f .30 p.m.—Weather news ; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
7.45 p.m—Lecturette: “Orchard Ills and Their
Diagnosis,” by Mr. J. W. Howies (Queens-
land Agricultural High School and College).
NIGHT SESSION.
A programme of dance music by Alf.
Featherstone and his Studio Syncopators, including:
Fox-trots:
(a) “You Gave Me Your Heart” (Snyder).
(b) “In a Tent” (Roehler).
Fox-trots:
(a) “Barbara” (Silver).
(b) “Dancing Tambourine” (Polla).
Fox-trots:
(a) “Out Where the Blue Begins” (Grant).
(b) “Oh! Miss Hannah” (Deppen).
Jazz Waltzes:
(a) “Nightingale” (Brockman).
(b) “Night of Love” (De Sylva).
Rhythmic Paraphrase:
(a) “Russian Fantasy” (Lange).
Medley One-Step:
(a) “Yank o’ Mania” (Rudolph).
Fox-trots:
(a) “The Birth of the Blues” (Henderson).
(b) “Rose of Sunny Italy” (Chapman).
Fox-trots:
(a) “My Mammy Knows” (Be Costa).
(b) “Would You Cry” (Spencer).
(p) “Love is Just a Flower” (Schonberg).
Fox-trots:
(a) “Spanish Shawl” (Scheebel).
(b) “Through Eternity I’ll Dream of You”
(Baker).
Between dances the following will be re-
layed:
A CERTAIN REMEDY
When your reception weakens and you cannot get the usual volume
your “A” battery is generally found to be the trouble.
This can easily be remedied by charging your own batteries at home just when necessary, and will assure your set ready for
action at all times.
Keogh Radio Supplies
Manufacturers of the famous KEOGH RADIO SET
Tungar A &amp; B
2 Amp. Charger
£B-10-0 Cash
Term* : 32/- Dep.
5/- per week.
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EMMCO 2.5 AMP. CHARGER
Max. Charging Rate 2\ Amp.. No Valves. No Acid.
Cash £4/15/-
Terms: 17/6 Deposit; 5/ per week.
RECTOX TRICKLE CHARGER
Something New to Charge, 4 or 6 Volt, from .8 to 1 Amp. con-
tinuous. No valves. No acid; foolproof. Cash £5/10/
Terms: 20/- Deposit; 5/- per week.
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Our Time Payment
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REMEMBER! Our Engineer, Chas. W. Slade, is always available
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40a PARK STREET
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Open till 9 p.m. Fridays


Soprano solos:
&lt;»&gt; ‘‘ Two Little Bluebirds” (Hern)
(b) “Lovely Night” (Ronald).
Miss Jean Naylor.
Baritone solos, Selected.
Mr. D. Daniels.
Lauri, the Enterainer.
Baritone solos, Selected.
Mr. Fred Homer.
10 p.m.—Special Bi-weekly News Bulletin for
distant listeners.
t 0.30 p.im—“Daily Standard” news; weather
news. Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes.
S *&quot;'“ “ d
12 ‘^Recreator^* USiCal numbers on the Studio
12 ch an P ; m Tf-,r C - Ward and Co -’ s Stock Exchange Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1 “Recreator” Cal numbers on the Studio
1.57 p.m. Meteorological information.
2 Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
* p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
' “Recreator! ”* ° n the Studio
8.30 p.m.—Menu Talk by ‘‘Homelover.”
8 - 4 c s o p - m —Fashion Talk, by J. Craven and
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
4.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
JRecreater.”
Ward and C°/. Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
5 p.m—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
H£ m ;r? hildren ’ s Entertainment, by the
oL/li JRadio Family.
.6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Re-
■ creator.”
7 P.m. —G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—General Market Reports, by A. W.
Sandford and' Co.. A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Cq., S.A. Farmers’ Co-operative
Union, Taylor Bros. Retail Grocers’ Asso-
ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar-
ket Co., Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Extracts from ‘‘News Bulletin ”
■upplied by Minister for Markets and Mi-
gration.
7.30 p.m.—Boy Scouts’ Corner.
7.45 p.m.—Talk on “Current Topics.”
8 p.m.—G.P.O, Chimes.
•'I/&quot; I'—:lnstrumental 1 '— : Instrumental Concert, relayad from
Henley Beach Rotunda: Holden’s Silver
Land, ini selections, interspersed with solos
by Elsie Weolley (mezzo), Mrs. Hubert
James (piano), and Herbert King (tenor).
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat Report.
9.3 p.m.—Station. Announcements.
9.4 p.m.—lnstrumental Concert, continued.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News.
10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.15 p.m.—Relayed from the Maison de
Danse, Glenelg, Dance Music.
teorological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National An-
them.
10.55 p.m.—Thursday’s Programme and me-
6WF, PERTH.
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
MORNING SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m.—Marketa, News, and Cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m.—Studio Quintette, conducted by Mr
Val Smith.
2 p.m.—Close down.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
8.85 p.m.—Talk: “Fashions” by Junette.
3.55 p.m.—Orchestral music played by Hoyts
Orchestra, conducted by Mr. Harold Parting-
relayed from Hoyt’s Regent Theatre,
William street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—Tune in.
The Evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.20 p.m.—Stock, Markets, News.
7 45 p.m.—Sporting talk.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological, Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements sucvh as alterations
to programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Variety night.
Musical programme, including vocal and in-
strumental artists.
Orchestral nusic played by Harold Parting-
ton and his seventeen piece orchestra, re-
layed from Hoyts Regent Theatre, William
street.
10 news items by courtesy of “The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather Report and forecast.
10.30 down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 Metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m.
Thurs., March 29
-2FC, SYDNEY.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m, to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—Last minute sporting information
by the 2FC Racing Commissioner.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m.—Studio music.
11.15 a.m.—A reading.
11.30 a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—&quot; Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m. “Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m.—Dorothy Benbow, contralto:
“O Western Wind” (Brahe).
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.50 p.m.—Dorothy Benbow, contralto!
“Country Folk” (Brahe).
1.55 p.m.—Late sporting information, told by
the 2FC Racing Commissioner. *
2.5 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements,
3.3 p.m.—Muriel Watt, contralto:
“God touched the Rose” (Borwn),
3.7 p.m.—-Popular records.
3.15 p.m.—G. F. Brewer, baritone.
3.19 p.m.—Muriel Watt, contralto.
3.23 p.m.—Popular record 3.
3.30 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall, on the
occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibition
a programme b 2FC artists:
The 2FC Dance Trio, conducted by Bee. Mor-
rison :
(a) “No more, worryin’ ” (Hahn),
(b) “Just again” (Donaldson).
3.38 p.m.—Frank Botham, baritone:
“The Red Star of Romany” (Sanderson).
3.45 p.m.—Jean Gerrard, solos on the Melo
piano:
(a) “Little town in the old County Down”
(Sanders).
(b) Ain t that a grand and glorious feel-
ing” (Yellen).
3.52 p.m.—The 2FC Dance Trio, conducted by
Cec Morrison:
(a) “Yesterday” (de Sylva).
(b) “One Summer Night” (Coslow).
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Peggy Dunbar, contralto:
“Still as the Night.”
At the piano: Enid Conley.
4.7 p.m.—The 2FC Dance Trio:
“Gonna get a Girl” (Lewis).
4.12 p.m.—Frank Botham, baritone:
&quot;Land of Delight” (Sanderson).
4.16 p.m.—Jean Gerrard, solos on the Melo
Piano:
(a) “Saxophone Waltz” (Mingo).
(b) “Fifty Million Frenchmen can’t be
wrong” (Rose).
4.20 p.m.—Peggy Dunbar, contralto:
“Homing” (Del Reigo).
4.23 p.m.—The 2FC Dance T*io, conducted by
Cec. Morrison:
(a) “Who, maybe it’s you” (Berlin).
(b) “Forgive me” (Ager).
4.30 p.m.—From the Stiadioj
G. F. Brewer, baritone!
4.35 p.m.—Popular records.
4.42 p.m.—Genevieve Eppel, soprano:
“Leto” (Chaminade).
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.—Studio music.
4.56 p.m.—Genevieve Eppel, soprano*
Open thy blue eyes” (Massenet).’
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
5.45 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.16 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
A short talk by the 2FC Racing Commis-
sioner.
7.5 p.m.—Sporting news.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool
wheat and stock).
P-™-— Frt &gt;it and vegetable markets.
P.D.S. Poultry Reports.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.— Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
T. 40 p.m.—Programme announcements*
P -“^ he „ Ja “ eteki Trio ’ instrumentalists',
o p.m.— Bis Ben/*
G. J. Lockley will deliver a talk on Wen*
worth Park,
B 'T„w' m^ r ° M the platform of the Sydney
lown Hall: a programme by 2FC artists in
connection with the Radio Electrical Exhibi-
tion.
The Metropolitan Band, conducted by John
.Palmer:
(a) ' n March of Triumph.”
(b) “Entry of the Gladiators&quot; (Facik).


8.20 p.m.—Alfred Cunningham, baritone:
(a) “Even bravest heart,” Cavatina, “Faust”
(Gounod).
(b) “The Merry Monk” (Bevan). .
8.28 p.m. —Charles Lawrence, entertainer in
song and humour.
8.34 p.m.—Madame Lilian Gibson, contralto:
(a) “Softly awakes my Heart” (Saint Saens).
(b) “Homing.”
8.42 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band:
Selection from “Faust” (Gounod).
8.58 p.m.—The Sydney Male Voice Choir:
(a) “The song of the Jolly Roger?”
(b) “It’s Oh, to be a Red Rose” (Elgar).
(c) “Ring out, wild bells” (Fletcher).
At piano: Horace Keats.
9.10 p.m.—From tile Studio:
The Janetski Trio, instrumentalists.
9.25 p.m.—Alfred Cunningham, baritones
(a) “To Mary” (White).
(b) “Song of the Clock” (Burchell).
9.32 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band, conducted
'by John Palmer:
(a) March, “Nawortk Castle” (Ord Hume).
(b) Selection, “The Arcadians” (Monckton-
Talbot).
9.49 p.m.—Mde. Lilian Gibson, contralto:
(a) “Ave Maria” (Mascagni).
(b) “Hame” (Davies). ’
9.56 p.m.—Charles Lawrence, entertainer.
10.5 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band:
(a) Two Step, “Belle of Woolloomooloo”
(Lithgow).
(b) Fantasia, “Scotland” (Lee).
10.20 p.m.—From the Ambassadors:
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by Al Hammet.
10.85 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.36 p.m.—From the Studio:
The Metrc-politan Band:
(a) Waltz, “Echoes of the Danube’’ (arr.
Satson).
(b) March, “The Ndrth Star” (Rinsmer).
10.47 p.m.—From the Ambassadors :
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio:
To-morrow’s’ programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from Studio.
10.40 a.m.—News from the “Daily Telegraph
Pictorial.”
10.50 a.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Social Notes. Replies to correspondents.
Talk on “Architecture,” by Mr. Brogan.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Clock and’chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping, and
port directory.
12.1 i p.m.—Boats in call by wireless:
12.13 p.m.—F'ruit Market report.
12.15 p.m.—Vegetable Market report.
12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report.
12.19 p.m.—Dairy, Farm and Produce Market
report.
12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report.
12:26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. gramophone' recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to thildren, and special entertainment
for children in hospitals.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
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AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information, broadcast immediately
after each race, by courtesy of the “Sun”
newspapers.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
S.lO p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
8.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
3.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
8.40 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band, broadcast
from Dungowan Cabaret.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
4.8 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—Talk on “The Women of Ancient
Rome.”
4.30 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band.
4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”*
4.57 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
6 p.m.—G.P.O Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
8.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report.
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
Weekly Traffic Bulletin.
6.45 a,sa. —Country News, from the “Sun.**
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner music.
7.30 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
EVENING SESSION.
B p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Broadca;ters’ Topical Chorus.
§.3 p.m.—Programme arranged by Messrs. E.
F. Wilks and Co.
10.15 p.m.—Resume of following day’s p
gramme.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares. Government Meteorolo-
gist.
16 20 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra,
under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson.
During intervals between dances. “Sun”
news will be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
HERALD BREAKFAST HOUR.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7-20 a_m. —Physical Culture Exercises (to
music).
7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.33 a.m.—Weather forecast for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.6 a.m.—News. Sporting information. Ship-
ping Stock Exchange information.
8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—3LO’s CULINERY COUNSELS, or
how to create comforts with a minimum
of cash: —
NUTTIES.
1% cups of flour.
L&gt;-cup butter.
%-cup sugar.
1 egg.
Little Cinnamon.
%-cup chopped dates.
%-cup chopped walnuts
%-teaspoon carbonate soda.
1 tablespoon boiling water.
Cream butter and sugar, add egg, beat
well, add flour and cinnamon, sifted, then
the soda dissolved in the boiling water,
then the dates and nuts. Place in small
pieces on a greased oven tray and bake
10 to 15 minutes.
H I a.m.-THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN:
Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers.
11.5 a.m.—ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME,
MR. JOHNSTON:
“Lighting the Home.”
11.20 a.m.^ —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m.—SISTER PURCELL:
“Mothercraft.”
11.40 a.m.—Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—MRS. HENRIETTA C. WALKER:
THE ART OF BEING A SETTLER.
The Lighter Side: The Question of Enter-
taining.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY
TIME SIGNAL.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices, received by the Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day. British
Official wireless news from Rugby. Reu-
ters and the Australian Press Association
cables. “Argus” news service.
COMMUNITY SINGING.
12.15 p.m.—COMMUNITY SINGING, trans-
mitted from the Assembly Hall, Collins
street. Melbourne. Conductor, G. J. MAC-
KAY
BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUARTETTE:
SOLOISTS:
MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Rire Toujours” (Massenet).
Selected.
GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Three Fishers” (Hullah).
“Don’t Take Away My Little Honey Boy**
(Elliott).
1.45 p.m.—Meteorological information. Stock
Exchange information.
1.55 p.m.—Close down.
2.10 p.m.—Result of Handicap Trial Hurdle,
Race, Two miles. MORNINGTON RACES.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “The Girl from Utah” (Jones).
2.80 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, Soprano (by per-
mission J. C. Williamson Ltd.) :
“Batti Batti” (Mozart).
“Poppies for Forgetting” (Clarke).
2.37 p.m.—PERCY CODE, cornet:
Selected.
2.40 p.m—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Cobweb Castle” (Lehmann).
Reverie, “Ecstacy” (Canne).
2.55 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“Thank God for a Garden” (Del Riego).
“Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal” (Qiulter).
3.2 p.m.—Result of Handicap Maiden Plate,
six furlongs, MORNGINGTON RACES.
3.3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Floradora” (Stuart).
3.15 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK:
DR. GEORGE E. PAYNE PHILPOTS will
speak on “Fruits and Vegetables—Their
Food and Health Qualities,” transmitted
from Worth’s Park.
EDUCATION HOUR.
3.30 p.m.—DR. LOFTUS HILLS:
&quot;Topics of the Week.”
3.45 p.m.—WM. G. JAMES will speak to
Students of Music.
4 p.m.—REV. WILLIAM BOTTOMLEY will
give a series of Lectures on
“THE IDYLLS OF THE KING.”
Tennyson—l. “The Coming of Arthur.”
SPORTING NOTES.
4.15 p.m.—Results of MORNINGTON RACES.
LIGHT MUSIC.
4.16 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Honolulu Moon” (Laurence).
“In the Tavern” (Jansen).
4.25 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano:
“Jeunes Filettes” (Bergerette).
“Smilin’ Through” (Penn).
4,32 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Going Up” (Hirsch).
4.42 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor :
“The Blind Ploughman” (Clarke).
4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report for Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—EVENSONG from ST. PAUL’S
CATHEDRAL.
5.30 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock
Exchange information. Result of Welter
Handicap MORNINGTON RACES.
5.40 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
CHILDREN’S HOUR.
6 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday
greetings by “MARY GUMLEAF.”
6.20 p.m.—MONSIEUR SONORA:
Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m—“MARY GUMLEAF:”
Stories for the Little Ones.
“Dreamy Sue.”
“Building Cattles.”
6.30 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.35 p.m.—“MARY GUMLEAF” and her
Students will give a Little Play
“ALICE’S ADVENTURE.”
NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock
sales by the Asociated Stock and Station
Agents, Bourke street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor-
rett Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.18 p.m.—River reports.
7.22 p.m.—Acceptances for Epsom races on
Saturday. Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co. Ltd.—Poultry,
Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce!
Potatoes and Onions. Market reports of
fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Asocia-
tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchant’s
Association. Citrus fruits. Ballarat pig
market reports by the Ballarat Stock
and Station agents.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—A talk on Foreign Affairs, by as
Australian.
7.45 p.m.—STRELLA WILSON, now appear-
ing in the Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Com-
pany, at His Majesty’s Theatre, will speak
to you from her dressing room, by permis-
sion of J. C. Williamson Ltd.
8 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK, trans-
mission from Wirth’s Park.
E. GRAY, Curator, Kyneton Garden, will
speak on
“Trees for the Altitudes.’*
FROM THE STUDIO.
8.15 p.m.—Birthday greetings and programme
announcements.
8.16 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Yesterday” (Harrison).
“There will come a time” (Garren).
“The Magic of Music and Love” (Hajor) s
8.25 p.m^—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Chanson Indoue” (Korsakov).
8.28 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Down Kentucky. Way” (Gamble).
“There’s a Garden in Loveland” fcHajor).
“Red Lips Kiss My Blues Away” (Bryan),
8.37 p.m.—Talk on the War Memorial.
8.42 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“There’s Just one For You” (Ganner)*
“Sing me a Baby Song” (Kahn).
“I’ve Got a Yes Girl” (Souvaine).
8.51 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor:
“Anchor’s Weighed.”
8.54 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“What’ll You Do” (Miller).
“Maybe You’ll Ibe the One” (McKiernan),
“All on My Ownsome” (Kahn).
9.3 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Kentucky Babe” (Geibel).
9.6 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Egyptian Echoes” (Black).
“Are You Happy?” (Ager).
“Who’s Loving You To-night?” (Davis),
9.15 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Adieu Marie” (Adams).
9.1.8 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS :
“Following you Around” (Kahn).
“Moonlight Waters” (Friend).
“Underneath the Stars with You” (Stept).
9.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Charlie is my Darling” (Old Scotch).
9.30 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Go Home and Tell Your Mother” (Baen).
“Rang Tang” (Trent).
“Take your Finger out of Your Mouth”
(Yellman).


9.39 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor:
“Ailsa Mine.”
9.42p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“To-night you belong to iqe” (Costlow).
“So Blue” (De Sylva).
“At Sundown” (Donaldson).
9.51 p.m.—GRACE JACKSOI4. contralto:
“Lacaday” (Crampton).
9.54 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Broken Hearted” (Lombardo).
“That Night in Araby” (Synder),
“From Now On” (Friend).
10 p.m.—“Argus” news service. British
official wireless news from Rugby. Meteoro-
logical information. Anouncements. Sport-
ing notes by “Olympus.” Island shipping
movements. Results of Triangular State
School cricket match betwen Victoria, New
South Wales, and Queensland, played in
Sydney.
ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VIC-
TORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR TO-
DAY IS:—
“Persons on bicycles, scooters or in carts
should not be permitted to hitch to your
car.”
10.15 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Till the end of the world with you.”
“My Heart is Calling” (Garden).
“The Spell of the Moon” (Kahn).
10.24 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Wayfarer’s Night Song” (Martin).
10.27 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“How Can you Be So Mean to Me.”
“My Idea of Heaven” (Johnson).
“Golden Memories of Hawaii.”
10.36 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“The Fuchsia Tree” (Quilter).
10.39 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Night time is Love Time” (Davis).
“Wondering Why” (Ash).
“How Long Must I Wait For You?” (Still-
well).
10.48 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor:
“Audacity.”
10.51 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Slow River” (Myers).
“What are You Waiting For Now?” (Cos-
low).
“I’d Leave Ten Men” (Farrar).
11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“Woodman, spare that tree,
Touch not a single bough,
In youth it sheltered me,
And I’ll protect it now.
’Twas my forefather’s hand
That placed it near his cot.
There, woodman, let it' stand,
Thy axe shall harm it not.”
George P. Morris.
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
HIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Patori, Ltd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL CONCERT.
Sport. During the afternoon results of the
Mornington Races, together with other in-
formation, will be given immediately each
race is run.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
A half-hour dance session by Melbourne’s
favorite dance band. The latest hits, each
one announced prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
2.45 p.m.—Miss Jean Lewis, contralto:
“A Pearl for every tear” (Liddle).
“The way home” (Liddle).
2.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
3.8 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
“Arabesque” (De Bussy).
3.12 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Fantasie Espagnole” (Hosmar).
3.23 p.m.—Miss Jean Lewis, contralto:
“Thou art so like a flower” (Liszt).
“A bunch of violets” (Mena Raymond).
3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
3.40 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
3.56 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano:
“Valse Mignonne” (Palmgren).
4 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Four.
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.m.—Mr&gt; George dSverest, tenor:
“Parted” (Tosti).
“The Devon Maid” (Frank Bridge).
4.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
4.26 p.m.—Mr. George Everest, tenor:
“Maire my Girl” (George Aitken).
“I know a lovely garden” (Guy d’Hardelot).
4.34 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
4.55 p.m.—Special racing report. Acceptances
and barrier positions for Saturday’s races
by G.F.R.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Five.
God Save the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Uncle Mac’s entertainment.
EVENING SESSION.
SONG AND DANCE.
7.15 p.m.—Hobby Session. Mr. A. G. Kelson,
Vice-President of the 3AR Stamp Club.
7.25 p.m.—“Early Victorian History.” Mr.
F. A. Currie’s interesting talk this week will
deal with “William Buckley—the Wild,
White Man.”
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-date news and com-
ments on sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock reports.
McPhail Anderson’s pig market.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight.
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“A Derwish Chorus” (Sebek).
“Invitation of the Waltz” (Weber-Berlioz).
8.17 p.m.—Miss Jean Tunnecliffe, contralto:
“The Three Fishers” (Hullah).
“Coming Home” (Hullah).
8.24 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Pious Bach” (Urbach).
8.39 p.m.—Mr. John Hobbs, bass baritone:
“Myself when young” (Liza Lehmann).
“Wander Thirst” (Landon Ronald).
8.47 p.m.—Mr. Ronald Brearley, ’cello:
“Arabian Song” (Vogrich).
8.50 p.m.—Announcements.
9.2 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Looking Backward” (Finck).
9.18 p.m.—Miss Jean Tunnecliffe. contralto:
“The Little Silver Ring” (Chaminade).
“Jock O'Hayeldene” (Loder).
9.26 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
9.34 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Ten.
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners
10.3 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano:
“Should he upbraid” (Bishop).
“Drink to me only” (Traditional).
10.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Indian Summer” (Lake*.
10.21 p.m.—-Mr. John Hobhs, bass baritone:
“The Border Balad” (Cowen).
“Tributes” (Fisher).
10.28 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Indian Summer” (Lake).
10.34 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano:
“Impatience” CSchrbeU).
“Caller Herrin” (Old Scotch).
10.42 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Am Meer” (Schubert).
10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
10.62 p.m.—“Age” news bulletin, exclusive to
3AR.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quote
is taken from the poem, “Spell Oh!” by
W. E. Carew.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven.
God Save the King.
What I See
&amp; Hear
Looking Backward
When I sit by the sad sea waves
and let the sands of time blow over
me, do I remember with regret the
dear school days? I do not! They
leave the same happy memory as an
attack of ptomaine poisoning from
eating bad sardines.
All my life I have been haunted by
the clammy atrocities printed in the
old-time school books. Thjey have
clung to me as th&amp; tendrils of jelly
fish. There were four in particular.
The first was about an old arm
chair and it had a tipsy refrain:
“I love it, I love it, and who shall
dare,
“To chide me for loving that old arm
chair!”
If anyone in my class had caught
the writer the latter would have
yelled for a hospital stretcher instead
of an arm chair.
Number 2 described the expiring
gasps of some girl who was to be
Queen of the May before she pegged
out. “Call me early, mother dear,”
was her chief stock in trade. Why
she didn’t buy an alarm clock, no-
body could ever understand.
More entertaining was the loss of
the Royal George which sank with
“twice four hundred men.” I suppose
eight hundred men would not rhyme.
She was “overset” by a land breeze—
must have been a top-heavy tub!
Last and worst was a dirge, “Thy
father is passing away!”
The symptoms of the expiry would
have stocked a small medical book.
For two years I mourned for my poor
Dad, until one day I broke a window
with my shanghai. The following
ten minutes with him left me very
sore in body, but greatly relieved re-
garding his early grave.
What an infinite blessing it was
that we did not have radio in those
days. Fancy the glorious Burgess
Batteries being employed to turn out
such unadulterated dribble as the
stuff in those old books. Instead of
an affectionate regard for New
System Telephones Pty., Ltd., I
should hate to think of 280 Castle-
reagh-street, Sydney, as the sob
centre of “The Old Arm Chair,” or
“Thy Father is Pegging Out.”


4QG, BRISBANE
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m,
MIDDAY SESSION.
4 p.m.—Market reports ; weather information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau ; news services supplied by “The
Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour address.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal.
t p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times.
8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph” news.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
8 p.m.-—Mail train running times; “Daily
Standard” news; weather information an-
nouncements.
6.15 p.jn.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “The Sandman.”
7 pjn.—Special news service; market re-
ports ; stock reports.
7.30 p.m.—Weather news; “Daily Standard”
news; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
7.46 p.m.—Lecturecte: A talk on Books by
Mr. Doyle (McLeod’s).
NIGHT SESSION.
A semi popular and classical concert,
arranged by Mr. Scott MacCalfum.
• p.m.—String Quartette :
Popular numbers by the “Melody Players.”
Bass Solo.
Mr. H. Phillips.
Soprano solo, Selected.
Miss Nancy Muirhead.
Violin soTd, &quot;Plevna Fota” (Hubay).
Mr. H. Scott MacCallum.
Humorous and Dramatic Cameos by Miss
Pearlie McKenzie.
T4nor sjlo, “Where’er You Walk” (Handel).
Mr. J. Land.
String Quartette, “In a Canoe” (Zamecnik).
“Melody Players.”
Contralto sole.
Miss Ella Howie.
Baritone .solo, “The Garonne” (Acfims).
Mr. H. E. Higginbotham.
A few minutes of mirth and melody by
“Black ar.d White.”
String Quartette. “Ole South” (Zamecnik).
“Melody Players.”
• p.m.—Metropolitan weather forecast.
String Quartette. Popular numbers.
“Melody Players.”
Contralto solo.
Miss Ella Howie.
Tenor solo, “Why is Sylvia.”
Mr. Jack Land.
Pianoforte solo, &quot;Rustle of Spring” (Sind-
ing).
Mrs. Hilda Woolmer.
Mirth and Melody by “Black and White.”
Soprano solo, Selected.
Miss Nancy Muirhead.
Duet, “I Was Dreaming.”
Mr. Jack Land (tenor) and Mr. H. E.
Higginbotham (baritone).
•Cello solo. Selected.
Miss Petropolus.
Baritone solo, “Friend of Mine” (Sartder-
•on).
Mr. H. E. Higginbothany
String Quartette, “Blue Bells” (Zamecnik).
“Melody Players.”
Humorous and Dramatic Cameos by Miss
Pearlie McKenzie.
Bass solo.
Mr. H. Phillips.
String Quartette, “Star of the Orient&quot;
(Zamecnik). &gt;
“Melody Players.”
p.m.—“Daily Mail” news. Weather news.
Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes.
12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service and Bri-
tish Wireless news .
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
I p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the studio “Rec-
reator.”
I. p.m.—Meteorological information.
« 2 p.m. -G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8 p.m,—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m. Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
3.45 p.m.—Cheer-Up talk by Rev. C. H. Nield.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
4.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children's Entertainment by the SCL
Radio Family.
6.30 p.m. Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.; —S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
chansfe.
7.8 p.m.---General market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Co.,* S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso-
ciation, interstate Fruit Produce Market Co.,
Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Popular Science Talk.
7.30 p.m.—Talk on &quot;Better Homes” by Slaters
(Furnishers) Ltd.
7.40 p.m.—Poultry talk by Mr. A. M. Whitten-
bury.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. ,
8.1 p.m.—Novelty Broadcast.
8.20 p.m.—Concert arranged by Rev. Keith
Steward, relayed from Black Forest Baptist
Church Hall.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.— Dalgety’s wheat report.
9.3 p.m.—Station Announcements.
9.5 p.m -Talk on “Sheep and Wool” by Mr.
C. H. Blagg.
9.15 p.m. Relay from Black Forest continued.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1 p.m.— British Wireless News.
10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service.
10.13 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service.
10.18 p.m. Relayed from the Maison de Danse
Glenelg Dance Music.
10.55 p.m Friday’s programme and meteo-
rological information.
II p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
Friday, March 30
2FC, SYDNEY.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m. —“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m. —Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A reading.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11. a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m. —Studio music.
11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and Re-
cipes by Ivliss Ruth Furst.
11.30 a.m. —-Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m. -Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Wea'her intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News ' midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m. — Eileen Moreau, soprano:
“Thinking of Y&gt;x” (Coates*.
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.55 p.m.-—Eileen Moreau, sopraao:
“Down Here” (Brahe).
2 p.m.—“Big Ber..” Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements,
3.3 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio.
Leader, Ewart Chappie.
3.13 p.m.—Aldyth Hern, soprano;
“Sing, Sing, Blackbird” (Montague Phillips).
3.17 p.m.—Carmen Frey, pianoforte solo.
(Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.)
3.24 p.m.— t'nillipa Alston, soprano:
“Morning” (Spe./j).
3.27 p.m.-*-The 2FC Instrumental Trio.
Leader, Ewart Chappie.
3.37 p.m.—Joyce Gillespie, soprano:
“Lackaday” (Crampton).
3-.40 p.m.—Carmen Grey, pianoforte solo.
(Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.)
3.45 p.m.—Aldyth Hern, soprano:
“The Market” (Molly Carew).
3.49 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio,
Leader, Ewart Chappie.
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Popular records.
4.10 p.m.—Joyce Gillespie, soprano:
“Over the Meadow” (Carew).
4.14 p.m.—Carmen Frey, pianoforte «oli*
(Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.J
4.20 p.m.—Phillipa Alston, soprano:
• “Beyond the Dawn” (Sanderson).
4.24 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio.
Leader, Ewart Ch&amp;pple.
4.35 p.m.—Popular records.
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.-—Results of the Cricket Match played
in New Zealand tc-day: Australia versus New
Zealand.
Studio music. /
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
NOTE: During the Children’s Session the
Juvenile Pupils of Madame Ada Baker will
give the following items
1. Duet, “I Know a Bunk” (Horn)«
Bruce and Leslie Penman.
2. Song, “Sun FlsfJkes” (Phillips).
Mary Wilson.
3. Monologue, “Peter” (Scott-Gatty)*
Roma Farrer.
4. Song, “Sonny Mine” (Herbert de Pinna).
Jessie Cope-Clegg.
5. Recitations.
Little Joan Punch.
6. Song, “Keep on Keeping On” (Long-
staffe).
Leslie Penman.
7. Recitation, “Little Froggie Face.”
Madge Emerson.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.


7 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Late sporting news told by the 2FC Racing
Commissioner.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News&quot; lato news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Cyril Monk will describe the Music
Teachers’ Conference to be held in Sydney
at Easter.
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Prom Her Majesty’s
Theatre, Pitt Street, Sydney (by permission
of J. C. Williamson, Ltd) :
The First Act of the Musical Comedy:
“The Girl Friend,” produced by Frederick
Blackman, featuring Annie Croft.
Musical numbe;rs:
Scene 1;
Overture.
Opening chorus, “Step on the Track.’*
Scene 2:
“Blue Room,” Annie Croft and Quartette.
Scene 3:
Opening Chorus, “Boys of Hagerstown.”
“The Girl Friend,” Lorna Helms and Leo
Franklyn.
“J Travel the Road,” Annie Croft.
“We must discover that Girl,” Gus Bluett,
Reginald Sharland and Frank Leighton.
Scenes:
1. A Railway Siding on the Canadian Paoific
Railway.
2. In the Dining Car.
3. Lounge of the Hotel Wendell (Evening).
9.12 p.m.—From the Studio:
•Late weather forecast.
The Sydney Instrumental Trio (Lionel Law-
son, violin; Gladston Bell, ’cello; and
Lindley Evans,, piano) :
(a) “Allegr(Arensky;.
(b) “Scherzo” (Arensky).
9.22 p.m.—“A Seat in the Park.”
9.32 p.m.—Gladstone Bell, ’cello solos.
9.39 p.m.—A. G. Ellis, baritone:
Two numbers from the Song Cycle: “In a
Brahmin Garden”:
(a) “Ganges Boat Song” (Knlght-Logan).
(b) “Krishna’s Lament” (Knight-Logan).
9.46 p.m.—Lindley Evans, pianoforte solos:
(a) “The Cathedral under the Sea” (De-
bussy).
(b) &quot;Sequidillas” (Albeniz).
9.55 p.m.—Glady Evans, soprano:
(a) Aria from “La Cena delle Beffe” (Gior-
dano).
(b) “Autumn” (Landon Ronald).
10.3 p.m.—Lionel Lawson, violinist.
10.12 p.m.—A. G. Ellis, baritone:
(a) “The Elfin King” (Clutsam).
(b) “To the Western Wind” (Clutsam).
10.20 p.m.—The Sydney Instrumental Trio:
(a) “Lento” (Arensky).
(b) “Finale” (Arensky).
10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.31 p.m.—Gladys soprano:
(a) “A Song Remembered” (Coates).
(b) “Sing, J &gt;yous Bird” (Phillips).
10.38 p.m.—2FO Dance Band, conducted by
Cec. Morrison.
10.57 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and late
news.
11 p.m. —“Big Ben.”
The 2FC Dance Band (Cec. Morrison, con-
ductor).
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
• FRIDAY, 30th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.33 a.m. —Weather forecast for all States.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies
8.5 a.m. —News. Sporting information. Shp-
ping. Stock Exchange information.
8.13 a.m.—Morning melodies.
8.15 a.m. —Close down.
MORNING SESSION t
11 a.m.—3LO’s CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comforts with a
• minimum of cash. _
FURNITURE POLISH.
linseed oil.
V&gt; pint turpentine.
J /4 pint methylated spirit.
*4 pint vinegar.
Put all ingredients into a bottle, keep
well corked, and shake before using.
11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN
Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers.
“There are few joys in the world equal
to the joy of a garden, and a garden sets
off a home as an appropriate frame does
a picture.’’
—Gene Stratton Porter.
THIS MONTH BE SURE TO PLANT:
Pansies, Petunias, Iceland poppies, polyan-
thus, primrose, and pyrethrum.
11.10 a.m.—VEGETARIAN COOKING,
MATRON BARTLETT will give hints on
the cooking of vegetable dishes.
11.20 a.m.- Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m. —“AU FAIT:”
“Feminine Fancies.”
11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—Under the auspices of the Health
Association. DR. FEATONBY will speak on
“Serums and Toxins,” Part 2.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by the Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day.
British Official wireless news from Rugby.
Reuter’s and the Australian Press Associa-
tion cables. “Argus” news service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUAR-
TETTE :
“Scenes from the Prophets” (Bath).
12.30 p.m.—J. D. FRASER, baritone:
“My Mary Sweet and Brown” (Kilner).
“Molly” (Herbert).
12.37 p.m. Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, violin:
“Cradle Song” (Ter Aulin).
Waltz.
12.50 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“The Carnival of Venice” (Benedict).
“The Spinning Wheel” (gcottisn;.
12.67 p.m.—HILDA BRENNICKE, ’cello:
“Sous le douceur despins” (Jongeus).
1.4 p.m.—Meteorological information. Weather
forecast for Victoria, Tasmania, South Aus-
tralia and New South Wales. Ocean fore-
cast. River reports.
FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC.
1.11 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE will to-day
continue her petite concerts with a further
selection of the works of Beethoven.
1.21 p.m.—J. D. FRASER, baritone:
‘II Balem” (Verdi).
“My Heart’s Desire” (Coningßby-Clarke).
1.28 p.m.—BERTIIAH JORGENSEN’S TRIO:
“My Wild Irish Rose” (Obrott).
“My Rosary for You” (Ball).
1.38 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, Boprano:
“Se Saran Rose” (Arditi).
“Saper Vorreste” (Verdi).
1.45 p.m,—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Results of Public School Cricket.
2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Othello Suite” (Coleridgc-Taylor).
2.30 p.m.—ELLA RIDDELL, contralto:
“The Auld Scotch Songs” (Leeson).
“The Briar Bush” (Maxfield).
2.37 p.m.—TASMA TIERNAN, ’cello:
“Nocturne” (Chopin).
2.44 p.m.—FRANCES FRASER:
&quot;Travels with the Argonauts.”
3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Rainbow” (Gershwin).
Selected.
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Creek &amp; Adelaide Sts., Brisbane.


8.13 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK:
Transmission from Wirth’s Park.
W,. R. President of Garden
Week Committee, will speak on
“Novel Garden Features.”
8.25 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO.
MARION LIGHTFOOT, banjo:
“Volga Boatmen.”
“Kilties.”
“Oddity.”
8.32 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Prelude in G Minor” (Rachmaninoff).
“Dance of the Serpents” (Boccalare).
3.42 p.m.—ELLA RIDDELL, contralto:
“Rothsay Bay” (Old Scotch).
“Cornin’ Thro’ the Rye” (Burns).
8.49 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
TRIO fot violin, cello and piano.
“Nina Pergolse.”
“Minuet.”
8.53 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Blossoms.”
Selected.
8.59 p.m.—Results of Public School CHcket.
4 p.m.—HAROLD MOSCHETTI, tenor sax:
Selected.
4.5 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “The Quaker Girl.”
Waltz, “Spanish Moon.”
Selected.
4.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY. soprano
“The Rose Enslaves the Nightingale”
(Rimsky-Korsakov).
Request item.
4.34 p.m.—MARION LIGHTFOOT. banjo:
“Drum Major.”
“Patrol Eccentrique.”
4.41 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selected.
4 45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Report from Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—Joseph Bailie, flute:
Selected.
4.50 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Oxford Symphony in G Major” (Hayden).
6 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex-
change information.
8.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
8 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.20 p.m.—CAPT. DONALD MacLEAN:
“The Spanish Conquests—How the Dons dis-
covered the Treasures of the World.”
6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.40 p.m.—“BILLY BUNNY:”
“Stories of the Australian Bush.* *
THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden gay with a kaleidoscope
of GODETIAS.
CURRENT CHRONICLES.
Results of Public School Cricket.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock
sales by the Asociated Stock and Station
Agents. .Bourke Street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis . Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor-
rett Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River reports.
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce,
Potatoes and Onions. Market reports of
fruit Iby the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa-
tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’
Association. Citrus fruits.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.86 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, A. J.
GILL, Senior Herd Tester, State Depart-
ment of Agriculture, will speak on
“Factors Affecting Milk Tests.”
7.45 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
March, “Never Despair.”
Quartette, “Old Robin Gray.”
7.52 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“A Thrush’s Love Song.’ ’
“Music When Soft Voices Die” (Bishop).
8 p.m.—H. K. LOVE:
&quot;Technicalities.”
Mr. Love will be glad to attend to youi
wireless difficulties, and we ask you to
write to him for any advice you may
require.
8.10 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
“liOving Smile of Sister Kind” —Faust.
8.17 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Sapphic Ode” (Brahms).
“Like to the Damask Rose” (Elgar).
8.24 p.m.—ERIC AKINS will speak on
“To-morrow’s Events at the Motordrome.”
8.34 p.m.—TRANSMISSION FROM BALLAR-
AT.
COMMUNITY SINGING SOCIETY.
President, Cr. W. Elsworth.
Conductor, Mr. Bert Humphries.
Pianist, Mrs. Simons.
Secretary, Mr. Frank Braden.
Opening Chorus by the Ballarat Community
Singers
Short Address by the Chairman, Mayor Cr.
A. MacKenzie.
CHORUS. “Mother Machree ”
“My Bonnie is Over the Ocean.”
“Bye. Bye. Blackbird.”
MISS A. HIGGINS, soprano:
“Rosebuds” (Ardite).
CHORUS. “Ballarat.”
“Sailing.”
“Nancv Lee.”* t
MR. J. HAYMES, violin*
Selected.
CHORUS. “Killarney.”
“Soldier’s Farewell.”
“Cornin’ Thro’ the Rye.”
MRS. RITCHIE, contralto:
“Three Fishers” (Hull-h).
CHORUS. “Massa’s in the Cold, Cold
Ground.”
“My Old Kentucky Home.”
“Polly Wollv Doodle.”
STAN ANDREWS. Mouth Organ Solo:
“Annie Laurie.”
CHORUS. “Oh, For a Thousand Tongues
to Sing.”
“Love’s Old Sweet Song.”
“ T and of Hope and Glory.”
RAY PITTS tenor:
“Serenade” (Schubert).
CHORUS. “Till we Meet Again.”
“Down Hawaii Way.”
“Some Folks Do.”
“Love is Just a Little Bit of Heaven.”
“Tipperary.”
FROM THE STUDIO.
10 p.m.—“CARDIGAN” (Mr. H. A. Wolfe)
will speak on to-morrow’s races.
10 9 p.m.—Results of Triangular State School
Cricket Match between Victoria. New South
Wales and Queensland, played in Sydney.
10.10 p m —COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS*
BAND:
Overture, “The Golden Sceptre.”
10.17 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“In a Monastery Garden” (Ketelby).
“Just a Cottage Small.”
10.24 p m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
“La Paloma.”
10.31 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Go, Lovely Rose” (Ouilter).
“My Lady's Bower” (Temple).
10.38 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteorolo-
gical information. Road notes. British
' official wireless news ftom Rugby. Island
shipping news.
The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s
SAFETY MESSAGE for to-day is for
MOTORISTS: —
“Do not unnecessarily or suddenly squawk
your horn. Pedestrians may (be easily
frightened and temporarily ‘Paralysed.’ ”
10.50 p.m.—COLLINGWOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
Selection. “Dixie Land.”
11 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden gay with a Kaleidoscope
of Calliopsis, Campanula, Candytuft, Canter-
bury Bells, Chrysanthemum, Cornflowers,
and Clarkia.
OUR GREAT THOUGHT—
“And he gave it for his opinion that
whoever could make two ears of corn, or
two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot
of ground where only one grew before, would
deserve better of mankind, and do more
essential service to his country, than the
whole race of politicians put together.”
Swift. J
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
5 aturday, March 31
2FC, SYDNEY. '
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—'“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—’’Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A talk by the 2FC Racing Com-
missioner.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.”
A.P. A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.5 a.m.—A talk on Gardening by “Redgum”
J. G. Lockley.
11.30 a.m.—Close down,
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange.
3 2.3 p.m.—Studio music.
12.20 p.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
12.25 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Studio music.
Ip m. —“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
NOTE: During the afternoon race results
from Warwick Farm will be described by
the 2FC’s Racing Commissioner.
Between 3.30 p.m. -and 4.30 p.m. the follow-
ing musical items will be given from the
platform of the Sydney Town Hall, on the
occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibition:
8.30 p.m.—2FC Dance Trio, conducted by
Cyril Coy:
(a) “Lucky Day” (Henderson).
(b) “Charmaine” (Pollack).
8.40 p.m.—Heather Harding, soprano:
“One Fine Day” (Puccini).
3.44 p.m.—Douglas McKinnon, concertina:
(a) “Le Chevalier Breton” (Herman).
(b) March, “Dominion of Canada” (May
#iU).
C. 52 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio:
(a) “Just say good-night” (Nelson).
(b) “Take your finger out of your mouth.”
4 p.m.—Lionel Lunt, English baritone, late
of the “Carl Rosa” Opera Company of
England:
(a) “Prologue” (Leoncavallo).
(b) “Tommy Lad” (Margetson).
4.8 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall:
Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio:
(a) “As long as I have you” (Lewis Simon).
(b) “Red lips kiss my blues away.”
4.16 p.m.—Lionel Lunt, English baritone:
“Harlequin” (Sanderson).
4.21 p.m.—Heather Harding, soprano:
“Waltz Song,” from “Tom Jones” (Gei&gt;
man).
4.25 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio:
“Me and My Shadow.”
Accompanist, Enid Conley.
4.30 p.m.—Further race results and studio
music.
4.45 p.m.—Complete sporting resume, includ-
ing the result of the Cricket Match, played
in New Zealand to-day:
Australia versus New Zealand.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.


EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
6.45 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m. “Big Ben.” Late sporting news.
7.15 p.m.—Weather intelligence.
7.18 p.m. “Evening News” late news service.
7.28 p.m.—Studio music.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Studio music.
7.55 p.m.—A talk by Dr. T. J. Henry:
“A Trip to Tia, Juana, Mexico.”
8.10 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney
Town Hall, the concluding programme by
2FC artists on the final night of the
Radio Electrical Exhibition.
A Russian Orchestra in native costumes. A
combination of 14 players playing the Rus-
sian national instrument, “The Ballalaika”:
(a) “Longing for Homeland,” March
(Dobrokotoff).
(b) “All is quiet in the fields” (Aureef)
(c) “Outoushva” (Aureef).
8.20 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano:
(a) “The bird that came in Spring” (Bene-
dict).
(b) “Lovely Spring” (Cowen).
8.28 p.m.—Harrison White’s Banjo Band:
(a) “Romping Rosie” (Rossiter).
(b) ‘‘Selection of Scotch Airs” (arr. White).
(c) “Look in the Mirror” (Stept).
8.38 p.m.—Alex. Whitson, baritone:
(a) “Beware of the Maidens” (Day).
(b) “A Song of the Ren” (Charles)!
8.45 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalakia” Orches.
tra:
(a) “On the River Volga” (Ivanoff).
(b) “So went our little .Lassies” (Andreeff).
6.55 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano, and Alex.
Whitson, baritone:
Duet, “The Magic of Your Voice.”
0.4 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalaika”' Orches-
tra :
(a) “Folksong” (Andreeff).
(b) “Polianka” (Privaloff).
At the piano: Horace Keats.
0.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.11 p.m.—r'irst appearance with this station
of the distinguished pianist, Henri Penn:
(a) “Scherzo No. 2 (Chopin).
(b) “Liebestraume” (Liszt).
9.28 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano:
“Passion-Flower” (Coates).
9.32 p.m.—The Russian Ballalaika Orchestra:
(a) “Dreamy Garden,” Waltz (Andreeff).
(b) “Katenka” (Andreeff).
(c) Folksong (variations) (Privaloff).
9.42 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor:
“Friend.”
9.45 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalaika* Orches-
tra :
(a) “In Moscow” (Fantasy) (Ivanoff).
(b) “Moldavian Song” (arr. Snurnoff).
9.55 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano:
“The String of Pearls” (Phillips).
10 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Henri Penn, pianoforte solos:
(a) “Chanson” (Friml).
(b) “Ballade No. 1” (Chopin).
(c) “Toccata” (Debussy).
10.12 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor:
“A Rose and You” (Stoneham).
10.16 p.m.—Harrison White’s Banjo Band:
(a) “A Night in June” (Friend).
(b) “Yesterday,” Waltz (Brown).
(c) “Moonlit Waters.”
10.26 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.27 p.m.—From the Ambassadors :
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
10.37 p.m.—Studio items.
10.40 p.m.—The Ambassadors Dance Orches-
tra.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio:
To-morrow’s programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
3LO, MELBOURNE
SATURDAY, 31st MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Tonic Tones.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER
CISES (to the tonic tones).
7.33 a.m. —Weather forecasts for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory tjme signal.
8.1 a.m.—Tonic Tones.
8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
6.13 a.m.—Tonic Tones.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Heart of Her” (Cadman).
“At Dawning” (Cadman).
“Indiau Summer Suite” (Lake).
ILIS a.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone:
“The King’s Minstrel” (Pinsuti).
“The Little Irish Girl” (Lohr).
11-22 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“A Lover in Damascus” (Finden).
11.34 a.m.—MOLLY MAC.KAY, soprano:
“Mu3etta’s Song.”
“Wind Sonfi” (James Rogers).
11.41 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA;
“Kamennoi Ostrow” (Rubinstein).
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
Reuter’s and The Australian Press Associa-
tion cables. “Argus” news service.
“HENCE LOATHED MELANCHOLY.-
12.20 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Three Arabian Dances” (Ring).
12.28 p.m.—WILL PAGE, Xylophone:
“Sparks.”
12.32 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, sopranoj
“Depuis le jour” (Chaxpentier).
“Request number.&quot;
12.39 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. '
12.40 p.m.—ROGER SMITH. Trombone solo-
“Berceuse de Jocelyn” &quot;(Godard).
With orchestral accompaniment.
12.47 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA :
“In a Clock Store.”
“Selected.”
* £- m - —Melbourne Observatory time signal.
THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden gay with a kaleidoscope
of Ageratum, Alyssum, Chrysanthemum,
Antirrhinum and Delphinium.
GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“When the Dream is There” (D’Hardelot).
I Love You Truly.”
1.7 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather report of Victoria, Tasmania, New
South Wales and South Australia. Ocean
reports. River reports.
1.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA-
Songs from ’Eliland’ ” (F. von Fieltz).
L 24 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone:
Your eyes have told me so” (Hardy).
“I Wonder if ever the Rose” (Slater).
1.31 p.m.— STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Romanza Sanza Parole” (Sora).
“The Mill Stream” (G. Smith).
1 '^ T ,f!-“— GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
111 Smg to You” (Thompson).
A Bowl of Roses” (Coningsby Clarke).
1.45 p.m.—Close down.
2 P-m-—Description of Trial Hurdle, Two
c EP SOM RACES, by “Musket,- of
The Sportmg Globe.” Results of Public
School Cricket.
2.5 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
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All onr sets are built and designed
on this principle. They therefore
deserve the name riven to them by
the public itself.
Loewe Popular Sets
You ret a perfect set operating
without disturbance, consuming: a
minimum of current, and one that
can be handled even by a child.
Ask your Radio dealer to demon-
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obligation on your part.
4, Fountayne Road,
Tottenham, London, N 17
SLINGSBY. COLES Ltd.
486 PITT STREET, SYDNEY
Headphones
and Load
Speakers
Repaired
and Rewound.
3 £
-
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UNDER CENTRAL STATION.
We are City Agents for United
Distributors Products.
WONDERFUL PRICES!
Something new, something good. The
“Canberra” A. and B. Battery Charger.
We are able to demonstrate under the
same conditions as you would use it in
your own home.
Charges 4-6, or 100 Volt Batteries. Price,
£6/10/. Call and see us about it.
The Pollock line of tuning coils.
Quality and price cannot be beaten.
Reinartz Tuners 3/9
R.F. Chokes 3/9
Neutrodyne Kits 13/6
Cash or Terms


12 ISSUES
DELIVERED
POST FREE
for one year
“RADIO” is the only
reliable and ' up-to-date
technical wireless journal in
Australia. Latest amateur
experimenter news, short
stories, topical articles.
Finely printed, profusely
illustrated.
u
IN AUSTRALIA
&amp; NEW. ZEALAND
iocorpanatUig wuLAlr*
SUBSCRIPTION FORM
To the Editor “Radio,” 51 -Castlereagh Street, Sydney.
Please forward “Radio” for a period of
for which I enclose
for
(Add Exchange to Country Cheques.)
Name
Address
Subscription Rates: 12 months (12 issues), 13/- post
free; 6 months (6 issues), 6/6 post free.
52 ISSUES
DELIVERED
POST FREE
for one year
1
“WIRELESS WEEKLY”
gives you the complete
broadcasting programmes
from every important sta-
tion in Australia, a week ;n
advance, in addition to
topical news and articles
and a technical construc-
tive article by a qualified
radio man.
WIRELESS
WEEKLY
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To the Editor, “Wireless Weekly,” 51 Castlereagh Street,
Sydney.
Please forward “Wireless Weekly” for a period' of
for which I enclose
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Subscription Rates: 12 months (52 issues), 13/- post
free; 6 months (26 issues), 6/6 post free.


AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
“Selections from Grand Opera.”
2.30 p.m.—Description of Two-Year-0 Id
Handicap, 4 furlongs, 200 yards, EPSOM
RACES, *by “Musket,” of “The Sporting
Globe.”
2.35 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
2.50 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
“Selections from Comic Opera.”
3 p.m.—Description of Brush SUeepLe, two
miles, EPSOM RACE’S, by &quot;Musket,” of
“The Sporting Globe.”
3.5 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
“Selections from English l Opera.”
3.15 p.m.—Descriptio nof PENNANT CRIC-
KET—Semi-finals.
3.30 p.m.—Description of Epsom Handicap,
I*4 miles, EPSOM RACES, by “Musket,”
of “The Sporting Globe.”
3.35 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Fox-trots.”
3.50 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
4 p.m.—Description of Epsom Pilate, six
furlongs, EPSOM RACES, by “Musket,” ot
“The Sporting Globe.” Results of Public
School Cricket.
4.5 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Waltzes.”
4.15 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
4.30 p.m.—Description of Epsom Purse, one
mile, EPSOM RACES; by “MoskeV' of
“The Sporting Globe.”
4.35 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Marches.”
4.45 p.m.—Weather reports of Adelaide.
Weather reports from Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Fox-trot.”
4.55 p.m.—“Herald” news service.
Stock Exchange information.
5.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
5.50 p.m.—Stumps Cricket Sporting
results.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “LITTLE MISS KOOKA-
BURRA” :
6.20 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m.—“LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA”:
“Baby Ducks Adventure.”
6.34 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep yours gay with kaleidoscope of Mig-
nonette, Mimulus and Myosotis.
6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.40 p.m.—’'&quot;LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA”:
Another Episode from “Penrod.”
CURRENT CHRONICLES.
7 p.m.—Stumps scores. Sporting results.
Results of Public School Cricket.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—River reports.
7.20 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-dperative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce,
potatoes, and onions. 'Market reports of
fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa-
tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices
of fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants
Association. Citrus fruit.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—FREDERICK CHAPMAN, A.L.S.,
F.G.S., National Palaeontologist, of the
National Museum, will speak on:
“Ferns and Fernlands of the Past.”
7-45 p.m.—Dr. J. A. LEACH will speak on
“Black Cockatoos.”
8 e'^xrTT 8 ™ 010 presentation op the
SONG CYCLE, “IN A PERSIAN GAR-
DEN,’ by Liza Lehman.
Cast;
Soprano ELLA KINGSTON
Contralto GERTRUDE HUTTON
. Te nor VAL. -yOFP
Bass ERNEST SAGE
Musical items:
Quartet. ‘ Wake, for the sun who scatter'd
into flight.”
Tenor: &quot;Before the phantom of false morn-
ing died.”
Bass: “Now the New Year reviving old
desires.”
Tenor: Tram indeed is gone with all his
rose.”
Quartette: “Come, fill the cup, and in the
fire of Spring.”
Bass: “Whether all Naishapur or Babylon.”
Contralto: “Ah, not a drop that from our
cups we throw.”
Soprano and Tenor: “A book of verses
underneath the bough.”
Bass: “Myself when young did eagerly
frequent.”
Contralto: “When you and I behind the
veil are past.”
Soprano: “But if the souKcan fling the dust
aside.”
Tenor: Alas, that Spring should vanish with
the rose.”
Contralto: “The world's hope men set their
hearts upon.”
Soprano: “Each morn a thousand roses
brings you say.”
Quartette: “They say the lion and the lizard
keep.”
Tenor: “Ah, fill the cup, what boots it to
repent.”
Bass: “As then the tulips for her morning
6up.”
Quartette: “Alas ! that Spring should vanish
with the rose.”
9 p.m.—Description of events at the Motor-
drome by “Olypmus.”
9.10 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “Cobweb Castle” (Lehman).
“Largo” from “New World Symphony&quot;
(Dvorak). x
9.30 p.m.—Description of to-night’s Stadium
event by PERCY TAYLOR. At the conclu-
sion of the match, Mr. TAYLOR will give a
resume.
10 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Humpty Dumpty Funeral March”
(Brandeis).
10.5 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“Could I but find a Garden” (Nellie Simp-
son). •
“Bianca” (Tito Mattei).
10.12 p.m.—BRASS QUARTETTE*
“Perfect Day” (Carrie Bond).
“Love’s Old Sweet Song” (Taylor).
10.19 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto;
“Good Morning Brother Sunshine”
(Lehman).
“I’ll Sing to You” (Thompson).
10.26 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA.
Reverie, “Ecstasy” (Ganne).
10.33 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“Maxwellton Braes are Bonnie” (Lady John
Scott).
“The De’ils awa wi’ tsh’ Exciseman”
(Lady John Scott).
10.40 p.m.—Late Sporting News.
10.50 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Little Miss Melody” (Monckton).
“Punchinello” (Molk&gt;y).
10.57 p.m.—THE GLORY .OF THE GARDEN.
Keep yours gay with a kaleidoscope of
GaillardTa, Geum, Godetia and Gypsophylla.
10.58 p.m.—THOE. VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
WHY POWER AUDIO IS BEING
EMPHASIZED.
Manufacturers of the more expen-
sive radio receivers are placing so
much emphasis upon power that the
uninitiated are at a loss for a reason,
they can remember when the three
va £ e regenerative receiver provided
sufficient volume to operate a loud
speaker more or less satisfactorily,
making the use of six or seven valves
probably seem unnecessary.
, .A Parallel is found in the automo-
bile industry. Salesmen to-day place
emphasis upon speed. One naturally
wonders why, when forty miles an
hour is probably the maximum that
the average driver can make with the
congested roads of to-day.
The answer is that it is more com-
fortable to ride at thirty-five or forty
miles an hour in a car capable of doing
sixty or seventy.
The same reasoning holds true with
a radio receiver. It is more comfort-
able, measuring comfort in pleasing
tone quality, to listen to a radio re-
ceiver operated at half or three-quar-
ters its total capacity than it is to
listen to a smaller receiver which has
to be operated at its greatest ampli-
fication point to produce the same
volume.
This means longer valve life, better
tone quality, and an abundance of re-
serve powfcr that could not be obtained
otherwise.

===Manufacturers Products Ad===

Manufacturers
Products Pty. Ltd.
IMPORTED SETS
Agents for all Styles of Radio
Products, including Clyde Batteries
ARMAX BATTERIES
Elec. Meter Mfg. Co. “Emmco”
Renrade Condensers, Leaks.
ASTOR SETS
G &amp; R SETS
Airzone Coils and Loops.
BALDWIN SPEAKERS
Neutron Crystals
Prompt shipments from Sydney
Surplus Stocks sold Interstate.
H. J. HAPGOOD
Challis House, Martin Place
SYDNEY
Tel.: BW 1328

==P.64 - Reader's Queries==

All Readers' Queries Answered Here
DYNE (ALBURY). —A.: I have received
your letter and regret that owing to a mis-
take your query was not previously answered.
Whilst the UX2OIA is an excellent general
purpose valve, yet trouble is often experienced
with neutralisation when using in a radio
frequency stage. I suggest that you try
another valve of the same type you are now
using in the second stage. This should over-
come the difficulty. Your Solodyne receiver is
apparently functioning well if you are receiv-
ing the 4 principal New Zealand stations
with ease. The broadness of tuning is un-
doubtedly due to non-neutralisation of the
first R.F. stage. The first thing to do is to
make sure of neutralisation, otherwise the
R.F. stages will become detrimental pas-
sengers in the set.
J.G.D. (EUMUNGERIE). —The reason you
suddenly tuned in 2BL when using your
short-wave adaptor recently, is because that
station is now experimenting with short-wave
transmission, using a wavelength of 32.55
metres. This is being done for the purpose
of overseas transmission.
C.S. (SYDNEY). —The B eliminator you
have constructed should be quite suitable for
use with the Extraordinary one valve set.
The Te Ka De Pentatron Reinartz receiver
recently described uses one Pentatron valve,
which in effect takes the place of two valves
by combining the detector and audio stages
in one. It is quite a simple matter to add an
extra stage of audio amplification in the
usual way. The receiver would then be actu-
ally comprised of three valves in effect.
J.E. ( MASCOT). —The circuit diagram you
have outlined will be quite suitable for the
charging of A and B batteries. A valve
which will be particularly suitable for use as
a rectifier is the Osram RSV. These valves
are very robust and are obtainable from the
British General Electric Co., Clarence Street.
Only a small charging rate will be obtainable,
and in effect the charger 'will be of the
Trickle type for A batteries. The rate may
be varied to a certain degree by controlling
the filament of the rectifier.
SUBSCRIBER (BETHUNGRA).—The air-
line distance of Manilla from Sydney is ap-
proximately 4,000 miles. You should receive
the Indian and Japanese stations at about the
same time you are receiving KZRM.
C.A.S. (MAITLAND). —Thank you for your
appreciation of the Armstrong Circuit. The
short wave telegraphy stations you hear In
the vicinity of 32 metres are mostly Australian
and New Zealand amateurs. Your interest
in short wave reception will be greatly en-
hanced if you teach yourself the Morse code.
International broadcasting stations are at pre-
sent rather spasmodic, and only a few have
any regular hours of transmission. You will
find SSW, England, on 24 metres, from about
11 p.m. and again in the morning about
7 a.m., Sydney time. —2XAD, U.S.A., is also
to be found on 22 metres from about 5 a.m.
to 8 a.m.
E.P. (WALLSEND). —The result of having
your loud speaker leads connected the wrong
way around, without any intermediate filter
circuit or other protection, would be the
gradual demagnetisation of the unit wind-
ings. If a filter circuit is included, then it
is immaterial which way the speaker is con-
nected. The positive terminal of the speaker
is usually connected to the B positive side of
the B battery. It is fairly easy to tell the
correct way of connection by a simple ear
test. If the speaker is connected the wrong
way a slight amount of distortion will be pre-
sent.
R.F.A. (BALLIMORE). —A.: I am at a loss
to understand your explanation that when
you use a short-wave adaptor, with your
super Neutrodyne, you cannot cut out the
Sydney stations. No interference should be
possible in any way from the broadcast band,
when using an adaptor on the short wave
bands. It is possible, however, that you are
receiving harmonics of the Sydney A class
stations, but these should not be powerful to
any extent.
AMATEUR (ARMIDALE).—The two Geco-
phone audio transformers of 2 to 1 ratio
would be suitable for use with your solodyne
receiver, but would result in a slight loss of
amplification. It would be better to use a
5 to 1 ratio transformer for the first stage
and the 2 to 1 for the second stage. A grid
leak valve of 3 megohms should be quite suit-
able. Although a valve of 2 megohms is pro-
bably specified, it is always advisable to test
more than one leak of the same value to suit
your detector valve, as many leaks as sold
are, unfortunately, not of the value specified
unless they are of reputable manufacture.
Loud speaker results on various inter-State
stations should be possible at times with the
Solodyne during the day time in Armidale.
J.K. (HURSTVILLE). —A simple method of
valve rejuvenation is to leave the filament
circuits of your receiver switched on and to
reverse the B battery connections to the set.
Allow the filaments to run for an hour or so
under these conditions.
N.J.K. (BANKSTOWN).—WhiIst a short
wave adaptor is quite efficient in operation
I recommend that wherever /possible, an en-
tirely separate short wave receiver should be
used for best results. In order to reduce the
wave length range of your three valve Rein-
artz receiver, it will be necessary to either
reduce the capacity or inductance in the de-
tector valve circuit. Try reducing the num-
ber of turns on the grid portion of your
Reinartz coil, but if this is a commercial
production, it will probably be simpler to
reduce the capacity of the tuning condenser
by removing one or two plates.
G.F. (LITHGOW). —It would be quite pos-
sible to construct an efficient Browning Drake
coil kit by making the coils of the Lorenz
or basket weave type. The secondary of the
R.F. transformer would require approxi-
mately 60 turns 3 inches in diameter with a
variable capacity of .0005. The prim
should consist of, say, 20 turns, and the-
Tickler 30. The R.F. coil would need 50
turns.
R.O.S. (GUNDAGAI). —The reason you
heard 2BL on your short wave is because
that station is now testing on 32.55 metres.
I strongly advise you to stick to the speeifica-
tions given with the “Go-Getter” short wave
receiver for best results. This receiver is
capable of very good performance if properly
constructed.
W.G. (SYDNEY).—The best method of
stepping down your 240 volt supply to 120
volts is by means of a step-down transformer.
Alternatively a suitable variable resistance
would have the same effect.
«
===THE USE OF WIRED WIRELESS===
as a means of distributing pro-
grammes over the telephone or electric
light wires, instead of through the
ether, appears to be increasing both
in America and on the Continent. It
offers the most practicable scheme
for ensuring a choice of alternative
programmes in large towns where
selectivity upon a wireless receiver
is rendered difficult by the presence
of the local B.C. transmitter. Several
programmes are fed simultaneously
into the same conducting wires on a
common carrier wave, and are separa-
ted out at the receiving end, simply
by plugging in the appropriate filter
circuit. The currents so received are
enormously stronger than the wireless
waves picked up on the outside aerial.

===RECEIVERS===
OLD Sets adjusted or rebuilt. NEW
Receivers built to order.
I receiver built to suit your conditions
s cheapest in the end.
C. A. JENKINS, B.Sc., B.E.
Ramsgate Av., Bondi. Phone FW2747

===TRANSFORMERS===
Built up to a specification and wound,
lamination iron cut to any size from
stock. Prices and estimates on appli-
cation.
O'DONNELL, GRIFFIN &amp; CO., LTD.,
53 Druitt Street. SYDNEY.
'Phones: C 4545 and 4546.

==Inside Back Cover - Ad AWA==

NEWS!
Now available
in Australia -
p *
w\
r
%
Ss*
The
Westlnghouse “REC-TOX”
Battery Charger
Made by &quot;WESTINGHOUSE”
incorporating new Rectifying
principle.
ABSOLUTELY DRY—
No acid or bulb to replace.
REQUIRES NO ATTENTION—
No vibrating parts to get out of
order.
LIFE OF RECTIFYING ELEMENT
practically unlimited.
OBTAINABLE FROM ALL RADIO DEALERS.
£5-10-0
A™lqamated;^^Wir«less
——' ~~^ &lt; LAu7trnima uaJ
WHITE TO-DAY
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Please send me your illustrated
folder on Rectox Trickle Chargers.
Name
Address
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it
Manufactured
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G

==Back Cover - Amplion Ad==

aMPLJOn
CONE SPEAKER
Jacobean Oak
Type AC7— £7 : 15 :0
Other Amplion Cones
from £2:15:0
h[AVE you heard one of the new
Amplion Cones yet? If not,
then you do not realise how
delightfully natural radio reproduction
can be. There is no artificial accerv
tuation of the bass notes— no undue
stress on the treble —it is just real.
AMNION Cone Speakers are not merely
put on the market to meet a sudden demand.
They have to sustain a reputation built up
in 40 years of manufacturing sound-repro-
ducing devices.
I 111:\ embody all the most recent improve-
ments in Cone design, and are free from
the defects so common to many Cone
speakers. They utilise the finest type of
electromagnetic unit, and a Cone made of
seamless fabric, which is acoustically cor-
rect and unsusceptible to atmospheric
changes.
have been designed to be as pleas-
ing in appearance as in performance, and
each is backed by the famous Amplion
guarantee of satisfaction and service.
u ,,
The Natural T0116 Speaker
w
.&quot;dI'f. nf Amp/inn, (Ans/rainsin), Limiter]. Sydmw and Mrlbourne.

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{{incomplete}}
{{rfd| No scan has been provided to back transcripted content , which canot be located on the source link given which is for a different publication entirely}}

{{TOC right|limit=3}}

==Link to Issue PDF==

[https://worldradiohistory.com/index.htm| WorldRadioHistory.com's] scan of Australasian Radio World - Vol. 01 No. 04 - August 1936 has been utilised to create the partial content for this page and can be downloaded at this link to further extend the content and enable further text correction of this issue: [https://worldradiohistory.com/AUSTRALIA/Archive-Australian-Radio-World/30's/Australasian-Radio-World-Vol-01-No-04-1936-08-01.pdf| ARW 1936 08]

In general, only content which is required for other articles in this Wikibook has been entered here and text corrected. The material has been extensively used, inter alia, for compilation of [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies| biographical articles]], [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Clubs| radio club articles]] and [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations| station articles]].

==Front Cover - Front Page==
&lt;!-- &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; --&gt;


WIRELESS
WEEKLY
Broadcast Programmes a Week in advance
VOLUME 11
Registered at the G.P.0., Sydney, for transmission by post as a Newspaper.
NUMBER 22
Ul‘éé’gbﬁyodc‘d 81‘s
■ iT?Ml3rl
Friday, March 23, 1928
Price Threepence

==Inside Front Cover - Philips Industries Ad==

fi
0
a #
II
&lt;!&lt;&gt;
tii
II
I ;
ACCUMULATOR
CHARGER
•'
M \\\
• •
• •
••• • •
Si
VvV
AHV
v\\Wv
\\
\W
L
»»•
*
AND now comes still another Philips Battery Charger —this time to aid the man who has both accumulator “A” and “B” Batteries.
We make no sensational claims for the No. 1009, but merely say that it is an honest to goodness Charger
that will keep both accumulators in first-class trim, —year in, year out.
Of course all the features of the by-now famous “FOUR-FIFTY” are incorporated.
A unique switching device, by which at a turn of the wrist, “A” or “B” battery is charged at will , lends simplicity to its other sterling qualities. Let your nearest Radio Dealer give you further
ticulars.
SOLD BY EVERY RADIO DEALEr
V 2
PH 111 lILIII
&gt;
RADIO APPARATUS

==P.01 - Metropolitan Electric Ad===

RADIOKES
SHORT WAVE KITS
are the undisputed leaders in their held.
Are used and specified by all who know. Have a wide tuning range and only cost 55/- per kit.
RADIOKES RADIO FREQUENCY CHOKES
Are specified for the Foursome Receiver described in this issue, and are moderately priced at 8/6 each.
RADIOKES NEW_ MARCO FOUR KIT
For 'he excellent Receiver in last week’s issue of this journal— an excellent kit priced at 30/-
All RADIOKES NEW KITS will be on display at our stam
No. 20 (Great Hall ) Radio Exhibition next week.
DON’T FAIL TO VISIT US
METROPOLITAN ELECTRIC CO. LTD
27-29 KING STREET, SYDNEY

==P.02 - Harrington's Ad==

lb
e m
l
mum
m
II
m
LILFILLfIN
Console
On view at the Radio Exhibition
March 21-31, at Stand No. 1
right hand side of the vestibule,
Town Hall,
Sydney.
has arrived
JUST PLUG INTO THE LIGHT SOCKET
and switch on the current. A 5 Valve
Genuine Neutrodyne Set that is unsurpassed in simplicity, selectivity and beauty.
It looks like, sounds
like—and IS
“The Rolls Royce of Radio
The all Electric Gilfillan Console can be purchased on remarkably Easy Terms.
Wet or Dry
Batteries
Accumulators Trickle Chargers
Price complete with accessories including Loud Speaker
£69/10/-
U!
“Goodwill built on Public Confidence since 1889.”
386 George Street, Sydney
Wholesale Warehouse : 213 Clarence St., Sydney
Also at: Katoomba, Newcastle, Melbourne, Brisbane.
Adelaide, Wellington (N.Z.), Auckland (N.Z.)

==P.03 - Editorial==

WIRELES
WEEKLY
VOL. 11. No. 22.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928.
Criticism, Selfish and Otherwise
EVER since the commencement of wireless broadcasting criticism of some kind or other has been directed against every broadcasting station the world over. Much has been well-intentioned, some ill-intentioned, and most of it positively selfish. What I mean is that the critic usually approaches things from his own individual point of view and consequently it behoves those responsible for the broadcasting services not to take him over seriously, seeing that they have to please many hundreds of thousands of other listeners of varying tastes. However, the critic who is kindly and constructively disposed is always heeded by enterprising broadcasters, for from him many hints are gleaned, but, unfortunately, this class of critic is all too rare.
It is only by comprehensive study of average tastes and by psychological research that the broadcasting companies can gauge the requirements of listeners. The absolute futility of pleasing everyone at any one time is recognised by even the most unreasonable. It is not in human nature to do so, and it is the broadcasters’ duty, therefore, to please as many as possible, as long as possible, : and everybody as much as possible. Heigho! do you envy them the task?
That 3LO, Melbourne, succeeds remarkably well in their attempt in this direction is evidenced by the unprecedented popularity of their services, and also by the favorable financial position of broadcasting in Victoria.
No proof could be more conclusive, and no answer to adverse criticism more emphatic.
Of course, it is only natural that at some time or other during the 12 hours daily broadcasting by 3LO every listener would, if he or she listened-in the whole of the time, find something that failed to please; but, who wants to listen-in for 12 hours a day, even if time permitted? In carefully analysing the programmes I find that, they are arranged so that every reasonably-minded and normal listener-in is well catered for. I have before me a resume of recent newspaper letters and critiques and this shows conclusively that if the broadcasting authorities deleted from the programmes the items selfishly objected to by certain critics there would be nothing left to broadcast. One objects to jazz, another to church services, some to sporting items and others to bands, community singing, classical music, theatres, talks and so
on right through the whole gamut of broadcasting. Verily we should say one to the other,
“Save us from ourselves.”

==P.04 - Catching Up with the Wireless World==

Catching Up with the
Wireless World.
By R. E. CORDER.
A COMPLETE receiving set in a band ring is being marketed in America, priced at 5/-. Headphones are unnecessary.
DURING 1927, 200,000 licenses were issued in Canada, which brings the total of licensed listeners in that country up to 1,000,000.
AILSA CRAIG, the island rock at the mouth of the River Clyde, England, where most of the good curling stones come from, is to be equipped with a transmitter and receiver.
Apart from the keepers of the lighthouse, the only other occupants are myriads of sea birds.
DURING the last few weeks, reception has not been too good owing to weather conditions. The first man to find a reliable method of forecasting reception conditions, particularly with regard to the shorter waves, will be doing what is probably the greatest service since De Forest added the grid to the valve.
A RADIO MESSAGE received by the steamer Ruapehu, off Pitcairn Island, from the freighter Westmoreland, asked for medical assistance for a cadet who was seriously ill with appendicitis. An eight-hour voyage was necessary before Doctor Hudson, a passenger on the former boat, reached the Westmoreland, and performed a successful operation, despite heavy seas.
THE NUMBER of licensed listeners in Germany reached 2,000,000 on December 15th, 1927. The number at the end of September was 1,757,683, and the increase which is partly due to the removal of the Inter-Allied restrictions in the Rhine and Ruhr districts and the opening of the Rhineland high-power station at Langenberg has exceeded expectations. A further rise in the license fee, now 24 marks, will, it is thought, be necessary, and it is even possible that later on the amount of the fee may be reduced.
“I’M GOING out to-night, dear,”
said father. Mother lookei across at him sternly. “One dial control,” murmured father to himself as he changed his mind about that appointment;
WMHA, the New York station, is owned by Troop 707 of the Boy Scouts’ Association, of Washington Heights. The wave length is 230 metres, and a power of 30 watts is used.
THE NEW radio inspector meant business. “Show me your licence,” he demanded of the washerwoman. “I ain’t got no car,” she said; “what d’yer take me for?” “Don’t twaddle with me, woman,” said the inspector, haughtily; “where’s your wireless licence?” “Me? I ain’t got no wireless; I ain’t a millionaire, y’know!” “What’s that aerial for then?” he queried artfully. “Aerial?” she replied, scornfully, “that’s me blinkin’
washin’ line!”
ANOTHER AIR TRAGEDY.
By “Mintie.”
There once was a 3LO fellow,
Who sang in a voice sweet and mellow;
By a tragedy strange,
He fell over his range,
And they hurried him home in a
Yellow.
FRANCE IS to have a Communist broadcasting station. M. Vaillent Couteurier, Communist Deputy, is the donor of the station, which is to
known as the Red Star.
A NEW type of valve has been invented by H. J. Round, England, which has the grid element wound outside the valve, which resembles a cotton reel.
A LADY ORGANIST applying for a broadcasting contract in America said she knew 8000 tunes by heart.
The lady in question also offered to play continuously for 24 hours without a break, and with no repeated numbers.
ALMOST every circuit in American radio publication is now arranged for A.C. power for plate, filament, and grid voltage. Dr. Lee Forest commented recently that Australia and Great Britain have not progressed as rapidly in radio as America, but we have not reached our peak yet.
SCIENCE has turned a curious eye on the effect of the northern lights on radio transmission, and first steps have been taken by the National Research Council of Canada to determine just what is the effect. Following a meeting held in Ontario of the Associated Committee on Physics and Engineering of the Council, research work has been undertaken. It is known that conditions in the upper atmosphere have a very marked effect upon the transmission of messages by radio. *
BROADCASTING stations in America are endeavoring to do away with the numerical call sign and jumble of letters, suggesting that a name would be more suitable. The argument is that if ships were identified same as broadcasting stations, we should need a reference library if our friend told us he would be sailing for
Great Britain on the 465,958,857. Certainly ships have license numbers, but they have names also, and they are known and recognised by their names.
ALARM.
Fiction about radio seldom interests radio enthusiasts. Perhaps it is because listeners live in an atmosphere of reality; pei'haps it is because they generally know more about the subject than the author. The exception is the short story,
ALARM! in the March issue of “RADIO.” Illustrated in two colors by Townshend, it is the best thing of its kind yet published in Australia. You must read it.

==P.05 - Radio Exhibition==

Wednesday to Friday Week
you must not miss visiting this year's Radio Exhibition— the largest yet organised here. You will see every latest development of the science there from new receivers and loudspeakers to screened grid valves.
Wednesday, Ivfarch 21, the greatest Radio and Electrical Exhibition yet held in this State is to start.
This Exhibition has grown to such an extent in the past three years that the committee has had to take both the Great Hall and the Lower Hall of the Sydney Town Hall to stage the display.
Radio has become such a popular part of the average individual’s existence that there are now in New South Wales alone probably more than 100,000 receiving sets in action, it not on every day or night in the week, at least occasionally.
Here, at the Town Hall, are to be seen the latest models, the most advanced receivers and accessories, each in competition with the other. Every radio manufacturer watches jealously the products of his rivals in business, and at the annual exhibition the public. in an two, can gauge for themselves which meet their requirements best.
There are many attractions at this Exhibition. The amateur set builders, who are competing with each other, are putting up some remarkable exhibits, and, doubtless, to this section of the Exhibition a very large proportion of visitors will be drawn two most striking displays are the Electric Home and the Public Authorities exhibit. The Electric Home
{? a . fall^ lze bungalow cottage, built
%* xton and Sons, on the floor of the Town Hall. It is being equipped with electrical labor-saving devices of many kinds—electric cleaner, cooking range, washing machine, bath-heater, electric iron, electric kettle, electric jugs, and so on— appliances which have turned the life of many a housewife from drudgerv to comfort. 3
b i S Home is no mere model, but the type of bungalow in which hundreds of thousands of every-day citizens live. Incidentally, it. has no chimney—none is needed in an electric home—a fact
means a saving of from £5O to building. The exhibit of the Public Authorities—Railways and Tramways, Public Works* University, and Institution of Engineers is expected to create something of a sensation. An electric railway carriage has been built upon rails and sleepers in the Lower Hall (the floor of the upper hall would never have carried it), and visitors may see for themselves Just how the electric current works the train. A collection of signalling gear has also been installed, and a couple of model trains show how the signals work for themselves,
n * ~ .
+• ° ne I the features of the Exhibition will be available to the general
Han*’ S*&quot; the k° W ”
1“ &gt;
These will be heard, day and night,
se . nd j? lg ' out Programmes of music, re-
PL&quot;? 11 * - all . and sundry that the Ex '
n£ht°V S “ pr ° gl ? ss - , On a clear
mUes 6 h6ard ° Ver
y ‘
There are many owners of broad-cast receivers who care nothing about the scientific side of their hobby. They keep a radio set in the house just as others keep a piano-player simply for what it brings them. They are interested in the personalities of the artists who, from the broadcasting stations, supply daily and nightly programmes. For these broadcasting stations 2FC and 2BL have arranged to give a programme each afternoon and evening, from the platform of the Town Hall.
The modest admission fee of one shilling (children half price, and free on Saturday afternoons, if accompanied by adults), covers not only the Exhibition, but a concert programme which could hardly be excelled in Australia. The broadcasting stations have saved up their best artists, and the concert programmes from the Exhibition will certainly be a very great draw.
And those who are not at the Exhibition have simply to tune in their receivers, and hear it in their own homes.
The Radio and Electrical Exhibition will be open continuously, from J; to 10 P-m., from March 21 to 01, and all the indications are that the attendances will break all records.
It is too early yet to disclose what each exhibitor is preparing for his stand. That the Exhibition will completely outclass its predecessors is certain, and the fact that the committee has arranged with Mr. Augustas Aley, architect, for uniformity of stands and signwriting, and has let one contract for the erection of all the stands, indicates that the Exhibition will present a symmetry of appearance which will make a wonderful effect on visitors.
All the floor space is now booked, except for a space which has been retained for seating accommodation.
At the moment of writing, however, further inquiries are being made, and’ it seems likely that the committee will have to sell the last inch of space that can be used for an exhibit.
Following are the exhibitors:—
# Harringtons.
# Lawrence and Hanson (radio).
# Bennett and Wood.
3a. Mick Simmons.
4. Australian General Electric Co.
5. Lawrence and Hanson (electrical).
6. Clyde Engineering Co.
7. The Ever-Ready Co. (Great Britain).
8. Cossor Valves.
9. Noyes Bros. (Sydney).
10. W. H. Wiles and Co.
11. Amalgamated Wireless.
12. Australian Wireless Co.
13. New System Telephones.
14. Anthony Hordern and Sons.
15. W. G. Watson and Co.
16. Standard Telephones and Cables.
17. Philips Lamps.
18. Keogh Radio Supplies.
19. Stromberg Carlson.
20. Metropolitan Electric Co
21. Manufacturers’ Products,
22. Australian Westinghouse
23. Burgin Electric Co.
24. Colville-Moore Wireless Supplies.
25. Hecla Electric.
26. Amateur Competitions.
27. Amplion (Australasia).
28. Mullard Wireless Service Co.
(Continued over leaf.)
RADIO EXHIBITION
REVIEWED.
Before you go to the Radio Exhibition, glance through the f preliminary notices of the exhibits in the March “RADIO.”
A summary of the new apparatus shown at most of the stands is given, for the benefit of those country folk who will be unable to visit the Exhibition, and the city listener will find therein an index to the important exhibits.


29. Railways and Tramways, Public Works, Institution of Engineers, University.
30. Listeners-in.
31. Burt Goldsmid (Turbinet Cleaners). Sla. Dangar Gedye.
32. Eureka Cleaners.
33. A. G. Healing and Co.
34. United Distributors.
34a. Federal Radio Distributors.
35. G. C. Beardsmore.
35a. John Danks and Sons.
36. Hoover (Aust.), Ltd.
37. Wireless Newspapers, Ltd.
38. C. W. Winterbotham.
i AMATEUR COMPETITIONS.
The amateur competitions are likely to be very successful. Numbers of clubs and individual enthusiasts have informed the organiser that they are working hard on their exhibits, and the Radio Transmitters League will have a transmitting set in operation.
Radio dealers are again reminded to use their influence to induce the “hams” to prepare an exhibit. Following is the prize list:—
1. Best amateur designed and built short-wave receiver, covering the band from 10 to 80 metres, and suitable for reception of both international telegraphy and telephony:
Ist prize, £4/4/; 2nd prize, £l/1/.
2. Best flexible lower-power trans-l
mitter, covering amateur wave band:
Ist prize, £7/7/; 2nd prize, £3/3/. 1
3. Best amateur designed end constructed piece pf radio apparatus, submitted by an amateur radio organisation ; limited to one entry
from each competing organisation.
Prize: Cup, valued at £lO, presented by “Wireless Weekly.”
4. Best home-constructed piece of apparatus, other than a complete transmitter -or receiver, submitted by an individual: Ist prize, £3/3/;
2nd prize, £l/1/.
5. Most novel crystal set: Ist prize, £2/2/; 2nd prize, 10/6.
6. Most novel valve set: Ist prize, £3/3/; 2nd prize, £l/1/.
The committee retains £7/7/, for special prizes, and Mr. A. Carter offers as a special prize a set of Cossor valves, to be awarded as the
judges decide in section (1) or (6).
CONDITIONS.
For the purpose of these competitions, an amateur is defined as any person who is not considered by the committee to be the proprietor of a radio establishment, or who, on December 1, was not the holder of a dealer’s license.
All exhibits shall be bona-fide work of the competitor in whose name they are entered.
All exhibits shall be in the hands of the Exhibition Committee of Control by 4 p.m. on Monday, March 19, 1928, at a place to be announced.
No exhibit shall be removed from the hall until the conclusion of the Exhibition.
A receipt shall be given to each competitor when he hands in his exhibit, and exhibits shall be returned only on surrender of receipt.
The decision of the judges, and any- ruling of the Committee of Control,
shall be final.
AUGUSTUS ALEV. M.I.A.
ARCHITECT FOR EXHIBITION.

==P.07 - The Safety Valve==

The Safety Valve
Readers are urged to express their opinion on matters pertaining to broadcasting. If you have some grievance, if you
haik some constructive criticism to offer, here is your chance for expression—your safety valve. The editor assumes no responsibility for statements made by readers and Published on this page, as opinions of correspondents do not represent our editorial Policies or beliefs. Anonymous letters are not considered.
, A.W.P. AND L.L.
H Dear Sir, —Apropos the experience
| of W., Young (“W.W.”, 17/2A28)
['and the Listeners’ League,
jr About three or four months ago, I heard of the League, and being desirous of helping in any movement
I for the benefit of listeners, went to
la lot of trouble to ascertain the secretary’s address. 2FC referred me
Itpthe Radio Broadcast Bureau. Thdy
jvery kindly supplied the address, and
H wrote asking for particulars.
Months went by, until last week I received a printed slip, bearing an
lad. for batteries, giving object find
Membership fee, and address. Not even a word of explanation for the
I long wait.
k However, my enthusiasm having
(cooled by the long wait, I’ll keep the
12/6, and put it towards the price of
II new valve.
Yours, etc.,
A. W. PATTERSON.
P’Punchbowl.
Im, * * * '
| MORE ENTERTAINERS.
Dear Sir, —Don’t you think it is time we had a change of programme?
I am, like the others, complaining of too much singing, and I think it is
&gt; over the odds to have to listen to five
records running, and some of them played over again; also request numbers.
I What about putting on more en-
| tertafners and less of picture show
music, as there is nothing in listening to a lot of laughing ? I don’t wonder people get tired of wireless.
One time we had theatre acts from
2BL Studio. All my friends say they
pi enjoyed them; but even they are taken off. I suppose the fights are put on instead. We know they can-
not please everybody, but it is time they gave us better programmes than what they give us at present.
| Another bad practice is to stop music, etc., to give out race results, etc. It looks like if wireless is only for the sporting class.
I Where are the minstrel bands and
I think they will have to have a change soon, or they will find they are talking to the air.
Yours, etc.,
M. NORTON.
I Leichhardt.
SMOKE CLOUDS.
Dear Sir, —To quote a correspondent in your last issue:
“According to these traditions
(sc. ‘our British traditions’ from previous sentence), when a man had sunk to the vilest depths (as Rev. R. B. S. Hammond’s work clearly shows)
and recaptures all that he had lost, and more through Divine intervention—(Query: If ‘Divine intervention’ does the trick, why bother about the rev. gentleman)—and realises that there are others in a .position as bad as he was, and further realises that he can be the means of uplifting some, surely under heaven it is no crime to try and do so.”
The italics are mine. 7 Further Comment&quot;is* superfluous.
It is obvious that Mr. Moon has wandered as far from the British traditions as the object of his “savage indignation.” In Mr. Moon’s case,
however, it was in a praiseworthy endeavor to despatch a sentence which had gradually assumed the sinuous complexities of Laocoon’s serpent, and which was threatening, to assimilate him. Being, as Mb'. Moon, correctly suspicious, unblessed with a Rudyard Kipling _ cum playing-fields of Eton upbringing, I am forced, in all fairness, to add that logical presentation of ideas is essential to debate.
Also, &quot;being rather more tickled by my sobriquet than I am ashamed of my perversities, I must continue to veil my identity in a cloud of tobacco-smoke.
Yours, etc.,
THREE CASTLES.
Darlinghurst.
CAPPOS AGAIN.
Dear Sir, —As the letter by “Three Castles,” which Mr. Spencer O. G. Moon reviews in your issue of 2nd March, was in support of mine, in an effort to improve Sunday programmes, I trust you will find space for the “Capstan” again.
Mr. Moon will, no doubt, make the same suggestion to “Capstan” as he did to “Three Castles” in the matter of a nom-de-plume. This latter I regard as a very weak point in an otherwise instructive letter, but perhaps Mr. Moon is a non-smoker.
Assuming that Mr. Moon’s figures are correct (and he appears to be a mathematician of no little skill), we have indeed taken a great step forward since the days of, say, a couple of years ago. I don’t know definitely if Mr. Moon was endeavoring to prove that the. B.C. companies have realised that the general public demand something more than the noises produced in churches, and are gradually improving their Sunday programmes, but it appears to me that, if such was his motive, he has adequately proved
his case.
Progress must be the watchword of the successful B.C. company, and it is of interest to note here that only lately 3LO have commenced a series of recitals of the world s most famous records during Sunday afternoon.
Now, I venture to say that 3LO has made a bigger effort than any other Australian station , to accurately gauge the wishes of listeners, and the fact that they have improved their Sunday programmes in this manner indicates the progress made, not by 3LO alone, but by the listening public also.
3LO are making great strides In cultivating in their listeners the due appreciation of the world’s best music on all days of the week, and there
is a very noticeable improvement in many other stations, and if this upward trend is continued, Mr. Moon, ere long, will be able to produce a
schedule showing a still greater improvement in Sunday programmes.
Yours, etc., j
CAPSTAN. I
Darlington Point.
AN ARCHBISHOR ON BROADCASTING.
Have you been following the Safety Valve controversy on Sunday 'programmes? Yes! Then you will be interested to read Archbishop Lee’s ideas about religious broadcasting, in the March issue of “RADIO” Just a short article, from the eminent Melbourne ecclesiastic.
Also a statement by Archbishop Wright, of Sydney.


FIFTY MILLION.
Dear Sir, —Any household—any
morning—with a set.
Mum: “Seven o’clock, George; get
up at once.”
George: “S’only ten to; clock’s fast.”
Mum: “Excuse me, I just heard
the G.P.O. on the wireless; it’s
s-e-v-e-n. Now, Ethel, put down
those earphones, and get dressed.”
Ethel (excitedly): “Mum, mum,
he’s back—Mr. Halbert’s back—hoo-
ray.”
Mum: “Well, I never; I’m glad. I thought he’d gone to Melbourne, or somewhere.”
Flapper Daughter: “Oo! how thrilling to think he is back again. Perhaps he’s been sick.”
Schoolboy Jack: “Huh! been to a
*nebriates’ home, more like it. ‘Mike’
said they drink whisky, those announcers.”
George the Knut: “Cut it out; don’t you know “Mike” only pulls
legs 7 Why, if he was serious, they could have him up for libel.”
Dad (putting down earphones):
“How much lower are those shares going to fall, I wonder; wish to the devil I’d sold out long ago.”
Mum: “Oh, is that the honeyman?
Good morning, one pound of honey, please. What? Tuppence more than last week. I’ll have you know that the wholesale price is exactly the same this week, for I heard it over the wireless. What? I should think you have made a mistake. Thank heaven for Mr. Marconi; he’s saved me many a penny. Now, then, Dad, don’t go without your umbrella.”
Dad: “Why, there’s not a cloud in the sky.”
Mum: “Uncle Bas says rain prophesied before mid-day.” To schoolboy Jack: “Will you go to school?
Perhaps you would like your ’phones glued to your ears.”
5.8. J.: “Oh, but, Mum, I know all
of “‘Fifty Million Frenchmen” except the last verse.” (Spank spank.)
5.8. J.: “Ooh! crumbs, you can hit, Mum; and now they’ve closed down, and I’ve missed it; talk about a nark.”
Mum: “Thank goodness, he’s gone; and now I c&amp;n get those sweet peas in without delay. Mr. Lockley says
I’ll be a ‘gonner’ if I don’t.”
Oh, good morning. An &quot;inspector?
“Oh, yes, certainly, we’ve got our license; it will be up next month.
Going to renew it? Well, I should say so; we can go without lots of things, but will never be without our wireless set.”
“Good morning.” Yours, etc.,
Greenwich. ROSTAND.
♦
MORSE KEY.
The Morse message on the opposite page reads: —There will be a special issue of “Radio” for March.
Watch out for our Grand Exhibition
Number.
BOTH SIDES.
Dear Sir, —In reference to the discussion that is now being carried on, in the “Safety Valve,” where listeners-in are discussing the advantages or disadvantages of too much church on Sundays, I would like to add my voice to the appeal of anti-church-goer.
Perhaps I should not put that down in such a crude fashion, because, perhaps, there are plenty of church-goers who do not want it “canned,” but who still go to their churches on Sundays. There, in that word “canned,” lies my whole contention in regard to broadcast sermons. I wish to maintain that broadcast services do not, and never will, have the spiritual meaning that the sermons themselves would have if delivered in a House of God. It is only the living personality of the minister that can really
feed the soul.
To those who advocate broadcast services, I would like to ask them a question Do you feel the same after a broadcast service as you do when you come out of a church?
Do you feel the same spiritual upliftment? No, definitely no. How anyone could seems to me to be amazing. How could you feel the same, when, in the general course of events, the service is listened to in an armchair, or some other comfortable seat?
Sometimes you smoke —I know I do — and all around you cannot take the same interest, or give the reverence that a spiritual matter deserves.
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well; so here I say, and always will say, that if you want church, go to church, by all means, but do not try to be a kill-joy. There are other people who have sets, besides you, who are not interested in church services. Still, for the cake of invalids, and those folks who are right out in the
backblocks, and who never get a chance to go to church, I would like to advocate, say, one church service from each main station. What I am against are the class who, before broadcasting started, would only go to church once on Sundays, but now advocate for religious services from dawn to dark every Sunday from the broadcasting stations.
Perhaps the stations are to blame, more than anyone. The continual services on a Sunday wears away one’s patience, as continual dripping of water wears away the stone. If
there is any more harm in listening to a little light music on a Sunday than in going surfing, or playing tennis, or golf, then I stand to be corrected. 2JW and 2UE, although only B class stations, have stepped out from ti e more conservative class, and have proved that light music is liked and appreciated on Sundays.
It is time that the A class stations woke up. One can quite agree with the P.M.G., when he states that the programmes are not up to the mark.
Sundays, to these stations, seems to be a day when they can put over anything without getting justified complaints. Thank goodness that the
great majority of sane listeners are beginning to wake up, and demand a little return for their hard-earned
license money. Not only Sunday programmes. but the whole week of entertainment from the A class stations leaves much to be desired.
Time was when one could have sat down to one’s set at night with a reasonable chance of being entertained. But now even the station who never let us down, i.e., 3LO, seems to find pleasure in giving us rotten programmes.
Talks, then some more talks, then few more talks, by way of a change. The whole thing through seems to me to be a case of indirect advertising.
What is becoming of our money that we pay in so regularly a question that may seem embarrasing for some of these stations to answer. I do not wish to commit myself in any way, but I think that even for the stations themselves, it y;ould be better if the stations could issue some sort of a monthly account, so that the listeners could see just where their money was going.
In the meantime, there is the present question of church all day Sunday; church half of Sunday; or not church at all on Sunday. The most agreeable way, I really think, that this could be settled on both hands,
would be to compromise, by letting each station put over one service each Sunday. The other stations, in the meantime, while not putting over absolute jazz, could easily enough find plenty of other music, besides sacred songs, that we would find entertaining.
I would welcome reports from other listeners in regard to my statements. It is, after all, only by controversy that we can get to the bottom of things, and get every one satisfied.
Before I close, I would like to thank the gentleman who first brought this interesting discussion to light, and would like to commend those who have taken what I consider as the only sane view of the matter, and who advocate church services in moderation.
Yours, etc.,
“FAIR GO.”
Stanmore.
THE SPIRIT OF RADIO.
Watch for the spedial cover of the March issue of “RADIO” on the bookstalls this week. It is an attempt to define the Spirit of Radio. It is the head of a strange woman, yet as different from the 'usual type of pretty-girl cover as you could imagine. It has a queer mystic quality truly of Radio.

==P.09 - Is Your Letter Here?==

Is Your Letter Here ?
Recent Correspondence
at 2FC and 2BL
2FC always have a large mail from U.S.A., and busy typewriters are going for days after their receipt, Germany and Holland
also have interested listeners to 2FC, and in the former country lives Karl Nister, a regular correspondent. It is noteworthy to remark on the exceptional good English of some of 2FC’s foreign correspondents, and though sometimes letters from Japan, Germany, France, Holland, and other foreign countries are written most quaintly; as a general rule, the English rivals that of many of our own countrymen. Yet it is surprising to find that grammatical and spelling errors are prevalent in American letters in the majority of cases. Nearly every letter received from that country has several bad spelling errors, apart from Americanisms. On the whole, foreigners are much more careful about their English. They are very careful about the use of capitals, and endeavor to write their letters in the most interesting manner possible, whereas our American cousins do just the opposite.
American Stations Our Call Signs.
A letter just received by 2FC from one of their regular listeners in U.S.A. reads: “On January 22nd between II and 12 p.m. Central Standard time I heard your station very plainly. I have heard you on several occasions before, and never could get tuned in just right. Can it be that some of our stations are using your call letters and trying to fool the public ?
“Telling friends about my reception, and advising wireless papers only brings me the ‘Hee Haw,’ but if there is any chance of my having heard you at that hour, I hope to be able to substantiate my claims if you would kindly let me know.” There is no error about the reception of 2FC in America, each mail from that country bringing hosts of letters for 2FC, most of which describe fully the programme most accurately.
The Prodigal Son.
Many letters are received by 2FC from mothers whose sons have been lost in wide Australia, and often relatives request 2FC to make enquiries
regarding some long lost brother, sister, aunt, great grandmother, etc., etc., but it is impossible to accede to these requests unless the information and particulars come direct from the police. The following letter received from Mr. George Booth, of Chicago, is an example of this type:—
“Gentlemen, —My brother, Arthur Pearson Booth, left Melbourne a little more than a year ago for Sydney, but we have no information as to whether he ever got there. Naturally his relatives, widowed mother, and sisters are very worried over his disappearance. The mother lives at Wingletye Lane, Hornchurch, Essex, England.
“I wonder if it would be too much to ask you to broadcast the news and ask him to write to his mother at once,
or for other people who know of him to communicate to you and thru’ you to his mother. I will be glad to defray any expenses involved.
“He is about 38 years old, either slightly deaf, or fully so, served in France, Verdun, two years artillery, was shell shocked, and invalided home for some time, then went to Melbourne, where he lived at 18 Jolimont- street, Jolimont, Melbourne. He was an expert toolmaker and worked at Footscray, is about 5ft. Bin. high, about 150 1 b. weight, has a slight moustache, is rather retiring.
“It is quite possible due to his experiences in the War and his affliction that he may have lost his identity for the time being.
“Please do what you can in the matter, and ask other agencies to help
A MORSE MESSAGE TO
READERS.
(For key, see opposite page.)
if you know of any,—and advise his mother first if you get news of him.
Yours very truly,
GEORGE BOOTH.
Though 2FC regret that in matters like this they cannot do anything, they request that readers who are aware of any such person as Arthur Pearson
Booth would be good enough to correspond with Mrs. Booth in England
immediately to alleviate her distress.
Cow Robber Explains.
Dear Sir,—A couple of nights back I heard “Mike” (the young rascal) skiting about the good programmes that 2FC puts on the air. Well they do, but I must say that a lot of it is “high-brow” and passes over the heads of “us waybacks” and “Cow robbers.”
“Frinstance! Mr. Cochrane (may his elbow never weaken) says that Professor So and So will now play “Allegro tout Suite in a B flat” and some bloke sits down (or I suppose he does) and drags out some notes at the rate of about 60 hours a mile, and as my Crystal Set can only get 2FC (when it is on the air the others are drowned out). I have to listen in or wait for the next item.
“Well, I like the other bloke to have his bit of pleasure, if that is what he calls it, but couldn’t you give us some more Banjo, Mandolin or Steel Guitar
items ? I have heard people who claim to know, say that such music is “low class.” Well, if they heard Mr. Harrison White play “The Pilgrim’s
Chorus” as we did from 2FC one night, I think they would alter their tune. How about at least 6 Banjo Mandolin, or Guitar items every night or four times a week? I am
not greedy, and it needn’t be “Naughty Eyes” or “Nighty Nights” too often.
“Also could you beg, order or request Mr. Chappie to treat us to a lot more solos, on the organ in the studio? I think it has a splendid tone, and is a treat to listen to. Such pieces as “The Lost Chord,” “Crossing the Bar,” “The Pilgrim’s March” and “The Grand March,” and hosts of others, that I’ll bet Mr. Chappie knows, would
be very thankfully received and as often as you like. Well you thanked me once for what you termed the interest I took in your programmes, so I’m hoping you won’t be annoyed with this humble effort.
Cheerio, Yours truly, ,
(Sgd). W. M. MARSHALL.
P.S. The mosquitoes (Cripes! I nearly swore then, and me a Digger too) are bad round here and make it hard to listen in at times but still we struggle on.
W. M. M.
Penrith.
STARS.
There is an impressive list of contributors in the March issue of “RADIO.” Among the writers, there are,
Brasso,
M. C. Mahood,
A. S. Cochranne,
Ray Allsop,
Don. B. Knock,
U. R. Ellis,
Archbishop Lees,
Martin P. Rice,
R. G. Walker,
Gordon Bland,
C. C. Faulkner.
And the artists include:
Jack Waring,
G.K. Townshend,
Unk. White,
M. C. Mahood,
Alex. Gurney,
R. Whitmore.

==P.10 - Notes and News from 4QG==

Notes and News from 4QG
By the Station Correspondent
“CHANGING OVER.”
Most listeners who hear a big- broadcasting station announce that it has completed its transmission from some place or other, and that it is “changing-over” to some other point, hardly ever stop to realise with what smoothness the whole system works, and how quickly the changes are made. It is very seldom that any hitch in a change-over occurs, especially in a modern station such as 4QG. Some few nights ago, however, 4QG had a rather sad experience in its changes, and this experience resulted in at least one member of its staff having to do some strenuous work. The station was effecting transmission of a description of motor-cycle races, from the Davies Park Speedway, and, after finishing several races, announced that it would charge over to Lennon’s Ballroom. The change was made, quite in order, but the orchestra had just finished a strenuous dance, and had stopped for a “breather.”
There was no music, so the engineer-in-charge switched back to the Speed-way, and asked for more motor-cycle races. The announcer there had had a heavy three-quarters of an hour, but he willingly obliged, and gave further descriptions. Then another change was made to the Ballroom, only to learn that supper was on, and still no music was ready. There w-as nothing to do but change back again to the Speedway, and a very dry-throated announcer was compelled to give more descriptions, meantime silently envying those w'ho w-ere more fortunately placed than he was, and w’ho were having supper at Lennon’s. It was with feelings of relief that he concluded his extra task, and announced “Changing-over” to the Studio.
S.O.S. CALLS.
Every listener has, at some time or other, heard a broadcasting station give some urgent call, requesting any listener knowing the w-hereabouts of some person or other to communicate with the police. Such calls are termed “SOS” messages at the broadcasting stations, and very few people realise the tremendous number of requests which are made for the inclusion of such messages- in the transmissions. At 4QG, never a day passes by without several such requests being made. The management of the station is at all times in a difficult position in regard to these requests.
It does not, for one moment, desire to refuse a request, the granting of which w r ill mean much to the inquirer, but, at the same time, it cannot possibly grant the space to all requests made. Were it to do so, the programmes would become filled with such calls, and the license-holder would receive very little for his money. Station 4QG therefore takes as “SOS” calls only messages which are extremely urgent, and, even then, refers the inquirer- to the Police Department, and demands that the message be perused by police officers. It has been found necessary of late to quite firmly refuse to broadcast from 4QG inquiries for missing friends, unless these are submitted in the form of advertisements, to be included in the regular advertising sessions. The station does not desire to make money out of any personal misfortune, but of late it has been receiving so many requests to broadcast messages, to try and trace missing cousins, aunts, uncles, etc., many of whom were last heard of fifteen or twenty years ago, that in fairness to its customers —the listeners—it has been compelled to
“put its foot down with a firm hand.”
QUICK ACTION.
Some idea of the quickness of thought and action required in the conducting of a large broadcasting station may be gained from the transmission of the civic reception to Bert.Hinkler, at Bundaberg, the night the famous airman arrived at that city.
Extensive arrangements had previously been made to broadcast a description of his arrival, and these had been carried out very successfully.
Prior to his arrival, however, it had been very difficult to secure definite information regarding functions, and it was not until the afternoon he landed in Bundaberg that it was definitely known that at such and such a time a welcome would be accorded to him in the Town Hall. A programme had been arranged at 4QG, but everything went by the board when Hinkler was considered. Trunk lines were busy, and messages flew backwards and forwards, between 4QG and Bundaberg. With lightning-like haste, the Town Hall was connected by landline, and portable gear was installed.
Then, at a few minutes’ notice, the studio programme was cancelled, and a change-over was made to Bundaberg.
By virtue of the extreme courtesy displayed by the Postmaster-General’s Department, and the excellent line facilities provided, the speeches came over with the utmost clarity. It was not known how long the welcome would take, and a jazz band was, therefore, kept in attendance at 4QG.
Shortly after nine o’clock the welcome ended, and 4QG then changed back, and gave a programme of dance music from the studio until closing down time. It was not possible, of course, to warn the public beforehand of the Station’s intention to effect the relay, and many people who listened in at eight o’clock, expecting to hear dance music, were surprised to hear Hinkler’s welcome at Bundaberg. Judging by the countless congratulatory telegraph, telephone, and written congratulations the Station received,
everybody was delighted with the last minute arrangements.
4QG’S RACING ANNOUNCER
COINCIDES WITH JUDGE.
The Welter Handicap of the Queensland Turf Club’s February meeting wa's responsible for one of the most thrilling finishes witnessed at Eagle Farm racecourse for some
years, when Civetta, Perfect Night. Tigrinum, and Sheila’s Lad flashed past the winning-post almost in line with three others a short margin away.
4QG’S ANNOUNCER singled out Civetta and Perfect Night, but declared that the finish was so close that he could not separate them.
When the numbers were hoisted, the judge declared a dead-heat between Civetta and Perfect Night!
MISS THELMA CHAMPION, who has written several radio plays, which have been produced from time to time by Station 4QG, is now at work on a radio drama, “Rio Ferber on Trial,” which will be broadcast from the studio on the night of Friday, March 30th. The cast will be taken by a number of well-known artists, who have successfully played in previous interludes written by Miss Champion.
“Rio Ferber on Trial” will be the first drama yet attempted by these players from 4QG.
THERE SHE BLOWS!
Most readers cherish recollections of the whaling yarns of their earlier years —Moby Dick and other novels, which still have a great attraction. But whaling has changed a great deal since those days. It has become a business, and in the March number of “ RADIO ,” R.
G. Walker tells of how wireless is making that business an exact science. He tells of the Nielson Alonso, and the other whalers, operating south of Tasmania.

==P.11 - Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh==

Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh Hear One Another Speak Through London
Hinkler (newest Mike), standing before hie 'plane on his arrival.
Determined that such small things as atmospherics and jamming were not to be allowed to interfere with residents in the British Isles hearing him speak,
Bert Hinkler made his second appearance at th 6 Studios of 2FC on Tuesday morning, March 13. On this occasion, he was not only relayed; and
heard with the greatest clarity throughout Great Britain, but those present in the Sydney studios also
heard him relayed back to Australia.
Irene Vanbrugh, also imbued with the true spirit, spoke again this morning, and joined in the thrilling experience of talking round the world
to Bert Hinkler. Whilst the famous airman spoke in one studio, Miss Vanbrugh listened to his voice coming back from London in another studio.
The positions were then reversed, and Mr. Hinkler listened to the speech of the eminent. English actress under
similar conditions.
Owing to jamming, which interfered with the previous transmission on the 28.5-metres wave-length, the 8.8. C., London, got in touch with
2FC, Sydney, and suggested that an alteration should be made in the wave-length. The engineers of A.W.A. at once fell in with the suggestion, and it was arranged for this morning’s programme to be transmitted on a wave-length of 31.5 metres.
Punctually at 6.25, Sydney time, corresponding with 8.25, London time, 2LO, London, called as follows:
“Hello, 2FC, Sydney; hello,. 2FC,
Sydney. Conditions are favorable, and if they remain so, we will re-
broadcast you at 2035, G.M.T.” The London station then continued to transmit, through SSW, Chelmsford, a short musical programme, and then
the following announcement was heard, at 6.34:—“London calling. We are now crossing over to Australia, to hear Captain Hinkler’s speech,
from 2FC, Sydney.” At 6.35, Bert Hinkler delivered a short five-minute
speech, followed, at 6.40, by Irene Vanbrugh, who spoke for the same period. At 6.47, the following message came through on the air:—
“London calling. We will now resume our evening programme, from the point where it was interrupted. You
have been listening to Captain Hinkler’s speech, from 2FC, Australia.”
At 6.51, the following message was sent from sSW:—“Hello,, 2FC; hello,
2FC, Sydney, Australia. We relayed your full message from Captain
Hinkler at 2035 GMT; also Miss
Vanbrugh.”
At 6.53, the London night programme was continued, with orchestral selections from the 2LO Studio.
Both Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh felt that they had been fully
rewarded for their efforts in coming to the 2FC Studios at such an early hour, after their previous disappointment.

==P.12 - 3LO Sporting News==

3LO Sporting News
THERE is a glamor and thrill about Big Public Schools Cricket that is not found to such a degree in any other sphere of this
sport. The keen, healthy rivalry of youth, playing for the honour of their school, is enjoyed by “cricket” enthusiasts who regard it as the true
spirit of the great game.
The progress results on March 22nd
and 23rd between the Big Public
Schools will be broadcast by 3LO during the afternoons, and final results
will be given at 7 p.m. each day. Old
boys all over the Commonwealth and
in New Zealand will want to know
how their schools are faring, and will
listen in when the results are broad-
cast.
Randwick Autumn Carnival
Broadcast.
The A.J.C. Autumn Racing Carnival will open at Randwick on Saturday, April 7th—and 3LO will be there
to give racing enthusiasts in all
parts of the Commonwealth full ac-
counts of the racing.
The Doncaster Handicap and the
A.J.C. Sires Produce Stake are the
two main events on the programme,
and each event promises keen racing.
Racegoers have long learnt to rely
upon 3LO for full and accurate re-
ports of race meetings in all parts of
Australia. The turf has been in-
vested with a new interop as a re .
suit of 3LO’s broadcasting service.
Stawell’s Famous Athletic Carnival.
The Stawell Athletic Club’s carnival to open at Central Park, Stawell,
on Saturday, April 7th, will attract
the leading runners of Australia, and all Australia will be interested in the
results of the elimination heats of the big event, the Stawell Gift.
3LO has arranged to broadcast full
reports of the carnival events in this,
one of the biggest professional running meetings in the world. The
possibility of new champions being discovered is always present, and if
they are, well, all Australia will want to know about it at once. 3LO will
provide this service.
Frank Beaurepaire’s Advice to
Swimmers.
There is no one in Australia to-day
better qualified to give advice to
swimmers than the Australian champion, Frank Beaurepaire.
Winner of a long string of championships in a period of over 30
years of active participation in front
rank events. Beaurepaire has
amassed a wealth of practical knowledge that no theoretical training can
approach.
3L0 listeners will therefore he
glad to learn that Beaurepaire will
talk from the studio on Tuesday, April
3rd, on the subject, “Long Distance
Swimming, and How to Prepare for
It.” Hints from such an unrivalled
authority on the sport at a time when
long-distance swimming is so popular should be of particular interest.
Green Mill Roller Cycling Results.
The results of the Green Mill roller
cycling championships of Victoria
Frank Beaurepaire, champion swimmer, Who is to broadcast a talk from
SLO on the technique of swimming . will be broadcast from 3LO on the
nights of Monday and Wednesday,
April 2nd and 4th.
These one mile events are attracting considerable attention because of
their novelty, and the fact that a large measure of skill is required of
the contestants. 3LO’s announcements are being awaited eagerly by
the thousands interested in the out-
come of the contests.
AIREALITIES
(By “Rados.”)
A Vagary of Time.
SUCH is one of Time’s vagaries
that Monday’s news is known in London on Sunday night.
The news broadcast by 3LO, Melbourne, during the early morning
short-wave session is listened to or*
the other side of the world 10 hours previously, and incidents are known chronologically before they happen.
On the other hand, British news, although transmitted and received simultaneously, is ten hours late when
It arrives in the Antipodes.
The simplicity of the explanation
does not rob the peculiarity of its
Interest, and to the child mind it is
a source of endless thought, besides
being an object-lesson in chrono-
logical reckoning.
Science and Radio.
The Spectrum of the Sun and Stars
can be dissected, one color from the
other, until their virtues or disad-
vantages for use of mankind can be
accurately analysed and calculated.
It can be ascertained from the color
of the light of the stars what mine-
rals they contain. Their weight and
distance can be measured, and their
movements calculated with precision.
Such is the march of science. Soon
the phenomena of wireless will be
known, fading and distortion will be
overcome, and the way opened up for
contiuonus telephonic communication
the world over. 3LO, Melbourne, is
doing much to elucidate these prob-
lems. by conducting a regular short-
wave broadcasting service every Mon-
day morning, between 4.30 and 6.30
(corresponding to 18.30 to 20.30
G.M.T., Sunday).
They are also carrying out exten-
sive fading and distortion tests, be-
sides endowing special research at
the Melbourne University. Much
valuable data has already been col-
lected, and the importance of the
ultimate results cannot be foretold.
Sufficient for the day is the satisfac-
tion of taking its place with the
foremost wireless stations in the
world* with the optimistic hope that
It will discover the cause of the bug-
bears standing in the pathway of
radio advancement.

==P.13 - It 's All in the Air==

'''It 's All in the Air'''
Coming Features in the
Broadcasting Programmes
INCLUDED in the programme to
be broadcast from 3LO on Sunday
night, April Ist, will be community
singing from the Welsh Church.
“THE SILVER KING” is to be re-
peated by special request, by the H.
W. Varna Company at 2FC Studio on
evening of 28th March.
RAYMOND ELLIS: Has arranged
his farewell recital from 2FC on Wed-
nesday, 28th March, when he will in-
clude request songs, from his many
listeners in a number of well selected
items.
THE METHODIST Church Choir,
Nicholson Street, will broadcast the
inspiring “Olivet to Calvary,” on the
night of Wednesday, April 4th. The
Choir will visit the studio for the oc-
casion.
PETER GAWTHORNE, English
baritone, is appearing at 2FC on the
evening of Sunday, 25th March. Mr.
Gawthorne is a man of many parts,
and will long be remembered by Syd-
ney theatregoers for his masterly
interpretation of The Examiner in
“Outward Bound.”
THE STUDIO Orchestra, under
the baton of Mr. J. Sutton Crowe,
will broadcast the opera, “II Trova-
tore,” from 3LO on the night of Mon-
day, April 2nd. This orchestra
specialises in this type of classical
music, and listeners are advised to
make a special note of the date and
time of this performance.
ANOTHER OF the popular So-
nora Sunday afternoon concerts will
be broadcast from 3LO, from 2 till 3
p.m., bn Sunday, April Ist. Speci-
ally selected records are used in these
concerts, and include a wide variety
of selections. The best records are
chosen from latest releases, and
gramophone owners are thus assisted
very materially in the choice of their
new records.
N.S.W. BLINDED SOLDIERS AS-
SOCIATION : An entertainment on
behalf of this Association has been or-
ganised by Captain Fred Aarons, and
will be held at the Pavilion Cafe on
Saturday night, 24th March. The pro-
gramme, which will be broadcast by
2FG, includes old favorites of Sydney’s
listening public, viz., Charles Law-
rence, Cliff Arnold, Brunton Gibb,
Borman McLennan and Louise Hom-
frey. Dinner Music will be
from the Cafe on the same evening.
THE SCOTS’ Church Choir will
render “The Crucifixion” on Tues-
day night, April 3rd, and 3LO has
arranged to broadcast it.
SADIE GRAINGER BROAD, who
has not been heard by listeners for
some time, will sing from 2FC Studio
on Wednesday, 28th March.
ROSEHILL will be broadcast by
2FC on Saturday afternoon, 24t*h
March, when the popular Racing Com-
missioner, M. A. Ferry, will describe
the meeting in running.
“ON WENLOCK EDGE,” Vaughan
Williams’ whimsical song cycle, has
been chosen by William Dallison for
his appearance at 2FC Studio on Mon-
day evening, 26th March, which will be
presented with string quartette and
piano accompaniment.
ON TUESDAY night, April 3rd,
BLO will broadcast a special West
Country programme, on the occasion
of the convention of the Devon, Corn-
wall and Somerset Associations of
Victoria. The president of the asso-
ciation will also deliver a short ad-
dress on Cornwall.
RADIO EXHIBITION: The pro-
grammes at the Radio Exhibition at
the Town Hall are to be supplied by
2FC on the afternoon and evening of
Friday, 23rd March. In the afternoon,
the artists include Daisy Sweet, Harry
Whyte, Sammy Cope, Clara Hartge
and William Bowyer. At night Len
Maurice, Gabriel loffe, Ernest Archer,
Eileen Boyd and Cyril Coy’s Dance
Orchestra will appear. Enid Connellv
is the accompanist in the afternoon,
and Horace Keats at night.
J. Ernest Sage, the celebrated con-
ductor and baritone, who is to broad-
cast from 3LO shortly.
A CONCERT under the auspices of
the Australian League of Nations will
be given in the Great Hall, Sydney
University, on the evening of 26th
and will be broadcast by 2FC.
A very enjoyable programme has been
arranged, to which Moore McMahon,
the British Music Society Quartette,
and the Royal Sydney Apollo Club
will contribute.
ADVANCE ANNOUNCEMENTS.
Features of 3LO programmes dur-
ing the week of April 2nd till 7th will
be musical interludes by the Four
Colored Emperors of Harmony and
the Hawaiians, Frank and Francis
Luiz. The colored performers will
mingle the latest popular hits with
dreamy plantation lullabies, and the
Hawaiians will transport listeners to
the moonlit isles of the Pacific, with
their quaint and appealing songs and
guitar music. Both features should
be popular.
REALISING that the possibilities
that attend such a session as the
“Women’s Hour,” broadcast each
morning from 3LO, are tremendously
far reaching, no pains are being
spared to make this session as all em.
bracing as possible, and fresh fea-
tures are being added weekly. Apart
from the lecturettes that have a
direct bearing on the home life, cook-
ing, dressmaking, etc., the series of
“Health Talks” (with exercises),
given by Mrs. Clarence Weber, are
proving of more than usual interest,
and, through this medium, hundreds
of country women are engaged in the
fascinating process of not only “get*
ting” but “keeping” fit.
BRASSO.
Have you met Brasso?—the
hard-bitten, worldly-wise brass-
pounder, who is writing of his
wartime experiences as chief
op. with transports and tramps ,
and other submarine-boat prey
in “RADIO.” Then read the
rattling good adventure yarn he
tells in the next issue. It has
to do with the rum-running in
radio, an industry not unfa-
miliar to the author.
Illustrated by Jack Waring.


LISTENERS will be interested to
learn that final arrangements have
been made to broadcast the com-
munity singing from Ballarat on Fri-
day, March 30th. This is always a
popular feature with every class of
listener, and not only will it afford
additional pleasure to old Ballarat re-
sidents living in Melbourne to hear
Items broadcast from their own home
town, but, as it justly claims to be
one of the “Homes of Song,” com-
munity singers of Melbourne will be
busily engaged in comparing notes,
and possibly trying to glean a few
hints from their country cousins.
ANYTHING that enables the aver-
age listener, especially the house-
wife, to cast aside the cares and
worries of the day, is especially wel-
come, and the evensong service
broadcast each Thursday evening by
BLO, from St. Paul’s Cathedral, is a
peaceful interlude in the wear and
tear of daily routine. But for this
thousands of country listeners would
never have an opportunity of hearing
the famous Cathedral choir, with its
beautiful boy sopranos and the
equally famous organ.
LISTENERS are reminded that on
March 26th, “The Boy Comes Home,”
a delightfully humorous ' and enter-
taining playlet, will be broadcast
from 3LO. The play is being re-
hearsed and produced by Terence
Crisp, who will give a good account
of the principal role, and has been
chosen with a special view to effec-
tive radio appeal. Mr.. Crisp, who
has been associated with the Reper-
tory movement for some considerable
time past, has little to learn in the
art of acting and production, and
listeners may look forward to a most
artistic and enjoyable performance.
FEW ENTERTAINER lecturers
are more popular over the air than
Charles Nuttall, who has been
dispensing much humour and wisdom
during the past two years from 3LO,
and whose fund of amusing anecdotes
seems endless. “A little episode
comes to my mind in connection with
a railway journey from New York up
country,” he says, “my .fellow pas-
senger being a gentleman who had
just arrived from the Old Country.
This was his first trip since landing,
and he had apparently forgotten that
meals were not included in the fare,
so gave himself a thoroughly good
time. He had an immense capacity,
and ordered portion after portion,, no-
thing seemed to satisfy him, and
huge steaks followed each other as
easily as peanuts. However, he was
speedily brought to his bearings,
when the waiter presented the bill,
32/6 for breakfast. I felt distinctly
sorry for him, more especially when
I discovered he was a Scotsman, for
I knew then how deeply he must have
felt the shock.”
THAT VERY popular contralto,
Madoline Knight, is again broadcast-
ing from 3LO, her perfect diction
and enunciation much enhancing the
enjoyment of listeners. And thereby
hangs a tale. “When I was training,”
she said, ‘my singing master was al-
ways particularly strict about my
enunciation, and, being very enthusi-
astic, I followed his instructions im-
plicitly. On one occasion I was
Kinging at a church gathering, ancr,
after the congregation had left the
building, being anxious to discover
what kind of an impression my songs
had made, I asked the old verger
twho was dusting the pews and put-
ting the books away) if he thought
the people had heard my words dis-
tinctly. He looked at me a few
moments and said, ‘Yes, missie, you're
the plainest singer we’ve had here for
many a long day.’ ”
A MUSICAL TREAT is in store
for listeners on Saturday, March
31st, when the “colourful” song-
cycle, “In a Persian Garden,” will be
broadcast from Studio 3LO. The
arrangements are in the hands of
Madame Ella Kingston, the well-
known soprano from Collins Street
Baptist Church, who had already
firmly established herself in the good
graces of listeners, and who will ren-
der the soprano solos in her cus-
tomary artistic manner, whilst the
choir, under • her capable baton, will
give an excellent account of the
ensemble numbers.
“THE BELLE of Ney York,”
though by no means one of our
latest musical comedies, never seems
to lose its charm of appeal, and, in
response to repeated requests for a
“further edition,” arrangements have
been made for another performance
of the musical numbers, which will be
broadcast from 3LO, on Wednesday,
28th, and once again the tuneful
melodies, “Lucky Jim,” “Try again,
Johnnie” and “The Belle of New
York” will delight hundreds of
listeners.
“IT WAS THE MORNING of Hink-
ler's broadcast to England,” said Mr.
Oswald Anderson, Manager of 2FC,
“and I was on my way to the Studio
for the preliminary tests at 5 a.m. As
the punt crossed the Harbor, I frankly
indulged in a little day dreaming.
Sixteen days to accomplish a six
weeks journey, and now through radio
Hinkler’s spoken word would cover
the distance in 1/15 of a second.
“In a very few years, Empire broad-
casting will be quite common, but as
yet we are experiencing the thrill of
pioneering. Blase as we pretend we
are, we still stand a little in awe of
the microphone—‘Mike’ of 2FC,” he
added, laughing.
“As we drew near Fort Macquarie,
a voice at my elbow said: ‘Got time
to give me a lift ? ’ I invited the brawny
son of toil to jump in, and along de-
serted Pitt Street he waxed confiden-
tial. ‘I catch that punt every morn-
ing (4.30_L but most times I have to
walk to the station. Guess this is my
lucky day.’
“At his destination he gripped my
hand with wincing earnestness. ‘Don’t
know who you are, but it was mighty
good of you,’ he said, ‘l’ll have to
get “Mike” of 2FC to thank you!”’
2FC’S SHORT-WAVE BROADCAST
ON 28.35 METRES.
“WE HEARD this station clearly,
also the announcement of their wave-
length. This station came through
very strong, and both voice and music
were received with clarity. The
quality was in no way inferior with
Philips. At 6.10 till 8.50 p.m. a musi-
cal programme was received consist-
ing of orchestral items which 'in-
cluded ‘Always,’ and ‘lt’s a Long Way
to Tipperary,’ concluding atT 8.50 with
the National Hymn. Power R 9, using
a detector and two stages of audio .
no stages of radio frequency.”
TELEGRAMS were received from
the stations who rebroadcast 2FC’s
description of Hinkler’s landing at
Bundaberg. A few of them read as
follows:
“Your studio transmission short-
wave excellent. Bundaberg poor stop.
Summary’ of events as given from
studio after conclusion of broadcast
from Bundaberg very clear and
steady stop. Many thanks for your
courtesy in this. Laws, 7ZL.”
“We successfully rebroadcast your
Hinkler reception from Bundaberg.
Please accept our many thanks. SCL.”
“Reception extremely difficult but
could follow enthusiastic proceedings
at Bundaberg stop. Resume of events
appreciated. Again many thanks.
6WF.”
Telegrams were also received-from
listeners all over Australia congratu-
lating 2FC on their initiative in re-
broadcasting these historical events
oh short waves.
SUPER-POWER.
Network Broadcasting.
What is the next development
in Australian Broadcasting?
What are the great powers con-
sidering just now? Is it Super-
Power and Chain Broadcast-
ing? F. R. Leppard, in the
March issue of “RADIO,” be-
lieves that it is. Analysing the
present situation, in view of the
Royal Commission's findings, he
cannot see anything else but the
establishment of super-power
stations and the linking-up of
relay stations. The name Lep-
pard is a psuedonym concealing
a well-known identity in broad-
casting whose position makes
him specially qualified to write
on this subject.

==P.15 - The 3LO Childrens Page==

'''The 3LO Childrens Page'''
THE WIRELESS FAIRY’S GIFT.
| (By Ruby Sykes Lyon.)
THE Studio at 3LO was very
quiet, as “Billy Bunny” sat in
■ his big chair, sorting his birth-
day letters for the “Children’s Hour,”
* then the Wireless Fairy (whose real
same is Twinkletoes) jumped from
, the microphone on to “Billy Bunny’s”
desk, and whispered to him, “Don’t
forget to tell the children about the
fairy gift of -lovely garden seeds you
lave for the birthday little folk.”
[‘Til tell them,” said “Billy Bunny.”
( “I wonder if they know that a
lovely little fairy lives in each flower
that will blossom when those seeds
are properly cared for and watered?”
'asked the fairy. “I wonder,” said
“Billy Bunny.” “They may not even
how that in that one packet of seeds
they will have, if they are good little
[gardeners, seeds, plants, and blossoms
for years. That is the reason that I
call them fairy gifts, for fairy gifts
[always multiply,” the fairy said.
(“You’re a very nice person, Twinkle-
’ toes,” “Billy Bunny” said, “and I
[shall certainly tell the children what
you say.’’
iTwinkletoes flew three, times round
the microphone (that is the way she
shows she is pleased), and then left
‘“Billy Bunny” to tell the children
that a packet of garden feeeds is being
®nt by 3LO to every boy and girl
rwhose birthday is recorded there. So,
children, those, of you who have not
[sent in your birthdays to 3LO, so as
‘you may receive one of these fairy
[gifts, dot. so, for where could you get
a gift that got better and better the
[more you used it but from a fairy?
[Besides, think of the joy of bringing
[“Billy Bunny” a nice bunch of fairy
Blossoms, that you have grown all by
pourself, from the birthday fairy
gift from 3LO.
THE PAST.
(By “Mintie.)
Where was a time when Pa went out,
WArtd left Ma home to sew;
l utthat was ere, the wireless came;
I There was no 3LO.
mere was a time when Mother said
f The house was dull and slow;
m that was ere the wireless came;
(There was no 3LO.
mere was a time when Grandpa
m snored,
vAnd led the folk a dance;
bit that Avas ere the wirelesdj came,
\ And brought our Norm. McCance.
Vow home is quite d different place,
\And no one cares to stray;
|'hey listen in to 3LO,
And tfiat’s th.e happy way.
FAIRY FLOWERS.
(By “Micky the Sprite.”)
Once upon a time (most fairy
stories commence that way), when
there were no ' Faity Flowers on
earth, a sweet little Fairy, who was
very sad at all the sorrow and sick-
ness among little children, thought
how beautiful it would be if she could
fill the world with love and gladness,
and if she could cheer the little sick
children with sweet perfumed Fairy
Flowers. She called all the Love
Fairies, together, and told them what
she. wanted to do, and they clapped
their hands with joy. They decided
to make a big garden, and bring in
seed from. the deserts tnd'the forests,
and put into them fairy magic, to
make, them grow sweet, and more
beautiful than -ever before. The gar-
den grew, and grew, and grew, and
the Fairies breathed into the flowers,
and when the seed came, they scat-
tered it to the four corners of the
earth. The mortal children grew to
love the Fairy 'Flowers, and the
world was filled with love and joy
and beauty.
After many years the Flower
Fairies came to 3LO with their gar-
den seeds, and in every envelope
going to all the children with birth-
day cards they now slip-in quietly a
packet of seed. . The children are
overjoyed to receive these gifts, and
they are all making gardens like the
fairies did many years ago, so that
they will grow more and more fairy
flowers to. give to their loved ones,
and the little children in hospitals,
and the dear old folk, who are not
able to make a garden for themselves.
Don’t you think. this is a beautiful
thing to do, children? and if you
would like to do your share of scat-
tering the seed of joy and love and”
sunshine, just have your birthday put
in the big birthdav book at 3LO, and
the fairies will do the rest.
SUNDAY SONORA RECITALS
SOUGHT AFTER.
3LO’s Feature Success.
There were some who predicted
failure for the broadcasting of
gramophone records, when 3LO
mooted the Sunday afternoon concerts
some time ago, but then they were not
to know the quality of the concerts
3LO intended to provide. The Sunday
afternoon sonora concerts have proved
one of SLO’s most successful and most
appreciated ventures. Scores of let-
ters of commendation have been re-
ceived. The concerts are given from
2 p.m. till 3 p.m. on Sundays, and the
programmes are always specially
selected'.
Bayreuth Festival Records.
Bayreuth Festival records wera
used for the concert on Sunday, March
18. Bayreuth is a small town in
Bavaria, and ;s not only the Mecca of
all Wagnerites, but also of all lovers
of opera. It is the shrine of Wagner.
Nowhere in the world are the operas
of Wagner to be seen and heard in
such magnificent productions as at
Bayreuth. The members of the or-
chestra at this famous theatre, which
is shaped like a fan, having unique
acoustic properties, are each a profes-
sor of his instriiment. They are actu-
ated not by the high rate of pay, but
by the honor and distinction of being
selected to play at the Wagner
festival.
Wonderful Records.
The records, then, are of distinct
beauty and appeal. On the 18th
March programme will be played
Parsifal, in 15 parts, Siegfried, in
three parts, Rhinegold, in two parts,
and Valkyrie, in two parts. It is an
opportunity for music lovers to hear a
particularly good programme. The
records, when broadcast, are enriched
in tone and color until the listeners
are almost made to believe that they
are listening, eyes closed, to the art-
ists in the flesh.
MARY GUMLEAF. '
(By “Mintie.”) j
Did the Fairies send you, Mary, ’
From their magic land of light? '
/ can hear the Fairy whispers,
When you speak to us, at night.
Birthdays were not half so jolly,
Till we knew the Wireless Bird;.
John and Jean , and Jim and Polly
Scamper when their name is
heard.
Did the Fairies really send you,
From their land to 3LO?
Mary Gumleaf,, tell me truly,
’Cos I’d really LOVE to know.
HELLO! THE HELLO MAN.
Yes, he's writing for the
Mctrch “RADIO” An article
on the serious aspect of the
Bedtime story. He makes you
think more of the value of the
children’s session, and after
reading this article, you feel
confident that the story-teller’s
influence is a great one, and in
the case of 2FC, is in the rigfit
hands.
It is only one of rthe outstand-
ing features of this issue.'

==P.16 - The Economic Radio Stores Ad==

WE SELL IT FOR LESS *&quot;
SATISFACTION
5
SPECIAL
BARGAINS
Parts for “THE FOURSOME TWO” this issue
Cost £4 12/1 r
1 Polished Radion Panel, 12 x 7 x 3/16, cut true 5 3
1 E.C.O. .0005, one hole fixing straightline Condenser . 10 0
1 E.C.O. .00035, one hole fixing straightline Condenser 7 6
2 B.M.S. Vernier Dials, Bakelite, with logging windows, 6/6 13 0
1 Bakelite Former, Cut True, 3x3 1 0
1 ilb. 26 D.C.C. wire 110
1 Crescent 6to 1 Audio Transformer 13 6
1 Philmore Midget Condenser 4 3
1 De Jur, 400 ohm. Potentiometer 4 6
1 Philmore “Certified” 30 ohm. Rheostat 2 0
1 Brachstat Ballast, to suit Valve 4 9
1 Radioakes Radio Frequency Choke 8 6
3 Wetless Mica Condensers, .001, .002, .00025, at 1/6 4 6
1 Philmore 2-meg. leak and holder 2 0
1 Fuller li volt “Inert” dry cell 1 0
1 Everready 4£ volt “C” Battery 2 9
1 B.M.S. Push-pull Battery Switch 1 0
1 Fantail Single Circuit Jack 1 ?
9 Engraved Binding Posts, 4d - 3 JJ
1 Bakelite Strip, for terminal board 0 b
Guaranteed against burn-out for
one year.
“ Crescent ” Audio Transformer
Ratios, 6 to 1
and Sh to 1
13/6
COUNTRY CLIENTS.—Our parts are absolutely guaranteed to give satis-
faction. Send your orders to us conditionally that your money is refunded
if you are not satisfied with the goods upon receipt of same. Goods must
be returned to us within ten days. We Pay Carriage on all Orders of 10/-
and over, except on Speakers, Cabinets, Batteries, and Value Payable
Post Parcels.
Terms Cash with Order, or
Valuable Payable Post.
No discounts.
Valves —no responsibility unless
fragile postage rates are paid
by purchaser.
For QUICK SERVICE address Mail Orders to ECONOMIC RADIO STORES, 492 George Street, SYDNEY
“YOURS FOR LOWER PRICES AND SERVICE THAT SATISFIES”
THE ECONOMIC RADIO STORES
PARR VMATTA:
Cor. Macquarie and Church Sts.
’Phone: UW 9601.
SYDNEY:
25 NEW ROYAL ARCADE,
’Phone: M 6138.
NEWCASTLE:
No. 13 Union St.
’Phone: New. 1622.

==P.17 - The Foursome Two==

'''The Foursome Two'''
THE heading “Foursome Two” may sound ambiguous, but a glance at the diagrams will show why this receiver is so styled. Many readers have written us from time to time, asking for details of a circuit making use of Tetrode valves. Until recently it has been a difficult matter to obtain four electrode valves which were really worth the use thereof from an economical and efficiency view-point, but now it is possible to design a receiver of extreme
economy and yet retain the quality of volume combined with all other requisite features; by the use of suitable Tetrodes. The word Tetrode, as the reader will conclude, is the term applicable to the four electrode valve.
Many readers will probably “stall” at the idea of breaking new ground, and may consider the Tetrode something
beyond their ken until they have sufficiently mastered the ins and outs of the three electrode valve, or Triode.
There are differences, of course, which are material, but these will not pass beyond comprehension for those
who are sufficiently conversant with the function of the Thermionic valve. The main outstanding feature of the
four electrode valve is that it may be used with a considerably lower plate voltage than is possible with a three
electrode valve. A Tetrode of suitable design will also give a much higher amplification for a given B supply them with the Triode.
Evidence of the efficiency of the Tetrode is in the fact that the commercial long and medium wave receiver used for telegraphic communication on ships whose wireless installations are designed by one of the world’s leading wireless companies, uses a single Tetrode valve. The penetrating power of short waves is now well known and trans-world communication established daily; yet the writer remembers well that uncanny feeling when listening in Sydney harbour to signals emanating from GBL Leafield, in England, a few years ago.
The wavelength was in the region of 22,000 metres and the signal perfectly readable using a Tetrode detector and
a separate heterodyne oscillator.
The receiver, as described here, is illustrative of and well adapted to the use of Tetrodes. It will be found perfectly simple to control, highly sensitive, and above all, the last word in economy. A glance at the theoretical diagram will show that there is nothing terrifying to the novice about it. The arrangements of the components is quite straightforward, and mainly because it is thought that the enthusiast who builds such a set as this will want to find out something about its “modus operandi,” more controls are provided than are really necessary. The tuning coil used is centre tapped as shown, although this tapping need not be electrically central. Here is one immediate advantage of this receiver, which is that it is easily adaptable to a highly sensitive and' easily controllable short-wave receiver. In this case, it will, of course, be necessary to materially reduce the capacity of condenser Cl, which is normally .0005 mfd. for the broadcast band. The value of the inductance naturally will also require
LIST OF PARTS FOR THE
FOURSOME TWO.
Although the parts listed below and mentioned throughout the articles were those actually used by us in the receiver
described, it must be pointed out that it is not absolutely essential that they be rigidly adhered to.
Other parts of similar quality and technical values should function quite satisfactorily.
1 Dilecto formica or hard rub-
ber panel 12 x 7 x 3-16 in.
1 Baseboard li x 10 x lin.
1 .0005 variable condenser (Ge-
cophone).
1 .00035 variable condenser
(Gecophone).
If alternative makes, two
good quality vernier dials.
1 3in. former, three inches long.
1 Small reel 26 D.C.C. wire.
1 5 to 1 ratio transformer.
1 50 mfd. midget variable con-
denser.
1 400 ohms potentiometer.
1 30 ohm rheostat.
1 Amperite or Brachstat.
1 R.F. choke (Radiokes).
1 .001 fixe£ condenser.
1 .00025 grid condenser.
1 .002 fixed condenser.
1 Two meg. leak, with clips.
1 li volt dry cell.
1 41 volt C battery.
1 Battery switch.
I Single circuit jack,
9 Terminals.
Wood screws, 16 tinned cop-
ped wire, etc.
Valves recommended, two
Philips A 441.


reduction. A centre tapped coil for
short wave work will render tuning
quite easy with a fairly large value
of variable capacity in shunt. Note,
however, that if this receiver is
adapted for short wave work, that
the micro variable condenser C 3 in
the aerial lead must not under any
circumstances be omitted. This is
invaluable for the avoidance of “dead
spots” where oscillation ceases owing
to harmonics from the aerial-earth
system. For the present, however,
we will discuss the receiver as used
on the broadcast band of wavelengths.
It is interesting to note that if the
inner grid of the detector valve and
the inner grid of the amplifier to the
connections marked G 1 and G 2 were
omitted, then the circuit is virtually
an ordinary three electrode arrange-
ment which would require a mucn
higher value of B voltage.
We are indebted to our British con-
temporary. the “Wireless World,” for
the original idea of this receiver, vide
that well-known writer, Mr. Castel-
lain, B.Sc., and it will be noted that in
accordance with the original circuit
a potentiometer is provided as a
means of~ controlling the grid poten-
tial of the detector valve. A 11 volt
cell is provided in series with the
potentiometer arm and the grid leak.
The only actual advantage of this
potential differentiation, is that both
methods of rectification may be used.
This provides an interesting means of
comparison of the respective advan-
tages or disadvantages of leaky grid
or “anode bend” rectification. It is
possible to change over from one to
the other by simply rotating the
potentiometer control. By using
various settings of the potentio-
meter, the most efficient conditions of
signal strength may he noted There
is nothing complicated about the cir-
cuit which we will now go over in
detail. Condenser Cl is a .0005
variable condenser which should be of
the straight line frequency type. Con-
denser C 2 is also a good quality con-
denser with a capacity of .00025 to
.00035 mfd. C 4 is a grid condenser
of .00025, C 5 is a fixed condenser of
.002, although almost any higher
capacity will do in this position. Con-
denser C 6 has a fixed capacity of
.001, C 3 is a midget variable con-
denser with a maximum capacity of
50 mfd. This is invaluable as an
aid to selectivity and is most impor-
tant as a means of overcctming
“dead spots.” The grid leak has a
value of 2 megs, and the potentio-
meter of 400 ohms. R.F.C. is the
radio frequency choke, which in this
case is a “Radiokes,” but may be of
any other good make or construction.
The inter-valve transformer should
preferably have a ratio of 5 to 1, and
should also be of good manufacture.
The one used in the receiver described
is an A.W.A. The filament rheostat
on the detector has a maximum value
SHORT-WAVE SUPER-
HETERODYNE.
The outstanding article in
the March “RADIO” is by Ray
Allsop, chief engineer of 2BL,
in which he describes the con-
struction and operation of his
special Relay Short-Wave Su-
perheterodyne.
No radio enthusiast or experi-
menter should ?niss this article.


of 30 ohms, and the amplifier valve is
controlled by an automatic ballasting
resistance of the Amperite type. It
will be noted that A negative and B
negative are linked together and the
filament switch placed in the A nega-
tive lead. The tuning coil should
consist of 50 turns of No. 26 D.C.C.
wire on a 3 inch former three inches
long, and centre tapped, as shown.
This may be mounted permanently on
the baseboard or sub panel, but if the
reader desires to use this receiver for
short wave reception, then it is quite
a simple matter to construct a suit-
able mounting, having three pins so
that various plug in coils may be
used. A little experimentation will
be necessary with the number of
turns for short wave work, as the
reader will probably use a condenser
of far too high a capacity. The con-
denser used for broadcast reception
will be quite suitable provided that it
is controlled by a very fine reduction
vernier. For this reason, the Geco-
phone slow motion SLF condenser is
recommended, as it was found quite
easy to control the receiver on the
short wave bands by the use of this
condenser. Here it is well to mention
that the regeneration condenser C 2
should also be provided with a very
fine control if the receiver is to be
used for short waV€ work.
A single circuit jack is provided for
use with the headphones or the loud
speaker, but it should be thoroughly
understood that this receiver is not
designed for loud speaker reproauc-
tion, although this is possible to a
certain degree on strong signals. Al-
though inter-State stations are aud-
ible on the headphone, do not expect
loud speaker reproduction on long
distance signals. Before proceeaing-
any further, it is necessary to say a
little about the valves used with this
receiver. Two Philips A44l’s were
used and found highly satisfactory.
These valves have a filament voltage
of 3-4 volts with a filament current
consumption of .06 ampere. The
plate voltage is from 2 to 20 volts
and the amplification factor 4i. The
filament, pl&amp;te, and outer grid con-
nect in the usual manner with the
valve socket, but the inner grid is
connected with the body of the valve
and terminates with a connector on a
small strip of springy brass. These
valves may be used with any set em-
ploying three Bleotrode valves, by
simply connecting the inner grid to
the B positive of the B battery. Full
details of these valves are supplied
in the carton and they are highly re-
commended by the writer as a most
economical and efficient production.
By obtaining Tetrodes of this nature,
the reader will not subject himself to
any loss, as there are many applica-
tions in which they may be employed.
There are various aspects R.F.
amplification to which a TeLode is
particular’y suited.
A will be required measuring
12 x Tin. with a baseboard measuring
11 x lOin. Layout and mark off the
panel, in accordance with the mea-
surements given in the template dia-
gram. There are two main tuning
controls, consisting of condenser Cl
and C 2 respectiyely. In the receiver
used, these condensers were of Geco-
phone manufacture, but any good con-
densers may be substituted. The
condenser C 2 is the regeneration con-
trol and has a capacity of .00035
mfd. Below this condenser is placed
the single circuit jack. Condenser
Cl is located on the left of the panel
and has a capacity of .0005 mfd. Be-
low this is placed the battery switch.
The two knobs in the centre of the
panel are raspectively the 30 ohm
rheostat and 400 ohm potentiometer.


Mount the panel components first,
having attached the baseboard and
then layout as shown in the back of
panel diagram. The C battery and
the Is volt cell are both mounted on
the baseboard with the components.
Nine terminals are required and are
mounted in the usual way with a strip
of dilecto on the back edge of the
baseboard. A negative and B nega-
tive are linked together. It will be
noticed in the wiring diagram that
terminals G 1 and G 2 are shown with
arrows indicating the connection to
the inner-grids of the two valves.
This may be done by means of a short
length of flex, but if the reader so
desires he may arrange a small spring
clip on the baseboard close to each
valve, so that when the valve is
placed in the socket, the terminal of
the inner-grid will connect with the
clip. To avoid confusion, it is best to
make these two connections last of
all. Commence the wiring with the
filament circuit. From B negative, A
negative take a lead to one side of
the filament switch, and to the nega-
tive filament terminal of both valve
sockets. The positive terminal of the
volt C battery is also connected to
the negative filament supply. • Con-
nect up one side of condenser C 6 and
the potentiometer to the negative
filament supply and continue to the
earth terminal. From A positive join
to one side of the ballasting resist-
ance, controlling the second valve and
also to one side of the potentiometer.
From the aerial terminal run a con-
nection to one side of the 50 mfd.
variable condenser, and the other side
of this condenser to the rotor plates
of the tuning condenser Cl. The
rotor plates of this condenser are also
connected to one end of the coil. Join
up one side of condenser C 4, which is
the grid condenser with the rotor
plates of Cl and the other side of the
grid condenser to the grid terminal of
the first valve socket. The two meg-
ohm grid leak is connected to this
grid also, and thg other side to the
negative terminal of the 1 h volt bat-
tery and one side of C 5 as shown.
The other side of C 5 is connected to
the negative filament. The positive
terminal of the 1£ volt cell is con-
nected to the moving arm of the
potentiometer. Now connect up the
centre tap of the coil with the earth,
and the stator plates of condenser Cl
with the other end of the coil and
the stator nlates of the regeneration
condenser C 2. From the rotor plates
of C 2, a connection is made to the
plate of the first valve and one side
of the R.F. choke. The other side
of this choke is connected to . ter-
minal P of the primary of the inter-
valve transformer, and also to the
other side of the by-pass condenser
C 6. Terminal B of the primary of
the inter-valve transformer is con-
nected to the B positive D terminal
on the mounting strip. Terminal G
of the transformer secondary is con-
nectcd to he grid terminal of the
second valve socket in the usual way,
and terminal F to the negative ter-
minal of the 41 volt C battery. From
one side of the single circuit jack,
take a lead to the plate of the second
valve and the other side to the B
positive A terminal on the strip.
The other side of the 30 ohm rheostat
is connected to the positive filament
terminal of the first valve, and the
ballasting resistance to the positive
filament terminal of the second valve.
Place the valves in the sockets and
join up the two terminals G 1 and G 2
by means of a length of flex with the
terminal on the cap of each valve. A
four volt accumulator or dry cells
will be required with a B battery hav-
ing intermediate tappings up to zO
volts. The voltage on the inner grid
of each valve should be from 2 to 4
volts, but the reader will soon find
the best potential to apply. Connect
up the batteries and the aerial and
earth and plug in the telephones.
The tuning will be found exactly
similar to a Reinartz receiver, and
the strength of signals equal to a two
valve receiver using Triodes with the
normal higher B voltage. The first
test of this receiver was made with
an extremely long aerial in an un-
screened position, and owing to this
the variable midget condenser was
found to be a valuable asset toward
selectivity. Rotate condenser Cl
until a station is tuned in and then
increase the capacity of C 2 until
maximum volume is obtainable with-
out oscillation. Vary the setting of
the potentiometer, and note the dif-
ference in the control of oscillation.
It will be found that reaction is per-
fectly smooth, and that there is no
bangsring into oscillation and out
again. Inter-State stations were
easily received on the headphones,
and 2BL, 2FC and 2GB well audible
in a medium sized loud speaker. Sub-
sequently the coil was changed for a
short wave coil, and the receiver
proved itself admirably suited for re-
ception at the higher frequencies.
For this reason, Gecophone con-
densers were used owing to their ex-
tremely fine control. By using a
centre tapped coil the higher capacity
of the condensers was not seriously
detrimental to tuning. The receiver
proved itself intensely interesting,
being efficient and, above all, ex-
tremely economical.
OVER FIFTY Inverell residents
accepted the invitation of their Dis-
trict Hospital committee to attend
the official opening of the hospital
radio set, the installation of which
was completed three weeks ago.
The night was ideal for the occa-
sion, and reception could not have
been much clearer. Shortly after 8
o’clock a message of congratulation
came over the air from 2FC, Sydney:
“Hello, Inverell. We congratulate
the committee of your hospital on its
decision to install wireless, and the
successful conclusion of its efforts.
We also congratulate the generous
people of Inverell and district who
have made possible the installation.
If they desire any thanks, we ask
them to look to-night at the smiling
faces of Doreen Jarrett, Jackie Hoey,
and George Truman, in the children’s
ward.”
Following this message, the gather-
ing listened for an hour to pro-
grammes broadcast from stations in
Sydney and Melbourne.
Mr. McKie, president of Tingha
Hospital, said he hoped the time was
not far distant when his hospital
would also have a radio installation.
Ho remarked that wireless was one
of the finest things that could be in-
stalled in any hospital.
The cost of the installation was
£l6O. The set is a Bremer Tully.
There are 27 pairs of head-’phones
for patients, as well as three loud-
speaker points in the wards. There
is also a loud-speaker point in the
nurses’ quarters and the matron’s
room.
♦
JAZZ NIGHTS.
The regular Wednesday jazz nights
are proving very popular at 4QG, and
messages, reporting appreciative re-
ception of the music by Alf. Feather-
stone and his Studio Syneopators,
continue to reach the station. It has
been the practice lately to include
humorous items between dance num-
bers, and this, too, has been greatly
appreciated.
+ __
WIRELESS IN FLOOD TIME.
The very heavy rains of the past
week, resulting in flooding through-
out the State, brings home the value
of wireless to those living in low-
lying areas.
4QG makes a point of broadcast-
ing the fullest information, as sup-
plied by the Weather Bureau and the
newspapers, so that those whose
lives may be in danger by flood shall
receive ample warning of an impend-
ing rise in the water-courses to dan-
ger level. To country residents es-
pecially, wireless is a necessity, for
when mails are held up through im-
possible roads, they are supplied
through the ether with the latest
news and .weather bulletins.
WHAT IS A HAM?
Ever thought how the word
“Ham” came to be applied to
Amateur Radio Experimenters?
The dictionary does not mention
the connection. Few Hams
themselves can give you an au-
thentic account of its deriva-
tion. 2ZY does so, though , in
the March “RADIO.” All en-
thusiasts should read this amus-
ing skit on radio fanatic.

==P.21 - Wireless Sought as Aid to Sport==

'''Wireless Sought as Aid to Sport.'''   '''Its Worth Recognised'''
ONE of the surest evidences of
ignorance is fear. Only a few
months ago sporting organisa-
tions, chief among them racing clubs,
were clamoring for a ban on the
broadcasting of fixtures. They
thought it would keep people away.
To-day these same people welcome
with open arms the broadcasting of
sporting fixtures, knowing wireless as
the greatest advertising medium the
world has ever known. Confidence is
one of the most reliable indications of
knowledge.
3LO’S Big Part.
3LO has played a big part in bring-
ing about this change of attitude. It
has taught sporting bodies to regard
wireless not as an enemy, but as an
ally. It has done this through service
—service to sporting organisations
and to the public of Australia. Its
successful descriptions over the air of
important sporting fixtures in all
branches has done much to bring
about a tremendous uplift in the
standard of Australian sport. Aus-
tralian swimmers, cyclists, runners,
and tennis players, to mention a few,
have done things which none thought
they could accomplish. Why?' Be-
cause wireless, 3LO particularly, has
created a new public interest in these
men, and as a consequence a new de-
sire to excel in the men themselves.
Services Paid for Overseas.
Such is the demand for wireless
publicity from various sporting
bodies that 3LO has found it impos-
sible to accede to their requests al-
ways. This is evidence of the general
appreciation of the usefulness of
wireless as a means of popularising
and making known a particular sport
The experience of broadcasting com-
panies overseas has been the same
as that of 3LO. The difference is,
however, that sporting organisations
in other countries, notably America,,
often offer the companies large sums
of money to broadcast their fixtures,
realising that they can reach far more
people in the best possible way than
by any other means. Wireless, in
sport, has become indispensable.
Sustaining Interest.
What wireless really does for sport
Is this. It sustains interest among
those who follow a sport, it enlight-
ens others on what is doing, and it
keeps all right up to the minute with
his or her favorite sport so that there
is little likelihood of interest waning,
and supporters of any sport falling
off. Wireless is daily creating new
fans. Overwhelming evidence in
support of these statements is found
in every branch of sport. Wrestling
was never spoken of in more than a
hundred Melbourne homes until wire-
less descriptions of the Stadium
matches were broadcast. What was
the result? The wrestling fever
spread and one of the biggest wrest-
ling booms the Commonwealth has
ever known ensued.
Tennis and Cycling.
Tennis and cycling have never en-
joyed such wide popularity as they do
to-day in Australia. The attendances
at tennis matches Were, until recently,
notoriously small. Even international
matches failed to awaken much in-
terest. Then the matches were
broadcast, and the result—Kooyong
not large enough to hold the crowds
which wanted to see the last cham-
pionships there. The newspapers at
the time commented upon this new in-
terest, speaking of the sudden de-
velopment of the “fan” in tennis— an
individual to take a place with the
football and cricket fan armies.
Cycling, too, has benefited immeasur-
ably from the publicity given it by ac-
counts broadcast by 3LO from the
motordrome. It was largely due to
the interest created in our cyclists
that Australia was able to send away
her Tour de France team. That *s
generally conceded.
Cricket and Racing.
Of cricket is has been said that it
cannot be adequately described over
the air. But the interest which broad-
cast accounts of big matches creates,
has been reflected in the big attend-
ances at Sheffield Shield matches this
year. When Ponsford was making his
record score against Queensland re-
cently the crowds flocked out to see
him. They had heard of it on the
wireless. Again, when things looked
black for Victoria in the match against
New South Wales here, the crowds
flocked to the M.C.C. to watch the
struggle. 3LO had told of the fight in
progress. The broadcasting of horse
races is undoubtedly a big factor in
maintaining interest. Men, and women
too, are able to follow form almost as
well as if they were watching the
races. Nothing can compare, of
course, with the actual thrill of watch-
ing a race, but then, only wireless could
fill the gap, as it were, for those who
are unable to go some Saturday.
Gustav Froelich to Attack Back
Stroke Record.
The performances of the German
swimmer, Gustav Froelich, since his
arrival in Australia have stamped him
as among the world’s foremost swim-
mers. At the Y.M.OA. baths on
Thursday, March 15, Froelich will at-
tack the world’s 100 yards back stroke
record. The attempt will be described
by 3LO, and should prove of absorbing
interest to swimmers all over the
Commonwealth, ft will be&lt; remem-
bered that it was at the Y.M.C.A.
baths last year that Ivan Stedman
made an onslaught on the 220 yards
breast stroke record in an effort Ko
win the 3LO cup, given to an athlete
who breaks an Australian record.
Stedman was successful, and was pre-
sented with the cup.
Roller Cycling Championship.
An account of the Green Mill roller
cycling championship of Victoria will
be broadcast by 3LO on the night of
March 19.
Interstate School Cricket.
3LO has made arrangements to
broadcast results of the triangular
State school cricket matches between
Victoria, New South Wales and
Queensland to be played in Sydney on
March 22nd and 23rd. Thousands of
school children in all States, and in the
three States concerned particularly,
will be eager to hear the accounts of
the doings of their champions.
Frank Beaurepaire to Talk.
Holder of 120 championship titles,
Frank Beaurepaire is undoubtedly en-
titled to the honor of Australia’s most
famous swimmer. “Boy” Charlton
and other young performers have
brought renown to Australia with
their feats, but Beaurepaire’s remarkable consistency has won for him a distinction which younger exponents
cannot yet lay claim to. Included in Beaurepaire’s 120 championships are 20 championships of Australia, 14 of
England, five of France, three of Belgium and four of Finland.
Frank is recognised, therefore, as an authority on swimming, and it is with particular pleasure that 3LO announces that he will speak from the studio on the night of March_2o on the subject of “General Swimming Technique.” Beaurepaire has been swimming for nearly 30 years, and only this year won the 880 yards championship otf Victoria—a wonderful performance for a swimmer who was opposed to youths just getting into their swimming stride.
In all those years of active participation on champion:«hips the world over Beaurepaire has assimilated a fund of knowledge on all swimming points imaginable. The popular saying, “What he does not know about it is not worth knowing,” might aptly be applied to Frank Beaurepaire.
March 20 offers an exceptional opportunity for swimmers to learn some helpful points on swimming.

==P.22 - Radio in ANZ Ad==

Have The March ( Radio ’
Delivered To Your door
See Also
Subscription Form
on Page 62
LTERE is your opportunity of
1 1 making sure of receiving a copy of the special exhibition issue of ‘ RADIO ’ delivered free to your
home.
You should not miss this issue even
if you do not get ‘ RADIO ’ regular-
ly, for it contains, in addition to the
two leading technical articles of the
year, short stories of merit, humorous
articles illustrated by the best artists
and numerous other features, both
important and interesting to radio
enthusiasts.
PLEASE send post free to the follow-
ing address, one copy of the
Special Exhibition Number of
“RADIO,” for March 21, 1928, for
which I enclose 1/1 in stamps.*
Name . . . . ? . ... ..... .r.?.-. . . .
Add reSS &gt; .' • •
*•» .... . f*T»l . • !«X.' .
• • . . • « v
• &gt;?
•Note. —This places me under no obligation
rhatever to subscribe regularly to “Radio.”
Fill in, clip oat, and forward this
coupon to the “Circulation Department,
Wireless Newspapers, Ltd., 51
Castlereagh-street, Sydney,” enclosing
1/1 in stamps. A copy of the Special
MARCH Issue of “Radie” will be
posted to you by return mail.

==P.23 - BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES==

BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES
for the COMING WEEK
Friday, March 23
2FC, SYDNEY.
Farmer’s Broadcasting Service.
Wave Length, 442 Metres.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
,10.15 a.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A reading. •
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m.— Studio music.
11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and
Recipes by Miss Ruth Furst.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 P-m. “Big Ben.” Weather intelligence
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news 'ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1-20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 P-m. Eileen Moreau, soprano.
1-34 p.m.—Studio music.
1-55 p.m.—Eileen Moreau, 60Drano.
2 P-m.—“ Big Ben.” Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m. Big Ben” and announcements.
p.m.—Thelma Mitchell, mezzo:
“Big Lady Moon” (Coleridge Taylor).
3.7 p.m.—Popular records.
3.15 p.m.—Kathleen Colls, mezzo.
3.19 p.m.—Studio music.
3.26 p.m.—Thelma Mitchell, mezzo:
“That’s All”” (Brahe).
3.30 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall, on
the occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibi-
tion, a programme by 2FC artists:
Harry Whyte, novelty pianist:
(a) “My Pet” (Confrey).
(b) “Bluin’ the Black Keys” (Schutt).
8-38 p.m.—Daisy Sweet, contralto:
Sk !l,? Ummer Night” (Thomas).
(b) Still, as the Night” (Bohm).
Platf ° rm of the Sydney Town
3.46 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumental novel-
ties:
“Stars an Stripes for Ever” (Sousa).
3.54 p.m. William Bowyer, basso:
“Sea Haven” (Anderson).
3.59 p.m.—Claire violinist:
“Concerto” (de Beriot).
4.5 p.m.—Daisy Sweet, contralto-
ihl °f, Ve ” (de P^yvaal).
(b) My Rose” (Langtry).
4.11 p.m.—Sammp Cope, instrumental novelty:
“Because I Love You” (Berlin).
4.18 p.m.—William Bowyer, basso:
“All a Merry Maytime” (Ronald).
4.21 p.m.—Claire Hartgs, violinist:
“Midnight Bells” (Kreisler).
4.2 G p.m.—Harry Whyte, novelty pianist:
“Pianoflage” (Lange).
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Kathleen Colls, mezzo.
4.35 p.m.—Studio music.
4.47 p.m.—Results of the Cricket Match,
played in New Zealand to-day:
Australia versus New Zealand.
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
5.45 p.m.—The “Hetyo Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story tipie for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
The 2FC Racing Commissioner will give the
latest Sporting Information.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m. Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News’’ late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
&lt;•45 p.m.—S. Gordon Lavers talks on the
“Music Teachers’ Conference”:
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
“A Seat in the Park.”
8.10 p.m.—From the platfoqp of the Sydney
Town Hall, or the occasion of
The Radio Electrical Exhibition,
A programme by 2FC a.-tists:
Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Red Lips Kiss My Blues Away” (Bryan
Movaco Wendling).
(b) “My Idea of Heaven” (Johnson Sher-
man Tobias).
8.18 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall:
Eileen Boyd, contralto;
(a) “Still as the Night” (Bohm).
(b) “Soul of Mine” (Burns).
8.26 p m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter-
tainers :
(a) “Ain’t that too bad.”
(b) Piano solo, Selected.
8.34 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Blue Room” (Rodgers).
(b) “The Girl Friend” (Rodgers).
8.42 p.m.—Wally Baynes, well-known come-
dian in Drolleries.
8.52 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor:
(a) “The Message” (Blumenthal).
(b) “Dolorosa” (Montague Phillips).
9 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “I won’t kiss ycu Good-night” (Tucker
Moore).
(b&gt; “Russian Lullaby” (Berlin).
9.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
&gt;A talk on Sport by ,T. H. Fay:
“Secrets of the World’s Jumpnig Cham-
pions.”
9.25 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto:
!!™ e Silver Ring ” (Chaminade).
(b) When all was Young” (Gounod).
9.33 p.m.—Ernest Archer, - tenor •
“My Beloved Queen” (Fabian 'Rose)
9.3 &lt; p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band •
(o) “Yesterday” (Wilhite).
(b) “My Regular Girl” (Warren-Green).
9.47 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenos:
&quot;The Message&quot; (Bkimenthal).
9.51 p.m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter-
tainers :
(a) “You can’t walk back from an aer*“’'l‘**
ride.”
(b) Banjo novelty.
10 p.m.-—“Big Ben.”
Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Grand and Glorious” (Yellen-Ager).
(b) ‘Doll Dance” (Brown).
10.12 p.m.—Wally Baynes, comedian:
(a) &quot;When Banana Skins are Falling” (Mil-
ler).’
(b) “The Railway Porter” (Scott).
10.20 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Me and My Shadow” (Dreyer).
“ Just like a Butterfly” (Dixon Woods).
10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.31 p.m. C&gt;ril Coy's Dance Band:
(a) “There's a something nice about you”
(Wendling).
tb) “A Night in June” (Friend).
10.57 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and late
news.
11 P-m. —“Big Ben.”
Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
Popular numbers.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem
2BL, SYDNEY
Broadcaster’s Ltd.
Wave Length, 353 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION. 8 to 9 am.
MORNING SESSION.
10 m° a m ~ G -P O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from the Studio.
10 p^r?af” NeW8 fr ° m the Da ‘ ,y Te,egra P h
IO.SO a.m.—Musical programme from the
otuaio.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Talk on “Croquet,” by Miss Gwen Varley.
Broadcast r’s Women’s Sports Authority.
Social Notes. Replies to Correspondents.
Talk on “heeding the Family,” by Mrs.
Jordan.
12 noon. G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Spec.a l ocean, forecast and weather report,
o, p : m —Musical programme from the
otuaio.
12.8 P.m. -Information, mails, shipping, and
port directory.
12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless.
12.13 p.m.—Fruit market report.
12.16 p.m.—Vegetable market report.
L pm ' London metal market report.
12-19 p.m.—Dairy farm and produce market
report.
12.22 p.m.—Forage market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit market report,
toon P-m * —Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—-H.M.V. Gramaphone recital.
J on p,m '— Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Talk to
nu-Vj en • an £ special entertainment for
Children in Hospital.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.


AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information broadcast immediately
after each race by courtesy of the &quot;Sun”
Newspapers.
8 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Talk by Mrs. Jordan.
3.15 p.m.—Civil Service Stores Trio, direc-
tion, Miss de Courcey Bremer.
3.30 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk on “Sweets,” by Miss Kathleen Jor-
dan.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Civil Service Stores Trio.
4.15 p.m.—Talk on &quot;The Women of Ancient
Rome.”
8.35 p.m.—Pianoforte Recital from the Studio.
4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
4.55 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
5 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Fruit and vegetable
Market report. Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce Report (&quot;Sun.”).
N.R.M.A. Talk.
6.45 p.m.—Country news from the “Sun.”
f p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Gulbransen Dinner Music.
f. 30 p.m.—Talk on &quot;Gardening Science,” by
Mr. Cooper. Park Superintendant City
Council.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dance Night. Anne Henderson's Happiness
Girls in Dance Numbers.
6 p.m.—The Sporting Editor of the “Sun”
will talk on the prospects of Saturday's
racing.
6.15 p.m.- Romano’s Restaurant dance orches-
tra, under the direction of Mr. Merv Lyons,
broadcast from Romano’s.
6.25 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Gordon Ireland (songs at the Piano).
9.30 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orcbes-
tra.
8.42 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Douglas Graham (Scotch Comedian).
8.49 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orches-
tra.
9.59 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Gordon Ireland.
10.6 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orches-
tra.
10.16 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Douglas Graham.
10.23 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares, Government Meteorologist.
10.30 p m. —Romano’s Restaurant dance or-
chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv.
Lyons. During intervals between dances,
“Sun” news will be broadcast.
11.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea.
National Anthem.
2GB, SYDNEY
Theosophical Broadcasting Service.
Wave Length, 316 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m. —Music.
10.10 ajn.—Happiness Talk by Alfred E.
Bennett.
10.20 a.m. —Music.
10.30 a.m. —Women’s Session by Miss Helen
J. Beegling.
11 a.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2 p.m.—Music.
2.7 p.m.—Address.
2.22 p.m.—Music.
2.37 p.m.—Address by Miss Needham.
3 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
5.30 p.m.—Music and Childrens’ Session by
Uncle George.
7 p.m.—The Joys of Wireless.
7.15 p.m.—Music.
7.30 p.m.—Address by Arthur Beaufoy.
7.45 p.m.—Music.
8 p.m.—Opening Chorus.
8.2 p.m.—Violin Sonata by Mr. Dan Scully
and Mr. Leonard Brewer.
8.15 p.m.—Address.
8.30 p.m.—2Gß Vocal Quartette:
Miss Ethel Jones, Miss Eva Casimir, Mr.
Thomas Hall, Mr. Clement Hosking.
8.38 p.m.—Flute solos by Mr. Leslie Sproule.
8.45 p.m. —Songs by Miss Eva Casimir.
8.62 p.m. —Pianoforte solos by Miss Molly
Jones.
9 p.m.—Recital by Mr. Heath Burdock.
9.20 p.m. —2GB Vocal Quartette.
9.27 p.m. —Violin Duets by Mr. Dan Scully
and Mr. Leonard Brewer.
9.35 p.m.—Songs by Miss Ethel Jones.
9.42 p.m. —Flute Solos by Mr. Leslie Sproule.
9.50 p.m.—Songs by Mr. Clement Hosking.
10 p.m.—Close down.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
Broadcasting Co. of Aust.
Wave Length, 371 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Morning Session.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.27 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
7.33 a m.—Weather forecast for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m. —News.
8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal.
8.1 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
8.5 a.m. —News. Sporting information.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—3EO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comfort* with a
minimum of cash.
HOME-MADE SOAP.
3Vs-lbs. fat (use all burn or waste fat from
kitchen).
5 quarts water, %-lb. resin.
1 tin caustic soda (small), 3 tablespoons
borax.
Clarify fat (if burnt or discolored) by
boiling it in 1-pint water. Pour it into a
the sedment off the bottom of the fat.
tin and allow it to set. Next day scrape
• Melt fat and allow it to become warm.
Dissolve caustic soda in the water, mix in
the fat, soa, resin and borax. Stir until
well mixed. Put on to the fire and str
until boiling. Boil two hours. Pour into
a box lined with a wet cloth. Next
day cut into blocks and allow to dry. It
is a splendid laundry kitchen soap.
11.5 a.m.—MRS. EWAN LITTLEJOHN:
“A Talk to the Mothers of Girl Guides and
those who wish to join.”
11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m.—&quot;AU FAIT.” l
11.40 a.m.—Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—Under the ausices of the Public
Health Deartment, DR. VERA SC-ANTLE-
BURY will speak on:
“Summer Dangers to Infants.”
AFTERNOON SESSION.
12 noon. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchang e this day.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
Reuters’ and The Australian Press Asso-
ciation cables. “Argus” news service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Rus:et and Gold” (Sanderson).
12.30 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“The Blind Ploughman” (Clarke).
“I Pitch my Caravan” (Coates).
12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, violin:
“Hullamzo Ballaton” (Hubay).
12.47 p.m.—ALMA HORLOCK, soprano:
&quot;There are Fairies at the Bottom of th*
Garden” (Lehman).
“If no one ever marries me (Lehman).
12.54 a.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Lonely Hours” (English).
“Contra Dance” (Beethoven).
1 p.m.—Melbourne Observatory Time SignaL
1.1 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“Verti La Giubba” (Leoncavallo).
“Requiem” (Homer).
1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather forecast for Victoria, Tasmania,
New South Wales and South Australia.
Ocean forecast. River reports.
FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH will con-
tinue her Viola Recitals. To-day she will
give
“Concerto for Alto Viola,” 2nd movement
(Garl Stanitz).
1.25 p.m.—ALMA HORLOCK, soprano:
&quot;Nicaela’s Aria” (Carben).
“Le Roi D’ys” (Lale).
1.32 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Jevington Suite” (Loughborough).
&quot;Nocturne” (Crest).
1.45 p.m.—Close down.
2.15 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA :
Selection, &quot;The Boy” (Monckton).
“Siamese Patrol” (Lincke).
2.30 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone:
“The Temple Bells” (Finden).
&quot;Marguerita” (Lohr).
2.37 p.m.—THE KNOCKABOUTS:
Those Scintillating, Syncopating Sentiment-
alists, in:
“You guess—and see who is right.”
2.44 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
&quot;La Sera Melodie” (Gounod).
3 p.m.—FRANCES FRASER:
“TRAVEL, LITERATURE AND ART,
AND THEIR CORRELATION. ‘Home Keep-
ing youths have ever lonely wits,' was the
way in which Shakespeare indicates the
value of travel, and Bacon followed by writ-
ing an essay full of advice to those about
to travel; but merely travelling about from
one place to another place is not an educa-
tion, nor is it even a pleasure, unless the
eyes are open to see, the ears to hear and
the mind to receive impressions of the life
of various nations, as it is expressed in
their customs, their music, their art, and
their literature.”
3.15 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
&quot;Andante Cantabile” (Tschaikowskj).
&quot;March Characteristique Orientale” (Mar-
key).
3.26 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, Soprano:
&quot;A thrush’s Love Song”
&quot;Music When Soft Voices Die' (Bishop).
3.33 p.m.—GILBERT BISHOP, violin aolo:
Selected.
3.40 p.m.—HUXHAM’S SERENADERS:
Hugh Huxham, Renn Millar,
Edith Huxham, Dolly Burdett.
Quartette: &quot;Smiling Eyes,” The Quartette.


Solo, “Go to Sea,” Rann Millar.
Chas. McFee, Tenor Sax —Selected.
Eastern Quartette, “Cairo,” Edith Huxhara
and Company.
Humorous item, “ Vs Wonder Why,”
The Quartette.
Ned Tyrrell, Banjo—Selected.
Operatic Quartette, “The Waltz Song,”
from “Romeo and Juliet,” Serenader
Quartette.
4 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
‘ Andante Cantabile from the First Sym-
phony” (Beethoven).
4.10 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone;
“Non e Ver” (Nattei).
’“The Adjutant” (Fischer).
4.17 p.m.—THE KNOCKKABOUTS, in more
“Scintillating, Syncopating Sentimentalism”
4.24 p.m.—THE STATION CRCHESTRA:
“Dance of the Egyptian Maidens.”
“March of Triumph,” “Enlry of the Gladiators” (Fuick). *•-
4.34 p.m.—MOLLY V A OKAY, soprano:
“Pipes of Pan.”
“The Cuckoo” (Lehmann).
4.41 p.m.—PERCY CODE, Cornet solo:
Selected.
4.45 p.m.—Special Weather report from Adelaide. Weather report fc .* Mildura district.
4.46 p.m—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Adagio Sosteni.to” (Be. thoven).
Selected.
5 p.m.—“Herald” news ervice. Stock Exchange information.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6120 p.m.—CAPTAIN DONALD MacLEAN,
“The Spanish Conquests—“ How the Dons discovered the treasures of the World.”
6.35 p.m.—“BILLY BUNNY”:
&quot;Stories of the Australian Bash.”
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket Stock Sales by the Associated Stock and Station Agents, Bourke-street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Excharge information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish Market reports by J. R. Bcr-
rett. Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River report*-.
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry, Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce, Potatoes, and Onions. Market reports of Fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Association. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
Fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants, Association. Citrus fruits.
17.30 p.m.—Under the Auspices of the
r DEPARTMENT OF ACRICULTURE, J.
BRAKE, Senior Inspector of the Agriculture Department, will speak on “Wheat
Cultivation in New Malle ? Country.”
7.45 p.m.—COLLINWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
March, “Gladiator’s Farewell.”
Novelty March, “Awake” (Handel).
7.55 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“The Erl King” (Schubert).
“Vulcan Song” (Gounod).
8.2 p.m.—H. K. LOVE:
'‘Technicalities.*
Mr. Love will be glad to attend to your wireless difficulties, and we ask you to write to him for any advice that you may require.
8.12 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
“Soldiers' Chorus” (“Fiust”).
8.19 p.m.—MOLLY MACXAY, soprano:
&quot;Musetta’s Song.”
“Wind Song” (Rodgers).
8.26 p.m.—ERIC AKINS will speak on
“To-morrow’s Events at the Motordrome.”
8.36 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
Trombone solo, “The Tyrcban.”
(Soloist, A. Thorn.
“Selected.”
8.46 p.m.—ZRNEST SAGE, baritone:
“O, lhank Me Not” (A. ] lallinson).
“Over the Westeri. Sea.”
“Sing, Break into ; ong.”
8.53 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS*
BAND:
Selection from Comic Opera.
9.3 p.m.—HUGH HUXHAM’S SERENADERS.
Quartette: “Isle of Bim Bam Boo,”
The Quartette.
Solo, ”c,mile Through Y'.ur Tears”:
Dolly Burdett. contralt .
LES RICHMOND, Piano:
“Selected.”
Humorous item:
&quot;the Silv’ry Sea,” The Quartette
Quartet, “The Yale Flues,” The Quartette.
TASMA TIERNAN;
’Cello, “Selected.”
Operatic Quartette:
“Companiona,” from “Ernani,” The Quar-
«etu.
9.„0 p.m.-COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS*
BAND:
Selected.
9.30 p.m.—PROGRAMME OF GIPSY MUSIC
arranged by MISS MARY CAMPBELL, of the Albert Street Conservatorium.
MARY KINGSTON and DAWN HARDING.
Duets:
“Know Ye, Loved One” (Brahma).
“From Woods Around” (Korbay).
IDA SCOTT. Piano:
“Hungarian Dance” (Brahms).
DAWN HARDING, Songi
“o*er the Lit ic Lily” (Koj jay).
“My Brown Boy” (Korbay).
MARY GASKIN, violin:
“Hungarian I.'ance No. 5, G Minor”
(Brahms-Hu bay).
MARY KINGSTON, songs-
“ Sun Brown J r.d is Leading” (Brahma).
“Rosebuds T 1 rc &quot; (Brahms*
IDA SCOTT, Piano;
“Spanish Gipsy Dance” (Mowrey).
DAWN HARDING. Songs:
“Songs My Mother Taught Me” (Dvorak).
“Cloudy Heights of Tatra” (Dvorak).
MARY GASKIN, Songs:
'“Down in the Valley,” Hungarian Folk Songs.
“Gipsy Music.”
“The Gipsy’s Price.”
IDA SCOTT. Piano:
“Hungarian Dance” (MacDowell).
J. TOWARD KING, baritone i
“Fad a Horse” (Korbay).
Vihepherd, see thy horse’s foaming mane”
(Korbay).
Accompaniste: Ida Scott.
10.27 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteorological information. Road notes. BritishOfficial wireless news from Rugby. IslandShipping notes. The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s SAFETY MESSAGE for Today is for MOTORISTS:
“Always carry a spare bulb for your headlights, the same as you do a spare tyre.’ -
10.30 p.m.—“CARDIGAN” (Mr. H. A. Wolfe) will speak on tomorrow’s races. Results of Triangular State School Cricket between
Victoria, N.S.W. and Queensland, played at Sydney.
10.53 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Battling Butler” (Braham).
11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“Let no man be sorry he has done good ;
because otherr. concerned with him have
done evil. If a man acted right, he has
done well, though alone; if wrong, the
sanction of all mankind will not justify
him.” —Fieldi ig.
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS.
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
Associated Radio Co. J
Wave Length, 484 Metres.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928. j
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
3AR, Melbourne, —Friday, March 23, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSIOTT.*
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 258 Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton, Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
2 p.m—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance
Session by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band.
All the latest popular hits, each one announced prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m.-‘-Melbourne Concert Orchestra*
Suite: “The Fragrant Year” (Ewing&gt;,
2.44 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano*
2.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra*
3.8 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano:
“Duetto” (Mendelssohn).
3.12 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
3.35 p.m.—lnterval Talk on Cookery in the House.
3.45 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano.
5.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
4 p.m.—-G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.pi.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous entertainer : v
“My Word. You Do Look Queer” (Weston and Lee).
4.10 p.m.—Mtlbourne Concert Orchestra:
“On Jheluua River” (Amy Woodforde-Finden).
4.26 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, trumpet:
“Macushla&quot; (Margetson).
4.30 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock humorous entertainer :
“The Market&quot; (Wilcocfc).
4.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
4.55 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment. Announcements.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says &quot;Five.” God Save the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—3AR’S Cousin Peter.
EVENING SESSION.
BALL ROOM AND CONCERT HALL.
7.15 p.m.—Health Session : Mr. George Beattie, Principal of the Beattie College of Physical Culture, on “Physical Fitness.”
7.30 p.m.—Sport Session: “Harlequin” presents his budget of news and comments on Sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s Stock Reports.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.”
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“L’Arlesienne, Part 2” (Bizet).
8.18 p.m.—Miss Diane Lovell, soprano.
8.26 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians._
8.42 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
“Elegie,” unaccompanied (Donjou).
6.46 p.m.—Mr. Norman Carter, entertainer*
Some more Snapshots.
8.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Qrchestr#,
9.9 p,m.—Miss Diane Lovell, soprano.
9.16 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
0.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert. Orchestra :
Selection: “The Cabaret Girl” (Kern).
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Tep.”
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, specially for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m.—Mr. Michael Connolly, Irish baritone.
10.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
10.27 p.m. —Mr. Michael Connolly, Irish baritone.
10.35 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.50 p.m.—“Age” News Bulletin, exclusix s to
3AR.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” GodSave the King.


4QG, BRISBANE.
j Queensland Radio Service
Wave Length, 385 Metres.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
1 p.m.—Market reports ; weather information ;
“The Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard”
news.
1.30 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p-m.—Standard time signal.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times.
3.31 p.m.—A programme of music.
4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph” news; weather
news.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
€ p.m.—Mail train running times: “Daily Standard” news; weather information; announcements.
6.10 p.m.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “The Sandman.”
7 p.m.—Special news service; market reports; stock reports.
7JO p.m.—Weather news ; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signal.
7.45 p.m.—A review of to-morrow’s racyvg.
NIGHT SESSION.
The first portion of the programme will comprise a radio novelty.
Station 4QG has received from Palings the full parts for a choral number. These have not been seen by any person and have been placed in a sealed package.
At eight o'clock the station will change across to the Brisbane Scho«d of Arts, where the Brisbane Eisteddfod Choir (Conductor, Mr. Robinson), will be at work. 4QG's Announcer will hand the sealed package to the conductor of the choir before the microphone and he will open it, distribute the parts and immediately commence a rehearsal.
The conductor of the choir has promised that by half-past eight the' choir will give a first-class rendering of the number which
neither he nor any of the choristers have seen.
8 p.m.—From the Brisbane School of Arts.
Radio Novelty—The Brisbane Eisteddfod
Choir at Rehearsal.
PART 11.
In response to numerous requests, particularly from returned soldiers, the third of the three diggers' plays which were broadcast last year—“ The Battalion Reunion” —will be repeated.
The first and second of the three “Off Duty” and “Homeward Bound” were repeated in January and February.
“The Battalion Reunion” is a radio play in
■which the adventures of four diggers who meet at a Smoke Concert after twelve months in civil life are related.
Cast:
Dad Mr. Tom Mullar
Bill Mr. H. Gilroy
Snowy Mr. Ray Bruce
Long ’Un Mr. J. P. Cornwell
Yvonne Miss Thelma Champion
The Colonel Mr. G. Williamson
Speaker Mr. A. Rees
Officers. Chairman, comrades, etc., by members of the “Studio Orpheans.”
The Musical Numbers will include soldier
songs and choruses.
8.30 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO:
Digger Play—“ The Battalion Reunion.”
10 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO:
“The Daily Mail” news; weather news;
close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
Central Broadcasters, Ltd.
Wave Length, 395 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes.
12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service.
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Exchange Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the studio “Recreator.”
1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. j
3.1 p.m. Musical numbers on the studio “Recreator.”
3.30 p.m.—Menu talk by “Homelover.”
3.45 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. W’ard and Co.’s Stock Exchange Intelligence.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O.. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s entertainment—Amscols
Half-hour.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Recreator.”
6.55 p.m.—General market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co.. A .E. Hall and Co., Dalgety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union, Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Association, Interstate Fruit and Produce Market Co. Ltd.
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—Stock Exchange Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service.
7.15 p.m.—Talk by Nurse Grigg, of Nestle—
Anglo-Swiss Condensed Mil Co. (Australia) Ltd. —“The Feeding of Infants.”
7.30 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
7.35 p.m.—Baritone solo. Syd. Morrell.
7.40 p.m.—Selection. Studio Orchestra.
7.50 p.m.—Quartette, Apollo Quartette.
7.55 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Relayed from Malcolm Reid's showrooms—orchestral selections by Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra.
7.15 p.m.—Baritone solos, Syd. Morrell.
7.20 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra.
8.30 p.m.—Quartette. Apollo Male Quartette.
8.35 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra .
8.45 p.m.—Baritone solos, Syd. Morrell.
8.50 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat report.
9.3 p.m. —Station announcements.
9.5 p.m.—Quartettes, Appollo Male Quartette.
9.10 p.m.—Selection. Studio Orchestra.
9.20 p.m.—Operatic Recital. Antonio Molinari.
9.30 p.m.—Talk by Mr. S. B. Opie, (Field
Officer) “Tobacco Growing.”
9.45 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.52 p.m.—Operatic recital, Antonio Molinari.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1- p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.15 p.m.—Selections, Studio Orchestra.
10.25 p.m.—Relay from the Maison de Dance,
Glenelg, Dance Music.
10.55 p.m.—Saturday’s programme and me-
teorological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem.
6WF, PERTH
Westralian Farmer’s.
Wave Length, 1250 Metres.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH; 1928-
morning SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supp &lt;1 by the Me-
teorological Bureau of We.. ; Au ralia.
1.2 p.m.—Studio Quintette, conducted by Mr.
Val Smith.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—Orchestral music played by Hoyts
Orchestra, . conducted by Mr. Harold Par-
tington, relayed from Hoyts Regent Theatre,
William Street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—Tune ih.
The Evening Transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy. ,
7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News.
7.45 p.m.—Racing talk by the Sporting editor
of “Truth” Newspaper Coy.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations to
programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Popular Night.
Musical programme from the studio, includ-
ing vocal and instrumental artists.
Items by the Misses Mason and De Boulay,
Instrumental Duo of the s.s. Katoomba.
9.35 p.m.—Health talk by Mr. H. S. Hatton,
Principal of Hatton’s Physical Culture
School.
10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The
* Daily News” Newspaper Co., Ships within
range announcement; Weather report and
forecast.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m.
7ZL, HOBART
Tasmanian Broadcasters, Ltd.
Wave Length, 516 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.1 p.m.—Musical Selections.
3.5 p.m —Hobart Stock Exchange quotations.
Weather forecasts. Items of interest.
3.15 p.m.—Musical Selections, continued.
4.15 p.m.—Educational Talk.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Children’s Corner, with the Radio
Lady.
7.15 p.m.—Young Folks’ gardening chat, by
Mr. George Nation.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Fruit, Poultry, and Prodcue re-
ports, through the courtesy of Roberts and
Co., Ltd.
7.35 p.m.—Gardening Talk by Mr. George
Nation, Glen Nurseries, Cascades.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.


BALKITE RADIO POWER
From the Light Socket
BALKITE TRICKLE CHARGER
NEW PRICE
£3/10/
A SENSATIONAL REDUCTION
RAULAND-LYRIC TYPE R5OO
Now 45/-
Radio Music for the Critical
The Rauland-Lyric is a laboratory grade
audio transformer.
Music critics agree that truer reproduction
cannot be found than that obtained when
these Super-quality instruments are em-
ployed.
Low bass notes, high harmonics, delicate
overtones—all these are amplified with un-
equalled beauty.
RIGHT OUT ON ITS OWN.
The World famous
BALKITE “B&quot; ELIMINATOR
Announcing the New
BALKITE “B,” the noiseless, tubeless, per-
manent light socket, “B” power supply.
MODEL 8.W., for
Sets with 5 Valves
(201 A Type) or less
£ll/10/-.
MODEL 8135, for
Sets with 8 valves,
and up to 135 volts.
£l4/10/-.
DILECTO BAKELITE
The ORIGINAL Genuine Bakelite Panel Material
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Sole Agent: O. H. O’BRIEN (Sydney)
37-39 Pitt Street, Sydney. 654 Bourke Street, Melbourne. W. E. Peterman, 160 Edward Street, Brisbane


8.1 p.m.—Broadcast, by direct wire, from
Lyceum Club, Hobart: Weekly Lecture.
9.30 p.m.—Cricket Chat by Mr. A. O’Leary.
9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
6.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special interstate news
service. Ships within wireless range. Tas-
manian district weather reports. 9 p.m.
weather reports. Travellers’ week-end in-
formation. Tasmanian district weather re-
ports. Station announcements. Saturday’s
programme.
10 p.m.—Close down.
Saturday, March 24
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—&quot;Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m. —Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A reading.
10.45 a.m. —Stjdio music.
11 a.m. —&quot;Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m.—A.PA. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m. —Studio music.
11.15 a.m. —A talk on Home Cooking and
Recipes by Miss Ruth Fnrst.
11.30 a.m. —Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange.
12.3 p.m.—Studio music
12.20 p.m.—&quot;Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
12.25 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—&quot;Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
NOTE: During the afternoon the Racing
Events at Rosehill will be described by the
2FC Commissioner.
Musical items will incllde:
From the Studio:
Howard Leighton, novelty pianist.
From the Ambassadors:
At intervals between 3.30 p.m. and 5 p.m.:
“The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
From the Crystal Palace Theatre. George
Street. Sydney:
The Crystal Palace Orchestra, oonducted by
Harry Cross.
4.45 p.m.—Complete sporting resume, includ-
ing scores .of the Cricket Match, played in
New Zealand to-day:
Australia versus New Zealand.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
6.45 p.m.—The &quot;Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m. —Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe:
Dinner music by the Pavilion Orchestra.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
From the Studio:
Late Sporting News.
7.15 p.m.—Weather intelligence.
7.18 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
7.28 p.m.—Studio music.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Studio music.
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
From the Hay market Theatre.:
The Haymarket Operatic Orchestra, under
the baton of Stanley’ Porcer.
8.20 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe, in connec-
tion with the New South Blinded
Soldiers’ Association :
A Concert by 2FC Artists to the N.S.W.
Blinded Soldiers:
Brunton Gibb, elocutionist:
“Bertram on Business” (Rutherford).
8.30 p.m.—Cliff Arnold, novelty pianist.
8.40 p.m.—Louise Homfrey, lady baritone.
8.48 p.m.—Norman McLennan, baritone»
(a) “The Irish Fusilier” (Squire).
(b) “Tommy Lad” (Margetson).
8.56 p.m.—-Charlie Lawrence, entertainer.
9.5 p.m.—From the Haymarket Theatre:
The Haymarket Operatic Orchestra.
9.15 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.16 p.m.—Dr. T. J. Henry: A talk on
“Harlem—the Negro Metropolis. ’
9.30 p.m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter-
tainers :
Popular numbers. Banjo novelty.
0.38 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe:
Further items from the Concert to the
N.S.W. Blinded Soldiers.
Cliff Arnold, novelty pianist.
9.40 p.m.—Brunton Gibb, elocutionist:
“The Transformation of Mary” (Spencer,.
9.46 p.m.—Norman McLennan, baritone:
“Ben the Bo’sun” (Adams).
9.49 p.m.—Charlie Lawrence, entertainer.
9.55 p.m.—Louise Homfrey, lady baritone.
10 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Eden and Jack Landeryou, entertainers:
Popular numbers.
10.8 p.m.—From the Ambassadors:
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
10.15 p.m.—From the Studio:
Eden and Jack Landeryou, entertainers.
10.22 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.23 p.m.—The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio:
To-morrow’s programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Antneui.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
ft
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION, 8 to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Social Notes by Mrs. Jordan.
Talk on &quot;Simple Cooking for Children,” by
Mrs. Jordan.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
12.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
12.25 p.m.—Sporting and athletic fixtures.
12.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the.
Studio.
12.40 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
12.50 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from the Studio.
2.15 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
2.30 p.m.—Pianoforte Recital from the Studio.
2.45 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
3.10 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
3.30 p.m.—CONCERT BROADCAST FROM
THE RADIO AND ELECTRICAL EXHIBI-
TION AT THE SYDNEY TOWN HALL.
Broadcaster’s Instrumental Trio.
3.37 p.m.—Miss Nellie Ravens, Contralto.
3.44 p.m. —Mr. Warwick McKenzie, violinist
3.51 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Mc;Calium, baritone.
3.58 p.m.—broadcasters, instrumental Trio.
4.5 p.m.—Miss Nellie Ravens.
4.12 p.m.—Mr. Warwick McKenzie.
4.19 p.m.—Mr. Leslie McCallum.
4.26 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio,
Accompanist: Mr. G. Vern Barnett.
Announcer: Mr. B. W. Kirke.
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio. News from the
“Sun.”
4.40 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio •
4.45 p.m.—Resume of Races held during the
afternoon.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
6.30 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
Racing resume and results of day’s sport-
ing.
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner Music.
7.30 p.m.—Talk on “The Aborigines,” by
“Bringa.”
B p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Mr. Roger Jones, baritone.
8.8 p.m. —Mr. Reg. Harrison, comedian.
6.15 p.m.—Broadcast from the Radio Exhi-
bition at the Sydney Town Hall.
The Cheer-oh girls under the direction &lt;fi
Mrs. S. Bennett White.
&lt;3.15 p.m.—From the studio:
Mr. Roger Jones.
9.22 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
0.29 p.m.—Miss Mab Fotheringham, soubrette.
0.36 p.m.—M. Reg. Harrison.
9.43 p.m.—Miss Phyllis Atkinson.
9.50 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
9.57 p.m. —Miss Mab Fotheriugham.
10.4 p.m.—Miss Phyllis Atkinson.
10.11 p.m.—Resume of following day’s Pro-
gramme.
10.15 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra
under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson broad-
cast from the ballroom of the Wentworth.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Morning melodies.
7.20 p.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES.
7.33 a.m. —Weather forecasts for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m.—NEWS.
8 p.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m. —Morning melodies.
8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information.
Shipping, Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m. —Morning melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “Merchant of Venice.”
11.15 a.m. —MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Thou Art Like a Lovely Flower” (Schu-
mann). ‘
“Les Cloches” (Debussy).
11.22 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Songs of India from the Legend Sadka”
(Rimsky-Korsakov).
“Spanish Rhapsody.”
11.32 a.m.—HUXHAM’S SERENADERS :
Song, “I Don’t Like Being Tickled by a Fly&quot;
The Quartette.
Song. “ In the Land.” Hugh Huxham.
Percy Code.
Cornet, “Selected.”


Special Exhibition
a
RADIO
59
Don’t miss the Special Exhibition Number of “RADIO.&quot;
The best issue yet published. Strong in technical matter,
rich in interest, and light with humour. Printed in two
colours and profusely illustrated. The features include:
RAY ALLSOP’S SHORT-WAVE SUPERHETERODYNE
How to make a super-heterodyne which will tune in any short-wave broadcasting
stat.on ,n the world at good loud-speaker strength. A description by the Chief
Engineer of 2BL (Ray Ailsop, 2YG), of the remarkable shortwave receiver used to
pick up and relay the British and foreign stations heard from 2BL. You must see
this circuit—it’s the best and latest.
THE 1928 BROWNING-DRAKE
A newly-developed and more efficient Browning-Drake of two valves-a regenerative
detector and one stage of K.F. as a complete unit with a single control panel arrange-
ment Separate amplifier units employing either transformer or resistance coupling
Will be described. By Don B. Knock (2NO).
ADVENTURE YARN BY “BRASSO”
Something new. Hi-Jackers and rum-running in the Atlantic. An Aussie brasspounder,
a Yank, and the short waves. Best thing yet written by Brasso.
SHORT STORIES HUMOUR ARTICLES
Alarm! A short story about a broadcasting studio-a woman's intuition-warning-
and bush fires. Also, “The Echo of Eden News Service,’’ and “How Noah Got His
Weather Reports During the Flood.’’ Humorous drawings by Jack Waring, Mark
White, and others. A. S. Cochrane (Hello Man 2FC) on the Bedtime Story. The ideal
wavelength for International Broadcasting.
Watch for Special Cover on Bookstalls
On Sale March 19®*


Duet, “The Garden Wall.” Edith and Hugh
Huxham.
Solo, “The Open Road.” Renn Millar.
Gilbert Bishop.
Violin, “Selected.”
Quartet, “The Inflammatus,” from “Stabat
Mater.”
11.52 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Fox trot, “By the Shalimar” (Mazine).
“Marcheta” (Schertzinger).
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —Melbourne Obesrvatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—Australian Mine sand Metals Asso-
ciation from the London Stock Exchange
this day. British official wireless news from
Rugby. Reuter’s and the Australian Press
Association cables. “Argus” news service.
“NOTES THAT RIPPLED WAVE ON
WAVE.”
12.20 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Plantation Melody” (Farwell).
Who is Sylvia?” (Schubert).
“Siamese Patrol” (Linke).
12.30 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Se Saran Rose” (Arditi).
“Saper Voreste” (Verdi).
12.38 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.41 p.m.—HENRY TROMPF, baritone:
London Silhouettes —“The Fortune Hunter.&quot;
“Up ’Lugate Hill” (Willoughby).
12.48 p.m.—NED TYRRELL, banjo:
“Selected.”
12.53 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
&quot;Hymn to the Sun from The Golden
Cockerel” .
1 p.m -Meloburne Observatory time signal.
1.1 p.m. —Meteorological information. Weather
forecast and rainfall for Victoria. Tas-
mania, South Australia and New South
Wales. Ocean forecast. River reports.
1.8 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“The Land of the Rose” (Gilbert).
THE FOUNDATION OF MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH, viola, will
to-day give specially selected items from
the works of the masters.
1.25 p.m.—HENRY TROMPF, baritone:
“Salaam&quot; (Mary Lang).
“A Spirit Flower” (Tipton).
1.32 p.m.-THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“In a Chinese Temple Garden” (Ketelby).
Bolero, &quot;Spanish Dance’’ (Moszkowski).
“Les Serenata de Argentina” (Olsen).
1,45 p.m.—Close down.
2 p.m.—Description of Yannathan Trial
Hurdle, 2 miles, run at MOONEE VALLEY,
by “Musket,” of the ‘Sporting Globe.”
2 5 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRICKe/T
—Semi-finals. *
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.- HARRY SIIUGG’S BAND I
Selection. “Gipsy Love” (Lehar).
2.30 p.m.—Description of Calliope Handicap.
5 furlongs, MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by
&quot;Musket,” of the &quot;Sporting Globe.’’
2.35 P-m. —OeScription of PENNANT CRICKET —Semi-finals.
2.50 p.m.— HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
•Minuet in G” (Beethoven).
Idyll. My Syrian Maid” (Rimmer).
8 p m.—Description of Quality Handicap, 6
furlongs, MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by
“Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
8.5 p.m.— HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Waltz, “The Druids’ Prayer” (Dayson).
“Selected.”
3.15 p.m. —Description of PENNANT CRIC-
KET —Semi-finals.
8.30 p.m.-HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Overture, “Prince and Peasant (Round).
“Selected.”
f. 40 p m. —Description of Moonee Ponds Handi-
cap, 1)4 miles, MOONEE VALLEY RACES,
by “Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
3.45 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRIC-
KET —Semi-finals.
4 p.m.—HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Selection, “The Maid of the Mountains”
(Simson).
Selected.
4.20 p.m.—Description of Trial Mile, MOONEE
VALLEY RAQES, by “Musket,” of the
“Sporting Globe.”
4.25 p.m. —Description of PENNANT CRIC-
KET —Semi-finals.
4.40 p.m.—HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Fox Trots, “My Blue Heaven” (Danoldson).
“Me and My Shadow” (Jolson).
4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report from the Mildura \ is-
trict.
4.50 p.m.—Description of Sherwood High-
weight Handicap, 7 furlongs. MOONEE
VALLEY RACES, by “Musket,” of the
“Sporting Globe.”
4.55 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex-
change information.
6.10 p.m. —Close down.
6.50 p.m.—Sporting results.
EVENING SESSION.
g p.m.—PENNANT CRICKET—Semi-finals.
Stump scores.
6.1 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday
greetings by “LITTLE MISS KOOKA-
BURRA.”
6.20 p.m. —Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m.— LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA:
&quot;A story for the Little Ones.”
6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.40 p.m.— LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA:
“A Story for the Older Children.”
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—Sporting results. Acceptances for
Werribee Races, Wednesday, 28.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m. -Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—River reports.
7.20 p.m. Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Cooperative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay. straw, jute, dairy produce, pota-
toes and onions. Market reports of fruit by
the Victorian Fruiterers’ Assocation, retail
prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by the
Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association.
Citrus fruits.
7.30 p.m.—E. E. PESCOTT will speak on:
“Australian Pine Trees and other Conifers.”
7.45 p.m.—Dr. J. A. LEACH will speak on
“Black Cocoktoos.”
8 p.m.—Speeches from the Trades Hall Dinner.
Toast, “The Day We Celebrate.”
Proposed by Mr. C. J. Holloway, Sec. of the
Trades Hall Council, with song at interval
by Mr. J. Clinton.
FROM THE STUDIO.
8.30 p.m.— SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND:
Fox trot. “Drifting and Dreaming”
(Schmidt).
Waltz Song, “Honolulu Moon” (Lawrence).
8.40 p.m.- MOLLY MACKAY. soprano:
“Nymphs and Sylvans” (Bemberg).
“The Hoot Owl.”
8.47 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “The Orcid” (Monckton).
8.57 p.m.—Description of events at the Motor-
drome by “Olympus.”
9.7 p.m.— SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND:
Selection, “Operatic Melodies” from Caryll,
Monckton and Suulivan’s Operas (Arr.
A. C. Southye).
Song, “I passed by your window.”
©l7 D m .—HUXHAM’S :
Song, “I never wronged an Onion —The
Quartette.
Solo, “Land of Hope and Glory’ —Len Mil-
lar.
Will Page, xylophone solo, selected.
Duet, “Hunting,,—Hugh and Edith Hux-
ham.
Quartette, “Faraway Bells”—The Quartette.
Harold Moschetti, tenor, Sax. —Selected.
Quartette, “Dream of Home” —Serenade?
Quartette.
0.37 p.m.—Description of to-night’s Stadium
event by NORMAN McCANCE. At the con-
clusion of the match, NORMAN McCANCE
will give a resume.
1C p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection from “Li’ Lombardi” (Verdi).
10.7 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“A Ballad of Gretna Green” (Brahe).
“Bonnie Dundee.”
10.14 p.m.—SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND
Song, “Mother Machree” (Olcott and Bell).
Intermezzo, “Swing Song” (Zameacnik).
Song, “Sometimes in Summer” (Bennett).-
10.24 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Mimi’s Song” (Puccini).
“A de a oiseaux” (Hiie).
10.31 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA*
Selection, “The Rise of Rosie O’Reilly.”
10.41 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“The Wanderer” (Schubert).
“The Garden of Allah” (Chas. Marshall).
10.48 .pm.—Late sporting news.
11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“Oh wad some power the gif tie gie uf
To see oursel’s as others see us !
It would frae monie a blunder free ut
And foolish notion.
Burns —to a Louse.
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS.
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
12 noon to 1.54 p.m.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Paton. Ltd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
Sports Results. During the afternoon, the
results of the Moonee Valley races will be
broadcast, immediately after each race is
run, together with other information.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance
Session by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band
The latest popular hits, each .one announced
prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m. —Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Schumann Songs” (Ar. Roberts).
2.46 p,m—Miss Stella Challen, soprano:
“I Love the Moon” (Rubens).
“Still as the Night” (Bohm).
2 53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, clarinet:
“La Militaire” (Raymond).
3.13 p.m.—Miss Stella Challen, soprano*
“Ave, Maria” (Cooper).
“If My Songs Were Only Winged (Hahn).
8.21 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“A Hillside Melody” (Phillips).
8.30 p.m. —Interval announcements.
3.40 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestral
“La Source” Ballet Suite (Delibes).
Suite: “Andalusia” (Miramontes).
4 p.m— G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4 1 p.m. —Second weather forecast.
4 ; 3 p.m.—Mr. Alan T. Eddy, bass baritene:
“The Erl King” (Schubert).
“The Still Room” (Arundale).
4.11 p.m:—Melbourne Concert Orchestral
“Canzona del Violino” (Schebek).
“Three Famous Pictures” (Wood).
4.26 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg. flute:
“Claire de Lune” (Debussy).
4 30 p.m.—Mr. Alan T. Eddy, bass baritones
“I Want to be Ready” (Negro Spiritual).
“Swing Low,/ Sweet Chariot” _ (Negr#
Spiritual).


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4.37 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Musical Gems of Tschaiwowsky” (Ar.
Langey).
“Consolation” (Wood).
4.55 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment. An-
nouncements.
5 p m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.” God Save
the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Uncle Mac.’s Entertainment.
EVENING SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-d.to news and
comments on Sport of the day.
7.45 p.m.—Every Man’s Garden. Special
week-end talks by Mr. W. R. Warner, Pre-
sident of the Nurserymen’s and Seedsmen’s
Association of Victoria.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.”
8.1 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.16 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Williams. humorous
entertainer:
“It’s Lucky I Keep My Temper” (Grain).
&quot;Flappers” (Hylton).
8.24 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.40 p.m.—Miss Jessie Shmith. contralto:
&quot;Don’t You Mind the Sorrows” (Cowles).
“I Love You Mqre” (Dorothy Lee).
8.47 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, saxaphone:
“Saxarella” (Wiedoeft).
8.50 p.m.—Announcements.
9.2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.18 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Williams, humorous en-
tertainer :
&quot;Dude Patter” (Manuscript).
“I’m Burlington Bertie from Bow” (Har-
greaves) .
9.26 p.m—Ayavz Dansonlana
9.42 p.m.—Miss Jessie Shmith, contralto:
“Sometimes in my Dreams” (d’Hardelot).
“Dedication” (Franz).
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Ten.”
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonirns
10 1 p.m—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin:
“Bolero” (Bohm).
10.23 p.m.— Ayarz Dansorians.
10.33 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, cornet:
I'Killamey” (Balfe).
10.37 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.50 p.m.—To-morrow’s Entertainment. An-
nouncements.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night quote
is taken from the poem. “Out ol the Si-
lence.” by George Essex Evans.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” God
Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE
SATURDAY. MARCH 24th, 1928.
NO MORNING TRANSMISSION.
NO MIDDAY TRANSMISSION.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
TATTERSALL’S RACES.
The Tattersall’s Club Race Meeting will be
described direct from the Ascot Racecourse.
The commencement of transmission will depend
upon the starting time of the first race, and
will a 3 usual be announced from the studio
at 7.45 p.m. on the evening preceding the
meeting. ,
FROM ASCOT —Tattersall’s Club Meeting.
6 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “Uncle Ben.”
7.15 p.m. —Racing results.
7.20 p.m.—To-day’s sporting news described.
7.30 p.m.—Sailing Notes by Fred Smith.
NIGHT SESSION.
8 p.m.—Orchestral Music by the Tivoli Opera-
tic Orchestra, under the baton of Mr. C.
Groves.
8.45 p.m.—FROM THE SPEEDWAY:
Motor Cycle Races.
9.30 p.m.—FROM LENNON’S BALLROOM:
Dance Music.
10 p.m. —“The Sunday Mail” News.
Weather news. Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
11.1 a.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
11.30 a.m. —Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
1.15 p.m. (Approx).—Relayed from the Gaw-
ler Racecourse, a running description of
events by Mr. Arnold Treioar, interspersed
with musical numbers and interstate re-
sults from the studio.
5.10 p.m. ( Approx).—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.50 p.m.—Summary of the afternoon’s racing
results..
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s entertainment.
6.40 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7.5 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Exchange
Intelligence.
7.16 p.m. —Talk on Mission Heroes.
7.30 p.m.—“Books and Bookman” by C. G.
Riley.
7.45 p.m.—Resume of local and interstate
sporting results.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Final Judging of SCL Bonniest
Baby Competition and musical demonstra-
tion arranged by SCL at the Adelaide Town
Hall.
10.30 p.m.—Local and interstate sporting re-
sults.
10.40 p.m.—Relay from the Maison de Danse,
Glenelg—Dance Music.
10.55 p.m.—Sunday’s programme.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem.
6WF, PERTH.
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
12 noon. —Tune in.
12.5 p.m.—Musical Programme, including
pianoforte selections by Miss Evelyn Wills,
A.R.C.M.
12.47 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m.—Close down.
1.55 p.m.—Tune in.
AT ASCOT.
Running commentary of the following
Racing events relayed from Ascot Race-
course, Ascot.
2 p.m.—Maiden Plate (One Mile).
2.40 p.m.—Armidale Handicap (six furlongs).
3.2op.m.—Harvest Handicap (five furlongs).
3.30 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO:
Musical programme, including vocal and in-
strumental artists.
Progressive cricket scores.
4 p.m. —Summer Plate (One Mile).
4.40 p.m.—Charity Handicap (One mile and
a Quarter).
5.20 p.m.—Kalamunda Handicap, Welter
(Seven furlongs).
5.30 p.m.—Close down.
6.45 pjn.—Tune in.
The evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 p.m.—Birthday greetings for the Kiddies
by Uncles Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.10 p.m.—Sports results.
7.20 p.m.—Markets, News and Cables.
7.20 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
7.45 p.m.—Talk.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations
td programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Music and song.
Musical programme from the studio, in-
cluding vocal and instrumental artists.
Motor cycling events described in detail
relayed from the Claremont Speedway.
9 p.m.—Talk on the J?olo Tournament by Mr.
Lawson Weir.
10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather report and forecast.
Sports results.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m. ,
7ZL, HOBART

SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
Broadcast from the T.C.A. Ground, descrip-
tion by Mr. A. O’Leary of the cricket
match, Newtown v. Sandy Bay. Progress
racing and sporting results from the Studio.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Uncle Hector’s Corner.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Musical Selections.
7.50 p.m-—“Mercury” special Tasmanian news
service. Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock
Exchange quotations. Sporting results.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes.
8.15 p.m.—Dance numbers b ythe Pavilion
Dance Band from the City Hall, Hobart, in-
terspersed with items from the Studio.
10.20 p.m.—British Official Wireless news.
Weather information. Station announce-
ments. Sunday’s Programme. Close down.
Sunday, March 25
2FC, SYDNEY.
MORNING SESSION.
10.40 a.m.—PrograriilW announcements.
10.45 a.m. —From the Christ Church, St. Laur-
ence:
The Morning Service.
Organist, Christian Hellemann.
12.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Musical items and news service.
12.30 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.30 p.m.—Programme announcements.
2.35 p.m.—&quot;Broadcasting conditions in Eng-
land” : A talk by Frank E. Buckel.
2.50 p.m. —From the Congregational Church,
Pitt Street, Sydney:
An Organ Recital by Lilian Frost, recently
returned from a tour abroad.
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
From the Band Rotunda, Coogee Beach:
The Randwick Municipal Band:
(a) Fantasia, “Knight Errant” (Trussell).
(b) Waltz, “Donan Wellen” (Ivanicur).
(c) Selection, “Gems of Sullivan” (Sullivan).
(d) Selection, “Down South” (Ketelby).
(e) March. “Underhill House” (Moorhouse).
Conductor, E. P. Kerry.
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.


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EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben” and programme
ments.
6.5 p.m.—Captain Fred Arrons will deliver a
talk on
“The Humors of History.”
6.18 p.m.—Kenneth Hunt, tenor:
(a) “God that madest Earth and Heaven”
(Sanderson).
(b) “A Legend” (Tsi haikowskyj .
(c) “How many hired servants,” from “The
Prodigal Son” (Sullivan).
6.27 p.m.—From ;the Petersham Congregational
Church:
An Organ, Orchestral and Vocal Recital:
Organ:
(a) “Light Cavalry” (Suppe).
(b) Overture, “Egmont” (Beethoven).
Ambrose F. Gibbs, L.L.C.M.
6.41 p.m.—Orchestra:
(a) “Rouseasu’s Dream.”
(b) “Et Incarnitius” (Haydn).
(c) “Sun of my Soul.”
(d) “Stand up for Jesus.”
(e) “Gloria” (12th Mass) (Mozart).
6.56 p.m.—Vocal:
J. Prior: Two selected items.
7 p.m.—Orchestra:
(a) “Palestine.”
(b) “Agnus Dei” (Mozart).
(c) “St. Arin’s.”
(d) “I love to hear the Saviour’s voice.”
(e) “Only an armour bearer.”
(f) “Holy, holy, holy,” from “Elijah.”
715 p.m.—The Evening Service from the
Petersham Congregational Church:
Minister, Rev. A. P. Doran:
Invocation and Lord’s Prayer.
Hymn, “O fir a thousand tongues to sing.”
Lesson.
Anthem, “There is a Green Hill” (Gounod).
Lesson.
Hymn, “I heard the voice of Jesus say.”
Prayer.
Violin duet, “Ave Maria” (Mascagni).
Mr. Roy Scott and Matter Gorden Scott.
Anthem, “Seek ye the Lord” (Bradley).
Hymn, &quot;Lead, Kindly Ligl t.”
Sermon.
Hymn, “Guide me, O Thou Great Jehovah.”
Benediction.
8.80 p.m.—From the Band Rotunda, Coogee
Beach:
The Randwick Municipal Band, conducted by
E. P. Kerry:
(a) Selection, “Classical Favorites” (Rim-
mer).
(b) Waltz, “Dreams of Ocean.”
(c) Selection from “Rose Marie” (Friml).
(d) Morceau, “Lea Cloekes St. Etienne”
(Hume).
(e) Selection. “Echoes of Opera” (arr. Sed-
don).
(f) March, “Washington Poet&quot; (Sousa).
©.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Peter Gawthome, baritone:
(a) “Three Shakespeare Songs” (Roger
Quilter).
(b) &quot;Two American-Indian Songs” (Charles
Wakefield Cadm an).
i. 42 p^n. —Alexander Sverjensky, pianoforte
solos:
(a) &quot;Adagio from C Minor Sonata—Pathe-
tigue” (Beethoven).
(b) “Largo from D Major Sonata—Pathe-
tique” (Beethoven).
8.52 p.m.—Peter Gawthorne, baritone:
“Jnst So.” Stories by Rudyard Kipling.
(Music by Edward German.)
10.5 p.m.—Alexander Sverjensky. pianoforte
solos:
(a) “Hum Wesque” (Rachmaninoff).
(b) “Lotus Land” (Scott).
(c) “Gavotte Joyeuse” (Mozart-Boscoff).
10.15 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
1.045 a.m.—Special news service.
11 a.m. —Service broadcast from Chalmers
Presbyterian Church.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special session for Children in hospitals.
2.15 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramaphone Recital.
2.45 a.m.—Special information service.
8 p.m.—Music from the studio.
4 p.m.—Organ recital broadcast from Chal-
mers Presbyterian Church.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes
National Anthem
EVENING SESSION
6.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children's Session.
7 p.m.—Service broadcast from St. Jude’s
Church of England, Randwick.
6.30 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
6.37 p.m. Miss Millie Hughes, soprano
8.44 p.m.—Miss Dulcie Blair, violinist.
6.51 p.m. Mr. Cyril James, baritone.
8.58 p.m.—Miss Norah Alexander, elocutionist
9.8 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter, ’cellist.
0.15 p.m.—Miss Linda Hartge, contralto.
0.22 p.m. —Broadcasters Trio.
0.29 p.m.—Miss Millie Hughes.
0 36 p.m.—Miss Dulcie Blair.
0.43 p.m.—Mr. Cyril James.
0.50 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter. *
0.57 p.m.—Resume of following day's pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares, Govt. Meteorologist.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
10.1 p.m.—Miss Linda Hartge.
10.8 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
10.15 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
SUNDAY. 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—Bells from St. Paul’s Cathedral.
10.45 a.m.—Express train information.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
News from yesterday’s papers
11 a^?o&quot;^ MORNING SERVICE FROM BAP-
-IIST CHURCH, COLLINS STREET
MELBOURNE.
Preacher: REV. W. D. JACKSON BA
Choir Director: MADAME ELLA KING-
STON.
Sanctus.
Call to '
Prayer and Lord’s Prayer (sung).
Hymn, “Welcome, Happy Morning.”
Scripture. Philippians, IV., 10-23.
Children’s Talk.
Quartette. “Lowley Kneel We in Submission.”
(Gounod).
Notices.
Offertory.
Offertory Prayer.
Anthem. “From the Throne of His Son”
(Stainer).
Prayer.
Hymn. “I Do Not Ask, O Lord.”
SERMON: “The Secret of Contentment and
Power.”
Hymn, “Peace, Perfect Peace.”
Benediction.
The Choir of the Collins Street Baptist
Church is well 'known for its skilful work
in the production of oratories not often
heard in Melbourne
On Wednesday, March 28, at 8 p.m. it will
be rendering Gounod’s “Mors et Vita.”
12.15 p.m.—Giose down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
“Methinks in thee some blessed spirit doth
speak
—This powerful sound within an organ weak.”
SONORA RECITAL OF THE” WORLD’S
MOST FAMOUS RECORDS.
2 p.m.—PIANO SOLO:
“Sonata in F Minor for Pianoforte, Op. 5”
(Brahms).
Played by Percy Grainger.
Part 1. Allegro maestoso.
Part 2. Allegro maestoso.
Part 3. Andante.
Part 4. Andante.
Part 5: Intermezzo (Retrospect).
Part 7. Allegro moderato ma rubato.
Part 8. Allegro moderato ma rubato.
SONGS—
Norman Allin, bass:
“The Jewess—Tho’ Faithless Men”
(Halevy).
“Little Cattle, little' Care” (Waugh and
Jackson).
ORCHESTRAL—
Overture, “Der Freischutz,” Part 1 and
2 (Weber).
State Opera Orchestra, Berlin, conducted
by Dr. Leo Blech.
3 p.m.—PLEASANT SUNDAY AFTERNOON
FROM CENTRAL MISSION, LONS-
DALE STREET, MELBOURNE.
Chairman: Rev. J. H. CAIN.
Hymn No. 112, “Ye Servants of God.”
P-rayer, Rev. C. Irving Benson.
Orchestral selection, Mr. G. M. Williams,
Conductor.
Hymn No. 81: “There’s Not a Friend.”
Solo, Mr. -J. M. Hill, “Gipsy Dan” (Russell)
Orchestra.
Solo, Mr. J. M. Hill, “The Chapel in the
Woods” (Bennett).
Notices.
Offering. \-
Orchestra.
ADDRESS.
National Anthem.
Benediction.
Orchestra.
4.30 p.m.—J. HOWLETT ROSS:
“The Passion Pay at Ammwgau.”
4.45 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
CHILDREN’S HOUR.
Storyteller, “BROTHER BILL.”
6 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday
greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.25 p.m.—“BROTHER BILL.”
“Strike While the Iron is Hot.”
6.45 p.m.—Bells from St. Paul’s Cathedral.
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—EVENING SERVICE FROM ST
PAUL’S CATHEDRAL.
Exhortation.
General Confession.
Absolution.
The Lord’s Prayer.
Versicles and Responses (Ferial).
Psalm—sl.
Ist Lesson.
Magnificat (Tarrant in Mode 10).
2nd Lesson.
Nunc Dimittis (Tarrant in Mode 10.).
The Apostles’ Creed.
Collects.
Anthem, “Blessed Jesus” (Dvorak).
Prayers.
Hymn (A. &amp; M.) 200, “We Sing the Praise
of Him Who Died.”
SERMON, BISHOP GREEN.
Hymn 520, “Love Divine, All Love
Excelling.” «
Benediction.
FROM THE STUDIO—
-8.30 p.m.—Birthday Greetings and announce-
ments. Island shipping movements.
8.32 p.m.—Song Feature of the Week.
8.35 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
Overture, Arc” (Wright).
Test Piece, British Trade Exhibition. Con-
test.
Championship of Victoria, March 15, 1928.
8.47 p.m.—VIOLET JACKSON,_ Soprano (by
permission of J. C. Williamson, Ltd).
“A Brown Biid Singing” (Haydn Wood).
“Morning” (Oley Speaks).
8.54 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND: v &gt;
Selection, “111 Crociato in Egitte.”
9.6 p.m.—STORIES OF OPERAS, Part 1.
9.3 6p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND.
Hymns, “Edwinston.”
“Rutherford.”
9.43 p.m.—VIOLET JACKSON, soprano:
Selected.
9.50 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Announce-
ments.
ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VIC-
TORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR TO-
DAY IS:—
“If you expect other people to avoid in-
juring your children, you should take care
not to injure the children of others.”


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10 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“The world makes way for a resolute
soul, obstacles get out of the way of a deter-
mined man who believes in himself.”
10.1 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING CHURCH SESSION.
11 a.m.—Morning Service from St. John’s
Church, Melbourne. Minister: Archdeacon
Lamble.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Anniversary Service of the Kensington
Methodist Church, broadcast from Ileming-
ton Town Hall. Minister: R»v. Geerge F.
Dyson. Choirmaster: Mr. Fred. Harry.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
8 pan.—Special Children's Hour.
EVENING CHURCH SESSION.
T p.m.—Evening Service from the Brunswick
Methodist Church, Brunswick. Minister:
Rev. E. Lewis.
EVENING SESSION.
5.30 p.m.—Brunswick Panatrope Entertain-
ment, broadcast from Pauatrope House, 252
Collins Street, Melbourne (by exclusive per-
msision of Wills and Paton, Ltd.), under
the direction of the Panatrope Committee.
9.31 p.m.—The B.B.C.Wireless Symphony Or-
chestra : e
Overture: “The Barber of Seville” (Ros-
si in two parts.
8.39 p.rir—Signor Giuseppe Danise. baritone:
“La Paloma” (Yradier).
“Thorna a Surriento” (de Curtis).
8.47 p.m.—J. H. Sqjire Celeste Octet:
“Love’s OW, Sweet Song” (Molloy).
“Poem” (Fibich).
•.53 p.m.—Mr. W. H. Sqnire, ’cello:
“La Provengale” (Mari-Marias).
“Sleepy Song” (Jeanjean).
8.69 p.m.—The Regimental Band of His Ma-
jesty’s Grenadier Guards:
“The Battle of Waterloo” (Ar. H. Echerg-
berg), in two parts.
9.7 p.m.—Mr. Leopold Godowsky, pianoi
“Polonaise in A Flat' (Chopin).
“Marche Militaire” (Schubert).
• 15 p.m.—Miss Elizabeth Rethberg, soprano:
“Ye Wand’ring Breezes, Hear Me,” Act JI.
from,Lohengrin (Wagner).
*'Oh, Hall of Song,” Act 11. from Tann-
hauser (Wagner).
8.21 p.m.—Mr. Frederic Fradkin, violin:
“Schon Rosmarin” (Kreisler).
“The Last Rose of Summer&quot; (Moore).
8.27 p.m.—The Regimental Band of His Ma-
jesty’s Grenadier Guards:
Selections from Rigoletto (Verdi), in two
parts.
8.83 p.m.—Mr. Mario Chanlee, tenor:
“Racconto di Rodolfo” from La Boheme
(Puccini).
**Ah, fuyez douce image,” from the opera
Manon (Massenet).
8-14 pan.—The Sevoy Havana Band, at the
Savoy Hotel. London:
&quot;Valse Bleue” (Margis).
‘‘Blue Danube” (Strauss).
8.49 pan.—The Regimental Band of His Ma-
jesty’s Grenadier Guards:
“Triana. Spanish March” (Lopez).
“The Voice of the Guns” (Alford).
it. 54 pan.—The, “Age” News Bulletin, exclu-
sive to 3AR.
9.58 p.m.—Weather forecast.
9.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night qnote
is from the poem, “Delilah,” by Adam Lind-
say Gordon.
10 p.m.—Uod Save Che King.
4QG, BRISBANE.
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
The complete Morning Service will be
relayed from the Albert Street Methodist
Church.
11 a.m.—FROM ALBERT STREET METHO-
DIST CHURCH: Morning Service.
12.39 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
BAND CONCERT.
The Concert by the Brisbane Federal Band
(Conductor: Mr. W. H. Davies) will be relayed
from the Botanic Gardens.
3.15 p.m.—Band Concert.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
NIGHT SESSION.
The complete Evenin g Service will be re-
layed from the Albert Street Methodist Church
7 p.m.—FROM ALBERT STREET METHO-
DIST CHURCH: Children’s Service.
7.30 p m.—Evening Service.
At the conclusion of the Church Service,
the Concert by the Brisbane Municipal Con-
cert Band will be relayed from Wickham
Park.
Band Concert.
9.30 p.m.—Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
SUNDAY. 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.45 a.m.—Carillon of bells from St. An-
drew’s Church, Walkerville.
11 a.m.—r—G.P.O. Chimes.
11.1 a.m.—Relay from Rose Park Congre-
gational Church, Divine Service.
12 noon.—G.P.O. chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m.—Sacred concert from Rose Park
Congregational Church.
4 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.31 p.m.—Carillon of bells from St. Andrew’s
Church, Walkerville.
6.37 p.m.—Sunday story for children by
“Bird Lady.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—Relay Archer Street Methodist
Church, Evening Divine Service.
8.10 p.m.—Sacred concert by Archer Street,
Methodist Church choir.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Relayed from Henley Beach Rotunda
—Holden’s Silver Band.
9.30 p.m.—Talk by Mr. P. H. Nicholls on “A
Deaf Man Hears.”
9.45 p.m.—Talk by Mr. A. L. Brown on
“Adelaide’s Churches.”
10 p.m.—Monday’s Programme and meteoro-
logical information.
10.5 p.m.—National Anthem and close down.
6WF, PERTH.
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.45 p.m.—Tune in.
11 a.m.—Morning service relayed from Church
of Christ, Lake Street, Perth.
Preacher, Rev Chas. Schwab. ,
12.15 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—From the Studio.
Musical programme, including vocal and in-
strumental artists.
4.30 p.m.—Close! down.
EVENING SESSION.
7 p.m.—Tune in.
The evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
7.5 p.m.—Children’s bedtime stories.
7.30 p.m.—Evening Service relayed from St.
George’s Cathedral, St. George’s Terrace,
Perth.
8.45 pan.—A Relay.
Concert by the Perth City Band, conducted
by Mr. L. M. Price, and items by vocal as-
sisting artists, relayed from the Govern-
ment Gardens, Perth.
10.5 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 7 p.m. t
7ZL, HOBART
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
11 a.m.—Church Service from Melville Street
Methodist Church, Hobart. Preacher; Rev.
Robert Williams. Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.31 p.m.—Conct-* from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
G. 30 p.m.—Children’s Corner, with the Sun-
day Lady.
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—Church Service from Chalmers Pres-
byterian Church. Hobart. At conclusion
of Church Service, Band Concert form St.
David’s Park, or Studio Concert.
9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
“Mercury” special interstate news service,
British Official Wireless News. Ships
within wireless range. 9 p.'m. weather
forecasts. Station announcements. Mon-
day’s Programme. Close down.
Monday, March 26
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION,
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—‘‘Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—‘‘Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—Last minute racing information by
the 2FC Commissioner.
10.45 a.m. —Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Bfg Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.15 a.m.—A reading.
11.30 a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcement*.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report,
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, seiond call.
1.30 p.m.—Margaret Grimshaw., mezzo.
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.55 p.m.—Margaret Grimshaw, mezz%
2 p.m.—“Bljj Ben.” Close down.


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CLYDE


AFTERNOON SESSION.
8 p.m.—“B g Ben” and anr^punceme.’its.
3.3 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden
Theatre:
Jimmy Elkins’ Jazz Bana.
3.15 p.m. —From the Studio:
Betty Armstrong, soprano:
“Serenade” (Toselli).
3.20 p.m.—Pianoforte solo.
3.28 p.m.—Thelma Lansdowne, mezzo!
• “Swing low, sweet chariot” (Burleigh).
3.32 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden
Theatre, Sydney:
Jimmy Elkins’ Jazz Band.
3.55 p.m.—From the Studio:
Claire Fothergi'l, mezzo.
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Pianoforte solo.
4.10 p.m.—Betty Armstrong, soprano:
“Lovers in the Lane” (Lehmann).
4.14 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden
Theatre, Sydney:
Items by Jimm/ Elkins’, Jazz Band.
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Thelma Lansdowne, mezzo:
“The Sweetest Flower that 31ows” (Hawley).
4.35 p.m.—A reading.
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, Uiird call.
4.47 p.m.—Claire Fothergill, mez. o.
4.50 p.m.—From the Lyrit W.nier Garden
Theatre, Sydney:
Jimmy Elliins’ Jazz Band.
4.68 p.m.—From the Studio:
Results of the Cricket Match, played in New
Zealand to-day: Australia versus New Zea-
land. 4
5 p.m.—&quot;Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of IFC.
6.45 p.m.—The &quot;Hello Mai. ’ talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the yoyng
e. 30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—&quot;Big Ben.” Late sporting new,
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.55 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.40 p.m.—Edgar Warwick and Eileen Dawn
in a Domestic Sketch:
“Turning the Tables” (Warwick).
7.55 p.m.—“On Wenlock Edge” (Vaughan Wil-
liams): A cycle of six songs for tenor
voice, with accompaniment of String Quar-
tette and I'iano (words by A. E. Housraan).
Sung by William Dallison:
(a) “On Wenlock Edge”—The Storm.
(a) “From far, from eve and morning.”
(c) “Is my team 1 loughing.’’
(d) “Ch, when I was in love with you.”
(e) “Bredon Hill.”
(f) “Clun.”
6.20 p.m.—From the Great Hall. Sydney Uni-
versity ,on the occasion of the function in
connection with »the Australian League of
Nations’ TTriion.
The British Music Society String Quartette.
8.27 p.m.—Statement by the President of tTie
Union. Rev. A. H. Garnsey. M.A.
8.32 p.m. -Address by the Premier of N.S.W.:
The Hon. T. R. Bavin, M.L.A.
8.47 p.m —Address by the Hon. E. A. McTier-
nan.
9.2 p.m.—The British Music Society String
Quartette.
9.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.11 p.m.—Edgar Warwick and Eileen Dawn,
in a sketch entitled:
“Mrs. ’lggins at the Booksellers” (Warwick).
9.21 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra, conducted
by Horae? Keats:
(a) Overture, “Norma” (Bellinij.
(b) “Cairo Memories” (Armandola).
9.40 p.m.—Mavis Deaiman, contralto.
9.17 p.m. —The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) Selection, “In a Persian Garden” (Leh-
mann).
(b) “Danse Rnstique” (Godard).
10 3 p.m—Goodie Reeve will continue her
series of talks:
“Behind the Scenes at Hollywood.*
10.16 p.m.—Tl y 2FC Studio Orchestra, con-
ducted by Horace K ’ats :
“Gilbert and Sullivt n Memories.&quot;
10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.31 p.m.—Len Maur.ce, popular bariton*.
10.45 p.i l. —The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) “Nenna Nanna’ (Amadei).
(bi Overture, “Le Nozze de Figaro*'
(Mozart).
10.58 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and* late
news.
11 p.m.- “Big Ben.” National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. —G.P.O. Clock agd chimes.
Musical programme from studio.
10.40 p.m. -News from the “Daily Telegraph”
Pictorial.'
10.60 a.m. —Musical programme from the
studio.
ll a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and Chimes.
Talk on “Tennis” by Miss Gwen Varley,
Broadcasters Womens Sports Authority.
Social Notes —Replies to correspondents.
Talk on “Breakfast Cereals” by Mrs. Jordan.
t 2 no&lt;Th.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special Ocean Forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the studio
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, Mails, Shipping, and
port directory.
12.12 p.m.—Boats in call by wlteiess.
12.14 p.m.—Fruit Market report.
12.16 p.,m.—Vegetable Market report.
12.18 p.m.—Dairy Farm and Produce Market
report.
21.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report,
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramaphone Recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to children and special entertainment
for Children in Hospital.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea.
Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information broadcast immediately
after each race by courtesy of the “Sun”
newspapers.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea.
News from the “Sun.”
3.10 p.m.—Musical programme from the studio.
3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
8.30 p.m.—Concert broadcast from the Radio
Exhibition at the Sydney Town Hall.
The Pacific Trio.
6.37 p.m.- Miss Bertha Waters, soprano.
3.44 p.m.- Miss Mary Charlton, pianist.
3.51 p.m.—Mr. Cecil Chaseling, baritone.
3.58 p.m.- The Pacific Trio.
4.5 p.m.—Miss Bertha Waters.
4.12 p.m.—Miss Mary Chalton.
4.19 p.m. Mr. Cecil Chaseling.
4.26 p.m.—The Pacific Trio.
4.30 p.m.—The Dungowan Dance Band, broad-
cast from Dungowan Cabaret.
4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
4.57 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Child-
ren’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
* 6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and* chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
6.45 p.m.—Country news, from the “Sun.
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Gulbransen dinner music.
f. 30 p.m.—Talk on “The Motor Car, and its
Idiosyncrasies,” by Mr. Martin.
EVENING SESSIONS.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Mr. Alfred Wilmore, tenor:
8.8 p.m.—’The Wurlitzer Organ, broadcast
from the Arcadia Theatre. Chatswood. Or-
ganist: Mr. N. Robins.
8.15 p.m.—Broadcast from the Radio Exhi-
bition, at the Town Hall:
Tooth’s Brewery Band.
6.22 p.m.—Mr. Clement Q. Williams, bari-
tone. .
8.29 p.m.—Mr. Michael O’Connell, elocu-
tionist.
8.36 p.m.—Miss Madge Clague, contralto.
9.43 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
8.50 p.m.—Mr. Alfred Wilmore.
8-57 p.m.—Miss Helena Stewart, soprano.
9.4 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
9.15 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Clement Q. Williams.
9.22 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
9.29 p.m. —Miss Madge Clague.
9.36 p.m.—Mr. Michael O’Connell.
9.43 p.m. —Miss Helena Stewart.
5.50 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
9.57 p.m.—Duet: Miss Helena Stewart and
Mr. Alfred Wilmore.
10.2 p.m.—Resume of following day’s Pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Me. Mares, Government Meteorologist.
10.7 p.m.—The Wurlitzer Organ, broadcast
from the Arcadia Theatre, Chatswood.
10.20 p.m.—.Romano’s Restaurant Dance Or-
chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv.
Lyons, broadcast from Romano’s. During
intervals between dances, “Sun” news will
be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
7.20 a.m. —PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.27 a.m. —Morning melodies.
7.33 a.m.—WEATHER FORECAST for all
States. Mails.
70.40 a.m.—NEWS.
8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m. —Morning melodies.
8.5 a.m. —NEWS. Sporting information. Ship-
ping. Stock Exchange information.
8.13 p.m.—Morning melodies.
8.15 a.m. —Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comforts, with a
minimum of cash—
HOME-MADE SELF-RAISING FLOUR.
81b. flour, l%oz. bicarbonate of soda, 4oz.
cream of tartar, 2 teaspoons sugar.
Mix all ingredients together and sift, then
put in flour bag ready for use.
11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN:
Keep yours Bright with Fragrant Flowers.
“All the hardiest annuals attain the greatest
perfection when sown in early Autumn, be-
cause they have a longer season to grow.
They attain greater development, and con-
sequently flower the stronger, but tender
sorts must not be sown until the Spring.
Sow now Verbenas, Violets, Violas and Vir-
ginian Stock.
11.5 a.m.—MISS E. NOBLE—GAS COOKING:
“Preparing Cold Sweets —Jellies and
Creams.”
11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m. —“DOMINA” will speak on:
“Journalism as a Career for Women.**
Part 11.
11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—Capt. Donald Mac Lean?
&quot;Great Women of History.”


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MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —Melbourne Observatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—British official wireless news from
Rugby. Reuter’s and the Australian Press
Association cables. “Argus” news service.
“LISTEN TO ME, AND THEN IN
CHORUS GATHER.”
12.15 p.m.—Community singing transmitted
from the Assembly Hall, Collins Street, Mel-
bourne. (Conductor, G.* J. MACKAY, as-
sisted by BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUAR-
TET.
Soloists.
GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Cornin’ Through the Rye” (Old Scotch).
“Little Brown Cottage” (Dickson).
VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“You in a Gondola” (Clarke).
“Spring Flowers” (Johnson).
1.45 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO: Meteoro-
logical information. Weather forecast and
rainfall for Victoria. Tasmania, South Aus-
tralia and New South Wales. Ocean fore-
casts. River reports. Announcements.
S p.m.—Description of Ardmillan Hurdle Race,
two miles, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Mus-
ket,” of the &quot;Sporting Globe.”
2.5 p.m.—HARRY WITTY, General Secretary
of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Users’ As-
sociation, will speak on “Motor Omnibus
Act.”
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “Othello” (Coleridge-Taylor).
2.30 p.m.—Description of Hollymont Handicap,
MOONEE VALLEY, by “Mu?ket,” of the
“Sporting Globe.”
2.35 p.m.—JACK DUNNE, baritone (by per-
mission of J. C. WILLIAMSON.
“The Smoking Room” (Arundale).
“The Old Flagged Path” (Arundale).
2.42 p.m—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Funeral March, “Humpty Dumpty” /Brand-
era).
|47 p.m —FRANCES LEA, soprano:
“O, Lovely Night” (Landon Ronald).
“Babe o’ Mine” (J. Shmith).
2.54 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
‘Traumerei” (Schuman).
“Romanze” (Schuman).
8 p.m.—Description of Roth well Steeplechase,
MOONEE VALLEY, by “Musket,&quot; of the
“Sporting Globe.”
SJ» p.m.—NORMAN BRADSHAW, tenor:
&quot;Alice, Where art Thou?” (Aseher).
&quot;Spring” (Raymond).
i. 12 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Songs from Eliland” (F. von Fieltz).
2.20 p.m.—ONE-ACT PLAY.
SCENE FROM “THE SCHOOL FOR
SCANDAL” (Sheridan).
Played by LOUISE MOORHEAD and J.
HOWLETT ROSS.
8.35 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“I Know of Two Bright Eyes,” from Songs
of the Turkish Hills (Clutsam) .
8.40 p.m.—Description of Eight Hour Handi-
cap. IVi miles, MOONEE VALLEY, by
“Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
8.45 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY. soprano:
“Air in Variations” (Froeh).
0 “I’ve Been Roaming” (Old English).
8.52 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“By the Mill Stream” (G. Smith).
“A Lover in Damascus” (Finden).
4 p.m.—JACK DUNNE, baritone:
“Young Tom o’ Devon” (Russell).
“The Little World is Mine” (Deppen).
4.7 p.m.—HAROLD MOSCHETTE, tenor sax:
“I Wonder What Became of Sally.”
4.11 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Caro Nome” (Verdi).
Selected.
4.18 p.m.—Announcements.
4.20 p.m.—Description of The Knoll Handicap,
one mile, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Musket,”
of the “Sporting Globe.”
4.25 p.m.—Description of One Mile Amateur
Cycling Championship of Victbria, from the
Amateur Sports Ground, by “Olympus.”
Also results of Eight Hours Day Sports.
4.40 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Waltz, “Spanish Moon” (Teress).
4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report for Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano:
“Moon Dear” (Whiting).
4.50 p.m.—Description of Macedon Welter, six
furlongs. MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by
“Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
4.55 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano:
“My Hero”—“The Chocolate Soldier.”
5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex-
change information.
5.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
CHILDREN’S HOUR.
6 p.m.—Answers to letters arid birthday greet-
ings, by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.20 p.m.—CAPTAIN DONALD MacLEAN:
“The Spanish Conquest.”
How the Dons discovered the treasures of
the world.
6.35 p.m.—Concert for the children arranged
by Mr. Fritz Hart, of the Albert Street
Conservatorium.
Some Old French Music.
EDNA LAIRD will sing:
“My Heart Longs for You” (Orlando de
Lassus).
“La Romaneses.”
“Menuet.”
MURIEL CAMPBELL, violinist will play:
&quot;Sarabanda” (Mondonvillea).
“La Girouette” (Francois du Val).
“Sailors’ Dance” (Marais).
IDA SCOTT, pianist:
“Le Rossignol.”
“Giga” (Corelli).
“Minuet and Trio” (Rameau).
Accompanist: IDA SCOTT.
NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock
sales by the Associated Stock and Station
Agents. Bourke Street, Melbourne. Number
of sheep and cattle drawn for week’s sales.
7.5 p.m.—&quot;Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movement**.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor-
rett, Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River reports.
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce, pota-
toes and onions. Market reports of fruit
by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Association. Re-
tail prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by
the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association.
Citrus fruits.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—E. C. H. Taylor will talk to young
Australia on
“School Life and School Sport.”
7.45 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DEPART-
MENT OF AGRICULTURE, W. J. YUILLE,
Senior Inspector of Agriculture, will speak
on “Influence of Green Crops on Milk Pro-
duction Costs.”
8 p.m.—R. CHALMERS, Australian Team
Coach at Inter-Allied Games, Paris, will
speak on:
“Relay Racing.&quot;
“Athletics for Women.”
8.15 p.m.—Birthday Greetings and Programme
Announcements-
Girl Guide Notes.
BAND AND ORCHESTRAL CONCERT.
8.18 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
March, “The Governor’s Own” (Adams).
8.25 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Charming Chloe” (German).
Selected.
8.32 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
Selection, “H.M.S. Pinafore” (Sullivan).
8.42 p.m EDWARD HOCKING, tenor:
“Oh, Moon of My Delight” (Lehman).
&quot;Songtime and Dawning” (Bayton Power).
8.49 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
Medley Selection of Plantation Airs
(Couterns).
8.55 p.m.—DONALD McBEATH, violin:
“Ave Maria” (Gounod).
“Vienna Waltz” (Keeper).
9.2 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Pirates of Penzance” (Sullivan).
9.12 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel” (Schu-
bert) .
“Synnoves Song” (Kjerluf).
9.19 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
Slavonic Rhapsody (Friedermann).
9.26 p.m.—ONE ACT PLAY:
“THE BOY COMES HOME.”
A Comedy in One Act by A. A. Milne.
Produced by Terence Crisp.
CAST:
Uncle James Eric Donald
Aunt Emily Louise Moorehead
Philip Terence Crisp
Mary Phyllis Orford
Mrs. Higgins Betty Rae
Scene:
A room in Uncle James’ house in the
Cromwell-road, London.
TIME:
The day after the war.
9.56 p.m.—DONALD MacBEATH, violin I
“The Old Refrain” (Kreislerj.
“Mazurka” (Wieniawski).
10.3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Egmont” (Beethoven).
10.10 p.m.—Results of Triangular School Cric-
ket Match, Victoria, New South Wales and
Queensland, played in Sydney.
10.11 p.m.—J. HOWARD KING, baritone:
“My lodging is the cellar here” (Old Ger-
man).
“Youth” (Allitsen).
10.18 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
“Waltz, “Girlie” (Robyn).
10.25 p.m.—WILL PAGE, xylophone:
Selected.
10.30 p.m. —EDWARD HOCKING, tenor:
“Eleanor” (Coleridge-Taylor).
“Why do I love you so?” (Schwartz).
10.37 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteoro-
logical information. British official wireless
news from Rugby. Island steamer* move-
ments.
The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s
SAFETY MESSAGE for to-day is for
MOTORISTS:
“Never turn the steering wheel while the
car is standing still. This puts a severe
and unnecessary strain on all steering
parts and is bad for tyres.”
10.47 p.m.—J. HOWARD KING, baritone:
“The Two Grenadiers” (Schuman).
“Dedication” (Franz).
10.54 p.m. —Results of Green Mill Roller
Cycling Championships.
10.55 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN: Keep
yours bright with fragrant flowers:
“The man who wants a garden fair
Or small or very big,
With flowers growing here and therqf
Must bend his back and dig.
The things are mighty few on earth
That wishes can attain
whate’er we want of any worth
We’ve got tc work to gain.
It matters not what goal you seek
Its secret here reposes;
You’ve got to dig from week tp weeii
To get results or roses.”
10.56 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS.
11.40 p.m.—God Save the King.


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•uiii
'll
giB l King’s Cross, London,
England.
Telegrams:
&quot; Ormondengi, Kincross.&quot;
A BRITISH PRODUCT—BETTER AND CHEAPER


3AR, MELBOURNE
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
12 noon to 1 p.m.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Paton, Ltd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
Sport. During the afternoon, the results
of the Moonee Valley races (Eight Hours
Meeting), together with other information,
will be given immediately each race is run.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance
Session of the latest popular dance hits, by
Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band. Each
one announced prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
2.45 p.m.—Miss Beth Corrie, contralto.
2.52 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
3.9 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, saxaphone:
“Danse Hongroise” (Ring Hager).
3.13 p.m.—Miss Beth Corrie, contralto.
3.20 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
3.30 pjn.—lnterval announcements.
3.40 j/m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast-
-4.3 p.m.—Mr. Charles Duncan, baritone.
4.11 pjn.—Ayarz Dansoniar.s.
4.20 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
&quot;Chanson” (Whittaker).
4.24 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Savoy Scottish Medley” (Somers).
&quot;Neapolitan Nights” (Zamecnik).
4.31 p.m.—Mr. Charles Duncan, baritone :
&quot;Lolita” (Buzzi Peccia).
“The Barber of Turin” (Russell).
4.39 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
4.50 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment.
4-55 p.m.—Special Racing: Acceptances and
barrier positions for the Werribee races,
by “Daybreak.”
f p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.” God Save
the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
BJ3O p.m.—3AR’S Cousin Peter.
EVENING SESSION.
EVERYBODY’S CONCERT.
7.15 p.m.—Book Session. Mr. Alfred Firman,
Chief Librarian of Mullen’s, presents rapid
reviews on books of yesterday, to-day, and
to-morrow.
7.25 p.m.—Hobby Session. Mr. W. S. Corfield,
of Harrington's, will speak on &quot;Photography
for Beginners.”
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-date news and
comments on Sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s Stock Report.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.”
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Martial Moments” (Ar. Winter).
8.12 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano:
“Rosebuds” (Araiti).
“A Heart that’s Free” (Robyn).
8.20 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.36 p.m. —Mr. Robert Adams, cornet:
“Flower Song” from Faust (Gounod).
8.40 p.m.—Mr. Alan Eddy, bass baritone:
“Go Down, Moses” (Negro Spiritual).
“The Old Kitchen” (Arundale).
8.48 p.m.—Announcements.
9 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
Suite Espagnole: “La Ferin” (Lacome).
“Tschaikowsky Fantasie” (Urbach).
9.22 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano:
“Magdalen at Michael’s Gate” (Liza
Lehmann).
“The Lark” (Rubinstein).
9.30 p.m.—&quot;Harlequin.” : Sports Results.
9.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Ten.”
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestras
Selection: “No. No, Nanette” (Youmans).
“March of the Dwarfs” (Moskowski).
10.17 p.m.—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin:
“Humoreske” (Dvorak).
10.21 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.30 p.m,—Mr. Alan Eddy, bass baritones
“Tally Ho” (Flegier;.
“A Page’s Road Song” (Novetfo).
10.38 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestras
“Introduction from Eugen Onegin” (Tschai-
kowsky).
10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin”': Sport Results.
10.52 p.m.—“Age” News Bulletin, exclusive to
3AR.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night quote
is from the poem, “The Man’s Way,” by
Mary Gilmore .
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” God
Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
I p.m.—Market reports; weather information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau; news services supplied by “The
Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal.
t p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
830 p.m.—Mail train running times.
1.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph News.”
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Mail train running times, “Daily
Standard’ news, Weather information an-
nouncements.
6.10 p.m.—Lecturette: A French talk —the
eighth of a series—“ Word Binding and
Tonic Accent” —story, “Le Corbeau at Le
Renard”—-by Dr. E. A. D’Edgerley.
6.30 p.m ; —-The Children’s Session:
Stories by “The Sandman.”
f p.m.—Special news service; market reports;
stock reports.
f. 30 p.m.—Weather news; Standard”
news; announcements.
L 43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
T. 45 p.m.—Lecturette: “The Children’s Music
Corner,” conducted by “The Music Man.”
NJGHT SESSION.
6 p.m.—From the Studio:
A programme arranged by Mr. Erich John.
Part I.
Grand Opera:
Instrumental, “Prelude” and “Siciliana”
from “Cavaleria Rusticana”) (Mascagni).
String “Trio.
“Hark the Distant Hilla” (from “Martha*
—Flotow).
Quartette.
Duet, “In This Solemn Hour” (from “Force
of Destiny”—Verdi).
Messrs. Geo. Williamson (tenor) and
Albert Falk (baritone).
“Here We Rest” (from “The Sleepwalker”
—Bellini).
Quartette.
Instrumental. “La Lisaniera” (Chamlnade).
String Trio.
Song of North American Indians:
Duet, “Where the Sad Waters Flow.”
Messrs. Albert Falk (baritone) and Tom
Ryan (bass).
Solo, “By the Waters of Minnetonka”
(Lieurance).
Mis 3 Mildred Bell (contralto).
(a) “A Mountain Madrigal from the Yel-
lowstone.”
(b) “Where Drowsy Waters Steal.”
Quartette.
Instrumental, &quot;Indian Intermezzo”, (Lauren-
dean).
String Trie.
Sacred:
Solo, *’Ave Maria” (Hoben).
Miss Mabel Maiouf (soprano).
Duet, “Love Divine” (from “Daughter of
Jarius”—Stainer).
Miss Audrey Bell (contralto) and Mr.
Jack Lord (tenor).
Anthem, “Praise the Lord O My Soul*
(Burnham).
Quartette.
Instrumental, “Berceuse” (Gounod).
String Trio.
PART 11.
Classical:
“A Red, Red Rose” (Schumann).
Quartette.
Duets, (a) “Lullaby*’ (Brahms).
(b) “The Blacksmith” (Brahms).
Miss Mabel Maiouf (soprano) and Mr.
Geo. Williamson (tenor).
Song, “When Lydia Would Leave Me”
(Beethoven).
Mr. Albert Falk (baritone).
“Parting and Meeting” (Mendelssohn).
Quartette.
Piano solo, “Rigoletto Paraphrase” (Verdi-
Liszt).
Mr. Rees Morgan.
Characteristic —Songs of the Bells:
“Evening Bells” (Michael Croger-Ericb
John).
Mr. Geo. Williamson (tenor).
Duet, “The Belfry Towel-” (Hatton).
Misses Mabel Maiouf (soprano) and
Mildred Bell (contralto).
“The Legend of the Bells” (Planquette).
Quartette.
Instrumental, “Serenade” (Toselli).
String Trie.
Light Opera:
“Chorus of Quakers and Villagers” (from
“Quaker Girl” —Monckton).
Quartette.
Solo, “With a Welcome For All” (from
“Dorothy”—Collier).
Mr. Tom Ryan (bass).
Duet, “Galloping” (from “FLorodora”—
Stuart).
Miss Mildred Bell (contralto) and Mr.
Albert Falk (baritone).
“Now the Merry Vintage” (opening chorus
from “La Mascotte” —Andran).
Quartette.
Instrumental, “Sons La Feuille” (Thome).
String Trio.
(0 p.m. —“The Daily Mail” news. Weather
news. Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes.
12.1 p.m. —“Advertiser” news service and Bri-
tish Wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.'s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.” •
3.30 p.m.—Menu talk Iby “Homelover.”
3.45 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. &quot;Ward and Co’s Stock Ex-
change intelligence.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s time with the SCL Radio
Family.


6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—General Market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union, Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso-
ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar-
ket Co., Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Talk by Miss Thompkinson of the
Aborigines Protection League.
7.30 p.m.—“The care of the clothes” a talk
arranged by Ford Bros.
7.40 p.m.—Entertainment and address for the
SCL Boys Club —“The Treasure Hunt” con-
tinued. —Progress report of Air Patrols and
other information.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Overture Studio Orchestra.
8.10 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette.
8.15 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
8.20 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
8.30 p.m.—Novelty Turn —Listeners should
have a pack of cards ready—Geo. Quin
wil] demonstrate card tricks.
8.40 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette.
8.45 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
8.50 p.m.—Selections, Studio Orchestra.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat report.
9.4 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette.
9.10 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.15 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
9.20 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra .
9.25 p.m.—Novelty card turn by Geo. Quin.
9.35 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.40 p.m.—Baritone Solo, Harry Worden.
9.45 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.50 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
9.55 p.m.—Baritone Solo, Harry Worden.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News.
10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.10 p.m-—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
10.20 p.m.—Baritone solo, Harry Worden.
10.25 p.m.—Relayed from Maison de Danse,
Glenelg—Dance music.
10.55 p.m.—Tuesday’s programme and meteo-
rological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem.
6WF, PERTH.
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m. —Lunch Hour Music.
Brunswick Panatrope Hour relayed from
Messrs. Musgrove’s Limited, Concert Hall,
Murray Street.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—Afternoon Tea Concert relayed
from the Carlton Cafe, Kay Street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
6.45 p.m.-—Tune in.
The evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.5# p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News.
7.45 p.m.—Talk by Lieut. Col. Le Souef, Direc-
tor of the Zoological Gardens, South Perth.
8 pun.—Time Signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations
to programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Concert Night.
Musical programme from the Studio, in-
cluding vocal and instrumental artists.
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B 2261


10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather report and forecast.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m.
7ZL, HOBART
MONDAY, 26th MAR£H, 1928.
MORNING SESSION. 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.1 p.m.—Musical Selection.
3.6 p.m.—Hobart Stock Exchange quotations.
Weather information. Items of interest.
Announcements.
8.15 p.m.—Musical elections, continued.
4.15 p.m.—Fashion Talk by Aunt Edna, of
Brownells, Ltd.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Funny Man talks to the children.
7 p.m.—Uncle Hector talks to the children.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Musical Selection.
7.35 p m.—News Bulletin from the Depart-
ment of Markets and Migration.
7.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special Tasmanian news
Bervice. Railway auction produce sales.
Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock Exchange
quotations.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes.
5.1 p.m.—Band Selections by Risdon EZ.
Rand; conductor. Mr. E. Bryce.
9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
9.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special interstate news
service. Tasmanian district weather re-
ports ; 9 p.m. weather forecast ; weather re-
port from Australian capital cities. Sta-
tion announcements. Tuesday’s Programme.
Tuesday, March 27
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m. —“Big Ben” and announcement*.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m. —Last minute racing information
by the 2FC Commissioner.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m. —“Big Ben” and studio music.
11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.15 a.m.—A Cooking talk by Miss Ruth
Furst.
IL3O a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —“Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m. —Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m.—Studio music:
Gladys Aubin, soprano:
“Dearest, I love the Morning” (Haydn
Wood).
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.55 p.m.—Gladys Aubin, soprano:
“Voi Che Sapete” (Mozart).
3 p.m.—“Big Ben.’ Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
3.3 p.m.—Popular records.
3.15 pan.—Ester Herford, soprano:
“If my songs were only winged” (Reynolds).
3.20 p.m.—A reading.
3.27 p.m.—Esther Herford, soprano:
“Bonnie Wee Thing” (Burns).
3.30 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney
Town Hau, on the occasion of
The Radio Electrical Exhibition:
A programme supplied by artists from 2FC:
Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist:
(a) “Forgive me.”
(b) “High, high, high up in the Hills.”
3.36 p.m.—George Veevers, baritene:
(a) “To-morrow” (Keel).
(b) “I Love Thee’ (Grieg).
3.42 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumentalist:
(a) “Blaze Away” March (Holzmann).
(b) “The Rosary.”
3.50 p.m.—Frank Leonard, entertainer:
(a) “Sara Alice” (Weston Lee).
(b) “I migt marry you” (Weston Lee).
8.58 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto:
(a) “The Dream Child” (Rawle).
(b) “The Enchantress” (Hatton).
4.6 p.m.—Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist:
(a) “The Girl Friend.”
(b) “Blue Room.”
At the Piano: Enid Conley.
4.12 p.m.—George Veevers, baritonei
&quot;Soul of Mine” (Barns).
4.15 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumentalist:
“Russian Lullaby” (Berlin).
4.19 p.m.—Frank Leonard, entertainers
“The Ford Car” (Russell).
4.23 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto:
“The Hills of Donegal” (Sanderson).
4.27 p.m.—Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist:
“Mountain Greenery.”
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Studio music.
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.—Studio music.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
6.45 p.m.—T&gt;ie “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk:
Fairy Tales told by “Aunt Eily.”
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.&quot; Late sporting news.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety*s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock)*
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
P.D.S. Poultry Reports.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Jack Wright, novelty pianist, and
W. G. McGraigh, banjoist:
Double Act: Popular numbers.
7.55 p.m.—A talk by Dr. T. J. Henry*
“Aspects of London Life.”
8.10 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney
Town Hall, on the occasion of the Radio
Electrical Exhibition:
A programme by 2FC artists
The New South Wales State Military Band
(conductor, Charles King) :
March, “Entry of the Gladiators” (Fuick).
8.25 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con-
ducted by William Bourne:
Part Songs, (a) “The Singers” (McKenzie).
(b) “The Bells of St. Michael’s Tower”
(Stewart).
(c) “The Dance” (Hungarian Highlands)
(Elgar).
8.35 p.m.—Douglas McKinnin, concertina:
(a) “Poet ard Peasant” (Suppe).
(■b) “Under the Double Eagle,” March (Wag-
ner).
8.43 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band:
“Grand Operatic Medley” (Bentley).
8.50 p.m.—Charles Armand, celebrated English
basso (first broadcast appearance in Aus-
tralia), late of the “Carl Rosa and Moody
Manners” Opera Company:
“Invictus” (Huhn).
8.58 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con-
ducted by William Bourne:
Ladies’ Chorus, (a) “The Snow” (Elgar),
“The Two Clocks” (Rogers).
9.4 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band:
March, “The Great Little Army” (Alford),
At the piano: Horace Keats.
9.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.11 p.m.—Douglas McKinnon, concertina:
Popular chorus selection.
9.17 p.m.—Charles Armand, basso:
(a) “Qui adegno” (Magic Flute) (Mozart).
(b) “Si les filles d’Arles” (Mirelle) (Gounod).
9.25 p.m.—Jack Wright, novelty pianist, and
W. G. McGraigh (banjo):
Popular numbers.
9.35 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con-
ducted by William Bourne:
(a) “Pilgrims’ Chorus” (Tannhauser) (Wag-
ner).
(b) “Gondoliers’ Serenade” (Schubert).
9.45 p.m.—The N.S.W, State Military Band:
Overture, “Macßeth” (Hatton).
9.58 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir:
(a) “Ring out, wild bells” (Fletcher).
(b) “The old folks at home” (Negro melody).
10.8 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band:
Selection, “The Mikado” (Sullivan).
10.25 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.26 p.m.—From the Ambassadors:
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio: ,
To-morrow’s programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from the Studio.
10.40 a.m.—News from the “Daily Telegraph
Pictorial.”
10.50 a.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Social Notes. Replies to correspondents.
Talk on “Toilet Hints” by Mamselle Viv-
kowska.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio,
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping, and
port directory.
12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless.
12.13 pjn.—Fruit Market report.
12.15 p.m.—Vegetable Market reoprt.
12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report.
12.19 p.m.—Dairy Farm Produce Market re-
port.
12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report.
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramophone Recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to children, and special entertainment
for children in hospitals.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Race results broadcast immediately after each
race, by courtesy of the “Sun.”
S p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
3.15 p.m.—Civil Service Stores Trio, direction
Miss d.e Courcey Bremer.


3.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
8.40 p.m.—Pianoforte recital from Studio.
3.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Civil Service Stores Trio.
4.15 p.m.—Talk on “The Women of Ancient
Rome.”
4.35 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
4.50 p.m.—News from the &quot;Sun.**
4.55 p.m.—Features of evening s programme.
4.58 p.m.—Producers’ Distributing Society’s
Poultry report.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
6.45 p.m.—Country News, from the &quot;Sun.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner Music.
7-.30 p.m.—Talk on “First Aid,” by Mr. Wil-
kinson, Dist. Superintendent, St. John’s
Ambulance.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Broadcasters’ Topical Chorus.
8.3 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
8.10 p.m.—Miss Eileen Shettle, contralto.
8.17 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter, ’cellist.
8.24 p.m.—Miss Joan Shorter, soprano.
8.31 p.m.—Mr. Ellis Price, elocutionist.
8.38 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
8.58 p.m.—Weather report and forecast, b
courtesy of Mr. C. J. Mares. Government
Meteorologist.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Mr. H. Nevill Smith, baritone.
9.8 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
9.15 p.m.—Miss Eileen Shettle.
9.22 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter.
9.29 p.m.—Miss Joan Shorter.
9.36 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
9.56 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro-
gramme.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
10.1 p.m.—Mr. Ellis Price.
10.8 p.m.—Mr. H. Nevill Smith.
10.15 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra,
under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson,
broadcast from the ballroom of the Went-
worth. During intervals between dances,
&quot;Sun” news will be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.30 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to Music).
7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.33 a.m.—WEATHER FORECAST for all
States. Mails.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory Time Signal
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN
Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers.
“Great gardens have a glory though
it does not come my way.
The lure of little gardens is a grace for
every day;
w
a
'o*o*o o
n
c?
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WIRELESS DEPT., GROUND FLOOR, NEW BUILDING


In the white radiance of the dawn, the
tenderness of dusk,
There’s magic in the Mignonette and
witchery in the Musk.”
This week be sure to plant Foxgloves,
Freesias, Larkspurs, Lobelias, Mignonette
and Musk.
AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK.
TREE PLANTERS’ CONFERENCE—OFFI-
CIAL OPENING BY THE RIGHT HON.
THE LORD MAYOR (SIR STEPHEN
MORELL), transmitted from Wirths’
Park.
11 a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS—or
how to create creature comforts with a
minimum of cash.
APPLE FLEUR.
good short crust.
pint cream or white 2 eggs.
Stewed apples nicely flavored Angelica and
few crystallised cherries.
Method. —Roll paßtry into nice round, and
fit it on cold shelf round fleur ring or
in sandwich tin. Bake in hot oven 20
minutes. Rub apples through sieve. Fill
case with apples. Beat up cream and
white and sweeten. Pile high on
top of apples. Pipe round if liked. Cut
up angelica and cherries, and sprinkle
over. Serve cold as a sweet.
11.5 a.m. —MRS. J. S. FRASER. Senior Presi-
dent of Victoria League, will speak on its
“Aims and Object.”
11.20 a.m.—Musical Interlude.
I. a.m.—MRS. DOROTHY SILK:
“Homecrafts.”
11. a.m.—MISS R. G. HARRIS. Publicity
Officer of the Free Kindergartens of Vic-
toria, will describe—
“A Morning in a Free Kindergarten.”
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY
TIME SIGNAL.
12.1 p.m.—Australian Mines and Metals Asro.
elation from the London Stock Exchange
this day. British Official Wireless news
from Rugby. Reuter’s and The Australian
Press Association Cables. “Argus” news
service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Piano Quartette” (Beethoven).
12.80 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contraltei
“Christina’s Lament” (Dvorak).
“The Silver Ring” (Chaminade).
12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH. Viola:
Rondino.
“The Sailor” (Marais).
&quot;Musetta.’ *
12.47 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano (by per-
mission of J. C. Williamson, Ltd.) :
“The Violet” (Mozart).
“Take, Oh Take Those Lips Away” (Parry).
12.64 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
TRIO:
Trio (Beethoven).
1 p.m.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY
TIME SIGNAL.
1.1 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto;
“Open Thy Blue Eyes” (Massenet).
“Bless You” (Ivor Novello).
1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather forecast and rainfall for Victoria,
Tasmania. South Australia, and New South
Wales. River reports. Ocean forecasts.
FOUNDATIONS MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE will give in-
terpretations of the works of Beethoven.
1.25 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano:
“Porgi Amor” (Mozart).
“Vadrai Farino” (Mozart).
1.32 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Water Music” (Handel).
1.45 p.m. —Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.-’fHE VAGABONDS:
“When I am With You.”
“There’s Just One You.”
“Consolation.”
2.24 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, sopea-o.
“Pale Moon” (Logan).
“The Little Hills” (Gleeson).
2.31 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Doctor Jazz” (Oliver).
“Millenburg” (Joys).
“Lock a little Sunshine in Your Heart”
(Marby).
2.40 p.m.—THOMAS GEORGE, bass:
“Prince Ivan’s Song” (Allitsen).
“The Old Navy” (Davies).
2.47 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Cross your Heart” (Gensler).
&quot;Baby feet go pitter patter” (Kahn).
“Sweet and Low Down” (Gershwin).
2.56 p.m.—Announcements.
8 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
OFFICIAL OPENING OF GARDEN WEEK
AT WIRTHS’ PARK, Princes Bridge,
Melbourne, by HIS EXCELLENCY THE
GOVERNOR-GENERAL. (LORD STONE-
HAVEN).
3.15 pun.—THE VAGABONDS:
“When Day is Done” (Katscher).
“Shanghai Dream Man” (Davis).
“Persian Rosebud” (Nicholls).
3.24 p.m.—MADOLINE KNIGHT, contralto:
In Old-Time Melodies:
“What Might Have Been.”
“Come, Sing to Me.”
3.31 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Just Around the Corner” (Henscher).
“Sweet Yvette” (Davis).
“Twilight Rose’&gt; (Corbell).
3.40 p.m.—CHAS. NUTTALL:
&quot;Afraid of Life.”
3.55 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Dearest Isle” (Thompson).
“Shady Tree” (Donaldson).
“Put Your Arms Where they belong”
(Davis).
4.4 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano:
■ Love's Garden of Roses” (Haydn V/ood).
“Waiti Poi” (Alfred Hill).
4.11 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“I Wonder How 1 Look when I’m Asleep”
(De Sylva).
”Chloe“ (Kahn).
“Just a Little Sunshine in Your Heart.”
4.20 p.m.—THOMAS GEORGE, bass:
“Tangi” (Hill).
“Song of the Toreador” (Bizet).
4.36 p.m.—MADOLLNE KNIGHT, contralto,
in more Old-Time Melodies:
“Daddy.’ *
“There let me rest.”
4.43 p.m.—Weather report from Adelaide.
Weather report from Mildura district.
4.44 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“The Dance of the Tinker Toys” (Collins).
“Me and My Shadow” (Alberts).
“Tampeekoc” (Schobel).
4.53 p.m.—GILBERT BISHOP. Violin:
Selected.
5 p.m.—&quot;Herald” news service.
Stock Exchange information.
6.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birifiday
Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.20 p.m—LT.-COL. J. W. M. CARROL:
“Training a Dog”
6.35 p.m.—BOBBY BLUEGUM :
“We are singing the best song ever was
sung.
And it has a rousing chorus”
(Hilaire Belloc).
COME TO THE STUDIO AND JOIN US.
NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS.
7 p.m.—Notes on Lacrosse Game by H. R.
Balmer, hon. general Secretary of the
Lacrosse Association. Acceptances for Mor-
nington races. Official report of Newmarket
Stock sales by the Associated Stock and
Station Agents. Bourke-street. Melbourne.
7.10 p.m. —“Herald” news service. Weathe?
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m. —Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m—Fish Market reports by J. R.' Bor-
rett, Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River reports.
7.21 p.m.—Market report by the VictJrlan
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce,
potatoes and onions. Market reports of
Fruit by the Victorian Fruit-growers’ Asso-
ciation. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
Fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’
Association. Citrus fruits.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Under the auspices of the UNI-
VERSITY EXTENSION BOARD, P. D.
PHILLIPS, M.A., LL.B., Lecturer in
Modern Political Institutions at the Uni-
versity, will speak on
“Disarmament.”
7.45 p.m.—E. M. PASCOE will speak on
“Bowls.”
6 p.m.—THE GLORY QF THE GARDEN.
Sow the seeds of Cornflowers, Daisies,
Freesias, Godetias, Hollyhocks, and Iberis.
8.1 p.m.—MR. J. H. MARTIN, vice-president
State Branch R.5.5.1.L.A., will speak on
Combined Reunion and Anzac Pilgrimage.
8.15 p.m.—Birthday greetings and programn*
announcements.
BRIGHT MUSIC AND MELODIOUS
SOUND.
8.16 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
“Three Dale Dances” (Wood).
8.26 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON (contralto) :
“Hame o’ Mine” (Murdock) .
“Arise, O Sun” (Craske Day).
8.33 p.m.—“THE DARKEST HOUR,” SCOTS
CHURCH CHOIR, transmitted from Scots
Church, Collina-street, Melbourne. MANS&quot;-
LEY GREER, organist and director.
“THE DARKEST HOUR,” a Passion Can-
tata, by Harold Moore.
SOLOISTS:
ANNIE CADDELL, soprano.
MADAME GREGOR WOOD, contralto:
COLIN THOMSON, tenor.
GORDON PEART, baritone.
LESLIE PAULL, bass.
ERNEST SIMMON, bass.
PROLOGUE.
Chorus, “Now, my Soul, Thy Voice Up-
raising.” &gt; -
Recitative (Narrator).
Solo (Jesus) and Chorus: “Then Jesus Took
Unto Him the Twelve.”
Solo (soprano and chorus): “God so Loved
the World.”
SCENE I.—Gethsemane.
Recitative (Narrator), “Then Cometh
Jesus with Them.”
Solo (Jesus).
Hymn, “In the Lord’s Atoning Grief.”
SCENE ll.—The Trials, before Caiaphas
and Pilate.
Recitative (Narrator).
Solo and chorus: “And they th*t had laid
hold on Jesus.”
SCENE 111.
Professional March.
Chorus, &quot;Surely He Hath Borne Our
Griefs.”
Solo, baritone and soprano, “And He,
Bearing His Cross.”
SCENE IV.—Calvary.
Narrator, solo and chorus: “And when
They were Come to a Place.”
Chorus and solo, “It is Finished.”
EPILOGUE.
Solo, contralto and chorus.
“Let This Mind be in You.”
Hymn, “At the Name of Jesus.”
FROM THE STUDIO:
9.23 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
March, “Honest Toil” (Rimmer).
March, “The Storm Fiend” (Greenwood).
9.33 p.ui.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“The Rose Eternal” (Derwood).
“The Standard on the Braes o’ Mar”
(Lady John Scott).
9.40 p.m.—FRANK E. BEAUREPAIRE will
speak on
“Art of Sprint and Middle Distance Swim-
ming.”
9.50 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano;
“Chanson de Florian” (Godard).
“The Rosary” (Nevin).
9.57 p.m.—‘‘Herald” news service. British
Official Wireless news from Rugby. Sport-
ing Notes by “Olympus.” Announcements.
Island shipping notes.
THE ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF
VICTORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR
TO-DAY IS:
“A driver should assume that every child
on or near the street may dash suddenly
in front of his car. You cannot tell by
looking at a child what it is going to do.
You should therefore drive slowly, and
have absolute control of your car.”
Results of Trangular School Cricket Match,
Victoria, New South Wales and Queens-
land, played in Sydney.


10.9 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
Cornet Polka, “The Cornet King” (Green-
wood).
Soloist, A. McEwan.
Selected.
10.19 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contrarlto:
“My Land of Dreams” (Jessie Winne).
“My Dear Soul” (Sanderson).
10.26 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Kamennoi Ostrow (Rubinstein).
“Dream Days of Seville” (Bratton). *
10.36 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Les Cloches” (Debussy).
Selected.
10.43 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
Air Varie, “Hanover” (Round).
Selected.
10.55 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
Songs from “A Lover in Damascus”
(Florence Aylward).
11 p.m.—GREAT THOUGHT:
“There is no philosophy by which a man
can do a thing when he thinks he cann&lt;/ ’
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS W
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
•12 noon to 1 p.m.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Paton, Letd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
A half-hour dance session by Melbourne’s
favorite dance band. All the. latest popu-
lar hits, each one announced prior to
its presentation.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Second selection from “Lilac Time” (arr.
Clutsam).
“The Savoy American Medley” (Somers).
2.45 p.m.—Miss Jessie Smith, contralto:
“Prelude” (Landon Ronald).
“Boat S9ng” (Harriet Ware).
2.52 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Ballet Music” from Gioconda (Ponchielli).
“Berceuse Slave” (Neruda).
3.7 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano:
“Jet t’aime” (Greig).
3.11 p.m.—Ayarz Dansoj»ians.
3.22 p.m.—Miss Jessie Smith, contralto:
“Love came calling” (Lee).
“I’m a’, longing for you” (Hathaway).
3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
3.35 p.m.—“Madamoiselle Jeynesse” :
Interval talk on timely topics of interest
to our lady listeners.
3.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Suite, “Tales of Moonlight” (Thomas).
“Menuett” (Mozart).
4 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Four.
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
“Nightingale” (Beckett).
4.7 p.m.—Mr. Robert Allen, alto:
“Lackaday” (Crampton).
“The Rosary” (Nevin).
4.14 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Suite, “Four Selected Pieces” (Friml).’
“Cavatine” (Raff).
4.30 p.m.—Mr. Robert Allen, alto:
“Sapphic Ode” (Brahms).
“Red Devon by the Sea” (Clarke).
4.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
Fox Trot, “Look in the Mirror” (Stept)
Fox Trot, “Who-ee? You-ool” (Ager).
4.44 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Norwegian Scenes” (Matt).
4.55 p.m.—Announcements.
To-night’s entertainment.
5 p.m.—&quot;G.P.O. clocks says Five.
God Save the King.
I2E
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simplicity of operation. A gentle turn of the one dial,
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The “D.J. Super-Six” is a King quality Super-
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Radio Department on the Lower Ground Floor .
Demonstration Room on the Fourth Floor .
f
Open till 9 o’clock on Fridays.'
DAVID JONES’
For Service


CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m-—Uncle Mac’s entertainment. An
hour of music, song and story for all
Uncle Mac’s nephews and nieces all over
Australia and New Zealand. “Blue Bell”
is here, too.
EVENING SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL CONCERT.
7.20 p.m.—Dr. Floyd, organist and choir-
master at St. Paul’s Cathedral, Melbourne,
will talk on “The Art of Listening to
Music.”
7.30 p.m.—A broadminded and up-to-date
short talk by “Friar Tuck”: “Self Decep-
tion.”
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-date news and
comments on sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock report.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight.
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra;
Overture, “Zampa” (Herold).
8.9 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous enter-
tainer :
“Any dirty work to-day” (Weston and
Lee).
8.17 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.33 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, clarinet:
“Nocturne” (Chopin).
8.37 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous enter-
tainer:
“Our little garden subbub” (Weston and
Lee).
“That’s a good girl” (Berlin).
8.44 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Edera” (Carosio).
“Violin solo from Sylvia” (Delibes).
8.50 p.m.—Announcements.
9.2 p.m.—Radio play: “An Old Time Melody”
(Danvers Walker).
9.15 pm.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Der Zarewitsch” (Lebar).
9.30 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
9.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m. —G.P.O. clock says Ten.
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m. —Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Remembrance of Joseph Strauss” (Fetras).
Suite, “From India” (Popy).
10.26 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, cornet:
“Believe me if all those endearing young
charms” (Moore).
10.30 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
10.62 p.m.—The “Age” news bulletin, exclu-
sive to 3AR.
10.68 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quote
is taken from the poem, “Cito Pede Pre-
terit Aetas,” by Adam Lindsay Gordon.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven.
God Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a-m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
I p.m.—Market reports; weather Information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau; news services supplied by &quot;The
Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal,
t p.m. —Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
1.80 p.m.—Mail train running times.
1.81 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—&quot;The Telegraph News.”
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Mail train running times; “Daily
Standard” news; Weather information an-
nouncements.
6.10 p.m.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—The Children’s Session.
7 p.m.—Special news service; market re-
ports ; stock reports.
7.30 p.m.—Weather news; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
f. 45 p.m.—Lecturette : “Queensland Overseas:
Exhibition Impressions” (last of a series),
by Mr. H. W. Mobsby, F.R.G.S. (Govern-
ment Artist and Photographer).
NIGHT SESSION.
A programme by the Silkstone Apollo
Club (conductor, Mr. T. Westwood).
6 p.m.—Opening Chorus, “Awake, Aeolian
Lyre” (Danby).
Tenor solo, “Until.”
Mr. T. S. Westwood.
Chorus, “The Name of France” (Rodgers).
The Apollo Club.
Baritone solo, Selected.
Mr. A. E. Little.
Humorous solo and chorus, “Camptown
Races” (Foster).
Mr. G. Jones and Apollo Club.
Chorus, &quot;The Image of a Rose” (Reichardt)..
The Apollo Club.
Musical monologue. Selected.
Mr. D. Owen.
Quartette. “The Little Church” (Becker).
“The Royals.”
Bass solo, Selected.
Mr. Vic. Morris.
Chorus, “Anchored” (Wgtson).
The Apollo Club.
Solo, Selected.
Mr. D. Griffith.
Humorous chorus, “Quibbles Cocoa” (Har-
per).
The Apollo Club.
Tenor solo, Selected.
Mr. A. Elliott.
Plantation melodies. “Poor Old Joe” (Fos-
ter), “Good Old Jeff” (Griffin).
TTie Apollo Club.
Baritone solo, “The Veteran’s Song.”
Mr. J. A. R. Thompson.
Chorus, “John Peel” (Arr. Fletcher).
The Apollo Club.
Musical monologue, Selected.
Mr. D. Owen.
Chorus, “Crusaders” (Protheree).
The Club.
10 p.m.—“The Daily Mail” news. Weather
News. Cloee down.
SCL, ADELAIDE
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 192&amp;
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes. -
12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service and Bri-
tish Wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.**
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
3.45 p.m.—Talk by Rev. G. E. Hale, B.A.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
4.1 p.m. —Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change intelligence.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s time with the SCL Radio
Family.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—General Market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso-
ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar-
ket Co. Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Extracts from &quot;News Bulletin,”
supplied by Minister for Markers and Mi-
gration.
7.30 p.m.—Gardening Talk by Lasscocks Nur-
series, Lockleys.
7.40 p.m.—Entertainment for the SCL Girls’
Club.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Quartette, Haydn Male Quartette.
8.5 p.m.—Selection, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
8.15 p.m.—A One-act Play, by Steve Dunks
and Gwen Hone.
8.20 p.m.—Quartette, Haydn Male Quartette.
8.35 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
8.35 p.m.—Soprano Solo, Yvonne Heaslip.
8.54 p.m.—Musical Monologue, Gwen Hone.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. __
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat Reports.
9.3 p.m.—Station Announcements.
9.5 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
8.15 p.m.—Novelty card turn, by Geo. Quin.
9.30 p.m.—Soprano Solo, Yvonne Heaslip.
9.34 p.m.—A One-act Play, by Steve Dunks
and Gwen Hone.
9.40 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
9.45 p.m.—Popular Songs. Noel Tapp.
9.50 p.m.—Selection, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
9.55 p.m.—Popular Songs, Noel Tapp.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes
10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News.
10.9 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.13 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service.
10.18 p.m.—Relayed from the Maison de
Danse, Glenelg. Dance Music.
\0.55 p.m.—Wednesdays Programme and me-
teorological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National An.
hem.
6WF, PERTH.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m. —Markets, News and Cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m.—Studio Instrumental Trio.
1.30 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—Organ music relayed from the
Grand Theatre, Murray Street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—Tune jn.
The Evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 pun.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News.
7.45 p.m.—Talk Iby Dr. J. S. Battye, 8.A.,
LL.B.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations to
programmes, etc.
8.3 p m.—Orchestral Night.
Concert by 6WF’s Station Orchestra, con-
ducted by Mr. Ronald E. Moyle, A.T.C.L.
Vocal assisting artists.
10 p.m. —Late news items by courtesy of ‘The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather report and forecast.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.


104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 Metres, com-
mencing at 6.45 p.m.
7ZL, HOBART
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.1 p.m.—Musical election.
3.5 p m.—Hobart Stock Exchange quotations.
Weather information. Items of interest.
Announcements.
3.15 p.m.—Musical Selections, continued.
4.15 p.m.—Educational Talk..
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLYY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Cousin Mac talks to the children.
7 p.m.—Uncle Hector talks to the children.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Musical Selection.
7.35 p.m.—Literary Lapses and Library Lists,
by Mr. W. E. Fuller.
7.50 p.m. —“Mercury” special Tasmanian news
service. Railway auction produce sales.
Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock Exchange
quotations.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
8.1 p.m.—Broadcast, bv direct wire, from
Strand Theatre, Hobart: Selections by
Strand Orchestra; conductor. Mr. Ben.
Corrick. Items from the Studio, by Miss
Beryl Scetrine, soprano. Miss Elsie Lampkin. soprano, Miss Ruby Piesse, accompanist.
9.50 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
“Mercury” special interstate news service.
Shins within wireless range. Tasmanian
district weather reports. 9 p.m. weather
forecasts. Weather reports from Austra-
lian capital cities. Station announcements.
Wednesday’s Programme.
10 p.m.—Close down.
Wednes., March 28
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—&quot;Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m. —Studio music.
10.35 a.m. —A reading.
10.45 a.m. —Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and Re-
cipes by Miss Ruth Furst.
11.30 a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.-»-Rugby wireless news.
12 20 p.m.—Studio music.
12 40 p.m.—Annie Sedger, mezzot
(a) “Autumn” (Mallinson).
(b) “To-morrow morning” (Tennent).
12.48 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—‘Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—‘Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1 20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m.—Studio music.
2 p.m.—‘Big Ben.” Close down.
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AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
3.3 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre, Pitt
Street, Sydney:
Items by the Lyceum Theatre Orchestra.
2.15 p.m.—From tho Studio:
Hilda Nelson, soprano:
“Just Love Me” (Lyail Phillips).
3.19 p.m.—Nancye McGiJchrist, violinist:
(a) “Lullaby” (Cyril Scott).
(bj “Brahm's Waltz in A” (Brahms).
3.27 p.m.—Netta Mullarkey, mezzo i
“At Dawning” (Cadman).
3.30 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre, Pitt
Street, Sydney:
Orchestral items.
3.45 p.m.—From the Studio* •
Rita Head, mezzo:
“Poigi, Amor” (Mozart).
3.50 p.m.—Nancye McGilchrist, violinist:
(a) “Somewhere a voice is calling” (Tate).
(b) “Chant” (White-Kreisler).
3.63 p.m.—Aileen Bear, mezzo:
“I told my love to the roses” (Newton).
4.2 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre:
Orchestral music.
4.15 p.m.—From the Studio;
Hilda Nelson, soprano:
“In a Monastern Garden” (Ketelbey).
4.20 p.m.—Popular records.
4.28 p.m.—Netta Mullarkey, mezzo:
“Sapphic Ode” (Brahms).
4.32 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre:
Orchestral music.
4.45 p.m.—From the Studio:
Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.—Rita Head, mezzo:
“Convien Partir” (Donizetti).
4.50 p.m.—Aileen Bear, mezzo:
“The rose will blow” (Wilton King).
4.54 p.m.—Studio music.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
C. 45 p.m.—The &quot;Hello ’ talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Lat 9 sporting new*.’
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Studio music.
7.53 p.;n.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano.
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The 2FC Orchestra, conducted by Horaee
Keats:
(a) “Rhapsodie Russe” (arr. Nausebaum).
(b) “Egmont Overture” (Beethoven).
8.18 p.m.—Raymond Ellis, English operatic
baritone (last broadcast appearance prior to
his departure for Melbourne).
8.27 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) “San Toy” Selection (Jones).
(b) “The Prize Song” (Wagner).
8.48 p.m.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano.
8.52 p.m.—Fred Philpotts, cornet solo:
“Kathleen Mavourneen” (Crouch).
8.58 p.m.—Raymond Ellis, English operatic
baritone.
9.12 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
9.13 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) “The Aftermath” (Marillier).
(b) Fantasie, “The Bartered Bride.”
9.35 p.m.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano.
9.40 p.m.—Fred Philpotts, cornet 6olo:
“O ! Star of Eve” (Wagner).
1.45 p.m.—H. W. Varna and his Company—by
special request—will repeat the production of
“The Silver King,” by Henry Arthur Jones:
Cast:
Wilfred Denver, H. W. Varna.
Captain Skinner (The Spider), William
Hume.
Father Christmas, Charles Curran.
Cripps (a Locksmith), Paul Robertson.
'Enery Corkett, F. Fisher.
Oliver Skinner (The Spider’s Wife), Felix
Clark.
Cissy Denver (Denver’s Daughter), Cleo
Glover.
Nellie Denver, Meg Service.
Part I.:
Scenes 1. Geoffrey Ware’s Room.
2. Denver’s House.
3. Outside the Cheker’s Inn.
10.10 p.m.—lncidental music&quot; to Part 11. of
“The Silver King.”
10.13 p.m.—Part 11. of “The Silver King.”
Scenes 1. Nellie Denver’s Home.
2. Gardens of “The Grange.”
10.43 p.m.—lncidental jnusic to Part 111. of
“The Silver King.”
10.45 p.m.—Part 111. of “The Silver King,”
Scenes 1. “The Wharf—Rotherith.
2. Gardens of “The Grange.”
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
**n?'!?* G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk on “Camping,” by Miss Gwen. Varley,
Broadcasters’ Women’s Sports Authority.'
Social Notes. Replies to correspondents.
Welfare Talk by Mrs. Jordan. *
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information broadcast immediately
after each race is run, by courtesy of the
Sun.
* 2 o no °?' —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping and
port directory.
12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless.
12.13 p.m.—Fruit Market report.
12-15 p.m.—Vegetable Market report.
12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report.
12.19 p.m.—Dairy. Farm and Produce Market
report.
12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report.
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramophone recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to children, and special entertainment
for children in hospitals.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Racing resume.
2.6 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio.
2.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
2.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio..
2.45 p.m.—Talk on “Celtic Mythology.”
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes,
ftacing resume.
3.10 p.m.—Pianoforte recital from Studio.
3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
3.30 p.m.—Concert, broadcast from the Radio
Exhibition, at the Sydney Town Hall.
The Ahad Duo (steel guitars).
3.37 p.m.—Miss Capiille Alder, soprano.
3.44 p.m* —Mr. Haagen Holenbergh, pianist.
3.51 p.m.—Mr. Donald Woodrow, baritone.
3.56 p.m.—The Ahad Duo.
4.5 p.m.—Miss Camille Alder.
4.12 p.m.—Mr. Haagen Holenbergh.
4.19 u.m.—Mr. Donald Woodrow.
4.26 p.m.—The Ahad Duo.
■4.30 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band, broadcast
frqpi Dungowan cabaret.
4.50 nun.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.52 p.m.—Racing resume.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Prodders’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report. ’
Grain and fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
6.45 p.m.—Country News from the “Sun.”
I p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner Music.
7.30 p.m,—Talk on “Astrology,” by Miss J.
Charlton Smith.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Mr. W. E. Lewis, baritone.
8.8 p.m.—Miss Dorrie Ward, soprano.
8.15 p.m.—From the Radio Exhibition, at the
Town Hall: The Whichello Trio.
8.22 p.m.—Mr. Norman Wright, tenor.
8.29 p.m.—Miss Beryl Scott, songs at the
piano.
8.36 p.m.—Miss Dorrie Ward.
8.43 p.m.—The Whichello Trio.
8.50 p.m.—Mr. W. E. Lewis.
8.57 p.m.—Miss Beryl Scott.
9.4 p.m.—Mr. Norman Wright.
9.11 p.m.—Duet: Miss Dorrie Ward and Mr.
W. E. Lewis.
9.15 p.m.—From Baker’s Hall, Campsie: The
Canterbury District B'and.
9.35 p.m.—Deal and Maynard, entertainers.
9.55 p.m.—Broadcasters’ All-Sports Expert
will talk on General Sporting.
10.10 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares, Government Meteorolo-
gist.
10.15 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant Dance Or-
chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv.
Lyons. During intervals between dances,
“Sun” news will be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.33 a.m.—WEATfIER FORECAST for all
States.
7.40 a.m.—NEWS.
8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal.
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.5 a.m.—SPORTING INFORMATION.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
II a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comforts with a
minimum of cash:
WORCESTER SAUCE.
1 pint treacle, 1 oz. ground pepper, %oz.
bruised cloves, % oz. powdered mace, % oz.
cayenne, %oz. garlic, onions
(peeled), 2 qts. vinegar, 1 teaspoon sugar.
Method —(1) Put all into earthenware jar,
and allow to stand for two weeks. (Stir
well once a day.) (2) Beil all together
for ..20 minutes. (3) Strain through mus-
lin. N (4) Bottle.
11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden bright wi,th Fragrant
Flowers.
11.5 a.m. —S. SHELDON. Household Laundry
Problems. “Some Short Cut Methods of
Doing the Washing.”
11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m.—MRS. M. CALLAWAY MAHOOD.
Difficulties in Decoration.
‘“Balance and Bowej Birds.”
11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—MISS FRANCES FRASER:
“Books fti the Home” —the Novel.


MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory Time Signal
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
Reuter’s and The Australian Press Associa-
tion cables. “Argus” news service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
Gavotte, “Woman’s Heart” (Holst).
Gavotte, “Louis XIII.” (Holst).
12.30 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Thank God for a Garden” (Del Riego).
“Will Ye No Come Back Again”
(Old Scotch).
12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Cleopatra Suite” (Dehmler).
&lt;2.50 p.m.—JOHN D. FRASER, baritone:
“Serenata” (Toselli).
“The Empty Nest” (Mason).
12.57 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, Violin:
“Slow Movement Concerto” (Mendelssohn).
1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather forecast for Victoria, Tasmania,
New South Wales, and South Australia.
Ocean forecast. River reports.
FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE, Pflano, will
continue with selections from the works of
Beethoven.
1.25 p.m.—JOHN D. FRASER, baritone:
“A Castillian Lament” (Del Riego).
“Evening Song” (Blumenthal).
1.30 p.m.—Speeches from the Rotary Cju»
Luncheon, transmitted from the Town Hall,
Melbourne.
2 p.m.— Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, ‘Y’ou’re in Lovei’ (Friml).
“Tomanza Sanza Parole” (Soro).
2.30 p.m.—Description of Trial Handicap, 6
furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Musket,”
of “he Sporting Globe.”
2.35 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Love and Sleep”r (Gambogi).
“The New Umbrella” (Besley).
2.42 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“The Arabian Dances” (Ring).
“Elegy” (Massenet).
2.47 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“E Lucevan Le Stelle” (Puccini).
“Ma Little Banjo” (Dichmont).
2.54 p.m.— PERCY CYODE, Comet:
“Selected.”
3 p.m.—Description of Jumpers’ Flat Race,
9 furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Mus-
ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
3.5 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Bells” (Hurlstone).
“Darkness” (Hurlstone).
“Selected.”
8.12 p.m.—Announcements.
3.14 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
This Month Sow the Seeds of Cornflowers,
Calliopsis, Candy Tuft, Cabbages and
Carrot*.
3.15 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK.
Transmission from Wirth’s Park, E. G. M.
Gibson, of “The Acgus” and “Australasian,”
will speak on “Vegetable Culture.”
8.30 p.m.—Description of Werribee Handicap
I V* miles, WERRIBEE RACES, bv ••Mus-
ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
FROM THE STUDIO—
-8.35 p.m.—3&gt;TATION\ ORCHESTRA :
Largo from New World Symphony”
(Dvorak). X
Selected. )
8.50 p.m.—JEAN HAMBLETON, contralto:
“Down by the Sally Gardens” (Hughes).
“The Heart Worship?” (Holst).
3.57 p.m,—LES RICHMOND, Piano:
Selected.
4 p.m.—Description of Welter Handicap, 7
furlongs, 65 yards. WERRIBEE RACES,
by “Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
4.5 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Dance of the Serpents” (Bocalani).
4.10 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenors
“Celeste Aida” (Verdi).
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On the left are shown the
two new &quot;Ever-Ready” H.T.
45 volt “B” Batteries, speci-
ally designed for use with
Multi-valve sets of the Neut-
rodyne and Super-Hetero-
dyne types.
Type H.D., 45 valt
Type S.S., 45 volt .
22/S
26/-
Here is illustrated the “EVER-
READY,” 63 Volt W.P. Type
H.T. “B” Battery. The com-
plete range of “B” batteries is
listed below.
Small size, type W.P., 31.5 volt.,
9/6
Small size, type W.P., 42 volt,
12/6
Small size, type W.P., 63 volt,
18/-
Large size, type X.P., 60 volt,
31/6


4.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection from “The Quaker Girl”
(Monckton).
4.30 p.m.—Description of Rockleigh Plate, 5
furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Mus-
ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
4.35 p.m.—JEAN HAMBLETON, contralto:
“The Hawk” (Clarke).
“Life and Death” (Taylor).
4.42 p.m.—Announcements.
4.45 p.m.—Special Weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report for Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Medley Overture Ace High” (arr.
Brockton).
6 p.m.—Description of Rockleigh Purse, 7
furlongs and 65 yards, WERRIBEE RACES,
by “Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
6.5 p.m.—“Herald” News Service.
Stock' &quot;Exchange information.
6.15 p.m.—Close down.
Results of Boort Races will be given hourly
during the afternoon.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “MARY. MARY.”
6.20 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m.—“MARY, MARY”:
“A Fairy Story for the Little Ones.”
6.40 p.m.—Musical interlude.
••45 p.m.—“MARY, MARY”:
A Story of Robin Hood.
NEWS SESSION.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket Stock
Sales, by The Associated Stock and Station
Agents, Bourke-street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.19 p.m—River reporta
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce,
potatoes and onions. Market reports of
fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa-
tion. Retail prces. Wholesale prices of
fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’
Association. Citrus fruits.
Swimming notes.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.80 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, R.
CROWE, Exports Superintendent, will
speak on “Marketing Methods.”
7.45 p.m.—CAPTAIN C. H. PETERS:
&quot;Books, Wise and Otherwise.”
8 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK:
Keep your garden bright with fragrant
flowers. This month be sure to plant:
Foxgloves, Freesias, and Phlox Drumnjondi.
Transmission from Wirth’s Park.
J. OLIVER, Curator of Essendon Gardens,
will speak on “Trees for Avenues.”
FROM THE STUDIO—
-8.16 p.m.—KALLMA DUO, Hawaiian instru-
mentalists :
“La Paloma.”
“Yackahula.”
8.23 p.m.—An Australian Novelty.
8.28 p.m.—J. ALEXANDER BROWNE, bari-
tone:
“The Drum Major” (Newton).
“The Muleteer of Malaga” (Trotere).
8.35 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA •
Selection: “The Rainbow” (Gershwin).
8.45 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“The Little Dustman” (Brahms).
“The Little Blue Bonnet” (Schuman).
8.52 p.m.—STUDIO PRESENTATION OF
“THE BELLE OF NEW YORK” (Musical
numbers only).
“A Musical Comedy in Two Acts.”
Music by Gustave Kerker.
Words by Hugh Morton.
Musical Director.
MADAME ETHEL ASHTON.
ACT 1.
Scene 1.
Opening Chorus, “When a Man is “Twenty-
One.”
Bong and Chorus, “When I was Born the
Stars stood still.”
Song, “Little Sister Kissie.”
Song, “Teach Me How to Kiss.”
Chorus, “We Come this Way.”
Song, “The Anti-Cigarette Society.”
Song and Chorus, “Wine, Women and
Song.”
SCENE 2.
Song, “La Belle Parisienne.”
Song, “My Little Baby.”
SCENE 9.
Chorus, “Pretty Little China Girl.”
Song, “They follow me.”
Song and Chorus, “We’ll stand and die
together.”
Song, “She is the Belle of New York.”
Finale, Act 1, “Your life, my little girl’.'
ACT 2.&quot;
Scene 1.
Opening Chorus, “Oh, Sonny.”
Duet, “When we are Married.”
Song and Chorus, “The Purity Brigade.”
Song and Chorus, “I do so there.”
Scene 2.
Chorus, “For the twentieth time we’ll
drink.”
Song, “At ze naughty Folies Bergere.”
Finale, “Two in the Field.”
10.7 p.jn. —“Argus” news service. Britisn
Official Wireless news from Rugby. An-
nouncements. Meteorological information.
Island shipping information.
THE ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF
VICTORIA SAFETY MESSAGE FOR
TO-DAY IS FOR MOTORISTS:
*'Do not allow anyone to ride on the
running board, rear tire, or bumper of your
car.”
10.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “From India” (Francis Popper).
10.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Nymphs et Sylvans” (Bemberg).
“The Hoot Owl.”
10.34 p.m.—KALIMO DUOt
&quot;Isles of Paradiie.”
“Popular Airs Medley.”
10.40 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA,'
“Light Cavalry Overture” (Suppe).
“In the Tavern” (Jensen).
10.49 p.m.—J. ALEXANDER BROWNE,
baritone:
“O Flower of all the World” (Woodforde-
Finden).
“All the Fun of the Fair” (Martin).
10.36 p.m.—Announcements.
11 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep yoursbright with fragrant flowers.
'“No garden, however Email, should) be
devoid of Roses, for, as has been well
said:—‘A garden without a rose is like
a sky without a sun.’ Sow the seeds
now of Dianthus, Mimulus, PolyantKffs
and Schezanthus.”
HI p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
SPORT. During the afternoon, results of the Werribee Races together with other information, will be broadcast immediately each race is run.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
A half-hour Dance Session, by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band. The latest popular
hits, each one announced prior to its pre-
sentation.
Broadcasting from “The Venetian Court,”
Hotel Australia.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Suite, “Ballet Suite” (Gretry-Mottl).
“Romeo’s Farewell to Juliet” (Baron).
2.45 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, Saxaphone:
“Valse Hilda” (Doer).
2.49 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano:
“The Love Song of Har Dyal” (Batten).
“Japanese Love Song” (Thomas).
256 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Three Pictures from Syria” (Ring).-
“Spanish Dances, No. 1 and 2.” (Moszkow-
ski).
3.11 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, Soprano:
3.19 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians :
3.30 p.m.—Announcements.
3.35 p.m.—Dr. George Payne Philpots, President of the Food Education Society of Victoria, and Editor of the National Magazine of Health.
3.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Selection, “Popy” (Samuels).
“Valse Poudree” (Popy).
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.m.—Mr. Bernard Thomas, tenor:
“Rose of My Heart” (Lohr).
“At Dawning” (Cadman).
4.10 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra^
“By the Lake of Geneva, Part I.”
“Polly” (Zamecnik).
“The Savoy English Medley” (Somers).
4.26 p.m.—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin:
“Elegie” (Ernst).
4.30 p.m.—Mr. Bernard Thomas, tenor :
“Thank God for a Garden” (Teresa del Riego).
‘T Know of Two Bright Eyes” (Clutsam).
4.37 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
4.55 p.m.—Announcements. To-night’s entertainment.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.”
God Save the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—3Aß’s Cousin Peter.
EVENING SESSION.
CONCERT FROM BENALLA.
FROM THE STUDIO.
7.15 p.m.—Our Boy Scouts. Commissioner W. D. Kennedy, Deputy Camp Chief of Victoria, will give his interesting weekly notes
and news on the Scout Movement.
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” presents his budget of up-to-date ne\ys and
comments on sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock reports.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight.
FROM BENALLA.
8.1 p.m.—Orchestra:
Overture, “Poet and Peasant” (Suppi).
Benalla Musical Society, chorus:
“Carnovale” (Rossini).
Mrs. Blait, contralto:
“My Ships” (Barrat).
Mr. M. Tough, baritone:
“Mountain Lovers” (Squire).
Mr. J. McNamara, humorous recital*
“The Liver Wing Testimonial.”
Miss Findley and Mr. Senior, with male choir:
Duet and chorus: “Miserere and Tower
Song,” from Trovatore.
Miss M. Rahilly, violin:
“Legende” (Wieniawski).
Miss E. Beale, soprano:
“Golden Bird” (Haydn-Wood).
Miss Gallaher, Mrs. Machin, Mr. H. Williams, and Mr. S. Machin, quartette:
“You swear to be good and true,” from
Gelliers Dorothy.
Mr. R. Senior and Miss Rahilly, tenor solo, with violin obligato.
“Angels Guard Thee” (Goddard).
Orchestra:
“Prelude” (Rachmaninoff).
Benalla Musical Society:
Chorus, “Regular Royal Queen” from the
Gondoliers (Sullivan).
Mrs. Blair and Miss Rahilly, contralto, with
violin obligato:
“Ave Maria” (Gounod).
Marangan Lodge Choir:
Male chorus, “The Old Banjo” (Scott
Gattys).
Miss E. Findley, soprano:
“One Fine Day” (Puccini).
Mr. J. McNamara, recital:
“After the Ball.”
Mr. T. Hughes, tenor:


“Songs of Araby” (Clay).
Genaila Musical Society:
Chorus, “To the Death” (Alfred Wheeler).
p.m.—“Age” news service, exclusive to
3AR.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quite
is taken from the poem, “The Dominion,”
by Brunton Stephens.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven.
God Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE.
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
6.30 a.m. to 7 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
1 p.m.—Market reports: weather information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau; news services supplied by “Thd Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.30 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times.
8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph News.”
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Mail train running times; &quot;Daily
Standard” news; weather information announcements.
6.15 p.m.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—The Children’s Hour:
Stories 'by “Little Miss Brisbane.”
f p.m.—Special news service ,* market reports ;
stock reports.
f .30 p.m.—Weather news ; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
7.45 p.m—Lecturette: “Orchard Ills and Their
Diagnosis,” by Mr. J. W. Howies (Queens-
land Agricultural High School and College).
NIGHT SESSION.
A programme of dance music by Alf.
Featherstone and his Studio Syncopators, including:
Fox-trots:
(a) “You Gave Me Your Heart” (Snyder).
(b) “In a Tent” (Roehler).
Fox-trots:
(a) “Barbara” (Silver).
(b) “Dancing Tambourine” (Polla).
Fox-trots:
(a) “Out Where the Blue Begins” (Grant).
(b) “Oh! Miss Hannah” (Deppen).
Jazz Waltzes:
(a) “Nightingale” (Brockman).
(b) “Night of Love” (De Sylva).
Rhythmic Paraphrase:
(a) “Russian Fantasy” (Lange).
Medley One-Step:
(a) “Yank o’ Mania” (Rudolph).
Fox-trots:
(a) “The Birth of the Blues” (Henderson).
(b) “Rose of Sunny Italy” (Chapman).
Fox-trots:
(a) “My Mammy Knows” (Be Costa).
(b) “Would You Cry” (Spencer).
(p) “Love is Just a Flower” (Schonberg).
Fox-trots:
(a) “Spanish Shawl” (Scheebel).
(b) “Through Eternity I’ll Dream of You”
(Baker).
Between dances the following will be re-
layed:
A CERTAIN REMEDY
When your reception weakens and you cannot get the usual volume
your “A” battery is generally found to be the trouble.
This can easily be remedied by charging your own batteries at home just when necessary, and will assure your set ready for
action at all times.
Keogh Radio Supplies
Manufacturers of the famous KEOGH RADIO SET
Tungar A &amp; B
2 Amp. Charger
£B-10-0 Cash
Term* : 32/- Dep.
5/- per week.
Positively a most reliable charger—fool-proof and constant in operation.
EMMCO 2.5 AMP. CHARGER
Max. Charging Rate 2\ Amp.. No Valves. No Acid.
Cash £4/15/-
Terms: 17/6 Deposit; 5/ per week.
RECTOX TRICKLE CHARGER
Something New to Charge, 4 or 6 Volt, from .8 to 1 Amp. con-
tinuous. No valves. No acid; foolproof. Cash £5/10/
Terms: 20/- Deposit; 5/- per week.
BALKITE TRICKLE CHARGER
Max. Charging Rate, J Amp. Can be used while set is working.
Cash £3/10/-
Terms: 19/6 Deposit; 5/- per week.
Our Time Payment
applies to
ACCUMULATOR, A. &amp; B. LOUDSPEAKERS
BATTERY CHARGERS. COMPLETE SETS
BATTERY ELIMINATORS. GRAMOPHONES, ETC.
Terms Within Reach of All.
REMEMBER! Our Engineer, Chas. W. Slade, is always available
and may be consulted on any trouble you are experiencing in your
receiver. Call and let us help you.
We are Super Heterodyne Experts.
KEOGH RADIO SUPPLIES
40a PARK STREET
(Between Castlereagh and Pitt Streets)
Open till 9 p.m. Fridays


Soprano solos:
&lt;»&gt; ‘‘ Two Little Bluebirds” (Hern)
(b) “Lovely Night” (Ronald).
Miss Jean Naylor.
Baritone solos, Selected.
Mr. D. Daniels.
Lauri, the Enterainer.
Baritone solos, Selected.
Mr. Fred Homer.
10 p.m.—Special Bi-weekly News Bulletin for
distant listeners.
t 0.30 p.im—“Daily Standard” news; weather
news. Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes.
S *&quot;'“ “ d
12 ‘^Recreator^* USiCal numbers on the Studio
12 ch an P ; m Tf-,r C - Ward and Co -’ s Stock Exchange Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1 “Recreator” Cal numbers on the Studio
1.57 p.m. Meteorological information.
2 Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
* p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
' “Recreator! ”* ° n the Studio
8.30 p.m.—Menu Talk by ‘‘Homelover.”
8 - 4 c s o p - m —Fashion Talk, by J. Craven and
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
4.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
JRecreater.”
Ward and C°/. Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
5 p.m—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
H£ m ;r? hildren ’ s Entertainment, by the
oL/li JRadio Family.
.6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Re-
■ creator.”
7 P.m. —G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—General Market Reports, by A. W.
Sandford and' Co.. A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Cq., S.A. Farmers’ Co-operative
Union, Taylor Bros. Retail Grocers’ Asso-
ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar-
ket Co., Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Extracts from ‘‘News Bulletin ”
■upplied by Minister for Markets and Mi-
gration.
7.30 p.m.—Boy Scouts’ Corner.
7.45 p.m.—Talk on “Current Topics.”
8 p.m.—G.P.O, Chimes.
•'I/&quot; I'—:lnstrumental 1 '— : Instrumental Concert, relayad from
Henley Beach Rotunda: Holden’s Silver
Land, ini selections, interspersed with solos
by Elsie Weolley (mezzo), Mrs. Hubert
James (piano), and Herbert King (tenor).
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat Report.
9.3 p.m.—Station. Announcements.
9.4 p.m.—lnstrumental Concert, continued.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News.
10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.15 p.m.—Relayed from the Maison de
Danse, Glenelg, Dance Music.
teorological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National An-
them.
10.55 p.m.—Thursday’s Programme and me-
6WF, PERTH.
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
MORNING SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m.—Marketa, News, and Cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m.—Studio Quintette, conducted by Mr
Val Smith.
2 p.m.—Close down.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
8.85 p.m.—Talk: “Fashions” by Junette.
3.55 p.m.—Orchestral music played by Hoyts
Orchestra, conducted by Mr. Harold Parting-
relayed from Hoyt’s Regent Theatre,
William street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—Tune in.
The Evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.20 p.m.—Stock, Markets, News.
7 45 p.m.—Sporting talk.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological, Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements sucvh as alterations
to programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Variety night.
Musical programme, including vocal and in-
strumental artists.
Orchestral nusic played by Harold Parting-
ton and his seventeen piece orchestra, re-
layed from Hoyts Regent Theatre, William
street.
10 news items by courtesy of “The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather Report and forecast.
10.30 down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 Metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m.
Thurs., March 29
-2FC, SYDNEY.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m, to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—Last minute sporting information
by the 2FC Racing Commissioner.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m.—Studio music.
11.15 a.m.—A reading.
11.30 a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—&quot; Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m. “Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m.—Dorothy Benbow, contralto:
“O Western Wind” (Brahe).
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.50 p.m.—Dorothy Benbow, contralto!
“Country Folk” (Brahe).
1.55 p.m.—Late sporting information, told by
the 2FC Racing Commissioner. *
2.5 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements,
3.3 p.m.—Muriel Watt, contralto:
“God touched the Rose” (Borwn),
3.7 p.m.—-Popular records.
3.15 p.m.—G. F. Brewer, baritone.
3.19 p.m.—Muriel Watt, contralto.
3.23 p.m.—Popular record 3.
3.30 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall, on the
occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibition
a programme b 2FC artists:
The 2FC Dance Trio, conducted by Bee. Mor-
rison :
(a) “No more, worryin’ ” (Hahn),
(b) “Just again” (Donaldson).
3.38 p.m.—Frank Botham, baritone:
“The Red Star of Romany” (Sanderson).
3.45 p.m.—Jean Gerrard, solos on the Melo
piano:
(a) “Little town in the old County Down”
(Sanders).
(b) Ain t that a grand and glorious feel-
ing” (Yellen).
3.52 p.m.—The 2FC Dance Trio, conducted by
Cec Morrison:
(a) “Yesterday” (de Sylva).
(b) “One Summer Night” (Coslow).
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Peggy Dunbar, contralto:
“Still as the Night.”
At the piano: Enid Conley.
4.7 p.m.—The 2FC Dance Trio:
“Gonna get a Girl” (Lewis).
4.12 p.m.—Frank Botham, baritone:
&quot;Land of Delight” (Sanderson).
4.16 p.m.—Jean Gerrard, solos on the Melo
Piano:
(a) “Saxophone Waltz” (Mingo).
(b) “Fifty Million Frenchmen can’t be
wrong” (Rose).
4.20 p.m.—Peggy Dunbar, contralto:
“Homing” (Del Reigo).
4.23 p.m.—The 2FC Dance T*io, conducted by
Cec. Morrison:
(a) “Who, maybe it’s you” (Berlin).
(b) “Forgive me” (Ager).
4.30 p.m.—From the Stiadioj
G. F. Brewer, baritone!
4.35 p.m.—Popular records.
4.42 p.m.—Genevieve Eppel, soprano:
“Leto” (Chaminade).
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.—Studio music.
4.56 p.m.—Genevieve Eppel, soprano*
Open thy blue eyes” (Massenet).’
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
5.45 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.16 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
A short talk by the 2FC Racing Commis-
sioner.
7.5 p.m.—Sporting news.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool
wheat and stock).
P-™-— Frt &gt;it and vegetable markets.
P.D.S. Poultry Reports.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.— Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
T. 40 p.m.—Programme announcements*
P -“^ he „ Ja “ eteki Trio ’ instrumentalists',
o p.m.— Bis Ben/*
G. J. Lockley will deliver a talk on Wen*
worth Park,
B 'T„w' m^ r ° M the platform of the Sydney
lown Hall: a programme by 2FC artists in
connection with the Radio Electrical Exhibi-
tion.
The Metropolitan Band, conducted by John
.Palmer:
(a) ' n March of Triumph.”
(b) “Entry of the Gladiators&quot; (Facik).


8.20 p.m.—Alfred Cunningham, baritone:
(a) “Even bravest heart,” Cavatina, “Faust”
(Gounod).
(b) “The Merry Monk” (Bevan). .
8.28 p.m. —Charles Lawrence, entertainer in
song and humour.
8.34 p.m.—Madame Lilian Gibson, contralto:
(a) “Softly awakes my Heart” (Saint Saens).
(b) “Homing.”
8.42 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band:
Selection from “Faust” (Gounod).
8.58 p.m.—The Sydney Male Voice Choir:
(a) “The song of the Jolly Roger?”
(b) “It’s Oh, to be a Red Rose” (Elgar).
(c) “Ring out, wild bells” (Fletcher).
At piano: Horace Keats.
9.10 p.m.—From tile Studio:
The Janetski Trio, instrumentalists.
9.25 p.m.—Alfred Cunningham, baritones
(a) “To Mary” (White).
(b) “Song of the Clock” (Burchell).
9.32 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band, conducted
'by John Palmer:
(a) March, “Nawortk Castle” (Ord Hume).
(b) Selection, “The Arcadians” (Monckton-
Talbot).
9.49 p.m.—Mde. Lilian Gibson, contralto:
(a) “Ave Maria” (Mascagni).
(b) “Hame” (Davies). ’
9.56 p.m.—Charles Lawrence, entertainer.
10.5 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band:
(a) Two Step, “Belle of Woolloomooloo”
(Lithgow).
(b) Fantasia, “Scotland” (Lee).
10.20 p.m.—From the Ambassadors:
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by Al Hammet.
10.85 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.36 p.m.—From the Studio:
The Metrc-politan Band:
(a) Waltz, “Echoes of the Danube’’ (arr.
Satson).
(b) March, “The Ndrth Star” (Rinsmer).
10.47 p.m.—From the Ambassadors :
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio:
To-morrow’s’ programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from Studio.
10.40 a.m.—News from the “Daily Telegraph
Pictorial.”
10.50 a.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Social Notes. Replies to correspondents.
Talk on “Architecture,” by Mr. Brogan.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Clock and’chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping, and
port directory.
12.1 i p.m.—Boats in call by wireless:
12.13 p.m.—F'ruit Market report.
12.15 p.m.—Vegetable Market report.
12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report.
12.19 p.m.—Dairy, Farm and Produce Market
report.
12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report.
12:26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. gramophone' recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to thildren, and special entertainment
for children in hospitals.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
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AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information, broadcast immediately
after each race, by courtesy of the “Sun”
newspapers.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
S.lO p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
8.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
3.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
8.40 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band, broadcast
from Dungowan Cabaret.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
4.8 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—Talk on “The Women of Ancient
Rome.”
4.30 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band.
4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”*
4.57 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
6 p.m.—G.P.O Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
8.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report.
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
Weekly Traffic Bulletin.
6.45 a,sa. —Country News, from the “Sun.**
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner music.
7.30 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
EVENING SESSION.
B p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Broadca;ters’ Topical Chorus.
§.3 p.m.—Programme arranged by Messrs. E.
F. Wilks and Co.
10.15 p.m.—Resume of following day’s p
gramme.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares. Government Meteorolo-
gist.
16 20 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra,
under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson.
During intervals between dances. “Sun”
news will be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
HERALD BREAKFAST HOUR.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7-20 a_m. —Physical Culture Exercises (to
music).
7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.33 a.m.—Weather forecast for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.6 a.m.—News. Sporting information. Ship-
ping Stock Exchange information.
8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—3LO’s CULINERY COUNSELS, or
how to create comforts with a minimum
of cash: —
NUTTIES.
1% cups of flour.
L&gt;-cup butter.
%-cup sugar.
1 egg.
Little Cinnamon.
%-cup chopped dates.
%-cup chopped walnuts
%-teaspoon carbonate soda.
1 tablespoon boiling water.
Cream butter and sugar, add egg, beat
well, add flour and cinnamon, sifted, then
the soda dissolved in the boiling water,
then the dates and nuts. Place in small
pieces on a greased oven tray and bake
10 to 15 minutes.
H I a.m.-THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN:
Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers.
11.5 a.m.—ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME,
MR. JOHNSTON:
“Lighting the Home.”
11.20 a.m.^ —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m.—SISTER PURCELL:
“Mothercraft.”
11.40 a.m.—Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—MRS. HENRIETTA C. WALKER:
THE ART OF BEING A SETTLER.
The Lighter Side: The Question of Enter-
taining.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY
TIME SIGNAL.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices, received by the Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day. British
Official wireless news from Rugby. Reu-
ters and the Australian Press Association
cables. “Argus” news service.
COMMUNITY SINGING.
12.15 p.m.—COMMUNITY SINGING, trans-
mitted from the Assembly Hall, Collins
street. Melbourne. Conductor, G. J. MAC-
KAY
BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUARTETTE:
SOLOISTS:
MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Rire Toujours” (Massenet).
Selected.
GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Three Fishers” (Hullah).
“Don’t Take Away My Little Honey Boy**
(Elliott).
1.45 p.m.—Meteorological information. Stock
Exchange information.
1.55 p.m.—Close down.
2.10 p.m.—Result of Handicap Trial Hurdle,
Race, Two miles. MORNINGTON RACES.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “The Girl from Utah” (Jones).
2.80 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, Soprano (by per-
mission J. C. Williamson Ltd.) :
“Batti Batti” (Mozart).
“Poppies for Forgetting” (Clarke).
2.37 p.m.—PERCY CODE, cornet:
Selected.
2.40 p.m—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Cobweb Castle” (Lehmann).
Reverie, “Ecstacy” (Canne).
2.55 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“Thank God for a Garden” (Del Riego).
“Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal” (Qiulter).
3.2 p.m.—Result of Handicap Maiden Plate,
six furlongs, MORNGINGTON RACES.
3.3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Floradora” (Stuart).
3.15 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK:
DR. GEORGE E. PAYNE PHILPOTS will
speak on “Fruits and Vegetables—Their
Food and Health Qualities,” transmitted
from Worth’s Park.
EDUCATION HOUR.
3.30 p.m.—DR. LOFTUS HILLS:
&quot;Topics of the Week.”
3.45 p.m.—WM. G. JAMES will speak to
Students of Music.
4 p.m.—REV. WILLIAM BOTTOMLEY will
give a series of Lectures on
“THE IDYLLS OF THE KING.”
Tennyson—l. “The Coming of Arthur.”
SPORTING NOTES.
4.15 p.m.—Results of MORNINGTON RACES.
LIGHT MUSIC.
4.16 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Honolulu Moon” (Laurence).
“In the Tavern” (Jansen).
4.25 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano:
“Jeunes Filettes” (Bergerette).
“Smilin’ Through” (Penn).
4,32 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Going Up” (Hirsch).
4.42 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor :
“The Blind Ploughman” (Clarke).
4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report for Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—EVENSONG from ST. PAUL’S
CATHEDRAL.
5.30 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock
Exchange information. Result of Welter
Handicap MORNINGTON RACES.
5.40 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
CHILDREN’S HOUR.
6 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday
greetings by “MARY GUMLEAF.”
6.20 p.m.—MONSIEUR SONORA:
Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m—“MARY GUMLEAF:”
Stories for the Little Ones.
“Dreamy Sue.”
“Building Cattles.”
6.30 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.35 p.m.—“MARY GUMLEAF” and her
Students will give a Little Play
“ALICE’S ADVENTURE.”
NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock
sales by the Asociated Stock and Station
Agents, Bourke street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor-
rett Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.18 p.m.—River reports.
7.22 p.m.—Acceptances for Epsom races on
Saturday. Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co. Ltd.—Poultry,
Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce!
Potatoes and Onions. Market reports of
fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Asocia-
tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchant’s
Association. Citrus fruits. Ballarat pig
market reports by the Ballarat Stock
and Station agents.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—A talk on Foreign Affairs, by as
Australian.
7.45 p.m.—STRELLA WILSON, now appear-
ing in the Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Com-
pany, at His Majesty’s Theatre, will speak
to you from her dressing room, by permis-
sion of J. C. Williamson Ltd.
8 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK, trans-
mission from Wirth’s Park.
E. GRAY, Curator, Kyneton Garden, will
speak on
“Trees for the Altitudes.’*
FROM THE STUDIO.
8.15 p.m.—Birthday greetings and programme
announcements.
8.16 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Yesterday” (Harrison).
“There will come a time” (Garren).
“The Magic of Music and Love” (Hajor) s
8.25 p.m^—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Chanson Indoue” (Korsakov).
8.28 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Down Kentucky. Way” (Gamble).
“There’s a Garden in Loveland” fcHajor).
“Red Lips Kiss My Blues Away” (Bryan),
8.37 p.m.—Talk on the War Memorial.
8.42 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“There’s Just one For You” (Ganner)*
“Sing me a Baby Song” (Kahn).
“I’ve Got a Yes Girl” (Souvaine).
8.51 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor:
“Anchor’s Weighed.”
8.54 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“What’ll You Do” (Miller).
“Maybe You’ll Ibe the One” (McKiernan),
“All on My Ownsome” (Kahn).
9.3 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Kentucky Babe” (Geibel).
9.6 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Egyptian Echoes” (Black).
“Are You Happy?” (Ager).
“Who’s Loving You To-night?” (Davis),
9.15 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Adieu Marie” (Adams).
9.1.8 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS :
“Following you Around” (Kahn).
“Moonlight Waters” (Friend).
“Underneath the Stars with You” (Stept).
9.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Charlie is my Darling” (Old Scotch).
9.30 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Go Home and Tell Your Mother” (Baen).
“Rang Tang” (Trent).
“Take your Finger out of Your Mouth”
(Yellman).


9.39 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor:
“Ailsa Mine.”
9.42p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“To-night you belong to iqe” (Costlow).
“So Blue” (De Sylva).
“At Sundown” (Donaldson).
9.51 p.m.—GRACE JACKSOI4. contralto:
“Lacaday” (Crampton).
9.54 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Broken Hearted” (Lombardo).
“That Night in Araby” (Synder),
“From Now On” (Friend).
10 p.m.—“Argus” news service. British
official wireless news from Rugby. Meteoro-
logical information. Anouncements. Sport-
ing notes by “Olympus.” Island shipping
movements. Results of Triangular State
School cricket match betwen Victoria, New
South Wales, and Queensland, played in
Sydney.
ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VIC-
TORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR TO-
DAY IS:—
“Persons on bicycles, scooters or in carts
should not be permitted to hitch to your
car.”
10.15 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Till the end of the world with you.”
“My Heart is Calling” (Garden).
“The Spell of the Moon” (Kahn).
10.24 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Wayfarer’s Night Song” (Martin).
10.27 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“How Can you Be So Mean to Me.”
“My Idea of Heaven” (Johnson).
“Golden Memories of Hawaii.”
10.36 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“The Fuchsia Tree” (Quilter).
10.39 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Night time is Love Time” (Davis).
“Wondering Why” (Ash).
“How Long Must I Wait For You?” (Still-
well).
10.48 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor:
“Audacity.”
10.51 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Slow River” (Myers).
“What are You Waiting For Now?” (Cos-
low).
“I’d Leave Ten Men” (Farrar).
11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“Woodman, spare that tree,
Touch not a single bough,
In youth it sheltered me,
And I’ll protect it now.
’Twas my forefather’s hand
That placed it near his cot.
There, woodman, let it' stand,
Thy axe shall harm it not.”
George P. Morris.
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
HIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Patori, Ltd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL CONCERT.
Sport. During the afternoon results of the
Mornington Races, together with other in-
formation, will be given immediately each
race is run.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
A half-hour dance session by Melbourne’s
favorite dance band. The latest hits, each
one announced prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
2.45 p.m.—Miss Jean Lewis, contralto:
“A Pearl for every tear” (Liddle).
“The way home” (Liddle).
2.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
3.8 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
“Arabesque” (De Bussy).
3.12 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Fantasie Espagnole” (Hosmar).
3.23 p.m.—Miss Jean Lewis, contralto:
“Thou art so like a flower” (Liszt).
“A bunch of violets” (Mena Raymond).
3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
3.40 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
3.56 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano:
“Valse Mignonne” (Palmgren).
4 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Four.
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.m.—Mr&gt; George dSverest, tenor:
“Parted” (Tosti).
“The Devon Maid” (Frank Bridge).
4.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
4.26 p.m.—Mr. George Everest, tenor:
“Maire my Girl” (George Aitken).
“I know a lovely garden” (Guy d’Hardelot).
4.34 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
4.55 p.m.—Special racing report. Acceptances
and barrier positions for Saturday’s races
by G.F.R.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Five.
God Save the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Uncle Mac’s entertainment.
EVENING SESSION.
SONG AND DANCE.
7.15 p.m.—Hobby Session. Mr. A. G. Kelson,
Vice-President of the 3AR Stamp Club.
7.25 p.m.—“Early Victorian History.” Mr.
F. A. Currie’s interesting talk this week will
deal with “William Buckley—the Wild,
White Man.”
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-date news and com-
ments on sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock reports.
McPhail Anderson’s pig market.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight.
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“A Derwish Chorus” (Sebek).
“Invitation of the Waltz” (Weber-Berlioz).
8.17 p.m.—Miss Jean Tunnecliffe, contralto:
“The Three Fishers” (Hullah).
“Coming Home” (Hullah).
8.24 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Pious Bach” (Urbach).
8.39 p.m.—Mr. John Hobbs, bass baritone:
“Myself when young” (Liza Lehmann).
“Wander Thirst” (Landon Ronald).
8.47 p.m.—Mr. Ronald Brearley, ’cello:
“Arabian Song” (Vogrich).
8.50 p.m.—Announcements.
9.2 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Looking Backward” (Finck).
9.18 p.m.—Miss Jean Tunnecliffe. contralto:
“The Little Silver Ring” (Chaminade).
“Jock O'Hayeldene” (Loder).
9.26 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
9.34 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Ten.
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners
10.3 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano:
“Should he upbraid” (Bishop).
“Drink to me only” (Traditional).
10.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Indian Summer” (Lake*.
10.21 p.m.—-Mr. John Hobhs, bass baritone:
“The Border Balad” (Cowen).
“Tributes” (Fisher).
10.28 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Indian Summer” (Lake).
10.34 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano:
“Impatience” CSchrbeU).
“Caller Herrin” (Old Scotch).
10.42 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Am Meer” (Schubert).
10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
10.62 p.m.—“Age” news bulletin, exclusive to
3AR.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quote
is taken from the poem, “Spell Oh!” by
W. E. Carew.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven.
God Save the King.
What I See
&amp; Hear
Looking Backward
When I sit by the sad sea waves
and let the sands of time blow over
me, do I remember with regret the
dear school days? I do not! They
leave the same happy memory as an
attack of ptomaine poisoning from
eating bad sardines.
All my life I have been haunted by
the clammy atrocities printed in the
old-time school books. Thjey have
clung to me as th&amp; tendrils of jelly
fish. There were four in particular.
The first was about an old arm
chair and it had a tipsy refrain:
“I love it, I love it, and who shall
dare,
“To chide me for loving that old arm
chair!”
If anyone in my class had caught
the writer the latter would have
yelled for a hospital stretcher instead
of an arm chair.
Number 2 described the expiring
gasps of some girl who was to be
Queen of the May before she pegged
out. “Call me early, mother dear,”
was her chief stock in trade. Why
she didn’t buy an alarm clock, no-
body could ever understand.
More entertaining was the loss of
the Royal George which sank with
“twice four hundred men.” I suppose
eight hundred men would not rhyme.
She was “overset” by a land breeze—
must have been a top-heavy tub!
Last and worst was a dirge, “Thy
father is passing away!”
The symptoms of the expiry would
have stocked a small medical book.
For two years I mourned for my poor
Dad, until one day I broke a window
with my shanghai. The following
ten minutes with him left me very
sore in body, but greatly relieved re-
garding his early grave.
What an infinite blessing it was
that we did not have radio in those
days. Fancy the glorious Burgess
Batteries being employed to turn out
such unadulterated dribble as the
stuff in those old books. Instead of
an affectionate regard for New
System Telephones Pty., Ltd., I
should hate to think of 280 Castle-
reagh-street, Sydney, as the sob
centre of “The Old Arm Chair,” or
“Thy Father is Pegging Out.”


4QG, BRISBANE
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m,
MIDDAY SESSION.
4 p.m.—Market reports ; weather information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau ; news services supplied by “The
Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour address.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal.
t p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times.
8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph” news.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
8 p.m.-—Mail train running times; “Daily
Standard” news; weather information an-
nouncements.
6.15 p.jn.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “The Sandman.”
7 pjn.—Special news service; market re-
ports ; stock reports.
7.30 p.m.—Weather news; “Daily Standard”
news; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
7.46 p.m.—Lecturecte: A talk on Books by
Mr. Doyle (McLeod’s).
NIGHT SESSION.
A semi popular and classical concert,
arranged by Mr. Scott MacCalfum.
• p.m.—String Quartette :
Popular numbers by the “Melody Players.”
Bass Solo.
Mr. H. Phillips.
Soprano solo, Selected.
Miss Nancy Muirhead.
Violin soTd, &quot;Plevna Fota” (Hubay).
Mr. H. Scott MacCallum.
Humorous and Dramatic Cameos by Miss
Pearlie McKenzie.
T4nor sjlo, “Where’er You Walk” (Handel).
Mr. J. Land.
String Quartette, “In a Canoe” (Zamecnik).
“Melody Players.”
Contralto sole.
Miss Ella Howie.
Baritone .solo, “The Garonne” (Acfims).
Mr. H. E. Higginbotham.
A few minutes of mirth and melody by
“Black ar.d White.”
String Quartette. “Ole South” (Zamecnik).
“Melody Players.”
• p.m.—Metropolitan weather forecast.
String Quartette. Popular numbers.
“Melody Players.”
Contralto solo.
Miss Ella Howie.
Tenor solo, “Why is Sylvia.”
Mr. Jack Land.
Pianoforte solo, &quot;Rustle of Spring” (Sind-
ing).
Mrs. Hilda Woolmer.
Mirth and Melody by “Black and White.”
Soprano solo, Selected.
Miss Nancy Muirhead.
Duet, “I Was Dreaming.”
Mr. Jack Land (tenor) and Mr. H. E.
Higginbotham (baritone).
•Cello solo. Selected.
Miss Petropolus.
Baritone solo, “Friend of Mine” (Sartder-
•on).
Mr. H. E. Higginbothany
String Quartette, “Blue Bells” (Zamecnik).
“Melody Players.”
Humorous and Dramatic Cameos by Miss
Pearlie McKenzie.
Bass solo.
Mr. H. Phillips.
String Quartette, “Star of the Orient&quot;
(Zamecnik). &gt;
“Melody Players.”
p.m.—“Daily Mail” news. Weather news.
Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes.
12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service and Bri-
tish Wireless news .
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
I p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the studio “Rec-
reator.”
I. p.m.—Meteorological information.
« 2 p.m. -G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8 p.m,—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m. Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
3.45 p.m.—Cheer-Up talk by Rev. C. H. Nield.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
4.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children's Entertainment by the SCL
Radio Family.
6.30 p.m. Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.; —S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
chansfe.
7.8 p.m.---General market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Co.,* S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso-
ciation, interstate Fruit Produce Market Co.,
Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Popular Science Talk.
7.30 p.m.—Talk on &quot;Better Homes” by Slaters
(Furnishers) Ltd.
7.40 p.m.—Poultry talk by Mr. A. M. Whitten-
bury.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. ,
8.1 p.m.—Novelty Broadcast.
8.20 p.m.—Concert arranged by Rev. Keith
Steward, relayed from Black Forest Baptist
Church Hall.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.— Dalgety’s wheat report.
9.3 p.m.—Station Announcements.
9.5 p.m -Talk on “Sheep and Wool” by Mr.
C. H. Blagg.
9.15 p.m. Relay from Black Forest continued.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1 p.m.— British Wireless News.
10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service.
10.13 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service.
10.18 p.m. Relayed from the Maison de Danse
Glenelg Dance Music.
10.55 p.m Friday’s programme and meteo-
rological information.
II p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
Friday, March 30
2FC, SYDNEY.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m. —“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m. —Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A reading.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11. a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m. —Studio music.
11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and Re-
cipes by Ivliss Ruth Furst.
11.30 a.m. —-Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m. -Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Wea'her intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News ' midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m. — Eileen Moreau, soprano:
“Thinking of Y&gt;x” (Coates*.
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.55 p.m.-—Eileen Moreau, sopraao:
“Down Here” (Brahe).
2 p.m.—“Big Ber..” Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements,
3.3 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio.
Leader, Ewart Chappie.
3.13 p.m.—Aldyth Hern, soprano;
“Sing, Sing, Blackbird” (Montague Phillips).
3.17 p.m.—Carmen Frey, pianoforte solo.
(Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.)
3.24 p.m.— t'nillipa Alston, soprano:
“Morning” (Spe./j).
3.27 p.m.-*-The 2FC Instrumental Trio.
Leader, Ewart Chappie.
3.37 p.m.—Joyce Gillespie, soprano:
“Lackaday” (Crampton).
3-.40 p.m.—Carmen Grey, pianoforte solo.
(Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.)
3.45 p.m.—Aldyth Hern, soprano:
“The Market” (Molly Carew).
3.49 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio,
Leader, Ewart Chappie.
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Popular records.
4.10 p.m.—Joyce Gillespie, soprano:
“Over the Meadow” (Carew).
4.14 p.m.—Carmen Frey, pianoforte «oli*
(Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.J
4.20 p.m.—Phillipa Alston, soprano:
• “Beyond the Dawn” (Sanderson).
4.24 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio.
Leader, Ewart Ch&amp;pple.
4.35 p.m.—Popular records.
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.-—Results of the Cricket Match played
in New Zealand tc-day: Australia versus New
Zealand.
Studio music. /
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
NOTE: During the Children’s Session the
Juvenile Pupils of Madame Ada Baker will
give the following items
1. Duet, “I Know a Bunk” (Horn)«
Bruce and Leslie Penman.
2. Song, “Sun FlsfJkes” (Phillips).
Mary Wilson.
3. Monologue, “Peter” (Scott-Gatty)*
Roma Farrer.
4. Song, “Sonny Mine” (Herbert de Pinna).
Jessie Cope-Clegg.
5. Recitations.
Little Joan Punch.
6. Song, “Keep on Keeping On” (Long-
staffe).
Leslie Penman.
7. Recitation, “Little Froggie Face.”
Madge Emerson.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.


7 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Late sporting news told by the 2FC Racing
Commissioner.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News&quot; lato news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Cyril Monk will describe the Music
Teachers’ Conference to be held in Sydney
at Easter.
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Prom Her Majesty’s
Theatre, Pitt Street, Sydney (by permission
of J. C. Williamson, Ltd) :
The First Act of the Musical Comedy:
“The Girl Friend,” produced by Frederick
Blackman, featuring Annie Croft.
Musical numbe;rs:
Scene 1;
Overture.
Opening chorus, “Step on the Track.’*
Scene 2:
“Blue Room,” Annie Croft and Quartette.
Scene 3:
Opening Chorus, “Boys of Hagerstown.”
“The Girl Friend,” Lorna Helms and Leo
Franklyn.
“J Travel the Road,” Annie Croft.
“We must discover that Girl,” Gus Bluett,
Reginald Sharland and Frank Leighton.
Scenes:
1. A Railway Siding on the Canadian Paoific
Railway.
2. In the Dining Car.
3. Lounge of the Hotel Wendell (Evening).
9.12 p.m.—From the Studio:
•Late weather forecast.
The Sydney Instrumental Trio (Lionel Law-
son, violin; Gladston Bell, ’cello; and
Lindley Evans,, piano) :
(a) “Allegr(Arensky;.
(b) “Scherzo” (Arensky).
9.22 p.m.—“A Seat in the Park.”
9.32 p.m.—Gladstone Bell, ’cello solos.
9.39 p.m.—A. G. Ellis, baritone:
Two numbers from the Song Cycle: “In a
Brahmin Garden”:
(a) “Ganges Boat Song” (Knlght-Logan).
(b) “Krishna’s Lament” (Knight-Logan).
9.46 p.m.—Lindley Evans, pianoforte solos:
(a) “The Cathedral under the Sea” (De-
bussy).
(b) &quot;Sequidillas” (Albeniz).
9.55 p.m.—Glady Evans, soprano:
(a) Aria from “La Cena delle Beffe” (Gior-
dano).
(b) “Autumn” (Landon Ronald).
10.3 p.m.—Lionel Lawson, violinist.
10.12 p.m.—A. G. Ellis, baritone:
(a) “The Elfin King” (Clutsam).
(b) “To the Western Wind” (Clutsam).
10.20 p.m.—The Sydney Instrumental Trio:
(a) “Lento” (Arensky).
(b) “Finale” (Arensky).
10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.31 p.m.—Gladys soprano:
(a) “A Song Remembered” (Coates).
(b) “Sing, J &gt;yous Bird” (Phillips).
10.38 p.m.—2FO Dance Band, conducted by
Cec. Morrison.
10.57 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and late
news.
11 p.m. —“Big Ben.”
The 2FC Dance Band (Cec. Morrison, con-
ductor).
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
• FRIDAY, 30th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.33 a.m. —Weather forecast for all States.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies
8.5 a.m. —News. Sporting information. Shp-
ping. Stock Exchange information.
8.13 a.m.—Morning melodies.
8.15 a.m. —Close down.
MORNING SESSION t
11 a.m.—3LO’s CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comforts with a
• minimum of cash. _
FURNITURE POLISH.
linseed oil.
V&gt; pint turpentine.
J /4 pint methylated spirit.
*4 pint vinegar.
Put all ingredients into a bottle, keep
well corked, and shake before using.
11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN
Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers.
“There are few joys in the world equal
to the joy of a garden, and a garden sets
off a home as an appropriate frame does
a picture.’’
—Gene Stratton Porter.
THIS MONTH BE SURE TO PLANT:
Pansies, Petunias, Iceland poppies, polyan-
thus, primrose, and pyrethrum.
11.10 a.m.—VEGETARIAN COOKING,
MATRON BARTLETT will give hints on
the cooking of vegetable dishes.
11.20 a.m.- Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m. —“AU FAIT:”
“Feminine Fancies.”
11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—Under the auspices of the Health
Association. DR. FEATONBY will speak on
“Serums and Toxins,” Part 2.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by the Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day.
British Official wireless news from Rugby.
Reuter’s and the Australian Press Associa-
tion cables. “Argus” news service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUAR-
TETTE :
“Scenes from the Prophets” (Bath).
12.30 p.m.—J. D. FRASER, baritone:
“My Mary Sweet and Brown” (Kilner).
“Molly” (Herbert).
12.37 p.m. Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, violin:
“Cradle Song” (Ter Aulin).
Waltz.
12.50 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“The Carnival of Venice” (Benedict).
“The Spinning Wheel” (gcottisn;.
12.67 p.m.—HILDA BRENNICKE, ’cello:
“Sous le douceur despins” (Jongeus).
1.4 p.m.—Meteorological information. Weather
forecast for Victoria, Tasmania, South Aus-
tralia and New South Wales. Ocean fore-
cast. River reports.
FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC.
1.11 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE will to-day
continue her petite concerts with a further
selection of the works of Beethoven.
1.21 p.m.—J. D. FRASER, baritone:
‘II Balem” (Verdi).
“My Heart’s Desire” (Coningßby-Clarke).
1.28 p.m.—BERTIIAH JORGENSEN’S TRIO:
“My Wild Irish Rose” (Obrott).
“My Rosary for You” (Ball).
1.38 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, Boprano:
“Se Saran Rose” (Arditi).
“Saper Vorreste” (Verdi).
1.45 p.m,—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Results of Public School Cricket.
2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Othello Suite” (Coleridgc-Taylor).
2.30 p.m.—ELLA RIDDELL, contralto:
“The Auld Scotch Songs” (Leeson).
“The Briar Bush” (Maxfield).
2.37 p.m.—TASMA TIERNAN, ’cello:
“Nocturne” (Chopin).
2.44 p.m.—FRANCES FRASER:
&quot;Travels with the Argonauts.”
3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Rainbow” (Gershwin).
Selected.
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Creek &amp; Adelaide Sts., Brisbane.


8.13 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK:
Transmission from Wirth’s Park.
W,. R. President of Garden
Week Committee, will speak on
“Novel Garden Features.”
8.25 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO.
MARION LIGHTFOOT, banjo:
“Volga Boatmen.”
“Kilties.”
“Oddity.”
8.32 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Prelude in G Minor” (Rachmaninoff).
“Dance of the Serpents” (Boccalare).
3.42 p.m.—ELLA RIDDELL, contralto:
“Rothsay Bay” (Old Scotch).
“Cornin’ Thro’ the Rye” (Burns).
8.49 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
TRIO fot violin, cello and piano.
“Nina Pergolse.”
“Minuet.”
8.53 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Blossoms.”
Selected.
8.59 p.m.—Results of Public School CHcket.
4 p.m.—HAROLD MOSCHETTI, tenor sax:
Selected.
4.5 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “The Quaker Girl.”
Waltz, “Spanish Moon.”
Selected.
4.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY. soprano
“The Rose Enslaves the Nightingale”
(Rimsky-Korsakov).
Request item.
4.34 p.m.—MARION LIGHTFOOT. banjo:
“Drum Major.”
“Patrol Eccentrique.”
4.41 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selected.
4 45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Report from Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—Joseph Bailie, flute:
Selected.
4.50 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Oxford Symphony in G Major” (Hayden).
6 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex-
change information.
8.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
8 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.20 p.m.—CAPT. DONALD MacLEAN:
“The Spanish Conquests—How the Dons dis-
covered the Treasures of the World.”
6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.40 p.m.—“BILLY BUNNY:”
“Stories of the Australian Bush.* *
THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden gay with a kaleidoscope
of GODETIAS.
CURRENT CHRONICLES.
Results of Public School Cricket.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock
sales by the Asociated Stock and Station
Agents. .Bourke Street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis . Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor-
rett Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River reports.
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce,
Potatoes and Onions. Market reports of
fruit Iby the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa-
tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’
Association. Citrus fruits.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.86 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, A. J.
GILL, Senior Herd Tester, State Depart-
ment of Agriculture, will speak on
“Factors Affecting Milk Tests.”
7.45 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
March, “Never Despair.”
Quartette, “Old Robin Gray.”
7.52 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“A Thrush’s Love Song.’ ’
“Music When Soft Voices Die” (Bishop).
8 p.m.—H. K. LOVE:
&quot;Technicalities.”
Mr. Love will be glad to attend to youi
wireless difficulties, and we ask you to
write to him for any advice you may
require.
8.10 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
“liOving Smile of Sister Kind” —Faust.
8.17 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Sapphic Ode” (Brahms).
“Like to the Damask Rose” (Elgar).
8.24 p.m.—ERIC AKINS will speak on
“To-morrow’s Events at the Motordrome.”
8.34 p.m.—TRANSMISSION FROM BALLAR-
AT.
COMMUNITY SINGING SOCIETY.
President, Cr. W. Elsworth.
Conductor, Mr. Bert Humphries.
Pianist, Mrs. Simons.
Secretary, Mr. Frank Braden.
Opening Chorus by the Ballarat Community
Singers
Short Address by the Chairman, Mayor Cr.
A. MacKenzie.
CHORUS. “Mother Machree ”
“My Bonnie is Over the Ocean.”
“Bye. Bye. Blackbird.”
MISS A. HIGGINS, soprano:
“Rosebuds” (Ardite).
CHORUS. “Ballarat.”
“Sailing.”
“Nancv Lee.”* t
MR. J. HAYMES, violin*
Selected.
CHORUS. “Killarney.”
“Soldier’s Farewell.”
“Cornin’ Thro’ the Rye.”
MRS. RITCHIE, contralto:
“Three Fishers” (Hull-h).
CHORUS. “Massa’s in the Cold, Cold
Ground.”
“My Old Kentucky Home.”
“Polly Wollv Doodle.”
STAN ANDREWS. Mouth Organ Solo:
“Annie Laurie.”
CHORUS. “Oh, For a Thousand Tongues
to Sing.”
“Love’s Old Sweet Song.”
“ T and of Hope and Glory.”
RAY PITTS tenor:
“Serenade” (Schubert).
CHORUS. “Till we Meet Again.”
“Down Hawaii Way.”
“Some Folks Do.”
“Love is Just a Little Bit of Heaven.”
“Tipperary.”
FROM THE STUDIO.
10 p.m.—“CARDIGAN” (Mr. H. A. Wolfe)
will speak on to-morrow’s races.
10 9 p.m.—Results of Triangular State School
Cricket Match between Victoria. New South
Wales and Queensland, played in Sydney.
10.10 p m —COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS*
BAND:
Overture, “The Golden Sceptre.”
10.17 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“In a Monastery Garden” (Ketelby).
“Just a Cottage Small.”
10.24 p m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
“La Paloma.”
10.31 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Go, Lovely Rose” (Ouilter).
“My Lady's Bower” (Temple).
10.38 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteorolo-
gical information. Road notes. British
' official wireless news ftom Rugby. Island
shipping news.
The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s
SAFETY MESSAGE for to-day is for
MOTORISTS: —
“Do not unnecessarily or suddenly squawk
your horn. Pedestrians may (be easily
frightened and temporarily ‘Paralysed.’ ”
10.50 p.m.—COLLINGWOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
Selection. “Dixie Land.”
11 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden gay with a Kaleidoscope
of Calliopsis, Campanula, Candytuft, Canter-
bury Bells, Chrysanthemum, Cornflowers,
and Clarkia.
OUR GREAT THOUGHT—
“And he gave it for his opinion that
whoever could make two ears of corn, or
two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot
of ground where only one grew before, would
deserve better of mankind, and do more
essential service to his country, than the
whole race of politicians put together.”
Swift. J
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
5 aturday, March 31
2FC, SYDNEY. '
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—'“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—’’Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A talk by the 2FC Racing Com-
missioner.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.”
A.P. A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.5 a.m.—A talk on Gardening by “Redgum”
J. G. Lockley.
11.30 a.m.—Close down,
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange.
3 2.3 p.m.—Studio music.
12.20 p.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
12.25 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Studio music.
Ip m. —“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
NOTE: During the afternoon race results
from Warwick Farm will be described by
the 2FC’s Racing Commissioner.
Between 3.30 p.m. -and 4.30 p.m. the follow-
ing musical items will be given from the
platform of the Sydney Town Hall, on the
occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibition:
8.30 p.m.—2FC Dance Trio, conducted by
Cyril Coy:
(a) “Lucky Day” (Henderson).
(b) “Charmaine” (Pollack).
8.40 p.m.—Heather Harding, soprano:
“One Fine Day” (Puccini).
3.44 p.m.—Douglas McKinnon, concertina:
(a) “Le Chevalier Breton” (Herman).
(b) March, “Dominion of Canada” (May
#iU).
C. 52 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio:
(a) “Just say good-night” (Nelson).
(b) “Take your finger out of your mouth.”
4 p.m.—Lionel Lunt, English baritone, late
of the “Carl Rosa” Opera Company of
England:
(a) “Prologue” (Leoncavallo).
(b) “Tommy Lad” (Margetson).
4.8 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall:
Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio:
(a) “As long as I have you” (Lewis Simon).
(b) “Red lips kiss my blues away.”
4.16 p.m.—Lionel Lunt, English baritone:
“Harlequin” (Sanderson).
4.21 p.m.—Heather Harding, soprano:
“Waltz Song,” from “Tom Jones” (Gei&gt;
man).
4.25 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio:
“Me and My Shadow.”
Accompanist, Enid Conley.
4.30 p.m.—Further race results and studio
music.
4.45 p.m.—Complete sporting resume, includ-
ing the result of the Cricket Match, played
in New Zealand to-day:
Australia versus New Zealand.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.


EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
6.45 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m. “Big Ben.” Late sporting news.
7.15 p.m.—Weather intelligence.
7.18 p.m. “Evening News” late news service.
7.28 p.m.—Studio music.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Studio music.
7.55 p.m.—A talk by Dr. T. J. Henry:
“A Trip to Tia, Juana, Mexico.”
8.10 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney
Town Hall, the concluding programme by
2FC artists on the final night of the
Radio Electrical Exhibition.
A Russian Orchestra in native costumes. A
combination of 14 players playing the Rus-
sian national instrument, “The Ballalaika”:
(a) “Longing for Homeland,” March
(Dobrokotoff).
(b) “All is quiet in the fields” (Aureef)
(c) “Outoushva” (Aureef).
8.20 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano:
(a) “The bird that came in Spring” (Bene-
dict).
(b) “Lovely Spring” (Cowen).
8.28 p.m.—Harrison White’s Banjo Band:
(a) “Romping Rosie” (Rossiter).
(b) ‘‘Selection of Scotch Airs” (arr. White).
(c) “Look in the Mirror” (Stept).
8.38 p.m.—Alex. Whitson, baritone:
(a) “Beware of the Maidens” (Day).
(b) “A Song of the Ren” (Charles)!
8.45 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalakia” Orches.
tra:
(a) “On the River Volga” (Ivanoff).
(b) “So went our little .Lassies” (Andreeff).
6.55 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano, and Alex.
Whitson, baritone:
Duet, “The Magic of Your Voice.”
0.4 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalaika”' Orches-
tra :
(a) “Folksong” (Andreeff).
(b) “Polianka” (Privaloff).
At the piano: Horace Keats.
0.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.11 p.m.—r'irst appearance with this station
of the distinguished pianist, Henri Penn:
(a) “Scherzo No. 2 (Chopin).
(b) “Liebestraume” (Liszt).
9.28 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano:
“Passion-Flower” (Coates).
9.32 p.m.—The Russian Ballalaika Orchestra:
(a) “Dreamy Garden,” Waltz (Andreeff).
(b) “Katenka” (Andreeff).
(c) Folksong (variations) (Privaloff).
9.42 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor:
“Friend.”
9.45 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalaika* Orches-
tra :
(a) “In Moscow” (Fantasy) (Ivanoff).
(b) “Moldavian Song” (arr. Snurnoff).
9.55 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano:
“The String of Pearls” (Phillips).
10 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Henri Penn, pianoforte solos:
(a) “Chanson” (Friml).
(b) “Ballade No. 1” (Chopin).
(c) “Toccata” (Debussy).
10.12 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor:
“A Rose and You” (Stoneham).
10.16 p.m.—Harrison White’s Banjo Band:
(a) “A Night in June” (Friend).
(b) “Yesterday,” Waltz (Brown).
(c) “Moonlit Waters.”
10.26 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.27 p.m.—From the Ambassadors :
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
10.37 p.m.—Studio items.
10.40 p.m.—The Ambassadors Dance Orches-
tra.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio:
To-morrow’s programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
3LO, MELBOURNE
SATURDAY, 31st MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Tonic Tones.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER
CISES (to the tonic tones).
7.33 a.m. —Weather forecasts for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory tjme signal.
8.1 a.m.—Tonic Tones.
8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
6.13 a.m.—Tonic Tones.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Heart of Her” (Cadman).
“At Dawning” (Cadman).
“Indiau Summer Suite” (Lake).
ILIS a.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone:
“The King’s Minstrel” (Pinsuti).
“The Little Irish Girl” (Lohr).
11-22 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“A Lover in Damascus” (Finden).
11.34 a.m.—MOLLY MAC.KAY, soprano:
“Mu3etta’s Song.”
“Wind Sonfi” (James Rogers).
11.41 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA;
“Kamennoi Ostrow” (Rubinstein).
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
Reuter’s and The Australian Press Associa-
tion cables. “Argus” news service.
“HENCE LOATHED MELANCHOLY.-
12.20 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Three Arabian Dances” (Ring).
12.28 p.m.—WILL PAGE, Xylophone:
“Sparks.”
12.32 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, sopranoj
“Depuis le jour” (Chaxpentier).
“Request number.&quot;
12.39 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. '
12.40 p.m.—ROGER SMITH. Trombone solo-
“Berceuse de Jocelyn” &quot;(Godard).
With orchestral accompaniment.
12.47 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA :
“In a Clock Store.”
“Selected.”
* £- m - —Melbourne Observatory time signal.
THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden gay with a kaleidoscope
of Ageratum, Alyssum, Chrysanthemum,
Antirrhinum and Delphinium.
GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“When the Dream is There” (D’Hardelot).
I Love You Truly.”
1.7 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather report of Victoria, Tasmania, New
South Wales and South Australia. Ocean
reports. River reports.
1.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA-
Songs from ’Eliland’ ” (F. von Fieltz).
L 24 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone:
Your eyes have told me so” (Hardy).
“I Wonder if ever the Rose” (Slater).
1.31 p.m.— STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Romanza Sanza Parole” (Sora).
“The Mill Stream” (G. Smith).
1 '^ T ,f!-“— GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
111 Smg to You” (Thompson).
A Bowl of Roses” (Coningsby Clarke).
1.45 p.m.—Close down.
2 P-m-—Description of Trial Hurdle, Two
c EP SOM RACES, by “Musket,- of
The Sportmg Globe.” Results of Public
School Cricket.
2.5 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
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SLINGSBY. COLES Ltd.
486 PITT STREET, SYDNEY
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WONDERFUL PRICES!
Something new, something good. The
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We are able to demonstrate under the
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Charges 4-6, or 100 Volt Batteries. Price,
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The Pollock line of tuning coils.
Quality and price cannot be beaten.
Reinartz Tuners 3/9
R.F. Chokes 3/9
Neutrodyne Kits 13/6
Cash or Terms


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AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
“Selections from Grand Opera.”
2.30 p.m.—Description of Two-Year-0 Id
Handicap, 4 furlongs, 200 yards, EPSOM
RACES, *by “Musket,” of “The Sporting
Globe.”
2.35 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
2.50 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
“Selections from Comic Opera.”
3 p.m.—Description of Brush SUeepLe, two
miles, EPSOM RACE’S, by &quot;Musket,” of
“The Sporting Globe.”
3.5 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
“Selections from English l Opera.”
3.15 p.m.—Descriptio nof PENNANT CRIC-
KET—Semi-finals.
3.30 p.m.—Description of Epsom Handicap,
I*4 miles, EPSOM RACES, by “Musket,”
of “The Sporting Globe.”
3.35 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Fox-trots.”
3.50 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
4 p.m.—Description of Epsom Pilate, six
furlongs, EPSOM RACES, by “Musket,” ot
“The Sporting Globe.” Results of Public
School Cricket.
4.5 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Waltzes.”
4.15 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
4.30 p.m.—Description of Epsom Purse, one
mile, EPSOM RACES; by “MoskeV' of
“The Sporting Globe.”
4.35 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Marches.”
4.45 p.m.—Weather reports of Adelaide.
Weather reports from Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Fox-trot.”
4.55 p.m.—“Herald” news service.
Stock Exchange information.
5.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
5.50 p.m.—Stumps Cricket Sporting
results.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “LITTLE MISS KOOKA-
BURRA” :
6.20 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m.—“LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA”:
“Baby Ducks Adventure.”
6.34 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep yours gay with kaleidoscope of Mig-
nonette, Mimulus and Myosotis.
6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.40 p.m.—’'&quot;LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA”:
Another Episode from “Penrod.”
CURRENT CHRONICLES.
7 p.m.—Stumps scores. Sporting results.
Results of Public School Cricket.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—River reports.
7.20 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-dperative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce,
potatoes, and onions. 'Market reports of
fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa-
tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices
of fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants
Association. Citrus fruit.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—FREDERICK CHAPMAN, A.L.S.,
F.G.S., National Palaeontologist, of the
National Museum, will speak on:
“Ferns and Fernlands of the Past.”
7-45 p.m.—Dr. J. A. LEACH will speak on
“Black Cockatoos.”
8 e'^xrTT 8 ™ 010 presentation op the
SONG CYCLE, “IN A PERSIAN GAR-
DEN,’ by Liza Lehman.
Cast;
Soprano ELLA KINGSTON
Contralto GERTRUDE HUTTON
. Te nor VAL. -yOFP
Bass ERNEST SAGE
Musical items:
Quartet. ‘ Wake, for the sun who scatter'd
into flight.”
Tenor: &quot;Before the phantom of false morn-
ing died.”
Bass: “Now the New Year reviving old
desires.”
Tenor: Tram indeed is gone with all his
rose.”
Quartette: “Come, fill the cup, and in the
fire of Spring.”
Bass: “Whether all Naishapur or Babylon.”
Contralto: “Ah, not a drop that from our
cups we throw.”
Soprano and Tenor: “A book of verses
underneath the bough.”
Bass: “Myself when young did eagerly
frequent.”
Contralto: “When you and I behind the
veil are past.”
Soprano: “But if the souKcan fling the dust
aside.”
Tenor: Alas, that Spring should vanish with
the rose.”
Contralto: “The world's hope men set their
hearts upon.”
Soprano: “Each morn a thousand roses
brings you say.”
Quartette: “They say the lion and the lizard
keep.”
Tenor: “Ah, fill the cup, what boots it to
repent.”
Bass: “As then the tulips for her morning
6up.”
Quartette: “Alas ! that Spring should vanish
with the rose.”
9 p.m.—Description of events at the Motor-
drome by “Olypmus.”
9.10 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “Cobweb Castle” (Lehman).
“Largo” from “New World Symphony&quot;
(Dvorak). x
9.30 p.m.—Description of to-night’s Stadium
event by PERCY TAYLOR. At the conclu-
sion of the match, Mr. TAYLOR will give a
resume.
10 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Humpty Dumpty Funeral March”
(Brandeis).
10.5 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“Could I but find a Garden” (Nellie Simp-
son). •
“Bianca” (Tito Mattei).
10.12 p.m.—BRASS QUARTETTE*
“Perfect Day” (Carrie Bond).
“Love’s Old Sweet Song” (Taylor).
10.19 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto;
“Good Morning Brother Sunshine”
(Lehman).
“I’ll Sing to You” (Thompson).
10.26 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA.
Reverie, “Ecstasy” (Ganne).
10.33 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“Maxwellton Braes are Bonnie” (Lady John
Scott).
“The De’ils awa wi’ tsh’ Exciseman”
(Lady John Scott).
10.40 p.m.—Late Sporting News.
10.50 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Little Miss Melody” (Monckton).
“Punchinello” (Molk&gt;y).
10.57 p.m.—THE GLORY .OF THE GARDEN.
Keep yours gay with a kaleidoscope of
GaillardTa, Geum, Godetia and Gypsophylla.
10.58 p.m.—THOE. VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
WHY POWER AUDIO IS BEING
EMPHASIZED.
Manufacturers of the more expen-
sive radio receivers are placing so
much emphasis upon power that the
uninitiated are at a loss for a reason,
they can remember when the three
va £ e regenerative receiver provided
sufficient volume to operate a loud
speaker more or less satisfactorily,
making the use of six or seven valves
probably seem unnecessary.
, .A Parallel is found in the automo-
bile industry. Salesmen to-day place
emphasis upon speed. One naturally
wonders why, when forty miles an
hour is probably the maximum that
the average driver can make with the
congested roads of to-day.
The answer is that it is more com-
fortable to ride at thirty-five or forty
miles an hour in a car capable of doing
sixty or seventy.
The same reasoning holds true with
a radio receiver. It is more comfort-
able, measuring comfort in pleasing
tone quality, to listen to a radio re-
ceiver operated at half or three-quar-
ters its total capacity than it is to
listen to a smaller receiver which has
to be operated at its greatest ampli-
fication point to produce the same
volume.
This means longer valve life, better
tone quality, and an abundance of re-
serve powfcr that could not be obtained
otherwise.

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ARMAX BATTERIES
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Airzone Coils and Loops.
BALDWIN SPEAKERS
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Surplus Stocks sold Interstate.
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Challis House, Martin Place
SYDNEY
Tel.: BW 1328

==P.64 - Reader's Queries==

All Readers' Queries Answered Here
DYNE (ALBURY). —A.: I have received
your letter and regret that owing to a mis-
take your query was not previously answered.
Whilst the UX2OIA is an excellent general
purpose valve, yet trouble is often experienced
with neutralisation when using in a radio
frequency stage. I suggest that you try
another valve of the same type you are now
using in the second stage. This should over-
come the difficulty. Your Solodyne receiver is
apparently functioning well if you are receiv-
ing the 4 principal New Zealand stations
with ease. The broadness of tuning is un-
doubtedly due to non-neutralisation of the
first R.F. stage. The first thing to do is to
make sure of neutralisation, otherwise the
R.F. stages will become detrimental pas-
sengers in the set.
J.G.D. (EUMUNGERIE). —The reason you
suddenly tuned in 2BL when using your
short-wave adaptor recently, is because that
station is now experimenting with short-wave
transmission, using a wavelength of 32.55
metres. This is being done for the purpose
of overseas transmission.
C.S. (SYDNEY). —The B eliminator you
have constructed should be quite suitable for
use with the Extraordinary one valve set.
The Te Ka De Pentatron Reinartz receiver
recently described uses one Pentatron valve,
which in effect takes the place of two valves
by combining the detector and audio stages
in one. It is quite a simple matter to add an
extra stage of audio amplification in the
usual way. The receiver would then be actu-
ally comprised of three valves in effect.
J.E. ( MASCOT). —The circuit diagram you
have outlined will be quite suitable for the
charging of A and B batteries. A valve
which will be particularly suitable for use as
a rectifier is the Osram RSV. These valves
are very robust and are obtainable from the
British General Electric Co., Clarence Street.
Only a small charging rate will be obtainable,
and in effect the charger 'will be of the
Trickle type for A batteries. The rate may
be varied to a certain degree by controlling
the filament of the rectifier.
SUBSCRIBER (BETHUNGRA).—The air-
line distance of Manilla from Sydney is ap-
proximately 4,000 miles. You should receive
the Indian and Japanese stations at about the
same time you are receiving KZRM.
C.A.S. (MAITLAND). —Thank you for your
appreciation of the Armstrong Circuit. The
short wave telegraphy stations you hear In
the vicinity of 32 metres are mostly Australian
and New Zealand amateurs. Your interest
in short wave reception will be greatly en-
hanced if you teach yourself the Morse code.
International broadcasting stations are at pre-
sent rather spasmodic, and only a few have
any regular hours of transmission. You will
find SSW, England, on 24 metres, from about
11 p.m. and again in the morning about
7 a.m., Sydney time. —2XAD, U.S.A., is also
to be found on 22 metres from about 5 a.m.
to 8 a.m.
E.P. (WALLSEND). —The result of having
your loud speaker leads connected the wrong
way around, without any intermediate filter
circuit or other protection, would be the
gradual demagnetisation of the unit wind-
ings. If a filter circuit is included, then it
is immaterial which way the speaker is con-
nected. The positive terminal of the speaker
is usually connected to the B positive side of
the B battery. It is fairly easy to tell the
correct way of connection by a simple ear
test. If the speaker is connected the wrong
way a slight amount of distortion will be pre-
sent.
R.F.A. (BALLIMORE). —A.: I am at a loss
to understand your explanation that when
you use a short-wave adaptor, with your
super Neutrodyne, you cannot cut out the
Sydney stations. No interference should be
possible in any way from the broadcast band,
when using an adaptor on the short wave
bands. It is possible, however, that you are
receiving harmonics of the Sydney A class
stations, but these should not be powerful to
any extent.
AMATEUR (ARMIDALE).—The two Geco-
phone audio transformers of 2 to 1 ratio
would be suitable for use with your solodyne
receiver, but would result in a slight loss of
amplification. It would be better to use a
5 to 1 ratio transformer for the first stage
and the 2 to 1 for the second stage. A grid
leak valve of 3 megohms should be quite suit-
able. Although a valve of 2 megohms is pro-
bably specified, it is always advisable to test
more than one leak of the same value to suit
your detector valve, as many leaks as sold
are, unfortunately, not of the value specified
unless they are of reputable manufacture.
Loud speaker results on various inter-State
stations should be possible at times with the
Solodyne during the day time in Armidale.
J.K. (HURSTVILLE). —A simple method of
valve rejuvenation is to leave the filament
circuits of your receiver switched on and to
reverse the B battery connections to the set.
Allow the filaments to run for an hour or so
under these conditions.
N.J.K. (BANKSTOWN).—WhiIst a short
wave adaptor is quite efficient in operation
I recommend that wherever /possible, an en-
tirely separate short wave receiver should be
used for best results. In order to reduce the
wave length range of your three valve Rein-
artz receiver, it will be necessary to either
reduce the capacity or inductance in the de-
tector valve circuit. Try reducing the num-
ber of turns on the grid portion of your
Reinartz coil, but if this is a commercial
production, it will probably be simpler to
reduce the capacity of the tuning condenser
by removing one or two plates.
G.F. (LITHGOW). —It would be quite pos-
sible to construct an efficient Browning Drake
coil kit by making the coils of the Lorenz
or basket weave type. The secondary of the
R.F. transformer would require approxi-
mately 60 turns 3 inches in diameter with a
variable capacity of .0005. The prim
should consist of, say, 20 turns, and the-
Tickler 30. The R.F. coil would need 50
turns.
R.O.S. (GUNDAGAI). —The reason you
heard 2BL on your short wave is because
that station is now testing on 32.55 metres.
I strongly advise you to stick to the speeifica-
tions given with the “Go-Getter” short wave
receiver for best results. This receiver is
capable of very good performance if properly
constructed.
W.G. (SYDNEY).—The best method of
stepping down your 240 volt supply to 120
volts is by means of a step-down transformer.
Alternatively a suitable variable resistance
would have the same effect.
«
===THE USE OF WIRED WIRELESS===
as a means of distributing pro-
grammes over the telephone or electric
light wires, instead of through the
ether, appears to be increasing both
in America and on the Continent. It
offers the most practicable scheme
for ensuring a choice of alternative
programmes in large towns where
selectivity upon a wireless receiver
is rendered difficult by the presence
of the local B.C. transmitter. Several
programmes are fed simultaneously
into the same conducting wires on a
common carrier wave, and are separa-
ted out at the receiving end, simply
by plugging in the appropriate filter
circuit. The currents so received are
enormously stronger than the wireless
waves picked up on the outside aerial.

===RECEIVERS===
OLD Sets adjusted or rebuilt. NEW
Receivers built to order.
I receiver built to suit your conditions
s cheapest in the end.
C. A. JENKINS, B.Sc., B.E.
Ramsgate Av., Bondi. Phone FW2747

===TRANSFORMERS===
Built up to a specification and wound,
lamination iron cut to any size from
stock. Prices and estimates on appli-
cation.
O'DONNELL, GRIFFIN &amp; CO., LTD.,
53 Druitt Street. SYDNEY.
'Phones: C 4545 and 4546.

==Inside Back Cover - Ad AWA==

NEWS!
Now available
in Australia -
p *
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r
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The
Westlnghouse “REC-TOX”
Battery Charger
Made by &quot;WESTINGHOUSE”
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Please send me your illustrated
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==Back Cover - Amplion Ad==

aMPLJOn
CONE SPEAKER
Jacobean Oak
Type AC7— £7 : 15 :0
Other Amplion Cones
from £2:15:0
h[AVE you heard one of the new
Amplion Cones yet? If not,
then you do not realise how
delightfully natural radio reproduction
can be. There is no artificial accerv
tuation of the bass notes— no undue
stress on the treble —it is just real.
AMNION Cone Speakers are not merely
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They have to sustain a reputation built up
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have been designed to be as pleas-
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u ,,
The Natural T0116 Speaker
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{{rfd|History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23}}

{{TOC right|limit=3}}

==Link to Issue PDF==

[https://worldradiohistory.com/index.htm| WorldRadioHistory.com's] scan of Australasian Radio World - Vol. 01 No. 04 - August 1936 has been utilised to create the partial content for this page and can be downloaded at this link to further extend the content and enable further text correction of this issue: [https://worldradiohistory.com/AUSTRALIA/Archive-Australian-Radio-World/30's/Australasian-Radio-World-Vol-01-No-04-1936-08-01.pdf| ARW 1936 08]

In general, only content which is required for other articles in this Wikibook has been entered here and text corrected. The material has been extensively used, inter alia, for compilation of [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies| biographical articles]], [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Clubs| radio club articles]] and [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations| station articles]].

==Front Cover - Front Page==
&lt;!-- &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; --&gt;


WIRELESS
WEEKLY
Broadcast Programmes a Week in advance
VOLUME 11
Registered at the G.P.0., Sydney, for transmission by post as a Newspaper.
NUMBER 22
Ul‘éé’gbﬁyodc‘d 81‘s
■ iT?Ml3rl
Friday, March 23, 1928
Price Threepence

==Inside Front Cover - Philips Industries Ad==

fi
0
a #
II
&lt;!&lt;&gt;
tii
II
I ;
ACCUMULATOR
CHARGER
•'
M \\\
• •
• •
••• • •
Si
VvV
AHV
v\\Wv
\\
\W
L
»»•
*
AND now comes still another Philips Battery Charger —this time to aid the man who has both accumulator “A” and “B” Batteries.
We make no sensational claims for the No. 1009, but merely say that it is an honest to goodness Charger
that will keep both accumulators in first-class trim, —year in, year out.
Of course all the features of the by-now famous “FOUR-FIFTY” are incorporated.
A unique switching device, by which at a turn of the wrist, “A” or “B” battery is charged at will , lends simplicity to its other sterling qualities. Let your nearest Radio Dealer give you further
ticulars.
SOLD BY EVERY RADIO DEALEr
V 2
PH 111 lILIII
&gt;
RADIO APPARATUS

==P.01 - Metropolitan Electric Ad===

RADIOKES
SHORT WAVE KITS
are the undisputed leaders in their held.
Are used and specified by all who know. Have a wide tuning range and only cost 55/- per kit.
RADIOKES RADIO FREQUENCY CHOKES
Are specified for the Foursome Receiver described in this issue, and are moderately priced at 8/6 each.
RADIOKES NEW_ MARCO FOUR KIT
For 'he excellent Receiver in last week’s issue of this journal— an excellent kit priced at 30/-
All RADIOKES NEW KITS will be on display at our stam
No. 20 (Great Hall ) Radio Exhibition next week.
DON’T FAIL TO VISIT US
METROPOLITAN ELECTRIC CO. LTD
27-29 KING STREET, SYDNEY

==P.02 - Harrington's Ad==

lb
e m
l
mum
m
II
m
LILFILLfIN
Console
On view at the Radio Exhibition
March 21-31, at Stand No. 1
right hand side of the vestibule,
Town Hall,
Sydney.
has arrived
JUST PLUG INTO THE LIGHT SOCKET
and switch on the current. A 5 Valve
Genuine Neutrodyne Set that is unsurpassed in simplicity, selectivity and beauty.
It looks like, sounds
like—and IS
“The Rolls Royce of Radio
The all Electric Gilfillan Console can be purchased on remarkably Easy Terms.
Wet or Dry
Batteries
Accumulators Trickle Chargers
Price complete with accessories including Loud Speaker
£69/10/-
U!
“Goodwill built on Public Confidence since 1889.”
386 George Street, Sydney
Wholesale Warehouse : 213 Clarence St., Sydney
Also at: Katoomba, Newcastle, Melbourne, Brisbane.
Adelaide, Wellington (N.Z.), Auckland (N.Z.)

==P.03 - Editorial==

WIRELES
WEEKLY
VOL. 11. No. 22.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928.
Criticism, Selfish and Otherwise
EVER since the commencement of wireless broadcasting criticism of some kind or other has been directed against every broadcasting station the world over. Much has been well-intentioned, some ill-intentioned, and most of it positively selfish. What I mean is that the critic usually approaches things from his own individual point of view and consequently it behoves those responsible for the broadcasting services not to take him over seriously, seeing that they have to please many hundreds of thousands of other listeners of varying tastes. However, the critic who is kindly and constructively disposed is always heeded by enterprising broadcasters, for from him many hints are gleaned, but, unfortunately, this class of critic is all too rare.
It is only by comprehensive study of average tastes and by psychological research that the broadcasting companies can gauge the requirements of listeners. The absolute futility of pleasing everyone at any one time is recognised by even the most unreasonable. It is not in human nature to do so, and it is the broadcasters’ duty, therefore, to please as many as possible, as long as possible, : and everybody as much as possible. Heigho! do you envy them the task?
That 3LO, Melbourne, succeeds remarkably well in their attempt in this direction is evidenced by the unprecedented popularity of their services, and also by the favorable financial position of broadcasting in Victoria.
No proof could be more conclusive, and no answer to adverse criticism more emphatic.
Of course, it is only natural that at some time or other during the 12 hours daily broadcasting by 3LO every listener would, if he or she listened-in the whole of the time, find something that failed to please; but, who wants to listen-in for 12 hours a day, even if time permitted? In carefully analysing the programmes I find that, they are arranged so that every reasonably-minded and normal listener-in is well catered for. I have before me a resume of recent newspaper letters and critiques and this shows conclusively that if the broadcasting authorities deleted from the programmes the items selfishly objected to by certain critics there would be nothing left to broadcast. One objects to jazz, another to church services, some to sporting items and others to bands, community singing, classical music, theatres, talks and so
on right through the whole gamut of broadcasting. Verily we should say one to the other,
“Save us from ourselves.”

==P.04 - Catching Up with the Wireless World==

Catching Up with the
Wireless World.
By R. E. CORDER.
A COMPLETE receiving set in a band ring is being marketed in America, priced at 5/-. Headphones are unnecessary.
DURING 1927, 200,000 licenses were issued in Canada, which brings the total of licensed listeners in that country up to 1,000,000.
AILSA CRAIG, the island rock at the mouth of the River Clyde, England, where most of the good curling stones come from, is to be equipped with a transmitter and receiver.
Apart from the keepers of the lighthouse, the only other occupants are myriads of sea birds.
DURING the last few weeks, reception has not been too good owing to weather conditions. The first man to find a reliable method of forecasting reception conditions, particularly with regard to the shorter waves, will be doing what is probably the greatest service since De Forest added the grid to the valve.
A RADIO MESSAGE received by the steamer Ruapehu, off Pitcairn Island, from the freighter Westmoreland, asked for medical assistance for a cadet who was seriously ill with appendicitis. An eight-hour voyage was necessary before Doctor Hudson, a passenger on the former boat, reached the Westmoreland, and performed a successful operation, despite heavy seas.
THE NUMBER of licensed listeners in Germany reached 2,000,000 on December 15th, 1927. The number at the end of September was 1,757,683, and the increase which is partly due to the removal of the Inter-Allied restrictions in the Rhine and Ruhr districts and the opening of the Rhineland high-power station at Langenberg has exceeded expectations. A further rise in the license fee, now 24 marks, will, it is thought, be necessary, and it is even possible that later on the amount of the fee may be reduced.
“I’M GOING out to-night, dear,”
said father. Mother lookei across at him sternly. “One dial control,” murmured father to himself as he changed his mind about that appointment;
WMHA, the New York station, is owned by Troop 707 of the Boy Scouts’ Association, of Washington Heights. The wave length is 230 metres, and a power of 30 watts is used.
THE NEW radio inspector meant business. “Show me your licence,” he demanded of the washerwoman. “I ain’t got no car,” she said; “what d’yer take me for?” “Don’t twaddle with me, woman,” said the inspector, haughtily; “where’s your wireless licence?” “Me? I ain’t got no wireless; I ain’t a millionaire, y’know!” “What’s that aerial for then?” he queried artfully. “Aerial?” she replied, scornfully, “that’s me blinkin’
washin’ line!”
ANOTHER AIR TRAGEDY.
By “Mintie.”
There once was a 3LO fellow,
Who sang in a voice sweet and mellow;
By a tragedy strange,
He fell over his range,
And they hurried him home in a
Yellow.
FRANCE IS to have a Communist broadcasting station. M. Vaillent Couteurier, Communist Deputy, is the donor of the station, which is to
known as the Red Star.
A NEW type of valve has been invented by H. J. Round, England, which has the grid element wound outside the valve, which resembles a cotton reel.
A LADY ORGANIST applying for a broadcasting contract in America said she knew 8000 tunes by heart.
The lady in question also offered to play continuously for 24 hours without a break, and with no repeated numbers.
ALMOST every circuit in American radio publication is now arranged for A.C. power for plate, filament, and grid voltage. Dr. Lee Forest commented recently that Australia and Great Britain have not progressed as rapidly in radio as America, but we have not reached our peak yet.
SCIENCE has turned a curious eye on the effect of the northern lights on radio transmission, and first steps have been taken by the National Research Council of Canada to determine just what is the effect. Following a meeting held in Ontario of the Associated Committee on Physics and Engineering of the Council, research work has been undertaken. It is known that conditions in the upper atmosphere have a very marked effect upon the transmission of messages by radio. *
BROADCASTING stations in America are endeavoring to do away with the numerical call sign and jumble of letters, suggesting that a name would be more suitable. The argument is that if ships were identified same as broadcasting stations, we should need a reference library if our friend told us he would be sailing for
Great Britain on the 465,958,857. Certainly ships have license numbers, but they have names also, and they are known and recognised by their names.
ALARM.
Fiction about radio seldom interests radio enthusiasts. Perhaps it is because listeners live in an atmosphere of reality; pei'haps it is because they generally know more about the subject than the author. The exception is the short story,
ALARM! in the March issue of “RADIO.” Illustrated in two colors by Townshend, it is the best thing of its kind yet published in Australia. You must read it.

==P.05 - Radio Exhibition==

Wednesday to Friday Week
you must not miss visiting this year's Radio Exhibition— the largest yet organised here. You will see every latest development of the science there from new receivers and loudspeakers to screened grid valves.
Wednesday, Ivfarch 21, the greatest Radio and Electrical Exhibition yet held in this State is to start.
This Exhibition has grown to such an extent in the past three years that the committee has had to take both the Great Hall and the Lower Hall of the Sydney Town Hall to stage the display.
Radio has become such a popular part of the average individual’s existence that there are now in New South Wales alone probably more than 100,000 receiving sets in action, it not on every day or night in the week, at least occasionally.
Here, at the Town Hall, are to be seen the latest models, the most advanced receivers and accessories, each in competition with the other. Every radio manufacturer watches jealously the products of his rivals in business, and at the annual exhibition the public. in an two, can gauge for themselves which meet their requirements best.
There are many attractions at this Exhibition. The amateur set builders, who are competing with each other, are putting up some remarkable exhibits, and, doubtless, to this section of the Exhibition a very large proportion of visitors will be drawn two most striking displays are the Electric Home and the Public Authorities exhibit. The Electric Home
{? a . fall^ lze bungalow cottage, built
%* xton and Sons, on the floor of the Town Hall. It is being equipped with electrical labor-saving devices of many kinds—electric cleaner, cooking range, washing machine, bath-heater, electric iron, electric kettle, electric jugs, and so on— appliances which have turned the life of many a housewife from drudgerv to comfort. 3
b i S Home is no mere model, but the type of bungalow in which hundreds of thousands of every-day citizens live. Incidentally, it. has no chimney—none is needed in an electric home—a fact
means a saving of from £5O to building. The exhibit of the Public Authorities—Railways and Tramways, Public Works* University, and Institution of Engineers is expected to create something of a sensation. An electric railway carriage has been built upon rails and sleepers in the Lower Hall (the floor of the upper hall would never have carried it), and visitors may see for themselves Just how the electric current works the train. A collection of signalling gear has also been installed, and a couple of model trains show how the signals work for themselves,
n * ~ .
+• ° ne I the features of the Exhibition will be available to the general
Han*’ S*&quot; the k° W ”
1“ &gt;
These will be heard, day and night,
se . nd j? lg ' out Programmes of music, re-
PL&quot;? 11 * - all . and sundry that the Ex '
n£ht°V S “ pr ° gl ? ss - , On a clear
mUes 6 h6ard ° Ver
y ‘
There are many owners of broad-cast receivers who care nothing about the scientific side of their hobby. They keep a radio set in the house just as others keep a piano-player simply for what it brings them. They are interested in the personalities of the artists who, from the broadcasting stations, supply daily and nightly programmes. For these broadcasting stations 2FC and 2BL have arranged to give a programme each afternoon and evening, from the platform of the Town Hall.
The modest admission fee of one shilling (children half price, and free on Saturday afternoons, if accompanied by adults), covers not only the Exhibition, but a concert programme which could hardly be excelled in Australia. The broadcasting stations have saved up their best artists, and the concert programmes from the Exhibition will certainly be a very great draw.
And those who are not at the Exhibition have simply to tune in their receivers, and hear it in their own homes.
The Radio and Electrical Exhibition will be open continuously, from J; to 10 P-m., from March 21 to 01, and all the indications are that the attendances will break all records.
It is too early yet to disclose what each exhibitor is preparing for his stand. That the Exhibition will completely outclass its predecessors is certain, and the fact that the committee has arranged with Mr. Augustas Aley, architect, for uniformity of stands and signwriting, and has let one contract for the erection of all the stands, indicates that the Exhibition will present a symmetry of appearance which will make a wonderful effect on visitors.
All the floor space is now booked, except for a space which has been retained for seating accommodation.
At the moment of writing, however, further inquiries are being made, and’ it seems likely that the committee will have to sell the last inch of space that can be used for an exhibit.
Following are the exhibitors:—
# Harringtons.
# Lawrence and Hanson (radio).
# Bennett and Wood.
3a. Mick Simmons.
4. Australian General Electric Co.
5. Lawrence and Hanson (electrical).
6. Clyde Engineering Co.
7. The Ever-Ready Co. (Great Britain).
8. Cossor Valves.
9. Noyes Bros. (Sydney).
10. W. H. Wiles and Co.
11. Amalgamated Wireless.
12. Australian Wireless Co.
13. New System Telephones.
14. Anthony Hordern and Sons.
15. W. G. Watson and Co.
16. Standard Telephones and Cables.
17. Philips Lamps.
18. Keogh Radio Supplies.
19. Stromberg Carlson.
20. Metropolitan Electric Co
21. Manufacturers’ Products,
22. Australian Westinghouse
23. Burgin Electric Co.
24. Colville-Moore Wireless Supplies.
25. Hecla Electric.
26. Amateur Competitions.
27. Amplion (Australasia).
28. Mullard Wireless Service Co.
(Continued over leaf.)
RADIO EXHIBITION
REVIEWED.
Before you go to the Radio Exhibition, glance through the f preliminary notices of the exhibits in the March “RADIO.”
A summary of the new apparatus shown at most of the stands is given, for the benefit of those country folk who will be unable to visit the Exhibition, and the city listener will find therein an index to the important exhibits.


29. Railways and Tramways, Public Works, Institution of Engineers, University.
30. Listeners-in.
31. Burt Goldsmid (Turbinet Cleaners). Sla. Dangar Gedye.
32. Eureka Cleaners.
33. A. G. Healing and Co.
34. United Distributors.
34a. Federal Radio Distributors.
35. G. C. Beardsmore.
35a. John Danks and Sons.
36. Hoover (Aust.), Ltd.
37. Wireless Newspapers, Ltd.
38. C. W. Winterbotham.
i AMATEUR COMPETITIONS.
The amateur competitions are likely to be very successful. Numbers of clubs and individual enthusiasts have informed the organiser that they are working hard on their exhibits, and the Radio Transmitters League will have a transmitting set in operation.
Radio dealers are again reminded to use their influence to induce the “hams” to prepare an exhibit. Following is the prize list:—
1. Best amateur designed and built short-wave receiver, covering the band from 10 to 80 metres, and suitable for reception of both international telegraphy and telephony:
Ist prize, £4/4/; 2nd prize, £l/1/.
2. Best flexible lower-power trans-l
mitter, covering amateur wave band:
Ist prize, £7/7/; 2nd prize, £3/3/. 1
3. Best amateur designed end constructed piece pf radio apparatus, submitted by an amateur radio organisation ; limited to one entry
from each competing organisation.
Prize: Cup, valued at £lO, presented by “Wireless Weekly.”
4. Best home-constructed piece of apparatus, other than a complete transmitter -or receiver, submitted by an individual: Ist prize, £3/3/;
2nd prize, £l/1/.
5. Most novel crystal set: Ist prize, £2/2/; 2nd prize, 10/6.
6. Most novel valve set: Ist prize, £3/3/; 2nd prize, £l/1/.
The committee retains £7/7/, for special prizes, and Mr. A. Carter offers as a special prize a set of Cossor valves, to be awarded as the
judges decide in section (1) or (6).
CONDITIONS.
For the purpose of these competitions, an amateur is defined as any person who is not considered by the committee to be the proprietor of a radio establishment, or who, on December 1, was not the holder of a dealer’s license.
All exhibits shall be bona-fide work of the competitor in whose name they are entered.
All exhibits shall be in the hands of the Exhibition Committee of Control by 4 p.m. on Monday, March 19, 1928, at a place to be announced.
No exhibit shall be removed from the hall until the conclusion of the Exhibition.
A receipt shall be given to each competitor when he hands in his exhibit, and exhibits shall be returned only on surrender of receipt.
The decision of the judges, and any- ruling of the Committee of Control,
shall be final.
AUGUSTUS ALEV. M.I.A.
ARCHITECT FOR EXHIBITION.

==P.07 - The Safety Valve==

The Safety Valve
Readers are urged to express their opinion on matters pertaining to broadcasting. If you have some grievance, if you
haik some constructive criticism to offer, here is your chance for expression—your safety valve. The editor assumes no responsibility for statements made by readers and Published on this page, as opinions of correspondents do not represent our editorial Policies or beliefs. Anonymous letters are not considered.
, A.W.P. AND L.L.
H Dear Sir, —Apropos the experience
| of W., Young (“W.W.”, 17/2A28)
['and the Listeners’ League,
jr About three or four months ago, I heard of the League, and being desirous of helping in any movement
I for the benefit of listeners, went to
la lot of trouble to ascertain the secretary’s address. 2FC referred me
Itpthe Radio Broadcast Bureau. Thdy
jvery kindly supplied the address, and
H wrote asking for particulars.
Months went by, until last week I received a printed slip, bearing an
lad. for batteries, giving object find
Membership fee, and address. Not even a word of explanation for the
I long wait.
k However, my enthusiasm having
(cooled by the long wait, I’ll keep the
12/6, and put it towards the price of
II new valve.
Yours, etc.,
A. W. PATTERSON.
P’Punchbowl.
Im, * * * '
| MORE ENTERTAINERS.
Dear Sir, —Don’t you think it is time we had a change of programme?
I am, like the others, complaining of too much singing, and I think it is
&gt; over the odds to have to listen to five
records running, and some of them played over again; also request numbers.
I What about putting on more en-
| tertafners and less of picture show
music, as there is nothing in listening to a lot of laughing ? I don’t wonder people get tired of wireless.
One time we had theatre acts from
2BL Studio. All my friends say they
pi enjoyed them; but even they are taken off. I suppose the fights are put on instead. We know they can-
not please everybody, but it is time they gave us better programmes than what they give us at present.
| Another bad practice is to stop music, etc., to give out race results, etc. It looks like if wireless is only for the sporting class.
I Where are the minstrel bands and
I think they will have to have a change soon, or they will find they are talking to the air.
Yours, etc.,
M. NORTON.
I Leichhardt.
SMOKE CLOUDS.
Dear Sir, —To quote a correspondent in your last issue:
“According to these traditions
(sc. ‘our British traditions’ from previous sentence), when a man had sunk to the vilest depths (as Rev. R. B. S. Hammond’s work clearly shows)
and recaptures all that he had lost, and more through Divine intervention—(Query: If ‘Divine intervention’ does the trick, why bother about the rev. gentleman)—and realises that there are others in a .position as bad as he was, and further realises that he can be the means of uplifting some, surely under heaven it is no crime to try and do so.”
The italics are mine. 7 Further Comment&quot;is* superfluous.
It is obvious that Mr. Moon has wandered as far from the British traditions as the object of his “savage indignation.” In Mr. Moon’s case,
however, it was in a praiseworthy endeavor to despatch a sentence which had gradually assumed the sinuous complexities of Laocoon’s serpent, and which was threatening, to assimilate him. Being, as Mb'. Moon, correctly suspicious, unblessed with a Rudyard Kipling _ cum playing-fields of Eton upbringing, I am forced, in all fairness, to add that logical presentation of ideas is essential to debate.
Also, &quot;being rather more tickled by my sobriquet than I am ashamed of my perversities, I must continue to veil my identity in a cloud of tobacco-smoke.
Yours, etc.,
THREE CASTLES.
Darlinghurst.
CAPPOS AGAIN.
Dear Sir, —As the letter by “Three Castles,” which Mr. Spencer O. G. Moon reviews in your issue of 2nd March, was in support of mine, in an effort to improve Sunday programmes, I trust you will find space for the “Capstan” again.
Mr. Moon will, no doubt, make the same suggestion to “Capstan” as he did to “Three Castles” in the matter of a nom-de-plume. This latter I regard as a very weak point in an otherwise instructive letter, but perhaps Mr. Moon is a non-smoker.
Assuming that Mr. Moon’s figures are correct (and he appears to be a mathematician of no little skill), we have indeed taken a great step forward since the days of, say, a couple of years ago. I don’t know definitely if Mr. Moon was endeavoring to prove that the. B.C. companies have realised that the general public demand something more than the noises produced in churches, and are gradually improving their Sunday programmes, but it appears to me that, if such was his motive, he has adequately proved
his case.
Progress must be the watchword of the successful B.C. company, and it is of interest to note here that only lately 3LO have commenced a series of recitals of the world s most famous records during Sunday afternoon.
Now, I venture to say that 3LO has made a bigger effort than any other Australian station , to accurately gauge the wishes of listeners, and the fact that they have improved their Sunday programmes in this manner indicates the progress made, not by 3LO alone, but by the listening public also.
3LO are making great strides In cultivating in their listeners the due appreciation of the world’s best music on all days of the week, and there
is a very noticeable improvement in many other stations, and if this upward trend is continued, Mr. Moon, ere long, will be able to produce a
schedule showing a still greater improvement in Sunday programmes.
Yours, etc., j
CAPSTAN. I
Darlington Point.
AN ARCHBISHOR ON BROADCASTING.
Have you been following the Safety Valve controversy on Sunday 'programmes? Yes! Then you will be interested to read Archbishop Lee’s ideas about religious broadcasting, in the March issue of “RADIO” Just a short article, from the eminent Melbourne ecclesiastic.
Also a statement by Archbishop Wright, of Sydney.


FIFTY MILLION.
Dear Sir, —Any household—any
morning—with a set.
Mum: “Seven o’clock, George; get
up at once.”
George: “S’only ten to; clock’s fast.”
Mum: “Excuse me, I just heard
the G.P.O. on the wireless; it’s
s-e-v-e-n. Now, Ethel, put down
those earphones, and get dressed.”
Ethel (excitedly): “Mum, mum,
he’s back—Mr. Halbert’s back—hoo-
ray.”
Mum: “Well, I never; I’m glad. I thought he’d gone to Melbourne, or somewhere.”
Flapper Daughter: “Oo! how thrilling to think he is back again. Perhaps he’s been sick.”
Schoolboy Jack: “Huh! been to a
*nebriates’ home, more like it. ‘Mike’
said they drink whisky, those announcers.”
George the Knut: “Cut it out; don’t you know “Mike” only pulls
legs 7 Why, if he was serious, they could have him up for libel.”
Dad (putting down earphones):
“How much lower are those shares going to fall, I wonder; wish to the devil I’d sold out long ago.”
Mum: “Oh, is that the honeyman?
Good morning, one pound of honey, please. What? Tuppence more than last week. I’ll have you know that the wholesale price is exactly the same this week, for I heard it over the wireless. What? I should think you have made a mistake. Thank heaven for Mr. Marconi; he’s saved me many a penny. Now, then, Dad, don’t go without your umbrella.”
Dad: “Why, there’s not a cloud in the sky.”
Mum: “Uncle Bas says rain prophesied before mid-day.” To schoolboy Jack: “Will you go to school?
Perhaps you would like your ’phones glued to your ears.”
5.8. J.: “Oh, but, Mum, I know all
of “‘Fifty Million Frenchmen” except the last verse.” (Spank spank.)
5.8. J.: “Ooh! crumbs, you can hit, Mum; and now they’ve closed down, and I’ve missed it; talk about a nark.”
Mum: “Thank goodness, he’s gone; and now I c&amp;n get those sweet peas in without delay. Mr. Lockley says
I’ll be a ‘gonner’ if I don’t.”
Oh, good morning. An &quot;inspector?
“Oh, yes, certainly, we’ve got our license; it will be up next month.
Going to renew it? Well, I should say so; we can go without lots of things, but will never be without our wireless set.”
“Good morning.” Yours, etc.,
Greenwich. ROSTAND.
♦
MORSE KEY.
The Morse message on the opposite page reads: —There will be a special issue of “Radio” for March.
Watch out for our Grand Exhibition
Number.
BOTH SIDES.
Dear Sir, —In reference to the discussion that is now being carried on, in the “Safety Valve,” where listeners-in are discussing the advantages or disadvantages of too much church on Sundays, I would like to add my voice to the appeal of anti-church-goer.
Perhaps I should not put that down in such a crude fashion, because, perhaps, there are plenty of church-goers who do not want it “canned,” but who still go to their churches on Sundays. There, in that word “canned,” lies my whole contention in regard to broadcast sermons. I wish to maintain that broadcast services do not, and never will, have the spiritual meaning that the sermons themselves would have if delivered in a House of God. It is only the living personality of the minister that can really
feed the soul.
To those who advocate broadcast services, I would like to ask them a question Do you feel the same after a broadcast service as you do when you come out of a church?
Do you feel the same spiritual upliftment? No, definitely no. How anyone could seems to me to be amazing. How could you feel the same, when, in the general course of events, the service is listened to in an armchair, or some other comfortable seat?
Sometimes you smoke —I know I do — and all around you cannot take the same interest, or give the reverence that a spiritual matter deserves.
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well; so here I say, and always will say, that if you want church, go to church, by all means, but do not try to be a kill-joy. There are other people who have sets, besides you, who are not interested in church services. Still, for the cake of invalids, and those folks who are right out in the
backblocks, and who never get a chance to go to church, I would like to advocate, say, one church service from each main station. What I am against are the class who, before broadcasting started, would only go to church once on Sundays, but now advocate for religious services from dawn to dark every Sunday from the broadcasting stations.
Perhaps the stations are to blame, more than anyone. The continual services on a Sunday wears away one’s patience, as continual dripping of water wears away the stone. If
there is any more harm in listening to a little light music on a Sunday than in going surfing, or playing tennis, or golf, then I stand to be corrected. 2JW and 2UE, although only B class stations, have stepped out from ti e more conservative class, and have proved that light music is liked and appreciated on Sundays.
It is time that the A class stations woke up. One can quite agree with the P.M.G., when he states that the programmes are not up to the mark.
Sundays, to these stations, seems to be a day when they can put over anything without getting justified complaints. Thank goodness that the
great majority of sane listeners are beginning to wake up, and demand a little return for their hard-earned
license money. Not only Sunday programmes. but the whole week of entertainment from the A class stations leaves much to be desired.
Time was when one could have sat down to one’s set at night with a reasonable chance of being entertained. But now even the station who never let us down, i.e., 3LO, seems to find pleasure in giving us rotten programmes.
Talks, then some more talks, then few more talks, by way of a change. The whole thing through seems to me to be a case of indirect advertising.
What is becoming of our money that we pay in so regularly a question that may seem embarrasing for some of these stations to answer. I do not wish to commit myself in any way, but I think that even for the stations themselves, it y;ould be better if the stations could issue some sort of a monthly account, so that the listeners could see just where their money was going.
In the meantime, there is the present question of church all day Sunday; church half of Sunday; or not church at all on Sunday. The most agreeable way, I really think, that this could be settled on both hands,
would be to compromise, by letting each station put over one service each Sunday. The other stations, in the meantime, while not putting over absolute jazz, could easily enough find plenty of other music, besides sacred songs, that we would find entertaining.
I would welcome reports from other listeners in regard to my statements. It is, after all, only by controversy that we can get to the bottom of things, and get every one satisfied.
Before I close, I would like to thank the gentleman who first brought this interesting discussion to light, and would like to commend those who have taken what I consider as the only sane view of the matter, and who advocate church services in moderation.
Yours, etc.,
“FAIR GO.”
Stanmore.
THE SPIRIT OF RADIO.
Watch for the spedial cover of the March issue of “RADIO” on the bookstalls this week. It is an attempt to define the Spirit of Radio. It is the head of a strange woman, yet as different from the 'usual type of pretty-girl cover as you could imagine. It has a queer mystic quality truly of Radio.

==P.09 - Is Your Letter Here?==

Is Your Letter Here ?
Recent Correspondence
at 2FC and 2BL
2FC always have a large mail from U.S.A., and busy typewriters are going for days after their receipt, Germany and Holland
also have interested listeners to 2FC, and in the former country lives Karl Nister, a regular correspondent. It is noteworthy to remark on the exceptional good English of some of 2FC’s foreign correspondents, and though sometimes letters from Japan, Germany, France, Holland, and other foreign countries are written most quaintly; as a general rule, the English rivals that of many of our own countrymen. Yet it is surprising to find that grammatical and spelling errors are prevalent in American letters in the majority of cases. Nearly every letter received from that country has several bad spelling errors, apart from Americanisms. On the whole, foreigners are much more careful about their English. They are very careful about the use of capitals, and endeavor to write their letters in the most interesting manner possible, whereas our American cousins do just the opposite.
American Stations Our Call Signs.
A letter just received by 2FC from one of their regular listeners in U.S.A. reads: “On January 22nd between II and 12 p.m. Central Standard time I heard your station very plainly. I have heard you on several occasions before, and never could get tuned in just right. Can it be that some of our stations are using your call letters and trying to fool the public ?
“Telling friends about my reception, and advising wireless papers only brings me the ‘Hee Haw,’ but if there is any chance of my having heard you at that hour, I hope to be able to substantiate my claims if you would kindly let me know.” There is no error about the reception of 2FC in America, each mail from that country bringing hosts of letters for 2FC, most of which describe fully the programme most accurately.
The Prodigal Son.
Many letters are received by 2FC from mothers whose sons have been lost in wide Australia, and often relatives request 2FC to make enquiries
regarding some long lost brother, sister, aunt, great grandmother, etc., etc., but it is impossible to accede to these requests unless the information and particulars come direct from the police. The following letter received from Mr. George Booth, of Chicago, is an example of this type:—
“Gentlemen, —My brother, Arthur Pearson Booth, left Melbourne a little more than a year ago for Sydney, but we have no information as to whether he ever got there. Naturally his relatives, widowed mother, and sisters are very worried over his disappearance. The mother lives at Wingletye Lane, Hornchurch, Essex, England.
“I wonder if it would be too much to ask you to broadcast the news and ask him to write to his mother at once,
or for other people who know of him to communicate to you and thru’ you to his mother. I will be glad to defray any expenses involved.
“He is about 38 years old, either slightly deaf, or fully so, served in France, Verdun, two years artillery, was shell shocked, and invalided home for some time, then went to Melbourne, where he lived at 18 Jolimont- street, Jolimont, Melbourne. He was an expert toolmaker and worked at Footscray, is about 5ft. Bin. high, about 150 1 b. weight, has a slight moustache, is rather retiring.
“It is quite possible due to his experiences in the War and his affliction that he may have lost his identity for the time being.
“Please do what you can in the matter, and ask other agencies to help
A MORSE MESSAGE TO
READERS.
(For key, see opposite page.)
if you know of any,—and advise his mother first if you get news of him.
Yours very truly,
GEORGE BOOTH.
Though 2FC regret that in matters like this they cannot do anything, they request that readers who are aware of any such person as Arthur Pearson
Booth would be good enough to correspond with Mrs. Booth in England
immediately to alleviate her distress.
Cow Robber Explains.
Dear Sir,—A couple of nights back I heard “Mike” (the young rascal) skiting about the good programmes that 2FC puts on the air. Well they do, but I must say that a lot of it is “high-brow” and passes over the heads of “us waybacks” and “Cow robbers.”
“Frinstance! Mr. Cochrane (may his elbow never weaken) says that Professor So and So will now play “Allegro tout Suite in a B flat” and some bloke sits down (or I suppose he does) and drags out some notes at the rate of about 60 hours a mile, and as my Crystal Set can only get 2FC (when it is on the air the others are drowned out). I have to listen in or wait for the next item.
“Well, I like the other bloke to have his bit of pleasure, if that is what he calls it, but couldn’t you give us some more Banjo, Mandolin or Steel Guitar
items ? I have heard people who claim to know, say that such music is “low class.” Well, if they heard Mr. Harrison White play “The Pilgrim’s
Chorus” as we did from 2FC one night, I think they would alter their tune. How about at least 6 Banjo Mandolin, or Guitar items every night or four times a week? I am
not greedy, and it needn’t be “Naughty Eyes” or “Nighty Nights” too often.
“Also could you beg, order or request Mr. Chappie to treat us to a lot more solos, on the organ in the studio? I think it has a splendid tone, and is a treat to listen to. Such pieces as “The Lost Chord,” “Crossing the Bar,” “The Pilgrim’s March” and “The Grand March,” and hosts of others, that I’ll bet Mr. Chappie knows, would
be very thankfully received and as often as you like. Well you thanked me once for what you termed the interest I took in your programmes, so I’m hoping you won’t be annoyed with this humble effort.
Cheerio, Yours truly, ,
(Sgd). W. M. MARSHALL.
P.S. The mosquitoes (Cripes! I nearly swore then, and me a Digger too) are bad round here and make it hard to listen in at times but still we struggle on.
W. M. M.
Penrith.
STARS.
There is an impressive list of contributors in the March issue of “RADIO.” Among the writers, there are,
Brasso,
M. C. Mahood,
A. S. Cochranne,
Ray Allsop,
Don. B. Knock,
U. R. Ellis,
Archbishop Lees,
Martin P. Rice,
R. G. Walker,
Gordon Bland,
C. C. Faulkner.
And the artists include:
Jack Waring,
G.K. Townshend,
Unk. White,
M. C. Mahood,
Alex. Gurney,
R. Whitmore.

==P.10 - Notes and News from 4QG==

Notes and News from 4QG
By the Station Correspondent
“CHANGING OVER.”
Most listeners who hear a big- broadcasting station announce that it has completed its transmission from some place or other, and that it is “changing-over” to some other point, hardly ever stop to realise with what smoothness the whole system works, and how quickly the changes are made. It is very seldom that any hitch in a change-over occurs, especially in a modern station such as 4QG. Some few nights ago, however, 4QG had a rather sad experience in its changes, and this experience resulted in at least one member of its staff having to do some strenuous work. The station was effecting transmission of a description of motor-cycle races, from the Davies Park Speedway, and, after finishing several races, announced that it would charge over to Lennon’s Ballroom. The change was made, quite in order, but the orchestra had just finished a strenuous dance, and had stopped for a “breather.”
There was no music, so the engineer-in-charge switched back to the Speed-way, and asked for more motor-cycle races. The announcer there had had a heavy three-quarters of an hour, but he willingly obliged, and gave further descriptions. Then another change was made to the Ballroom, only to learn that supper was on, and still no music was ready. There w-as nothing to do but change back again to the Speedway, and a very dry-throated announcer was compelled to give more descriptions, meantime silently envying those w'ho w-ere more fortunately placed than he was, and w’ho were having supper at Lennon’s. It was with feelings of relief that he concluded his extra task, and announced “Changing-over” to the Studio.
S.O.S. CALLS.
Every listener has, at some time or other, heard a broadcasting station give some urgent call, requesting any listener knowing the w-hereabouts of some person or other to communicate with the police. Such calls are termed “SOS” messages at the broadcasting stations, and very few people realise the tremendous number of requests which are made for the inclusion of such messages- in the transmissions. At 4QG, never a day passes by without several such requests being made. The management of the station is at all times in a difficult position in regard to these requests.
It does not, for one moment, desire to refuse a request, the granting of which w r ill mean much to the inquirer, but, at the same time, it cannot possibly grant the space to all requests made. Were it to do so, the programmes would become filled with such calls, and the license-holder would receive very little for his money. Station 4QG therefore takes as “SOS” calls only messages which are extremely urgent, and, even then, refers the inquirer- to the Police Department, and demands that the message be perused by police officers. It has been found necessary of late to quite firmly refuse to broadcast from 4QG inquiries for missing friends, unless these are submitted in the form of advertisements, to be included in the regular advertising sessions. The station does not desire to make money out of any personal misfortune, but of late it has been receiving so many requests to broadcast messages, to try and trace missing cousins, aunts, uncles, etc., many of whom were last heard of fifteen or twenty years ago, that in fairness to its customers —the listeners—it has been compelled to
“put its foot down with a firm hand.”
QUICK ACTION.
Some idea of the quickness of thought and action required in the conducting of a large broadcasting station may be gained from the transmission of the civic reception to Bert.Hinkler, at Bundaberg, the night the famous airman arrived at that city.
Extensive arrangements had previously been made to broadcast a description of his arrival, and these had been carried out very successfully.
Prior to his arrival, however, it had been very difficult to secure definite information regarding functions, and it was not until the afternoon he landed in Bundaberg that it was definitely known that at such and such a time a welcome would be accorded to him in the Town Hall. A programme had been arranged at 4QG, but everything went by the board when Hinkler was considered. Trunk lines were busy, and messages flew backwards and forwards, between 4QG and Bundaberg. With lightning-like haste, the Town Hall was connected by landline, and portable gear was installed.
Then, at a few minutes’ notice, the studio programme was cancelled, and a change-over was made to Bundaberg.
By virtue of the extreme courtesy displayed by the Postmaster-General’s Department, and the excellent line facilities provided, the speeches came over with the utmost clarity. It was not known how long the welcome would take, and a jazz band was, therefore, kept in attendance at 4QG.
Shortly after nine o’clock the welcome ended, and 4QG then changed back, and gave a programme of dance music from the studio until closing down time. It was not possible, of course, to warn the public beforehand of the Station’s intention to effect the relay, and many people who listened in at eight o’clock, expecting to hear dance music, were surprised to hear Hinkler’s welcome at Bundaberg. Judging by the countless congratulatory telegraph, telephone, and written congratulations the Station received,
everybody was delighted with the last minute arrangements.
4QG’S RACING ANNOUNCER
COINCIDES WITH JUDGE.
The Welter Handicap of the Queensland Turf Club’s February meeting wa's responsible for one of the most thrilling finishes witnessed at Eagle Farm racecourse for some
years, when Civetta, Perfect Night. Tigrinum, and Sheila’s Lad flashed past the winning-post almost in line with three others a short margin away.
4QG’S ANNOUNCER singled out Civetta and Perfect Night, but declared that the finish was so close that he could not separate them.
When the numbers were hoisted, the judge declared a dead-heat between Civetta and Perfect Night!
MISS THELMA CHAMPION, who has written several radio plays, which have been produced from time to time by Station 4QG, is now at work on a radio drama, “Rio Ferber on Trial,” which will be broadcast from the studio on the night of Friday, March 30th. The cast will be taken by a number of well-known artists, who have successfully played in previous interludes written by Miss Champion.
“Rio Ferber on Trial” will be the first drama yet attempted by these players from 4QG.
THERE SHE BLOWS!
Most readers cherish recollections of the whaling yarns of their earlier years —Moby Dick and other novels, which still have a great attraction. But whaling has changed a great deal since those days. It has become a business, and in the March number of “ RADIO ,” R.
G. Walker tells of how wireless is making that business an exact science. He tells of the Nielson Alonso, and the other whalers, operating south of Tasmania.

==P.11 - Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh==

Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh Hear One Another Speak Through London
Hinkler (newest Mike), standing before hie 'plane on his arrival.
Determined that such small things as atmospherics and jamming were not to be allowed to interfere with residents in the British Isles hearing him speak,
Bert Hinkler made his second appearance at th 6 Studios of 2FC on Tuesday morning, March 13. On this occasion, he was not only relayed; and
heard with the greatest clarity throughout Great Britain, but those present in the Sydney studios also
heard him relayed back to Australia.
Irene Vanbrugh, also imbued with the true spirit, spoke again this morning, and joined in the thrilling experience of talking round the world
to Bert Hinkler. Whilst the famous airman spoke in one studio, Miss Vanbrugh listened to his voice coming back from London in another studio.
The positions were then reversed, and Mr. Hinkler listened to the speech of the eminent. English actress under
similar conditions.
Owing to jamming, which interfered with the previous transmission on the 28.5-metres wave-length, the 8.8. C., London, got in touch with
2FC, Sydney, and suggested that an alteration should be made in the wave-length. The engineers of A.W.A. at once fell in with the suggestion, and it was arranged for this morning’s programme to be transmitted on a wave-length of 31.5 metres.
Punctually at 6.25, Sydney time, corresponding with 8.25, London time, 2LO, London, called as follows:
“Hello, 2FC, Sydney; hello,. 2FC,
Sydney. Conditions are favorable, and if they remain so, we will re-
broadcast you at 2035, G.M.T.” The London station then continued to transmit, through SSW, Chelmsford, a short musical programme, and then
the following announcement was heard, at 6.34:—“London calling. We are now crossing over to Australia, to hear Captain Hinkler’s speech,
from 2FC, Sydney.” At 6.35, Bert Hinkler delivered a short five-minute
speech, followed, at 6.40, by Irene Vanbrugh, who spoke for the same period. At 6.47, the following message came through on the air:—
“London calling. We will now resume our evening programme, from the point where it was interrupted. You
have been listening to Captain Hinkler’s speech, from 2FC, Australia.”
At 6.51, the following message was sent from sSW:—“Hello,, 2FC; hello,
2FC, Sydney, Australia. We relayed your full message from Captain
Hinkler at 2035 GMT; also Miss
Vanbrugh.”
At 6.53, the London night programme was continued, with orchestral selections from the 2LO Studio.
Both Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh felt that they had been fully
rewarded for their efforts in coming to the 2FC Studios at such an early hour, after their previous disappointment.

==P.12 - 3LO Sporting News==

3LO Sporting News
THERE is a glamor and thrill about Big Public Schools Cricket that is not found to such a degree in any other sphere of this
sport. The keen, healthy rivalry of youth, playing for the honour of their school, is enjoyed by “cricket” enthusiasts who regard it as the true
spirit of the great game.
The progress results on March 22nd
and 23rd between the Big Public
Schools will be broadcast by 3LO during the afternoons, and final results
will be given at 7 p.m. each day. Old
boys all over the Commonwealth and
in New Zealand will want to know
how their schools are faring, and will
listen in when the results are broad-
cast.
Randwick Autumn Carnival
Broadcast.
The A.J.C. Autumn Racing Carnival will open at Randwick on Saturday, April 7th—and 3LO will be there
to give racing enthusiasts in all
parts of the Commonwealth full ac-
counts of the racing.
The Doncaster Handicap and the
A.J.C. Sires Produce Stake are the
two main events on the programme,
and each event promises keen racing.
Racegoers have long learnt to rely
upon 3LO for full and accurate re-
ports of race meetings in all parts of
Australia. The turf has been in-
vested with a new interop as a re .
suit of 3LO’s broadcasting service.
Stawell’s Famous Athletic Carnival.
The Stawell Athletic Club’s carnival to open at Central Park, Stawell,
on Saturday, April 7th, will attract
the leading runners of Australia, and all Australia will be interested in the
results of the elimination heats of the big event, the Stawell Gift.
3LO has arranged to broadcast full
reports of the carnival events in this,
one of the biggest professional running meetings in the world. The
possibility of new champions being discovered is always present, and if
they are, well, all Australia will want to know about it at once. 3LO will
provide this service.
Frank Beaurepaire’s Advice to
Swimmers.
There is no one in Australia to-day
better qualified to give advice to
swimmers than the Australian champion, Frank Beaurepaire.
Winner of a long string of championships in a period of over 30
years of active participation in front
rank events. Beaurepaire has
amassed a wealth of practical knowledge that no theoretical training can
approach.
3L0 listeners will therefore he
glad to learn that Beaurepaire will
talk from the studio on Tuesday, April
3rd, on the subject, “Long Distance
Swimming, and How to Prepare for
It.” Hints from such an unrivalled
authority on the sport at a time when
long-distance swimming is so popular should be of particular interest.
Green Mill Roller Cycling Results.
The results of the Green Mill roller
cycling championships of Victoria
Frank Beaurepaire, champion swimmer, Who is to broadcast a talk from
SLO on the technique of swimming . will be broadcast from 3LO on the
nights of Monday and Wednesday,
April 2nd and 4th.
These one mile events are attracting considerable attention because of
their novelty, and the fact that a large measure of skill is required of
the contestants. 3LO’s announcements are being awaited eagerly by
the thousands interested in the out-
come of the contests.
AIREALITIES
(By “Rados.”)
A Vagary of Time.
SUCH is one of Time’s vagaries
that Monday’s news is known in London on Sunday night.
The news broadcast by 3LO, Melbourne, during the early morning
short-wave session is listened to or*
the other side of the world 10 hours previously, and incidents are known chronologically before they happen.
On the other hand, British news, although transmitted and received simultaneously, is ten hours late when
It arrives in the Antipodes.
The simplicity of the explanation
does not rob the peculiarity of its
Interest, and to the child mind it is
a source of endless thought, besides
being an object-lesson in chrono-
logical reckoning.
Science and Radio.
The Spectrum of the Sun and Stars
can be dissected, one color from the
other, until their virtues or disad-
vantages for use of mankind can be
accurately analysed and calculated.
It can be ascertained from the color
of the light of the stars what mine-
rals they contain. Their weight and
distance can be measured, and their
movements calculated with precision.
Such is the march of science. Soon
the phenomena of wireless will be
known, fading and distortion will be
overcome, and the way opened up for
contiuonus telephonic communication
the world over. 3LO, Melbourne, is
doing much to elucidate these prob-
lems. by conducting a regular short-
wave broadcasting service every Mon-
day morning, between 4.30 and 6.30
(corresponding to 18.30 to 20.30
G.M.T., Sunday).
They are also carrying out exten-
sive fading and distortion tests, be-
sides endowing special research at
the Melbourne University. Much
valuable data has already been col-
lected, and the importance of the
ultimate results cannot be foretold.
Sufficient for the day is the satisfac-
tion of taking its place with the
foremost wireless stations in the
world* with the optimistic hope that
It will discover the cause of the bug-
bears standing in the pathway of
radio advancement.

==P.13 - It 's All in the Air==

'''It 's All in the Air'''
Coming Features in the
Broadcasting Programmes
INCLUDED in the programme to
be broadcast from 3LO on Sunday
night, April Ist, will be community
singing from the Welsh Church.
“THE SILVER KING” is to be re-
peated by special request, by the H.
W. Varna Company at 2FC Studio on
evening of 28th March.
RAYMOND ELLIS: Has arranged
his farewell recital from 2FC on Wed-
nesday, 28th March, when he will in-
clude request songs, from his many
listeners in a number of well selected
items.
THE METHODIST Church Choir,
Nicholson Street, will broadcast the
inspiring “Olivet to Calvary,” on the
night of Wednesday, April 4th. The
Choir will visit the studio for the oc-
casion.
PETER GAWTHORNE, English
baritone, is appearing at 2FC on the
evening of Sunday, 25th March. Mr.
Gawthorne is a man of many parts,
and will long be remembered by Syd-
ney theatregoers for his masterly
interpretation of The Examiner in
“Outward Bound.”
THE STUDIO Orchestra, under
the baton of Mr. J. Sutton Crowe,
will broadcast the opera, “II Trova-
tore,” from 3LO on the night of Mon-
day, April 2nd. This orchestra
specialises in this type of classical
music, and listeners are advised to
make a special note of the date and
time of this performance.
ANOTHER OF the popular So-
nora Sunday afternoon concerts will
be broadcast from 3LO, from 2 till 3
p.m., bn Sunday, April Ist. Speci-
ally selected records are used in these
concerts, and include a wide variety
of selections. The best records are
chosen from latest releases, and
gramophone owners are thus assisted
very materially in the choice of their
new records.
N.S.W. BLINDED SOLDIERS AS-
SOCIATION : An entertainment on
behalf of this Association has been or-
ganised by Captain Fred Aarons, and
will be held at the Pavilion Cafe on
Saturday night, 24th March. The pro-
gramme, which will be broadcast by
2FG, includes old favorites of Sydney’s
listening public, viz., Charles Law-
rence, Cliff Arnold, Brunton Gibb,
Borman McLennan and Louise Hom-
frey. Dinner Music will be
from the Cafe on the same evening.
THE SCOTS’ Church Choir will
render “The Crucifixion” on Tues-
day night, April 3rd, and 3LO has
arranged to broadcast it.
SADIE GRAINGER BROAD, who
has not been heard by listeners for
some time, will sing from 2FC Studio
on Wednesday, 28th March.
ROSEHILL will be broadcast by
2FC on Saturday afternoon, 24t*h
March, when the popular Racing Com-
missioner, M. A. Ferry, will describe
the meeting in running.
“ON WENLOCK EDGE,” Vaughan
Williams’ whimsical song cycle, has
been chosen by William Dallison for
his appearance at 2FC Studio on Mon-
day evening, 26th March, which will be
presented with string quartette and
piano accompaniment.
ON TUESDAY night, April 3rd,
BLO will broadcast a special West
Country programme, on the occasion
of the convention of the Devon, Corn-
wall and Somerset Associations of
Victoria. The president of the asso-
ciation will also deliver a short ad-
dress on Cornwall.
RADIO EXHIBITION: The pro-
grammes at the Radio Exhibition at
the Town Hall are to be supplied by
2FC on the afternoon and evening of
Friday, 23rd March. In the afternoon,
the artists include Daisy Sweet, Harry
Whyte, Sammy Cope, Clara Hartge
and William Bowyer. At night Len
Maurice, Gabriel loffe, Ernest Archer,
Eileen Boyd and Cyril Coy’s Dance
Orchestra will appear. Enid Connellv
is the accompanist in the afternoon,
and Horace Keats at night.
J. Ernest Sage, the celebrated con-
ductor and baritone, who is to broad-
cast from 3LO shortly.
A CONCERT under the auspices of
the Australian League of Nations will
be given in the Great Hall, Sydney
University, on the evening of 26th
and will be broadcast by 2FC.
A very enjoyable programme has been
arranged, to which Moore McMahon,
the British Music Society Quartette,
and the Royal Sydney Apollo Club
will contribute.
ADVANCE ANNOUNCEMENTS.
Features of 3LO programmes dur-
ing the week of April 2nd till 7th will
be musical interludes by the Four
Colored Emperors of Harmony and
the Hawaiians, Frank and Francis
Luiz. The colored performers will
mingle the latest popular hits with
dreamy plantation lullabies, and the
Hawaiians will transport listeners to
the moonlit isles of the Pacific, with
their quaint and appealing songs and
guitar music. Both features should
be popular.
REALISING that the possibilities
that attend such a session as the
“Women’s Hour,” broadcast each
morning from 3LO, are tremendously
far reaching, no pains are being
spared to make this session as all em.
bracing as possible, and fresh fea-
tures are being added weekly. Apart
from the lecturettes that have a
direct bearing on the home life, cook-
ing, dressmaking, etc., the series of
“Health Talks” (with exercises),
given by Mrs. Clarence Weber, are
proving of more than usual interest,
and, through this medium, hundreds
of country women are engaged in the
fascinating process of not only “get*
ting” but “keeping” fit.
BRASSO.
Have you met Brasso?—the
hard-bitten, worldly-wise brass-
pounder, who is writing of his
wartime experiences as chief
op. with transports and tramps ,
and other submarine-boat prey
in “RADIO.” Then read the
rattling good adventure yarn he
tells in the next issue. It has
to do with the rum-running in
radio, an industry not unfa-
miliar to the author.
Illustrated by Jack Waring.


LISTENERS will be interested to
learn that final arrangements have
been made to broadcast the com-
munity singing from Ballarat on Fri-
day, March 30th. This is always a
popular feature with every class of
listener, and not only will it afford
additional pleasure to old Ballarat re-
sidents living in Melbourne to hear
Items broadcast from their own home
town, but, as it justly claims to be
one of the “Homes of Song,” com-
munity singers of Melbourne will be
busily engaged in comparing notes,
and possibly trying to glean a few
hints from their country cousins.
ANYTHING that enables the aver-
age listener, especially the house-
wife, to cast aside the cares and
worries of the day, is especially wel-
come, and the evensong service
broadcast each Thursday evening by
BLO, from St. Paul’s Cathedral, is a
peaceful interlude in the wear and
tear of daily routine. But for this
thousands of country listeners would
never have an opportunity of hearing
the famous Cathedral choir, with its
beautiful boy sopranos and the
equally famous organ.
LISTENERS are reminded that on
March 26th, “The Boy Comes Home,”
a delightfully humorous ' and enter-
taining playlet, will be broadcast
from 3LO. The play is being re-
hearsed and produced by Terence
Crisp, who will give a good account
of the principal role, and has been
chosen with a special view to effec-
tive radio appeal. Mr.. Crisp, who
has been associated with the Reper-
tory movement for some considerable
time past, has little to learn in the
art of acting and production, and
listeners may look forward to a most
artistic and enjoyable performance.
FEW ENTERTAINER lecturers
are more popular over the air than
Charles Nuttall, who has been
dispensing much humour and wisdom
during the past two years from 3LO,
and whose fund of amusing anecdotes
seems endless. “A little episode
comes to my mind in connection with
a railway journey from New York up
country,” he says, “my .fellow pas-
senger being a gentleman who had
just arrived from the Old Country.
This was his first trip since landing,
and he had apparently forgotten that
meals were not included in the fare,
so gave himself a thoroughly good
time. He had an immense capacity,
and ordered portion after portion,, no-
thing seemed to satisfy him, and
huge steaks followed each other as
easily as peanuts. However, he was
speedily brought to his bearings,
when the waiter presented the bill,
32/6 for breakfast. I felt distinctly
sorry for him, more especially when
I discovered he was a Scotsman, for
I knew then how deeply he must have
felt the shock.”
THAT VERY popular contralto,
Madoline Knight, is again broadcast-
ing from 3LO, her perfect diction
and enunciation much enhancing the
enjoyment of listeners. And thereby
hangs a tale. “When I was training,”
she said, ‘my singing master was al-
ways particularly strict about my
enunciation, and, being very enthusi-
astic, I followed his instructions im-
plicitly. On one occasion I was
Kinging at a church gathering, ancr,
after the congregation had left the
building, being anxious to discover
what kind of an impression my songs
had made, I asked the old verger
twho was dusting the pews and put-
ting the books away) if he thought
the people had heard my words dis-
tinctly. He looked at me a few
moments and said, ‘Yes, missie, you're
the plainest singer we’ve had here for
many a long day.’ ”
A MUSICAL TREAT is in store
for listeners on Saturday, March
31st, when the “colourful” song-
cycle, “In a Persian Garden,” will be
broadcast from Studio 3LO. The
arrangements are in the hands of
Madame Ella Kingston, the well-
known soprano from Collins Street
Baptist Church, who had already
firmly established herself in the good
graces of listeners, and who will ren-
der the soprano solos in her cus-
tomary artistic manner, whilst the
choir, under • her capable baton, will
give an excellent account of the
ensemble numbers.
“THE BELLE of Ney York,”
though by no means one of our
latest musical comedies, never seems
to lose its charm of appeal, and, in
response to repeated requests for a
“further edition,” arrangements have
been made for another performance
of the musical numbers, which will be
broadcast from 3LO, on Wednesday,
28th, and once again the tuneful
melodies, “Lucky Jim,” “Try again,
Johnnie” and “The Belle of New
York” will delight hundreds of
listeners.
“IT WAS THE MORNING of Hink-
ler's broadcast to England,” said Mr.
Oswald Anderson, Manager of 2FC,
“and I was on my way to the Studio
for the preliminary tests at 5 a.m. As
the punt crossed the Harbor, I frankly
indulged in a little day dreaming.
Sixteen days to accomplish a six
weeks journey, and now through radio
Hinkler’s spoken word would cover
the distance in 1/15 of a second.
“In a very few years, Empire broad-
casting will be quite common, but as
yet we are experiencing the thrill of
pioneering. Blase as we pretend we
are, we still stand a little in awe of
the microphone—‘Mike’ of 2FC,” he
added, laughing.
“As we drew near Fort Macquarie,
a voice at my elbow said: ‘Got time
to give me a lift ? ’ I invited the brawny
son of toil to jump in, and along de-
serted Pitt Street he waxed confiden-
tial. ‘I catch that punt every morn-
ing (4.30_L but most times I have to
walk to the station. Guess this is my
lucky day.’
“At his destination he gripped my
hand with wincing earnestness. ‘Don’t
know who you are, but it was mighty
good of you,’ he said, ‘l’ll have to
get “Mike” of 2FC to thank you!”’
2FC’S SHORT-WAVE BROADCAST
ON 28.35 METRES.
“WE HEARD this station clearly,
also the announcement of their wave-
length. This station came through
very strong, and both voice and music
were received with clarity. The
quality was in no way inferior with
Philips. At 6.10 till 8.50 p.m. a musi-
cal programme was received consist-
ing of orchestral items which 'in-
cluded ‘Always,’ and ‘lt’s a Long Way
to Tipperary,’ concluding atT 8.50 with
the National Hymn. Power R 9, using
a detector and two stages of audio .
no stages of radio frequency.”
TELEGRAMS were received from
the stations who rebroadcast 2FC’s
description of Hinkler’s landing at
Bundaberg. A few of them read as
follows:
“Your studio transmission short-
wave excellent. Bundaberg poor stop.
Summary’ of events as given from
studio after conclusion of broadcast
from Bundaberg very clear and
steady stop. Many thanks for your
courtesy in this. Laws, 7ZL.”
“We successfully rebroadcast your
Hinkler reception from Bundaberg.
Please accept our many thanks. SCL.”
“Reception extremely difficult but
could follow enthusiastic proceedings
at Bundaberg stop. Resume of events
appreciated. Again many thanks.
6WF.”
Telegrams were also received-from
listeners all over Australia congratu-
lating 2FC on their initiative in re-
broadcasting these historical events
oh short waves.
SUPER-POWER.
Network Broadcasting.
What is the next development
in Australian Broadcasting?
What are the great powers con-
sidering just now? Is it Super-
Power and Chain Broadcast-
ing? F. R. Leppard, in the
March issue of “RADIO,” be-
lieves that it is. Analysing the
present situation, in view of the
Royal Commission's findings, he
cannot see anything else but the
establishment of super-power
stations and the linking-up of
relay stations. The name Lep-
pard is a psuedonym concealing
a well-known identity in broad-
casting whose position makes
him specially qualified to write
on this subject.

==P.15 - The 3LO Childrens Page==

'''The 3LO Childrens Page'''
THE WIRELESS FAIRY’S GIFT.
| (By Ruby Sykes Lyon.)
THE Studio at 3LO was very
quiet, as “Billy Bunny” sat in
■ his big chair, sorting his birth-
day letters for the “Children’s Hour,”
* then the Wireless Fairy (whose real
same is Twinkletoes) jumped from
, the microphone on to “Billy Bunny’s”
desk, and whispered to him, “Don’t
forget to tell the children about the
fairy gift of -lovely garden seeds you
lave for the birthday little folk.”
[‘Til tell them,” said “Billy Bunny.”
( “I wonder if they know that a
lovely little fairy lives in each flower
that will blossom when those seeds
are properly cared for and watered?”
'asked the fairy. “I wonder,” said
“Billy Bunny.” “They may not even
how that in that one packet of seeds
they will have, if they are good little
[gardeners, seeds, plants, and blossoms
for years. That is the reason that I
call them fairy gifts, for fairy gifts
[always multiply,” the fairy said.
(“You’re a very nice person, Twinkle-
’ toes,” “Billy Bunny” said, “and I
[shall certainly tell the children what
you say.’’
iTwinkletoes flew three, times round
the microphone (that is the way she
shows she is pleased), and then left
‘“Billy Bunny” to tell the children
that a packet of garden feeeds is being
®nt by 3LO to every boy and girl
rwhose birthday is recorded there. So,
children, those, of you who have not
[sent in your birthdays to 3LO, so as
‘you may receive one of these fairy
[gifts, dot. so, for where could you get
a gift that got better and better the
[more you used it but from a fairy?
[Besides, think of the joy of bringing
[“Billy Bunny” a nice bunch of fairy
Blossoms, that you have grown all by
pourself, from the birthday fairy
gift from 3LO.
THE PAST.
(By “Mintie.)
Where was a time when Pa went out,
WArtd left Ma home to sew;
l utthat was ere, the wireless came;
I There was no 3LO.
mere was a time when Mother said
f The house was dull and slow;
m that was ere the wireless came;
(There was no 3LO.
mere was a time when Grandpa
m snored,
vAnd led the folk a dance;
bit that Avas ere the wirelesdj came,
\ And brought our Norm. McCance.
Vow home is quite d different place,
\And no one cares to stray;
|'hey listen in to 3LO,
And tfiat’s th.e happy way.
FAIRY FLOWERS.
(By “Micky the Sprite.”)
Once upon a time (most fairy
stories commence that way), when
there were no ' Faity Flowers on
earth, a sweet little Fairy, who was
very sad at all the sorrow and sick-
ness among little children, thought
how beautiful it would be if she could
fill the world with love and gladness,
and if she could cheer the little sick
children with sweet perfumed Fairy
Flowers. She called all the Love
Fairies, together, and told them what
she. wanted to do, and they clapped
their hands with joy. They decided
to make a big garden, and bring in
seed from. the deserts tnd'the forests,
and put into them fairy magic, to
make, them grow sweet, and more
beautiful than -ever before. The gar-
den grew, and grew, and grew, and
the Fairies breathed into the flowers,
and when the seed came, they scat-
tered it to the four corners of the
earth. The mortal children grew to
love the Fairy 'Flowers, and the
world was filled with love and joy
and beauty.
After many years the Flower
Fairies came to 3LO with their gar-
den seeds, and in every envelope
going to all the children with birth-
day cards they now slip-in quietly a
packet of seed. . The children are
overjoyed to receive these gifts, and
they are all making gardens like the
fairies did many years ago, so that
they will grow more and more fairy
flowers to. give to their loved ones,
and the little children in hospitals,
and the dear old folk, who are not
able to make a garden for themselves.
Don’t you think. this is a beautiful
thing to do, children? and if you
would like to do your share of scat-
tering the seed of joy and love and”
sunshine, just have your birthday put
in the big birthdav book at 3LO, and
the fairies will do the rest.
SUNDAY SONORA RECITALS
SOUGHT AFTER.
3LO’s Feature Success.
There were some who predicted
failure for the broadcasting of
gramophone records, when 3LO
mooted the Sunday afternoon concerts
some time ago, but then they were not
to know the quality of the concerts
3LO intended to provide. The Sunday
afternoon sonora concerts have proved
one of SLO’s most successful and most
appreciated ventures. Scores of let-
ters of commendation have been re-
ceived. The concerts are given from
2 p.m. till 3 p.m. on Sundays, and the
programmes are always specially
selected'.
Bayreuth Festival Records.
Bayreuth Festival records wera
used for the concert on Sunday, March
18. Bayreuth is a small town in
Bavaria, and ;s not only the Mecca of
all Wagnerites, but also of all lovers
of opera. It is the shrine of Wagner.
Nowhere in the world are the operas
of Wagner to be seen and heard in
such magnificent productions as at
Bayreuth. The members of the or-
chestra at this famous theatre, which
is shaped like a fan, having unique
acoustic properties, are each a profes-
sor of his instriiment. They are actu-
ated not by the high rate of pay, but
by the honor and distinction of being
selected to play at the Wagner
festival.
Wonderful Records.
The records, then, are of distinct
beauty and appeal. On the 18th
March programme will be played
Parsifal, in 15 parts, Siegfried, in
three parts, Rhinegold, in two parts,
and Valkyrie, in two parts. It is an
opportunity for music lovers to hear a
particularly good programme. The
records, when broadcast, are enriched
in tone and color until the listeners
are almost made to believe that they
are listening, eyes closed, to the art-
ists in the flesh.
MARY GUMLEAF. '
(By “Mintie.”) j
Did the Fairies send you, Mary, ’
From their magic land of light? '
/ can hear the Fairy whispers,
When you speak to us, at night.
Birthdays were not half so jolly,
Till we knew the Wireless Bird;.
John and Jean , and Jim and Polly
Scamper when their name is
heard.
Did the Fairies really send you,
From their land to 3LO?
Mary Gumleaf,, tell me truly,
’Cos I’d really LOVE to know.
HELLO! THE HELLO MAN.
Yes, he's writing for the
Mctrch “RADIO” An article
on the serious aspect of the
Bedtime story. He makes you
think more of the value of the
children’s session, and after
reading this article, you feel
confident that the story-teller’s
influence is a great one, and in
the case of 2FC, is in the rigfit
hands.
It is only one of rthe outstand-
ing features of this issue.'

==P.16 - The Economic Radio Stores Ad==

WE SELL IT FOR LESS *&quot;
SATISFACTION
5
SPECIAL
BARGAINS
Parts for “THE FOURSOME TWO” this issue
Cost £4 12/1 r
1 Polished Radion Panel, 12 x 7 x 3/16, cut true 5 3
1 E.C.O. .0005, one hole fixing straightline Condenser . 10 0
1 E.C.O. .00035, one hole fixing straightline Condenser 7 6
2 B.M.S. Vernier Dials, Bakelite, with logging windows, 6/6 13 0
1 Bakelite Former, Cut True, 3x3 1 0
1 ilb. 26 D.C.C. wire 110
1 Crescent 6to 1 Audio Transformer 13 6
1 Philmore Midget Condenser 4 3
1 De Jur, 400 ohm. Potentiometer 4 6
1 Philmore “Certified” 30 ohm. Rheostat 2 0
1 Brachstat Ballast, to suit Valve 4 9
1 Radioakes Radio Frequency Choke 8 6
3 Wetless Mica Condensers, .001, .002, .00025, at 1/6 4 6
1 Philmore 2-meg. leak and holder 2 0
1 Fuller li volt “Inert” dry cell 1 0
1 Everready 4£ volt “C” Battery 2 9
1 B.M.S. Push-pull Battery Switch 1 0
1 Fantail Single Circuit Jack 1 ?
9 Engraved Binding Posts, 4d - 3 JJ
1 Bakelite Strip, for terminal board 0 b
Guaranteed against burn-out for
one year.
“ Crescent ” Audio Transformer
Ratios, 6 to 1
and Sh to 1
13/6
COUNTRY CLIENTS.—Our parts are absolutely guaranteed to give satis-
faction. Send your orders to us conditionally that your money is refunded
if you are not satisfied with the goods upon receipt of same. Goods must
be returned to us within ten days. We Pay Carriage on all Orders of 10/-
and over, except on Speakers, Cabinets, Batteries, and Value Payable
Post Parcels.
Terms Cash with Order, or
Valuable Payable Post.
No discounts.
Valves —no responsibility unless
fragile postage rates are paid
by purchaser.
For QUICK SERVICE address Mail Orders to ECONOMIC RADIO STORES, 492 George Street, SYDNEY
“YOURS FOR LOWER PRICES AND SERVICE THAT SATISFIES”
THE ECONOMIC RADIO STORES
PARR VMATTA:
Cor. Macquarie and Church Sts.
’Phone: UW 9601.
SYDNEY:
25 NEW ROYAL ARCADE,
’Phone: M 6138.
NEWCASTLE:
No. 13 Union St.
’Phone: New. 1622.

==P.17 - The Foursome Two==

'''The Foursome Two'''
THE heading “Foursome Two” may sound ambiguous, but a glance at the diagrams will show why this receiver is so styled. Many readers have written us from time to time, asking for details of a circuit making use of Tetrode valves. Until recently it has been a difficult matter to obtain four electrode valves which were really worth the use thereof from an economical and efficiency view-point, but now it is possible to design a receiver of extreme
economy and yet retain the quality of volume combined with all other requisite features; by the use of suitable Tetrodes. The word Tetrode, as the reader will conclude, is the term applicable to the four electrode valve.
Many readers will probably “stall” at the idea of breaking new ground, and may consider the Tetrode something
beyond their ken until they have sufficiently mastered the ins and outs of the three electrode valve, or Triode.
There are differences, of course, which are material, but these will not pass beyond comprehension for those
who are sufficiently conversant with the function of the Thermionic valve. The main outstanding feature of the
four electrode valve is that it may be used with a considerably lower plate voltage than is possible with a three
electrode valve. A Tetrode of suitable design will also give a much higher amplification for a given B supply them with the Triode.
Evidence of the efficiency of the Tetrode is in the fact that the commercial long and medium wave receiver used for telegraphic communication on ships whose wireless installations are designed by one of the world’s leading wireless companies, uses a single Tetrode valve. The penetrating power of short waves is now well known and trans-world communication established daily; yet the writer remembers well that uncanny feeling when listening in Sydney harbour to signals emanating from GBL Leafield, in England, a few years ago.
The wavelength was in the region of 22,000 metres and the signal perfectly readable using a Tetrode detector and
a separate heterodyne oscillator.
The receiver, as described here, is illustrative of and well adapted to the use of Tetrodes. It will be found perfectly simple to control, highly sensitive, and above all, the last word in economy. A glance at the theoretical diagram will show that there is nothing terrifying to the novice about it. The arrangements of the components is quite straightforward, and mainly because it is thought that the enthusiast who builds such a set as this will want to find out something about its “modus operandi,” more controls are provided than are really necessary. The tuning coil used is centre tapped as shown, although this tapping need not be electrically central. Here is one immediate advantage of this receiver, which is that it is easily adaptable to a highly sensitive and' easily controllable short-wave receiver. In this case, it will, of course, be necessary to materially reduce the capacity of condenser Cl, which is normally .0005 mfd. for the broadcast band. The value of the inductance naturally will also require
LIST OF PARTS FOR THE
FOURSOME TWO.
Although the parts listed below and mentioned throughout the articles were those actually used by us in the receiver
described, it must be pointed out that it is not absolutely essential that they be rigidly adhered to.
Other parts of similar quality and technical values should function quite satisfactorily.
1 Dilecto formica or hard rub-
ber panel 12 x 7 x 3-16 in.
1 Baseboard li x 10 x lin.
1 .0005 variable condenser (Ge-
cophone).
1 .00035 variable condenser
(Gecophone).
If alternative makes, two
good quality vernier dials.
1 3in. former, three inches long.
1 Small reel 26 D.C.C. wire.
1 5 to 1 ratio transformer.
1 50 mfd. midget variable con-
denser.
1 400 ohms potentiometer.
1 30 ohm rheostat.
1 Amperite or Brachstat.
1 R.F. choke (Radiokes).
1 .001 fixe£ condenser.
1 .00025 grid condenser.
1 .002 fixed condenser.
1 Two meg. leak, with clips.
1 li volt dry cell.
1 41 volt C battery.
1 Battery switch.
I Single circuit jack,
9 Terminals.
Wood screws, 16 tinned cop-
ped wire, etc.
Valves recommended, two
Philips A 441.


reduction. A centre tapped coil for
short wave work will render tuning
quite easy with a fairly large value
of variable capacity in shunt. Note,
however, that if this receiver is
adapted for short wave work, that
the micro variable condenser C 3 in
the aerial lead must not under any
circumstances be omitted. This is
invaluable for the avoidance of “dead
spots” where oscillation ceases owing
to harmonics from the aerial-earth
system. For the present, however,
we will discuss the receiver as used
on the broadcast band of wavelengths.
It is interesting to note that if the
inner grid of the detector valve and
the inner grid of the amplifier to the
connections marked G 1 and G 2 were
omitted, then the circuit is virtually
an ordinary three electrode arrange-
ment which would require a mucn
higher value of B voltage.
We are indebted to our British con-
temporary. the “Wireless World,” for
the original idea of this receiver, vide
that well-known writer, Mr. Castel-
lain, B.Sc., and it will be noted that in
accordance with the original circuit
a potentiometer is provided as a
means of~ controlling the grid poten-
tial of the detector valve. A 11 volt
cell is provided in series with the
potentiometer arm and the grid leak.
The only actual advantage of this
potential differentiation, is that both
methods of rectification may be used.
This provides an interesting means of
comparison of the respective advan-
tages or disadvantages of leaky grid
or “anode bend” rectification. It is
possible to change over from one to
the other by simply rotating the
potentiometer control. By using
various settings of the potentio-
meter, the most efficient conditions of
signal strength may he noted There
is nothing complicated about the cir-
cuit which we will now go over in
detail. Condenser Cl is a .0005
variable condenser which should be of
the straight line frequency type. Con-
denser C 2 is also a good quality con-
denser with a capacity of .00025 to
.00035 mfd. C 4 is a grid condenser
of .00025, C 5 is a fixed condenser of
.002, although almost any higher
capacity will do in this position. Con-
denser C 6 has a fixed capacity of
.001, C 3 is a midget variable con-
denser with a maximum capacity of
50 mfd. This is invaluable as an
aid to selectivity and is most impor-
tant as a means of overcctming
“dead spots.” The grid leak has a
value of 2 megs, and the potentio-
meter of 400 ohms. R.F.C. is the
radio frequency choke, which in this
case is a “Radiokes,” but may be of
any other good make or construction.
The inter-valve transformer should
preferably have a ratio of 5 to 1, and
should also be of good manufacture.
The one used in the receiver described
is an A.W.A. The filament rheostat
on the detector has a maximum value
SHORT-WAVE SUPER-
HETERODYNE.
The outstanding article in
the March “RADIO” is by Ray
Allsop, chief engineer of 2BL,
in which he describes the con-
struction and operation of his
special Relay Short-Wave Su-
perheterodyne.
No radio enthusiast or experi-
menter should ?niss this article.


of 30 ohms, and the amplifier valve is
controlled by an automatic ballasting
resistance of the Amperite type. It
will be noted that A negative and B
negative are linked together and the
filament switch placed in the A nega-
tive lead. The tuning coil should
consist of 50 turns of No. 26 D.C.C.
wire on a 3 inch former three inches
long, and centre tapped, as shown.
This may be mounted permanently on
the baseboard or sub panel, but if the
reader desires to use this receiver for
short wave reception, then it is quite
a simple matter to construct a suit-
able mounting, having three pins so
that various plug in coils may be
used. A little experimentation will
be necessary with the number of
turns for short wave work, as the
reader will probably use a condenser
of far too high a capacity. The con-
denser used for broadcast reception
will be quite suitable provided that it
is controlled by a very fine reduction
vernier. For this reason, the Geco-
phone slow motion SLF condenser is
recommended, as it was found quite
easy to control the receiver on the
short wave bands by the use of this
condenser. Here it is well to mention
that the regeneration condenser C 2
should also be provided with a very
fine control if the receiver is to be
used for short waV€ work.
A single circuit jack is provided for
use with the headphones or the loud
speaker, but it should be thoroughly
understood that this receiver is not
designed for loud speaker reproauc-
tion, although this is possible to a
certain degree on strong signals. Al-
though inter-State stations are aud-
ible on the headphone, do not expect
loud speaker reproduction on long
distance signals. Before proceeaing-
any further, it is necessary to say a
little about the valves used with this
receiver. Two Philips A44l’s were
used and found highly satisfactory.
These valves have a filament voltage
of 3-4 volts with a filament current
consumption of .06 ampere. The
plate voltage is from 2 to 20 volts
and the amplification factor 4i. The
filament, pl&amp;te, and outer grid con-
nect in the usual manner with the
valve socket, but the inner grid is
connected with the body of the valve
and terminates with a connector on a
small strip of springy brass. These
valves may be used with any set em-
ploying three Bleotrode valves, by
simply connecting the inner grid to
the B positive of the B battery. Full
details of these valves are supplied
in the carton and they are highly re-
commended by the writer as a most
economical and efficient production.
By obtaining Tetrodes of this nature,
the reader will not subject himself to
any loss, as there are many applica-
tions in which they may be employed.
There are various aspects R.F.
amplification to which a TeLode is
particular’y suited.
A will be required measuring
12 x Tin. with a baseboard measuring
11 x lOin. Layout and mark off the
panel, in accordance with the mea-
surements given in the template dia-
gram. There are two main tuning
controls, consisting of condenser Cl
and C 2 respectiyely. In the receiver
used, these condensers were of Geco-
phone manufacture, but any good con-
densers may be substituted. The
condenser C 2 is the regeneration con-
trol and has a capacity of .00035
mfd. Below this condenser is placed
the single circuit jack. Condenser
Cl is located on the left of the panel
and has a capacity of .0005 mfd. Be-
low this is placed the battery switch.
The two knobs in the centre of the
panel are raspectively the 30 ohm
rheostat and 400 ohm potentiometer.


Mount the panel components first,
having attached the baseboard and
then layout as shown in the back of
panel diagram. The C battery and
the Is volt cell are both mounted on
the baseboard with the components.
Nine terminals are required and are
mounted in the usual way with a strip
of dilecto on the back edge of the
baseboard. A negative and B nega-
tive are linked together. It will be
noticed in the wiring diagram that
terminals G 1 and G 2 are shown with
arrows indicating the connection to
the inner-grids of the two valves.
This may be done by means of a short
length of flex, but if the reader so
desires he may arrange a small spring
clip on the baseboard close to each
valve, so that when the valve is
placed in the socket, the terminal of
the inner-grid will connect with the
clip. To avoid confusion, it is best to
make these two connections last of
all. Commence the wiring with the
filament circuit. From B negative, A
negative take a lead to one side of
the filament switch, and to the nega-
tive filament terminal of both valve
sockets. The positive terminal of the
volt C battery is also connected to
the negative filament supply. • Con-
nect up one side of condenser C 6 and
the potentiometer to the negative
filament supply and continue to the
earth terminal. From A positive join
to one side of the ballasting resist-
ance, controlling the second valve and
also to one side of the potentiometer.
From the aerial terminal run a con-
nection to one side of the 50 mfd.
variable condenser, and the other side
of this condenser to the rotor plates
of the tuning condenser Cl. The
rotor plates of this condenser are also
connected to one end of the coil. Join
up one side of condenser C 4, which is
the grid condenser with the rotor
plates of Cl and the other side of the
grid condenser to the grid terminal of
the first valve socket. The two meg-
ohm grid leak is connected to this
grid also, and thg other side to the
negative terminal of the 1 h volt bat-
tery and one side of C 5 as shown.
The other side of C 5 is connected to
the negative filament. The positive
terminal of the 1£ volt cell is con-
nected to the moving arm of the
potentiometer. Now connect up the
centre tap of the coil with the earth,
and the stator plates of condenser Cl
with the other end of the coil and
the stator nlates of the regeneration
condenser C 2. From the rotor plates
of C 2, a connection is made to the
plate of the first valve and one side
of the R.F. choke. The other side
of this choke is connected to . ter-
minal P of the primary of the inter-
valve transformer, and also to the
other side of the by-pass condenser
C 6. Terminal B of the primary of
the inter-valve transformer is con-
nected to the B positive D terminal
on the mounting strip. Terminal G
of the transformer secondary is con-
nectcd to he grid terminal of the
second valve socket in the usual way,
and terminal F to the negative ter-
minal of the 41 volt C battery. From
one side of the single circuit jack,
take a lead to the plate of the second
valve and the other side to the B
positive A terminal on the strip.
The other side of the 30 ohm rheostat
is connected to the positive filament
terminal of the first valve, and the
ballasting resistance to the positive
filament terminal of the second valve.
Place the valves in the sockets and
join up the two terminals G 1 and G 2
by means of a length of flex with the
terminal on the cap of each valve. A
four volt accumulator or dry cells
will be required with a B battery hav-
ing intermediate tappings up to zO
volts. The voltage on the inner grid
of each valve should be from 2 to 4
volts, but the reader will soon find
the best potential to apply. Connect
up the batteries and the aerial and
earth and plug in the telephones.
The tuning will be found exactly
similar to a Reinartz receiver, and
the strength of signals equal to a two
valve receiver using Triodes with the
normal higher B voltage. The first
test of this receiver was made with
an extremely long aerial in an un-
screened position, and owing to this
the variable midget condenser was
found to be a valuable asset toward
selectivity. Rotate condenser Cl
until a station is tuned in and then
increase the capacity of C 2 until
maximum volume is obtainable with-
out oscillation. Vary the setting of
the potentiometer, and note the dif-
ference in the control of oscillation.
It will be found that reaction is per-
fectly smooth, and that there is no
bangsring into oscillation and out
again. Inter-State stations were
easily received on the headphones,
and 2BL, 2FC and 2GB well audible
in a medium sized loud speaker. Sub-
sequently the coil was changed for a
short wave coil, and the receiver
proved itself admirably suited for re-
ception at the higher frequencies.
For this reason, Gecophone con-
densers were used owing to their ex-
tremely fine control. By using a
centre tapped coil the higher capacity
of the condensers was not seriously
detrimental to tuning. The receiver
proved itself intensely interesting,
being efficient and, above all, ex-
tremely economical.
OVER FIFTY Inverell residents
accepted the invitation of their Dis-
trict Hospital committee to attend
the official opening of the hospital
radio set, the installation of which
was completed three weeks ago.
The night was ideal for the occa-
sion, and reception could not have
been much clearer. Shortly after 8
o’clock a message of congratulation
came over the air from 2FC, Sydney:
“Hello, Inverell. We congratulate
the committee of your hospital on its
decision to install wireless, and the
successful conclusion of its efforts.
We also congratulate the generous
people of Inverell and district who
have made possible the installation.
If they desire any thanks, we ask
them to look to-night at the smiling
faces of Doreen Jarrett, Jackie Hoey,
and George Truman, in the children’s
ward.”
Following this message, the gather-
ing listened for an hour to pro-
grammes broadcast from stations in
Sydney and Melbourne.
Mr. McKie, president of Tingha
Hospital, said he hoped the time was
not far distant when his hospital
would also have a radio installation.
Ho remarked that wireless was one
of the finest things that could be in-
stalled in any hospital.
The cost of the installation was
£l6O. The set is a Bremer Tully.
There are 27 pairs of head-’phones
for patients, as well as three loud-
speaker points in the wards. There
is also a loud-speaker point in the
nurses’ quarters and the matron’s
room.
♦
JAZZ NIGHTS.
The regular Wednesday jazz nights
are proving very popular at 4QG, and
messages, reporting appreciative re-
ception of the music by Alf. Feather-
stone and his Studio Syneopators,
continue to reach the station. It has
been the practice lately to include
humorous items between dance num-
bers, and this, too, has been greatly
appreciated.
+ __
WIRELESS IN FLOOD TIME.
The very heavy rains of the past
week, resulting in flooding through-
out the State, brings home the value
of wireless to those living in low-
lying areas.
4QG makes a point of broadcast-
ing the fullest information, as sup-
plied by the Weather Bureau and the
newspapers, so that those whose
lives may be in danger by flood shall
receive ample warning of an impend-
ing rise in the water-courses to dan-
ger level. To country residents es-
pecially, wireless is a necessity, for
when mails are held up through im-
possible roads, they are supplied
through the ether with the latest
news and .weather bulletins.
WHAT IS A HAM?
Ever thought how the word
“Ham” came to be applied to
Amateur Radio Experimenters?
The dictionary does not mention
the connection. Few Hams
themselves can give you an au-
thentic account of its deriva-
tion. 2ZY does so, though , in
the March “RADIO.” All en-
thusiasts should read this amus-
ing skit on radio fanatic.

==P.21 - Wireless Sought as Aid to Sport==

'''Wireless Sought as Aid to Sport.'''   '''Its Worth Recognised'''
ONE of the surest evidences of
ignorance is fear. Only a few
months ago sporting organisa-
tions, chief among them racing clubs,
were clamoring for a ban on the
broadcasting of fixtures. They
thought it would keep people away.
To-day these same people welcome
with open arms the broadcasting of
sporting fixtures, knowing wireless as
the greatest advertising medium the
world has ever known. Confidence is
one of the most reliable indications of
knowledge.
3LO’S Big Part.
3LO has played a big part in bring-
ing about this change of attitude. It
has taught sporting bodies to regard
wireless not as an enemy, but as an
ally. It has done this through service
—service to sporting organisations
and to the public of Australia. Its
successful descriptions over the air of
important sporting fixtures in all
branches has done much to bring
about a tremendous uplift in the
standard of Australian sport. Aus-
tralian swimmers, cyclists, runners,
and tennis players, to mention a few,
have done things which none thought
they could accomplish. Why?' Be-
cause wireless, 3LO particularly, has
created a new public interest in these
men, and as a consequence a new de-
sire to excel in the men themselves.
Services Paid for Overseas.
Such is the demand for wireless
publicity from various sporting
bodies that 3LO has found it impos-
sible to accede to their requests al-
ways. This is evidence of the general
appreciation of the usefulness of
wireless as a means of popularising
and making known a particular sport
The experience of broadcasting com-
panies overseas has been the same
as that of 3LO. The difference is,
however, that sporting organisations
in other countries, notably America,,
often offer the companies large sums
of money to broadcast their fixtures,
realising that they can reach far more
people in the best possible way than
by any other means. Wireless, in
sport, has become indispensable.
Sustaining Interest.
What wireless really does for sport
Is this. It sustains interest among
those who follow a sport, it enlight-
ens others on what is doing, and it
keeps all right up to the minute with
his or her favorite sport so that there
is little likelihood of interest waning,
and supporters of any sport falling
off. Wireless is daily creating new
fans. Overwhelming evidence in
support of these statements is found
in every branch of sport. Wrestling
was never spoken of in more than a
hundred Melbourne homes until wire-
less descriptions of the Stadium
matches were broadcast. What was
the result? The wrestling fever
spread and one of the biggest wrest-
ling booms the Commonwealth has
ever known ensued.
Tennis and Cycling.
Tennis and cycling have never en-
joyed such wide popularity as they do
to-day in Australia. The attendances
at tennis matches Were, until recently,
notoriously small. Even international
matches failed to awaken much in-
terest. Then the matches were
broadcast, and the result—Kooyong
not large enough to hold the crowds
which wanted to see the last cham-
pionships there. The newspapers at
the time commented upon this new in-
terest, speaking of the sudden de-
velopment of the “fan” in tennis— an
individual to take a place with the
football and cricket fan armies.
Cycling, too, has benefited immeasur-
ably from the publicity given it by ac-
counts broadcast by 3LO from the
motordrome. It was largely due to
the interest created in our cyclists
that Australia was able to send away
her Tour de France team. That *s
generally conceded.
Cricket and Racing.
Of cricket is has been said that it
cannot be adequately described over
the air. But the interest which broad-
cast accounts of big matches creates,
has been reflected in the big attend-
ances at Sheffield Shield matches this
year. When Ponsford was making his
record score against Queensland re-
cently the crowds flocked out to see
him. They had heard of it on the
wireless. Again, when things looked
black for Victoria in the match against
New South Wales here, the crowds
flocked to the M.C.C. to watch the
struggle. 3LO had told of the fight in
progress. The broadcasting of horse
races is undoubtedly a big factor in
maintaining interest. Men, and women
too, are able to follow form almost as
well as if they were watching the
races. Nothing can compare, of
course, with the actual thrill of watch-
ing a race, but then, only wireless could
fill the gap, as it were, for those who
are unable to go some Saturday.
Gustav Froelich to Attack Back
Stroke Record.
The performances of the German
swimmer, Gustav Froelich, since his
arrival in Australia have stamped him
as among the world’s foremost swim-
mers. At the Y.M.OA. baths on
Thursday, March 15, Froelich will at-
tack the world’s 100 yards back stroke
record. The attempt will be described
by 3LO, and should prove of absorbing
interest to swimmers all over the
Commonwealth, ft will be&lt; remem-
bered that it was at the Y.M.C.A.
baths last year that Ivan Stedman
made an onslaught on the 220 yards
breast stroke record in an effort Ko
win the 3LO cup, given to an athlete
who breaks an Australian record.
Stedman was successful, and was pre-
sented with the cup.
Roller Cycling Championship.
An account of the Green Mill roller
cycling championship of Victoria will
be broadcast by 3LO on the night of
March 19.
Interstate School Cricket.
3LO has made arrangements to
broadcast results of the triangular
State school cricket matches between
Victoria, New South Wales and
Queensland to be played in Sydney on
March 22nd and 23rd. Thousands of
school children in all States, and in the
three States concerned particularly,
will be eager to hear the accounts of
the doings of their champions.
Frank Beaurepaire to Talk.
Holder of 120 championship titles,
Frank Beaurepaire is undoubtedly en-
titled to the honor of Australia’s most
famous swimmer. “Boy” Charlton
and other young performers have
brought renown to Australia with
their feats, but Beaurepaire’s remarkable consistency has won for him a distinction which younger exponents
cannot yet lay claim to. Included in Beaurepaire’s 120 championships are 20 championships of Australia, 14 of
England, five of France, three of Belgium and four of Finland.
Frank is recognised, therefore, as an authority on swimming, and it is with particular pleasure that 3LO announces that he will speak from the studio on the night of March_2o on the subject of “General Swimming Technique.” Beaurepaire has been swimming for nearly 30 years, and only this year won the 880 yards championship otf Victoria—a wonderful performance for a swimmer who was opposed to youths just getting into their swimming stride.
In all those years of active participation on champion:«hips the world over Beaurepaire has assimilated a fund of knowledge on all swimming points imaginable. The popular saying, “What he does not know about it is not worth knowing,” might aptly be applied to Frank Beaurepaire.
March 20 offers an exceptional opportunity for swimmers to learn some helpful points on swimming.

==P.22 - Radio in ANZ Ad==

Have The March ( Radio ’
Delivered To Your door
See Also
Subscription Form
on Page 62
LTERE is your opportunity of
1 1 making sure of receiving a copy of the special exhibition issue of ‘ RADIO ’ delivered free to your
home.
You should not miss this issue even
if you do not get ‘ RADIO ’ regular-
ly, for it contains, in addition to the
two leading technical articles of the
year, short stories of merit, humorous
articles illustrated by the best artists
and numerous other features, both
important and interesting to radio
enthusiasts.
PLEASE send post free to the follow-
ing address, one copy of the
Special Exhibition Number of
“RADIO,” for March 21, 1928, for
which I enclose 1/1 in stamps.*
Name . . . . ? . ... ..... .r.?.-. . . .
Add reSS &gt; .' • •
*•» .... . f*T»l . • !«X.' .
• • . . • « v
• &gt;?
•Note. —This places me under no obligation
rhatever to subscribe regularly to “Radio.”
Fill in, clip oat, and forward this
coupon to the “Circulation Department,
Wireless Newspapers, Ltd., 51
Castlereagh-street, Sydney,” enclosing
1/1 in stamps. A copy of the Special
MARCH Issue of “Radie” will be
posted to you by return mail.

==P.23 - BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES==

BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES
for the COMING WEEK
Friday, March 23
2FC, SYDNEY.
Farmer’s Broadcasting Service.
Wave Length, 442 Metres.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
,10.15 a.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A reading. •
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m.— Studio music.
11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and
Recipes by Miss Ruth Furst.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 P-m. “Big Ben.” Weather intelligence
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news 'ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1-20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 P-m. Eileen Moreau, soprano.
1-34 p.m.—Studio music.
1-55 p.m.—Eileen Moreau, 60Drano.
2 P-m.—“ Big Ben.” Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m. Big Ben” and announcements.
p.m.—Thelma Mitchell, mezzo:
“Big Lady Moon” (Coleridge Taylor).
3.7 p.m.—Popular records.
3.15 p.m.—Kathleen Colls, mezzo.
3.19 p.m.—Studio music.
3.26 p.m.—Thelma Mitchell, mezzo:
“That’s All”” (Brahe).
3.30 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall, on
the occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibi-
tion, a programme by 2FC artists:
Harry Whyte, novelty pianist:
(a) “My Pet” (Confrey).
(b) “Bluin’ the Black Keys” (Schutt).
8-38 p.m.—Daisy Sweet, contralto:
Sk !l,? Ummer Night” (Thomas).
(b) Still, as the Night” (Bohm).
Platf ° rm of the Sydney Town
3.46 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumental novel-
ties:
“Stars an Stripes for Ever” (Sousa).
3.54 p.m. William Bowyer, basso:
“Sea Haven” (Anderson).
3.59 p.m.—Claire violinist:
“Concerto” (de Beriot).
4.5 p.m.—Daisy Sweet, contralto-
ihl °f, Ve ” (de P^yvaal).
(b) My Rose” (Langtry).
4.11 p.m.—Sammp Cope, instrumental novelty:
“Because I Love You” (Berlin).
4.18 p.m.—William Bowyer, basso:
“All a Merry Maytime” (Ronald).
4.21 p.m.—Claire Hartgs, violinist:
“Midnight Bells” (Kreisler).
4.2 G p.m.—Harry Whyte, novelty pianist:
“Pianoflage” (Lange).
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Kathleen Colls, mezzo.
4.35 p.m.—Studio music.
4.47 p.m.—Results of the Cricket Match,
played in New Zealand to-day:
Australia versus New Zealand.
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
5.45 p.m.—The “Hetyo Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story tipie for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
The 2FC Racing Commissioner will give the
latest Sporting Information.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m. Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News’’ late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
&lt;•45 p.m.—S. Gordon Lavers talks on the
“Music Teachers’ Conference”:
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
“A Seat in the Park.”
8.10 p.m.—From the platfoqp of the Sydney
Town Hall, or the occasion of
The Radio Electrical Exhibition,
A programme by 2FC a.-tists:
Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Red Lips Kiss My Blues Away” (Bryan
Movaco Wendling).
(b) “My Idea of Heaven” (Johnson Sher-
man Tobias).
8.18 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall:
Eileen Boyd, contralto;
(a) “Still as the Night” (Bohm).
(b) “Soul of Mine” (Burns).
8.26 p m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter-
tainers :
(a) “Ain’t that too bad.”
(b) Piano solo, Selected.
8.34 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Blue Room” (Rodgers).
(b) “The Girl Friend” (Rodgers).
8.42 p.m.—Wally Baynes, well-known come-
dian in Drolleries.
8.52 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor:
(a) “The Message” (Blumenthal).
(b) “Dolorosa” (Montague Phillips).
9 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “I won’t kiss ycu Good-night” (Tucker
Moore).
(b&gt; “Russian Lullaby” (Berlin).
9.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
&gt;A talk on Sport by ,T. H. Fay:
“Secrets of the World’s Jumpnig Cham-
pions.”
9.25 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto:
!!™ e Silver Ring ” (Chaminade).
(b) When all was Young” (Gounod).
9.33 p.m.—Ernest Archer, - tenor •
“My Beloved Queen” (Fabian 'Rose)
9.3 &lt; p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band •
(o) “Yesterday” (Wilhite).
(b) “My Regular Girl” (Warren-Green).
9.47 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenos:
&quot;The Message&quot; (Bkimenthal).
9.51 p.m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter-
tainers :
(a) “You can’t walk back from an aer*“’'l‘**
ride.”
(b) Banjo novelty.
10 p.m.-—“Big Ben.”
Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Grand and Glorious” (Yellen-Ager).
(b) ‘Doll Dance” (Brown).
10.12 p.m.—Wally Baynes, comedian:
(a) &quot;When Banana Skins are Falling” (Mil-
ler).’
(b) “The Railway Porter” (Scott).
10.20 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Me and My Shadow” (Dreyer).
“ Just like a Butterfly” (Dixon Woods).
10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.31 p.m. C&gt;ril Coy's Dance Band:
(a) “There's a something nice about you”
(Wendling).
tb) “A Night in June” (Friend).
10.57 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and late
news.
11 P-m. —“Big Ben.”
Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
Popular numbers.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem
2BL, SYDNEY
Broadcaster’s Ltd.
Wave Length, 353 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION. 8 to 9 am.
MORNING SESSION.
10 m° a m ~ G -P O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from the Studio.
10 p^r?af” NeW8 fr ° m the Da ‘ ,y Te,egra P h
IO.SO a.m.—Musical programme from the
otuaio.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Talk on “Croquet,” by Miss Gwen Varley.
Broadcast r’s Women’s Sports Authority.
Social Notes. Replies to Correspondents.
Talk on “heeding the Family,” by Mrs.
Jordan.
12 noon. G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Spec.a l ocean, forecast and weather report,
o, p : m —Musical programme from the
otuaio.
12.8 P.m. -Information, mails, shipping, and
port directory.
12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless.
12.13 p.m.—Fruit market report.
12.16 p.m.—Vegetable market report.
L pm ' London metal market report.
12-19 p.m.—Dairy farm and produce market
report.
12.22 p.m.—Forage market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit market report,
toon P-m * —Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—-H.M.V. Gramaphone recital.
J on p,m '— Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Talk to
nu-Vj en • an £ special entertainment for
Children in Hospital.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.


AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information broadcast immediately
after each race by courtesy of the &quot;Sun”
Newspapers.
8 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Talk by Mrs. Jordan.
3.15 p.m.—Civil Service Stores Trio, direc-
tion, Miss de Courcey Bremer.
3.30 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk on “Sweets,” by Miss Kathleen Jor-
dan.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Civil Service Stores Trio.
4.15 p.m.—Talk on &quot;The Women of Ancient
Rome.”
8.35 p.m.—Pianoforte Recital from the Studio.
4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
4.55 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
5 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Fruit and vegetable
Market report. Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce Report (&quot;Sun.”).
N.R.M.A. Talk.
6.45 p.m.—Country news from the “Sun.”
f p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Gulbransen Dinner Music.
f. 30 p.m.—Talk on &quot;Gardening Science,” by
Mr. Cooper. Park Superintendant City
Council.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dance Night. Anne Henderson's Happiness
Girls in Dance Numbers.
6 p.m.—The Sporting Editor of the “Sun”
will talk on the prospects of Saturday's
racing.
6.15 p.m.- Romano’s Restaurant dance orches-
tra, under the direction of Mr. Merv Lyons,
broadcast from Romano’s.
6.25 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Gordon Ireland (songs at the Piano).
9.30 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orcbes-
tra.
8.42 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Douglas Graham (Scotch Comedian).
8.49 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orches-
tra.
9.59 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Gordon Ireland.
10.6 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orches-
tra.
10.16 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Douglas Graham.
10.23 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares, Government Meteorologist.
10.30 p m. —Romano’s Restaurant dance or-
chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv.
Lyons. During intervals between dances,
“Sun” news will be broadcast.
11.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea.
National Anthem.
2GB, SYDNEY
Theosophical Broadcasting Service.
Wave Length, 316 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m. —Music.
10.10 ajn.—Happiness Talk by Alfred E.
Bennett.
10.20 a.m. —Music.
10.30 a.m. —Women’s Session by Miss Helen
J. Beegling.
11 a.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2 p.m.—Music.
2.7 p.m.—Address.
2.22 p.m.—Music.
2.37 p.m.—Address by Miss Needham.
3 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
5.30 p.m.—Music and Childrens’ Session by
Uncle George.
7 p.m.—The Joys of Wireless.
7.15 p.m.—Music.
7.30 p.m.—Address by Arthur Beaufoy.
7.45 p.m.—Music.
8 p.m.—Opening Chorus.
8.2 p.m.—Violin Sonata by Mr. Dan Scully
and Mr. Leonard Brewer.
8.15 p.m.—Address.
8.30 p.m.—2Gß Vocal Quartette:
Miss Ethel Jones, Miss Eva Casimir, Mr.
Thomas Hall, Mr. Clement Hosking.
8.38 p.m.—Flute solos by Mr. Leslie Sproule.
8.45 p.m. —Songs by Miss Eva Casimir.
8.62 p.m. —Pianoforte solos by Miss Molly
Jones.
9 p.m.—Recital by Mr. Heath Burdock.
9.20 p.m. —2GB Vocal Quartette.
9.27 p.m. —Violin Duets by Mr. Dan Scully
and Mr. Leonard Brewer.
9.35 p.m.—Songs by Miss Ethel Jones.
9.42 p.m. —Flute Solos by Mr. Leslie Sproule.
9.50 p.m.—Songs by Mr. Clement Hosking.
10 p.m.—Close down.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
Broadcasting Co. of Aust.
Wave Length, 371 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Morning Session.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.27 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
7.33 a m.—Weather forecast for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m. —News.
8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal.
8.1 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
8.5 a.m. —News. Sporting information.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—3EO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comfort* with a
minimum of cash.
HOME-MADE SOAP.
3Vs-lbs. fat (use all burn or waste fat from
kitchen).
5 quarts water, %-lb. resin.
1 tin caustic soda (small), 3 tablespoons
borax.
Clarify fat (if burnt or discolored) by
boiling it in 1-pint water. Pour it into a
the sedment off the bottom of the fat.
tin and allow it to set. Next day scrape
• Melt fat and allow it to become warm.
Dissolve caustic soda in the water, mix in
the fat, soa, resin and borax. Stir until
well mixed. Put on to the fire and str
until boiling. Boil two hours. Pour into
a box lined with a wet cloth. Next
day cut into blocks and allow to dry. It
is a splendid laundry kitchen soap.
11.5 a.m.—MRS. EWAN LITTLEJOHN:
“A Talk to the Mothers of Girl Guides and
those who wish to join.”
11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m.—&quot;AU FAIT.” l
11.40 a.m.—Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—Under the ausices of the Public
Health Deartment, DR. VERA SC-ANTLE-
BURY will speak on:
“Summer Dangers to Infants.”
AFTERNOON SESSION.
12 noon. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchang e this day.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
Reuters’ and The Australian Press Asso-
ciation cables. “Argus” news service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Rus:et and Gold” (Sanderson).
12.30 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“The Blind Ploughman” (Clarke).
“I Pitch my Caravan” (Coates).
12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, violin:
“Hullamzo Ballaton” (Hubay).
12.47 p.m.—ALMA HORLOCK, soprano:
&quot;There are Fairies at the Bottom of th*
Garden” (Lehman).
“If no one ever marries me (Lehman).
12.54 a.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Lonely Hours” (English).
“Contra Dance” (Beethoven).
1 p.m.—Melbourne Observatory Time SignaL
1.1 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“Verti La Giubba” (Leoncavallo).
“Requiem” (Homer).
1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather forecast for Victoria, Tasmania,
New South Wales and South Australia.
Ocean forecast. River reports.
FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH will con-
tinue her Viola Recitals. To-day she will
give
“Concerto for Alto Viola,” 2nd movement
(Garl Stanitz).
1.25 p.m.—ALMA HORLOCK, soprano:
&quot;Nicaela’s Aria” (Carben).
“Le Roi D’ys” (Lale).
1.32 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Jevington Suite” (Loughborough).
&quot;Nocturne” (Crest).
1.45 p.m.—Close down.
2.15 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA :
Selection, &quot;The Boy” (Monckton).
“Siamese Patrol” (Lincke).
2.30 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone:
“The Temple Bells” (Finden).
&quot;Marguerita” (Lohr).
2.37 p.m.—THE KNOCKABOUTS:
Those Scintillating, Syncopating Sentiment-
alists, in:
“You guess—and see who is right.”
2.44 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
&quot;La Sera Melodie” (Gounod).
3 p.m.—FRANCES FRASER:
“TRAVEL, LITERATURE AND ART,
AND THEIR CORRELATION. ‘Home Keep-
ing youths have ever lonely wits,' was the
way in which Shakespeare indicates the
value of travel, and Bacon followed by writ-
ing an essay full of advice to those about
to travel; but merely travelling about from
one place to another place is not an educa-
tion, nor is it even a pleasure, unless the
eyes are open to see, the ears to hear and
the mind to receive impressions of the life
of various nations, as it is expressed in
their customs, their music, their art, and
their literature.”
3.15 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
&quot;Andante Cantabile” (Tschaikowskj).
&quot;March Characteristique Orientale” (Mar-
key).
3.26 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, Soprano:
&quot;A thrush’s Love Song”
&quot;Music When Soft Voices Die' (Bishop).
3.33 p.m.—GILBERT BISHOP, violin aolo:
Selected.
3.40 p.m.—HUXHAM’S SERENADERS:
Hugh Huxham, Renn Millar,
Edith Huxham, Dolly Burdett.
Quartette: &quot;Smiling Eyes,” The Quartette.


Solo, “Go to Sea,” Rann Millar.
Chas. McFee, Tenor Sax —Selected.
Eastern Quartette, “Cairo,” Edith Huxhara
and Company.
Humorous item, “ Vs Wonder Why,”
The Quartette.
Ned Tyrrell, Banjo—Selected.
Operatic Quartette, “The Waltz Song,”
from “Romeo and Juliet,” Serenader
Quartette.
4 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
‘ Andante Cantabile from the First Sym-
phony” (Beethoven).
4.10 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone;
“Non e Ver” (Nattei).
’“The Adjutant” (Fischer).
4.17 p.m.—THE KNOCKKABOUTS, in more
“Scintillating, Syncopating Sentimentalism”
4.24 p.m.—THE STATION CRCHESTRA:
“Dance of the Egyptian Maidens.”
“March of Triumph,” “Enlry of the Gladiators” (Fuick). *•-
4.34 p.m.—MOLLY V A OKAY, soprano:
“Pipes of Pan.”
“The Cuckoo” (Lehmann).
4.41 p.m.—PERCY CODE, Cornet solo:
Selected.
4.45 p.m.—Special Weather report from Adelaide. Weather report fc .* Mildura district.
4.46 p.m—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Adagio Sosteni.to” (Be. thoven).
Selected.
5 p.m.—“Herald” news ervice. Stock Exchange information.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6120 p.m.—CAPTAIN DONALD MacLEAN,
“The Spanish Conquests—“ How the Dons discovered the treasures of the World.”
6.35 p.m.—“BILLY BUNNY”:
&quot;Stories of the Australian Bash.”
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket Stock Sales by the Associated Stock and Station Agents, Bourke-street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Excharge information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish Market reports by J. R. Bcr-
rett. Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River report*-.
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry, Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce, Potatoes, and Onions. Market reports of Fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Association. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
Fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants, Association. Citrus fruits.
17.30 p.m.—Under the Auspices of the
r DEPARTMENT OF ACRICULTURE, J.
BRAKE, Senior Inspector of the Agriculture Department, will speak on “Wheat
Cultivation in New Malle ? Country.”
7.45 p.m.—COLLINWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
March, “Gladiator’s Farewell.”
Novelty March, “Awake” (Handel).
7.55 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“The Erl King” (Schubert).
“Vulcan Song” (Gounod).
8.2 p.m.—H. K. LOVE:
'‘Technicalities.*
Mr. Love will be glad to attend to your wireless difficulties, and we ask you to write to him for any advice that you may require.
8.12 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
“Soldiers' Chorus” (“Fiust”).
8.19 p.m.—MOLLY MACXAY, soprano:
&quot;Musetta’s Song.”
“Wind Song” (Rodgers).
8.26 p.m.—ERIC AKINS will speak on
“To-morrow’s Events at the Motordrome.”
8.36 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
Trombone solo, “The Tyrcban.”
(Soloist, A. Thorn.
“Selected.”
8.46 p.m.—ZRNEST SAGE, baritone:
“O, lhank Me Not” (A. ] lallinson).
“Over the Westeri. Sea.”
“Sing, Break into ; ong.”
8.53 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS*
BAND:
Selection from Comic Opera.
9.3 p.m.—HUGH HUXHAM’S SERENADERS.
Quartette: “Isle of Bim Bam Boo,”
The Quartette.
Solo, ”c,mile Through Y'.ur Tears”:
Dolly Burdett. contralt .
LES RICHMOND, Piano:
“Selected.”
Humorous item:
&quot;the Silv’ry Sea,” The Quartette
Quartet, “The Yale Flues,” The Quartette.
TASMA TIERNAN;
’Cello, “Selected.”
Operatic Quartette:
“Companiona,” from “Ernani,” The Quar-
«etu.
9.„0 p.m.-COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS*
BAND:
Selected.
9.30 p.m.—PROGRAMME OF GIPSY MUSIC
arranged by MISS MARY CAMPBELL, of the Albert Street Conservatorium.
MARY KINGSTON and DAWN HARDING.
Duets:
“Know Ye, Loved One” (Brahma).
“From Woods Around” (Korbay).
IDA SCOTT. Piano:
“Hungarian Dance” (Brahms).
DAWN HARDING, Songi
“o*er the Lit ic Lily” (Koj jay).
“My Brown Boy” (Korbay).
MARY GASKIN, violin:
“Hungarian I.'ance No. 5, G Minor”
(Brahms-Hu bay).
MARY KINGSTON, songs-
“ Sun Brown J r.d is Leading” (Brahma).
“Rosebuds T 1 rc &quot; (Brahms*
IDA SCOTT, Piano;
“Spanish Gipsy Dance” (Mowrey).
DAWN HARDING. Songs:
“Songs My Mother Taught Me” (Dvorak).
“Cloudy Heights of Tatra” (Dvorak).
MARY GASKIN, Songs:
'“Down in the Valley,” Hungarian Folk Songs.
“Gipsy Music.”
“The Gipsy’s Price.”
IDA SCOTT. Piano:
“Hungarian Dance” (MacDowell).
J. TOWARD KING, baritone i
“Fad a Horse” (Korbay).
Vihepherd, see thy horse’s foaming mane”
(Korbay).
Accompaniste: Ida Scott.
10.27 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteorological information. Road notes. BritishOfficial wireless news from Rugby. IslandShipping notes. The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s SAFETY MESSAGE for Today is for MOTORISTS:
“Always carry a spare bulb for your headlights, the same as you do a spare tyre.’ -
10.30 p.m.—“CARDIGAN” (Mr. H. A. Wolfe) will speak on tomorrow’s races. Results of Triangular State School Cricket between
Victoria, N.S.W. and Queensland, played at Sydney.
10.53 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Battling Butler” (Braham).
11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“Let no man be sorry he has done good ;
because otherr. concerned with him have
done evil. If a man acted right, he has
done well, though alone; if wrong, the
sanction of all mankind will not justify
him.” —Fieldi ig.
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS.
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
Associated Radio Co. J
Wave Length, 484 Metres.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928. j
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
3AR, Melbourne, —Friday, March 23, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSIOTT.*
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 258 Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton, Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
2 p.m—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance
Session by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band.
All the latest popular hits, each one announced prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m.-‘-Melbourne Concert Orchestra*
Suite: “The Fragrant Year” (Ewing&gt;,
2.44 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano*
2.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra*
3.8 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano:
“Duetto” (Mendelssohn).
3.12 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
3.35 p.m.—lnterval Talk on Cookery in the House.
3.45 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano.
5.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
4 p.m.—-G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.pi.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous entertainer : v
“My Word. You Do Look Queer” (Weston and Lee).
4.10 p.m.—Mtlbourne Concert Orchestra:
“On Jheluua River” (Amy Woodforde-Finden).
4.26 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, trumpet:
“Macushla&quot; (Margetson).
4.30 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock humorous entertainer :
“The Market&quot; (Wilcocfc).
4.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
4.55 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment. Announcements.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says &quot;Five.” God Save the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—3AR’S Cousin Peter.
EVENING SESSION.
BALL ROOM AND CONCERT HALL.
7.15 p.m.—Health Session : Mr. George Beattie, Principal of the Beattie College of Physical Culture, on “Physical Fitness.”
7.30 p.m.—Sport Session: “Harlequin” presents his budget of news and comments on Sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s Stock Reports.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.”
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“L’Arlesienne, Part 2” (Bizet).
8.18 p.m.—Miss Diane Lovell, soprano.
8.26 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians._
8.42 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
“Elegie,” unaccompanied (Donjou).
6.46 p.m.—Mr. Norman Carter, entertainer*
Some more Snapshots.
8.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Qrchestr#,
9.9 p,m.—Miss Diane Lovell, soprano.
9.16 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
0.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert. Orchestra :
Selection: “The Cabaret Girl” (Kern).
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Tep.”
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, specially for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m.—Mr. Michael Connolly, Irish baritone.
10.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
10.27 p.m. —Mr. Michael Connolly, Irish baritone.
10.35 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.50 p.m.—“Age” News Bulletin, exclusix s to
3AR.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” GodSave the King.


4QG, BRISBANE.
j Queensland Radio Service
Wave Length, 385 Metres.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
1 p.m.—Market reports ; weather information ;
“The Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard”
news.
1.30 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p-m.—Standard time signal.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times.
3.31 p.m.—A programme of music.
4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph” news; weather
news.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
€ p.m.—Mail train running times: “Daily Standard” news; weather information; announcements.
6.10 p.m.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “The Sandman.”
7 p.m.—Special news service; market reports; stock reports.
7JO p.m.—Weather news ; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signal.
7.45 p.m.—A review of to-morrow’s racyvg.
NIGHT SESSION.
The first portion of the programme will comprise a radio novelty.
Station 4QG has received from Palings the full parts for a choral number. These have not been seen by any person and have been placed in a sealed package.
At eight o'clock the station will change across to the Brisbane Scho«d of Arts, where the Brisbane Eisteddfod Choir (Conductor, Mr. Robinson), will be at work. 4QG's Announcer will hand the sealed package to the conductor of the choir before the microphone and he will open it, distribute the parts and immediately commence a rehearsal.
The conductor of the choir has promised that by half-past eight the' choir will give a first-class rendering of the number which
neither he nor any of the choristers have seen.
8 p.m.—From the Brisbane School of Arts.
Radio Novelty—The Brisbane Eisteddfod
Choir at Rehearsal.
PART 11.
In response to numerous requests, particularly from returned soldiers, the third of the three diggers' plays which were broadcast last year—“ The Battalion Reunion” —will be repeated.
The first and second of the three “Off Duty” and “Homeward Bound” were repeated in January and February.
“The Battalion Reunion” is a radio play in
■which the adventures of four diggers who meet at a Smoke Concert after twelve months in civil life are related.
Cast:
Dad Mr. Tom Mullar
Bill Mr. H. Gilroy
Snowy Mr. Ray Bruce
Long ’Un Mr. J. P. Cornwell
Yvonne Miss Thelma Champion
The Colonel Mr. G. Williamson
Speaker Mr. A. Rees
Officers. Chairman, comrades, etc., by members of the “Studio Orpheans.”
The Musical Numbers will include soldier
songs and choruses.
8.30 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO:
Digger Play—“ The Battalion Reunion.”
10 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO:
“The Daily Mail” news; weather news;
close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
Central Broadcasters, Ltd.
Wave Length, 395 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes.
12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service.
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Exchange Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the studio “Recreator.”
1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. j
3.1 p.m. Musical numbers on the studio “Recreator.”
3.30 p.m.—Menu talk by “Homelover.”
3.45 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. W’ard and Co.’s Stock Exchange Intelligence.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O.. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s entertainment—Amscols
Half-hour.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Recreator.”
6.55 p.m.—General market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co.. A .E. Hall and Co., Dalgety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union, Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Association, Interstate Fruit and Produce Market Co. Ltd.
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—Stock Exchange Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service.
7.15 p.m.—Talk by Nurse Grigg, of Nestle—
Anglo-Swiss Condensed Mil Co. (Australia) Ltd. —“The Feeding of Infants.”
7.30 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
7.35 p.m.—Baritone solo. Syd. Morrell.
7.40 p.m.—Selection. Studio Orchestra.
7.50 p.m.—Quartette, Apollo Quartette.
7.55 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Relayed from Malcolm Reid's showrooms—orchestral selections by Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra.
7.15 p.m.—Baritone solos, Syd. Morrell.
7.20 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra.
8.30 p.m.—Quartette. Apollo Male Quartette.
8.35 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra .
8.45 p.m.—Baritone solos, Syd. Morrell.
8.50 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat report.
9.3 p.m. —Station announcements.
9.5 p.m.—Quartettes, Appollo Male Quartette.
9.10 p.m.—Selection. Studio Orchestra.
9.20 p.m.—Operatic Recital. Antonio Molinari.
9.30 p.m.—Talk by Mr. S. B. Opie, (Field
Officer) “Tobacco Growing.”
9.45 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.52 p.m.—Operatic recital, Antonio Molinari.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1- p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.15 p.m.—Selections, Studio Orchestra.
10.25 p.m.—Relay from the Maison de Dance,
Glenelg, Dance Music.
10.55 p.m.—Saturday’s programme and me-
teorological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem.
6WF, PERTH
Westralian Farmer’s.
Wave Length, 1250 Metres.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH; 1928-
morning SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supp &lt;1 by the Me-
teorological Bureau of We.. ; Au ralia.
1.2 p.m.—Studio Quintette, conducted by Mr.
Val Smith.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—Orchestral music played by Hoyts
Orchestra, . conducted by Mr. Harold Par-
tington, relayed from Hoyts Regent Theatre,
William Street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—Tune ih.
The Evening Transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy. ,
7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News.
7.45 p.m.—Racing talk by the Sporting editor
of “Truth” Newspaper Coy.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations to
programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Popular Night.
Musical programme from the studio, includ-
ing vocal and instrumental artists.
Items by the Misses Mason and De Boulay,
Instrumental Duo of the s.s. Katoomba.
9.35 p.m.—Health talk by Mr. H. S. Hatton,
Principal of Hatton’s Physical Culture
School.
10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The
* Daily News” Newspaper Co., Ships within
range announcement; Weather report and
forecast.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m.
7ZL, HOBART
Tasmanian Broadcasters, Ltd.
Wave Length, 516 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.1 p.m.—Musical Selections.
3.5 p.m —Hobart Stock Exchange quotations.
Weather forecasts. Items of interest.
3.15 p.m.—Musical Selections, continued.
4.15 p.m.—Educational Talk.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Children’s Corner, with the Radio
Lady.
7.15 p.m.—Young Folks’ gardening chat, by
Mr. George Nation.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Fruit, Poultry, and Prodcue re-
ports, through the courtesy of Roberts and
Co., Ltd.
7.35 p.m.—Gardening Talk by Mr. George
Nation, Glen Nurseries, Cascades.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.


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8.1 p.m.—Broadcast, by direct wire, from
Lyceum Club, Hobart: Weekly Lecture.
9.30 p.m.—Cricket Chat by Mr. A. O’Leary.
9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
6.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special interstate news
service. Ships within wireless range. Tas-
manian district weather reports. 9 p.m.
weather reports. Travellers’ week-end in-
formation. Tasmanian district weather re-
ports. Station announcements. Saturday’s
programme.
10 p.m.—Close down.
Saturday, March 24
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—&quot;Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m. —Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A reading.
10.45 a.m. —Stjdio music.
11 a.m. —&quot;Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m.—A.PA. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m. —Studio music.
11.15 a.m. —A talk on Home Cooking and
Recipes by Miss Ruth Fnrst.
11.30 a.m. —Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange.
12.3 p.m.—Studio music
12.20 p.m.—&quot;Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
12.25 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—&quot;Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
NOTE: During the afternoon the Racing
Events at Rosehill will be described by the
2FC Commissioner.
Musical items will incllde:
From the Studio:
Howard Leighton, novelty pianist.
From the Ambassadors:
At intervals between 3.30 p.m. and 5 p.m.:
“The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
From the Crystal Palace Theatre. George
Street. Sydney:
The Crystal Palace Orchestra, oonducted by
Harry Cross.
4.45 p.m.—Complete sporting resume, includ-
ing scores .of the Cricket Match, played in
New Zealand to-day:
Australia versus New Zealand.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
6.45 p.m.—The &quot;Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m. —Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe:
Dinner music by the Pavilion Orchestra.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
From the Studio:
Late Sporting News.
7.15 p.m.—Weather intelligence.
7.18 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
7.28 p.m.—Studio music.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Studio music.
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
From the Hay market Theatre.:
The Haymarket Operatic Orchestra, under
the baton of Stanley’ Porcer.
8.20 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe, in connec-
tion with the New South Blinded
Soldiers’ Association :
A Concert by 2FC Artists to the N.S.W.
Blinded Soldiers:
Brunton Gibb, elocutionist:
“Bertram on Business” (Rutherford).
8.30 p.m.—Cliff Arnold, novelty pianist.
8.40 p.m.—Louise Homfrey, lady baritone.
8.48 p.m.—Norman McLennan, baritone»
(a) “The Irish Fusilier” (Squire).
(b) “Tommy Lad” (Margetson).
8.56 p.m.—-Charlie Lawrence, entertainer.
9.5 p.m.—From the Haymarket Theatre:
The Haymarket Operatic Orchestra.
9.15 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.16 p.m.—Dr. T. J. Henry: A talk on
“Harlem—the Negro Metropolis. ’
9.30 p.m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter-
tainers :
Popular numbers. Banjo novelty.
0.38 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe:
Further items from the Concert to the
N.S.W. Blinded Soldiers.
Cliff Arnold, novelty pianist.
9.40 p.m.—Brunton Gibb, elocutionist:
“The Transformation of Mary” (Spencer,.
9.46 p.m.—Norman McLennan, baritone:
“Ben the Bo’sun” (Adams).
9.49 p.m.—Charlie Lawrence, entertainer.
9.55 p.m.—Louise Homfrey, lady baritone.
10 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Eden and Jack Landeryou, entertainers:
Popular numbers.
10.8 p.m.—From the Ambassadors:
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
10.15 p.m.—From the Studio:
Eden and Jack Landeryou, entertainers.
10.22 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.23 p.m.—The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio:
To-morrow’s programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Antneui.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
ft
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION, 8 to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Social Notes by Mrs. Jordan.
Talk on &quot;Simple Cooking for Children,” by
Mrs. Jordan.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
12.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
12.25 p.m.—Sporting and athletic fixtures.
12.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the.
Studio.
12.40 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
12.50 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from the Studio.
2.15 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
2.30 p.m.—Pianoforte Recital from the Studio.
2.45 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
3.10 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
3.30 p.m.—CONCERT BROADCAST FROM
THE RADIO AND ELECTRICAL EXHIBI-
TION AT THE SYDNEY TOWN HALL.
Broadcaster’s Instrumental Trio.
3.37 p.m.—Miss Nellie Ravens, Contralto.
3.44 p.m. —Mr. Warwick McKenzie, violinist
3.51 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Mc;Calium, baritone.
3.58 p.m.—broadcasters, instrumental Trio.
4.5 p.m.—Miss Nellie Ravens.
4.12 p.m.—Mr. Warwick McKenzie.
4.19 p.m.—Mr. Leslie McCallum.
4.26 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio,
Accompanist: Mr. G. Vern Barnett.
Announcer: Mr. B. W. Kirke.
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio. News from the
“Sun.”
4.40 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio •
4.45 p.m.—Resume of Races held during the
afternoon.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
6.30 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
Racing resume and results of day’s sport-
ing.
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner Music.
7.30 p.m.—Talk on “The Aborigines,” by
“Bringa.”
B p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Mr. Roger Jones, baritone.
8.8 p.m. —Mr. Reg. Harrison, comedian.
6.15 p.m.—Broadcast from the Radio Exhi-
bition at the Sydney Town Hall.
The Cheer-oh girls under the direction &lt;fi
Mrs. S. Bennett White.
&lt;3.15 p.m.—From the studio:
Mr. Roger Jones.
9.22 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
0.29 p.m.—Miss Mab Fotheringham, soubrette.
0.36 p.m.—M. Reg. Harrison.
9.43 p.m.—Miss Phyllis Atkinson.
9.50 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
9.57 p.m. —Miss Mab Fotheriugham.
10.4 p.m.—Miss Phyllis Atkinson.
10.11 p.m.—Resume of following day’s Pro-
gramme.
10.15 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra
under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson broad-
cast from the ballroom of the Wentworth.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Morning melodies.
7.20 p.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES.
7.33 a.m. —Weather forecasts for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m.—NEWS.
8 p.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m. —Morning melodies.
8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information.
Shipping, Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m. —Morning melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “Merchant of Venice.”
11.15 a.m. —MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Thou Art Like a Lovely Flower” (Schu-
mann). ‘
“Les Cloches” (Debussy).
11.22 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Songs of India from the Legend Sadka”
(Rimsky-Korsakov).
“Spanish Rhapsody.”
11.32 a.m.—HUXHAM’S SERENADERS :
Song, “I Don’t Like Being Tickled by a Fly&quot;
The Quartette.
Song. “ In the Land.” Hugh Huxham.
Percy Code.
Cornet, “Selected.”


Special Exhibition
a
RADIO
59
Don’t miss the Special Exhibition Number of “RADIO.&quot;
The best issue yet published. Strong in technical matter,
rich in interest, and light with humour. Printed in two
colours and profusely illustrated. The features include:
RAY ALLSOP’S SHORT-WAVE SUPERHETERODYNE
How to make a super-heterodyne which will tune in any short-wave broadcasting
stat.on ,n the world at good loud-speaker strength. A description by the Chief
Engineer of 2BL (Ray Ailsop, 2YG), of the remarkable shortwave receiver used to
pick up and relay the British and foreign stations heard from 2BL. You must see
this circuit—it’s the best and latest.
THE 1928 BROWNING-DRAKE
A newly-developed and more efficient Browning-Drake of two valves-a regenerative
detector and one stage of K.F. as a complete unit with a single control panel arrange-
ment Separate amplifier units employing either transformer or resistance coupling
Will be described. By Don B. Knock (2NO).
ADVENTURE YARN BY “BRASSO”
Something new. Hi-Jackers and rum-running in the Atlantic. An Aussie brasspounder,
a Yank, and the short waves. Best thing yet written by Brasso.
SHORT STORIES HUMOUR ARTICLES
Alarm! A short story about a broadcasting studio-a woman's intuition-warning-
and bush fires. Also, “The Echo of Eden News Service,’’ and “How Noah Got His
Weather Reports During the Flood.’’ Humorous drawings by Jack Waring, Mark
White, and others. A. S. Cochrane (Hello Man 2FC) on the Bedtime Story. The ideal
wavelength for International Broadcasting.
Watch for Special Cover on Bookstalls
On Sale March 19®*


Duet, “The Garden Wall.” Edith and Hugh
Huxham.
Solo, “The Open Road.” Renn Millar.
Gilbert Bishop.
Violin, “Selected.”
Quartet, “The Inflammatus,” from “Stabat
Mater.”
11.52 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Fox trot, “By the Shalimar” (Mazine).
“Marcheta” (Schertzinger).
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —Melbourne Obesrvatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—Australian Mine sand Metals Asso-
ciation from the London Stock Exchange
this day. British official wireless news from
Rugby. Reuter’s and the Australian Press
Association cables. “Argus” news service.
“NOTES THAT RIPPLED WAVE ON
WAVE.”
12.20 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Plantation Melody” (Farwell).
Who is Sylvia?” (Schubert).
“Siamese Patrol” (Linke).
12.30 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Se Saran Rose” (Arditi).
“Saper Voreste” (Verdi).
12.38 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.41 p.m.—HENRY TROMPF, baritone:
London Silhouettes —“The Fortune Hunter.&quot;
“Up ’Lugate Hill” (Willoughby).
12.48 p.m.—NED TYRRELL, banjo:
“Selected.”
12.53 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
&quot;Hymn to the Sun from The Golden
Cockerel” .
1 p.m -Meloburne Observatory time signal.
1.1 p.m. —Meteorological information. Weather
forecast and rainfall for Victoria. Tas-
mania, South Australia and New South
Wales. Ocean forecast. River reports.
1.8 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“The Land of the Rose” (Gilbert).
THE FOUNDATION OF MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH, viola, will
to-day give specially selected items from
the works of the masters.
1.25 p.m.—HENRY TROMPF, baritone:
“Salaam&quot; (Mary Lang).
“A Spirit Flower” (Tipton).
1.32 p.m.-THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“In a Chinese Temple Garden” (Ketelby).
Bolero, &quot;Spanish Dance’’ (Moszkowski).
“Les Serenata de Argentina” (Olsen).
1,45 p.m.—Close down.
2 p.m.—Description of Yannathan Trial
Hurdle, 2 miles, run at MOONEE VALLEY,
by “Musket,” of the ‘Sporting Globe.”
2 5 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRICKe/T
—Semi-finals. *
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.- HARRY SIIUGG’S BAND I
Selection. “Gipsy Love” (Lehar).
2.30 p.m.—Description of Calliope Handicap.
5 furlongs, MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by
&quot;Musket,” of the &quot;Sporting Globe.’’
2.35 P-m. —OeScription of PENNANT CRICKET —Semi-finals.
2.50 p.m.— HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
•Minuet in G” (Beethoven).
Idyll. My Syrian Maid” (Rimmer).
8 p m.—Description of Quality Handicap, 6
furlongs, MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by
“Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
8.5 p.m.— HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Waltz, “The Druids’ Prayer” (Dayson).
“Selected.”
3.15 p.m. —Description of PENNANT CRIC-
KET —Semi-finals.
8.30 p.m.-HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Overture, “Prince and Peasant (Round).
“Selected.”
f. 40 p m. —Description of Moonee Ponds Handi-
cap, 1)4 miles, MOONEE VALLEY RACES,
by “Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
3.45 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRIC-
KET —Semi-finals.
4 p.m.—HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Selection, “The Maid of the Mountains”
(Simson).
Selected.
4.20 p.m.—Description of Trial Mile, MOONEE
VALLEY RAQES, by “Musket,” of the
“Sporting Globe.”
4.25 p.m. —Description of PENNANT CRIC-
KET —Semi-finals.
4.40 p.m.—HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Fox Trots, “My Blue Heaven” (Danoldson).
“Me and My Shadow” (Jolson).
4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report from the Mildura \ is-
trict.
4.50 p.m.—Description of Sherwood High-
weight Handicap, 7 furlongs. MOONEE
VALLEY RACES, by “Musket,” of the
“Sporting Globe.”
4.55 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex-
change information.
6.10 p.m. —Close down.
6.50 p.m.—Sporting results.
EVENING SESSION.
g p.m.—PENNANT CRICKET—Semi-finals.
Stump scores.
6.1 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday
greetings by “LITTLE MISS KOOKA-
BURRA.”
6.20 p.m. —Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m.— LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA:
&quot;A story for the Little Ones.”
6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.40 p.m.— LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA:
“A Story for the Older Children.”
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—Sporting results. Acceptances for
Werribee Races, Wednesday, 28.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m. -Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—River reports.
7.20 p.m. Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Cooperative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay. straw, jute, dairy produce, pota-
toes and onions. Market reports of fruit by
the Victorian Fruiterers’ Assocation, retail
prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by the
Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association.
Citrus fruits.
7.30 p.m.—E. E. PESCOTT will speak on:
“Australian Pine Trees and other Conifers.”
7.45 p.m.—Dr. J. A. LEACH will speak on
“Black Cocoktoos.”
8 p.m.—Speeches from the Trades Hall Dinner.
Toast, “The Day We Celebrate.”
Proposed by Mr. C. J. Holloway, Sec. of the
Trades Hall Council, with song at interval
by Mr. J. Clinton.
FROM THE STUDIO.
8.30 p.m.— SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND:
Fox trot. “Drifting and Dreaming”
(Schmidt).
Waltz Song, “Honolulu Moon” (Lawrence).
8.40 p.m.- MOLLY MACKAY. soprano:
“Nymphs and Sylvans” (Bemberg).
“The Hoot Owl.”
8.47 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “The Orcid” (Monckton).
8.57 p.m.—Description of events at the Motor-
drome by “Olympus.”
9.7 p.m.— SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND:
Selection, “Operatic Melodies” from Caryll,
Monckton and Suulivan’s Operas (Arr.
A. C. Southye).
Song, “I passed by your window.”
©l7 D m .—HUXHAM’S :
Song, “I never wronged an Onion —The
Quartette.
Solo, “Land of Hope and Glory’ —Len Mil-
lar.
Will Page, xylophone solo, selected.
Duet, “Hunting,,—Hugh and Edith Hux-
ham.
Quartette, “Faraway Bells”—The Quartette.
Harold Moschetti, tenor, Sax. —Selected.
Quartette, “Dream of Home” —Serenade?
Quartette.
0.37 p.m.—Description of to-night’s Stadium
event by NORMAN McCANCE. At the con-
clusion of the match, NORMAN McCANCE
will give a resume.
1C p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection from “Li’ Lombardi” (Verdi).
10.7 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“A Ballad of Gretna Green” (Brahe).
“Bonnie Dundee.”
10.14 p.m.—SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND
Song, “Mother Machree” (Olcott and Bell).
Intermezzo, “Swing Song” (Zameacnik).
Song, “Sometimes in Summer” (Bennett).-
10.24 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Mimi’s Song” (Puccini).
“A de a oiseaux” (Hiie).
10.31 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA*
Selection, “The Rise of Rosie O’Reilly.”
10.41 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“The Wanderer” (Schubert).
“The Garden of Allah” (Chas. Marshall).
10.48 .pm.—Late sporting news.
11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“Oh wad some power the gif tie gie uf
To see oursel’s as others see us !
It would frae monie a blunder free ut
And foolish notion.
Burns —to a Louse.
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS.
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
12 noon to 1.54 p.m.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Paton. Ltd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
Sports Results. During the afternoon, the
results of the Moonee Valley races will be
broadcast, immediately after each race is
run, together with other information.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance
Session by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band
The latest popular hits, each .one announced
prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m. —Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Schumann Songs” (Ar. Roberts).
2.46 p,m—Miss Stella Challen, soprano:
“I Love the Moon” (Rubens).
“Still as the Night” (Bohm).
2 53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, clarinet:
“La Militaire” (Raymond).
3.13 p.m.—Miss Stella Challen, soprano*
“Ave, Maria” (Cooper).
“If My Songs Were Only Winged (Hahn).
8.21 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“A Hillside Melody” (Phillips).
8.30 p.m. —Interval announcements.
3.40 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestral
“La Source” Ballet Suite (Delibes).
Suite: “Andalusia” (Miramontes).
4 p.m— G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4 1 p.m. —Second weather forecast.
4 ; 3 p.m.—Mr. Alan T. Eddy, bass baritene:
“The Erl King” (Schubert).
“The Still Room” (Arundale).
4.11 p.m:—Melbourne Concert Orchestral
“Canzona del Violino” (Schebek).
“Three Famous Pictures” (Wood).
4.26 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg. flute:
“Claire de Lune” (Debussy).
4 30 p.m.—Mr. Alan T. Eddy, bass baritones
“I Want to be Ready” (Negro Spiritual).
“Swing Low,/ Sweet Chariot” _ (Negr#
Spiritual).


The Milliard Master - Valve with the
Wonderful P.M. Filament with
English or U.X. Base Remains the
Same Price - - - - 13/6
BUT
WHILE THE STOCKS LAST
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4.37 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Musical Gems of Tschaiwowsky” (Ar.
Langey).
“Consolation” (Wood).
4.55 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment. An-
nouncements.
5 p m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.” God Save
the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Uncle Mac.’s Entertainment.
EVENING SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-d.to news and
comments on Sport of the day.
7.45 p.m.—Every Man’s Garden. Special
week-end talks by Mr. W. R. Warner, Pre-
sident of the Nurserymen’s and Seedsmen’s
Association of Victoria.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.”
8.1 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.16 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Williams. humorous
entertainer:
“It’s Lucky I Keep My Temper” (Grain).
&quot;Flappers” (Hylton).
8.24 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.40 p.m.—Miss Jessie Shmith. contralto:
&quot;Don’t You Mind the Sorrows” (Cowles).
“I Love You Mqre” (Dorothy Lee).
8.47 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, saxaphone:
“Saxarella” (Wiedoeft).
8.50 p.m.—Announcements.
9.2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.18 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Williams, humorous en-
tertainer :
&quot;Dude Patter” (Manuscript).
“I’m Burlington Bertie from Bow” (Har-
greaves) .
9.26 p.m—Ayavz Dansonlana
9.42 p.m.—Miss Jessie Shmith, contralto:
“Sometimes in my Dreams” (d’Hardelot).
“Dedication” (Franz).
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Ten.”
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonirns
10 1 p.m—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin:
“Bolero” (Bohm).
10.23 p.m.— Ayarz Dansorians.
10.33 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, cornet:
I'Killamey” (Balfe).
10.37 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.50 p.m.—To-morrow’s Entertainment. An-
nouncements.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night quote
is taken from the poem. “Out ol the Si-
lence.” by George Essex Evans.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” God
Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE
SATURDAY. MARCH 24th, 1928.
NO MORNING TRANSMISSION.
NO MIDDAY TRANSMISSION.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
TATTERSALL’S RACES.
The Tattersall’s Club Race Meeting will be
described direct from the Ascot Racecourse.
The commencement of transmission will depend
upon the starting time of the first race, and
will a 3 usual be announced from the studio
at 7.45 p.m. on the evening preceding the
meeting. ,
FROM ASCOT —Tattersall’s Club Meeting.
6 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “Uncle Ben.”
7.15 p.m. —Racing results.
7.20 p.m.—To-day’s sporting news described.
7.30 p.m.—Sailing Notes by Fred Smith.
NIGHT SESSION.
8 p.m.—Orchestral Music by the Tivoli Opera-
tic Orchestra, under the baton of Mr. C.
Groves.
8.45 p.m.—FROM THE SPEEDWAY:
Motor Cycle Races.
9.30 p.m.—FROM LENNON’S BALLROOM:
Dance Music.
10 p.m. —“The Sunday Mail” News.
Weather news. Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
11.1 a.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
11.30 a.m. —Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
1.15 p.m. (Approx).—Relayed from the Gaw-
ler Racecourse, a running description of
events by Mr. Arnold Treioar, interspersed
with musical numbers and interstate re-
sults from the studio.
5.10 p.m. ( Approx).—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.50 p.m.—Summary of the afternoon’s racing
results..
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s entertainment.
6.40 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7.5 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Exchange
Intelligence.
7.16 p.m. —Talk on Mission Heroes.
7.30 p.m.—“Books and Bookman” by C. G.
Riley.
7.45 p.m.—Resume of local and interstate
sporting results.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Final Judging of SCL Bonniest
Baby Competition and musical demonstra-
tion arranged by SCL at the Adelaide Town
Hall.
10.30 p.m.—Local and interstate sporting re-
sults.
10.40 p.m.—Relay from the Maison de Danse,
Glenelg—Dance Music.
10.55 p.m.—Sunday’s programme.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem.
6WF, PERTH.
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
12 noon. —Tune in.
12.5 p.m.—Musical Programme, including
pianoforte selections by Miss Evelyn Wills,
A.R.C.M.
12.47 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m.—Close down.
1.55 p.m.—Tune in.
AT ASCOT.
Running commentary of the following
Racing events relayed from Ascot Race-
course, Ascot.
2 p.m.—Maiden Plate (One Mile).
2.40 p.m.—Armidale Handicap (six furlongs).
3.2op.m.—Harvest Handicap (five furlongs).
3.30 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO:
Musical programme, including vocal and in-
strumental artists.
Progressive cricket scores.
4 p.m. —Summer Plate (One Mile).
4.40 p.m.—Charity Handicap (One mile and
a Quarter).
5.20 p.m.—Kalamunda Handicap, Welter
(Seven furlongs).
5.30 p.m.—Close down.
6.45 pjn.—Tune in.
The evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 p.m.—Birthday greetings for the Kiddies
by Uncles Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.10 p.m.—Sports results.
7.20 p.m.—Markets, News and Cables.
7.20 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
7.45 p.m.—Talk.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations
td programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Music and song.
Musical programme from the studio, in-
cluding vocal and instrumental artists.
Motor cycling events described in detail
relayed from the Claremont Speedway.
9 p.m.—Talk on the J?olo Tournament by Mr.
Lawson Weir.
10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather report and forecast.
Sports results.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m. ,
7ZL, HOBART

SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
Broadcast from the T.C.A. Ground, descrip-
tion by Mr. A. O’Leary of the cricket
match, Newtown v. Sandy Bay. Progress
racing and sporting results from the Studio.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Uncle Hector’s Corner.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Musical Selections.
7.50 p.m-—“Mercury” special Tasmanian news
service. Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock
Exchange quotations. Sporting results.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes.
8.15 p.m.—Dance numbers b ythe Pavilion
Dance Band from the City Hall, Hobart, in-
terspersed with items from the Studio.
10.20 p.m.—British Official Wireless news.
Weather information. Station announce-
ments. Sunday’s Programme. Close down.
Sunday, March 25
2FC, SYDNEY.
MORNING SESSION.
10.40 a.m.—PrograriilW announcements.
10.45 a.m. —From the Christ Church, St. Laur-
ence:
The Morning Service.
Organist, Christian Hellemann.
12.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Musical items and news service.
12.30 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.30 p.m.—Programme announcements.
2.35 p.m.—&quot;Broadcasting conditions in Eng-
land” : A talk by Frank E. Buckel.
2.50 p.m. —From the Congregational Church,
Pitt Street, Sydney:
An Organ Recital by Lilian Frost, recently
returned from a tour abroad.
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
From the Band Rotunda, Coogee Beach:
The Randwick Municipal Band:
(a) Fantasia, “Knight Errant” (Trussell).
(b) Waltz, “Donan Wellen” (Ivanicur).
(c) Selection, “Gems of Sullivan” (Sullivan).
(d) Selection, “Down South” (Ketelby).
(e) March. “Underhill House” (Moorhouse).
Conductor, E. P. Kerry.
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.


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EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben” and programme
ments.
6.5 p.m.—Captain Fred Arrons will deliver a
talk on
“The Humors of History.”
6.18 p.m.—Kenneth Hunt, tenor:
(a) “God that madest Earth and Heaven”
(Sanderson).
(b) “A Legend” (Tsi haikowskyj .
(c) “How many hired servants,” from “The
Prodigal Son” (Sullivan).
6.27 p.m.—From ;the Petersham Congregational
Church:
An Organ, Orchestral and Vocal Recital:
Organ:
(a) “Light Cavalry” (Suppe).
(b) Overture, “Egmont” (Beethoven).
Ambrose F. Gibbs, L.L.C.M.
6.41 p.m.—Orchestra:
(a) “Rouseasu’s Dream.”
(b) “Et Incarnitius” (Haydn).
(c) “Sun of my Soul.”
(d) “Stand up for Jesus.”
(e) “Gloria” (12th Mass) (Mozart).
6.56 p.m.—Vocal:
J. Prior: Two selected items.
7 p.m.—Orchestra:
(a) “Palestine.”
(b) “Agnus Dei” (Mozart).
(c) “St. Arin’s.”
(d) “I love to hear the Saviour’s voice.”
(e) “Only an armour bearer.”
(f) “Holy, holy, holy,” from “Elijah.”
715 p.m.—The Evening Service from the
Petersham Congregational Church:
Minister, Rev. A. P. Doran:
Invocation and Lord’s Prayer.
Hymn, “O fir a thousand tongues to sing.”
Lesson.
Anthem, “There is a Green Hill” (Gounod).
Lesson.
Hymn, “I heard the voice of Jesus say.”
Prayer.
Violin duet, “Ave Maria” (Mascagni).
Mr. Roy Scott and Matter Gorden Scott.
Anthem, “Seek ye the Lord” (Bradley).
Hymn, &quot;Lead, Kindly Ligl t.”
Sermon.
Hymn, “Guide me, O Thou Great Jehovah.”
Benediction.
8.80 p.m.—From the Band Rotunda, Coogee
Beach:
The Randwick Municipal Band, conducted by
E. P. Kerry:
(a) Selection, “Classical Favorites” (Rim-
mer).
(b) Waltz, “Dreams of Ocean.”
(c) Selection from “Rose Marie” (Friml).
(d) Morceau, “Lea Cloekes St. Etienne”
(Hume).
(e) Selection. “Echoes of Opera” (arr. Sed-
don).
(f) March, “Washington Poet&quot; (Sousa).
©.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Peter Gawthome, baritone:
(a) “Three Shakespeare Songs” (Roger
Quilter).
(b) &quot;Two American-Indian Songs” (Charles
Wakefield Cadm an).
i. 42 p^n. —Alexander Sverjensky, pianoforte
solos:
(a) &quot;Adagio from C Minor Sonata—Pathe-
tigue” (Beethoven).
(b) “Largo from D Major Sonata—Pathe-
tique” (Beethoven).
8.52 p.m.—Peter Gawthorne, baritone:
“Jnst So.” Stories by Rudyard Kipling.
(Music by Edward German.)
10.5 p.m.—Alexander Sverjensky. pianoforte
solos:
(a) “Hum Wesque” (Rachmaninoff).
(b) “Lotus Land” (Scott).
(c) “Gavotte Joyeuse” (Mozart-Boscoff).
10.15 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
1.045 a.m.—Special news service.
11 a.m. —Service broadcast from Chalmers
Presbyterian Church.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special session for Children in hospitals.
2.15 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramaphone Recital.
2.45 a.m.—Special information service.
8 p.m.—Music from the studio.
4 p.m.—Organ recital broadcast from Chal-
mers Presbyterian Church.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes
National Anthem
EVENING SESSION
6.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children's Session.
7 p.m.—Service broadcast from St. Jude’s
Church of England, Randwick.
6.30 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
6.37 p.m. Miss Millie Hughes, soprano
8.44 p.m.—Miss Dulcie Blair, violinist.
6.51 p.m. Mr. Cyril James, baritone.
8.58 p.m.—Miss Norah Alexander, elocutionist
9.8 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter, ’cellist.
0.15 p.m.—Miss Linda Hartge, contralto.
0.22 p.m. —Broadcasters Trio.
0.29 p.m.—Miss Millie Hughes.
0 36 p.m.—Miss Dulcie Blair.
0.43 p.m.—Mr. Cyril James.
0.50 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter. *
0.57 p.m.—Resume of following day's pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares, Govt. Meteorologist.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
10.1 p.m.—Miss Linda Hartge.
10.8 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
10.15 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
SUNDAY. 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—Bells from St. Paul’s Cathedral.
10.45 a.m.—Express train information.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
News from yesterday’s papers
11 a^?o&quot;^ MORNING SERVICE FROM BAP-
-IIST CHURCH, COLLINS STREET
MELBOURNE.
Preacher: REV. W. D. JACKSON BA
Choir Director: MADAME ELLA KING-
STON.
Sanctus.
Call to '
Prayer and Lord’s Prayer (sung).
Hymn, “Welcome, Happy Morning.”
Scripture. Philippians, IV., 10-23.
Children’s Talk.
Quartette. “Lowley Kneel We in Submission.”
(Gounod).
Notices.
Offertory.
Offertory Prayer.
Anthem. “From the Throne of His Son”
(Stainer).
Prayer.
Hymn. “I Do Not Ask, O Lord.”
SERMON: “The Secret of Contentment and
Power.”
Hymn, “Peace, Perfect Peace.”
Benediction.
The Choir of the Collins Street Baptist
Church is well 'known for its skilful work
in the production of oratories not often
heard in Melbourne
On Wednesday, March 28, at 8 p.m. it will
be rendering Gounod’s “Mors et Vita.”
12.15 p.m.—Giose down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
“Methinks in thee some blessed spirit doth
speak
—This powerful sound within an organ weak.”
SONORA RECITAL OF THE” WORLD’S
MOST FAMOUS RECORDS.
2 p.m.—PIANO SOLO:
“Sonata in F Minor for Pianoforte, Op. 5”
(Brahms).
Played by Percy Grainger.
Part 1. Allegro maestoso.
Part 2. Allegro maestoso.
Part 3. Andante.
Part 4. Andante.
Part 5: Intermezzo (Retrospect).
Part 7. Allegro moderato ma rubato.
Part 8. Allegro moderato ma rubato.
SONGS—
Norman Allin, bass:
“The Jewess—Tho’ Faithless Men”
(Halevy).
“Little Cattle, little' Care” (Waugh and
Jackson).
ORCHESTRAL—
Overture, “Der Freischutz,” Part 1 and
2 (Weber).
State Opera Orchestra, Berlin, conducted
by Dr. Leo Blech.
3 p.m.—PLEASANT SUNDAY AFTERNOON
FROM CENTRAL MISSION, LONS-
DALE STREET, MELBOURNE.
Chairman: Rev. J. H. CAIN.
Hymn No. 112, “Ye Servants of God.”
P-rayer, Rev. C. Irving Benson.
Orchestral selection, Mr. G. M. Williams,
Conductor.
Hymn No. 81: “There’s Not a Friend.”
Solo, Mr. -J. M. Hill, “Gipsy Dan” (Russell)
Orchestra.
Solo, Mr. J. M. Hill, “The Chapel in the
Woods” (Bennett).
Notices.
Offering. \-
Orchestra.
ADDRESS.
National Anthem.
Benediction.
Orchestra.
4.30 p.m.—J. HOWLETT ROSS:
“The Passion Pay at Ammwgau.”
4.45 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
CHILDREN’S HOUR.
Storyteller, “BROTHER BILL.”
6 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday
greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.25 p.m.—“BROTHER BILL.”
“Strike While the Iron is Hot.”
6.45 p.m.—Bells from St. Paul’s Cathedral.
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—EVENING SERVICE FROM ST
PAUL’S CATHEDRAL.
Exhortation.
General Confession.
Absolution.
The Lord’s Prayer.
Versicles and Responses (Ferial).
Psalm—sl.
Ist Lesson.
Magnificat (Tarrant in Mode 10).
2nd Lesson.
Nunc Dimittis (Tarrant in Mode 10.).
The Apostles’ Creed.
Collects.
Anthem, “Blessed Jesus” (Dvorak).
Prayers.
Hymn (A. &amp; M.) 200, “We Sing the Praise
of Him Who Died.”
SERMON, BISHOP GREEN.
Hymn 520, “Love Divine, All Love
Excelling.” «
Benediction.
FROM THE STUDIO—
-8.30 p.m.—Birthday Greetings and announce-
ments. Island shipping movements.
8.32 p.m.—Song Feature of the Week.
8.35 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
Overture, Arc” (Wright).
Test Piece, British Trade Exhibition. Con-
test.
Championship of Victoria, March 15, 1928.
8.47 p.m.—VIOLET JACKSON,_ Soprano (by
permission of J. C. Williamson, Ltd).
“A Brown Biid Singing” (Haydn Wood).
“Morning” (Oley Speaks).
8.54 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND: v &gt;
Selection, “111 Crociato in Egitte.”
9.6 p.m.—STORIES OF OPERAS, Part 1.
9.3 6p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND.
Hymns, “Edwinston.”
“Rutherford.”
9.43 p.m.—VIOLET JACKSON, soprano:
Selected.
9.50 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Announce-
ments.
ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VIC-
TORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR TO-
DAY IS:—
“If you expect other people to avoid in-
juring your children, you should take care
not to injure the children of others.”


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10 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“The world makes way for a resolute
soul, obstacles get out of the way of a deter-
mined man who believes in himself.”
10.1 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING CHURCH SESSION.
11 a.m.—Morning Service from St. John’s
Church, Melbourne. Minister: Archdeacon
Lamble.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Anniversary Service of the Kensington
Methodist Church, broadcast from Ileming-
ton Town Hall. Minister: R»v. Geerge F.
Dyson. Choirmaster: Mr. Fred. Harry.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
8 pan.—Special Children's Hour.
EVENING CHURCH SESSION.
T p.m.—Evening Service from the Brunswick
Methodist Church, Brunswick. Minister:
Rev. E. Lewis.
EVENING SESSION.
5.30 p.m.—Brunswick Panatrope Entertain-
ment, broadcast from Pauatrope House, 252
Collins Street, Melbourne (by exclusive per-
msision of Wills and Paton, Ltd.), under
the direction of the Panatrope Committee.
9.31 p.m.—The B.B.C.Wireless Symphony Or-
chestra : e
Overture: “The Barber of Seville” (Ros-
si in two parts.
8.39 p.rir—Signor Giuseppe Danise. baritone:
“La Paloma” (Yradier).
“Thorna a Surriento” (de Curtis).
8.47 p.m.—J. H. Sqjire Celeste Octet:
“Love’s OW, Sweet Song” (Molloy).
“Poem” (Fibich).
•.53 p.m.—Mr. W. H. Sqnire, ’cello:
“La Provengale” (Mari-Marias).
“Sleepy Song” (Jeanjean).
8.69 p.m.—The Regimental Band of His Ma-
jesty’s Grenadier Guards:
“The Battle of Waterloo” (Ar. H. Echerg-
berg), in two parts.
9.7 p.m.—Mr. Leopold Godowsky, pianoi
“Polonaise in A Flat' (Chopin).
“Marche Militaire” (Schubert).
• 15 p.m.—Miss Elizabeth Rethberg, soprano:
“Ye Wand’ring Breezes, Hear Me,” Act JI.
from,Lohengrin (Wagner).
*'Oh, Hall of Song,” Act 11. from Tann-
hauser (Wagner).
8.21 p.m.—Mr. Frederic Fradkin, violin:
“Schon Rosmarin” (Kreisler).
“The Last Rose of Summer&quot; (Moore).
8.27 p.m.—The Regimental Band of His Ma-
jesty’s Grenadier Guards:
Selections from Rigoletto (Verdi), in two
parts.
8.83 p.m.—Mr. Mario Chanlee, tenor:
“Racconto di Rodolfo” from La Boheme
(Puccini).
**Ah, fuyez douce image,” from the opera
Manon (Massenet).
8-14 pan.—The Sevoy Havana Band, at the
Savoy Hotel. London:
&quot;Valse Bleue” (Margis).
‘‘Blue Danube” (Strauss).
8.49 pan.—The Regimental Band of His Ma-
jesty’s Grenadier Guards:
“Triana. Spanish March” (Lopez).
“The Voice of the Guns” (Alford).
it. 54 pan.—The, “Age” News Bulletin, exclu-
sive to 3AR.
9.58 p.m.—Weather forecast.
9.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night qnote
is from the poem, “Delilah,” by Adam Lind-
say Gordon.
10 p.m.—Uod Save Che King.
4QG, BRISBANE.
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
The complete Morning Service will be
relayed from the Albert Street Methodist
Church.
11 a.m.—FROM ALBERT STREET METHO-
DIST CHURCH: Morning Service.
12.39 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
BAND CONCERT.
The Concert by the Brisbane Federal Band
(Conductor: Mr. W. H. Davies) will be relayed
from the Botanic Gardens.
3.15 p.m.—Band Concert.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
NIGHT SESSION.
The complete Evenin g Service will be re-
layed from the Albert Street Methodist Church
7 p.m.—FROM ALBERT STREET METHO-
DIST CHURCH: Children’s Service.
7.30 p m.—Evening Service.
At the conclusion of the Church Service,
the Concert by the Brisbane Municipal Con-
cert Band will be relayed from Wickham
Park.
Band Concert.
9.30 p.m.—Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
SUNDAY. 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.45 a.m.—Carillon of bells from St. An-
drew’s Church, Walkerville.
11 a.m.—r—G.P.O. Chimes.
11.1 a.m.—Relay from Rose Park Congre-
gational Church, Divine Service.
12 noon.—G.P.O. chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m.—Sacred concert from Rose Park
Congregational Church.
4 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.31 p.m.—Carillon of bells from St. Andrew’s
Church, Walkerville.
6.37 p.m.—Sunday story for children by
“Bird Lady.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—Relay Archer Street Methodist
Church, Evening Divine Service.
8.10 p.m.—Sacred concert by Archer Street,
Methodist Church choir.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Relayed from Henley Beach Rotunda
—Holden’s Silver Band.
9.30 p.m.—Talk by Mr. P. H. Nicholls on “A
Deaf Man Hears.”
9.45 p.m.—Talk by Mr. A. L. Brown on
“Adelaide’s Churches.”
10 p.m.—Monday’s Programme and meteoro-
logical information.
10.5 p.m.—National Anthem and close down.
6WF, PERTH.
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.45 p.m.—Tune in.
11 a.m.—Morning service relayed from Church
of Christ, Lake Street, Perth.
Preacher, Rev Chas. Schwab. ,
12.15 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—From the Studio.
Musical programme, including vocal and in-
strumental artists.
4.30 p.m.—Close! down.
EVENING SESSION.
7 p.m.—Tune in.
The evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
7.5 p.m.—Children’s bedtime stories.
7.30 p.m.—Evening Service relayed from St.
George’s Cathedral, St. George’s Terrace,
Perth.
8.45 pan.—A Relay.
Concert by the Perth City Band, conducted
by Mr. L. M. Price, and items by vocal as-
sisting artists, relayed from the Govern-
ment Gardens, Perth.
10.5 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 7 p.m. t
7ZL, HOBART
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
11 a.m.—Church Service from Melville Street
Methodist Church, Hobart. Preacher; Rev.
Robert Williams. Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.31 p.m.—Conct-* from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
G. 30 p.m.—Children’s Corner, with the Sun-
day Lady.
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—Church Service from Chalmers Pres-
byterian Church. Hobart. At conclusion
of Church Service, Band Concert form St.
David’s Park, or Studio Concert.
9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
“Mercury” special interstate news service,
British Official Wireless News. Ships
within wireless range. 9 p.'m. weather
forecasts. Station announcements. Mon-
day’s Programme. Close down.
Monday, March 26
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION,
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—‘‘Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—‘‘Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—Last minute racing information by
the 2FC Commissioner.
10.45 a.m. —Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Bfg Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.15 a.m.—A reading.
11.30 a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcement*.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report,
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, seiond call.
1.30 p.m.—Margaret Grimshaw., mezzo.
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.55 p.m.—Margaret Grimshaw, mezz%
2 p.m.—“Bljj Ben.” Close down.


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AFTERNOON SESSION.
8 p.m.—“B g Ben” and anr^punceme.’its.
3.3 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden
Theatre:
Jimmy Elkins’ Jazz Bana.
3.15 p.m. —From the Studio:
Betty Armstrong, soprano:
“Serenade” (Toselli).
3.20 p.m.—Pianoforte solo.
3.28 p.m.—Thelma Lansdowne, mezzo!
• “Swing low, sweet chariot” (Burleigh).
3.32 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden
Theatre, Sydney:
Jimmy Elkins’ Jazz Band.
3.55 p.m.—From the Studio:
Claire Fothergi'l, mezzo.
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Pianoforte solo.
4.10 p.m.—Betty Armstrong, soprano:
“Lovers in the Lane” (Lehmann).
4.14 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden
Theatre, Sydney:
Items by Jimm/ Elkins’, Jazz Band.
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Thelma Lansdowne, mezzo:
“The Sweetest Flower that 31ows” (Hawley).
4.35 p.m.—A reading.
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, Uiird call.
4.47 p.m.—Claire Fothergill, mez. o.
4.50 p.m.—From the Lyrit W.nier Garden
Theatre, Sydney:
Jimmy Elliins’ Jazz Band.
4.68 p.m.—From the Studio:
Results of the Cricket Match, played in New
Zealand to-day: Australia versus New Zea-
land. 4
5 p.m.—&quot;Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of IFC.
6.45 p.m.—The &quot;Hello Mai. ’ talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the yoyng
e. 30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—&quot;Big Ben.” Late sporting new,
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.55 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.40 p.m.—Edgar Warwick and Eileen Dawn
in a Domestic Sketch:
“Turning the Tables” (Warwick).
7.55 p.m.—“On Wenlock Edge” (Vaughan Wil-
liams): A cycle of six songs for tenor
voice, with accompaniment of String Quar-
tette and I'iano (words by A. E. Housraan).
Sung by William Dallison:
(a) “On Wenlock Edge”—The Storm.
(a) “From far, from eve and morning.”
(c) “Is my team 1 loughing.’’
(d) “Ch, when I was in love with you.”
(e) “Bredon Hill.”
(f) “Clun.”
6.20 p.m.—From the Great Hall. Sydney Uni-
versity ,on the occasion of the function in
connection with »the Australian League of
Nations’ TTriion.
The British Music Society String Quartette.
8.27 p.m.—Statement by the President of tTie
Union. Rev. A. H. Garnsey. M.A.
8.32 p.m. -Address by the Premier of N.S.W.:
The Hon. T. R. Bavin, M.L.A.
8.47 p.m —Address by the Hon. E. A. McTier-
nan.
9.2 p.m.—The British Music Society String
Quartette.
9.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.11 p.m.—Edgar Warwick and Eileen Dawn,
in a sketch entitled:
“Mrs. ’lggins at the Booksellers” (Warwick).
9.21 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra, conducted
by Horae? Keats:
(a) Overture, “Norma” (Bellinij.
(b) “Cairo Memories” (Armandola).
9.40 p.m.—Mavis Deaiman, contralto.
9.17 p.m. —The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) Selection, “In a Persian Garden” (Leh-
mann).
(b) “Danse Rnstique” (Godard).
10 3 p.m—Goodie Reeve will continue her
series of talks:
“Behind the Scenes at Hollywood.*
10.16 p.m.—Tl y 2FC Studio Orchestra, con-
ducted by Horace K ’ats :
“Gilbert and Sullivt n Memories.&quot;
10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.31 p.m.—Len Maur.ce, popular bariton*.
10.45 p.i l. —The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) “Nenna Nanna’ (Amadei).
(bi Overture, “Le Nozze de Figaro*'
(Mozart).
10.58 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and* late
news.
11 p.m.- “Big Ben.” National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. —G.P.O. Clock agd chimes.
Musical programme from studio.
10.40 p.m. -News from the “Daily Telegraph”
Pictorial.'
10.60 a.m. —Musical programme from the
studio.
ll a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and Chimes.
Talk on “Tennis” by Miss Gwen Varley,
Broadcasters Womens Sports Authority.
Social Notes —Replies to correspondents.
Talk on “Breakfast Cereals” by Mrs. Jordan.
t 2 no&lt;Th.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special Ocean Forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the studio
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, Mails, Shipping, and
port directory.
12.12 p.m.—Boats in call by wlteiess.
12.14 p.m.—Fruit Market report.
12.16 p.,m.—Vegetable Market report.
12.18 p.m.—Dairy Farm and Produce Market
report.
21.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report,
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramaphone Recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to children and special entertainment
for Children in Hospital.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea.
Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information broadcast immediately
after each race by courtesy of the “Sun”
newspapers.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea.
News from the “Sun.”
3.10 p.m.—Musical programme from the studio.
3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
8.30 p.m.—Concert broadcast from the Radio
Exhibition at the Sydney Town Hall.
The Pacific Trio.
6.37 p.m.- Miss Bertha Waters, soprano.
3.44 p.m.- Miss Mary Charlton, pianist.
3.51 p.m.—Mr. Cecil Chaseling, baritone.
3.58 p.m.- The Pacific Trio.
4.5 p.m.—Miss Bertha Waters.
4.12 p.m.—Miss Mary Chalton.
4.19 p.m. Mr. Cecil Chaseling.
4.26 p.m.—The Pacific Trio.
4.30 p.m.—The Dungowan Dance Band, broad-
cast from Dungowan Cabaret.
4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
4.57 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Child-
ren’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
* 6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and* chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
6.45 p.m.—Country news, from the “Sun.
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Gulbransen dinner music.
f. 30 p.m.—Talk on “The Motor Car, and its
Idiosyncrasies,” by Mr. Martin.
EVENING SESSIONS.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Mr. Alfred Wilmore, tenor:
8.8 p.m.—’The Wurlitzer Organ, broadcast
from the Arcadia Theatre. Chatswood. Or-
ganist: Mr. N. Robins.
8.15 p.m.—Broadcast from the Radio Exhi-
bition, at the Town Hall:
Tooth’s Brewery Band.
6.22 p.m.—Mr. Clement Q. Williams, bari-
tone. .
8.29 p.m.—Mr. Michael O’Connell, elocu-
tionist.
8.36 p.m.—Miss Madge Clague, contralto.
9.43 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
8.50 p.m.—Mr. Alfred Wilmore.
8-57 p.m.—Miss Helena Stewart, soprano.
9.4 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
9.15 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Clement Q. Williams.
9.22 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
9.29 p.m. —Miss Madge Clague.
9.36 p.m.—Mr. Michael O’Connell.
9.43 p.m. —Miss Helena Stewart.
5.50 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
9.57 p.m.—Duet: Miss Helena Stewart and
Mr. Alfred Wilmore.
10.2 p.m.—Resume of following day’s Pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Me. Mares, Government Meteorologist.
10.7 p.m.—The Wurlitzer Organ, broadcast
from the Arcadia Theatre, Chatswood.
10.20 p.m.—.Romano’s Restaurant Dance Or-
chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv.
Lyons, broadcast from Romano’s. During
intervals between dances, “Sun” news will
be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
7.20 a.m. —PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.27 a.m. —Morning melodies.
7.33 a.m.—WEATHER FORECAST for all
States. Mails.
70.40 a.m.—NEWS.
8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m. —Morning melodies.
8.5 a.m. —NEWS. Sporting information. Ship-
ping. Stock Exchange information.
8.13 p.m.—Morning melodies.
8.15 a.m. —Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comforts, with a
minimum of cash—
HOME-MADE SELF-RAISING FLOUR.
81b. flour, l%oz. bicarbonate of soda, 4oz.
cream of tartar, 2 teaspoons sugar.
Mix all ingredients together and sift, then
put in flour bag ready for use.
11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN:
Keep yours Bright with Fragrant Flowers.
“All the hardiest annuals attain the greatest
perfection when sown in early Autumn, be-
cause they have a longer season to grow.
They attain greater development, and con-
sequently flower the stronger, but tender
sorts must not be sown until the Spring.
Sow now Verbenas, Violets, Violas and Vir-
ginian Stock.
11.5 a.m.—MISS E. NOBLE—GAS COOKING:
“Preparing Cold Sweets —Jellies and
Creams.”
11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m. —“DOMINA” will speak on:
“Journalism as a Career for Women.**
Part 11.
11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—Capt. Donald Mac Lean?
&quot;Great Women of History.”


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MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —Melbourne Observatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—British official wireless news from
Rugby. Reuter’s and the Australian Press
Association cables. “Argus” news service.
“LISTEN TO ME, AND THEN IN
CHORUS GATHER.”
12.15 p.m.—Community singing transmitted
from the Assembly Hall, Collins Street, Mel-
bourne. (Conductor, G.* J. MACKAY, as-
sisted by BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUAR-
TET.
Soloists.
GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Cornin’ Through the Rye” (Old Scotch).
“Little Brown Cottage” (Dickson).
VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“You in a Gondola” (Clarke).
“Spring Flowers” (Johnson).
1.45 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO: Meteoro-
logical information. Weather forecast and
rainfall for Victoria. Tasmania, South Aus-
tralia and New South Wales. Ocean fore-
casts. River reports. Announcements.
S p.m.—Description of Ardmillan Hurdle Race,
two miles, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Mus-
ket,” of the &quot;Sporting Globe.”
2.5 p.m.—HARRY WITTY, General Secretary
of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Users’ As-
sociation, will speak on “Motor Omnibus
Act.”
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “Othello” (Coleridge-Taylor).
2.30 p.m.—Description of Hollymont Handicap,
MOONEE VALLEY, by “Mu?ket,” of the
“Sporting Globe.”
2.35 p.m.—JACK DUNNE, baritone (by per-
mission of J. C. WILLIAMSON.
“The Smoking Room” (Arundale).
“The Old Flagged Path” (Arundale).
2.42 p.m—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Funeral March, “Humpty Dumpty” /Brand-
era).
|47 p.m —FRANCES LEA, soprano:
“O, Lovely Night” (Landon Ronald).
“Babe o’ Mine” (J. Shmith).
2.54 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
‘Traumerei” (Schuman).
“Romanze” (Schuman).
8 p.m.—Description of Roth well Steeplechase,
MOONEE VALLEY, by “Musket,&quot; of the
“Sporting Globe.”
SJ» p.m.—NORMAN BRADSHAW, tenor:
&quot;Alice, Where art Thou?” (Aseher).
&quot;Spring” (Raymond).
i. 12 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Songs from Eliland” (F. von Fieltz).
2.20 p.m.—ONE-ACT PLAY.
SCENE FROM “THE SCHOOL FOR
SCANDAL” (Sheridan).
Played by LOUISE MOORHEAD and J.
HOWLETT ROSS.
8.35 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“I Know of Two Bright Eyes,” from Songs
of the Turkish Hills (Clutsam) .
8.40 p.m.—Description of Eight Hour Handi-
cap. IVi miles, MOONEE VALLEY, by
“Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
8.45 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY. soprano:
“Air in Variations” (Froeh).
0 “I’ve Been Roaming” (Old English).
8.52 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“By the Mill Stream” (G. Smith).
“A Lover in Damascus” (Finden).
4 p.m.—JACK DUNNE, baritone:
“Young Tom o’ Devon” (Russell).
“The Little World is Mine” (Deppen).
4.7 p.m.—HAROLD MOSCHETTE, tenor sax:
“I Wonder What Became of Sally.”
4.11 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Caro Nome” (Verdi).
Selected.
4.18 p.m.—Announcements.
4.20 p.m.—Description of The Knoll Handicap,
one mile, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Musket,”
of the “Sporting Globe.”
4.25 p.m.—Description of One Mile Amateur
Cycling Championship of Victbria, from the
Amateur Sports Ground, by “Olympus.”
Also results of Eight Hours Day Sports.
4.40 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Waltz, “Spanish Moon” (Teress).
4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report for Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano:
“Moon Dear” (Whiting).
4.50 p.m.—Description of Macedon Welter, six
furlongs. MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by
“Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
4.55 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano:
“My Hero”—“The Chocolate Soldier.”
5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex-
change information.
5.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
CHILDREN’S HOUR.
6 p.m.—Answers to letters arid birthday greet-
ings, by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.20 p.m.—CAPTAIN DONALD MacLEAN:
“The Spanish Conquest.”
How the Dons discovered the treasures of
the world.
6.35 p.m.—Concert for the children arranged
by Mr. Fritz Hart, of the Albert Street
Conservatorium.
Some Old French Music.
EDNA LAIRD will sing:
“My Heart Longs for You” (Orlando de
Lassus).
“La Romaneses.”
“Menuet.”
MURIEL CAMPBELL, violinist will play:
&quot;Sarabanda” (Mondonvillea).
“La Girouette” (Francois du Val).
“Sailors’ Dance” (Marais).
IDA SCOTT, pianist:
“Le Rossignol.”
“Giga” (Corelli).
“Minuet and Trio” (Rameau).
Accompanist: IDA SCOTT.
NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock
sales by the Associated Stock and Station
Agents. Bourke Street, Melbourne. Number
of sheep and cattle drawn for week’s sales.
7.5 p.m.—&quot;Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movement**.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor-
rett, Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River reports.
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce, pota-
toes and onions. Market reports of fruit
by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Association. Re-
tail prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by
the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association.
Citrus fruits.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—E. C. H. Taylor will talk to young
Australia on
“School Life and School Sport.”
7.45 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DEPART-
MENT OF AGRICULTURE, W. J. YUILLE,
Senior Inspector of Agriculture, will speak
on “Influence of Green Crops on Milk Pro-
duction Costs.”
8 p.m.—R. CHALMERS, Australian Team
Coach at Inter-Allied Games, Paris, will
speak on:
“Relay Racing.&quot;
“Athletics for Women.”
8.15 p.m.—Birthday Greetings and Programme
Announcements-
Girl Guide Notes.
BAND AND ORCHESTRAL CONCERT.
8.18 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
March, “The Governor’s Own” (Adams).
8.25 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Charming Chloe” (German).
Selected.
8.32 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
Selection, “H.M.S. Pinafore” (Sullivan).
8.42 p.m EDWARD HOCKING, tenor:
“Oh, Moon of My Delight” (Lehman).
&quot;Songtime and Dawning” (Bayton Power).
8.49 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
Medley Selection of Plantation Airs
(Couterns).
8.55 p.m.—DONALD McBEATH, violin:
“Ave Maria” (Gounod).
“Vienna Waltz” (Keeper).
9.2 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Pirates of Penzance” (Sullivan).
9.12 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel” (Schu-
bert) .
“Synnoves Song” (Kjerluf).
9.19 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
Slavonic Rhapsody (Friedermann).
9.26 p.m.—ONE ACT PLAY:
“THE BOY COMES HOME.”
A Comedy in One Act by A. A. Milne.
Produced by Terence Crisp.
CAST:
Uncle James Eric Donald
Aunt Emily Louise Moorehead
Philip Terence Crisp
Mary Phyllis Orford
Mrs. Higgins Betty Rae
Scene:
A room in Uncle James’ house in the
Cromwell-road, London.
TIME:
The day after the war.
9.56 p.m.—DONALD MacBEATH, violin I
“The Old Refrain” (Kreislerj.
“Mazurka” (Wieniawski).
10.3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Egmont” (Beethoven).
10.10 p.m.—Results of Triangular School Cric-
ket Match, Victoria, New South Wales and
Queensland, played in Sydney.
10.11 p.m.—J. HOWARD KING, baritone:
“My lodging is the cellar here” (Old Ger-
man).
“Youth” (Allitsen).
10.18 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
“Waltz, “Girlie” (Robyn).
10.25 p.m.—WILL PAGE, xylophone:
Selected.
10.30 p.m. —EDWARD HOCKING, tenor:
“Eleanor” (Coleridge-Taylor).
“Why do I love you so?” (Schwartz).
10.37 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteoro-
logical information. British official wireless
news from Rugby. Island steamer* move-
ments.
The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s
SAFETY MESSAGE for to-day is for
MOTORISTS:
“Never turn the steering wheel while the
car is standing still. This puts a severe
and unnecessary strain on all steering
parts and is bad for tyres.”
10.47 p.m.—J. HOWARD KING, baritone:
“The Two Grenadiers” (Schuman).
“Dedication” (Franz).
10.54 p.m. —Results of Green Mill Roller
Cycling Championships.
10.55 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN: Keep
yours bright with fragrant flowers:
“The man who wants a garden fair
Or small or very big,
With flowers growing here and therqf
Must bend his back and dig.
The things are mighty few on earth
That wishes can attain
whate’er we want of any worth
We’ve got tc work to gain.
It matters not what goal you seek
Its secret here reposes;
You’ve got to dig from week tp weeii
To get results or roses.”
10.56 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS.
11.40 p.m.—God Save the King.


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3AR, MELBOURNE
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
12 noon to 1 p.m.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Paton, Ltd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
Sport. During the afternoon, the results
of the Moonee Valley races (Eight Hours
Meeting), together with other information,
will be given immediately each race is run.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance
Session of the latest popular dance hits, by
Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band. Each
one announced prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
2.45 p.m.—Miss Beth Corrie, contralto.
2.52 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
3.9 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, saxaphone:
“Danse Hongroise” (Ring Hager).
3.13 p.m.—Miss Beth Corrie, contralto.
3.20 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
3.30 pjn.—lnterval announcements.
3.40 j/m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast-
-4.3 p.m.—Mr. Charles Duncan, baritone.
4.11 pjn.—Ayarz Dansoniar.s.
4.20 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
&quot;Chanson” (Whittaker).
4.24 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Savoy Scottish Medley” (Somers).
&quot;Neapolitan Nights” (Zamecnik).
4.31 p.m.—Mr. Charles Duncan, baritone :
&quot;Lolita” (Buzzi Peccia).
“The Barber of Turin” (Russell).
4.39 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
4.50 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment.
4-55 p.m.—Special Racing: Acceptances and
barrier positions for the Werribee races,
by “Daybreak.”
f p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.” God Save
the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
BJ3O p.m.—3AR’S Cousin Peter.
EVENING SESSION.
EVERYBODY’S CONCERT.
7.15 p.m.—Book Session. Mr. Alfred Firman,
Chief Librarian of Mullen’s, presents rapid
reviews on books of yesterday, to-day, and
to-morrow.
7.25 p.m.—Hobby Session. Mr. W. S. Corfield,
of Harrington's, will speak on &quot;Photography
for Beginners.”
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-date news and
comments on Sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s Stock Report.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.”
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Martial Moments” (Ar. Winter).
8.12 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano:
“Rosebuds” (Araiti).
“A Heart that’s Free” (Robyn).
8.20 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.36 p.m. —Mr. Robert Adams, cornet:
“Flower Song” from Faust (Gounod).
8.40 p.m.—Mr. Alan Eddy, bass baritone:
“Go Down, Moses” (Negro Spiritual).
“The Old Kitchen” (Arundale).
8.48 p.m.—Announcements.
9 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
Suite Espagnole: “La Ferin” (Lacome).
“Tschaikowsky Fantasie” (Urbach).
9.22 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano:
“Magdalen at Michael’s Gate” (Liza
Lehmann).
“The Lark” (Rubinstein).
9.30 p.m.—&quot;Harlequin.” : Sports Results.
9.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Ten.”
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestras
Selection: “No. No, Nanette” (Youmans).
“March of the Dwarfs” (Moskowski).
10.17 p.m.—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin:
“Humoreske” (Dvorak).
10.21 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.30 p.m,—Mr. Alan Eddy, bass baritones
“Tally Ho” (Flegier;.
“A Page’s Road Song” (Novetfo).
10.38 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestras
“Introduction from Eugen Onegin” (Tschai-
kowsky).
10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin”': Sport Results.
10.52 p.m.—“Age” News Bulletin, exclusive to
3AR.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night quote
is from the poem, “The Man’s Way,” by
Mary Gilmore .
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” God
Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
I p.m.—Market reports; weather information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau; news services supplied by “The
Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal.
t p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
830 p.m.—Mail train running times.
1.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph News.”
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Mail train running times, “Daily
Standard’ news, Weather information an-
nouncements.
6.10 p.m.—Lecturette: A French talk —the
eighth of a series—“ Word Binding and
Tonic Accent” —story, “Le Corbeau at Le
Renard”—-by Dr. E. A. D’Edgerley.
6.30 p.m ; —-The Children’s Session:
Stories by “The Sandman.”
f p.m.—Special news service; market reports;
stock reports.
f. 30 p.m.—Weather news; Standard”
news; announcements.
L 43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
T. 45 p.m.—Lecturette: “The Children’s Music
Corner,” conducted by “The Music Man.”
NJGHT SESSION.
6 p.m.—From the Studio:
A programme arranged by Mr. Erich John.
Part I.
Grand Opera:
Instrumental, “Prelude” and “Siciliana”
from “Cavaleria Rusticana”) (Mascagni).
String “Trio.
“Hark the Distant Hilla” (from “Martha*
—Flotow).
Quartette.
Duet, “In This Solemn Hour” (from “Force
of Destiny”—Verdi).
Messrs. Geo. Williamson (tenor) and
Albert Falk (baritone).
“Here We Rest” (from “The Sleepwalker”
—Bellini).
Quartette.
Instrumental. “La Lisaniera” (Chamlnade).
String Trio.
Song of North American Indians:
Duet, “Where the Sad Waters Flow.”
Messrs. Albert Falk (baritone) and Tom
Ryan (bass).
Solo, “By the Waters of Minnetonka”
(Lieurance).
Mis 3 Mildred Bell (contralto).
(a) “A Mountain Madrigal from the Yel-
lowstone.”
(b) “Where Drowsy Waters Steal.”
Quartette.
Instrumental, &quot;Indian Intermezzo”, (Lauren-
dean).
String Trie.
Sacred:
Solo, *’Ave Maria” (Hoben).
Miss Mabel Maiouf (soprano).
Duet, “Love Divine” (from “Daughter of
Jarius”—Stainer).
Miss Audrey Bell (contralto) and Mr.
Jack Lord (tenor).
Anthem, “Praise the Lord O My Soul*
(Burnham).
Quartette.
Instrumental, “Berceuse” (Gounod).
String Trio.
PART 11.
Classical:
“A Red, Red Rose” (Schumann).
Quartette.
Duets, (a) “Lullaby*’ (Brahms).
(b) “The Blacksmith” (Brahms).
Miss Mabel Maiouf (soprano) and Mr.
Geo. Williamson (tenor).
Song, “When Lydia Would Leave Me”
(Beethoven).
Mr. Albert Falk (baritone).
“Parting and Meeting” (Mendelssohn).
Quartette.
Piano solo, “Rigoletto Paraphrase” (Verdi-
Liszt).
Mr. Rees Morgan.
Characteristic —Songs of the Bells:
“Evening Bells” (Michael Croger-Ericb
John).
Mr. Geo. Williamson (tenor).
Duet, “The Belfry Towel-” (Hatton).
Misses Mabel Maiouf (soprano) and
Mildred Bell (contralto).
“The Legend of the Bells” (Planquette).
Quartette.
Instrumental, “Serenade” (Toselli).
String Trie.
Light Opera:
“Chorus of Quakers and Villagers” (from
“Quaker Girl” —Monckton).
Quartette.
Solo, “With a Welcome For All” (from
“Dorothy”—Collier).
Mr. Tom Ryan (bass).
Duet, “Galloping” (from “FLorodora”—
Stuart).
Miss Mildred Bell (contralto) and Mr.
Albert Falk (baritone).
“Now the Merry Vintage” (opening chorus
from “La Mascotte” —Andran).
Quartette.
Instrumental, “Sons La Feuille” (Thome).
String Trio.
(0 p.m. —“The Daily Mail” news. Weather
news. Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes.
12.1 p.m. —“Advertiser” news service and Bri-
tish Wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.'s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.” •
3.30 p.m.—Menu talk Iby “Homelover.”
3.45 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. &quot;Ward and Co’s Stock Ex-
change intelligence.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s time with the SCL Radio
Family.


6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—General Market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union, Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso-
ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar-
ket Co., Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Talk by Miss Thompkinson of the
Aborigines Protection League.
7.30 p.m.—“The care of the clothes” a talk
arranged by Ford Bros.
7.40 p.m.—Entertainment and address for the
SCL Boys Club —“The Treasure Hunt” con-
tinued. —Progress report of Air Patrols and
other information.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Overture Studio Orchestra.
8.10 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette.
8.15 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
8.20 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
8.30 p.m.—Novelty Turn —Listeners should
have a pack of cards ready—Geo. Quin
wil] demonstrate card tricks.
8.40 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette.
8.45 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
8.50 p.m.—Selections, Studio Orchestra.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat report.
9.4 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette.
9.10 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.15 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
9.20 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra .
9.25 p.m.—Novelty card turn by Geo. Quin.
9.35 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.40 p.m.—Baritone Solo, Harry Worden.
9.45 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.50 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
9.55 p.m.—Baritone Solo, Harry Worden.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News.
10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.10 p.m-—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
10.20 p.m.—Baritone solo, Harry Worden.
10.25 p.m.—Relayed from Maison de Danse,
Glenelg—Dance music.
10.55 p.m.—Tuesday’s programme and meteo-
rological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem.
6WF, PERTH.
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m. —Lunch Hour Music.
Brunswick Panatrope Hour relayed from
Messrs. Musgrove’s Limited, Concert Hall,
Murray Street.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—Afternoon Tea Concert relayed
from the Carlton Cafe, Kay Street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
6.45 p.m.-—Tune in.
The evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.5# p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News.
7.45 p.m.—Talk by Lieut. Col. Le Souef, Direc-
tor of the Zoological Gardens, South Perth.
8 pun.—Time Signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations
to programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Concert Night.
Musical programme from the Studio, in-
cluding vocal and instrumental artists.
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10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather report and forecast.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m.
7ZL, HOBART
MONDAY, 26th MAR£H, 1928.
MORNING SESSION. 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.1 p.m.—Musical Selection.
3.6 p.m.—Hobart Stock Exchange quotations.
Weather information. Items of interest.
Announcements.
8.15 p.m.—Musical elections, continued.
4.15 p.m.—Fashion Talk by Aunt Edna, of
Brownells, Ltd.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Funny Man talks to the children.
7 p.m.—Uncle Hector talks to the children.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Musical Selection.
7.35 p m.—News Bulletin from the Depart-
ment of Markets and Migration.
7.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special Tasmanian news
Bervice. Railway auction produce sales.
Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock Exchange
quotations.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes.
5.1 p.m.—Band Selections by Risdon EZ.
Rand; conductor. Mr. E. Bryce.
9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
9.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special interstate news
service. Tasmanian district weather re-
ports ; 9 p.m. weather forecast ; weather re-
port from Australian capital cities. Sta-
tion announcements. Tuesday’s Programme.
Tuesday, March 27
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m. —“Big Ben” and announcement*.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m. —Last minute racing information
by the 2FC Commissioner.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m. —“Big Ben” and studio music.
11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.15 a.m.—A Cooking talk by Miss Ruth
Furst.
IL3O a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —“Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m. —Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m.—Studio music:
Gladys Aubin, soprano:
“Dearest, I love the Morning” (Haydn
Wood).
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.55 p.m.—Gladys Aubin, soprano:
“Voi Che Sapete” (Mozart).
3 p.m.—“Big Ben.’ Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
3.3 p.m.—Popular records.
3.15 pan.—Ester Herford, soprano:
“If my songs were only winged” (Reynolds).
3.20 p.m.—A reading.
3.27 p.m.—Esther Herford, soprano:
“Bonnie Wee Thing” (Burns).
3.30 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney
Town Hau, on the occasion of
The Radio Electrical Exhibition:
A programme supplied by artists from 2FC:
Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist:
(a) “Forgive me.”
(b) “High, high, high up in the Hills.”
3.36 p.m.—George Veevers, baritene:
(a) “To-morrow” (Keel).
(b) “I Love Thee’ (Grieg).
3.42 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumentalist:
(a) “Blaze Away” March (Holzmann).
(b) “The Rosary.”
3.50 p.m.—Frank Leonard, entertainer:
(a) “Sara Alice” (Weston Lee).
(b) “I migt marry you” (Weston Lee).
8.58 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto:
(a) “The Dream Child” (Rawle).
(b) “The Enchantress” (Hatton).
4.6 p.m.—Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist:
(a) “The Girl Friend.”
(b) “Blue Room.”
At the Piano: Enid Conley.
4.12 p.m.—George Veevers, baritonei
&quot;Soul of Mine” (Barns).
4.15 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumentalist:
“Russian Lullaby” (Berlin).
4.19 p.m.—Frank Leonard, entertainers
“The Ford Car” (Russell).
4.23 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto:
“The Hills of Donegal” (Sanderson).
4.27 p.m.—Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist:
“Mountain Greenery.”
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Studio music.
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.—Studio music.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
6.45 p.m.—T&gt;ie “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk:
Fairy Tales told by “Aunt Eily.”
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.&quot; Late sporting news.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety*s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock)*
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
P.D.S. Poultry Reports.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Jack Wright, novelty pianist, and
W. G. McGraigh, banjoist:
Double Act: Popular numbers.
7.55 p.m.—A talk by Dr. T. J. Henry*
“Aspects of London Life.”
8.10 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney
Town Hall, on the occasion of the Radio
Electrical Exhibition:
A programme by 2FC artists
The New South Wales State Military Band
(conductor, Charles King) :
March, “Entry of the Gladiators” (Fuick).
8.25 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con-
ducted by William Bourne:
Part Songs, (a) “The Singers” (McKenzie).
(b) “The Bells of St. Michael’s Tower”
(Stewart).
(c) “The Dance” (Hungarian Highlands)
(Elgar).
8.35 p.m.—Douglas McKinnin, concertina:
(a) “Poet ard Peasant” (Suppe).
(■b) “Under the Double Eagle,” March (Wag-
ner).
8.43 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band:
“Grand Operatic Medley” (Bentley).
8.50 p.m.—Charles Armand, celebrated English
basso (first broadcast appearance in Aus-
tralia), late of the “Carl Rosa and Moody
Manners” Opera Company:
“Invictus” (Huhn).
8.58 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con-
ducted by William Bourne:
Ladies’ Chorus, (a) “The Snow” (Elgar),
“The Two Clocks” (Rogers).
9.4 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band:
March, “The Great Little Army” (Alford),
At the piano: Horace Keats.
9.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.11 p.m.—Douglas McKinnon, concertina:
Popular chorus selection.
9.17 p.m.—Charles Armand, basso:
(a) “Qui adegno” (Magic Flute) (Mozart).
(b) “Si les filles d’Arles” (Mirelle) (Gounod).
9.25 p.m.—Jack Wright, novelty pianist, and
W. G. McGraigh (banjo):
Popular numbers.
9.35 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con-
ducted by William Bourne:
(a) “Pilgrims’ Chorus” (Tannhauser) (Wag-
ner).
(b) “Gondoliers’ Serenade” (Schubert).
9.45 p.m.—The N.S.W, State Military Band:
Overture, “Macßeth” (Hatton).
9.58 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir:
(a) “Ring out, wild bells” (Fletcher).
(b) “The old folks at home” (Negro melody).
10.8 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band:
Selection, “The Mikado” (Sullivan).
10.25 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.26 p.m.—From the Ambassadors:
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio: ,
To-morrow’s programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from the Studio.
10.40 a.m.—News from the “Daily Telegraph
Pictorial.”
10.50 a.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Social Notes. Replies to correspondents.
Talk on “Toilet Hints” by Mamselle Viv-
kowska.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio,
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping, and
port directory.
12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless.
12.13 pjn.—Fruit Market report.
12.15 p.m.—Vegetable Market reoprt.
12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report.
12.19 p.m.—Dairy Farm Produce Market re-
port.
12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report.
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramophone Recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to children, and special entertainment
for children in hospitals.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Race results broadcast immediately after each
race, by courtesy of the “Sun.”
S p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
3.15 p.m.—Civil Service Stores Trio, direction
Miss d.e Courcey Bremer.


3.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
8.40 p.m.—Pianoforte recital from Studio.
3.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Civil Service Stores Trio.
4.15 p.m.—Talk on “The Women of Ancient
Rome.”
4.35 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
4.50 p.m.—News from the &quot;Sun.**
4.55 p.m.—Features of evening s programme.
4.58 p.m.—Producers’ Distributing Society’s
Poultry report.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
6.45 p.m.—Country News, from the &quot;Sun.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner Music.
7-.30 p.m.—Talk on “First Aid,” by Mr. Wil-
kinson, Dist. Superintendent, St. John’s
Ambulance.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Broadcasters’ Topical Chorus.
8.3 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
8.10 p.m.—Miss Eileen Shettle, contralto.
8.17 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter, ’cellist.
8.24 p.m.—Miss Joan Shorter, soprano.
8.31 p.m.—Mr. Ellis Price, elocutionist.
8.38 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
8.58 p.m.—Weather report and forecast, b
courtesy of Mr. C. J. Mares. Government
Meteorologist.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Mr. H. Nevill Smith, baritone.
9.8 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
9.15 p.m.—Miss Eileen Shettle.
9.22 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter.
9.29 p.m.—Miss Joan Shorter.
9.36 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
9.56 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro-
gramme.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
10.1 p.m.—Mr. Ellis Price.
10.8 p.m.—Mr. H. Nevill Smith.
10.15 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra,
under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson,
broadcast from the ballroom of the Went-
worth. During intervals between dances,
&quot;Sun” news will be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.30 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to Music).
7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.33 a.m.—WEATHER FORECAST for all
States. Mails.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory Time Signal
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN
Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers.
“Great gardens have a glory though
it does not come my way.
The lure of little gardens is a grace for
every day;
w
a
'o*o*o o
n
c?
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WIRELESS DEPT., GROUND FLOOR, NEW BUILDING


In the white radiance of the dawn, the
tenderness of dusk,
There’s magic in the Mignonette and
witchery in the Musk.”
This week be sure to plant Foxgloves,
Freesias, Larkspurs, Lobelias, Mignonette
and Musk.
AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK.
TREE PLANTERS’ CONFERENCE—OFFI-
CIAL OPENING BY THE RIGHT HON.
THE LORD MAYOR (SIR STEPHEN
MORELL), transmitted from Wirths’
Park.
11 a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS—or
how to create creature comforts with a
minimum of cash.
APPLE FLEUR.
good short crust.
pint cream or white 2 eggs.
Stewed apples nicely flavored Angelica and
few crystallised cherries.
Method. —Roll paßtry into nice round, and
fit it on cold shelf round fleur ring or
in sandwich tin. Bake in hot oven 20
minutes. Rub apples through sieve. Fill
case with apples. Beat up cream and
white and sweeten. Pile high on
top of apples. Pipe round if liked. Cut
up angelica and cherries, and sprinkle
over. Serve cold as a sweet.
11.5 a.m. —MRS. J. S. FRASER. Senior Presi-
dent of Victoria League, will speak on its
“Aims and Object.”
11.20 a.m.—Musical Interlude.
I. a.m.—MRS. DOROTHY SILK:
“Homecrafts.”
11. a.m.—MISS R. G. HARRIS. Publicity
Officer of the Free Kindergartens of Vic-
toria, will describe—
“A Morning in a Free Kindergarten.”
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY
TIME SIGNAL.
12.1 p.m.—Australian Mines and Metals Asro.
elation from the London Stock Exchange
this day. British Official Wireless news
from Rugby. Reuter’s and The Australian
Press Association Cables. “Argus” news
service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Piano Quartette” (Beethoven).
12.80 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contraltei
“Christina’s Lament” (Dvorak).
“The Silver Ring” (Chaminade).
12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH. Viola:
Rondino.
“The Sailor” (Marais).
&quot;Musetta.’ *
12.47 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano (by per-
mission of J. C. Williamson, Ltd.) :
“The Violet” (Mozart).
“Take, Oh Take Those Lips Away” (Parry).
12.64 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
TRIO:
Trio (Beethoven).
1 p.m.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY
TIME SIGNAL.
1.1 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto;
“Open Thy Blue Eyes” (Massenet).
“Bless You” (Ivor Novello).
1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather forecast and rainfall for Victoria,
Tasmania. South Australia, and New South
Wales. River reports. Ocean forecasts.
FOUNDATIONS MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE will give in-
terpretations of the works of Beethoven.
1.25 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano:
“Porgi Amor” (Mozart).
“Vadrai Farino” (Mozart).
1.32 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Water Music” (Handel).
1.45 p.m. —Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.-’fHE VAGABONDS:
“When I am With You.”
“There’s Just One You.”
“Consolation.”
2.24 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, sopea-o.
“Pale Moon” (Logan).
“The Little Hills” (Gleeson).
2.31 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Doctor Jazz” (Oliver).
“Millenburg” (Joys).
“Lock a little Sunshine in Your Heart”
(Marby).
2.40 p.m.—THOMAS GEORGE, bass:
“Prince Ivan’s Song” (Allitsen).
“The Old Navy” (Davies).
2.47 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Cross your Heart” (Gensler).
&quot;Baby feet go pitter patter” (Kahn).
“Sweet and Low Down” (Gershwin).
2.56 p.m.—Announcements.
8 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
OFFICIAL OPENING OF GARDEN WEEK
AT WIRTHS’ PARK, Princes Bridge,
Melbourne, by HIS EXCELLENCY THE
GOVERNOR-GENERAL. (LORD STONE-
HAVEN).
3.15 pun.—THE VAGABONDS:
“When Day is Done” (Katscher).
“Shanghai Dream Man” (Davis).
“Persian Rosebud” (Nicholls).
3.24 p.m.—MADOLINE KNIGHT, contralto:
In Old-Time Melodies:
“What Might Have Been.”
“Come, Sing to Me.”
3.31 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Just Around the Corner” (Henscher).
“Sweet Yvette” (Davis).
“Twilight Rose’&gt; (Corbell).
3.40 p.m.—CHAS. NUTTALL:
&quot;Afraid of Life.”
3.55 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Dearest Isle” (Thompson).
“Shady Tree” (Donaldson).
“Put Your Arms Where they belong”
(Davis).
4.4 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano:
■ Love's Garden of Roses” (Haydn V/ood).
“Waiti Poi” (Alfred Hill).
4.11 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“I Wonder How 1 Look when I’m Asleep”
(De Sylva).
”Chloe“ (Kahn).
“Just a Little Sunshine in Your Heart.”
4.20 p.m.—THOMAS GEORGE, bass:
“Tangi” (Hill).
“Song of the Toreador” (Bizet).
4.36 p.m.—MADOLLNE KNIGHT, contralto,
in more Old-Time Melodies:
“Daddy.’ *
“There let me rest.”
4.43 p.m.—Weather report from Adelaide.
Weather report from Mildura district.
4.44 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“The Dance of the Tinker Toys” (Collins).
“Me and My Shadow” (Alberts).
“Tampeekoc” (Schobel).
4.53 p.m.—GILBERT BISHOP. Violin:
Selected.
5 p.m.—&quot;Herald” news service.
Stock Exchange information.
6.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birifiday
Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.20 p.m—LT.-COL. J. W. M. CARROL:
“Training a Dog”
6.35 p.m.—BOBBY BLUEGUM :
“We are singing the best song ever was
sung.
And it has a rousing chorus”
(Hilaire Belloc).
COME TO THE STUDIO AND JOIN US.
NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS.
7 p.m.—Notes on Lacrosse Game by H. R.
Balmer, hon. general Secretary of the
Lacrosse Association. Acceptances for Mor-
nington races. Official report of Newmarket
Stock sales by the Associated Stock and
Station Agents. Bourke-street. Melbourne.
7.10 p.m. —“Herald” news service. Weathe?
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m. —Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m—Fish Market reports by J. R.' Bor-
rett, Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River reports.
7.21 p.m.—Market report by the VictJrlan
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce,
potatoes and onions. Market reports of
Fruit by the Victorian Fruit-growers’ Asso-
ciation. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
Fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’
Association. Citrus fruits.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Under the auspices of the UNI-
VERSITY EXTENSION BOARD, P. D.
PHILLIPS, M.A., LL.B., Lecturer in
Modern Political Institutions at the Uni-
versity, will speak on
“Disarmament.”
7.45 p.m.—E. M. PASCOE will speak on
“Bowls.”
6 p.m.—THE GLORY QF THE GARDEN.
Sow the seeds of Cornflowers, Daisies,
Freesias, Godetias, Hollyhocks, and Iberis.
8.1 p.m.—MR. J. H. MARTIN, vice-president
State Branch R.5.5.1.L.A., will speak on
Combined Reunion and Anzac Pilgrimage.
8.15 p.m.—Birthday greetings and programn*
announcements.
BRIGHT MUSIC AND MELODIOUS
SOUND.
8.16 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
“Three Dale Dances” (Wood).
8.26 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON (contralto) :
“Hame o’ Mine” (Murdock) .
“Arise, O Sun” (Craske Day).
8.33 p.m.—“THE DARKEST HOUR,” SCOTS
CHURCH CHOIR, transmitted from Scots
Church, Collina-street, Melbourne. MANS&quot;-
LEY GREER, organist and director.
“THE DARKEST HOUR,” a Passion Can-
tata, by Harold Moore.
SOLOISTS:
ANNIE CADDELL, soprano.
MADAME GREGOR WOOD, contralto:
COLIN THOMSON, tenor.
GORDON PEART, baritone.
LESLIE PAULL, bass.
ERNEST SIMMON, bass.
PROLOGUE.
Chorus, “Now, my Soul, Thy Voice Up-
raising.” &gt; -
Recitative (Narrator).
Solo (Jesus) and Chorus: “Then Jesus Took
Unto Him the Twelve.”
Solo (soprano and chorus): “God so Loved
the World.”
SCENE I.—Gethsemane.
Recitative (Narrator), “Then Cometh
Jesus with Them.”
Solo (Jesus).
Hymn, “In the Lord’s Atoning Grief.”
SCENE ll.—The Trials, before Caiaphas
and Pilate.
Recitative (Narrator).
Solo and chorus: “And they th*t had laid
hold on Jesus.”
SCENE 111.
Professional March.
Chorus, &quot;Surely He Hath Borne Our
Griefs.”
Solo, baritone and soprano, “And He,
Bearing His Cross.”
SCENE IV.—Calvary.
Narrator, solo and chorus: “And when
They were Come to a Place.”
Chorus and solo, “It is Finished.”
EPILOGUE.
Solo, contralto and chorus.
“Let This Mind be in You.”
Hymn, “At the Name of Jesus.”
FROM THE STUDIO:
9.23 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
March, “Honest Toil” (Rimmer).
March, “The Storm Fiend” (Greenwood).
9.33 p.ui.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“The Rose Eternal” (Derwood).
“The Standard on the Braes o’ Mar”
(Lady John Scott).
9.40 p.m.—FRANK E. BEAUREPAIRE will
speak on
“Art of Sprint and Middle Distance Swim-
ming.”
9.50 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano;
“Chanson de Florian” (Godard).
“The Rosary” (Nevin).
9.57 p.m.—‘‘Herald” news service. British
Official Wireless news from Rugby. Sport-
ing Notes by “Olympus.” Announcements.
Island shipping notes.
THE ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF
VICTORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR
TO-DAY IS:
“A driver should assume that every child
on or near the street may dash suddenly
in front of his car. You cannot tell by
looking at a child what it is going to do.
You should therefore drive slowly, and
have absolute control of your car.”
Results of Trangular School Cricket Match,
Victoria, New South Wales and Queens-
land, played in Sydney.


10.9 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
Cornet Polka, “The Cornet King” (Green-
wood).
Soloist, A. McEwan.
Selected.
10.19 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contrarlto:
“My Land of Dreams” (Jessie Winne).
“My Dear Soul” (Sanderson).
10.26 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Kamennoi Ostrow (Rubinstein).
“Dream Days of Seville” (Bratton). *
10.36 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Les Cloches” (Debussy).
Selected.
10.43 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
Air Varie, “Hanover” (Round).
Selected.
10.55 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
Songs from “A Lover in Damascus”
(Florence Aylward).
11 p.m.—GREAT THOUGHT:
“There is no philosophy by which a man
can do a thing when he thinks he cann&lt;/ ’
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS W
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
•12 noon to 1 p.m.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Paton, Letd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
A half-hour dance session by Melbourne’s
favorite dance band. All the. latest popu-
lar hits, each one announced prior to
its presentation.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Second selection from “Lilac Time” (arr.
Clutsam).
“The Savoy American Medley” (Somers).
2.45 p.m.—Miss Jessie Smith, contralto:
“Prelude” (Landon Ronald).
“Boat S9ng” (Harriet Ware).
2.52 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Ballet Music” from Gioconda (Ponchielli).
“Berceuse Slave” (Neruda).
3.7 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano:
“Jet t’aime” (Greig).
3.11 p.m.—Ayarz Dansoj»ians.
3.22 p.m.—Miss Jessie Smith, contralto:
“Love came calling” (Lee).
“I’m a’, longing for you” (Hathaway).
3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
3.35 p.m.—“Madamoiselle Jeynesse” :
Interval talk on timely topics of interest
to our lady listeners.
3.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Suite, “Tales of Moonlight” (Thomas).
“Menuett” (Mozart).
4 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Four.
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
“Nightingale” (Beckett).
4.7 p.m.—Mr. Robert Allen, alto:
“Lackaday” (Crampton).
“The Rosary” (Nevin).
4.14 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Suite, “Four Selected Pieces” (Friml).’
“Cavatine” (Raff).
4.30 p.m.—Mr. Robert Allen, alto:
“Sapphic Ode” (Brahms).
“Red Devon by the Sea” (Clarke).
4.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
Fox Trot, “Look in the Mirror” (Stept)
Fox Trot, “Who-ee? You-ool” (Ager).
4.44 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Norwegian Scenes” (Matt).
4.55 p.m.—Announcements.
To-night’s entertainment.
5 p.m.—&quot;G.P.O. clocks says Five.
God Save the King.
I2E
A “Single-Dial” Masterpiece.
The “D.J. Super-Six”
This most easily controlled set is becoming more
and more popular in the home, because of its
simplicity of operation. A gentle turn of the one dial,
and station after station can be brought in, enabling
you to make a wide choice of programme. If you
have not yet heard this “Single-Dial Masterpiece”
come along to our Demonstration Room. Compare
it with any other set you have ever heard ! Notice the
purity of Tone ; the volume; the selectivity. Test
its day-time reception, and come again on Friday
evening to listen to its night-time reception.
The “D.J. Super-Six” is a King quality Super-
Neutrodyne, and is supplied fully equipped with
high-grade accessories. It is therefore guaranteed bv
David Jones’!
There is no need to delay any longer ! You can
acquire this remarkable set on payment of /4/10/-
deposit, and 17/3 weekly for twelve months.
Radio Department on the Lower Ground Floor .
Demonstration Room on the Fourth Floor .
f
Open till 9 o’clock on Fridays.'
DAVID JONES’
For Service


CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m-—Uncle Mac’s entertainment. An
hour of music, song and story for all
Uncle Mac’s nephews and nieces all over
Australia and New Zealand. “Blue Bell”
is here, too.
EVENING SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL CONCERT.
7.20 p.m.—Dr. Floyd, organist and choir-
master at St. Paul’s Cathedral, Melbourne,
will talk on “The Art of Listening to
Music.”
7.30 p.m.—A broadminded and up-to-date
short talk by “Friar Tuck”: “Self Decep-
tion.”
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-date news and
comments on sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock report.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight.
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra;
Overture, “Zampa” (Herold).
8.9 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous enter-
tainer :
“Any dirty work to-day” (Weston and
Lee).
8.17 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.33 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, clarinet:
“Nocturne” (Chopin).
8.37 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous enter-
tainer:
“Our little garden subbub” (Weston and
Lee).
“That’s a good girl” (Berlin).
8.44 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Edera” (Carosio).
“Violin solo from Sylvia” (Delibes).
8.50 p.m.—Announcements.
9.2 p.m.—Radio play: “An Old Time Melody”
(Danvers Walker).
9.15 pm.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Der Zarewitsch” (Lebar).
9.30 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
9.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m. —G.P.O. clock says Ten.
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m. —Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Remembrance of Joseph Strauss” (Fetras).
Suite, “From India” (Popy).
10.26 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, cornet:
“Believe me if all those endearing young
charms” (Moore).
10.30 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
10.62 p.m.—The “Age” news bulletin, exclu-
sive to 3AR.
10.68 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quote
is taken from the poem, “Cito Pede Pre-
terit Aetas,” by Adam Lindsay Gordon.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven.
God Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a-m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
I p.m.—Market reports; weather Information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau; news services supplied by &quot;The
Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal,
t p.m. —Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
1.80 p.m.—Mail train running times.
1.81 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—&quot;The Telegraph News.”
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Mail train running times; “Daily
Standard” news; Weather information an-
nouncements.
6.10 p.m.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—The Children’s Session.
7 p.m.—Special news service; market re-
ports ; stock reports.
7.30 p.m.—Weather news; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
f. 45 p.m.—Lecturette : “Queensland Overseas:
Exhibition Impressions” (last of a series),
by Mr. H. W. Mobsby, F.R.G.S. (Govern-
ment Artist and Photographer).
NIGHT SESSION.
A programme by the Silkstone Apollo
Club (conductor, Mr. T. Westwood).
6 p.m.—Opening Chorus, “Awake, Aeolian
Lyre” (Danby).
Tenor solo, “Until.”
Mr. T. S. Westwood.
Chorus, “The Name of France” (Rodgers).
The Apollo Club.
Baritone solo, Selected.
Mr. A. E. Little.
Humorous solo and chorus, “Camptown
Races” (Foster).
Mr. G. Jones and Apollo Club.
Chorus, &quot;The Image of a Rose” (Reichardt)..
The Apollo Club.
Musical monologue. Selected.
Mr. D. Owen.
Quartette. “The Little Church” (Becker).
“The Royals.”
Bass solo, Selected.
Mr. Vic. Morris.
Chorus, “Anchored” (Wgtson).
The Apollo Club.
Solo, Selected.
Mr. D. Griffith.
Humorous chorus, “Quibbles Cocoa” (Har-
per).
The Apollo Club.
Tenor solo, Selected.
Mr. A. Elliott.
Plantation melodies. “Poor Old Joe” (Fos-
ter), “Good Old Jeff” (Griffin).
TTie Apollo Club.
Baritone solo, “The Veteran’s Song.”
Mr. J. A. R. Thompson.
Chorus, “John Peel” (Arr. Fletcher).
The Apollo Club.
Musical monologue, Selected.
Mr. D. Owen.
Chorus, “Crusaders” (Protheree).
The Club.
10 p.m.—“The Daily Mail” news. Weather
News. Cloee down.
SCL, ADELAIDE
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 192&amp;
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes. -
12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service and Bri-
tish Wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.**
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
3.45 p.m.—Talk by Rev. G. E. Hale, B.A.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
4.1 p.m. —Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change intelligence.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s time with the SCL Radio
Family.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—General Market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso-
ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar-
ket Co. Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Extracts from &quot;News Bulletin,”
supplied by Minister for Markers and Mi-
gration.
7.30 p.m.—Gardening Talk by Lasscocks Nur-
series, Lockleys.
7.40 p.m.—Entertainment for the SCL Girls’
Club.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Quartette, Haydn Male Quartette.
8.5 p.m.—Selection, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
8.15 p.m.—A One-act Play, by Steve Dunks
and Gwen Hone.
8.20 p.m.—Quartette, Haydn Male Quartette.
8.35 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
8.35 p.m.—Soprano Solo, Yvonne Heaslip.
8.54 p.m.—Musical Monologue, Gwen Hone.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. __
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat Reports.
9.3 p.m.—Station Announcements.
9.5 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
8.15 p.m.—Novelty card turn, by Geo. Quin.
9.30 p.m.—Soprano Solo, Yvonne Heaslip.
9.34 p.m.—A One-act Play, by Steve Dunks
and Gwen Hone.
9.40 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
9.45 p.m.—Popular Songs. Noel Tapp.
9.50 p.m.—Selection, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
9.55 p.m.—Popular Songs, Noel Tapp.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes
10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News.
10.9 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.13 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service.
10.18 p.m.—Relayed from the Maison de
Danse, Glenelg. Dance Music.
\0.55 p.m.—Wednesdays Programme and me-
teorological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National An.
hem.
6WF, PERTH.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m. —Markets, News and Cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m.—Studio Instrumental Trio.
1.30 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—Organ music relayed from the
Grand Theatre, Murray Street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—Tune jn.
The Evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 pun.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News.
7.45 p.m.—Talk Iby Dr. J. S. Battye, 8.A.,
LL.B.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations to
programmes, etc.
8.3 p m.—Orchestral Night.
Concert by 6WF’s Station Orchestra, con-
ducted by Mr. Ronald E. Moyle, A.T.C.L.
Vocal assisting artists.
10 p.m. —Late news items by courtesy of ‘The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather report and forecast.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.


104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 Metres, com-
mencing at 6.45 p.m.
7ZL, HOBART
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.1 p.m.—Musical election.
3.5 p m.—Hobart Stock Exchange quotations.
Weather information. Items of interest.
Announcements.
3.15 p.m.—Musical Selections, continued.
4.15 p.m.—Educational Talk..
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLYY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Cousin Mac talks to the children.
7 p.m.—Uncle Hector talks to the children.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Musical Selection.
7.35 p.m.—Literary Lapses and Library Lists,
by Mr. W. E. Fuller.
7.50 p.m. —“Mercury” special Tasmanian news
service. Railway auction produce sales.
Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock Exchange
quotations.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
8.1 p.m.—Broadcast, bv direct wire, from
Strand Theatre, Hobart: Selections by
Strand Orchestra; conductor. Mr. Ben.
Corrick. Items from the Studio, by Miss
Beryl Scetrine, soprano. Miss Elsie Lampkin. soprano, Miss Ruby Piesse, accompanist.
9.50 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
“Mercury” special interstate news service.
Shins within wireless range. Tasmanian
district weather reports. 9 p.m. weather
forecasts. Weather reports from Austra-
lian capital cities. Station announcements.
Wednesday’s Programme.
10 p.m.—Close down.
Wednes., March 28
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—&quot;Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m. —Studio music.
10.35 a.m. —A reading.
10.45 a.m. —Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and Re-
cipes by Miss Ruth Furst.
11.30 a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.-»-Rugby wireless news.
12 20 p.m.—Studio music.
12 40 p.m.—Annie Sedger, mezzot
(a) “Autumn” (Mallinson).
(b) “To-morrow morning” (Tennent).
12.48 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—‘Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—‘Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1 20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m.—Studio music.
2 p.m.—‘Big Ben.” Close down.
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AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
3.3 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre, Pitt
Street, Sydney:
Items by the Lyceum Theatre Orchestra.
2.15 p.m.—From tho Studio:
Hilda Nelson, soprano:
“Just Love Me” (Lyail Phillips).
3.19 p.m.—Nancye McGiJchrist, violinist:
(a) “Lullaby” (Cyril Scott).
(bj “Brahm's Waltz in A” (Brahms).
3.27 p.m.—Netta Mullarkey, mezzo i
“At Dawning” (Cadman).
3.30 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre, Pitt
Street, Sydney:
Orchestral items.
3.45 p.m.—From the Studio* •
Rita Head, mezzo:
“Poigi, Amor” (Mozart).
3.50 p.m.—Nancye McGilchrist, violinist:
(a) “Somewhere a voice is calling” (Tate).
(b) “Chant” (White-Kreisler).
3.63 p.m.—Aileen Bear, mezzo:
“I told my love to the roses” (Newton).
4.2 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre:
Orchestral music.
4.15 p.m.—From the Studio;
Hilda Nelson, soprano:
“In a Monastern Garden” (Ketelbey).
4.20 p.m.—Popular records.
4.28 p.m.—Netta Mullarkey, mezzo:
“Sapphic Ode” (Brahms).
4.32 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre:
Orchestral music.
4.45 p.m.—From the Studio:
Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.—Rita Head, mezzo:
“Convien Partir” (Donizetti).
4.50 p.m.—Aileen Bear, mezzo:
“The rose will blow” (Wilton King).
4.54 p.m.—Studio music.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
C. 45 p.m.—The &quot;Hello ’ talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Lat 9 sporting new*.’
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Studio music.
7.53 p.;n.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano.
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The 2FC Orchestra, conducted by Horaee
Keats:
(a) “Rhapsodie Russe” (arr. Nausebaum).
(b) “Egmont Overture” (Beethoven).
8.18 p.m.—Raymond Ellis, English operatic
baritone (last broadcast appearance prior to
his departure for Melbourne).
8.27 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) “San Toy” Selection (Jones).
(b) “The Prize Song” (Wagner).
8.48 p.m.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano.
8.52 p.m.—Fred Philpotts, cornet solo:
“Kathleen Mavourneen” (Crouch).
8.58 p.m.—Raymond Ellis, English operatic
baritone.
9.12 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
9.13 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) “The Aftermath” (Marillier).
(b) Fantasie, “The Bartered Bride.”
9.35 p.m.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano.
9.40 p.m.—Fred Philpotts, cornet 6olo:
“O ! Star of Eve” (Wagner).
1.45 p.m.—H. W. Varna and his Company—by
special request—will repeat the production of
“The Silver King,” by Henry Arthur Jones:
Cast:
Wilfred Denver, H. W. Varna.
Captain Skinner (The Spider), William
Hume.
Father Christmas, Charles Curran.
Cripps (a Locksmith), Paul Robertson.
'Enery Corkett, F. Fisher.
Oliver Skinner (The Spider’s Wife), Felix
Clark.
Cissy Denver (Denver’s Daughter), Cleo
Glover.
Nellie Denver, Meg Service.
Part I.:
Scenes 1. Geoffrey Ware’s Room.
2. Denver’s House.
3. Outside the Cheker’s Inn.
10.10 p.m.—lncidental music&quot; to Part 11. of
“The Silver King.”
10.13 p.m.—Part 11. of “The Silver King.”
Scenes 1. Nellie Denver’s Home.
2. Gardens of “The Grange.”
10.43 p.m.—lncidental jnusic to Part 111. of
“The Silver King.”
10.45 p.m.—Part 111. of “The Silver King,”
Scenes 1. “The Wharf—Rotherith.
2. Gardens of “The Grange.”
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
**n?'!?* G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk on “Camping,” by Miss Gwen. Varley,
Broadcasters’ Women’s Sports Authority.'
Social Notes. Replies to correspondents.
Welfare Talk by Mrs. Jordan. *
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information broadcast immediately
after each race is run, by courtesy of the
Sun.
* 2 o no °?' —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping and
port directory.
12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless.
12.13 p.m.—Fruit Market report.
12-15 p.m.—Vegetable Market report.
12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report.
12.19 p.m.—Dairy. Farm and Produce Market
report.
12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report.
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramophone recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to children, and special entertainment
for children in hospitals.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Racing resume.
2.6 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio.
2.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
2.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio..
2.45 p.m.—Talk on “Celtic Mythology.”
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes,
ftacing resume.
3.10 p.m.—Pianoforte recital from Studio.
3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
3.30 p.m.—Concert, broadcast from the Radio
Exhibition, at the Sydney Town Hall.
The Ahad Duo (steel guitars).
3.37 p.m.—Miss Capiille Alder, soprano.
3.44 p.m* —Mr. Haagen Holenbergh, pianist.
3.51 p.m.—Mr. Donald Woodrow, baritone.
3.56 p.m.—The Ahad Duo.
4.5 p.m.—Miss Camille Alder.
4.12 p.m.—Mr. Haagen Holenbergh.
4.19 u.m.—Mr. Donald Woodrow.
4.26 p.m.—The Ahad Duo.
■4.30 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band, broadcast
frqpi Dungowan cabaret.
4.50 nun.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.52 p.m.—Racing resume.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Prodders’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report. ’
Grain and fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
6.45 p.m.—Country News from the “Sun.”
I p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner Music.
7.30 p.m,—Talk on “Astrology,” by Miss J.
Charlton Smith.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Mr. W. E. Lewis, baritone.
8.8 p.m.—Miss Dorrie Ward, soprano.
8.15 p.m.—From the Radio Exhibition, at the
Town Hall: The Whichello Trio.
8.22 p.m.—Mr. Norman Wright, tenor.
8.29 p.m.—Miss Beryl Scott, songs at the
piano.
8.36 p.m.—Miss Dorrie Ward.
8.43 p.m.—The Whichello Trio.
8.50 p.m.—Mr. W. E. Lewis.
8.57 p.m.—Miss Beryl Scott.
9.4 p.m.—Mr. Norman Wright.
9.11 p.m.—Duet: Miss Dorrie Ward and Mr.
W. E. Lewis.
9.15 p.m.—From Baker’s Hall, Campsie: The
Canterbury District B'and.
9.35 p.m.—Deal and Maynard, entertainers.
9.55 p.m.—Broadcasters’ All-Sports Expert
will talk on General Sporting.
10.10 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares, Government Meteorolo-
gist.
10.15 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant Dance Or-
chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv.
Lyons. During intervals between dances,
“Sun” news will be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.33 a.m.—WEATfIER FORECAST for all
States.
7.40 a.m.—NEWS.
8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal.
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.5 a.m.—SPORTING INFORMATION.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
II a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comforts with a
minimum of cash:
WORCESTER SAUCE.
1 pint treacle, 1 oz. ground pepper, %oz.
bruised cloves, % oz. powdered mace, % oz.
cayenne, %oz. garlic, onions
(peeled), 2 qts. vinegar, 1 teaspoon sugar.
Method —(1) Put all into earthenware jar,
and allow to stand for two weeks. (Stir
well once a day.) (2) Beil all together
for ..20 minutes. (3) Strain through mus-
lin. N (4) Bottle.
11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden bright wi,th Fragrant
Flowers.
11.5 a.m. —S. SHELDON. Household Laundry
Problems. “Some Short Cut Methods of
Doing the Washing.”
11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m.—MRS. M. CALLAWAY MAHOOD.
Difficulties in Decoration.
‘“Balance and Bowej Birds.”
11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—MISS FRANCES FRASER:
“Books fti the Home” —the Novel.


MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory Time Signal
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
Reuter’s and The Australian Press Associa-
tion cables. “Argus” news service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
Gavotte, “Woman’s Heart” (Holst).
Gavotte, “Louis XIII.” (Holst).
12.30 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Thank God for a Garden” (Del Riego).
“Will Ye No Come Back Again”
(Old Scotch).
12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Cleopatra Suite” (Dehmler).
&lt;2.50 p.m.—JOHN D. FRASER, baritone:
“Serenata” (Toselli).
“The Empty Nest” (Mason).
12.57 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, Violin:
“Slow Movement Concerto” (Mendelssohn).
1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather forecast for Victoria, Tasmania,
New South Wales, and South Australia.
Ocean forecast. River reports.
FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE, Pflano, will
continue with selections from the works of
Beethoven.
1.25 p.m.—JOHN D. FRASER, baritone:
“A Castillian Lament” (Del Riego).
“Evening Song” (Blumenthal).
1.30 p.m.—Speeches from the Rotary Cju»
Luncheon, transmitted from the Town Hall,
Melbourne.
2 p.m.— Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, ‘Y’ou’re in Lovei’ (Friml).
“Tomanza Sanza Parole” (Soro).
2.30 p.m.—Description of Trial Handicap, 6
furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Musket,”
of “he Sporting Globe.”
2.35 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Love and Sleep”r (Gambogi).
“The New Umbrella” (Besley).
2.42 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“The Arabian Dances” (Ring).
“Elegy” (Massenet).
2.47 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“E Lucevan Le Stelle” (Puccini).
“Ma Little Banjo” (Dichmont).
2.54 p.m.— PERCY CYODE, Comet:
“Selected.”
3 p.m.—Description of Jumpers’ Flat Race,
9 furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Mus-
ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
3.5 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Bells” (Hurlstone).
“Darkness” (Hurlstone).
“Selected.”
8.12 p.m.—Announcements.
3.14 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
This Month Sow the Seeds of Cornflowers,
Calliopsis, Candy Tuft, Cabbages and
Carrot*.
3.15 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK.
Transmission from Wirth’s Park, E. G. M.
Gibson, of “The Acgus” and “Australasian,”
will speak on “Vegetable Culture.”
8.30 p.m.—Description of Werribee Handicap
I V* miles, WERRIBEE RACES, bv ••Mus-
ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
FROM THE STUDIO—
-8.35 p.m.—3&gt;TATION\ ORCHESTRA :
Largo from New World Symphony”
(Dvorak). X
Selected. )
8.50 p.m.—JEAN HAMBLETON, contralto:
“Down by the Sally Gardens” (Hughes).
“The Heart Worship?” (Holst).
3.57 p.m,—LES RICHMOND, Piano:
Selected.
4 p.m.—Description of Welter Handicap, 7
furlongs, 65 yards. WERRIBEE RACES,
by “Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
4.5 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Dance of the Serpents” (Bocalani).
4.10 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenors
“Celeste Aida” (Verdi).
“Request Number.”
Look for the name “EVER-READY”
and this TRADE-MARK
Do YOU use an “Ever-Ready?”
In addressing
this to you, we
feel we are talk-
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radio set, and not
to a second
Marconi.
Ask your Dealer, or
write us, for an in-
teresting colered folder
about “Ever-Ready”
Radio Batteries. It illus-
trates all the “Ever-
Ready” types, and con-
tains many valuable
hints for “B” Battery
users*
STAND No. 7
Radio Exhibition, Town
Hall, March 21 to 31.
Your motor car would not run at all
well if you used oil instead of petrol.
No Sir! Same thing in radio. If you
want continuous, perfect reception,
you must cater for it by using not
merelythe right type of “B” Battery,
but one which has an unexcelled repu-
tation for reliability, long life and
economy. Sir, you guessed right.
You’d use an “Ever-Ready.” Wire
one in now, and hear the difference.
THE EVER-READY CO.,
163 Pitt Street, Sydney.
€
On the left are shown the
two new &quot;Ever-Ready” H.T.
45 volt “B” Batteries, speci-
ally designed for use with
Multi-valve sets of the Neut-
rodyne and Super-Hetero-
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Type H.D., 45 valt
Type S.S., 45 volt .
22/S
26/-
Here is illustrated the “EVER-
READY,” 63 Volt W.P. Type
H.T. “B” Battery. The com-
plete range of “B” batteries is
listed below.
Small size, type W.P., 31.5 volt.,
9/6
Small size, type W.P., 42 volt,
12/6
Small size, type W.P., 63 volt,
18/-
Large size, type X.P., 60 volt,
31/6


4.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection from “The Quaker Girl”
(Monckton).
4.30 p.m.—Description of Rockleigh Plate, 5
furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Mus-
ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
4.35 p.m.—JEAN HAMBLETON, contralto:
“The Hawk” (Clarke).
“Life and Death” (Taylor).
4.42 p.m.—Announcements.
4.45 p.m.—Special Weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report for Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Medley Overture Ace High” (arr.
Brockton).
6 p.m.—Description of Rockleigh Purse, 7
furlongs and 65 yards, WERRIBEE RACES,
by “Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
6.5 p.m.—“Herald” News Service.
Stock' &quot;Exchange information.
6.15 p.m.—Close down.
Results of Boort Races will be given hourly
during the afternoon.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “MARY. MARY.”
6.20 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m.—“MARY, MARY”:
“A Fairy Story for the Little Ones.”
6.40 p.m.—Musical interlude.
••45 p.m.—“MARY, MARY”:
A Story of Robin Hood.
NEWS SESSION.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket Stock
Sales, by The Associated Stock and Station
Agents, Bourke-street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.19 p.m—River reporta
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce,
potatoes and onions. Market reports of
fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa-
tion. Retail prces. Wholesale prices of
fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’
Association. Citrus fruits.
Swimming notes.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.80 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, R.
CROWE, Exports Superintendent, will
speak on “Marketing Methods.”
7.45 p.m.—CAPTAIN C. H. PETERS:
&quot;Books, Wise and Otherwise.”
8 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK:
Keep your garden bright with fragrant
flowers. This month be sure to plant:
Foxgloves, Freesias, and Phlox Drumnjondi.
Transmission from Wirth’s Park.
J. OLIVER, Curator of Essendon Gardens,
will speak on “Trees for Avenues.”
FROM THE STUDIO—
-8.16 p.m.—KALLMA DUO, Hawaiian instru-
mentalists :
“La Paloma.”
“Yackahula.”
8.23 p.m.—An Australian Novelty.
8.28 p.m.—J. ALEXANDER BROWNE, bari-
tone:
“The Drum Major” (Newton).
“The Muleteer of Malaga” (Trotere).
8.35 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA •
Selection: “The Rainbow” (Gershwin).
8.45 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“The Little Dustman” (Brahms).
“The Little Blue Bonnet” (Schuman).
8.52 p.m.—STUDIO PRESENTATION OF
“THE BELLE OF NEW YORK” (Musical
numbers only).
“A Musical Comedy in Two Acts.”
Music by Gustave Kerker.
Words by Hugh Morton.
Musical Director.
MADAME ETHEL ASHTON.
ACT 1.
Scene 1.
Opening Chorus, “When a Man is “Twenty-
One.”
Bong and Chorus, “When I was Born the
Stars stood still.”
Song, “Little Sister Kissie.”
Song, “Teach Me How to Kiss.”
Chorus, “We Come this Way.”
Song, “The Anti-Cigarette Society.”
Song and Chorus, “Wine, Women and
Song.”
SCENE 2.
Song, “La Belle Parisienne.”
Song, “My Little Baby.”
SCENE 9.
Chorus, “Pretty Little China Girl.”
Song, “They follow me.”
Song and Chorus, “We’ll stand and die
together.”
Song, “She is the Belle of New York.”
Finale, Act 1, “Your life, my little girl’.'
ACT 2.&quot;
Scene 1.
Opening Chorus, “Oh, Sonny.”
Duet, “When we are Married.”
Song and Chorus, “The Purity Brigade.”
Song and Chorus, “I do so there.”
Scene 2.
Chorus, “For the twentieth time we’ll
drink.”
Song, “At ze naughty Folies Bergere.”
Finale, “Two in the Field.”
10.7 p.jn. —“Argus” news service. Britisn
Official Wireless news from Rugby. An-
nouncements. Meteorological information.
Island shipping information.
THE ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF
VICTORIA SAFETY MESSAGE FOR
TO-DAY IS FOR MOTORISTS:
*'Do not allow anyone to ride on the
running board, rear tire, or bumper of your
car.”
10.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “From India” (Francis Popper).
10.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Nymphs et Sylvans” (Bemberg).
“The Hoot Owl.”
10.34 p.m.—KALIMO DUOt
&quot;Isles of Paradiie.”
“Popular Airs Medley.”
10.40 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA,'
“Light Cavalry Overture” (Suppe).
“In the Tavern” (Jensen).
10.49 p.m.—J. ALEXANDER BROWNE,
baritone:
“O Flower of all the World” (Woodforde-
Finden).
“All the Fun of the Fair” (Martin).
10.36 p.m.—Announcements.
11 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep yoursbright with fragrant flowers.
'“No garden, however Email, should) be
devoid of Roses, for, as has been well
said:—‘A garden without a rose is like
a sky without a sun.’ Sow the seeds
now of Dianthus, Mimulus, PolyantKffs
and Schezanthus.”
HI p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
SPORT. During the afternoon, results of the Werribee Races together with other information, will be broadcast immediately each race is run.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
A half-hour Dance Session, by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band. The latest popular
hits, each one announced prior to its pre-
sentation.
Broadcasting from “The Venetian Court,”
Hotel Australia.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Suite, “Ballet Suite” (Gretry-Mottl).
“Romeo’s Farewell to Juliet” (Baron).
2.45 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, Saxaphone:
“Valse Hilda” (Doer).
2.49 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano:
“The Love Song of Har Dyal” (Batten).
“Japanese Love Song” (Thomas).
256 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Three Pictures from Syria” (Ring).-
“Spanish Dances, No. 1 and 2.” (Moszkow-
ski).
3.11 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, Soprano:
3.19 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians :
3.30 p.m.—Announcements.
3.35 p.m.—Dr. George Payne Philpots, President of the Food Education Society of Victoria, and Editor of the National Magazine of Health.
3.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Selection, “Popy” (Samuels).
“Valse Poudree” (Popy).
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.m.—Mr. Bernard Thomas, tenor:
“Rose of My Heart” (Lohr).
“At Dawning” (Cadman).
4.10 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra^
“By the Lake of Geneva, Part I.”
“Polly” (Zamecnik).
“The Savoy English Medley” (Somers).
4.26 p.m.—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin:
“Elegie” (Ernst).
4.30 p.m.—Mr. Bernard Thomas, tenor :
“Thank God for a Garden” (Teresa del Riego).
‘T Know of Two Bright Eyes” (Clutsam).
4.37 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
4.55 p.m.—Announcements. To-night’s entertainment.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.”
God Save the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—3Aß’s Cousin Peter.
EVENING SESSION.
CONCERT FROM BENALLA.
FROM THE STUDIO.
7.15 p.m.—Our Boy Scouts. Commissioner W. D. Kennedy, Deputy Camp Chief of Victoria, will give his interesting weekly notes
and news on the Scout Movement.
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” presents his budget of up-to-date ne\ys and
comments on sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock reports.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight.
FROM BENALLA.
8.1 p.m.—Orchestra:
Overture, “Poet and Peasant” (Suppi).
Benalla Musical Society, chorus:
“Carnovale” (Rossini).
Mrs. Blait, contralto:
“My Ships” (Barrat).
Mr. M. Tough, baritone:
“Mountain Lovers” (Squire).
Mr. J. McNamara, humorous recital*
“The Liver Wing Testimonial.”
Miss Findley and Mr. Senior, with male choir:
Duet and chorus: “Miserere and Tower
Song,” from Trovatore.
Miss M. Rahilly, violin:
“Legende” (Wieniawski).
Miss E. Beale, soprano:
“Golden Bird” (Haydn-Wood).
Miss Gallaher, Mrs. Machin, Mr. H. Williams, and Mr. S. Machin, quartette:
“You swear to be good and true,” from
Gelliers Dorothy.
Mr. R. Senior and Miss Rahilly, tenor solo, with violin obligato.
“Angels Guard Thee” (Goddard).
Orchestra:
“Prelude” (Rachmaninoff).
Benalla Musical Society:
Chorus, “Regular Royal Queen” from the
Gondoliers (Sullivan).
Mrs. Blair and Miss Rahilly, contralto, with
violin obligato:
“Ave Maria” (Gounod).
Marangan Lodge Choir:
Male chorus, “The Old Banjo” (Scott
Gattys).
Miss E. Findley, soprano:
“One Fine Day” (Puccini).
Mr. J. McNamara, recital:
“After the Ball.”
Mr. T. Hughes, tenor:


“Songs of Araby” (Clay).
Genaila Musical Society:
Chorus, “To the Death” (Alfred Wheeler).
p.m.—“Age” news service, exclusive to
3AR.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quite
is taken from the poem, “The Dominion,”
by Brunton Stephens.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven.
God Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE.
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
6.30 a.m. to 7 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
1 p.m.—Market reports: weather information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau; news services supplied by “Thd Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.30 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times.
8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph News.”
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Mail train running times; &quot;Daily
Standard” news; weather information announcements.
6.15 p.m.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—The Children’s Hour:
Stories 'by “Little Miss Brisbane.”
f p.m.—Special news service ,* market reports ;
stock reports.
f .30 p.m.—Weather news ; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
7.45 p.m—Lecturette: “Orchard Ills and Their
Diagnosis,” by Mr. J. W. Howies (Queens-
land Agricultural High School and College).
NIGHT SESSION.
A programme of dance music by Alf.
Featherstone and his Studio Syncopators, including:
Fox-trots:
(a) “You Gave Me Your Heart” (Snyder).
(b) “In a Tent” (Roehler).
Fox-trots:
(a) “Barbara” (Silver).
(b) “Dancing Tambourine” (Polla).
Fox-trots:
(a) “Out Where the Blue Begins” (Grant).
(b) “Oh! Miss Hannah” (Deppen).
Jazz Waltzes:
(a) “Nightingale” (Brockman).
(b) “Night of Love” (De Sylva).
Rhythmic Paraphrase:
(a) “Russian Fantasy” (Lange).
Medley One-Step:
(a) “Yank o’ Mania” (Rudolph).
Fox-trots:
(a) “The Birth of the Blues” (Henderson).
(b) “Rose of Sunny Italy” (Chapman).
Fox-trots:
(a) “My Mammy Knows” (Be Costa).
(b) “Would You Cry” (Spencer).
(p) “Love is Just a Flower” (Schonberg).
Fox-trots:
(a) “Spanish Shawl” (Scheebel).
(b) “Through Eternity I’ll Dream of You”
(Baker).
Between dances the following will be re-
layed:
A CERTAIN REMEDY
When your reception weakens and you cannot get the usual volume
your “A” battery is generally found to be the trouble.
This can easily be remedied by charging your own batteries at home just when necessary, and will assure your set ready for
action at all times.
Keogh Radio Supplies
Manufacturers of the famous KEOGH RADIO SET
Tungar A &amp; B
2 Amp. Charger
£B-10-0 Cash
Term* : 32/- Dep.
5/- per week.
Positively a most reliable charger—fool-proof and constant in operation.
EMMCO 2.5 AMP. CHARGER
Max. Charging Rate 2\ Amp.. No Valves. No Acid.
Cash £4/15/-
Terms: 17/6 Deposit; 5/ per week.
RECTOX TRICKLE CHARGER
Something New to Charge, 4 or 6 Volt, from .8 to 1 Amp. con-
tinuous. No valves. No acid; foolproof. Cash £5/10/
Terms: 20/- Deposit; 5/- per week.
BALKITE TRICKLE CHARGER
Max. Charging Rate, J Amp. Can be used while set is working.
Cash £3/10/-
Terms: 19/6 Deposit; 5/- per week.
Our Time Payment
applies to
ACCUMULATOR, A. &amp; B. LOUDSPEAKERS
BATTERY CHARGERS. COMPLETE SETS
BATTERY ELIMINATORS. GRAMOPHONES, ETC.
Terms Within Reach of All.
REMEMBER! Our Engineer, Chas. W. Slade, is always available
and may be consulted on any trouble you are experiencing in your
receiver. Call and let us help you.
We are Super Heterodyne Experts.
KEOGH RADIO SUPPLIES
40a PARK STREET
(Between Castlereagh and Pitt Streets)
Open till 9 p.m. Fridays


Soprano solos:
&lt;»&gt; ‘‘ Two Little Bluebirds” (Hern)
(b) “Lovely Night” (Ronald).
Miss Jean Naylor.
Baritone solos, Selected.
Mr. D. Daniels.
Lauri, the Enterainer.
Baritone solos, Selected.
Mr. Fred Homer.
10 p.m.—Special Bi-weekly News Bulletin for
distant listeners.
t 0.30 p.im—“Daily Standard” news; weather
news. Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes.
S *&quot;'“ “ d
12 ‘^Recreator^* USiCal numbers on the Studio
12 ch an P ; m Tf-,r C - Ward and Co -’ s Stock Exchange Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1 “Recreator” Cal numbers on the Studio
1.57 p.m. Meteorological information.
2 Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
* p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
' “Recreator! ”* ° n the Studio
8.30 p.m.—Menu Talk by ‘‘Homelover.”
8 - 4 c s o p - m —Fashion Talk, by J. Craven and
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
4.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
JRecreater.”
Ward and C°/. Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
5 p.m—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
H£ m ;r? hildren ’ s Entertainment, by the
oL/li JRadio Family.
.6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Re-
■ creator.”
7 P.m. —G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—General Market Reports, by A. W.
Sandford and' Co.. A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Cq., S.A. Farmers’ Co-operative
Union, Taylor Bros. Retail Grocers’ Asso-
ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar-
ket Co., Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Extracts from ‘‘News Bulletin ”
■upplied by Minister for Markets and Mi-
gration.
7.30 p.m.—Boy Scouts’ Corner.
7.45 p.m.—Talk on “Current Topics.”
8 p.m.—G.P.O, Chimes.
•'I/&quot; I'—:lnstrumental 1 '— : Instrumental Concert, relayad from
Henley Beach Rotunda: Holden’s Silver
Land, ini selections, interspersed with solos
by Elsie Weolley (mezzo), Mrs. Hubert
James (piano), and Herbert King (tenor).
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat Report.
9.3 p.m.—Station. Announcements.
9.4 p.m.—lnstrumental Concert, continued.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News.
10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.15 p.m.—Relayed from the Maison de
Danse, Glenelg, Dance Music.
teorological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National An-
them.
10.55 p.m.—Thursday’s Programme and me-
6WF, PERTH.
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
MORNING SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m.—Marketa, News, and Cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m.—Studio Quintette, conducted by Mr
Val Smith.
2 p.m.—Close down.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
8.85 p.m.—Talk: “Fashions” by Junette.
3.55 p.m.—Orchestral music played by Hoyts
Orchestra, conducted by Mr. Harold Parting-
relayed from Hoyt’s Regent Theatre,
William street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—Tune in.
The Evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.20 p.m.—Stock, Markets, News.
7 45 p.m.—Sporting talk.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological, Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements sucvh as alterations
to programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Variety night.
Musical programme, including vocal and in-
strumental artists.
Orchestral nusic played by Harold Parting-
ton and his seventeen piece orchestra, re-
layed from Hoyts Regent Theatre, William
street.
10 news items by courtesy of “The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather Report and forecast.
10.30 down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 Metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m.
Thurs., March 29
-2FC, SYDNEY.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m, to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—Last minute sporting information
by the 2FC Racing Commissioner.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m.—Studio music.
11.15 a.m.—A reading.
11.30 a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—&quot; Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m. “Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m.—Dorothy Benbow, contralto:
“O Western Wind” (Brahe).
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.50 p.m.—Dorothy Benbow, contralto!
“Country Folk” (Brahe).
1.55 p.m.—Late sporting information, told by
the 2FC Racing Commissioner. *
2.5 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements,
3.3 p.m.—Muriel Watt, contralto:
“God touched the Rose” (Borwn),
3.7 p.m.—-Popular records.
3.15 p.m.—G. F. Brewer, baritone.
3.19 p.m.—Muriel Watt, contralto.
3.23 p.m.—Popular record 3.
3.30 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall, on the
occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibition
a programme b 2FC artists:
The 2FC Dance Trio, conducted by Bee. Mor-
rison :
(a) “No more, worryin’ ” (Hahn),
(b) “Just again” (Donaldson).
3.38 p.m.—Frank Botham, baritone:
“The Red Star of Romany” (Sanderson).
3.45 p.m.—Jean Gerrard, solos on the Melo
piano:
(a) “Little town in the old County Down”
(Sanders).
(b) Ain t that a grand and glorious feel-
ing” (Yellen).
3.52 p.m.—The 2FC Dance Trio, conducted by
Cec Morrison:
(a) “Yesterday” (de Sylva).
(b) “One Summer Night” (Coslow).
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Peggy Dunbar, contralto:
“Still as the Night.”
At the piano: Enid Conley.
4.7 p.m.—The 2FC Dance Trio:
“Gonna get a Girl” (Lewis).
4.12 p.m.—Frank Botham, baritone:
&quot;Land of Delight” (Sanderson).
4.16 p.m.—Jean Gerrard, solos on the Melo
Piano:
(a) “Saxophone Waltz” (Mingo).
(b) “Fifty Million Frenchmen can’t be
wrong” (Rose).
4.20 p.m.—Peggy Dunbar, contralto:
“Homing” (Del Reigo).
4.23 p.m.—The 2FC Dance T*io, conducted by
Cec. Morrison:
(a) “Who, maybe it’s you” (Berlin).
(b) “Forgive me” (Ager).
4.30 p.m.—From the Stiadioj
G. F. Brewer, baritone!
4.35 p.m.—Popular records.
4.42 p.m.—Genevieve Eppel, soprano:
“Leto” (Chaminade).
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.—Studio music.
4.56 p.m.—Genevieve Eppel, soprano*
Open thy blue eyes” (Massenet).’
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
5.45 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.16 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
A short talk by the 2FC Racing Commis-
sioner.
7.5 p.m.—Sporting news.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool
wheat and stock).
P-™-— Frt &gt;it and vegetable markets.
P.D.S. Poultry Reports.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.— Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
T. 40 p.m.—Programme announcements*
P -“^ he „ Ja “ eteki Trio ’ instrumentalists',
o p.m.— Bis Ben/*
G. J. Lockley will deliver a talk on Wen*
worth Park,
B 'T„w' m^ r ° M the platform of the Sydney
lown Hall: a programme by 2FC artists in
connection with the Radio Electrical Exhibi-
tion.
The Metropolitan Band, conducted by John
.Palmer:
(a) ' n March of Triumph.”
(b) “Entry of the Gladiators&quot; (Facik).


8.20 p.m.—Alfred Cunningham, baritone:
(a) “Even bravest heart,” Cavatina, “Faust”
(Gounod).
(b) “The Merry Monk” (Bevan). .
8.28 p.m. —Charles Lawrence, entertainer in
song and humour.
8.34 p.m.—Madame Lilian Gibson, contralto:
(a) “Softly awakes my Heart” (Saint Saens).
(b) “Homing.”
8.42 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band:
Selection from “Faust” (Gounod).
8.58 p.m.—The Sydney Male Voice Choir:
(a) “The song of the Jolly Roger?”
(b) “It’s Oh, to be a Red Rose” (Elgar).
(c) “Ring out, wild bells” (Fletcher).
At piano: Horace Keats.
9.10 p.m.—From tile Studio:
The Janetski Trio, instrumentalists.
9.25 p.m.—Alfred Cunningham, baritones
(a) “To Mary” (White).
(b) “Song of the Clock” (Burchell).
9.32 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band, conducted
'by John Palmer:
(a) March, “Nawortk Castle” (Ord Hume).
(b) Selection, “The Arcadians” (Monckton-
Talbot).
9.49 p.m.—Mde. Lilian Gibson, contralto:
(a) “Ave Maria” (Mascagni).
(b) “Hame” (Davies). ’
9.56 p.m.—Charles Lawrence, entertainer.
10.5 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band:
(a) Two Step, “Belle of Woolloomooloo”
(Lithgow).
(b) Fantasia, “Scotland” (Lee).
10.20 p.m.—From the Ambassadors:
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by Al Hammet.
10.85 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.36 p.m.—From the Studio:
The Metrc-politan Band:
(a) Waltz, “Echoes of the Danube’’ (arr.
Satson).
(b) March, “The Ndrth Star” (Rinsmer).
10.47 p.m.—From the Ambassadors :
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio:
To-morrow’s’ programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from Studio.
10.40 a.m.—News from the “Daily Telegraph
Pictorial.”
10.50 a.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Social Notes. Replies to correspondents.
Talk on “Architecture,” by Mr. Brogan.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Clock and’chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping, and
port directory.
12.1 i p.m.—Boats in call by wireless:
12.13 p.m.—F'ruit Market report.
12.15 p.m.—Vegetable Market report.
12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report.
12.19 p.m.—Dairy, Farm and Produce Market
report.
12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report.
12:26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. gramophone' recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to thildren, and special entertainment
for children in hospitals.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
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AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information, broadcast immediately
after each race, by courtesy of the “Sun”
newspapers.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
S.lO p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
8.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
3.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
8.40 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band, broadcast
from Dungowan Cabaret.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
4.8 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—Talk on “The Women of Ancient
Rome.”
4.30 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band.
4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”*
4.57 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
6 p.m.—G.P.O Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
8.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report.
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
Weekly Traffic Bulletin.
6.45 a,sa. —Country News, from the “Sun.**
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner music.
7.30 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
EVENING SESSION.
B p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Broadca;ters’ Topical Chorus.
§.3 p.m.—Programme arranged by Messrs. E.
F. Wilks and Co.
10.15 p.m.—Resume of following day’s p
gramme.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares. Government Meteorolo-
gist.
16 20 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra,
under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson.
During intervals between dances. “Sun”
news will be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
HERALD BREAKFAST HOUR.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7-20 a_m. —Physical Culture Exercises (to
music).
7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.33 a.m.—Weather forecast for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.6 a.m.—News. Sporting information. Ship-
ping Stock Exchange information.
8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—3LO’s CULINERY COUNSELS, or
how to create comforts with a minimum
of cash: —
NUTTIES.
1% cups of flour.
L&gt;-cup butter.
%-cup sugar.
1 egg.
Little Cinnamon.
%-cup chopped dates.
%-cup chopped walnuts
%-teaspoon carbonate soda.
1 tablespoon boiling water.
Cream butter and sugar, add egg, beat
well, add flour and cinnamon, sifted, then
the soda dissolved in the boiling water,
then the dates and nuts. Place in small
pieces on a greased oven tray and bake
10 to 15 minutes.
H I a.m.-THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN:
Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers.
11.5 a.m.—ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME,
MR. JOHNSTON:
“Lighting the Home.”
11.20 a.m.^ —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m.—SISTER PURCELL:
“Mothercraft.”
11.40 a.m.—Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—MRS. HENRIETTA C. WALKER:
THE ART OF BEING A SETTLER.
The Lighter Side: The Question of Enter-
taining.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY
TIME SIGNAL.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices, received by the Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day. British
Official wireless news from Rugby. Reu-
ters and the Australian Press Association
cables. “Argus” news service.
COMMUNITY SINGING.
12.15 p.m.—COMMUNITY SINGING, trans-
mitted from the Assembly Hall, Collins
street. Melbourne. Conductor, G. J. MAC-
KAY
BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUARTETTE:
SOLOISTS:
MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Rire Toujours” (Massenet).
Selected.
GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Three Fishers” (Hullah).
“Don’t Take Away My Little Honey Boy**
(Elliott).
1.45 p.m.—Meteorological information. Stock
Exchange information.
1.55 p.m.—Close down.
2.10 p.m.—Result of Handicap Trial Hurdle,
Race, Two miles. MORNINGTON RACES.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “The Girl from Utah” (Jones).
2.80 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, Soprano (by per-
mission J. C. Williamson Ltd.) :
“Batti Batti” (Mozart).
“Poppies for Forgetting” (Clarke).
2.37 p.m.—PERCY CODE, cornet:
Selected.
2.40 p.m—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Cobweb Castle” (Lehmann).
Reverie, “Ecstacy” (Canne).
2.55 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“Thank God for a Garden” (Del Riego).
“Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal” (Qiulter).
3.2 p.m.—Result of Handicap Maiden Plate,
six furlongs, MORNGINGTON RACES.
3.3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Floradora” (Stuart).
3.15 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK:
DR. GEORGE E. PAYNE PHILPOTS will
speak on “Fruits and Vegetables—Their
Food and Health Qualities,” transmitted
from Worth’s Park.
EDUCATION HOUR.
3.30 p.m.—DR. LOFTUS HILLS:
&quot;Topics of the Week.”
3.45 p.m.—WM. G. JAMES will speak to
Students of Music.
4 p.m.—REV. WILLIAM BOTTOMLEY will
give a series of Lectures on
“THE IDYLLS OF THE KING.”
Tennyson—l. “The Coming of Arthur.”
SPORTING NOTES.
4.15 p.m.—Results of MORNINGTON RACES.
LIGHT MUSIC.
4.16 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Honolulu Moon” (Laurence).
“In the Tavern” (Jansen).
4.25 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano:
“Jeunes Filettes” (Bergerette).
“Smilin’ Through” (Penn).
4,32 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Going Up” (Hirsch).
4.42 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor :
“The Blind Ploughman” (Clarke).
4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report for Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—EVENSONG from ST. PAUL’S
CATHEDRAL.
5.30 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock
Exchange information. Result of Welter
Handicap MORNINGTON RACES.
5.40 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
CHILDREN’S HOUR.
6 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday
greetings by “MARY GUMLEAF.”
6.20 p.m.—MONSIEUR SONORA:
Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m—“MARY GUMLEAF:”
Stories for the Little Ones.
“Dreamy Sue.”
“Building Cattles.”
6.30 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.35 p.m.—“MARY GUMLEAF” and her
Students will give a Little Play
“ALICE’S ADVENTURE.”
NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock
sales by the Asociated Stock and Station
Agents, Bourke street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor-
rett Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.18 p.m.—River reports.
7.22 p.m.—Acceptances for Epsom races on
Saturday. Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co. Ltd.—Poultry,
Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce!
Potatoes and Onions. Market reports of
fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Asocia-
tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchant’s
Association. Citrus fruits. Ballarat pig
market reports by the Ballarat Stock
and Station agents.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—A talk on Foreign Affairs, by as
Australian.
7.45 p.m.—STRELLA WILSON, now appear-
ing in the Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Com-
pany, at His Majesty’s Theatre, will speak
to you from her dressing room, by permis-
sion of J. C. Williamson Ltd.
8 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK, trans-
mission from Wirth’s Park.
E. GRAY, Curator, Kyneton Garden, will
speak on
“Trees for the Altitudes.’*
FROM THE STUDIO.
8.15 p.m.—Birthday greetings and programme
announcements.
8.16 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Yesterday” (Harrison).
“There will come a time” (Garren).
“The Magic of Music and Love” (Hajor) s
8.25 p.m^—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Chanson Indoue” (Korsakov).
8.28 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Down Kentucky. Way” (Gamble).
“There’s a Garden in Loveland” fcHajor).
“Red Lips Kiss My Blues Away” (Bryan),
8.37 p.m.—Talk on the War Memorial.
8.42 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“There’s Just one For You” (Ganner)*
“Sing me a Baby Song” (Kahn).
“I’ve Got a Yes Girl” (Souvaine).
8.51 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor:
“Anchor’s Weighed.”
8.54 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“What’ll You Do” (Miller).
“Maybe You’ll Ibe the One” (McKiernan),
“All on My Ownsome” (Kahn).
9.3 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Kentucky Babe” (Geibel).
9.6 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Egyptian Echoes” (Black).
“Are You Happy?” (Ager).
“Who’s Loving You To-night?” (Davis),
9.15 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Adieu Marie” (Adams).
9.1.8 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS :
“Following you Around” (Kahn).
“Moonlight Waters” (Friend).
“Underneath the Stars with You” (Stept).
9.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Charlie is my Darling” (Old Scotch).
9.30 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Go Home and Tell Your Mother” (Baen).
“Rang Tang” (Trent).
“Take your Finger out of Your Mouth”
(Yellman).


9.39 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor:
“Ailsa Mine.”
9.42p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“To-night you belong to iqe” (Costlow).
“So Blue” (De Sylva).
“At Sundown” (Donaldson).
9.51 p.m.—GRACE JACKSOI4. contralto:
“Lacaday” (Crampton).
9.54 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Broken Hearted” (Lombardo).
“That Night in Araby” (Synder),
“From Now On” (Friend).
10 p.m.—“Argus” news service. British
official wireless news from Rugby. Meteoro-
logical information. Anouncements. Sport-
ing notes by “Olympus.” Island shipping
movements. Results of Triangular State
School cricket match betwen Victoria, New
South Wales, and Queensland, played in
Sydney.
ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VIC-
TORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR TO-
DAY IS:—
“Persons on bicycles, scooters or in carts
should not be permitted to hitch to your
car.”
10.15 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Till the end of the world with you.”
“My Heart is Calling” (Garden).
“The Spell of the Moon” (Kahn).
10.24 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Wayfarer’s Night Song” (Martin).
10.27 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“How Can you Be So Mean to Me.”
“My Idea of Heaven” (Johnson).
“Golden Memories of Hawaii.”
10.36 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“The Fuchsia Tree” (Quilter).
10.39 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Night time is Love Time” (Davis).
“Wondering Why” (Ash).
“How Long Must I Wait For You?” (Still-
well).
10.48 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor:
“Audacity.”
10.51 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Slow River” (Myers).
“What are You Waiting For Now?” (Cos-
low).
“I’d Leave Ten Men” (Farrar).
11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“Woodman, spare that tree,
Touch not a single bough,
In youth it sheltered me,
And I’ll protect it now.
’Twas my forefather’s hand
That placed it near his cot.
There, woodman, let it' stand,
Thy axe shall harm it not.”
George P. Morris.
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
HIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Patori, Ltd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL CONCERT.
Sport. During the afternoon results of the
Mornington Races, together with other in-
formation, will be given immediately each
race is run.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
A half-hour dance session by Melbourne’s
favorite dance band. The latest hits, each
one announced prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
2.45 p.m.—Miss Jean Lewis, contralto:
“A Pearl for every tear” (Liddle).
“The way home” (Liddle).
2.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
3.8 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
“Arabesque” (De Bussy).
3.12 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Fantasie Espagnole” (Hosmar).
3.23 p.m.—Miss Jean Lewis, contralto:
“Thou art so like a flower” (Liszt).
“A bunch of violets” (Mena Raymond).
3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
3.40 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
3.56 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano:
“Valse Mignonne” (Palmgren).
4 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Four.
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.m.—Mr&gt; George dSverest, tenor:
“Parted” (Tosti).
“The Devon Maid” (Frank Bridge).
4.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
4.26 p.m.—Mr. George Everest, tenor:
“Maire my Girl” (George Aitken).
“I know a lovely garden” (Guy d’Hardelot).
4.34 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
4.55 p.m.—Special racing report. Acceptances
and barrier positions for Saturday’s races
by G.F.R.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Five.
God Save the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Uncle Mac’s entertainment.
EVENING SESSION.
SONG AND DANCE.
7.15 p.m.—Hobby Session. Mr. A. G. Kelson,
Vice-President of the 3AR Stamp Club.
7.25 p.m.—“Early Victorian History.” Mr.
F. A. Currie’s interesting talk this week will
deal with “William Buckley—the Wild,
White Man.”
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-date news and com-
ments on sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock reports.
McPhail Anderson’s pig market.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight.
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“A Derwish Chorus” (Sebek).
“Invitation of the Waltz” (Weber-Berlioz).
8.17 p.m.—Miss Jean Tunnecliffe, contralto:
“The Three Fishers” (Hullah).
“Coming Home” (Hullah).
8.24 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Pious Bach” (Urbach).
8.39 p.m.—Mr. John Hobbs, bass baritone:
“Myself when young” (Liza Lehmann).
“Wander Thirst” (Landon Ronald).
8.47 p.m.—Mr. Ronald Brearley, ’cello:
“Arabian Song” (Vogrich).
8.50 p.m.—Announcements.
9.2 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Looking Backward” (Finck).
9.18 p.m.—Miss Jean Tunnecliffe. contralto:
“The Little Silver Ring” (Chaminade).
“Jock O'Hayeldene” (Loder).
9.26 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
9.34 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Ten.
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners
10.3 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano:
“Should he upbraid” (Bishop).
“Drink to me only” (Traditional).
10.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Indian Summer” (Lake*.
10.21 p.m.—-Mr. John Hobhs, bass baritone:
“The Border Balad” (Cowen).
“Tributes” (Fisher).
10.28 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Indian Summer” (Lake).
10.34 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano:
“Impatience” CSchrbeU).
“Caller Herrin” (Old Scotch).
10.42 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Am Meer” (Schubert).
10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
10.62 p.m.—“Age” news bulletin, exclusive to
3AR.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quote
is taken from the poem, “Spell Oh!” by
W. E. Carew.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven.
God Save the King.
What I See
&amp; Hear
Looking Backward
When I sit by the sad sea waves
and let the sands of time blow over
me, do I remember with regret the
dear school days? I do not! They
leave the same happy memory as an
attack of ptomaine poisoning from
eating bad sardines.
All my life I have been haunted by
the clammy atrocities printed in the
old-time school books. Thjey have
clung to me as th&amp; tendrils of jelly
fish. There were four in particular.
The first was about an old arm
chair and it had a tipsy refrain:
“I love it, I love it, and who shall
dare,
“To chide me for loving that old arm
chair!”
If anyone in my class had caught
the writer the latter would have
yelled for a hospital stretcher instead
of an arm chair.
Number 2 described the expiring
gasps of some girl who was to be
Queen of the May before she pegged
out. “Call me early, mother dear,”
was her chief stock in trade. Why
she didn’t buy an alarm clock, no-
body could ever understand.
More entertaining was the loss of
the Royal George which sank with
“twice four hundred men.” I suppose
eight hundred men would not rhyme.
She was “overset” by a land breeze—
must have been a top-heavy tub!
Last and worst was a dirge, “Thy
father is passing away!”
The symptoms of the expiry would
have stocked a small medical book.
For two years I mourned for my poor
Dad, until one day I broke a window
with my shanghai. The following
ten minutes with him left me very
sore in body, but greatly relieved re-
garding his early grave.
What an infinite blessing it was
that we did not have radio in those
days. Fancy the glorious Burgess
Batteries being employed to turn out
such unadulterated dribble as the
stuff in those old books. Instead of
an affectionate regard for New
System Telephones Pty., Ltd., I
should hate to think of 280 Castle-
reagh-street, Sydney, as the sob
centre of “The Old Arm Chair,” or
“Thy Father is Pegging Out.”


4QG, BRISBANE
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m,
MIDDAY SESSION.
4 p.m.—Market reports ; weather information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau ; news services supplied by “The
Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour address.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal.
t p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times.
8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph” news.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
8 p.m.-—Mail train running times; “Daily
Standard” news; weather information an-
nouncements.
6.15 p.jn.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “The Sandman.”
7 pjn.—Special news service; market re-
ports ; stock reports.
7.30 p.m.—Weather news; “Daily Standard”
news; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
7.46 p.m.—Lecturecte: A talk on Books by
Mr. Doyle (McLeod’s).
NIGHT SESSION.
A semi popular and classical concert,
arranged by Mr. Scott MacCalfum.
• p.m.—String Quartette :
Popular numbers by the “Melody Players.”
Bass Solo.
Mr. H. Phillips.
Soprano solo, Selected.
Miss Nancy Muirhead.
Violin soTd, &quot;Plevna Fota” (Hubay).
Mr. H. Scott MacCallum.
Humorous and Dramatic Cameos by Miss
Pearlie McKenzie.
T4nor sjlo, “Where’er You Walk” (Handel).
Mr. J. Land.
String Quartette, “In a Canoe” (Zamecnik).
“Melody Players.”
Contralto sole.
Miss Ella Howie.
Baritone .solo, “The Garonne” (Acfims).
Mr. H. E. Higginbotham.
A few minutes of mirth and melody by
“Black ar.d White.”
String Quartette. “Ole South” (Zamecnik).
“Melody Players.”
• p.m.—Metropolitan weather forecast.
String Quartette. Popular numbers.
“Melody Players.”
Contralto solo.
Miss Ella Howie.
Tenor solo, “Why is Sylvia.”
Mr. Jack Land.
Pianoforte solo, &quot;Rustle of Spring” (Sind-
ing).
Mrs. Hilda Woolmer.
Mirth and Melody by “Black and White.”
Soprano solo, Selected.
Miss Nancy Muirhead.
Duet, “I Was Dreaming.”
Mr. Jack Land (tenor) and Mr. H. E.
Higginbotham (baritone).
•Cello solo. Selected.
Miss Petropolus.
Baritone solo, “Friend of Mine” (Sartder-
•on).
Mr. H. E. Higginbothany
String Quartette, “Blue Bells” (Zamecnik).
“Melody Players.”
Humorous and Dramatic Cameos by Miss
Pearlie McKenzie.
Bass solo.
Mr. H. Phillips.
String Quartette, “Star of the Orient&quot;
(Zamecnik). &gt;
“Melody Players.”
p.m.—“Daily Mail” news. Weather news.
Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes.
12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service and Bri-
tish Wireless news .
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
I p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the studio “Rec-
reator.”
I. p.m.—Meteorological information.
« 2 p.m. -G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8 p.m,—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m. Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
3.45 p.m.—Cheer-Up talk by Rev. C. H. Nield.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
4.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children's Entertainment by the SCL
Radio Family.
6.30 p.m. Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.; —S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
chansfe.
7.8 p.m.---General market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Co.,* S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso-
ciation, interstate Fruit Produce Market Co.,
Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Popular Science Talk.
7.30 p.m.—Talk on &quot;Better Homes” by Slaters
(Furnishers) Ltd.
7.40 p.m.—Poultry talk by Mr. A. M. Whitten-
bury.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. ,
8.1 p.m.—Novelty Broadcast.
8.20 p.m.—Concert arranged by Rev. Keith
Steward, relayed from Black Forest Baptist
Church Hall.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.— Dalgety’s wheat report.
9.3 p.m.—Station Announcements.
9.5 p.m -Talk on “Sheep and Wool” by Mr.
C. H. Blagg.
9.15 p.m. Relay from Black Forest continued.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1 p.m.— British Wireless News.
10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service.
10.13 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service.
10.18 p.m. Relayed from the Maison de Danse
Glenelg Dance Music.
10.55 p.m Friday’s programme and meteo-
rological information.
II p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
Friday, March 30
2FC, SYDNEY.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m. —“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m. —Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A reading.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11. a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m. —Studio music.
11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and Re-
cipes by Ivliss Ruth Furst.
11.30 a.m. —-Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m. -Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Wea'her intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News ' midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m. — Eileen Moreau, soprano:
“Thinking of Y&gt;x” (Coates*.
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.55 p.m.-—Eileen Moreau, sopraao:
“Down Here” (Brahe).
2 p.m.—“Big Ber..” Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements,
3.3 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio.
Leader, Ewart Chappie.
3.13 p.m.—Aldyth Hern, soprano;
“Sing, Sing, Blackbird” (Montague Phillips).
3.17 p.m.—Carmen Frey, pianoforte solo.
(Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.)
3.24 p.m.— t'nillipa Alston, soprano:
“Morning” (Spe./j).
3.27 p.m.-*-The 2FC Instrumental Trio.
Leader, Ewart Chappie.
3.37 p.m.—Joyce Gillespie, soprano:
“Lackaday” (Crampton).
3-.40 p.m.—Carmen Grey, pianoforte solo.
(Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.)
3.45 p.m.—Aldyth Hern, soprano:
“The Market” (Molly Carew).
3.49 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio,
Leader, Ewart Chappie.
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Popular records.
4.10 p.m.—Joyce Gillespie, soprano:
“Over the Meadow” (Carew).
4.14 p.m.—Carmen Frey, pianoforte «oli*
(Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.J
4.20 p.m.—Phillipa Alston, soprano:
• “Beyond the Dawn” (Sanderson).
4.24 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio.
Leader, Ewart Ch&amp;pple.
4.35 p.m.—Popular records.
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.-—Results of the Cricket Match played
in New Zealand tc-day: Australia versus New
Zealand.
Studio music. /
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
NOTE: During the Children’s Session the
Juvenile Pupils of Madame Ada Baker will
give the following items
1. Duet, “I Know a Bunk” (Horn)«
Bruce and Leslie Penman.
2. Song, “Sun FlsfJkes” (Phillips).
Mary Wilson.
3. Monologue, “Peter” (Scott-Gatty)*
Roma Farrer.
4. Song, “Sonny Mine” (Herbert de Pinna).
Jessie Cope-Clegg.
5. Recitations.
Little Joan Punch.
6. Song, “Keep on Keeping On” (Long-
staffe).
Leslie Penman.
7. Recitation, “Little Froggie Face.”
Madge Emerson.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.


7 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Late sporting news told by the 2FC Racing
Commissioner.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News&quot; lato news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Cyril Monk will describe the Music
Teachers’ Conference to be held in Sydney
at Easter.
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Prom Her Majesty’s
Theatre, Pitt Street, Sydney (by permission
of J. C. Williamson, Ltd) :
The First Act of the Musical Comedy:
“The Girl Friend,” produced by Frederick
Blackman, featuring Annie Croft.
Musical numbe;rs:
Scene 1;
Overture.
Opening chorus, “Step on the Track.’*
Scene 2:
“Blue Room,” Annie Croft and Quartette.
Scene 3:
Opening Chorus, “Boys of Hagerstown.”
“The Girl Friend,” Lorna Helms and Leo
Franklyn.
“J Travel the Road,” Annie Croft.
“We must discover that Girl,” Gus Bluett,
Reginald Sharland and Frank Leighton.
Scenes:
1. A Railway Siding on the Canadian Paoific
Railway.
2. In the Dining Car.
3. Lounge of the Hotel Wendell (Evening).
9.12 p.m.—From the Studio:
•Late weather forecast.
The Sydney Instrumental Trio (Lionel Law-
son, violin; Gladston Bell, ’cello; and
Lindley Evans,, piano) :
(a) “Allegr(Arensky;.
(b) “Scherzo” (Arensky).
9.22 p.m.—“A Seat in the Park.”
9.32 p.m.—Gladstone Bell, ’cello solos.
9.39 p.m.—A. G. Ellis, baritone:
Two numbers from the Song Cycle: “In a
Brahmin Garden”:
(a) “Ganges Boat Song” (Knlght-Logan).
(b) “Krishna’s Lament” (Knight-Logan).
9.46 p.m.—Lindley Evans, pianoforte solos:
(a) “The Cathedral under the Sea” (De-
bussy).
(b) &quot;Sequidillas” (Albeniz).
9.55 p.m.—Glady Evans, soprano:
(a) Aria from “La Cena delle Beffe” (Gior-
dano).
(b) “Autumn” (Landon Ronald).
10.3 p.m.—Lionel Lawson, violinist.
10.12 p.m.—A. G. Ellis, baritone:
(a) “The Elfin King” (Clutsam).
(b) “To the Western Wind” (Clutsam).
10.20 p.m.—The Sydney Instrumental Trio:
(a) “Lento” (Arensky).
(b) “Finale” (Arensky).
10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.31 p.m.—Gladys soprano:
(a) “A Song Remembered” (Coates).
(b) “Sing, J &gt;yous Bird” (Phillips).
10.38 p.m.—2FO Dance Band, conducted by
Cec. Morrison.
10.57 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and late
news.
11 p.m. —“Big Ben.”
The 2FC Dance Band (Cec. Morrison, con-
ductor).
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
• FRIDAY, 30th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.33 a.m. —Weather forecast for all States.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies
8.5 a.m. —News. Sporting information. Shp-
ping. Stock Exchange information.
8.13 a.m.—Morning melodies.
8.15 a.m. —Close down.
MORNING SESSION t
11 a.m.—3LO’s CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comforts with a
• minimum of cash. _
FURNITURE POLISH.
linseed oil.
V&gt; pint turpentine.
J /4 pint methylated spirit.
*4 pint vinegar.
Put all ingredients into a bottle, keep
well corked, and shake before using.
11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN
Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers.
“There are few joys in the world equal
to the joy of a garden, and a garden sets
off a home as an appropriate frame does
a picture.’’
—Gene Stratton Porter.
THIS MONTH BE SURE TO PLANT:
Pansies, Petunias, Iceland poppies, polyan-
thus, primrose, and pyrethrum.
11.10 a.m.—VEGETARIAN COOKING,
MATRON BARTLETT will give hints on
the cooking of vegetable dishes.
11.20 a.m.- Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m. —“AU FAIT:”
“Feminine Fancies.”
11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—Under the auspices of the Health
Association. DR. FEATONBY will speak on
“Serums and Toxins,” Part 2.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by the Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day.
British Official wireless news from Rugby.
Reuter’s and the Australian Press Associa-
tion cables. “Argus” news service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUAR-
TETTE :
“Scenes from the Prophets” (Bath).
12.30 p.m.—J. D. FRASER, baritone:
“My Mary Sweet and Brown” (Kilner).
“Molly” (Herbert).
12.37 p.m. Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, violin:
“Cradle Song” (Ter Aulin).
Waltz.
12.50 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“The Carnival of Venice” (Benedict).
“The Spinning Wheel” (gcottisn;.
12.67 p.m.—HILDA BRENNICKE, ’cello:
“Sous le douceur despins” (Jongeus).
1.4 p.m.—Meteorological information. Weather
forecast for Victoria, Tasmania, South Aus-
tralia and New South Wales. Ocean fore-
cast. River reports.
FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC.
1.11 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE will to-day
continue her petite concerts with a further
selection of the works of Beethoven.
1.21 p.m.—J. D. FRASER, baritone:
‘II Balem” (Verdi).
“My Heart’s Desire” (Coningßby-Clarke).
1.28 p.m.—BERTIIAH JORGENSEN’S TRIO:
“My Wild Irish Rose” (Obrott).
“My Rosary for You” (Ball).
1.38 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, Boprano:
“Se Saran Rose” (Arditi).
“Saper Vorreste” (Verdi).
1.45 p.m,—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Results of Public School Cricket.
2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Othello Suite” (Coleridgc-Taylor).
2.30 p.m.—ELLA RIDDELL, contralto:
“The Auld Scotch Songs” (Leeson).
“The Briar Bush” (Maxfield).
2.37 p.m.—TASMA TIERNAN, ’cello:
“Nocturne” (Chopin).
2.44 p.m.—FRANCES FRASER:
&quot;Travels with the Argonauts.”
3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Rainbow” (Gershwin).
Selected.
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Creek &amp; Adelaide Sts., Brisbane.


8.13 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK:
Transmission from Wirth’s Park.
W,. R. President of Garden
Week Committee, will speak on
“Novel Garden Features.”
8.25 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO.
MARION LIGHTFOOT, banjo:
“Volga Boatmen.”
“Kilties.”
“Oddity.”
8.32 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Prelude in G Minor” (Rachmaninoff).
“Dance of the Serpents” (Boccalare).
3.42 p.m.—ELLA RIDDELL, contralto:
“Rothsay Bay” (Old Scotch).
“Cornin’ Thro’ the Rye” (Burns).
8.49 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
TRIO fot violin, cello and piano.
“Nina Pergolse.”
“Minuet.”
8.53 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Blossoms.”
Selected.
8.59 p.m.—Results of Public School CHcket.
4 p.m.—HAROLD MOSCHETTI, tenor sax:
Selected.
4.5 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “The Quaker Girl.”
Waltz, “Spanish Moon.”
Selected.
4.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY. soprano
“The Rose Enslaves the Nightingale”
(Rimsky-Korsakov).
Request item.
4.34 p.m.—MARION LIGHTFOOT. banjo:
“Drum Major.”
“Patrol Eccentrique.”
4.41 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selected.
4 45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Report from Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—Joseph Bailie, flute:
Selected.
4.50 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Oxford Symphony in G Major” (Hayden).
6 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex-
change information.
8.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
8 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.20 p.m.—CAPT. DONALD MacLEAN:
“The Spanish Conquests—How the Dons dis-
covered the Treasures of the World.”
6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.40 p.m.—“BILLY BUNNY:”
“Stories of the Australian Bush.* *
THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden gay with a kaleidoscope
of GODETIAS.
CURRENT CHRONICLES.
Results of Public School Cricket.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock
sales by the Asociated Stock and Station
Agents. .Bourke Street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis . Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor-
rett Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River reports.
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce,
Potatoes and Onions. Market reports of
fruit Iby the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa-
tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’
Association. Citrus fruits.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.86 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, A. J.
GILL, Senior Herd Tester, State Depart-
ment of Agriculture, will speak on
“Factors Affecting Milk Tests.”
7.45 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
March, “Never Despair.”
Quartette, “Old Robin Gray.”
7.52 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“A Thrush’s Love Song.’ ’
“Music When Soft Voices Die” (Bishop).
8 p.m.—H. K. LOVE:
&quot;Technicalities.”
Mr. Love will be glad to attend to youi
wireless difficulties, and we ask you to
write to him for any advice you may
require.
8.10 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
“liOving Smile of Sister Kind” —Faust.
8.17 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Sapphic Ode” (Brahms).
“Like to the Damask Rose” (Elgar).
8.24 p.m.—ERIC AKINS will speak on
“To-morrow’s Events at the Motordrome.”
8.34 p.m.—TRANSMISSION FROM BALLAR-
AT.
COMMUNITY SINGING SOCIETY.
President, Cr. W. Elsworth.
Conductor, Mr. Bert Humphries.
Pianist, Mrs. Simons.
Secretary, Mr. Frank Braden.
Opening Chorus by the Ballarat Community
Singers
Short Address by the Chairman, Mayor Cr.
A. MacKenzie.
CHORUS. “Mother Machree ”
“My Bonnie is Over the Ocean.”
“Bye. Bye. Blackbird.”
MISS A. HIGGINS, soprano:
“Rosebuds” (Ardite).
CHORUS. “Ballarat.”
“Sailing.”
“Nancv Lee.”* t
MR. J. HAYMES, violin*
Selected.
CHORUS. “Killarney.”
“Soldier’s Farewell.”
“Cornin’ Thro’ the Rye.”
MRS. RITCHIE, contralto:
“Three Fishers” (Hull-h).
CHORUS. “Massa’s in the Cold, Cold
Ground.”
“My Old Kentucky Home.”
“Polly Wollv Doodle.”
STAN ANDREWS. Mouth Organ Solo:
“Annie Laurie.”
CHORUS. “Oh, For a Thousand Tongues
to Sing.”
“Love’s Old Sweet Song.”
“ T and of Hope and Glory.”
RAY PITTS tenor:
“Serenade” (Schubert).
CHORUS. “Till we Meet Again.”
“Down Hawaii Way.”
“Some Folks Do.”
“Love is Just a Little Bit of Heaven.”
“Tipperary.”
FROM THE STUDIO.
10 p.m.—“CARDIGAN” (Mr. H. A. Wolfe)
will speak on to-morrow’s races.
10 9 p.m.—Results of Triangular State School
Cricket Match between Victoria. New South
Wales and Queensland, played in Sydney.
10.10 p m —COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS*
BAND:
Overture, “The Golden Sceptre.”
10.17 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“In a Monastery Garden” (Ketelby).
“Just a Cottage Small.”
10.24 p m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
“La Paloma.”
10.31 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Go, Lovely Rose” (Ouilter).
“My Lady's Bower” (Temple).
10.38 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteorolo-
gical information. Road notes. British
' official wireless news ftom Rugby. Island
shipping news.
The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s
SAFETY MESSAGE for to-day is for
MOTORISTS: —
“Do not unnecessarily or suddenly squawk
your horn. Pedestrians may (be easily
frightened and temporarily ‘Paralysed.’ ”
10.50 p.m.—COLLINGWOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
Selection. “Dixie Land.”
11 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden gay with a Kaleidoscope
of Calliopsis, Campanula, Candytuft, Canter-
bury Bells, Chrysanthemum, Cornflowers,
and Clarkia.
OUR GREAT THOUGHT—
“And he gave it for his opinion that
whoever could make two ears of corn, or
two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot
of ground where only one grew before, would
deserve better of mankind, and do more
essential service to his country, than the
whole race of politicians put together.”
Swift. J
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
5 aturday, March 31
2FC, SYDNEY. '
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—'“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—’’Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A talk by the 2FC Racing Com-
missioner.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.”
A.P. A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.5 a.m.—A talk on Gardening by “Redgum”
J. G. Lockley.
11.30 a.m.—Close down,
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange.
3 2.3 p.m.—Studio music.
12.20 p.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
12.25 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Studio music.
Ip m. —“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
NOTE: During the afternoon race results
from Warwick Farm will be described by
the 2FC’s Racing Commissioner.
Between 3.30 p.m. -and 4.30 p.m. the follow-
ing musical items will be given from the
platform of the Sydney Town Hall, on the
occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibition:
8.30 p.m.—2FC Dance Trio, conducted by
Cyril Coy:
(a) “Lucky Day” (Henderson).
(b) “Charmaine” (Pollack).
8.40 p.m.—Heather Harding, soprano:
“One Fine Day” (Puccini).
3.44 p.m.—Douglas McKinnon, concertina:
(a) “Le Chevalier Breton” (Herman).
(b) March, “Dominion of Canada” (May
#iU).
C. 52 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio:
(a) “Just say good-night” (Nelson).
(b) “Take your finger out of your mouth.”
4 p.m.—Lionel Lunt, English baritone, late
of the “Carl Rosa” Opera Company of
England:
(a) “Prologue” (Leoncavallo).
(b) “Tommy Lad” (Margetson).
4.8 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall:
Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio:
(a) “As long as I have you” (Lewis Simon).
(b) “Red lips kiss my blues away.”
4.16 p.m.—Lionel Lunt, English baritone:
“Harlequin” (Sanderson).
4.21 p.m.—Heather Harding, soprano:
“Waltz Song,” from “Tom Jones” (Gei&gt;
man).
4.25 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio:
“Me and My Shadow.”
Accompanist, Enid Conley.
4.30 p.m.—Further race results and studio
music.
4.45 p.m.—Complete sporting resume, includ-
ing the result of the Cricket Match, played
in New Zealand to-day:
Australia versus New Zealand.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.


EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
6.45 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m. “Big Ben.” Late sporting news.
7.15 p.m.—Weather intelligence.
7.18 p.m. “Evening News” late news service.
7.28 p.m.—Studio music.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Studio music.
7.55 p.m.—A talk by Dr. T. J. Henry:
“A Trip to Tia, Juana, Mexico.”
8.10 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney
Town Hall, the concluding programme by
2FC artists on the final night of the
Radio Electrical Exhibition.
A Russian Orchestra in native costumes. A
combination of 14 players playing the Rus-
sian national instrument, “The Ballalaika”:
(a) “Longing for Homeland,” March
(Dobrokotoff).
(b) “All is quiet in the fields” (Aureef)
(c) “Outoushva” (Aureef).
8.20 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano:
(a) “The bird that came in Spring” (Bene-
dict).
(b) “Lovely Spring” (Cowen).
8.28 p.m.—Harrison White’s Banjo Band:
(a) “Romping Rosie” (Rossiter).
(b) ‘‘Selection of Scotch Airs” (arr. White).
(c) “Look in the Mirror” (Stept).
8.38 p.m.—Alex. Whitson, baritone:
(a) “Beware of the Maidens” (Day).
(b) “A Song of the Ren” (Charles)!
8.45 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalakia” Orches.
tra:
(a) “On the River Volga” (Ivanoff).
(b) “So went our little .Lassies” (Andreeff).
6.55 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano, and Alex.
Whitson, baritone:
Duet, “The Magic of Your Voice.”
0.4 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalaika”' Orches-
tra :
(a) “Folksong” (Andreeff).
(b) “Polianka” (Privaloff).
At the piano: Horace Keats.
0.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.11 p.m.—r'irst appearance with this station
of the distinguished pianist, Henri Penn:
(a) “Scherzo No. 2 (Chopin).
(b) “Liebestraume” (Liszt).
9.28 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano:
“Passion-Flower” (Coates).
9.32 p.m.—The Russian Ballalaika Orchestra:
(a) “Dreamy Garden,” Waltz (Andreeff).
(b) “Katenka” (Andreeff).
(c) Folksong (variations) (Privaloff).
9.42 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor:
“Friend.”
9.45 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalaika* Orches-
tra :
(a) “In Moscow” (Fantasy) (Ivanoff).
(b) “Moldavian Song” (arr. Snurnoff).
9.55 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano:
“The String of Pearls” (Phillips).
10 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Henri Penn, pianoforte solos:
(a) “Chanson” (Friml).
(b) “Ballade No. 1” (Chopin).
(c) “Toccata” (Debussy).
10.12 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor:
“A Rose and You” (Stoneham).
10.16 p.m.—Harrison White’s Banjo Band:
(a) “A Night in June” (Friend).
(b) “Yesterday,” Waltz (Brown).
(c) “Moonlit Waters.”
10.26 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.27 p.m.—From the Ambassadors :
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
10.37 p.m.—Studio items.
10.40 p.m.—The Ambassadors Dance Orches-
tra.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio:
To-morrow’s programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
3LO, MELBOURNE
SATURDAY, 31st MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Tonic Tones.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER
CISES (to the tonic tones).
7.33 a.m. —Weather forecasts for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory tjme signal.
8.1 a.m.—Tonic Tones.
8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
6.13 a.m.—Tonic Tones.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Heart of Her” (Cadman).
“At Dawning” (Cadman).
“Indiau Summer Suite” (Lake).
ILIS a.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone:
“The King’s Minstrel” (Pinsuti).
“The Little Irish Girl” (Lohr).
11-22 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“A Lover in Damascus” (Finden).
11.34 a.m.—MOLLY MAC.KAY, soprano:
“Mu3etta’s Song.”
“Wind Sonfi” (James Rogers).
11.41 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA;
“Kamennoi Ostrow” (Rubinstein).
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
Reuter’s and The Australian Press Associa-
tion cables. “Argus” news service.
“HENCE LOATHED MELANCHOLY.-
12.20 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Three Arabian Dances” (Ring).
12.28 p.m.—WILL PAGE, Xylophone:
“Sparks.”
12.32 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, sopranoj
“Depuis le jour” (Chaxpentier).
“Request number.&quot;
12.39 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. '
12.40 p.m.—ROGER SMITH. Trombone solo-
“Berceuse de Jocelyn” &quot;(Godard).
With orchestral accompaniment.
12.47 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA :
“In a Clock Store.”
“Selected.”
* £- m - —Melbourne Observatory time signal.
THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden gay with a kaleidoscope
of Ageratum, Alyssum, Chrysanthemum,
Antirrhinum and Delphinium.
GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“When the Dream is There” (D’Hardelot).
I Love You Truly.”
1.7 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather report of Victoria, Tasmania, New
South Wales and South Australia. Ocean
reports. River reports.
1.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA-
Songs from ’Eliland’ ” (F. von Fieltz).
L 24 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone:
Your eyes have told me so” (Hardy).
“I Wonder if ever the Rose” (Slater).
1.31 p.m.— STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Romanza Sanza Parole” (Sora).
“The Mill Stream” (G. Smith).
1 '^ T ,f!-“— GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
111 Smg to You” (Thompson).
A Bowl of Roses” (Coningsby Clarke).
1.45 p.m.—Close down.
2 P-m-—Description of Trial Hurdle, Two
c EP SOM RACES, by “Musket,- of
The Sportmg Globe.” Results of Public
School Cricket.
2.5 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
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can be handled even by a child.
Ask your Radio dealer to demon-
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4, Fountayne Road,
Tottenham, London, N 17
SLINGSBY. COLES Ltd.
486 PITT STREET, SYDNEY
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We are City Agents for United
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WONDERFUL PRICES!
Something new, something good. The
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We are able to demonstrate under the
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Charges 4-6, or 100 Volt Batteries. Price,
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The Pollock line of tuning coils.
Quality and price cannot be beaten.
Reinartz Tuners 3/9
R.F. Chokes 3/9
Neutrodyne Kits 13/6
Cash or Terms


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AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
“Selections from Grand Opera.”
2.30 p.m.—Description of Two-Year-0 Id
Handicap, 4 furlongs, 200 yards, EPSOM
RACES, *by “Musket,” of “The Sporting
Globe.”
2.35 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
2.50 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
“Selections from Comic Opera.”
3 p.m.—Description of Brush SUeepLe, two
miles, EPSOM RACE’S, by &quot;Musket,” of
“The Sporting Globe.”
3.5 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
“Selections from English l Opera.”
3.15 p.m.—Descriptio nof PENNANT CRIC-
KET—Semi-finals.
3.30 p.m.—Description of Epsom Handicap,
I*4 miles, EPSOM RACES, by “Musket,”
of “The Sporting Globe.”
3.35 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Fox-trots.”
3.50 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
4 p.m.—Description of Epsom Pilate, six
furlongs, EPSOM RACES, by “Musket,” ot
“The Sporting Globe.” Results of Public
School Cricket.
4.5 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Waltzes.”
4.15 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
4.30 p.m.—Description of Epsom Purse, one
mile, EPSOM RACES; by “MoskeV' of
“The Sporting Globe.”
4.35 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Marches.”
4.45 p.m.—Weather reports of Adelaide.
Weather reports from Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Fox-trot.”
4.55 p.m.—“Herald” news service.
Stock Exchange information.
5.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
5.50 p.m.—Stumps Cricket Sporting
results.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “LITTLE MISS KOOKA-
BURRA” :
6.20 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m.—“LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA”:
“Baby Ducks Adventure.”
6.34 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep yours gay with kaleidoscope of Mig-
nonette, Mimulus and Myosotis.
6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.40 p.m.—’'&quot;LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA”:
Another Episode from “Penrod.”
CURRENT CHRONICLES.
7 p.m.—Stumps scores. Sporting results.
Results of Public School Cricket.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—River reports.
7.20 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-dperative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce,
potatoes, and onions. 'Market reports of
fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa-
tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices
of fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants
Association. Citrus fruit.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—FREDERICK CHAPMAN, A.L.S.,
F.G.S., National Palaeontologist, of the
National Museum, will speak on:
“Ferns and Fernlands of the Past.”
7-45 p.m.—Dr. J. A. LEACH will speak on
“Black Cockatoos.”
8 e'^xrTT 8 ™ 010 presentation op the
SONG CYCLE, “IN A PERSIAN GAR-
DEN,’ by Liza Lehman.
Cast;
Soprano ELLA KINGSTON
Contralto GERTRUDE HUTTON
. Te nor VAL. -yOFP
Bass ERNEST SAGE
Musical items:
Quartet. ‘ Wake, for the sun who scatter'd
into flight.”
Tenor: &quot;Before the phantom of false morn-
ing died.”
Bass: “Now the New Year reviving old
desires.”
Tenor: Tram indeed is gone with all his
rose.”
Quartette: “Come, fill the cup, and in the
fire of Spring.”
Bass: “Whether all Naishapur or Babylon.”
Contralto: “Ah, not a drop that from our
cups we throw.”
Soprano and Tenor: “A book of verses
underneath the bough.”
Bass: “Myself when young did eagerly
frequent.”
Contralto: “When you and I behind the
veil are past.”
Soprano: “But if the souKcan fling the dust
aside.”
Tenor: Alas, that Spring should vanish with
the rose.”
Contralto: “The world's hope men set their
hearts upon.”
Soprano: “Each morn a thousand roses
brings you say.”
Quartette: “They say the lion and the lizard
keep.”
Tenor: “Ah, fill the cup, what boots it to
repent.”
Bass: “As then the tulips for her morning
6up.”
Quartette: “Alas ! that Spring should vanish
with the rose.”
9 p.m.—Description of events at the Motor-
drome by “Olypmus.”
9.10 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “Cobweb Castle” (Lehman).
“Largo” from “New World Symphony&quot;
(Dvorak). x
9.30 p.m.—Description of to-night’s Stadium
event by PERCY TAYLOR. At the conclu-
sion of the match, Mr. TAYLOR will give a
resume.
10 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Humpty Dumpty Funeral March”
(Brandeis).
10.5 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“Could I but find a Garden” (Nellie Simp-
son). •
“Bianca” (Tito Mattei).
10.12 p.m.—BRASS QUARTETTE*
“Perfect Day” (Carrie Bond).
“Love’s Old Sweet Song” (Taylor).
10.19 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto;
“Good Morning Brother Sunshine”
(Lehman).
“I’ll Sing to You” (Thompson).
10.26 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA.
Reverie, “Ecstasy” (Ganne).
10.33 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“Maxwellton Braes are Bonnie” (Lady John
Scott).
“The De’ils awa wi’ tsh’ Exciseman”
(Lady John Scott).
10.40 p.m.—Late Sporting News.
10.50 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Little Miss Melody” (Monckton).
“Punchinello” (Molk&gt;y).
10.57 p.m.—THE GLORY .OF THE GARDEN.
Keep yours gay with a kaleidoscope of
GaillardTa, Geum, Godetia and Gypsophylla.
10.58 p.m.—THOE. VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
WHY POWER AUDIO IS BEING
EMPHASIZED.
Manufacturers of the more expen-
sive radio receivers are placing so
much emphasis upon power that the
uninitiated are at a loss for a reason,
they can remember when the three
va £ e regenerative receiver provided
sufficient volume to operate a loud
speaker more or less satisfactorily,
making the use of six or seven valves
probably seem unnecessary.
, .A Parallel is found in the automo-
bile industry. Salesmen to-day place
emphasis upon speed. One naturally
wonders why, when forty miles an
hour is probably the maximum that
the average driver can make with the
congested roads of to-day.
The answer is that it is more com-
fortable to ride at thirty-five or forty
miles an hour in a car capable of doing
sixty or seventy.
The same reasoning holds true with
a radio receiver. It is more comfort-
able, measuring comfort in pleasing
tone quality, to listen to a radio re-
ceiver operated at half or three-quar-
ters its total capacity than it is to
listen to a smaller receiver which has
to be operated at its greatest ampli-
fication point to produce the same
volume.
This means longer valve life, better
tone quality, and an abundance of re-
serve powfcr that could not be obtained
otherwise.

===Manufacturers Products Ad===

Manufacturers
Products Pty. Ltd.
IMPORTED SETS
Agents for all Styles of Radio
Products, including Clyde Batteries
ARMAX BATTERIES
Elec. Meter Mfg. Co. “Emmco”
Renrade Condensers, Leaks.
ASTOR SETS
G &amp; R SETS
Airzone Coils and Loops.
BALDWIN SPEAKERS
Neutron Crystals
Prompt shipments from Sydney
Surplus Stocks sold Interstate.
H. J. HAPGOOD
Challis House, Martin Place
SYDNEY
Tel.: BW 1328

==P.64 - Reader's Queries==

All Readers' Queries Answered Here
DYNE (ALBURY). —A.: I have received
your letter and regret that owing to a mis-
take your query was not previously answered.
Whilst the UX2OIA is an excellent general
purpose valve, yet trouble is often experienced
with neutralisation when using in a radio
frequency stage. I suggest that you try
another valve of the same type you are now
using in the second stage. This should over-
come the difficulty. Your Solodyne receiver is
apparently functioning well if you are receiv-
ing the 4 principal New Zealand stations
with ease. The broadness of tuning is un-
doubtedly due to non-neutralisation of the
first R.F. stage. The first thing to do is to
make sure of neutralisation, otherwise the
R.F. stages will become detrimental pas-
sengers in the set.
J.G.D. (EUMUNGERIE). —The reason you
suddenly tuned in 2BL when using your
short-wave adaptor recently, is because that
station is now experimenting with short-wave
transmission, using a wavelength of 32.55
metres. This is being done for the purpose
of overseas transmission.
C.S. (SYDNEY). —The B eliminator you
have constructed should be quite suitable for
use with the Extraordinary one valve set.
The Te Ka De Pentatron Reinartz receiver
recently described uses one Pentatron valve,
which in effect takes the place of two valves
by combining the detector and audio stages
in one. It is quite a simple matter to add an
extra stage of audio amplification in the
usual way. The receiver would then be actu-
ally comprised of three valves in effect.
J.E. ( MASCOT). —The circuit diagram you
have outlined will be quite suitable for the
charging of A and B batteries. A valve
which will be particularly suitable for use as
a rectifier is the Osram RSV. These valves
are very robust and are obtainable from the
British General Electric Co., Clarence Street.
Only a small charging rate will be obtainable,
and in effect the charger 'will be of the
Trickle type for A batteries. The rate may
be varied to a certain degree by controlling
the filament of the rectifier.
SUBSCRIBER (BETHUNGRA).—The air-
line distance of Manilla from Sydney is ap-
proximately 4,000 miles. You should receive
the Indian and Japanese stations at about the
same time you are receiving KZRM.
C.A.S. (MAITLAND). —Thank you for your
appreciation of the Armstrong Circuit. The
short wave telegraphy stations you hear In
the vicinity of 32 metres are mostly Australian
and New Zealand amateurs. Your interest
in short wave reception will be greatly en-
hanced if you teach yourself the Morse code.
International broadcasting stations are at pre-
sent rather spasmodic, and only a few have
any regular hours of transmission. You will
find SSW, England, on 24 metres, from about
11 p.m. and again in the morning about
7 a.m., Sydney time. —2XAD, U.S.A., is also
to be found on 22 metres from about 5 a.m.
to 8 a.m.
E.P. (WALLSEND). —The result of having
your loud speaker leads connected the wrong
way around, without any intermediate filter
circuit or other protection, would be the
gradual demagnetisation of the unit wind-
ings. If a filter circuit is included, then it
is immaterial which way the speaker is con-
nected. The positive terminal of the speaker
is usually connected to the B positive side of
the B battery. It is fairly easy to tell the
correct way of connection by a simple ear
test. If the speaker is connected the wrong
way a slight amount of distortion will be pre-
sent.
R.F.A. (BALLIMORE). —A.: I am at a loss
to understand your explanation that when
you use a short-wave adaptor, with your
super Neutrodyne, you cannot cut out the
Sydney stations. No interference should be
possible in any way from the broadcast band,
when using an adaptor on the short wave
bands. It is possible, however, that you are
receiving harmonics of the Sydney A class
stations, but these should not be powerful to
any extent.
AMATEUR (ARMIDALE).—The two Geco-
phone audio transformers of 2 to 1 ratio
would be suitable for use with your solodyne
receiver, but would result in a slight loss of
amplification. It would be better to use a
5 to 1 ratio transformer for the first stage
and the 2 to 1 for the second stage. A grid
leak valve of 3 megohms should be quite suit-
able. Although a valve of 2 megohms is pro-
bably specified, it is always advisable to test
more than one leak of the same value to suit
your detector valve, as many leaks as sold
are, unfortunately, not of the value specified
unless they are of reputable manufacture.
Loud speaker results on various inter-State
stations should be possible at times with the
Solodyne during the day time in Armidale.
J.K. (HURSTVILLE). —A simple method of
valve rejuvenation is to leave the filament
circuits of your receiver switched on and to
reverse the B battery connections to the set.
Allow the filaments to run for an hour or so
under these conditions.
N.J.K. (BANKSTOWN).—WhiIst a short
wave adaptor is quite efficient in operation
I recommend that wherever /possible, an en-
tirely separate short wave receiver should be
used for best results. In order to reduce the
wave length range of your three valve Rein-
artz receiver, it will be necessary to either
reduce the capacity or inductance in the de-
tector valve circuit. Try reducing the num-
ber of turns on the grid portion of your
Reinartz coil, but if this is a commercial
production, it will probably be simpler to
reduce the capacity of the tuning condenser
by removing one or two plates.
G.F. (LITHGOW). —It would be quite pos-
sible to construct an efficient Browning Drake
coil kit by making the coils of the Lorenz
or basket weave type. The secondary of the
R.F. transformer would require approxi-
mately 60 turns 3 inches in diameter with a
variable capacity of .0005. The prim
should consist of, say, 20 turns, and the-
Tickler 30. The R.F. coil would need 50
turns.
R.O.S. (GUNDAGAI). —The reason you
heard 2BL on your short wave is because
that station is now testing on 32.55 metres.
I strongly advise you to stick to the speeifica-
tions given with the “Go-Getter” short wave
receiver for best results. This receiver is
capable of very good performance if properly
constructed.
W.G. (SYDNEY).—The best method of
stepping down your 240 volt supply to 120
volts is by means of a step-down transformer.
Alternatively a suitable variable resistance
would have the same effect.
«
===THE USE OF WIRED WIRELESS===
as a means of distributing pro-
grammes over the telephone or electric
light wires, instead of through the
ether, appears to be increasing both
in America and on the Continent. It
offers the most practicable scheme
for ensuring a choice of alternative
programmes in large towns where
selectivity upon a wireless receiver
is rendered difficult by the presence
of the local B.C. transmitter. Several
programmes are fed simultaneously
into the same conducting wires on a
common carrier wave, and are separa-
ted out at the receiving end, simply
by plugging in the appropriate filter
circuit. The currents so received are
enormously stronger than the wireless
waves picked up on the outside aerial.

===RECEIVERS===
OLD Sets adjusted or rebuilt. NEW
Receivers built to order.
I receiver built to suit your conditions
s cheapest in the end.
C. A. JENKINS, B.Sc., B.E.
Ramsgate Av., Bondi. Phone FW2747

===TRANSFORMERS===
Built up to a specification and wound,
lamination iron cut to any size from
stock. Prices and estimates on appli-
cation.
O'DONNELL, GRIFFIN &amp; CO., LTD.,
53 Druitt Street. SYDNEY.
'Phones: C 4545 and 4546.

==Inside Back Cover - Ad AWA==

NEWS!
Now available
in Australia -
p *
w\
r
%
Ss*
The
Westlnghouse “REC-TOX”
Battery Charger
Made by &quot;WESTINGHOUSE”
incorporating new Rectifying
principle.
ABSOLUTELY DRY—
No acid or bulb to replace.
REQUIRES NO ATTENTION—
No vibrating parts to get out of
order.
LIFE OF RECTIFYING ELEMENT
practically unlimited.
OBTAINABLE FROM ALL RADIO DEALERS.
£5-10-0
A™lqamated;^^Wir«less
——' ~~^ &lt; LAu7trnima uaJ
WHITE TO-DAY
Amalgamated Wireless (A/sia)
Ltd. 47 York St., Sydney.
Please send me your illustrated
folder on Rectox Trickle Chargers.
Name
Address
REC-TOX
TRICKLE
CHARGER
it
Manufactured
wisTinCHOust eceCTRu
e Mrc. co
Sili
wmmpnnnnj
0
G

==Back Cover - Amplion Ad==

aMPLJOn
CONE SPEAKER
Jacobean Oak
Type AC7— £7 : 15 :0
Other Amplion Cones
from £2:15:0
h[AVE you heard one of the new
Amplion Cones yet? If not,
then you do not realise how
delightfully natural radio reproduction
can be. There is no artificial accerv
tuation of the bass notes— no undue
stress on the treble —it is just real.
AMNION Cone Speakers are not merely
put on the market to meet a sudden demand.
They have to sustain a reputation built up
in 40 years of manufacturing sound-repro-
ducing devices.
I 111:\ embody all the most recent improve-
ments in Cone design, and are free from
the defects so common to many Cone
speakers. They utilise the finest type of
electromagnetic unit, and a Cone made of
seamless fabric, which is acoustically cor-
rect and unsusceptible to atmospheric
changes.
have been designed to be as pleas-
ing in appearance as in performance, and
each is backed by the famous Amplion
guarantee of satisfaction and service.
u ,,
The Natural T0116 Speaker
w
.&quot;dI'f. nf Amp/inn, (Ans/rainsin), Limiter]. Sydmw and Mrlbourne.

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{{rfd|History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23}}

{{TOC right|limit=3}}

==Link to Issue PDF==

[https://worldradiohistory.com/index.htm| WorldRadioHistory.com's] scan of Australasian Radio World - Vol. 01 No. 04 - August 1936 has been utilised to create the partial content for this page and can be downloaded at this link to further extend the content and enable further text correction of this issue: [https://worldradiohistory.com/AUSTRALIA/Archive-Australian-Radio-World/30's/Australasian-Radio-World-Vol-01-No-04-1936-08-01.pdf| ARW 1936 08]

In general, only content which is required for other articles in this Wikibook has been entered here and text corrected. The material has been extensively used, inter alia, for compilation of [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies| biographical articles]], [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Clubs| radio club articles]] and [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations| station articles]].

==Front Cover - Front Page==
&lt;!-- &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; --&gt;


WIRELESS
WEEKLY
Broadcast Programmes a Week in advance
VOLUME 11
Registered at the G.P.0., Sydney, for transmission by post as a Newspaper.
NUMBER 22
Ul‘éé’gbﬁyodc‘d 81‘s
■ iT?Ml3rl
Friday, March 23, 1928
Price Threepence

==Inside Front Cover - Philips Industries Ad==

fi
0
a #
II
&lt;!&lt;&gt;
tii
II
I ;
ACCUMULATOR
CHARGER
•'
M \\\
• •
• •
••• • •
Si
VvV
AHV
v\\Wv
\\
\W
L
»»•
*
AND now comes still another Philips Battery Charger —this time to aid the man who has both accumulator “A” and “B” Batteries.
We make no sensational claims for the No. 1009, but merely say that it is an honest to goodness Charger
that will keep both accumulators in first-class trim, —year in, year out.
Of course all the features of the by-now famous “FOUR-FIFTY” are incorporated.
A unique switching device, by which at a turn of the wrist, “A” or “B” battery is charged at will , lends simplicity to its other sterling qualities. Let your nearest Radio Dealer give you further
ticulars.
SOLD BY EVERY RADIO DEALEr
V 2
PH 111 lILIII
&gt;
RADIO APPARATUS

==P.01 - Metropolitan Electric Ad===

RADIOKES
SHORT WAVE KITS
are the undisputed leaders in their held.
Are used and specified by all who know. Have a wide tuning range and only cost 55/- per kit.
RADIOKES RADIO FREQUENCY CHOKES
Are specified for the Foursome Receiver described in this issue, and are moderately priced at 8/6 each.
RADIOKES NEW_ MARCO FOUR KIT
For 'he excellent Receiver in last week’s issue of this journal— an excellent kit priced at 30/-
All RADIOKES NEW KITS will be on display at our stam
No. 20 (Great Hall ) Radio Exhibition next week.
DON’T FAIL TO VISIT US
METROPOLITAN ELECTRIC CO. LTD
27-29 KING STREET, SYDNEY

==P.02 - Harrington's Ad==

lb
e m
l
mum
m
II
m
LILFILLfIN
Console
On view at the Radio Exhibition
March 21-31, at Stand No. 1
right hand side of the vestibule,
Town Hall,
Sydney.
has arrived
JUST PLUG INTO THE LIGHT SOCKET
and switch on the current. A 5 Valve
Genuine Neutrodyne Set that is unsurpassed in simplicity, selectivity and beauty.
It looks like, sounds
like—and IS
“The Rolls Royce of Radio
The all Electric Gilfillan Console can be purchased on remarkably Easy Terms.
Wet or Dry
Batteries
Accumulators Trickle Chargers
Price complete with accessories including Loud Speaker
£69/10/-
U!
“Goodwill built on Public Confidence since 1889.”
386 George Street, Sydney
Wholesale Warehouse : 213 Clarence St., Sydney
Also at: Katoomba, Newcastle, Melbourne, Brisbane.
Adelaide, Wellington (N.Z.), Auckland (N.Z.)

==P.03 - Editorial==

WIRELES
WEEKLY
VOL. 11. No. 22.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928.
Criticism, Selfish and Otherwise
EVER since the commencement of wireless broadcasting criticism of some kind or other has been directed against every broadcasting station the world over. Much has been well-intentioned, some ill-intentioned, and most of it positively selfish. What I mean is that the critic usually approaches things from his own individual point of view and consequently it behoves those responsible for the broadcasting services not to take him over seriously, seeing that they have to please many hundreds of thousands of other listeners of varying tastes. However, the critic who is kindly and constructively disposed is always heeded by enterprising broadcasters, for from him many hints are gleaned, but, unfortunately, this class of critic is all too rare.
It is only by comprehensive study of average tastes and by psychological research that the broadcasting companies can gauge the requirements of listeners. The absolute futility of pleasing everyone at any one time is recognised by even the most unreasonable. It is not in human nature to do so, and it is the broadcasters’ duty, therefore, to please as many as possible, as long as possible, : and everybody as much as possible. Heigho! do you envy them the task?
That 3LO, Melbourne, succeeds remarkably well in their attempt in this direction is evidenced by the unprecedented popularity of their services, and also by the favorable financial position of broadcasting in Victoria.
No proof could be more conclusive, and no answer to adverse criticism more emphatic.
Of course, it is only natural that at some time or other during the 12 hours daily broadcasting by 3LO every listener would, if he or she listened-in the whole of the time, find something that failed to please; but, who wants to listen-in for 12 hours a day, even if time permitted? In carefully analysing the programmes I find that, they are arranged so that every reasonably-minded and normal listener-in is well catered for. I have before me a resume of recent newspaper letters and critiques and this shows conclusively that if the broadcasting authorities deleted from the programmes the items selfishly objected to by certain critics there would be nothing left to broadcast. One objects to jazz, another to church services, some to sporting items and others to bands, community singing, classical music, theatres, talks and so
on right through the whole gamut of broadcasting. Verily we should say one to the other,
“Save us from ourselves.”

==P.04 - Catching Up with the Wireless World==

Catching Up with the
Wireless World.
By R. E. CORDER.
A COMPLETE receiving set in a band ring is being marketed in America, priced at 5/-. Headphones are unnecessary.
DURING 1927, 200,000 licenses were issued in Canada, which brings the total of licensed listeners in that country up to 1,000,000.
AILSA CRAIG, the island rock at the mouth of the River Clyde, England, where most of the good curling stones come from, is to be equipped with a transmitter and receiver.
Apart from the keepers of the lighthouse, the only other occupants are myriads of sea birds.
DURING the last few weeks, reception has not been too good owing to weather conditions. The first man to find a reliable method of forecasting reception conditions, particularly with regard to the shorter waves, will be doing what is probably the greatest service since De Forest added the grid to the valve.
A RADIO MESSAGE received by the steamer Ruapehu, off Pitcairn Island, from the freighter Westmoreland, asked for medical assistance for a cadet who was seriously ill with appendicitis. An eight-hour voyage was necessary before Doctor Hudson, a passenger on the former boat, reached the Westmoreland, and performed a successful operation, despite heavy seas.
THE NUMBER of licensed listeners in Germany reached 2,000,000 on December 15th, 1927. The number at the end of September was 1,757,683, and the increase which is partly due to the removal of the Inter-Allied restrictions in the Rhine and Ruhr districts and the opening of the Rhineland high-power station at Langenberg has exceeded expectations. A further rise in the license fee, now 24 marks, will, it is thought, be necessary, and it is even possible that later on the amount of the fee may be reduced.
“I’M GOING out to-night, dear,”
said father. Mother lookei across at him sternly. “One dial control,” murmured father to himself as he changed his mind about that appointment;
WMHA, the New York station, is owned by Troop 707 of the Boy Scouts’ Association, of Washington Heights. The wave length is 230 metres, and a power of 30 watts is used.
THE NEW radio inspector meant business. “Show me your licence,” he demanded of the washerwoman. “I ain’t got no car,” she said; “what d’yer take me for?” “Don’t twaddle with me, woman,” said the inspector, haughtily; “where’s your wireless licence?” “Me? I ain’t got no wireless; I ain’t a millionaire, y’know!” “What’s that aerial for then?” he queried artfully. “Aerial?” she replied, scornfully, “that’s me blinkin’
washin’ line!”
ANOTHER AIR TRAGEDY.
By “Mintie.”
There once was a 3LO fellow,
Who sang in a voice sweet and mellow;
By a tragedy strange,
He fell over his range,
And they hurried him home in a
Yellow.
FRANCE IS to have a Communist broadcasting station. M. Vaillent Couteurier, Communist Deputy, is the donor of the station, which is to
known as the Red Star.
A NEW type of valve has been invented by H. J. Round, England, which has the grid element wound outside the valve, which resembles a cotton reel.
A LADY ORGANIST applying for a broadcasting contract in America said she knew 8000 tunes by heart.
The lady in question also offered to play continuously for 24 hours without a break, and with no repeated numbers.
ALMOST every circuit in American radio publication is now arranged for A.C. power for plate, filament, and grid voltage. Dr. Lee Forest commented recently that Australia and Great Britain have not progressed as rapidly in radio as America, but we have not reached our peak yet.
SCIENCE has turned a curious eye on the effect of the northern lights on radio transmission, and first steps have been taken by the National Research Council of Canada to determine just what is the effect. Following a meeting held in Ontario of the Associated Committee on Physics and Engineering of the Council, research work has been undertaken. It is known that conditions in the upper atmosphere have a very marked effect upon the transmission of messages by radio. *
BROADCASTING stations in America are endeavoring to do away with the numerical call sign and jumble of letters, suggesting that a name would be more suitable. The argument is that if ships were identified same as broadcasting stations, we should need a reference library if our friend told us he would be sailing for
Great Britain on the 465,958,857. Certainly ships have license numbers, but they have names also, and they are known and recognised by their names.
ALARM.
Fiction about radio seldom interests radio enthusiasts. Perhaps it is because listeners live in an atmosphere of reality; pei'haps it is because they generally know more about the subject than the author. The exception is the short story,
ALARM! in the March issue of “RADIO.” Illustrated in two colors by Townshend, it is the best thing of its kind yet published in Australia. You must read it.

==P.05 - Radio Exhibition==

Wednesday to Friday Week
you must not miss visiting this year's Radio Exhibition— the largest yet organised here. You will see every latest development of the science there from new receivers and loudspeakers to screened grid valves.
Wednesday, Ivfarch 21, the greatest Radio and Electrical Exhibition yet held in this State is to start.
This Exhibition has grown to such an extent in the past three years that the committee has had to take both the Great Hall and the Lower Hall of the Sydney Town Hall to stage the display.
Radio has become such a popular part of the average individual’s existence that there are now in New South Wales alone probably more than 100,000 receiving sets in action, it not on every day or night in the week, at least occasionally.
Here, at the Town Hall, are to be seen the latest models, the most advanced receivers and accessories, each in competition with the other. Every radio manufacturer watches jealously the products of his rivals in business, and at the annual exhibition the public. in an two, can gauge for themselves which meet their requirements best.
There are many attractions at this Exhibition. The amateur set builders, who are competing with each other, are putting up some remarkable exhibits, and, doubtless, to this section of the Exhibition a very large proportion of visitors will be drawn two most striking displays are the Electric Home and the Public Authorities exhibit. The Electric Home
{? a . fall^ lze bungalow cottage, built
%* xton and Sons, on the floor of the Town Hall. It is being equipped with electrical labor-saving devices of many kinds—electric cleaner, cooking range, washing machine, bath-heater, electric iron, electric kettle, electric jugs, and so on— appliances which have turned the life of many a housewife from drudgerv to comfort. 3
b i S Home is no mere model, but the type of bungalow in which hundreds of thousands of every-day citizens live. Incidentally, it. has no chimney—none is needed in an electric home—a fact
means a saving of from £5O to building. The exhibit of the Public Authorities—Railways and Tramways, Public Works* University, and Institution of Engineers is expected to create something of a sensation. An electric railway carriage has been built upon rails and sleepers in the Lower Hall (the floor of the upper hall would never have carried it), and visitors may see for themselves Just how the electric current works the train. A collection of signalling gear has also been installed, and a couple of model trains show how the signals work for themselves,
n * ~ .
+• ° ne I the features of the Exhibition will be available to the general
Han*’ S*&quot; the k° W ”
1“ &gt;
These will be heard, day and night,
se . nd j? lg ' out Programmes of music, re-
PL&quot;? 11 * - all . and sundry that the Ex '
n£ht°V S “ pr ° gl ? ss - , On a clear
mUes 6 h6ard ° Ver
y ‘
There are many owners of broad-cast receivers who care nothing about the scientific side of their hobby. They keep a radio set in the house just as others keep a piano-player simply for what it brings them. They are interested in the personalities of the artists who, from the broadcasting stations, supply daily and nightly programmes. For these broadcasting stations 2FC and 2BL have arranged to give a programme each afternoon and evening, from the platform of the Town Hall.
The modest admission fee of one shilling (children half price, and free on Saturday afternoons, if accompanied by adults), covers not only the Exhibition, but a concert programme which could hardly be excelled in Australia. The broadcasting stations have saved up their best artists, and the concert programmes from the Exhibition will certainly be a very great draw.
And those who are not at the Exhibition have simply to tune in their receivers, and hear it in their own homes.
The Radio and Electrical Exhibition will be open continuously, from J; to 10 P-m., from March 21 to 01, and all the indications are that the attendances will break all records.
It is too early yet to disclose what each exhibitor is preparing for his stand. That the Exhibition will completely outclass its predecessors is certain, and the fact that the committee has arranged with Mr. Augustas Aley, architect, for uniformity of stands and signwriting, and has let one contract for the erection of all the stands, indicates that the Exhibition will present a symmetry of appearance which will make a wonderful effect on visitors.
All the floor space is now booked, except for a space which has been retained for seating accommodation.
At the moment of writing, however, further inquiries are being made, and’ it seems likely that the committee will have to sell the last inch of space that can be used for an exhibit.
Following are the exhibitors:—
# Harringtons.
# Lawrence and Hanson (radio).
# Bennett and Wood.
3a. Mick Simmons.
4. Australian General Electric Co.
5. Lawrence and Hanson (electrical).
6. Clyde Engineering Co.
7. The Ever-Ready Co. (Great Britain).
8. Cossor Valves.
9. Noyes Bros. (Sydney).
10. W. H. Wiles and Co.
11. Amalgamated Wireless.
12. Australian Wireless Co.
13. New System Telephones.
14. Anthony Hordern and Sons.
15. W. G. Watson and Co.
16. Standard Telephones and Cables.
17. Philips Lamps.
18. Keogh Radio Supplies.
19. Stromberg Carlson.
20. Metropolitan Electric Co
21. Manufacturers’ Products,
22. Australian Westinghouse
23. Burgin Electric Co.
24. Colville-Moore Wireless Supplies.
25. Hecla Electric.
26. Amateur Competitions.
27. Amplion (Australasia).
28. Mullard Wireless Service Co.
(Continued over leaf.)
RADIO EXHIBITION
REVIEWED.
Before you go to the Radio Exhibition, glance through the f preliminary notices of the exhibits in the March “RADIO.”
A summary of the new apparatus shown at most of the stands is given, for the benefit of those country folk who will be unable to visit the Exhibition, and the city listener will find therein an index to the important exhibits.


29. Railways and Tramways, Public Works, Institution of Engineers, University.
30. Listeners-in.
31. Burt Goldsmid (Turbinet Cleaners). Sla. Dangar Gedye.
32. Eureka Cleaners.
33. A. G. Healing and Co.
34. United Distributors.
34a. Federal Radio Distributors.
35. G. C. Beardsmore.
35a. John Danks and Sons.
36. Hoover (Aust.), Ltd.
37. Wireless Newspapers, Ltd.
38. C. W. Winterbotham.
i AMATEUR COMPETITIONS.
The amateur competitions are likely to be very successful. Numbers of clubs and individual enthusiasts have informed the organiser that they are working hard on their exhibits, and the Radio Transmitters League will have a transmitting set in operation.
Radio dealers are again reminded to use their influence to induce the “hams” to prepare an exhibit. Following is the prize list:—
1. Best amateur designed and built short-wave receiver, covering the band from 10 to 80 metres, and suitable for reception of both international telegraphy and telephony:
Ist prize, £4/4/; 2nd prize, £l/1/.
2. Best flexible lower-power trans-l
mitter, covering amateur wave band:
Ist prize, £7/7/; 2nd prize, £3/3/. 1
3. Best amateur designed end constructed piece pf radio apparatus, submitted by an amateur radio organisation ; limited to one entry
from each competing organisation.
Prize: Cup, valued at £lO, presented by “Wireless Weekly.”
4. Best home-constructed piece of apparatus, other than a complete transmitter -or receiver, submitted by an individual: Ist prize, £3/3/;
2nd prize, £l/1/.
5. Most novel crystal set: Ist prize, £2/2/; 2nd prize, 10/6.
6. Most novel valve set: Ist prize, £3/3/; 2nd prize, £l/1/.
The committee retains £7/7/, for special prizes, and Mr. A. Carter offers as a special prize a set of Cossor valves, to be awarded as the
judges decide in section (1) or (6).
CONDITIONS.
For the purpose of these competitions, an amateur is defined as any person who is not considered by the committee to be the proprietor of a radio establishment, or who, on December 1, was not the holder of a dealer’s license.
All exhibits shall be bona-fide work of the competitor in whose name they are entered.
All exhibits shall be in the hands of the Exhibition Committee of Control by 4 p.m. on Monday, March 19, 1928, at a place to be announced.
No exhibit shall be removed from the hall until the conclusion of the Exhibition.
A receipt shall be given to each competitor when he hands in his exhibit, and exhibits shall be returned only on surrender of receipt.
The decision of the judges, and any- ruling of the Committee of Control,
shall be final.
AUGUSTUS ALEV. M.I.A.
ARCHITECT FOR EXHIBITION.

==P.07 - The Safety Valve==

The Safety Valve
Readers are urged to express their opinion on matters pertaining to broadcasting. If you have some grievance, if you
haik some constructive criticism to offer, here is your chance for expression—your safety valve. The editor assumes no responsibility for statements made by readers and Published on this page, as opinions of correspondents do not represent our editorial Policies or beliefs. Anonymous letters are not considered.
, A.W.P. AND L.L.
H Dear Sir, —Apropos the experience
| of W., Young (“W.W.”, 17/2A28)
['and the Listeners’ League,
jr About three or four months ago, I heard of the League, and being desirous of helping in any movement
I for the benefit of listeners, went to
la lot of trouble to ascertain the secretary’s address. 2FC referred me
Itpthe Radio Broadcast Bureau. Thdy
jvery kindly supplied the address, and
H wrote asking for particulars.
Months went by, until last week I received a printed slip, bearing an
lad. for batteries, giving object find
Membership fee, and address. Not even a word of explanation for the
I long wait.
k However, my enthusiasm having
(cooled by the long wait, I’ll keep the
12/6, and put it towards the price of
II new valve.
Yours, etc.,
A. W. PATTERSON.
P’Punchbowl.
Im, * * * '
| MORE ENTERTAINERS.
Dear Sir, —Don’t you think it is time we had a change of programme?
I am, like the others, complaining of too much singing, and I think it is
&gt; over the odds to have to listen to five
records running, and some of them played over again; also request numbers.
I What about putting on more en-
| tertafners and less of picture show
music, as there is nothing in listening to a lot of laughing ? I don’t wonder people get tired of wireless.
One time we had theatre acts from
2BL Studio. All my friends say they
pi enjoyed them; but even they are taken off. I suppose the fights are put on instead. We know they can-
not please everybody, but it is time they gave us better programmes than what they give us at present.
| Another bad practice is to stop music, etc., to give out race results, etc. It looks like if wireless is only for the sporting class.
I Where are the minstrel bands and
I think they will have to have a change soon, or they will find they are talking to the air.
Yours, etc.,
M. NORTON.
I Leichhardt.
SMOKE CLOUDS.
Dear Sir, —To quote a correspondent in your last issue:
“According to these traditions
(sc. ‘our British traditions’ from previous sentence), when a man had sunk to the vilest depths (as Rev. R. B. S. Hammond’s work clearly shows)
and recaptures all that he had lost, and more through Divine intervention—(Query: If ‘Divine intervention’ does the trick, why bother about the rev. gentleman)—and realises that there are others in a .position as bad as he was, and further realises that he can be the means of uplifting some, surely under heaven it is no crime to try and do so.”
The italics are mine. 7 Further Comment&quot;is* superfluous.
It is obvious that Mr. Moon has wandered as far from the British traditions as the object of his “savage indignation.” In Mr. Moon’s case,
however, it was in a praiseworthy endeavor to despatch a sentence which had gradually assumed the sinuous complexities of Laocoon’s serpent, and which was threatening, to assimilate him. Being, as Mb'. Moon, correctly suspicious, unblessed with a Rudyard Kipling _ cum playing-fields of Eton upbringing, I am forced, in all fairness, to add that logical presentation of ideas is essential to debate.
Also, &quot;being rather more tickled by my sobriquet than I am ashamed of my perversities, I must continue to veil my identity in a cloud of tobacco-smoke.
Yours, etc.,
THREE CASTLES.
Darlinghurst.
CAPPOS AGAIN.
Dear Sir, —As the letter by “Three Castles,” which Mr. Spencer O. G. Moon reviews in your issue of 2nd March, was in support of mine, in an effort to improve Sunday programmes, I trust you will find space for the “Capstan” again.
Mr. Moon will, no doubt, make the same suggestion to “Capstan” as he did to “Three Castles” in the matter of a nom-de-plume. This latter I regard as a very weak point in an otherwise instructive letter, but perhaps Mr. Moon is a non-smoker.
Assuming that Mr. Moon’s figures are correct (and he appears to be a mathematician of no little skill), we have indeed taken a great step forward since the days of, say, a couple of years ago. I don’t know definitely if Mr. Moon was endeavoring to prove that the. B.C. companies have realised that the general public demand something more than the noises produced in churches, and are gradually improving their Sunday programmes, but it appears to me that, if such was his motive, he has adequately proved
his case.
Progress must be the watchword of the successful B.C. company, and it is of interest to note here that only lately 3LO have commenced a series of recitals of the world s most famous records during Sunday afternoon.
Now, I venture to say that 3LO has made a bigger effort than any other Australian station , to accurately gauge the wishes of listeners, and the fact that they have improved their Sunday programmes in this manner indicates the progress made, not by 3LO alone, but by the listening public also.
3LO are making great strides In cultivating in their listeners the due appreciation of the world’s best music on all days of the week, and there
is a very noticeable improvement in many other stations, and if this upward trend is continued, Mr. Moon, ere long, will be able to produce a
schedule showing a still greater improvement in Sunday programmes.
Yours, etc., j
CAPSTAN. I
Darlington Point.
AN ARCHBISHOR ON BROADCASTING.
Have you been following the Safety Valve controversy on Sunday 'programmes? Yes! Then you will be interested to read Archbishop Lee’s ideas about religious broadcasting, in the March issue of “RADIO” Just a short article, from the eminent Melbourne ecclesiastic.
Also a statement by Archbishop Wright, of Sydney.


FIFTY MILLION.
Dear Sir, —Any household—any
morning—with a set.
Mum: “Seven o’clock, George; get
up at once.”
George: “S’only ten to; clock’s fast.”
Mum: “Excuse me, I just heard
the G.P.O. on the wireless; it’s
s-e-v-e-n. Now, Ethel, put down
those earphones, and get dressed.”
Ethel (excitedly): “Mum, mum,
he’s back—Mr. Halbert’s back—hoo-
ray.”
Mum: “Well, I never; I’m glad. I thought he’d gone to Melbourne, or somewhere.”
Flapper Daughter: “Oo! how thrilling to think he is back again. Perhaps he’s been sick.”
Schoolboy Jack: “Huh! been to a
*nebriates’ home, more like it. ‘Mike’
said they drink whisky, those announcers.”
George the Knut: “Cut it out; don’t you know “Mike” only pulls
legs 7 Why, if he was serious, they could have him up for libel.”
Dad (putting down earphones):
“How much lower are those shares going to fall, I wonder; wish to the devil I’d sold out long ago.”
Mum: “Oh, is that the honeyman?
Good morning, one pound of honey, please. What? Tuppence more than last week. I’ll have you know that the wholesale price is exactly the same this week, for I heard it over the wireless. What? I should think you have made a mistake. Thank heaven for Mr. Marconi; he’s saved me many a penny. Now, then, Dad, don’t go without your umbrella.”
Dad: “Why, there’s not a cloud in the sky.”
Mum: “Uncle Bas says rain prophesied before mid-day.” To schoolboy Jack: “Will you go to school?
Perhaps you would like your ’phones glued to your ears.”
5.8. J.: “Oh, but, Mum, I know all
of “‘Fifty Million Frenchmen” except the last verse.” (Spank spank.)
5.8. J.: “Ooh! crumbs, you can hit, Mum; and now they’ve closed down, and I’ve missed it; talk about a nark.”
Mum: “Thank goodness, he’s gone; and now I c&amp;n get those sweet peas in without delay. Mr. Lockley says
I’ll be a ‘gonner’ if I don’t.”
Oh, good morning. An &quot;inspector?
“Oh, yes, certainly, we’ve got our license; it will be up next month.
Going to renew it? Well, I should say so; we can go without lots of things, but will never be without our wireless set.”
“Good morning.” Yours, etc.,
Greenwich. ROSTAND.
♦
MORSE KEY.
The Morse message on the opposite page reads: —There will be a special issue of “Radio” for March.
Watch out for our Grand Exhibition
Number.
BOTH SIDES.
Dear Sir, —In reference to the discussion that is now being carried on, in the “Safety Valve,” where listeners-in are discussing the advantages or disadvantages of too much church on Sundays, I would like to add my voice to the appeal of anti-church-goer.
Perhaps I should not put that down in such a crude fashion, because, perhaps, there are plenty of church-goers who do not want it “canned,” but who still go to their churches on Sundays. There, in that word “canned,” lies my whole contention in regard to broadcast sermons. I wish to maintain that broadcast services do not, and never will, have the spiritual meaning that the sermons themselves would have if delivered in a House of God. It is only the living personality of the minister that can really
feed the soul.
To those who advocate broadcast services, I would like to ask them a question Do you feel the same after a broadcast service as you do when you come out of a church?
Do you feel the same spiritual upliftment? No, definitely no. How anyone could seems to me to be amazing. How could you feel the same, when, in the general course of events, the service is listened to in an armchair, or some other comfortable seat?
Sometimes you smoke —I know I do — and all around you cannot take the same interest, or give the reverence that a spiritual matter deserves.
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well; so here I say, and always will say, that if you want church, go to church, by all means, but do not try to be a kill-joy. There are other people who have sets, besides you, who are not interested in church services. Still, for the cake of invalids, and those folks who are right out in the
backblocks, and who never get a chance to go to church, I would like to advocate, say, one church service from each main station. What I am against are the class who, before broadcasting started, would only go to church once on Sundays, but now advocate for religious services from dawn to dark every Sunday from the broadcasting stations.
Perhaps the stations are to blame, more than anyone. The continual services on a Sunday wears away one’s patience, as continual dripping of water wears away the stone. If
there is any more harm in listening to a little light music on a Sunday than in going surfing, or playing tennis, or golf, then I stand to be corrected. 2JW and 2UE, although only B class stations, have stepped out from ti e more conservative class, and have proved that light music is liked and appreciated on Sundays.
It is time that the A class stations woke up. One can quite agree with the P.M.G., when he states that the programmes are not up to the mark.
Sundays, to these stations, seems to be a day when they can put over anything without getting justified complaints. Thank goodness that the
great majority of sane listeners are beginning to wake up, and demand a little return for their hard-earned
license money. Not only Sunday programmes. but the whole week of entertainment from the A class stations leaves much to be desired.
Time was when one could have sat down to one’s set at night with a reasonable chance of being entertained. But now even the station who never let us down, i.e., 3LO, seems to find pleasure in giving us rotten programmes.
Talks, then some more talks, then few more talks, by way of a change. The whole thing through seems to me to be a case of indirect advertising.
What is becoming of our money that we pay in so regularly a question that may seem embarrasing for some of these stations to answer. I do not wish to commit myself in any way, but I think that even for the stations themselves, it y;ould be better if the stations could issue some sort of a monthly account, so that the listeners could see just where their money was going.
In the meantime, there is the present question of church all day Sunday; church half of Sunday; or not church at all on Sunday. The most agreeable way, I really think, that this could be settled on both hands,
would be to compromise, by letting each station put over one service each Sunday. The other stations, in the meantime, while not putting over absolute jazz, could easily enough find plenty of other music, besides sacred songs, that we would find entertaining.
I would welcome reports from other listeners in regard to my statements. It is, after all, only by controversy that we can get to the bottom of things, and get every one satisfied.
Before I close, I would like to thank the gentleman who first brought this interesting discussion to light, and would like to commend those who have taken what I consider as the only sane view of the matter, and who advocate church services in moderation.
Yours, etc.,
“FAIR GO.”
Stanmore.
THE SPIRIT OF RADIO.
Watch for the spedial cover of the March issue of “RADIO” on the bookstalls this week. It is an attempt to define the Spirit of Radio. It is the head of a strange woman, yet as different from the 'usual type of pretty-girl cover as you could imagine. It has a queer mystic quality truly of Radio.

==P.09 - Is Your Letter Here?==

Is Your Letter Here ?
Recent Correspondence
at 2FC and 2BL
2FC always have a large mail from U.S.A., and busy typewriters are going for days after their receipt, Germany and Holland
also have interested listeners to 2FC, and in the former country lives Karl Nister, a regular correspondent. It is noteworthy to remark on the exceptional good English of some of 2FC’s foreign correspondents, and though sometimes letters from Japan, Germany, France, Holland, and other foreign countries are written most quaintly; as a general rule, the English rivals that of many of our own countrymen. Yet it is surprising to find that grammatical and spelling errors are prevalent in American letters in the majority of cases. Nearly every letter received from that country has several bad spelling errors, apart from Americanisms. On the whole, foreigners are much more careful about their English. They are very careful about the use of capitals, and endeavor to write their letters in the most interesting manner possible, whereas our American cousins do just the opposite.
American Stations Our Call Signs.
A letter just received by 2FC from one of their regular listeners in U.S.A. reads: “On January 22nd between II and 12 p.m. Central Standard time I heard your station very plainly. I have heard you on several occasions before, and never could get tuned in just right. Can it be that some of our stations are using your call letters and trying to fool the public ?
“Telling friends about my reception, and advising wireless papers only brings me the ‘Hee Haw,’ but if there is any chance of my having heard you at that hour, I hope to be able to substantiate my claims if you would kindly let me know.” There is no error about the reception of 2FC in America, each mail from that country bringing hosts of letters for 2FC, most of which describe fully the programme most accurately.
The Prodigal Son.
Many letters are received by 2FC from mothers whose sons have been lost in wide Australia, and often relatives request 2FC to make enquiries
regarding some long lost brother, sister, aunt, great grandmother, etc., etc., but it is impossible to accede to these requests unless the information and particulars come direct from the police. The following letter received from Mr. George Booth, of Chicago, is an example of this type:—
“Gentlemen, —My brother, Arthur Pearson Booth, left Melbourne a little more than a year ago for Sydney, but we have no information as to whether he ever got there. Naturally his relatives, widowed mother, and sisters are very worried over his disappearance. The mother lives at Wingletye Lane, Hornchurch, Essex, England.
“I wonder if it would be too much to ask you to broadcast the news and ask him to write to his mother at once,
or for other people who know of him to communicate to you and thru’ you to his mother. I will be glad to defray any expenses involved.
“He is about 38 years old, either slightly deaf, or fully so, served in France, Verdun, two years artillery, was shell shocked, and invalided home for some time, then went to Melbourne, where he lived at 18 Jolimont- street, Jolimont, Melbourne. He was an expert toolmaker and worked at Footscray, is about 5ft. Bin. high, about 150 1 b. weight, has a slight moustache, is rather retiring.
“It is quite possible due to his experiences in the War and his affliction that he may have lost his identity for the time being.
“Please do what you can in the matter, and ask other agencies to help
A MORSE MESSAGE TO
READERS.
(For key, see opposite page.)
if you know of any,—and advise his mother first if you get news of him.
Yours very truly,
GEORGE BOOTH.
Though 2FC regret that in matters like this they cannot do anything, they request that readers who are aware of any such person as Arthur Pearson
Booth would be good enough to correspond with Mrs. Booth in England
immediately to alleviate her distress.
Cow Robber Explains.
Dear Sir,—A couple of nights back I heard “Mike” (the young rascal) skiting about the good programmes that 2FC puts on the air. Well they do, but I must say that a lot of it is “high-brow” and passes over the heads of “us waybacks” and “Cow robbers.”
“Frinstance! Mr. Cochrane (may his elbow never weaken) says that Professor So and So will now play “Allegro tout Suite in a B flat” and some bloke sits down (or I suppose he does) and drags out some notes at the rate of about 60 hours a mile, and as my Crystal Set can only get 2FC (when it is on the air the others are drowned out). I have to listen in or wait for the next item.
“Well, I like the other bloke to have his bit of pleasure, if that is what he calls it, but couldn’t you give us some more Banjo, Mandolin or Steel Guitar
items ? I have heard people who claim to know, say that such music is “low class.” Well, if they heard Mr. Harrison White play “The Pilgrim’s
Chorus” as we did from 2FC one night, I think they would alter their tune. How about at least 6 Banjo Mandolin, or Guitar items every night or four times a week? I am
not greedy, and it needn’t be “Naughty Eyes” or “Nighty Nights” too often.
“Also could you beg, order or request Mr. Chappie to treat us to a lot more solos, on the organ in the studio? I think it has a splendid tone, and is a treat to listen to. Such pieces as “The Lost Chord,” “Crossing the Bar,” “The Pilgrim’s March” and “The Grand March,” and hosts of others, that I’ll bet Mr. Chappie knows, would
be very thankfully received and as often as you like. Well you thanked me once for what you termed the interest I took in your programmes, so I’m hoping you won’t be annoyed with this humble effort.
Cheerio, Yours truly, ,
(Sgd). W. M. MARSHALL.
P.S. The mosquitoes (Cripes! I nearly swore then, and me a Digger too) are bad round here and make it hard to listen in at times but still we struggle on.
W. M. M.
Penrith.
STARS.
There is an impressive list of contributors in the March issue of “RADIO.” Among the writers, there are,
Brasso,
M. C. Mahood,
A. S. Cochranne,
Ray Allsop,
Don. B. Knock,
U. R. Ellis,
Archbishop Lees,
Martin P. Rice,
R. G. Walker,
Gordon Bland,
C. C. Faulkner.
And the artists include:
Jack Waring,
G.K. Townshend,
Unk. White,
M. C. Mahood,
Alex. Gurney,
R. Whitmore.

==P.10 - Notes and News from 4QG==

Notes and News from 4QG
By the Station Correspondent
“CHANGING OVER.”
Most listeners who hear a big- broadcasting station announce that it has completed its transmission from some place or other, and that it is “changing-over” to some other point, hardly ever stop to realise with what smoothness the whole system works, and how quickly the changes are made. It is very seldom that any hitch in a change-over occurs, especially in a modern station such as 4QG. Some few nights ago, however, 4QG had a rather sad experience in its changes, and this experience resulted in at least one member of its staff having to do some strenuous work. The station was effecting transmission of a description of motor-cycle races, from the Davies Park Speedway, and, after finishing several races, announced that it would charge over to Lennon’s Ballroom. The change was made, quite in order, but the orchestra had just finished a strenuous dance, and had stopped for a “breather.”
There was no music, so the engineer-in-charge switched back to the Speed-way, and asked for more motor-cycle races. The announcer there had had a heavy three-quarters of an hour, but he willingly obliged, and gave further descriptions. Then another change was made to the Ballroom, only to learn that supper was on, and still no music was ready. There w-as nothing to do but change back again to the Speedway, and a very dry-throated announcer was compelled to give more descriptions, meantime silently envying those w'ho w-ere more fortunately placed than he was, and w’ho were having supper at Lennon’s. It was with feelings of relief that he concluded his extra task, and announced “Changing-over” to the Studio.
S.O.S. CALLS.
Every listener has, at some time or other, heard a broadcasting station give some urgent call, requesting any listener knowing the w-hereabouts of some person or other to communicate with the police. Such calls are termed “SOS” messages at the broadcasting stations, and very few people realise the tremendous number of requests which are made for the inclusion of such messages- in the transmissions. At 4QG, never a day passes by without several such requests being made. The management of the station is at all times in a difficult position in regard to these requests.
It does not, for one moment, desire to refuse a request, the granting of which w r ill mean much to the inquirer, but, at the same time, it cannot possibly grant the space to all requests made. Were it to do so, the programmes would become filled with such calls, and the license-holder would receive very little for his money. Station 4QG therefore takes as “SOS” calls only messages which are extremely urgent, and, even then, refers the inquirer- to the Police Department, and demands that the message be perused by police officers. It has been found necessary of late to quite firmly refuse to broadcast from 4QG inquiries for missing friends, unless these are submitted in the form of advertisements, to be included in the regular advertising sessions. The station does not desire to make money out of any personal misfortune, but of late it has been receiving so many requests to broadcast messages, to try and trace missing cousins, aunts, uncles, etc., many of whom were last heard of fifteen or twenty years ago, that in fairness to its customers —the listeners—it has been compelled to
“put its foot down with a firm hand.”
QUICK ACTION.
Some idea of the quickness of thought and action required in the conducting of a large broadcasting station may be gained from the transmission of the civic reception to Bert.Hinkler, at Bundaberg, the night the famous airman arrived at that city.
Extensive arrangements had previously been made to broadcast a description of his arrival, and these had been carried out very successfully.
Prior to his arrival, however, it had been very difficult to secure definite information regarding functions, and it was not until the afternoon he landed in Bundaberg that it was definitely known that at such and such a time a welcome would be accorded to him in the Town Hall. A programme had been arranged at 4QG, but everything went by the board when Hinkler was considered. Trunk lines were busy, and messages flew backwards and forwards, between 4QG and Bundaberg. With lightning-like haste, the Town Hall was connected by landline, and portable gear was installed.
Then, at a few minutes’ notice, the studio programme was cancelled, and a change-over was made to Bundaberg.
By virtue of the extreme courtesy displayed by the Postmaster-General’s Department, and the excellent line facilities provided, the speeches came over with the utmost clarity. It was not known how long the welcome would take, and a jazz band was, therefore, kept in attendance at 4QG.
Shortly after nine o’clock the welcome ended, and 4QG then changed back, and gave a programme of dance music from the studio until closing down time. It was not possible, of course, to warn the public beforehand of the Station’s intention to effect the relay, and many people who listened in at eight o’clock, expecting to hear dance music, were surprised to hear Hinkler’s welcome at Bundaberg. Judging by the countless congratulatory telegraph, telephone, and written congratulations the Station received,
everybody was delighted with the last minute arrangements.
4QG’S RACING ANNOUNCER
COINCIDES WITH JUDGE.
The Welter Handicap of the Queensland Turf Club’s February meeting wa's responsible for one of the most thrilling finishes witnessed at Eagle Farm racecourse for some
years, when Civetta, Perfect Night. Tigrinum, and Sheila’s Lad flashed past the winning-post almost in line with three others a short margin away.
4QG’S ANNOUNCER singled out Civetta and Perfect Night, but declared that the finish was so close that he could not separate them.
When the numbers were hoisted, the judge declared a dead-heat between Civetta and Perfect Night!
MISS THELMA CHAMPION, who has written several radio plays, which have been produced from time to time by Station 4QG, is now at work on a radio drama, “Rio Ferber on Trial,” which will be broadcast from the studio on the night of Friday, March 30th. The cast will be taken by a number of well-known artists, who have successfully played in previous interludes written by Miss Champion.
“Rio Ferber on Trial” will be the first drama yet attempted by these players from 4QG.
THERE SHE BLOWS!
Most readers cherish recollections of the whaling yarns of their earlier years —Moby Dick and other novels, which still have a great attraction. But whaling has changed a great deal since those days. It has become a business, and in the March number of “ RADIO ,” R.
G. Walker tells of how wireless is making that business an exact science. He tells of the Nielson Alonso, and the other whalers, operating south of Tasmania.

==P.11 - Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh==

Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh Hear One Another Speak Through London
Hinkler (newest Mike), standing before hie 'plane on his arrival.
Determined that such small things as atmospherics and jamming were not to be allowed to interfere with residents in the British Isles hearing him speak,
Bert Hinkler made his second appearance at th 6 Studios of 2FC on Tuesday morning, March 13. On this occasion, he was not only relayed; and
heard with the greatest clarity throughout Great Britain, but those present in the Sydney studios also
heard him relayed back to Australia.
Irene Vanbrugh, also imbued with the true spirit, spoke again this morning, and joined in the thrilling experience of talking round the world
to Bert Hinkler. Whilst the famous airman spoke in one studio, Miss Vanbrugh listened to his voice coming back from London in another studio.
The positions were then reversed, and Mr. Hinkler listened to the speech of the eminent. English actress under
similar conditions.
Owing to jamming, which interfered with the previous transmission on the 28.5-metres wave-length, the 8.8. C., London, got in touch with
2FC, Sydney, and suggested that an alteration should be made in the wave-length. The engineers of A.W.A. at once fell in with the suggestion, and it was arranged for this morning’s programme to be transmitted on a wave-length of 31.5 metres.
Punctually at 6.25, Sydney time, corresponding with 8.25, London time, 2LO, London, called as follows:
“Hello, 2FC, Sydney; hello,. 2FC,
Sydney. Conditions are favorable, and if they remain so, we will re-
broadcast you at 2035, G.M.T.” The London station then continued to transmit, through SSW, Chelmsford, a short musical programme, and then
the following announcement was heard, at 6.34:—“London calling. We are now crossing over to Australia, to hear Captain Hinkler’s speech,
from 2FC, Sydney.” At 6.35, Bert Hinkler delivered a short five-minute
speech, followed, at 6.40, by Irene Vanbrugh, who spoke for the same period. At 6.47, the following message came through on the air:—
“London calling. We will now resume our evening programme, from the point where it was interrupted. You
have been listening to Captain Hinkler’s speech, from 2FC, Australia.”
At 6.51, the following message was sent from sSW:—“Hello,, 2FC; hello,
2FC, Sydney, Australia. We relayed your full message from Captain
Hinkler at 2035 GMT; also Miss
Vanbrugh.”
At 6.53, the London night programme was continued, with orchestral selections from the 2LO Studio.
Both Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh felt that they had been fully
rewarded for their efforts in coming to the 2FC Studios at such an early hour, after their previous disappointment.

==P.12 - 3LO Sporting News==

3LO Sporting News
THERE is a glamor and thrill about Big Public Schools Cricket that is not found to such a degree in any other sphere of this
sport. The keen, healthy rivalry of youth, playing for the honour of their school, is enjoyed by “cricket” enthusiasts who regard it as the true
spirit of the great game.
The progress results on March 22nd
and 23rd between the Big Public
Schools will be broadcast by 3LO during the afternoons, and final results
will be given at 7 p.m. each day. Old
boys all over the Commonwealth and
in New Zealand will want to know
how their schools are faring, and will
listen in when the results are broad-
cast.
Randwick Autumn Carnival
Broadcast.
The A.J.C. Autumn Racing Carnival will open at Randwick on Saturday, April 7th—and 3LO will be there
to give racing enthusiasts in all
parts of the Commonwealth full ac-
counts of the racing.
The Doncaster Handicap and the
A.J.C. Sires Produce Stake are the
two main events on the programme,
and each event promises keen racing.
Racegoers have long learnt to rely
upon 3LO for full and accurate re-
ports of race meetings in all parts of
Australia. The turf has been in-
vested with a new interop as a re .
suit of 3LO’s broadcasting service.
Stawell’s Famous Athletic Carnival.
The Stawell Athletic Club’s carnival to open at Central Park, Stawell,
on Saturday, April 7th, will attract
the leading runners of Australia, and all Australia will be interested in the
results of the elimination heats of the big event, the Stawell Gift.
3LO has arranged to broadcast full
reports of the carnival events in this,
one of the biggest professional running meetings in the world. The
possibility of new champions being discovered is always present, and if
they are, well, all Australia will want to know about it at once. 3LO will
provide this service.
Frank Beaurepaire’s Advice to
Swimmers.
There is no one in Australia to-day
better qualified to give advice to
swimmers than the Australian champion, Frank Beaurepaire.
Winner of a long string of championships in a period of over 30
years of active participation in front
rank events. Beaurepaire has
amassed a wealth of practical knowledge that no theoretical training can
approach.
3L0 listeners will therefore he
glad to learn that Beaurepaire will
talk from the studio on Tuesday, April
3rd, on the subject, “Long Distance
Swimming, and How to Prepare for
It.” Hints from such an unrivalled
authority on the sport at a time when
long-distance swimming is so popular should be of particular interest.
Green Mill Roller Cycling Results.
The results of the Green Mill roller
cycling championships of Victoria
Frank Beaurepaire, champion swimmer, Who is to broadcast a talk from
SLO on the technique of swimming . will be broadcast from 3LO on the
nights of Monday and Wednesday,
April 2nd and 4th.
These one mile events are attracting considerable attention because of
their novelty, and the fact that a large measure of skill is required of
the contestants. 3LO’s announcements are being awaited eagerly by
the thousands interested in the out-
come of the contests.
AIREALITIES
(By “Rados.”)
A Vagary of Time.
SUCH is one of Time’s vagaries
that Monday’s news is known in London on Sunday night.
The news broadcast by 3LO, Melbourne, during the early morning
short-wave session is listened to or*
the other side of the world 10 hours previously, and incidents are known chronologically before they happen.
On the other hand, British news, although transmitted and received simultaneously, is ten hours late when
It arrives in the Antipodes.
The simplicity of the explanation
does not rob the peculiarity of its
Interest, and to the child mind it is
a source of endless thought, besides
being an object-lesson in chrono-
logical reckoning.
Science and Radio.
The Spectrum of the Sun and Stars
can be dissected, one color from the
other, until their virtues or disad-
vantages for use of mankind can be
accurately analysed and calculated.
It can be ascertained from the color
of the light of the stars what mine-
rals they contain. Their weight and
distance can be measured, and their
movements calculated with precision.
Such is the march of science. Soon
the phenomena of wireless will be
known, fading and distortion will be
overcome, and the way opened up for
contiuonus telephonic communication
the world over. 3LO, Melbourne, is
doing much to elucidate these prob-
lems. by conducting a regular short-
wave broadcasting service every Mon-
day morning, between 4.30 and 6.30
(corresponding to 18.30 to 20.30
G.M.T., Sunday).
They are also carrying out exten-
sive fading and distortion tests, be-
sides endowing special research at
the Melbourne University. Much
valuable data has already been col-
lected, and the importance of the
ultimate results cannot be foretold.
Sufficient for the day is the satisfac-
tion of taking its place with the
foremost wireless stations in the
world* with the optimistic hope that
It will discover the cause of the bug-
bears standing in the pathway of
radio advancement.

==P.13 - It 's All in the Air==

'''It 's All in the Air'''
Coming Features in the
Broadcasting Programmes
INCLUDED in the programme to
be broadcast from 3LO on Sunday
night, April Ist, will be community
singing from the Welsh Church.
“THE SILVER KING” is to be re-
peated by special request, by the H.
W. Varna Company at 2FC Studio on
evening of 28th March.
RAYMOND ELLIS: Has arranged
his farewell recital from 2FC on Wed-
nesday, 28th March, when he will in-
clude request songs, from his many
listeners in a number of well selected
items.
THE METHODIST Church Choir,
Nicholson Street, will broadcast the
inspiring “Olivet to Calvary,” on the
night of Wednesday, April 4th. The
Choir will visit the studio for the oc-
casion.
PETER GAWTHORNE, English
baritone, is appearing at 2FC on the
evening of Sunday, 25th March. Mr.
Gawthorne is a man of many parts,
and will long be remembered by Syd-
ney theatregoers for his masterly
interpretation of The Examiner in
“Outward Bound.”
THE STUDIO Orchestra, under
the baton of Mr. J. Sutton Crowe,
will broadcast the opera, “II Trova-
tore,” from 3LO on the night of Mon-
day, April 2nd. This orchestra
specialises in this type of classical
music, and listeners are advised to
make a special note of the date and
time of this performance.
ANOTHER OF the popular So-
nora Sunday afternoon concerts will
be broadcast from 3LO, from 2 till 3
p.m., bn Sunday, April Ist. Speci-
ally selected records are used in these
concerts, and include a wide variety
of selections. The best records are
chosen from latest releases, and
gramophone owners are thus assisted
very materially in the choice of their
new records.
N.S.W. BLINDED SOLDIERS AS-
SOCIATION : An entertainment on
behalf of this Association has been or-
ganised by Captain Fred Aarons, and
will be held at the Pavilion Cafe on
Saturday night, 24th March. The pro-
gramme, which will be broadcast by
2FG, includes old favorites of Sydney’s
listening public, viz., Charles Law-
rence, Cliff Arnold, Brunton Gibb,
Borman McLennan and Louise Hom-
frey. Dinner Music will be
from the Cafe on the same evening.
THE SCOTS’ Church Choir will
render “The Crucifixion” on Tues-
day night, April 3rd, and 3LO has
arranged to broadcast it.
SADIE GRAINGER BROAD, who
has not been heard by listeners for
some time, will sing from 2FC Studio
on Wednesday, 28th March.
ROSEHILL will be broadcast by
2FC on Saturday afternoon, 24t*h
March, when the popular Racing Com-
missioner, M. A. Ferry, will describe
the meeting in running.
“ON WENLOCK EDGE,” Vaughan
Williams’ whimsical song cycle, has
been chosen by William Dallison for
his appearance at 2FC Studio on Mon-
day evening, 26th March, which will be
presented with string quartette and
piano accompaniment.
ON TUESDAY night, April 3rd,
BLO will broadcast a special West
Country programme, on the occasion
of the convention of the Devon, Corn-
wall and Somerset Associations of
Victoria. The president of the asso-
ciation will also deliver a short ad-
dress on Cornwall.
RADIO EXHIBITION: The pro-
grammes at the Radio Exhibition at
the Town Hall are to be supplied by
2FC on the afternoon and evening of
Friday, 23rd March. In the afternoon,
the artists include Daisy Sweet, Harry
Whyte, Sammy Cope, Clara Hartge
and William Bowyer. At night Len
Maurice, Gabriel loffe, Ernest Archer,
Eileen Boyd and Cyril Coy’s Dance
Orchestra will appear. Enid Connellv
is the accompanist in the afternoon,
and Horace Keats at night.
J. Ernest Sage, the celebrated con-
ductor and baritone, who is to broad-
cast from 3LO shortly.
A CONCERT under the auspices of
the Australian League of Nations will
be given in the Great Hall, Sydney
University, on the evening of 26th
and will be broadcast by 2FC.
A very enjoyable programme has been
arranged, to which Moore McMahon,
the British Music Society Quartette,
and the Royal Sydney Apollo Club
will contribute.
ADVANCE ANNOUNCEMENTS.
Features of 3LO programmes dur-
ing the week of April 2nd till 7th will
be musical interludes by the Four
Colored Emperors of Harmony and
the Hawaiians, Frank and Francis
Luiz. The colored performers will
mingle the latest popular hits with
dreamy plantation lullabies, and the
Hawaiians will transport listeners to
the moonlit isles of the Pacific, with
their quaint and appealing songs and
guitar music. Both features should
be popular.
REALISING that the possibilities
that attend such a session as the
“Women’s Hour,” broadcast each
morning from 3LO, are tremendously
far reaching, no pains are being
spared to make this session as all em.
bracing as possible, and fresh fea-
tures are being added weekly. Apart
from the lecturettes that have a
direct bearing on the home life, cook-
ing, dressmaking, etc., the series of
“Health Talks” (with exercises),
given by Mrs. Clarence Weber, are
proving of more than usual interest,
and, through this medium, hundreds
of country women are engaged in the
fascinating process of not only “get*
ting” but “keeping” fit.
BRASSO.
Have you met Brasso?—the
hard-bitten, worldly-wise brass-
pounder, who is writing of his
wartime experiences as chief
op. with transports and tramps ,
and other submarine-boat prey
in “RADIO.” Then read the
rattling good adventure yarn he
tells in the next issue. It has
to do with the rum-running in
radio, an industry not unfa-
miliar to the author.
Illustrated by Jack Waring.


LISTENERS will be interested to
learn that final arrangements have
been made to broadcast the com-
munity singing from Ballarat on Fri-
day, March 30th. This is always a
popular feature with every class of
listener, and not only will it afford
additional pleasure to old Ballarat re-
sidents living in Melbourne to hear
Items broadcast from their own home
town, but, as it justly claims to be
one of the “Homes of Song,” com-
munity singers of Melbourne will be
busily engaged in comparing notes,
and possibly trying to glean a few
hints from their country cousins.
ANYTHING that enables the aver-
age listener, especially the house-
wife, to cast aside the cares and
worries of the day, is especially wel-
come, and the evensong service
broadcast each Thursday evening by
BLO, from St. Paul’s Cathedral, is a
peaceful interlude in the wear and
tear of daily routine. But for this
thousands of country listeners would
never have an opportunity of hearing
the famous Cathedral choir, with its
beautiful boy sopranos and the
equally famous organ.
LISTENERS are reminded that on
March 26th, “The Boy Comes Home,”
a delightfully humorous ' and enter-
taining playlet, will be broadcast
from 3LO. The play is being re-
hearsed and produced by Terence
Crisp, who will give a good account
of the principal role, and has been
chosen with a special view to effec-
tive radio appeal. Mr.. Crisp, who
has been associated with the Reper-
tory movement for some considerable
time past, has little to learn in the
art of acting and production, and
listeners may look forward to a most
artistic and enjoyable performance.
FEW ENTERTAINER lecturers
are more popular over the air than
Charles Nuttall, who has been
dispensing much humour and wisdom
during the past two years from 3LO,
and whose fund of amusing anecdotes
seems endless. “A little episode
comes to my mind in connection with
a railway journey from New York up
country,” he says, “my .fellow pas-
senger being a gentleman who had
just arrived from the Old Country.
This was his first trip since landing,
and he had apparently forgotten that
meals were not included in the fare,
so gave himself a thoroughly good
time. He had an immense capacity,
and ordered portion after portion,, no-
thing seemed to satisfy him, and
huge steaks followed each other as
easily as peanuts. However, he was
speedily brought to his bearings,
when the waiter presented the bill,
32/6 for breakfast. I felt distinctly
sorry for him, more especially when
I discovered he was a Scotsman, for
I knew then how deeply he must have
felt the shock.”
THAT VERY popular contralto,
Madoline Knight, is again broadcast-
ing from 3LO, her perfect diction
and enunciation much enhancing the
enjoyment of listeners. And thereby
hangs a tale. “When I was training,”
she said, ‘my singing master was al-
ways particularly strict about my
enunciation, and, being very enthusi-
astic, I followed his instructions im-
plicitly. On one occasion I was
Kinging at a church gathering, ancr,
after the congregation had left the
building, being anxious to discover
what kind of an impression my songs
had made, I asked the old verger
twho was dusting the pews and put-
ting the books away) if he thought
the people had heard my words dis-
tinctly. He looked at me a few
moments and said, ‘Yes, missie, you're
the plainest singer we’ve had here for
many a long day.’ ”
A MUSICAL TREAT is in store
for listeners on Saturday, March
31st, when the “colourful” song-
cycle, “In a Persian Garden,” will be
broadcast from Studio 3LO. The
arrangements are in the hands of
Madame Ella Kingston, the well-
known soprano from Collins Street
Baptist Church, who had already
firmly established herself in the good
graces of listeners, and who will ren-
der the soprano solos in her cus-
tomary artistic manner, whilst the
choir, under • her capable baton, will
give an excellent account of the
ensemble numbers.
“THE BELLE of Ney York,”
though by no means one of our
latest musical comedies, never seems
to lose its charm of appeal, and, in
response to repeated requests for a
“further edition,” arrangements have
been made for another performance
of the musical numbers, which will be
broadcast from 3LO, on Wednesday,
28th, and once again the tuneful
melodies, “Lucky Jim,” “Try again,
Johnnie” and “The Belle of New
York” will delight hundreds of
listeners.
“IT WAS THE MORNING of Hink-
ler's broadcast to England,” said Mr.
Oswald Anderson, Manager of 2FC,
“and I was on my way to the Studio
for the preliminary tests at 5 a.m. As
the punt crossed the Harbor, I frankly
indulged in a little day dreaming.
Sixteen days to accomplish a six
weeks journey, and now through radio
Hinkler’s spoken word would cover
the distance in 1/15 of a second.
“In a very few years, Empire broad-
casting will be quite common, but as
yet we are experiencing the thrill of
pioneering. Blase as we pretend we
are, we still stand a little in awe of
the microphone—‘Mike’ of 2FC,” he
added, laughing.
“As we drew near Fort Macquarie,
a voice at my elbow said: ‘Got time
to give me a lift ? ’ I invited the brawny
son of toil to jump in, and along de-
serted Pitt Street he waxed confiden-
tial. ‘I catch that punt every morn-
ing (4.30_L but most times I have to
walk to the station. Guess this is my
lucky day.’
“At his destination he gripped my
hand with wincing earnestness. ‘Don’t
know who you are, but it was mighty
good of you,’ he said, ‘l’ll have to
get “Mike” of 2FC to thank you!”’
2FC’S SHORT-WAVE BROADCAST
ON 28.35 METRES.
“WE HEARD this station clearly,
also the announcement of their wave-
length. This station came through
very strong, and both voice and music
were received with clarity. The
quality was in no way inferior with
Philips. At 6.10 till 8.50 p.m. a musi-
cal programme was received consist-
ing of orchestral items which 'in-
cluded ‘Always,’ and ‘lt’s a Long Way
to Tipperary,’ concluding atT 8.50 with
the National Hymn. Power R 9, using
a detector and two stages of audio .
no stages of radio frequency.”
TELEGRAMS were received from
the stations who rebroadcast 2FC’s
description of Hinkler’s landing at
Bundaberg. A few of them read as
follows:
“Your studio transmission short-
wave excellent. Bundaberg poor stop.
Summary’ of events as given from
studio after conclusion of broadcast
from Bundaberg very clear and
steady stop. Many thanks for your
courtesy in this. Laws, 7ZL.”
“We successfully rebroadcast your
Hinkler reception from Bundaberg.
Please accept our many thanks. SCL.”
“Reception extremely difficult but
could follow enthusiastic proceedings
at Bundaberg stop. Resume of events
appreciated. Again many thanks.
6WF.”
Telegrams were also received-from
listeners all over Australia congratu-
lating 2FC on their initiative in re-
broadcasting these historical events
oh short waves.
SUPER-POWER.
Network Broadcasting.
What is the next development
in Australian Broadcasting?
What are the great powers con-
sidering just now? Is it Super-
Power and Chain Broadcast-
ing? F. R. Leppard, in the
March issue of “RADIO,” be-
lieves that it is. Analysing the
present situation, in view of the
Royal Commission's findings, he
cannot see anything else but the
establishment of super-power
stations and the linking-up of
relay stations. The name Lep-
pard is a psuedonym concealing
a well-known identity in broad-
casting whose position makes
him specially qualified to write
on this subject.

==P.15 - The 3LO Childrens Page==

'''The 3LO Childrens Page'''
THE WIRELESS FAIRY’S GIFT.
| (By Ruby Sykes Lyon.)
THE Studio at 3LO was very
quiet, as “Billy Bunny” sat in
■ his big chair, sorting his birth-
day letters for the “Children’s Hour,”
* then the Wireless Fairy (whose real
same is Twinkletoes) jumped from
, the microphone on to “Billy Bunny’s”
desk, and whispered to him, “Don’t
forget to tell the children about the
fairy gift of -lovely garden seeds you
lave for the birthday little folk.”
[‘Til tell them,” said “Billy Bunny.”
( “I wonder if they know that a
lovely little fairy lives in each flower
that will blossom when those seeds
are properly cared for and watered?”
'asked the fairy. “I wonder,” said
“Billy Bunny.” “They may not even
how that in that one packet of seeds
they will have, if they are good little
[gardeners, seeds, plants, and blossoms
for years. That is the reason that I
call them fairy gifts, for fairy gifts
[always multiply,” the fairy said.
(“You’re a very nice person, Twinkle-
’ toes,” “Billy Bunny” said, “and I
[shall certainly tell the children what
you say.’’
iTwinkletoes flew three, times round
the microphone (that is the way she
shows she is pleased), and then left
‘“Billy Bunny” to tell the children
that a packet of garden feeeds is being
®nt by 3LO to every boy and girl
rwhose birthday is recorded there. So,
children, those, of you who have not
[sent in your birthdays to 3LO, so as
‘you may receive one of these fairy
[gifts, dot. so, for where could you get
a gift that got better and better the
[more you used it but from a fairy?
[Besides, think of the joy of bringing
[“Billy Bunny” a nice bunch of fairy
Blossoms, that you have grown all by
pourself, from the birthday fairy
gift from 3LO.
THE PAST.
(By “Mintie.)
Where was a time when Pa went out,
WArtd left Ma home to sew;
l utthat was ere, the wireless came;
I There was no 3LO.
mere was a time when Mother said
f The house was dull and slow;
m that was ere the wireless came;
(There was no 3LO.
mere was a time when Grandpa
m snored,
vAnd led the folk a dance;
bit that Avas ere the wirelesdj came,
\ And brought our Norm. McCance.
Vow home is quite d different place,
\And no one cares to stray;
|'hey listen in to 3LO,
And tfiat’s th.e happy way.
FAIRY FLOWERS.
(By “Micky the Sprite.”)
Once upon a time (most fairy
stories commence that way), when
there were no ' Faity Flowers on
earth, a sweet little Fairy, who was
very sad at all the sorrow and sick-
ness among little children, thought
how beautiful it would be if she could
fill the world with love and gladness,
and if she could cheer the little sick
children with sweet perfumed Fairy
Flowers. She called all the Love
Fairies, together, and told them what
she. wanted to do, and they clapped
their hands with joy. They decided
to make a big garden, and bring in
seed from. the deserts tnd'the forests,
and put into them fairy magic, to
make, them grow sweet, and more
beautiful than -ever before. The gar-
den grew, and grew, and grew, and
the Fairies breathed into the flowers,
and when the seed came, they scat-
tered it to the four corners of the
earth. The mortal children grew to
love the Fairy 'Flowers, and the
world was filled with love and joy
and beauty.
After many years the Flower
Fairies came to 3LO with their gar-
den seeds, and in every envelope
going to all the children with birth-
day cards they now slip-in quietly a
packet of seed. . The children are
overjoyed to receive these gifts, and
they are all making gardens like the
fairies did many years ago, so that
they will grow more and more fairy
flowers to. give to their loved ones,
and the little children in hospitals,
and the dear old folk, who are not
able to make a garden for themselves.
Don’t you think. this is a beautiful
thing to do, children? and if you
would like to do your share of scat-
tering the seed of joy and love and”
sunshine, just have your birthday put
in the big birthdav book at 3LO, and
the fairies will do the rest.
SUNDAY SONORA RECITALS
SOUGHT AFTER.
3LO’s Feature Success.
There were some who predicted
failure for the broadcasting of
gramophone records, when 3LO
mooted the Sunday afternoon concerts
some time ago, but then they were not
to know the quality of the concerts
3LO intended to provide. The Sunday
afternoon sonora concerts have proved
one of SLO’s most successful and most
appreciated ventures. Scores of let-
ters of commendation have been re-
ceived. The concerts are given from
2 p.m. till 3 p.m. on Sundays, and the
programmes are always specially
selected'.
Bayreuth Festival Records.
Bayreuth Festival records wera
used for the concert on Sunday, March
18. Bayreuth is a small town in
Bavaria, and ;s not only the Mecca of
all Wagnerites, but also of all lovers
of opera. It is the shrine of Wagner.
Nowhere in the world are the operas
of Wagner to be seen and heard in
such magnificent productions as at
Bayreuth. The members of the or-
chestra at this famous theatre, which
is shaped like a fan, having unique
acoustic properties, are each a profes-
sor of his instriiment. They are actu-
ated not by the high rate of pay, but
by the honor and distinction of being
selected to play at the Wagner
festival.
Wonderful Records.
The records, then, are of distinct
beauty and appeal. On the 18th
March programme will be played
Parsifal, in 15 parts, Siegfried, in
three parts, Rhinegold, in two parts,
and Valkyrie, in two parts. It is an
opportunity for music lovers to hear a
particularly good programme. The
records, when broadcast, are enriched
in tone and color until the listeners
are almost made to believe that they
are listening, eyes closed, to the art-
ists in the flesh.
MARY GUMLEAF. '
(By “Mintie.”) j
Did the Fairies send you, Mary, ’
From their magic land of light? '
/ can hear the Fairy whispers,
When you speak to us, at night.
Birthdays were not half so jolly,
Till we knew the Wireless Bird;.
John and Jean , and Jim and Polly
Scamper when their name is
heard.
Did the Fairies really send you,
From their land to 3LO?
Mary Gumleaf,, tell me truly,
’Cos I’d really LOVE to know.
HELLO! THE HELLO MAN.
Yes, he's writing for the
Mctrch “RADIO” An article
on the serious aspect of the
Bedtime story. He makes you
think more of the value of the
children’s session, and after
reading this article, you feel
confident that the story-teller’s
influence is a great one, and in
the case of 2FC, is in the rigfit
hands.
It is only one of rthe outstand-
ing features of this issue.'

==P.16 - The Economic Radio Stores Ad==

WE SELL IT FOR LESS *&quot;
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1 E.C.O. .00035, one hole fixing straightline Condenser 7 6
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1 Bakelite Former, Cut True, 3x3 1 0
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1 Brachstat Ballast, to suit Valve 4 9
1 Radioakes Radio Frequency Choke 8 6
3 Wetless Mica Condensers, .001, .002, .00025, at 1/6 4 6
1 Philmore 2-meg. leak and holder 2 0
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9 Engraved Binding Posts, 4d - 3 JJ
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NEWCASTLE:
No. 13 Union St.
’Phone: New. 1622.

==P.17 - The Foursome Two==

'''The Foursome Two'''
THE heading “Foursome Two” may sound ambiguous, but a glance at the diagrams will show why this receiver is so styled. Many readers have written us from time to time, asking for details of a circuit making use of Tetrode valves. Until recently it has been a difficult matter to obtain four electrode valves which were really worth the use thereof from an economical and efficiency view-point, but now it is possible to design a receiver of extreme
economy and yet retain the quality of volume combined with all other requisite features; by the use of suitable Tetrodes. The word Tetrode, as the reader will conclude, is the term applicable to the four electrode valve.
Many readers will probably “stall” at the idea of breaking new ground, and may consider the Tetrode something
beyond their ken until they have sufficiently mastered the ins and outs of the three electrode valve, or Triode.
There are differences, of course, which are material, but these will not pass beyond comprehension for those
who are sufficiently conversant with the function of the Thermionic valve. The main outstanding feature of the
four electrode valve is that it may be used with a considerably lower plate voltage than is possible with a three
electrode valve. A Tetrode of suitable design will also give a much higher amplification for a given B supply them with the Triode.
Evidence of the efficiency of the Tetrode is in the fact that the commercial long and medium wave receiver used for telegraphic communication on ships whose wireless installations are designed by one of the world’s leading wireless companies, uses a single Tetrode valve. The penetrating power of short waves is now well known and trans-world communication established daily; yet the writer remembers well that uncanny feeling when listening in Sydney harbour to signals emanating from GBL Leafield, in England, a few years ago.
The wavelength was in the region of 22,000 metres and the signal perfectly readable using a Tetrode detector and
a separate heterodyne oscillator.
The receiver, as described here, is illustrative of and well adapted to the use of Tetrodes. It will be found perfectly simple to control, highly sensitive, and above all, the last word in economy. A glance at the theoretical diagram will show that there is nothing terrifying to the novice about it. The arrangements of the components is quite straightforward, and mainly because it is thought that the enthusiast who builds such a set as this will want to find out something about its “modus operandi,” more controls are provided than are really necessary. The tuning coil used is centre tapped as shown, although this tapping need not be electrically central. Here is one immediate advantage of this receiver, which is that it is easily adaptable to a highly sensitive and' easily controllable short-wave receiver. In this case, it will, of course, be necessary to materially reduce the capacity of condenser Cl, which is normally .0005 mfd. for the broadcast band. The value of the inductance naturally will also require
LIST OF PARTS FOR THE
FOURSOME TWO.
Although the parts listed below and mentioned throughout the articles were those actually used by us in the receiver
described, it must be pointed out that it is not absolutely essential that they be rigidly adhered to.
Other parts of similar quality and technical values should function quite satisfactorily.
1 Dilecto formica or hard rub-
ber panel 12 x 7 x 3-16 in.
1 Baseboard li x 10 x lin.
1 .0005 variable condenser (Ge-
cophone).
1 .00035 variable condenser
(Gecophone).
If alternative makes, two
good quality vernier dials.
1 3in. former, three inches long.
1 Small reel 26 D.C.C. wire.
1 5 to 1 ratio transformer.
1 50 mfd. midget variable con-
denser.
1 400 ohms potentiometer.
1 30 ohm rheostat.
1 Amperite or Brachstat.
1 R.F. choke (Radiokes).
1 .001 fixe£ condenser.
1 .00025 grid condenser.
1 .002 fixed condenser.
1 Two meg. leak, with clips.
1 li volt dry cell.
1 41 volt C battery.
1 Battery switch.
I Single circuit jack,
9 Terminals.
Wood screws, 16 tinned cop-
ped wire, etc.
Valves recommended, two
Philips A 441.


reduction. A centre tapped coil for
short wave work will render tuning
quite easy with a fairly large value
of variable capacity in shunt. Note,
however, that if this receiver is
adapted for short wave work, that
the micro variable condenser C 3 in
the aerial lead must not under any
circumstances be omitted. This is
invaluable for the avoidance of “dead
spots” where oscillation ceases owing
to harmonics from the aerial-earth
system. For the present, however,
we will discuss the receiver as used
on the broadcast band of wavelengths.
It is interesting to note that if the
inner grid of the detector valve and
the inner grid of the amplifier to the
connections marked G 1 and G 2 were
omitted, then the circuit is virtually
an ordinary three electrode arrange-
ment which would require a mucn
higher value of B voltage.
We are indebted to our British con-
temporary. the “Wireless World,” for
the original idea of this receiver, vide
that well-known writer, Mr. Castel-
lain, B.Sc., and it will be noted that in
accordance with the original circuit
a potentiometer is provided as a
means of~ controlling the grid poten-
tial of the detector valve. A 11 volt
cell is provided in series with the
potentiometer arm and the grid leak.
The only actual advantage of this
potential differentiation, is that both
methods of rectification may be used.
This provides an interesting means of
comparison of the respective advan-
tages or disadvantages of leaky grid
or “anode bend” rectification. It is
possible to change over from one to
the other by simply rotating the
potentiometer control. By using
various settings of the potentio-
meter, the most efficient conditions of
signal strength may he noted There
is nothing complicated about the cir-
cuit which we will now go over in
detail. Condenser Cl is a .0005
variable condenser which should be of
the straight line frequency type. Con-
denser C 2 is also a good quality con-
denser with a capacity of .00025 to
.00035 mfd. C 4 is a grid condenser
of .00025, C 5 is a fixed condenser of
.002, although almost any higher
capacity will do in this position. Con-
denser C 6 has a fixed capacity of
.001, C 3 is a midget variable con-
denser with a maximum capacity of
50 mfd. This is invaluable as an
aid to selectivity and is most impor-
tant as a means of overcctming
“dead spots.” The grid leak has a
value of 2 megs, and the potentio-
meter of 400 ohms. R.F.C. is the
radio frequency choke, which in this
case is a “Radiokes,” but may be of
any other good make or construction.
The inter-valve transformer should
preferably have a ratio of 5 to 1, and
should also be of good manufacture.
The one used in the receiver described
is an A.W.A. The filament rheostat
on the detector has a maximum value
SHORT-WAVE SUPER-
HETERODYNE.
The outstanding article in
the March “RADIO” is by Ray
Allsop, chief engineer of 2BL,
in which he describes the con-
struction and operation of his
special Relay Short-Wave Su-
perheterodyne.
No radio enthusiast or experi-
menter should ?niss this article.


of 30 ohms, and the amplifier valve is
controlled by an automatic ballasting
resistance of the Amperite type. It
will be noted that A negative and B
negative are linked together and the
filament switch placed in the A nega-
tive lead. The tuning coil should
consist of 50 turns of No. 26 D.C.C.
wire on a 3 inch former three inches
long, and centre tapped, as shown.
This may be mounted permanently on
the baseboard or sub panel, but if the
reader desires to use this receiver for
short wave reception, then it is quite
a simple matter to construct a suit-
able mounting, having three pins so
that various plug in coils may be
used. A little experimentation will
be necessary with the number of
turns for short wave work, as the
reader will probably use a condenser
of far too high a capacity. The con-
denser used for broadcast reception
will be quite suitable provided that it
is controlled by a very fine reduction
vernier. For this reason, the Geco-
phone slow motion SLF condenser is
recommended, as it was found quite
easy to control the receiver on the
short wave bands by the use of this
condenser. Here it is well to mention
that the regeneration condenser C 2
should also be provided with a very
fine control if the receiver is to be
used for short waV€ work.
A single circuit jack is provided for
use with the headphones or the loud
speaker, but it should be thoroughly
understood that this receiver is not
designed for loud speaker reproauc-
tion, although this is possible to a
certain degree on strong signals. Al-
though inter-State stations are aud-
ible on the headphone, do not expect
loud speaker reproduction on long
distance signals. Before proceeaing-
any further, it is necessary to say a
little about the valves used with this
receiver. Two Philips A44l’s were
used and found highly satisfactory.
These valves have a filament voltage
of 3-4 volts with a filament current
consumption of .06 ampere. The
plate voltage is from 2 to 20 volts
and the amplification factor 4i. The
filament, pl&amp;te, and outer grid con-
nect in the usual manner with the
valve socket, but the inner grid is
connected with the body of the valve
and terminates with a connector on a
small strip of springy brass. These
valves may be used with any set em-
ploying three Bleotrode valves, by
simply connecting the inner grid to
the B positive of the B battery. Full
details of these valves are supplied
in the carton and they are highly re-
commended by the writer as a most
economical and efficient production.
By obtaining Tetrodes of this nature,
the reader will not subject himself to
any loss, as there are many applica-
tions in which they may be employed.
There are various aspects R.F.
amplification to which a TeLode is
particular’y suited.
A will be required measuring
12 x Tin. with a baseboard measuring
11 x lOin. Layout and mark off the
panel, in accordance with the mea-
surements given in the template dia-
gram. There are two main tuning
controls, consisting of condenser Cl
and C 2 respectiyely. In the receiver
used, these condensers were of Geco-
phone manufacture, but any good con-
densers may be substituted. The
condenser C 2 is the regeneration con-
trol and has a capacity of .00035
mfd. Below this condenser is placed
the single circuit jack. Condenser
Cl is located on the left of the panel
and has a capacity of .0005 mfd. Be-
low this is placed the battery switch.
The two knobs in the centre of the
panel are raspectively the 30 ohm
rheostat and 400 ohm potentiometer.


Mount the panel components first,
having attached the baseboard and
then layout as shown in the back of
panel diagram. The C battery and
the Is volt cell are both mounted on
the baseboard with the components.
Nine terminals are required and are
mounted in the usual way with a strip
of dilecto on the back edge of the
baseboard. A negative and B nega-
tive are linked together. It will be
noticed in the wiring diagram that
terminals G 1 and G 2 are shown with
arrows indicating the connection to
the inner-grids of the two valves.
This may be done by means of a short
length of flex, but if the reader so
desires he may arrange a small spring
clip on the baseboard close to each
valve, so that when the valve is
placed in the socket, the terminal of
the inner-grid will connect with the
clip. To avoid confusion, it is best to
make these two connections last of
all. Commence the wiring with the
filament circuit. From B negative, A
negative take a lead to one side of
the filament switch, and to the nega-
tive filament terminal of both valve
sockets. The positive terminal of the
volt C battery is also connected to
the negative filament supply. • Con-
nect up one side of condenser C 6 and
the potentiometer to the negative
filament supply and continue to the
earth terminal. From A positive join
to one side of the ballasting resist-
ance, controlling the second valve and
also to one side of the potentiometer.
From the aerial terminal run a con-
nection to one side of the 50 mfd.
variable condenser, and the other side
of this condenser to the rotor plates
of the tuning condenser Cl. The
rotor plates of this condenser are also
connected to one end of the coil. Join
up one side of condenser C 4, which is
the grid condenser with the rotor
plates of Cl and the other side of the
grid condenser to the grid terminal of
the first valve socket. The two meg-
ohm grid leak is connected to this
grid also, and thg other side to the
negative terminal of the 1 h volt bat-
tery and one side of C 5 as shown.
The other side of C 5 is connected to
the negative filament. The positive
terminal of the 1£ volt cell is con-
nected to the moving arm of the
potentiometer. Now connect up the
centre tap of the coil with the earth,
and the stator plates of condenser Cl
with the other end of the coil and
the stator nlates of the regeneration
condenser C 2. From the rotor plates
of C 2, a connection is made to the
plate of the first valve and one side
of the R.F. choke. The other side
of this choke is connected to . ter-
minal P of the primary of the inter-
valve transformer, and also to the
other side of the by-pass condenser
C 6. Terminal B of the primary of
the inter-valve transformer is con-
nected to the B positive D terminal
on the mounting strip. Terminal G
of the transformer secondary is con-
nectcd to he grid terminal of the
second valve socket in the usual way,
and terminal F to the negative ter-
minal of the 41 volt C battery. From
one side of the single circuit jack,
take a lead to the plate of the second
valve and the other side to the B
positive A terminal on the strip.
The other side of the 30 ohm rheostat
is connected to the positive filament
terminal of the first valve, and the
ballasting resistance to the positive
filament terminal of the second valve.
Place the valves in the sockets and
join up the two terminals G 1 and G 2
by means of a length of flex with the
terminal on the cap of each valve. A
four volt accumulator or dry cells
will be required with a B battery hav-
ing intermediate tappings up to zO
volts. The voltage on the inner grid
of each valve should be from 2 to 4
volts, but the reader will soon find
the best potential to apply. Connect
up the batteries and the aerial and
earth and plug in the telephones.
The tuning will be found exactly
similar to a Reinartz receiver, and
the strength of signals equal to a two
valve receiver using Triodes with the
normal higher B voltage. The first
test of this receiver was made with
an extremely long aerial in an un-
screened position, and owing to this
the variable midget condenser was
found to be a valuable asset toward
selectivity. Rotate condenser Cl
until a station is tuned in and then
increase the capacity of C 2 until
maximum volume is obtainable with-
out oscillation. Vary the setting of
the potentiometer, and note the dif-
ference in the control of oscillation.
It will be found that reaction is per-
fectly smooth, and that there is no
bangsring into oscillation and out
again. Inter-State stations were
easily received on the headphones,
and 2BL, 2FC and 2GB well audible
in a medium sized loud speaker. Sub-
sequently the coil was changed for a
short wave coil, and the receiver
proved itself admirably suited for re-
ception at the higher frequencies.
For this reason, Gecophone con-
densers were used owing to their ex-
tremely fine control. By using a
centre tapped coil the higher capacity
of the condensers was not seriously
detrimental to tuning. The receiver
proved itself intensely interesting,
being efficient and, above all, ex-
tremely economical.
OVER FIFTY Inverell residents
accepted the invitation of their Dis-
trict Hospital committee to attend
the official opening of the hospital
radio set, the installation of which
was completed three weeks ago.
The night was ideal for the occa-
sion, and reception could not have
been much clearer. Shortly after 8
o’clock a message of congratulation
came over the air from 2FC, Sydney:
“Hello, Inverell. We congratulate
the committee of your hospital on its
decision to install wireless, and the
successful conclusion of its efforts.
We also congratulate the generous
people of Inverell and district who
have made possible the installation.
If they desire any thanks, we ask
them to look to-night at the smiling
faces of Doreen Jarrett, Jackie Hoey,
and George Truman, in the children’s
ward.”
Following this message, the gather-
ing listened for an hour to pro-
grammes broadcast from stations in
Sydney and Melbourne.
Mr. McKie, president of Tingha
Hospital, said he hoped the time was
not far distant when his hospital
would also have a radio installation.
Ho remarked that wireless was one
of the finest things that could be in-
stalled in any hospital.
The cost of the installation was
£l6O. The set is a Bremer Tully.
There are 27 pairs of head-’phones
for patients, as well as three loud-
speaker points in the wards. There
is also a loud-speaker point in the
nurses’ quarters and the matron’s
room.
♦
JAZZ NIGHTS.
The regular Wednesday jazz nights
are proving very popular at 4QG, and
messages, reporting appreciative re-
ception of the music by Alf. Feather-
stone and his Studio Syneopators,
continue to reach the station. It has
been the practice lately to include
humorous items between dance num-
bers, and this, too, has been greatly
appreciated.
+ __
WIRELESS IN FLOOD TIME.
The very heavy rains of the past
week, resulting in flooding through-
out the State, brings home the value
of wireless to those living in low-
lying areas.
4QG makes a point of broadcast-
ing the fullest information, as sup-
plied by the Weather Bureau and the
newspapers, so that those whose
lives may be in danger by flood shall
receive ample warning of an impend-
ing rise in the water-courses to dan-
ger level. To country residents es-
pecially, wireless is a necessity, for
when mails are held up through im-
possible roads, they are supplied
through the ether with the latest
news and .weather bulletins.
WHAT IS A HAM?
Ever thought how the word
“Ham” came to be applied to
Amateur Radio Experimenters?
The dictionary does not mention
the connection. Few Hams
themselves can give you an au-
thentic account of its deriva-
tion. 2ZY does so, though , in
the March “RADIO.” All en-
thusiasts should read this amus-
ing skit on radio fanatic.

==P.21 - Wireless Sought as Aid to Sport==

'''Wireless Sought as Aid to Sport.'''   '''Its Worth Recognised'''
ONE of the surest evidences of
ignorance is fear. Only a few
months ago sporting organisa-
tions, chief among them racing clubs,
were clamoring for a ban on the
broadcasting of fixtures. They
thought it would keep people away.
To-day these same people welcome
with open arms the broadcasting of
sporting fixtures, knowing wireless as
the greatest advertising medium the
world has ever known. Confidence is
one of the most reliable indications of
knowledge.
3LO’S Big Part.
3LO has played a big part in bring-
ing about this change of attitude. It
has taught sporting bodies to regard
wireless not as an enemy, but as an
ally. It has done this through service
—service to sporting organisations
and to the public of Australia. Its
successful descriptions over the air of
important sporting fixtures in all
branches has done much to bring
about a tremendous uplift in the
standard of Australian sport. Aus-
tralian swimmers, cyclists, runners,
and tennis players, to mention a few,
have done things which none thought
they could accomplish. Why?' Be-
cause wireless, 3LO particularly, has
created a new public interest in these
men, and as a consequence a new de-
sire to excel in the men themselves.
Services Paid for Overseas.
Such is the demand for wireless
publicity from various sporting
bodies that 3LO has found it impos-
sible to accede to their requests al-
ways. This is evidence of the general
appreciation of the usefulness of
wireless as a means of popularising
and making known a particular sport
The experience of broadcasting com-
panies overseas has been the same
as that of 3LO. The difference is,
however, that sporting organisations
in other countries, notably America,,
often offer the companies large sums
of money to broadcast their fixtures,
realising that they can reach far more
people in the best possible way than
by any other means. Wireless, in
sport, has become indispensable.
Sustaining Interest.
What wireless really does for sport
Is this. It sustains interest among
those who follow a sport, it enlight-
ens others on what is doing, and it
keeps all right up to the minute with
his or her favorite sport so that there
is little likelihood of interest waning,
and supporters of any sport falling
off. Wireless is daily creating new
fans. Overwhelming evidence in
support of these statements is found
in every branch of sport. Wrestling
was never spoken of in more than a
hundred Melbourne homes until wire-
less descriptions of the Stadium
matches were broadcast. What was
the result? The wrestling fever
spread and one of the biggest wrest-
ling booms the Commonwealth has
ever known ensued.
Tennis and Cycling.
Tennis and cycling have never en-
joyed such wide popularity as they do
to-day in Australia. The attendances
at tennis matches Were, until recently,
notoriously small. Even international
matches failed to awaken much in-
terest. Then the matches were
broadcast, and the result—Kooyong
not large enough to hold the crowds
which wanted to see the last cham-
pionships there. The newspapers at
the time commented upon this new in-
terest, speaking of the sudden de-
velopment of the “fan” in tennis— an
individual to take a place with the
football and cricket fan armies.
Cycling, too, has benefited immeasur-
ably from the publicity given it by ac-
counts broadcast by 3LO from the
motordrome. It was largely due to
the interest created in our cyclists
that Australia was able to send away
her Tour de France team. That *s
generally conceded.
Cricket and Racing.
Of cricket is has been said that it
cannot be adequately described over
the air. But the interest which broad-
cast accounts of big matches creates,
has been reflected in the big attend-
ances at Sheffield Shield matches this
year. When Ponsford was making his
record score against Queensland re-
cently the crowds flocked out to see
him. They had heard of it on the
wireless. Again, when things looked
black for Victoria in the match against
New South Wales here, the crowds
flocked to the M.C.C. to watch the
struggle. 3LO had told of the fight in
progress. The broadcasting of horse
races is undoubtedly a big factor in
maintaining interest. Men, and women
too, are able to follow form almost as
well as if they were watching the
races. Nothing can compare, of
course, with the actual thrill of watch-
ing a race, but then, only wireless could
fill the gap, as it were, for those who
are unable to go some Saturday.
Gustav Froelich to Attack Back
Stroke Record.
The performances of the German
swimmer, Gustav Froelich, since his
arrival in Australia have stamped him
as among the world’s foremost swim-
mers. At the Y.M.OA. baths on
Thursday, March 15, Froelich will at-
tack the world’s 100 yards back stroke
record. The attempt will be described
by 3LO, and should prove of absorbing
interest to swimmers all over the
Commonwealth, ft will be&lt; remem-
bered that it was at the Y.M.C.A.
baths last year that Ivan Stedman
made an onslaught on the 220 yards
breast stroke record in an effort Ko
win the 3LO cup, given to an athlete
who breaks an Australian record.
Stedman was successful, and was pre-
sented with the cup.
Roller Cycling Championship.
An account of the Green Mill roller
cycling championship of Victoria will
be broadcast by 3LO on the night of
March 19.
Interstate School Cricket.
3LO has made arrangements to
broadcast results of the triangular
State school cricket matches between
Victoria, New South Wales and
Queensland to be played in Sydney on
March 22nd and 23rd. Thousands of
school children in all States, and in the
three States concerned particularly,
will be eager to hear the accounts of
the doings of their champions.
Frank Beaurepaire to Talk.
Holder of 120 championship titles,
Frank Beaurepaire is undoubtedly en-
titled to the honor of Australia’s most
famous swimmer. “Boy” Charlton
and other young performers have
brought renown to Australia with
their feats, but Beaurepaire’s remarkable consistency has won for him a distinction which younger exponents
cannot yet lay claim to. Included in Beaurepaire’s 120 championships are 20 championships of Australia, 14 of
England, five of France, three of Belgium and four of Finland.
Frank is recognised, therefore, as an authority on swimming, and it is with particular pleasure that 3LO announces that he will speak from the studio on the night of March_2o on the subject of “General Swimming Technique.” Beaurepaire has been swimming for nearly 30 years, and only this year won the 880 yards championship otf Victoria—a wonderful performance for a swimmer who was opposed to youths just getting into their swimming stride.
In all those years of active participation on champion:«hips the world over Beaurepaire has assimilated a fund of knowledge on all swimming points imaginable. The popular saying, “What he does not know about it is not worth knowing,” might aptly be applied to Frank Beaurepaire.
March 20 offers an exceptional opportunity for swimmers to learn some helpful points on swimming.

==P.22 - Radio in ANZ Ad==

Have The March ( Radio ’
Delivered To Your door
See Also
Subscription Form
on Page 62
LTERE is your opportunity of
1 1 making sure of receiving a copy of the special exhibition issue of ‘ RADIO ’ delivered free to your
home.
You should not miss this issue even
if you do not get ‘ RADIO ’ regular-
ly, for it contains, in addition to the
two leading technical articles of the
year, short stories of merit, humorous
articles illustrated by the best artists
and numerous other features, both
important and interesting to radio
enthusiasts.
PLEASE send post free to the follow-
ing address, one copy of the
Special Exhibition Number of
“RADIO,” for March 21, 1928, for
which I enclose 1/1 in stamps.*
Name . . . . ? . ... ..... .r.?.-. . . .
Add reSS &gt; .' • •
*•» .... . f*T»l . • !«X.' .
• • . . • « v
• &gt;?
•Note. —This places me under no obligation
rhatever to subscribe regularly to “Radio.”
Fill in, clip oat, and forward this
coupon to the “Circulation Department,
Wireless Newspapers, Ltd., 51
Castlereagh-street, Sydney,” enclosing
1/1 in stamps. A copy of the Special
MARCH Issue of “Radie” will be
posted to you by return mail.

==P.23 - BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES==

BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES
for the COMING WEEK
Friday, March 23
2FC, SYDNEY.
Farmer’s Broadcasting Service.
Wave Length, 442 Metres.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
,10.15 a.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A reading. •
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m.— Studio music.
11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and
Recipes by Miss Ruth Furst.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 P-m. “Big Ben.” Weather intelligence
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news 'ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1-20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 P-m. Eileen Moreau, soprano.
1-34 p.m.—Studio music.
1-55 p.m.—Eileen Moreau, 60Drano.
2 P-m.—“ Big Ben.” Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m. Big Ben” and announcements.
p.m.—Thelma Mitchell, mezzo:
“Big Lady Moon” (Coleridge Taylor).
3.7 p.m.—Popular records.
3.15 p.m.—Kathleen Colls, mezzo.
3.19 p.m.—Studio music.
3.26 p.m.—Thelma Mitchell, mezzo:
“That’s All”” (Brahe).
3.30 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall, on
the occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibi-
tion, a programme by 2FC artists:
Harry Whyte, novelty pianist:
(a) “My Pet” (Confrey).
(b) “Bluin’ the Black Keys” (Schutt).
8-38 p.m.—Daisy Sweet, contralto:
Sk !l,? Ummer Night” (Thomas).
(b) Still, as the Night” (Bohm).
Platf ° rm of the Sydney Town
3.46 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumental novel-
ties:
“Stars an Stripes for Ever” (Sousa).
3.54 p.m. William Bowyer, basso:
“Sea Haven” (Anderson).
3.59 p.m.—Claire violinist:
“Concerto” (de Beriot).
4.5 p.m.—Daisy Sweet, contralto-
ihl °f, Ve ” (de P^yvaal).
(b) My Rose” (Langtry).
4.11 p.m.—Sammp Cope, instrumental novelty:
“Because I Love You” (Berlin).
4.18 p.m.—William Bowyer, basso:
“All a Merry Maytime” (Ronald).
4.21 p.m.—Claire Hartgs, violinist:
“Midnight Bells” (Kreisler).
4.2 G p.m.—Harry Whyte, novelty pianist:
“Pianoflage” (Lange).
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Kathleen Colls, mezzo.
4.35 p.m.—Studio music.
4.47 p.m.—Results of the Cricket Match,
played in New Zealand to-day:
Australia versus New Zealand.
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
5.45 p.m.—The “Hetyo Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story tipie for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
The 2FC Racing Commissioner will give the
latest Sporting Information.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m. Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News’’ late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
&lt;•45 p.m.—S. Gordon Lavers talks on the
“Music Teachers’ Conference”:
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
“A Seat in the Park.”
8.10 p.m.—From the platfoqp of the Sydney
Town Hall, or the occasion of
The Radio Electrical Exhibition,
A programme by 2FC a.-tists:
Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Red Lips Kiss My Blues Away” (Bryan
Movaco Wendling).
(b) “My Idea of Heaven” (Johnson Sher-
man Tobias).
8.18 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall:
Eileen Boyd, contralto;
(a) “Still as the Night” (Bohm).
(b) “Soul of Mine” (Burns).
8.26 p m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter-
tainers :
(a) “Ain’t that too bad.”
(b) Piano solo, Selected.
8.34 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Blue Room” (Rodgers).
(b) “The Girl Friend” (Rodgers).
8.42 p.m.—Wally Baynes, well-known come-
dian in Drolleries.
8.52 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor:
(a) “The Message” (Blumenthal).
(b) “Dolorosa” (Montague Phillips).
9 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “I won’t kiss ycu Good-night” (Tucker
Moore).
(b&gt; “Russian Lullaby” (Berlin).
9.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
&gt;A talk on Sport by ,T. H. Fay:
“Secrets of the World’s Jumpnig Cham-
pions.”
9.25 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto:
!!™ e Silver Ring ” (Chaminade).
(b) When all was Young” (Gounod).
9.33 p.m.—Ernest Archer, - tenor •
“My Beloved Queen” (Fabian 'Rose)
9.3 &lt; p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band •
(o) “Yesterday” (Wilhite).
(b) “My Regular Girl” (Warren-Green).
9.47 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenos:
&quot;The Message&quot; (Bkimenthal).
9.51 p.m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter-
tainers :
(a) “You can’t walk back from an aer*“’'l‘**
ride.”
(b) Banjo novelty.
10 p.m.-—“Big Ben.”
Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Grand and Glorious” (Yellen-Ager).
(b) ‘Doll Dance” (Brown).
10.12 p.m.—Wally Baynes, comedian:
(a) &quot;When Banana Skins are Falling” (Mil-
ler).’
(b) “The Railway Porter” (Scott).
10.20 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
(a) “Me and My Shadow” (Dreyer).
“ Just like a Butterfly” (Dixon Woods).
10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.31 p.m. C&gt;ril Coy's Dance Band:
(a) “There's a something nice about you”
(Wendling).
tb) “A Night in June” (Friend).
10.57 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and late
news.
11 P-m. —“Big Ben.”
Cyril Coy’s Dance Band:
Popular numbers.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem
2BL, SYDNEY
Broadcaster’s Ltd.
Wave Length, 353 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION. 8 to 9 am.
MORNING SESSION.
10 m° a m ~ G -P O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from the Studio.
10 p^r?af” NeW8 fr ° m the Da ‘ ,y Te,egra P h
IO.SO a.m.—Musical programme from the
otuaio.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Talk on “Croquet,” by Miss Gwen Varley.
Broadcast r’s Women’s Sports Authority.
Social Notes. Replies to Correspondents.
Talk on “heeding the Family,” by Mrs.
Jordan.
12 noon. G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Spec.a l ocean, forecast and weather report,
o, p : m —Musical programme from the
otuaio.
12.8 P.m. -Information, mails, shipping, and
port directory.
12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless.
12.13 p.m.—Fruit market report.
12.16 p.m.—Vegetable market report.
L pm ' London metal market report.
12-19 p.m.—Dairy farm and produce market
report.
12.22 p.m.—Forage market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit market report,
toon P-m * —Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—-H.M.V. Gramaphone recital.
J on p,m '— Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Talk to
nu-Vj en • an £ special entertainment for
Children in Hospital.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.


AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information broadcast immediately
after each race by courtesy of the &quot;Sun”
Newspapers.
8 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Talk by Mrs. Jordan.
3.15 p.m.—Civil Service Stores Trio, direc-
tion, Miss de Courcey Bremer.
3.30 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk on “Sweets,” by Miss Kathleen Jor-
dan.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Civil Service Stores Trio.
4.15 p.m.—Talk on &quot;The Women of Ancient
Rome.”
8.35 p.m.—Pianoforte Recital from the Studio.
4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
4.55 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
5 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Fruit and vegetable
Market report. Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce Report (&quot;Sun.”).
N.R.M.A. Talk.
6.45 p.m.—Country news from the “Sun.”
f p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Gulbransen Dinner Music.
f. 30 p.m.—Talk on &quot;Gardening Science,” by
Mr. Cooper. Park Superintendant City
Council.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dance Night. Anne Henderson's Happiness
Girls in Dance Numbers.
6 p.m.—The Sporting Editor of the “Sun”
will talk on the prospects of Saturday's
racing.
6.15 p.m.- Romano’s Restaurant dance orches-
tra, under the direction of Mr. Merv Lyons,
broadcast from Romano’s.
6.25 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Gordon Ireland (songs at the Piano).
9.30 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orcbes-
tra.
8.42 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Douglas Graham (Scotch Comedian).
8.49 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orches-
tra.
9.59 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Gordon Ireland.
10.6 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orches-
tra.
10.16 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Douglas Graham.
10.23 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares, Government Meteorologist.
10.30 p m. —Romano’s Restaurant dance or-
chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv.
Lyons. During intervals between dances,
“Sun” news will be broadcast.
11.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea.
National Anthem.
2GB, SYDNEY
Theosophical Broadcasting Service.
Wave Length, 316 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m. —Music.
10.10 ajn.—Happiness Talk by Alfred E.
Bennett.
10.20 a.m. —Music.
10.30 a.m. —Women’s Session by Miss Helen
J. Beegling.
11 a.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2 p.m.—Music.
2.7 p.m.—Address.
2.22 p.m.—Music.
2.37 p.m.—Address by Miss Needham.
3 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
5.30 p.m.—Music and Childrens’ Session by
Uncle George.
7 p.m.—The Joys of Wireless.
7.15 p.m.—Music.
7.30 p.m.—Address by Arthur Beaufoy.
7.45 p.m.—Music.
8 p.m.—Opening Chorus.
8.2 p.m.—Violin Sonata by Mr. Dan Scully
and Mr. Leonard Brewer.
8.15 p.m.—Address.
8.30 p.m.—2Gß Vocal Quartette:
Miss Ethel Jones, Miss Eva Casimir, Mr.
Thomas Hall, Mr. Clement Hosking.
8.38 p.m.—Flute solos by Mr. Leslie Sproule.
8.45 p.m. —Songs by Miss Eva Casimir.
8.62 p.m. —Pianoforte solos by Miss Molly
Jones.
9 p.m.—Recital by Mr. Heath Burdock.
9.20 p.m. —2GB Vocal Quartette.
9.27 p.m. —Violin Duets by Mr. Dan Scully
and Mr. Leonard Brewer.
9.35 p.m.—Songs by Miss Ethel Jones.
9.42 p.m. —Flute Solos by Mr. Leslie Sproule.
9.50 p.m.—Songs by Mr. Clement Hosking.
10 p.m.—Close down.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
Broadcasting Co. of Aust.
Wave Length, 371 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Morning Session.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.27 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
7.33 a m.—Weather forecast for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m. —News.
8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal.
8.1 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
8.5 a.m. —News. Sporting information.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—3EO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comfort* with a
minimum of cash.
HOME-MADE SOAP.
3Vs-lbs. fat (use all burn or waste fat from
kitchen).
5 quarts water, %-lb. resin.
1 tin caustic soda (small), 3 tablespoons
borax.
Clarify fat (if burnt or discolored) by
boiling it in 1-pint water. Pour it into a
the sedment off the bottom of the fat.
tin and allow it to set. Next day scrape
• Melt fat and allow it to become warm.
Dissolve caustic soda in the water, mix in
the fat, soa, resin and borax. Stir until
well mixed. Put on to the fire and str
until boiling. Boil two hours. Pour into
a box lined with a wet cloth. Next
day cut into blocks and allow to dry. It
is a splendid laundry kitchen soap.
11.5 a.m.—MRS. EWAN LITTLEJOHN:
“A Talk to the Mothers of Girl Guides and
those who wish to join.”
11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m.—&quot;AU FAIT.” l
11.40 a.m.—Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—Under the ausices of the Public
Health Deartment, DR. VERA SC-ANTLE-
BURY will speak on:
“Summer Dangers to Infants.”
AFTERNOON SESSION.
12 noon. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchang e this day.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
Reuters’ and The Australian Press Asso-
ciation cables. “Argus” news service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Rus:et and Gold” (Sanderson).
12.30 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“The Blind Ploughman” (Clarke).
“I Pitch my Caravan” (Coates).
12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, violin:
“Hullamzo Ballaton” (Hubay).
12.47 p.m.—ALMA HORLOCK, soprano:
&quot;There are Fairies at the Bottom of th*
Garden” (Lehman).
“If no one ever marries me (Lehman).
12.54 a.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Lonely Hours” (English).
“Contra Dance” (Beethoven).
1 p.m.—Melbourne Observatory Time SignaL
1.1 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“Verti La Giubba” (Leoncavallo).
“Requiem” (Homer).
1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather forecast for Victoria, Tasmania,
New South Wales and South Australia.
Ocean forecast. River reports.
FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH will con-
tinue her Viola Recitals. To-day she will
give
“Concerto for Alto Viola,” 2nd movement
(Garl Stanitz).
1.25 p.m.—ALMA HORLOCK, soprano:
&quot;Nicaela’s Aria” (Carben).
“Le Roi D’ys” (Lale).
1.32 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Jevington Suite” (Loughborough).
&quot;Nocturne” (Crest).
1.45 p.m.—Close down.
2.15 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA :
Selection, &quot;The Boy” (Monckton).
“Siamese Patrol” (Lincke).
2.30 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone:
“The Temple Bells” (Finden).
&quot;Marguerita” (Lohr).
2.37 p.m.—THE KNOCKABOUTS:
Those Scintillating, Syncopating Sentiment-
alists, in:
“You guess—and see who is right.”
2.44 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
&quot;La Sera Melodie” (Gounod).
3 p.m.—FRANCES FRASER:
“TRAVEL, LITERATURE AND ART,
AND THEIR CORRELATION. ‘Home Keep-
ing youths have ever lonely wits,' was the
way in which Shakespeare indicates the
value of travel, and Bacon followed by writ-
ing an essay full of advice to those about
to travel; but merely travelling about from
one place to another place is not an educa-
tion, nor is it even a pleasure, unless the
eyes are open to see, the ears to hear and
the mind to receive impressions of the life
of various nations, as it is expressed in
their customs, their music, their art, and
their literature.”
3.15 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
&quot;Andante Cantabile” (Tschaikowskj).
&quot;March Characteristique Orientale” (Mar-
key).
3.26 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, Soprano:
&quot;A thrush’s Love Song”
&quot;Music When Soft Voices Die' (Bishop).
3.33 p.m.—GILBERT BISHOP, violin aolo:
Selected.
3.40 p.m.—HUXHAM’S SERENADERS:
Hugh Huxham, Renn Millar,
Edith Huxham, Dolly Burdett.
Quartette: &quot;Smiling Eyes,” The Quartette.


Solo, “Go to Sea,” Rann Millar.
Chas. McFee, Tenor Sax —Selected.
Eastern Quartette, “Cairo,” Edith Huxhara
and Company.
Humorous item, “ Vs Wonder Why,”
The Quartette.
Ned Tyrrell, Banjo—Selected.
Operatic Quartette, “The Waltz Song,”
from “Romeo and Juliet,” Serenader
Quartette.
4 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
‘ Andante Cantabile from the First Sym-
phony” (Beethoven).
4.10 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone;
“Non e Ver” (Nattei).
’“The Adjutant” (Fischer).
4.17 p.m.—THE KNOCKKABOUTS, in more
“Scintillating, Syncopating Sentimentalism”
4.24 p.m.—THE STATION CRCHESTRA:
“Dance of the Egyptian Maidens.”
“March of Triumph,” “Enlry of the Gladiators” (Fuick). *•-
4.34 p.m.—MOLLY V A OKAY, soprano:
“Pipes of Pan.”
“The Cuckoo” (Lehmann).
4.41 p.m.—PERCY CODE, Cornet solo:
Selected.
4.45 p.m.—Special Weather report from Adelaide. Weather report fc .* Mildura district.
4.46 p.m—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Adagio Sosteni.to” (Be. thoven).
Selected.
5 p.m.—“Herald” news ervice. Stock Exchange information.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6120 p.m.—CAPTAIN DONALD MacLEAN,
“The Spanish Conquests—“ How the Dons discovered the treasures of the World.”
6.35 p.m.—“BILLY BUNNY”:
&quot;Stories of the Australian Bash.”
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket Stock Sales by the Associated Stock and Station Agents, Bourke-street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Excharge information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish Market reports by J. R. Bcr-
rett. Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River report*-.
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry, Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce, Potatoes, and Onions. Market reports of Fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Association. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
Fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants, Association. Citrus fruits.
17.30 p.m.—Under the Auspices of the
r DEPARTMENT OF ACRICULTURE, J.
BRAKE, Senior Inspector of the Agriculture Department, will speak on “Wheat
Cultivation in New Malle ? Country.”
7.45 p.m.—COLLINWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
March, “Gladiator’s Farewell.”
Novelty March, “Awake” (Handel).
7.55 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“The Erl King” (Schubert).
“Vulcan Song” (Gounod).
8.2 p.m.—H. K. LOVE:
'‘Technicalities.*
Mr. Love will be glad to attend to your wireless difficulties, and we ask you to write to him for any advice that you may require.
8.12 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
“Soldiers' Chorus” (“Fiust”).
8.19 p.m.—MOLLY MACXAY, soprano:
&quot;Musetta’s Song.”
“Wind Song” (Rodgers).
8.26 p.m.—ERIC AKINS will speak on
“To-morrow’s Events at the Motordrome.”
8.36 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
Trombone solo, “The Tyrcban.”
(Soloist, A. Thorn.
“Selected.”
8.46 p.m.—ZRNEST SAGE, baritone:
“O, lhank Me Not” (A. ] lallinson).
“Over the Westeri. Sea.”
“Sing, Break into ; ong.”
8.53 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS*
BAND:
Selection from Comic Opera.
9.3 p.m.—HUGH HUXHAM’S SERENADERS.
Quartette: “Isle of Bim Bam Boo,”
The Quartette.
Solo, ”c,mile Through Y'.ur Tears”:
Dolly Burdett. contralt .
LES RICHMOND, Piano:
“Selected.”
Humorous item:
&quot;the Silv’ry Sea,” The Quartette
Quartet, “The Yale Flues,” The Quartette.
TASMA TIERNAN;
’Cello, “Selected.”
Operatic Quartette:
“Companiona,” from “Ernani,” The Quar-
«etu.
9.„0 p.m.-COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS*
BAND:
Selected.
9.30 p.m.—PROGRAMME OF GIPSY MUSIC
arranged by MISS MARY CAMPBELL, of the Albert Street Conservatorium.
MARY KINGSTON and DAWN HARDING.
Duets:
“Know Ye, Loved One” (Brahma).
“From Woods Around” (Korbay).
IDA SCOTT. Piano:
“Hungarian Dance” (Brahms).
DAWN HARDING, Songi
“o*er the Lit ic Lily” (Koj jay).
“My Brown Boy” (Korbay).
MARY GASKIN, violin:
“Hungarian I.'ance No. 5, G Minor”
(Brahms-Hu bay).
MARY KINGSTON, songs-
“ Sun Brown J r.d is Leading” (Brahma).
“Rosebuds T 1 rc &quot; (Brahms*
IDA SCOTT, Piano;
“Spanish Gipsy Dance” (Mowrey).
DAWN HARDING. Songs:
“Songs My Mother Taught Me” (Dvorak).
“Cloudy Heights of Tatra” (Dvorak).
MARY GASKIN, Songs:
'“Down in the Valley,” Hungarian Folk Songs.
“Gipsy Music.”
“The Gipsy’s Price.”
IDA SCOTT. Piano:
“Hungarian Dance” (MacDowell).
J. TOWARD KING, baritone i
“Fad a Horse” (Korbay).
Vihepherd, see thy horse’s foaming mane”
(Korbay).
Accompaniste: Ida Scott.
10.27 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteorological information. Road notes. BritishOfficial wireless news from Rugby. IslandShipping notes. The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s SAFETY MESSAGE for Today is for MOTORISTS:
“Always carry a spare bulb for your headlights, the same as you do a spare tyre.’ -
10.30 p.m.—“CARDIGAN” (Mr. H. A. Wolfe) will speak on tomorrow’s races. Results of Triangular State School Cricket between
Victoria, N.S.W. and Queensland, played at Sydney.
10.53 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Battling Butler” (Braham).
11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“Let no man be sorry he has done good ;
because otherr. concerned with him have
done evil. If a man acted right, he has
done well, though alone; if wrong, the
sanction of all mankind will not justify
him.” —Fieldi ig.
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS.
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
Associated Radio Co. J
Wave Length, 484 Metres.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928. j
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
3AR, Melbourne, —Friday, March 23, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSIOTT.*
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 258 Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton, Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
2 p.m—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance
Session by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band.
All the latest popular hits, each one announced prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m.-‘-Melbourne Concert Orchestra*
Suite: “The Fragrant Year” (Ewing&gt;,
2.44 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano*
2.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra*
3.8 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano:
“Duetto” (Mendelssohn).
3.12 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
3.35 p.m.—lnterval Talk on Cookery in the House.
3.45 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano.
5.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
4 p.m.—-G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.pi.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous entertainer : v
“My Word. You Do Look Queer” (Weston and Lee).
4.10 p.m.—Mtlbourne Concert Orchestra:
“On Jheluua River” (Amy Woodforde-Finden).
4.26 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, trumpet:
“Macushla&quot; (Margetson).
4.30 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock humorous entertainer :
“The Market&quot; (Wilcocfc).
4.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
4.55 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment. Announcements.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says &quot;Five.” God Save the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—3AR’S Cousin Peter.
EVENING SESSION.
BALL ROOM AND CONCERT HALL.
7.15 p.m.—Health Session : Mr. George Beattie, Principal of the Beattie College of Physical Culture, on “Physical Fitness.”
7.30 p.m.—Sport Session: “Harlequin” presents his budget of news and comments on Sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s Stock Reports.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.”
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“L’Arlesienne, Part 2” (Bizet).
8.18 p.m.—Miss Diane Lovell, soprano.
8.26 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians._
8.42 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
“Elegie,” unaccompanied (Donjou).
6.46 p.m.—Mr. Norman Carter, entertainer*
Some more Snapshots.
8.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Qrchestr#,
9.9 p,m.—Miss Diane Lovell, soprano.
9.16 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
0.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert. Orchestra :
Selection: “The Cabaret Girl” (Kern).
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Tep.”
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, specially for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m.—Mr. Michael Connolly, Irish baritone.
10.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
10.27 p.m. —Mr. Michael Connolly, Irish baritone.
10.35 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.50 p.m.—“Age” News Bulletin, exclusix s to
3AR.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” GodSave the King.


4QG, BRISBANE.
j Queensland Radio Service
Wave Length, 385 Metres.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
1 p.m.—Market reports ; weather information ;
“The Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard”
news.
1.30 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p-m.—Standard time signal.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times.
3.31 p.m.—A programme of music.
4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph” news; weather
news.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
€ p.m.—Mail train running times: “Daily Standard” news; weather information; announcements.
6.10 p.m.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “The Sandman.”
7 p.m.—Special news service; market reports; stock reports.
7JO p.m.—Weather news ; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signal.
7.45 p.m.—A review of to-morrow’s racyvg.
NIGHT SESSION.
The first portion of the programme will comprise a radio novelty.
Station 4QG has received from Palings the full parts for a choral number. These have not been seen by any person and have been placed in a sealed package.
At eight o'clock the station will change across to the Brisbane Scho«d of Arts, where the Brisbane Eisteddfod Choir (Conductor, Mr. Robinson), will be at work. 4QG's Announcer will hand the sealed package to the conductor of the choir before the microphone and he will open it, distribute the parts and immediately commence a rehearsal.
The conductor of the choir has promised that by half-past eight the' choir will give a first-class rendering of the number which
neither he nor any of the choristers have seen.
8 p.m.—From the Brisbane School of Arts.
Radio Novelty—The Brisbane Eisteddfod
Choir at Rehearsal.
PART 11.
In response to numerous requests, particularly from returned soldiers, the third of the three diggers' plays which were broadcast last year—“ The Battalion Reunion” —will be repeated.
The first and second of the three “Off Duty” and “Homeward Bound” were repeated in January and February.
“The Battalion Reunion” is a radio play in
■which the adventures of four diggers who meet at a Smoke Concert after twelve months in civil life are related.
Cast:
Dad Mr. Tom Mullar
Bill Mr. H. Gilroy
Snowy Mr. Ray Bruce
Long ’Un Mr. J. P. Cornwell
Yvonne Miss Thelma Champion
The Colonel Mr. G. Williamson
Speaker Mr. A. Rees
Officers. Chairman, comrades, etc., by members of the “Studio Orpheans.”
The Musical Numbers will include soldier
songs and choruses.
8.30 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO:
Digger Play—“ The Battalion Reunion.”
10 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO:
“The Daily Mail” news; weather news;
close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
Central Broadcasters, Ltd.
Wave Length, 395 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes.
12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service.
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Exchange Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the studio “Recreator.”
1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. j
3.1 p.m. Musical numbers on the studio “Recreator.”
3.30 p.m.—Menu talk by “Homelover.”
3.45 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. W’ard and Co.’s Stock Exchange Intelligence.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O.. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s entertainment—Amscols
Half-hour.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Recreator.”
6.55 p.m.—General market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co.. A .E. Hall and Co., Dalgety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union, Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Association, Interstate Fruit and Produce Market Co. Ltd.
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—Stock Exchange Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service.
7.15 p.m.—Talk by Nurse Grigg, of Nestle—
Anglo-Swiss Condensed Mil Co. (Australia) Ltd. —“The Feeding of Infants.”
7.30 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
7.35 p.m.—Baritone solo. Syd. Morrell.
7.40 p.m.—Selection. Studio Orchestra.
7.50 p.m.—Quartette, Apollo Quartette.
7.55 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Relayed from Malcolm Reid's showrooms—orchestral selections by Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra.
7.15 p.m.—Baritone solos, Syd. Morrell.
7.20 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra.
8.30 p.m.—Quartette. Apollo Male Quartette.
8.35 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra .
8.45 p.m.—Baritone solos, Syd. Morrell.
8.50 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat report.
9.3 p.m. —Station announcements.
9.5 p.m.—Quartettes, Appollo Male Quartette.
9.10 p.m.—Selection. Studio Orchestra.
9.20 p.m.—Operatic Recital. Antonio Molinari.
9.30 p.m.—Talk by Mr. S. B. Opie, (Field
Officer) “Tobacco Growing.”
9.45 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.52 p.m.—Operatic recital, Antonio Molinari.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1- p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.15 p.m.—Selections, Studio Orchestra.
10.25 p.m.—Relay from the Maison de Dance,
Glenelg, Dance Music.
10.55 p.m.—Saturday’s programme and me-
teorological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem.
6WF, PERTH
Westralian Farmer’s.
Wave Length, 1250 Metres.
FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH; 1928-
morning SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supp &lt;1 by the Me-
teorological Bureau of We.. ; Au ralia.
1.2 p.m.—Studio Quintette, conducted by Mr.
Val Smith.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—Orchestral music played by Hoyts
Orchestra, . conducted by Mr. Harold Par-
tington, relayed from Hoyts Regent Theatre,
William Street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—Tune ih.
The Evening Transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy. ,
7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News.
7.45 p.m.—Racing talk by the Sporting editor
of “Truth” Newspaper Coy.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations to
programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Popular Night.
Musical programme from the studio, includ-
ing vocal and instrumental artists.
Items by the Misses Mason and De Boulay,
Instrumental Duo of the s.s. Katoomba.
9.35 p.m.—Health talk by Mr. H. S. Hatton,
Principal of Hatton’s Physical Culture
School.
10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The
* Daily News” Newspaper Co., Ships within
range announcement; Weather report and
forecast.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m.
7ZL, HOBART
Tasmanian Broadcasters, Ltd.
Wave Length, 516 Metres.
FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928.
MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.1 p.m.—Musical Selections.
3.5 p.m —Hobart Stock Exchange quotations.
Weather forecasts. Items of interest.
3.15 p.m.—Musical Selections, continued.
4.15 p.m.—Educational Talk.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Children’s Corner, with the Radio
Lady.
7.15 p.m.—Young Folks’ gardening chat, by
Mr. George Nation.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Fruit, Poultry, and Prodcue re-
ports, through the courtesy of Roberts and
Co., Ltd.
7.35 p.m.—Gardening Talk by Mr. George
Nation, Glen Nurseries, Cascades.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.


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8.1 p.m.—Broadcast, by direct wire, from
Lyceum Club, Hobart: Weekly Lecture.
9.30 p.m.—Cricket Chat by Mr. A. O’Leary.
9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
6.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special interstate news
service. Ships within wireless range. Tas-
manian district weather reports. 9 p.m.
weather reports. Travellers’ week-end in-
formation. Tasmanian district weather re-
ports. Station announcements. Saturday’s
programme.
10 p.m.—Close down.
Saturday, March 24
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—&quot;Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m. —Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A reading.
10.45 a.m. —Stjdio music.
11 a.m. —&quot;Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m.—A.PA. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m. —Studio music.
11.15 a.m. —A talk on Home Cooking and
Recipes by Miss Ruth Fnrst.
11.30 a.m. —Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange.
12.3 p.m.—Studio music
12.20 p.m.—&quot;Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
12.25 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—&quot;Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
NOTE: During the afternoon the Racing
Events at Rosehill will be described by the
2FC Commissioner.
Musical items will incllde:
From the Studio:
Howard Leighton, novelty pianist.
From the Ambassadors:
At intervals between 3.30 p.m. and 5 p.m.:
“The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
From the Crystal Palace Theatre. George
Street. Sydney:
The Crystal Palace Orchestra, oonducted by
Harry Cross.
4.45 p.m.—Complete sporting resume, includ-
ing scores .of the Cricket Match, played in
New Zealand to-day:
Australia versus New Zealand.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
6.45 p.m.—The &quot;Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m. —Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe:
Dinner music by the Pavilion Orchestra.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
From the Studio:
Late Sporting News.
7.15 p.m.—Weather intelligence.
7.18 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
7.28 p.m.—Studio music.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Studio music.
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
From the Hay market Theatre.:
The Haymarket Operatic Orchestra, under
the baton of Stanley’ Porcer.
8.20 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe, in connec-
tion with the New South Blinded
Soldiers’ Association :
A Concert by 2FC Artists to the N.S.W.
Blinded Soldiers:
Brunton Gibb, elocutionist:
“Bertram on Business” (Rutherford).
8.30 p.m.—Cliff Arnold, novelty pianist.
8.40 p.m.—Louise Homfrey, lady baritone.
8.48 p.m.—Norman McLennan, baritone»
(a) “The Irish Fusilier” (Squire).
(b) “Tommy Lad” (Margetson).
8.56 p.m.—-Charlie Lawrence, entertainer.
9.5 p.m.—From the Haymarket Theatre:
The Haymarket Operatic Orchestra.
9.15 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.16 p.m.—Dr. T. J. Henry: A talk on
“Harlem—the Negro Metropolis. ’
9.30 p.m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter-
tainers :
Popular numbers. Banjo novelty.
0.38 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe:
Further items from the Concert to the
N.S.W. Blinded Soldiers.
Cliff Arnold, novelty pianist.
9.40 p.m.—Brunton Gibb, elocutionist:
“The Transformation of Mary” (Spencer,.
9.46 p.m.—Norman McLennan, baritone:
“Ben the Bo’sun” (Adams).
9.49 p.m.—Charlie Lawrence, entertainer.
9.55 p.m.—Louise Homfrey, lady baritone.
10 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Eden and Jack Landeryou, entertainers:
Popular numbers.
10.8 p.m.—From the Ambassadors:
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
10.15 p.m.—From the Studio:
Eden and Jack Landeryou, entertainers.
10.22 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.23 p.m.—The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio:
To-morrow’s programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Antneui.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
ft
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION, 8 to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Social Notes by Mrs. Jordan.
Talk on &quot;Simple Cooking for Children,” by
Mrs. Jordan.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
12.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
12.25 p.m.—Sporting and athletic fixtures.
12.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the.
Studio.
12.40 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
12.50 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from the Studio.
2.15 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
2.30 p.m.—Pianoforte Recital from the Studio.
2.45 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
3.10 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
3.30 p.m.—CONCERT BROADCAST FROM
THE RADIO AND ELECTRICAL EXHIBI-
TION AT THE SYDNEY TOWN HALL.
Broadcaster’s Instrumental Trio.
3.37 p.m.—Miss Nellie Ravens, Contralto.
3.44 p.m. —Mr. Warwick McKenzie, violinist
3.51 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Mc;Calium, baritone.
3.58 p.m.—broadcasters, instrumental Trio.
4.5 p.m.—Miss Nellie Ravens.
4.12 p.m.—Mr. Warwick McKenzie.
4.19 p.m.—Mr. Leslie McCallum.
4.26 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio,
Accompanist: Mr. G. Vern Barnett.
Announcer: Mr. B. W. Kirke.
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio. News from the
“Sun.”
4.40 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio •
4.45 p.m.—Resume of Races held during the
afternoon.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
6.30 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
Racing resume and results of day’s sport-
ing.
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner Music.
7.30 p.m.—Talk on “The Aborigines,” by
“Bringa.”
B p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Mr. Roger Jones, baritone.
8.8 p.m. —Mr. Reg. Harrison, comedian.
6.15 p.m.—Broadcast from the Radio Exhi-
bition at the Sydney Town Hall.
The Cheer-oh girls under the direction &lt;fi
Mrs. S. Bennett White.
&lt;3.15 p.m.—From the studio:
Mr. Roger Jones.
9.22 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
0.29 p.m.—Miss Mab Fotheringham, soubrette.
0.36 p.m.—M. Reg. Harrison.
9.43 p.m.—Miss Phyllis Atkinson.
9.50 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
9.57 p.m. —Miss Mab Fotheriugham.
10.4 p.m.—Miss Phyllis Atkinson.
10.11 p.m.—Resume of following day’s Pro-
gramme.
10.15 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra
under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson broad-
cast from the ballroom of the Wentworth.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Morning melodies.
7.20 p.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES.
7.33 a.m. —Weather forecasts for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m.—NEWS.
8 p.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m. —Morning melodies.
8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information.
Shipping, Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m. —Morning melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “Merchant of Venice.”
11.15 a.m. —MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Thou Art Like a Lovely Flower” (Schu-
mann). ‘
“Les Cloches” (Debussy).
11.22 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Songs of India from the Legend Sadka”
(Rimsky-Korsakov).
“Spanish Rhapsody.”
11.32 a.m.—HUXHAM’S SERENADERS :
Song, “I Don’t Like Being Tickled by a Fly&quot;
The Quartette.
Song. “ In the Land.” Hugh Huxham.
Percy Code.
Cornet, “Selected.”


Special Exhibition
a
RADIO
59
Don’t miss the Special Exhibition Number of “RADIO.&quot;
The best issue yet published. Strong in technical matter,
rich in interest, and light with humour. Printed in two
colours and profusely illustrated. The features include:
RAY ALLSOP’S SHORT-WAVE SUPERHETERODYNE
How to make a super-heterodyne which will tune in any short-wave broadcasting
stat.on ,n the world at good loud-speaker strength. A description by the Chief
Engineer of 2BL (Ray Ailsop, 2YG), of the remarkable shortwave receiver used to
pick up and relay the British and foreign stations heard from 2BL. You must see
this circuit—it’s the best and latest.
THE 1928 BROWNING-DRAKE
A newly-developed and more efficient Browning-Drake of two valves-a regenerative
detector and one stage of K.F. as a complete unit with a single control panel arrange-
ment Separate amplifier units employing either transformer or resistance coupling
Will be described. By Don B. Knock (2NO).
ADVENTURE YARN BY “BRASSO”
Something new. Hi-Jackers and rum-running in the Atlantic. An Aussie brasspounder,
a Yank, and the short waves. Best thing yet written by Brasso.
SHORT STORIES HUMOUR ARTICLES
Alarm! A short story about a broadcasting studio-a woman's intuition-warning-
and bush fires. Also, “The Echo of Eden News Service,’’ and “How Noah Got His
Weather Reports During the Flood.’’ Humorous drawings by Jack Waring, Mark
White, and others. A. S. Cochrane (Hello Man 2FC) on the Bedtime Story. The ideal
wavelength for International Broadcasting.
Watch for Special Cover on Bookstalls
On Sale March 19®*


Duet, “The Garden Wall.” Edith and Hugh
Huxham.
Solo, “The Open Road.” Renn Millar.
Gilbert Bishop.
Violin, “Selected.”
Quartet, “The Inflammatus,” from “Stabat
Mater.”
11.52 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Fox trot, “By the Shalimar” (Mazine).
“Marcheta” (Schertzinger).
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —Melbourne Obesrvatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—Australian Mine sand Metals Asso-
ciation from the London Stock Exchange
this day. British official wireless news from
Rugby. Reuter’s and the Australian Press
Association cables. “Argus” news service.
“NOTES THAT RIPPLED WAVE ON
WAVE.”
12.20 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Plantation Melody” (Farwell).
Who is Sylvia?” (Schubert).
“Siamese Patrol” (Linke).
12.30 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Se Saran Rose” (Arditi).
“Saper Voreste” (Verdi).
12.38 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.41 p.m.—HENRY TROMPF, baritone:
London Silhouettes —“The Fortune Hunter.&quot;
“Up ’Lugate Hill” (Willoughby).
12.48 p.m.—NED TYRRELL, banjo:
“Selected.”
12.53 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
&quot;Hymn to the Sun from The Golden
Cockerel” .
1 p.m -Meloburne Observatory time signal.
1.1 p.m. —Meteorological information. Weather
forecast and rainfall for Victoria. Tas-
mania, South Australia and New South
Wales. Ocean forecast. River reports.
1.8 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“The Land of the Rose” (Gilbert).
THE FOUNDATION OF MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH, viola, will
to-day give specially selected items from
the works of the masters.
1.25 p.m.—HENRY TROMPF, baritone:
“Salaam&quot; (Mary Lang).
“A Spirit Flower” (Tipton).
1.32 p.m.-THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
“In a Chinese Temple Garden” (Ketelby).
Bolero, &quot;Spanish Dance’’ (Moszkowski).
“Les Serenata de Argentina” (Olsen).
1,45 p.m.—Close down.
2 p.m.—Description of Yannathan Trial
Hurdle, 2 miles, run at MOONEE VALLEY,
by “Musket,” of the ‘Sporting Globe.”
2 5 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRICKe/T
—Semi-finals. *
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.- HARRY SIIUGG’S BAND I
Selection. “Gipsy Love” (Lehar).
2.30 p.m.—Description of Calliope Handicap.
5 furlongs, MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by
&quot;Musket,” of the &quot;Sporting Globe.’’
2.35 P-m. —OeScription of PENNANT CRICKET —Semi-finals.
2.50 p.m.— HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
•Minuet in G” (Beethoven).
Idyll. My Syrian Maid” (Rimmer).
8 p m.—Description of Quality Handicap, 6
furlongs, MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by
“Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
8.5 p.m.— HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Waltz, “The Druids’ Prayer” (Dayson).
“Selected.”
3.15 p.m. —Description of PENNANT CRIC-
KET —Semi-finals.
8.30 p.m.-HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Overture, “Prince and Peasant (Round).
“Selected.”
f. 40 p m. —Description of Moonee Ponds Handi-
cap, 1)4 miles, MOONEE VALLEY RACES,
by “Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
3.45 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRIC-
KET —Semi-finals.
4 p.m.—HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Selection, “The Maid of the Mountains”
(Simson).
Selected.
4.20 p.m.—Description of Trial Mile, MOONEE
VALLEY RAQES, by “Musket,” of the
“Sporting Globe.”
4.25 p.m. —Description of PENNANT CRIC-
KET —Semi-finals.
4.40 p.m.—HARRY SHUGG’S BAND:
Fox Trots, “My Blue Heaven” (Danoldson).
“Me and My Shadow” (Jolson).
4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report from the Mildura \ is-
trict.
4.50 p.m.—Description of Sherwood High-
weight Handicap, 7 furlongs. MOONEE
VALLEY RACES, by “Musket,” of the
“Sporting Globe.”
4.55 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex-
change information.
6.10 p.m. —Close down.
6.50 p.m.—Sporting results.
EVENING SESSION.
g p.m.—PENNANT CRICKET—Semi-finals.
Stump scores.
6.1 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday
greetings by “LITTLE MISS KOOKA-
BURRA.”
6.20 p.m. —Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m.— LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA:
&quot;A story for the Little Ones.”
6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.40 p.m.— LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA:
“A Story for the Older Children.”
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—Sporting results. Acceptances for
Werribee Races, Wednesday, 28.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m. -Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—River reports.
7.20 p.m. Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Cooperative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay. straw, jute, dairy produce, pota-
toes and onions. Market reports of fruit by
the Victorian Fruiterers’ Assocation, retail
prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by the
Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association.
Citrus fruits.
7.30 p.m.—E. E. PESCOTT will speak on:
“Australian Pine Trees and other Conifers.”
7.45 p.m.—Dr. J. A. LEACH will speak on
“Black Cocoktoos.”
8 p.m.—Speeches from the Trades Hall Dinner.
Toast, “The Day We Celebrate.”
Proposed by Mr. C. J. Holloway, Sec. of the
Trades Hall Council, with song at interval
by Mr. J. Clinton.
FROM THE STUDIO.
8.30 p.m.— SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND:
Fox trot. “Drifting and Dreaming”
(Schmidt).
Waltz Song, “Honolulu Moon” (Lawrence).
8.40 p.m.- MOLLY MACKAY. soprano:
“Nymphs and Sylvans” (Bemberg).
“The Hoot Owl.”
8.47 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “The Orcid” (Monckton).
8.57 p.m.—Description of events at the Motor-
drome by “Olympus.”
9.7 p.m.— SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND:
Selection, “Operatic Melodies” from Caryll,
Monckton and Suulivan’s Operas (Arr.
A. C. Southye).
Song, “I passed by your window.”
©l7 D m .—HUXHAM’S :
Song, “I never wronged an Onion —The
Quartette.
Solo, “Land of Hope and Glory’ —Len Mil-
lar.
Will Page, xylophone solo, selected.
Duet, “Hunting,,—Hugh and Edith Hux-
ham.
Quartette, “Faraway Bells”—The Quartette.
Harold Moschetti, tenor, Sax. —Selected.
Quartette, “Dream of Home” —Serenade?
Quartette.
0.37 p.m.—Description of to-night’s Stadium
event by NORMAN McCANCE. At the con-
clusion of the match, NORMAN McCANCE
will give a resume.
1C p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection from “Li’ Lombardi” (Verdi).
10.7 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“A Ballad of Gretna Green” (Brahe).
“Bonnie Dundee.”
10.14 p.m.—SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND
Song, “Mother Machree” (Olcott and Bell).
Intermezzo, “Swing Song” (Zameacnik).
Song, “Sometimes in Summer” (Bennett).-
10.24 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Mimi’s Song” (Puccini).
“A de a oiseaux” (Hiie).
10.31 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA*
Selection, “The Rise of Rosie O’Reilly.”
10.41 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“The Wanderer” (Schubert).
“The Garden of Allah” (Chas. Marshall).
10.48 .pm.—Late sporting news.
11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“Oh wad some power the gif tie gie uf
To see oursel’s as others see us !
It would frae monie a blunder free ut
And foolish notion.
Burns —to a Louse.
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS.
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
12 noon to 1.54 p.m.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Paton. Ltd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
Sports Results. During the afternoon, the
results of the Moonee Valley races will be
broadcast, immediately after each race is
run, together with other information.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance
Session by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band
The latest popular hits, each .one announced
prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m. —Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Schumann Songs” (Ar. Roberts).
2.46 p,m—Miss Stella Challen, soprano:
“I Love the Moon” (Rubens).
“Still as the Night” (Bohm).
2 53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, clarinet:
“La Militaire” (Raymond).
3.13 p.m.—Miss Stella Challen, soprano*
“Ave, Maria” (Cooper).
“If My Songs Were Only Winged (Hahn).
8.21 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“A Hillside Melody” (Phillips).
8.30 p.m. —Interval announcements.
3.40 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestral
“La Source” Ballet Suite (Delibes).
Suite: “Andalusia” (Miramontes).
4 p.m— G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4 1 p.m. —Second weather forecast.
4 ; 3 p.m.—Mr. Alan T. Eddy, bass baritene:
“The Erl King” (Schubert).
“The Still Room” (Arundale).
4.11 p.m:—Melbourne Concert Orchestral
“Canzona del Violino” (Schebek).
“Three Famous Pictures” (Wood).
4.26 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg. flute:
“Claire de Lune” (Debussy).
4 30 p.m.—Mr. Alan T. Eddy, bass baritones
“I Want to be Ready” (Negro Spiritual).
“Swing Low,/ Sweet Chariot” _ (Negr#
Spiritual).


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4.37 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Musical Gems of Tschaiwowsky” (Ar.
Langey).
“Consolation” (Wood).
4.55 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment. An-
nouncements.
5 p m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.” God Save
the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Uncle Mac.’s Entertainment.
EVENING SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-d.to news and
comments on Sport of the day.
7.45 p.m.—Every Man’s Garden. Special
week-end talks by Mr. W. R. Warner, Pre-
sident of the Nurserymen’s and Seedsmen’s
Association of Victoria.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.”
8.1 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.16 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Williams. humorous
entertainer:
“It’s Lucky I Keep My Temper” (Grain).
&quot;Flappers” (Hylton).
8.24 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.40 p.m.—Miss Jessie Shmith. contralto:
&quot;Don’t You Mind the Sorrows” (Cowles).
“I Love You Mqre” (Dorothy Lee).
8.47 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, saxaphone:
“Saxarella” (Wiedoeft).
8.50 p.m.—Announcements.
9.2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.18 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Williams, humorous en-
tertainer :
&quot;Dude Patter” (Manuscript).
“I’m Burlington Bertie from Bow” (Har-
greaves) .
9.26 p.m—Ayavz Dansonlana
9.42 p.m.—Miss Jessie Shmith, contralto:
“Sometimes in my Dreams” (d’Hardelot).
“Dedication” (Franz).
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Ten.”
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonirns
10 1 p.m—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin:
“Bolero” (Bohm).
10.23 p.m.— Ayarz Dansorians.
10.33 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, cornet:
I'Killamey” (Balfe).
10.37 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.50 p.m.—To-morrow’s Entertainment. An-
nouncements.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night quote
is taken from the poem. “Out ol the Si-
lence.” by George Essex Evans.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” God
Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE
SATURDAY. MARCH 24th, 1928.
NO MORNING TRANSMISSION.
NO MIDDAY TRANSMISSION.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
TATTERSALL’S RACES.
The Tattersall’s Club Race Meeting will be
described direct from the Ascot Racecourse.
The commencement of transmission will depend
upon the starting time of the first race, and
will a 3 usual be announced from the studio
at 7.45 p.m. on the evening preceding the
meeting. ,
FROM ASCOT —Tattersall’s Club Meeting.
6 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “Uncle Ben.”
7.15 p.m. —Racing results.
7.20 p.m.—To-day’s sporting news described.
7.30 p.m.—Sailing Notes by Fred Smith.
NIGHT SESSION.
8 p.m.—Orchestral Music by the Tivoli Opera-
tic Orchestra, under the baton of Mr. C.
Groves.
8.45 p.m.—FROM THE SPEEDWAY:
Motor Cycle Races.
9.30 p.m.—FROM LENNON’S BALLROOM:
Dance Music.
10 p.m. —“The Sunday Mail” News.
Weather news. Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
11.1 a.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
11.30 a.m. —Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
1.15 p.m. (Approx).—Relayed from the Gaw-
ler Racecourse, a running description of
events by Mr. Arnold Treioar, interspersed
with musical numbers and interstate re-
sults from the studio.
5.10 p.m. ( Approx).—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.50 p.m.—Summary of the afternoon’s racing
results..
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s entertainment.
6.40 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7.5 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Exchange
Intelligence.
7.16 p.m. —Talk on Mission Heroes.
7.30 p.m.—“Books and Bookman” by C. G.
Riley.
7.45 p.m.—Resume of local and interstate
sporting results.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Final Judging of SCL Bonniest
Baby Competition and musical demonstra-
tion arranged by SCL at the Adelaide Town
Hall.
10.30 p.m.—Local and interstate sporting re-
sults.
10.40 p.m.—Relay from the Maison de Danse,
Glenelg—Dance Music.
10.55 p.m.—Sunday’s programme.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem.
6WF, PERTH.
SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
12 noon. —Tune in.
12.5 p.m.—Musical Programme, including
pianoforte selections by Miss Evelyn Wills,
A.R.C.M.
12.47 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m.—Close down.
1.55 p.m.—Tune in.
AT ASCOT.
Running commentary of the following
Racing events relayed from Ascot Race-
course, Ascot.
2 p.m.—Maiden Plate (One Mile).
2.40 p.m.—Armidale Handicap (six furlongs).
3.2op.m.—Harvest Handicap (five furlongs).
3.30 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO:
Musical programme, including vocal and in-
strumental artists.
Progressive cricket scores.
4 p.m. —Summer Plate (One Mile).
4.40 p.m.—Charity Handicap (One mile and
a Quarter).
5.20 p.m.—Kalamunda Handicap, Welter
(Seven furlongs).
5.30 p.m.—Close down.
6.45 pjn.—Tune in.
The evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 p.m.—Birthday greetings for the Kiddies
by Uncles Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.10 p.m.—Sports results.
7.20 p.m.—Markets, News and Cables.
7.20 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
7.45 p.m.—Talk.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations
td programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Music and song.
Musical programme from the studio, in-
cluding vocal and instrumental artists.
Motor cycling events described in detail
relayed from the Claremont Speedway.
9 p.m.—Talk on the J?olo Tournament by Mr.
Lawson Weir.
10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather report and forecast.
Sports results.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m. ,
7ZL, HOBART

SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928.
MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
Broadcast from the T.C.A. Ground, descrip-
tion by Mr. A. O’Leary of the cricket
match, Newtown v. Sandy Bay. Progress
racing and sporting results from the Studio.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Uncle Hector’s Corner.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Musical Selections.
7.50 p.m-—“Mercury” special Tasmanian news
service. Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock
Exchange quotations. Sporting results.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes.
8.15 p.m.—Dance numbers b ythe Pavilion
Dance Band from the City Hall, Hobart, in-
terspersed with items from the Studio.
10.20 p.m.—British Official Wireless news.
Weather information. Station announce-
ments. Sunday’s Programme. Close down.
Sunday, March 25
2FC, SYDNEY.
MORNING SESSION.
10.40 a.m.—PrograriilW announcements.
10.45 a.m. —From the Christ Church, St. Laur-
ence:
The Morning Service.
Organist, Christian Hellemann.
12.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Musical items and news service.
12.30 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.30 p.m.—Programme announcements.
2.35 p.m.—&quot;Broadcasting conditions in Eng-
land” : A talk by Frank E. Buckel.
2.50 p.m. —From the Congregational Church,
Pitt Street, Sydney:
An Organ Recital by Lilian Frost, recently
returned from a tour abroad.
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
From the Band Rotunda, Coogee Beach:
The Randwick Municipal Band:
(a) Fantasia, “Knight Errant” (Trussell).
(b) Waltz, “Donan Wellen” (Ivanicur).
(c) Selection, “Gems of Sullivan” (Sullivan).
(d) Selection, “Down South” (Ketelby).
(e) March. “Underhill House” (Moorhouse).
Conductor, E. P. Kerry.
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.


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EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben” and programme
ments.
6.5 p.m.—Captain Fred Arrons will deliver a
talk on
“The Humors of History.”
6.18 p.m.—Kenneth Hunt, tenor:
(a) “God that madest Earth and Heaven”
(Sanderson).
(b) “A Legend” (Tsi haikowskyj .
(c) “How many hired servants,” from “The
Prodigal Son” (Sullivan).
6.27 p.m.—From ;the Petersham Congregational
Church:
An Organ, Orchestral and Vocal Recital:
Organ:
(a) “Light Cavalry” (Suppe).
(b) Overture, “Egmont” (Beethoven).
Ambrose F. Gibbs, L.L.C.M.
6.41 p.m.—Orchestra:
(a) “Rouseasu’s Dream.”
(b) “Et Incarnitius” (Haydn).
(c) “Sun of my Soul.”
(d) “Stand up for Jesus.”
(e) “Gloria” (12th Mass) (Mozart).
6.56 p.m.—Vocal:
J. Prior: Two selected items.
7 p.m.—Orchestra:
(a) “Palestine.”
(b) “Agnus Dei” (Mozart).
(c) “St. Arin’s.”
(d) “I love to hear the Saviour’s voice.”
(e) “Only an armour bearer.”
(f) “Holy, holy, holy,” from “Elijah.”
715 p.m.—The Evening Service from the
Petersham Congregational Church:
Minister, Rev. A. P. Doran:
Invocation and Lord’s Prayer.
Hymn, “O fir a thousand tongues to sing.”
Lesson.
Anthem, “There is a Green Hill” (Gounod).
Lesson.
Hymn, “I heard the voice of Jesus say.”
Prayer.
Violin duet, “Ave Maria” (Mascagni).
Mr. Roy Scott and Matter Gorden Scott.
Anthem, “Seek ye the Lord” (Bradley).
Hymn, &quot;Lead, Kindly Ligl t.”
Sermon.
Hymn, “Guide me, O Thou Great Jehovah.”
Benediction.
8.80 p.m.—From the Band Rotunda, Coogee
Beach:
The Randwick Municipal Band, conducted by
E. P. Kerry:
(a) Selection, “Classical Favorites” (Rim-
mer).
(b) Waltz, “Dreams of Ocean.”
(c) Selection from “Rose Marie” (Friml).
(d) Morceau, “Lea Cloekes St. Etienne”
(Hume).
(e) Selection. “Echoes of Opera” (arr. Sed-
don).
(f) March, “Washington Poet&quot; (Sousa).
©.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Peter Gawthome, baritone:
(a) “Three Shakespeare Songs” (Roger
Quilter).
(b) &quot;Two American-Indian Songs” (Charles
Wakefield Cadm an).
i. 42 p^n. —Alexander Sverjensky, pianoforte
solos:
(a) &quot;Adagio from C Minor Sonata—Pathe-
tigue” (Beethoven).
(b) “Largo from D Major Sonata—Pathe-
tique” (Beethoven).
8.52 p.m.—Peter Gawthorne, baritone:
“Jnst So.” Stories by Rudyard Kipling.
(Music by Edward German.)
10.5 p.m.—Alexander Sverjensky. pianoforte
solos:
(a) “Hum Wesque” (Rachmaninoff).
(b) “Lotus Land” (Scott).
(c) “Gavotte Joyeuse” (Mozart-Boscoff).
10.15 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
1.045 a.m.—Special news service.
11 a.m. —Service broadcast from Chalmers
Presbyterian Church.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special session for Children in hospitals.
2.15 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramaphone Recital.
2.45 a.m.—Special information service.
8 p.m.—Music from the studio.
4 p.m.—Organ recital broadcast from Chal-
mers Presbyterian Church.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes
National Anthem
EVENING SESSION
6.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children's Session.
7 p.m.—Service broadcast from St. Jude’s
Church of England, Randwick.
6.30 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
6.37 p.m. Miss Millie Hughes, soprano
8.44 p.m.—Miss Dulcie Blair, violinist.
6.51 p.m. Mr. Cyril James, baritone.
8.58 p.m.—Miss Norah Alexander, elocutionist
9.8 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter, ’cellist.
0.15 p.m.—Miss Linda Hartge, contralto.
0.22 p.m. —Broadcasters Trio.
0.29 p.m.—Miss Millie Hughes.
0 36 p.m.—Miss Dulcie Blair.
0.43 p.m.—Mr. Cyril James.
0.50 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter. *
0.57 p.m.—Resume of following day's pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares, Govt. Meteorologist.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
10.1 p.m.—Miss Linda Hartge.
10.8 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio.
10.15 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
SUNDAY. 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—Bells from St. Paul’s Cathedral.
10.45 a.m.—Express train information.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
News from yesterday’s papers
11 a^?o&quot;^ MORNING SERVICE FROM BAP-
-IIST CHURCH, COLLINS STREET
MELBOURNE.
Preacher: REV. W. D. JACKSON BA
Choir Director: MADAME ELLA KING-
STON.
Sanctus.
Call to '
Prayer and Lord’s Prayer (sung).
Hymn, “Welcome, Happy Morning.”
Scripture. Philippians, IV., 10-23.
Children’s Talk.
Quartette. “Lowley Kneel We in Submission.”
(Gounod).
Notices.
Offertory.
Offertory Prayer.
Anthem. “From the Throne of His Son”
(Stainer).
Prayer.
Hymn. “I Do Not Ask, O Lord.”
SERMON: “The Secret of Contentment and
Power.”
Hymn, “Peace, Perfect Peace.”
Benediction.
The Choir of the Collins Street Baptist
Church is well 'known for its skilful work
in the production of oratories not often
heard in Melbourne
On Wednesday, March 28, at 8 p.m. it will
be rendering Gounod’s “Mors et Vita.”
12.15 p.m.—Giose down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
“Methinks in thee some blessed spirit doth
speak
—This powerful sound within an organ weak.”
SONORA RECITAL OF THE” WORLD’S
MOST FAMOUS RECORDS.
2 p.m.—PIANO SOLO:
“Sonata in F Minor for Pianoforte, Op. 5”
(Brahms).
Played by Percy Grainger.
Part 1. Allegro maestoso.
Part 2. Allegro maestoso.
Part 3. Andante.
Part 4. Andante.
Part 5: Intermezzo (Retrospect).
Part 7. Allegro moderato ma rubato.
Part 8. Allegro moderato ma rubato.
SONGS—
Norman Allin, bass:
“The Jewess—Tho’ Faithless Men”
(Halevy).
“Little Cattle, little' Care” (Waugh and
Jackson).
ORCHESTRAL—
Overture, “Der Freischutz,” Part 1 and
2 (Weber).
State Opera Orchestra, Berlin, conducted
by Dr. Leo Blech.
3 p.m.—PLEASANT SUNDAY AFTERNOON
FROM CENTRAL MISSION, LONS-
DALE STREET, MELBOURNE.
Chairman: Rev. J. H. CAIN.
Hymn No. 112, “Ye Servants of God.”
P-rayer, Rev. C. Irving Benson.
Orchestral selection, Mr. G. M. Williams,
Conductor.
Hymn No. 81: “There’s Not a Friend.”
Solo, Mr. -J. M. Hill, “Gipsy Dan” (Russell)
Orchestra.
Solo, Mr. J. M. Hill, “The Chapel in the
Woods” (Bennett).
Notices.
Offering. \-
Orchestra.
ADDRESS.
National Anthem.
Benediction.
Orchestra.
4.30 p.m.—J. HOWLETT ROSS:
“The Passion Pay at Ammwgau.”
4.45 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
CHILDREN’S HOUR.
Storyteller, “BROTHER BILL.”
6 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday
greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.25 p.m.—“BROTHER BILL.”
“Strike While the Iron is Hot.”
6.45 p.m.—Bells from St. Paul’s Cathedral.
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—EVENING SERVICE FROM ST
PAUL’S CATHEDRAL.
Exhortation.
General Confession.
Absolution.
The Lord’s Prayer.
Versicles and Responses (Ferial).
Psalm—sl.
Ist Lesson.
Magnificat (Tarrant in Mode 10).
2nd Lesson.
Nunc Dimittis (Tarrant in Mode 10.).
The Apostles’ Creed.
Collects.
Anthem, “Blessed Jesus” (Dvorak).
Prayers.
Hymn (A. &amp; M.) 200, “We Sing the Praise
of Him Who Died.”
SERMON, BISHOP GREEN.
Hymn 520, “Love Divine, All Love
Excelling.” «
Benediction.
FROM THE STUDIO—
-8.30 p.m.—Birthday Greetings and announce-
ments. Island shipping movements.
8.32 p.m.—Song Feature of the Week.
8.35 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
Overture, Arc” (Wright).
Test Piece, British Trade Exhibition. Con-
test.
Championship of Victoria, March 15, 1928.
8.47 p.m.—VIOLET JACKSON,_ Soprano (by
permission of J. C. Williamson, Ltd).
“A Brown Biid Singing” (Haydn Wood).
“Morning” (Oley Speaks).
8.54 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND: v &gt;
Selection, “111 Crociato in Egitte.”
9.6 p.m.—STORIES OF OPERAS, Part 1.
9.3 6p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND.
Hymns, “Edwinston.”
“Rutherford.”
9.43 p.m.—VIOLET JACKSON, soprano:
Selected.
9.50 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Announce-
ments.
ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VIC-
TORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR TO-
DAY IS:—
“If you expect other people to avoid in-
juring your children, you should take care
not to injure the children of others.”


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10 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“The world makes way for a resolute
soul, obstacles get out of the way of a deter-
mined man who believes in himself.”
10.1 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING CHURCH SESSION.
11 a.m.—Morning Service from St. John’s
Church, Melbourne. Minister: Archdeacon
Lamble.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Anniversary Service of the Kensington
Methodist Church, broadcast from Ileming-
ton Town Hall. Minister: R»v. Geerge F.
Dyson. Choirmaster: Mr. Fred. Harry.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
8 pan.—Special Children's Hour.
EVENING CHURCH SESSION.
T p.m.—Evening Service from the Brunswick
Methodist Church, Brunswick. Minister:
Rev. E. Lewis.
EVENING SESSION.
5.30 p.m.—Brunswick Panatrope Entertain-
ment, broadcast from Pauatrope House, 252
Collins Street, Melbourne (by exclusive per-
msision of Wills and Paton, Ltd.), under
the direction of the Panatrope Committee.
9.31 p.m.—The B.B.C.Wireless Symphony Or-
chestra : e
Overture: “The Barber of Seville” (Ros-
si in two parts.
8.39 p.rir—Signor Giuseppe Danise. baritone:
“La Paloma” (Yradier).
“Thorna a Surriento” (de Curtis).
8.47 p.m.—J. H. Sqjire Celeste Octet:
“Love’s OW, Sweet Song” (Molloy).
“Poem” (Fibich).
•.53 p.m.—Mr. W. H. Sqnire, ’cello:
“La Provengale” (Mari-Marias).
“Sleepy Song” (Jeanjean).
8.69 p.m.—The Regimental Band of His Ma-
jesty’s Grenadier Guards:
“The Battle of Waterloo” (Ar. H. Echerg-
berg), in two parts.
9.7 p.m.—Mr. Leopold Godowsky, pianoi
“Polonaise in A Flat' (Chopin).
“Marche Militaire” (Schubert).
• 15 p.m.—Miss Elizabeth Rethberg, soprano:
“Ye Wand’ring Breezes, Hear Me,” Act JI.
from,Lohengrin (Wagner).
*'Oh, Hall of Song,” Act 11. from Tann-
hauser (Wagner).
8.21 p.m.—Mr. Frederic Fradkin, violin:
“Schon Rosmarin” (Kreisler).
“The Last Rose of Summer&quot; (Moore).
8.27 p.m.—The Regimental Band of His Ma-
jesty’s Grenadier Guards:
Selections from Rigoletto (Verdi), in two
parts.
8.83 p.m.—Mr. Mario Chanlee, tenor:
“Racconto di Rodolfo” from La Boheme
(Puccini).
**Ah, fuyez douce image,” from the opera
Manon (Massenet).
8-14 pan.—The Sevoy Havana Band, at the
Savoy Hotel. London:
&quot;Valse Bleue” (Margis).
‘‘Blue Danube” (Strauss).
8.49 pan.—The Regimental Band of His Ma-
jesty’s Grenadier Guards:
“Triana. Spanish March” (Lopez).
“The Voice of the Guns” (Alford).
it. 54 pan.—The, “Age” News Bulletin, exclu-
sive to 3AR.
9.58 p.m.—Weather forecast.
9.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night qnote
is from the poem, “Delilah,” by Adam Lind-
say Gordon.
10 p.m.—Uod Save Che King.
4QG, BRISBANE.
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
The complete Morning Service will be
relayed from the Albert Street Methodist
Church.
11 a.m.—FROM ALBERT STREET METHO-
DIST CHURCH: Morning Service.
12.39 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
BAND CONCERT.
The Concert by the Brisbane Federal Band
(Conductor: Mr. W. H. Davies) will be relayed
from the Botanic Gardens.
3.15 p.m.—Band Concert.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
NIGHT SESSION.
The complete Evenin g Service will be re-
layed from the Albert Street Methodist Church
7 p.m.—FROM ALBERT STREET METHO-
DIST CHURCH: Children’s Service.
7.30 p m.—Evening Service.
At the conclusion of the Church Service,
the Concert by the Brisbane Municipal Con-
cert Band will be relayed from Wickham
Park.
Band Concert.
9.30 p.m.—Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
SUNDAY. 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.45 a.m.—Carillon of bells from St. An-
drew’s Church, Walkerville.
11 a.m.—r—G.P.O. Chimes.
11.1 a.m.—Relay from Rose Park Congre-
gational Church, Divine Service.
12 noon.—G.P.O. chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m.—Sacred concert from Rose Park
Congregational Church.
4 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.31 p.m.—Carillon of bells from St. Andrew’s
Church, Walkerville.
6.37 p.m.—Sunday story for children by
“Bird Lady.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—Relay Archer Street Methodist
Church, Evening Divine Service.
8.10 p.m.—Sacred concert by Archer Street,
Methodist Church choir.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Relayed from Henley Beach Rotunda
—Holden’s Silver Band.
9.30 p.m.—Talk by Mr. P. H. Nicholls on “A
Deaf Man Hears.”
9.45 p.m.—Talk by Mr. A. L. Brown on
“Adelaide’s Churches.”
10 p.m.—Monday’s Programme and meteoro-
logical information.
10.5 p.m.—National Anthem and close down.
6WF, PERTH.
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.45 p.m.—Tune in.
11 a.m.—Morning service relayed from Church
of Christ, Lake Street, Perth.
Preacher, Rev Chas. Schwab. ,
12.15 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—From the Studio.
Musical programme, including vocal and in-
strumental artists.
4.30 p.m.—Close! down.
EVENING SESSION.
7 p.m.—Tune in.
The evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
7.5 p.m.—Children’s bedtime stories.
7.30 p.m.—Evening Service relayed from St.
George’s Cathedral, St. George’s Terrace,
Perth.
8.45 pan.—A Relay.
Concert by the Perth City Band, conducted
by Mr. L. M. Price, and items by vocal as-
sisting artists, relayed from the Govern-
ment Gardens, Perth.
10.5 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 7 p.m. t
7ZL, HOBART
SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928.
11 a.m.—Church Service from Melville Street
Methodist Church, Hobart. Preacher; Rev.
Robert Williams. Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.31 p.m.—Conct-* from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
G. 30 p.m.—Children’s Corner, with the Sun-
day Lady.
NIGHT SESSION.
7 p.m.—Church Service from Chalmers Pres-
byterian Church. Hobart. At conclusion
of Church Service, Band Concert form St.
David’s Park, or Studio Concert.
9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
“Mercury” special interstate news service,
British Official Wireless News. Ships
within wireless range. 9 p.'m. weather
forecasts. Station announcements. Mon-
day’s Programme. Close down.
Monday, March 26
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION,
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—‘‘Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—‘‘Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—Last minute racing information by
the 2FC Commissioner.
10.45 a.m. —Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Bfg Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.15 a.m.—A reading.
11.30 a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcement*.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report,
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, seiond call.
1.30 p.m.—Margaret Grimshaw., mezzo.
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.55 p.m.—Margaret Grimshaw, mezz%
2 p.m.—“Bljj Ben.” Close down.


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AFTERNOON SESSION.
8 p.m.—“B g Ben” and anr^punceme.’its.
3.3 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden
Theatre:
Jimmy Elkins’ Jazz Bana.
3.15 p.m. —From the Studio:
Betty Armstrong, soprano:
“Serenade” (Toselli).
3.20 p.m.—Pianoforte solo.
3.28 p.m.—Thelma Lansdowne, mezzo!
• “Swing low, sweet chariot” (Burleigh).
3.32 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden
Theatre, Sydney:
Jimmy Elkins’ Jazz Band.
3.55 p.m.—From the Studio:
Claire Fothergi'l, mezzo.
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Pianoforte solo.
4.10 p.m.—Betty Armstrong, soprano:
“Lovers in the Lane” (Lehmann).
4.14 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden
Theatre, Sydney:
Items by Jimm/ Elkins’, Jazz Band.
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Thelma Lansdowne, mezzo:
“The Sweetest Flower that 31ows” (Hawley).
4.35 p.m.—A reading.
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, Uiird call.
4.47 p.m.—Claire Fothergill, mez. o.
4.50 p.m.—From the Lyrit W.nier Garden
Theatre, Sydney:
Jimmy Elliins’ Jazz Band.
4.68 p.m.—From the Studio:
Results of the Cricket Match, played in New
Zealand to-day: Australia versus New Zea-
land. 4
5 p.m.—&quot;Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of IFC.
6.45 p.m.—The &quot;Hello Mai. ’ talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the yoyng
e. 30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—&quot;Big Ben.” Late sporting new,
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.55 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.40 p.m.—Edgar Warwick and Eileen Dawn
in a Domestic Sketch:
“Turning the Tables” (Warwick).
7.55 p.m.—“On Wenlock Edge” (Vaughan Wil-
liams): A cycle of six songs for tenor
voice, with accompaniment of String Quar-
tette and I'iano (words by A. E. Housraan).
Sung by William Dallison:
(a) “On Wenlock Edge”—The Storm.
(a) “From far, from eve and morning.”
(c) “Is my team 1 loughing.’’
(d) “Ch, when I was in love with you.”
(e) “Bredon Hill.”
(f) “Clun.”
6.20 p.m.—From the Great Hall. Sydney Uni-
versity ,on the occasion of the function in
connection with »the Australian League of
Nations’ TTriion.
The British Music Society String Quartette.
8.27 p.m.—Statement by the President of tTie
Union. Rev. A. H. Garnsey. M.A.
8.32 p.m. -Address by the Premier of N.S.W.:
The Hon. T. R. Bavin, M.L.A.
8.47 p.m —Address by the Hon. E. A. McTier-
nan.
9.2 p.m.—The British Music Society String
Quartette.
9.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.11 p.m.—Edgar Warwick and Eileen Dawn,
in a sketch entitled:
“Mrs. ’lggins at the Booksellers” (Warwick).
9.21 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra, conducted
by Horae? Keats:
(a) Overture, “Norma” (Bellinij.
(b) “Cairo Memories” (Armandola).
9.40 p.m.—Mavis Deaiman, contralto.
9.17 p.m. —The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) Selection, “In a Persian Garden” (Leh-
mann).
(b) “Danse Rnstique” (Godard).
10 3 p.m—Goodie Reeve will continue her
series of talks:
“Behind the Scenes at Hollywood.*
10.16 p.m.—Tl y 2FC Studio Orchestra, con-
ducted by Horace K ’ats :
“Gilbert and Sullivt n Memories.&quot;
10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.31 p.m.—Len Maur.ce, popular bariton*.
10.45 p.i l. —The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) “Nenna Nanna’ (Amadei).
(bi Overture, “Le Nozze de Figaro*'
(Mozart).
10.58 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and* late
news.
11 p.m.- “Big Ben.” National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. —G.P.O. Clock agd chimes.
Musical programme from studio.
10.40 p.m. -News from the “Daily Telegraph”
Pictorial.'
10.60 a.m. —Musical programme from the
studio.
ll a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and Chimes.
Talk on “Tennis” by Miss Gwen Varley,
Broadcasters Womens Sports Authority.
Social Notes —Replies to correspondents.
Talk on “Breakfast Cereals” by Mrs. Jordan.
t 2 no&lt;Th.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special Ocean Forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the studio
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, Mails, Shipping, and
port directory.
12.12 p.m.—Boats in call by wlteiess.
12.14 p.m.—Fruit Market report.
12.16 p.,m.—Vegetable Market report.
12.18 p.m.—Dairy Farm and Produce Market
report.
21.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report,
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramaphone Recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to children and special entertainment
for Children in Hospital.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea.
Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information broadcast immediately
after each race by courtesy of the “Sun”
newspapers.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea.
News from the “Sun.”
3.10 p.m.—Musical programme from the studio.
3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
8.30 p.m.—Concert broadcast from the Radio
Exhibition at the Sydney Town Hall.
The Pacific Trio.
6.37 p.m.- Miss Bertha Waters, soprano.
3.44 p.m.- Miss Mary Charlton, pianist.
3.51 p.m.—Mr. Cecil Chaseling, baritone.
3.58 p.m.- The Pacific Trio.
4.5 p.m.—Miss Bertha Waters.
4.12 p.m.—Miss Mary Chalton.
4.19 p.m. Mr. Cecil Chaseling.
4.26 p.m.—The Pacific Trio.
4.30 p.m.—The Dungowan Dance Band, broad-
cast from Dungowan Cabaret.
4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
4.57 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Child-
ren’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
* 6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and* chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
6.45 p.m.—Country news, from the “Sun.
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Gulbransen dinner music.
f. 30 p.m.—Talk on “The Motor Car, and its
Idiosyncrasies,” by Mr. Martin.
EVENING SESSIONS.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Mr. Alfred Wilmore, tenor:
8.8 p.m.—’The Wurlitzer Organ, broadcast
from the Arcadia Theatre. Chatswood. Or-
ganist: Mr. N. Robins.
8.15 p.m.—Broadcast from the Radio Exhi-
bition, at the Town Hall:
Tooth’s Brewery Band.
6.22 p.m.—Mr. Clement Q. Williams, bari-
tone. .
8.29 p.m.—Mr. Michael O’Connell, elocu-
tionist.
8.36 p.m.—Miss Madge Clague, contralto.
9.43 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
8.50 p.m.—Mr. Alfred Wilmore.
8-57 p.m.—Miss Helena Stewart, soprano.
9.4 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
9.15 p.m.—From the Studio:
Mr. Clement Q. Williams.
9.22 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
9.29 p.m. —Miss Madge Clague.
9.36 p.m.—Mr. Michael O’Connell.
9.43 p.m. —Miss Helena Stewart.
5.50 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
9.57 p.m.—Duet: Miss Helena Stewart and
Mr. Alfred Wilmore.
10.2 p.m.—Resume of following day’s Pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Me. Mares, Government Meteorologist.
10.7 p.m.—The Wurlitzer Organ, broadcast
from the Arcadia Theatre, Chatswood.
10.20 p.m.—.Romano’s Restaurant Dance Or-
chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv.
Lyons, broadcast from Romano’s. During
intervals between dances, “Sun” news will
be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Morning Melodies.
7.20 a.m. —PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.27 a.m. —Morning melodies.
7.33 a.m.—WEATHER FORECAST for all
States. Mails.
70.40 a.m.—NEWS.
8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m. —Morning melodies.
8.5 a.m. —NEWS. Sporting information. Ship-
ping. Stock Exchange information.
8.13 p.m.—Morning melodies.
8.15 a.m. —Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comforts, with a
minimum of cash—
HOME-MADE SELF-RAISING FLOUR.
81b. flour, l%oz. bicarbonate of soda, 4oz.
cream of tartar, 2 teaspoons sugar.
Mix all ingredients together and sift, then
put in flour bag ready for use.
11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN:
Keep yours Bright with Fragrant Flowers.
“All the hardiest annuals attain the greatest
perfection when sown in early Autumn, be-
cause they have a longer season to grow.
They attain greater development, and con-
sequently flower the stronger, but tender
sorts must not be sown until the Spring.
Sow now Verbenas, Violets, Violas and Vir-
ginian Stock.
11.5 a.m.—MISS E. NOBLE—GAS COOKING:
“Preparing Cold Sweets —Jellies and
Creams.”
11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m. —“DOMINA” will speak on:
“Journalism as a Career for Women.**
Part 11.
11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—Capt. Donald Mac Lean?
&quot;Great Women of History.”


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MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —Melbourne Observatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—British official wireless news from
Rugby. Reuter’s and the Australian Press
Association cables. “Argus” news service.
“LISTEN TO ME, AND THEN IN
CHORUS GATHER.”
12.15 p.m.—Community singing transmitted
from the Assembly Hall, Collins Street, Mel-
bourne. (Conductor, G.* J. MACKAY, as-
sisted by BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUAR-
TET.
Soloists.
GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Cornin’ Through the Rye” (Old Scotch).
“Little Brown Cottage” (Dickson).
VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“You in a Gondola” (Clarke).
“Spring Flowers” (Johnson).
1.45 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO: Meteoro-
logical information. Weather forecast and
rainfall for Victoria. Tasmania, South Aus-
tralia and New South Wales. Ocean fore-
casts. River reports. Announcements.
S p.m.—Description of Ardmillan Hurdle Race,
two miles, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Mus-
ket,” of the &quot;Sporting Globe.”
2.5 p.m.—HARRY WITTY, General Secretary
of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Users’ As-
sociation, will speak on “Motor Omnibus
Act.”
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “Othello” (Coleridge-Taylor).
2.30 p.m.—Description of Hollymont Handicap,
MOONEE VALLEY, by “Mu?ket,” of the
“Sporting Globe.”
2.35 p.m.—JACK DUNNE, baritone (by per-
mission of J. C. WILLIAMSON.
“The Smoking Room” (Arundale).
“The Old Flagged Path” (Arundale).
2.42 p.m—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Funeral March, “Humpty Dumpty” /Brand-
era).
|47 p.m —FRANCES LEA, soprano:
“O, Lovely Night” (Landon Ronald).
“Babe o’ Mine” (J. Shmith).
2.54 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
‘Traumerei” (Schuman).
“Romanze” (Schuman).
8 p.m.—Description of Roth well Steeplechase,
MOONEE VALLEY, by “Musket,&quot; of the
“Sporting Globe.”
SJ» p.m.—NORMAN BRADSHAW, tenor:
&quot;Alice, Where art Thou?” (Aseher).
&quot;Spring” (Raymond).
i. 12 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Songs from Eliland” (F. von Fieltz).
2.20 p.m.—ONE-ACT PLAY.
SCENE FROM “THE SCHOOL FOR
SCANDAL” (Sheridan).
Played by LOUISE MOORHEAD and J.
HOWLETT ROSS.
8.35 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“I Know of Two Bright Eyes,” from Songs
of the Turkish Hills (Clutsam) .
8.40 p.m.—Description of Eight Hour Handi-
cap. IVi miles, MOONEE VALLEY, by
“Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
8.45 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY. soprano:
“Air in Variations” (Froeh).
0 “I’ve Been Roaming” (Old English).
8.52 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“By the Mill Stream” (G. Smith).
“A Lover in Damascus” (Finden).
4 p.m.—JACK DUNNE, baritone:
“Young Tom o’ Devon” (Russell).
“The Little World is Mine” (Deppen).
4.7 p.m.—HAROLD MOSCHETTE, tenor sax:
“I Wonder What Became of Sally.”
4.11 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Caro Nome” (Verdi).
Selected.
4.18 p.m.—Announcements.
4.20 p.m.—Description of The Knoll Handicap,
one mile, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Musket,”
of the “Sporting Globe.”
4.25 p.m.—Description of One Mile Amateur
Cycling Championship of Victbria, from the
Amateur Sports Ground, by “Olympus.”
Also results of Eight Hours Day Sports.
4.40 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Waltz, “Spanish Moon” (Teress).
4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report for Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano:
“Moon Dear” (Whiting).
4.50 p.m.—Description of Macedon Welter, six
furlongs. MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by
“Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.”
4.55 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano:
“My Hero”—“The Chocolate Soldier.”
5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex-
change information.
5.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
CHILDREN’S HOUR.
6 p.m.—Answers to letters arid birthday greet-
ings, by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.20 p.m.—CAPTAIN DONALD MacLEAN:
“The Spanish Conquest.”
How the Dons discovered the treasures of
the world.
6.35 p.m.—Concert for the children arranged
by Mr. Fritz Hart, of the Albert Street
Conservatorium.
Some Old French Music.
EDNA LAIRD will sing:
“My Heart Longs for You” (Orlando de
Lassus).
“La Romaneses.”
“Menuet.”
MURIEL CAMPBELL, violinist will play:
&quot;Sarabanda” (Mondonvillea).
“La Girouette” (Francois du Val).
“Sailors’ Dance” (Marais).
IDA SCOTT, pianist:
“Le Rossignol.”
“Giga” (Corelli).
“Minuet and Trio” (Rameau).
Accompanist: IDA SCOTT.
NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock
sales by the Associated Stock and Station
Agents. Bourke Street, Melbourne. Number
of sheep and cattle drawn for week’s sales.
7.5 p.m.—&quot;Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movement**.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor-
rett, Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River reports.
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce, pota-
toes and onions. Market reports of fruit
by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Association. Re-
tail prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by
the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association.
Citrus fruits.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—E. C. H. Taylor will talk to young
Australia on
“School Life and School Sport.”
7.45 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DEPART-
MENT OF AGRICULTURE, W. J. YUILLE,
Senior Inspector of Agriculture, will speak
on “Influence of Green Crops on Milk Pro-
duction Costs.”
8 p.m.—R. CHALMERS, Australian Team
Coach at Inter-Allied Games, Paris, will
speak on:
“Relay Racing.&quot;
“Athletics for Women.”
8.15 p.m.—Birthday Greetings and Programme
Announcements-
Girl Guide Notes.
BAND AND ORCHESTRAL CONCERT.
8.18 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
March, “The Governor’s Own” (Adams).
8.25 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Charming Chloe” (German).
Selected.
8.32 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
Selection, “H.M.S. Pinafore” (Sullivan).
8.42 p.m EDWARD HOCKING, tenor:
“Oh, Moon of My Delight” (Lehman).
&quot;Songtime and Dawning” (Bayton Power).
8.49 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
Medley Selection of Plantation Airs
(Couterns).
8.55 p.m.—DONALD McBEATH, violin:
“Ave Maria” (Gounod).
“Vienna Waltz” (Keeper).
9.2 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Pirates of Penzance” (Sullivan).
9.12 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel” (Schu-
bert) .
“Synnoves Song” (Kjerluf).
9.19 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
Slavonic Rhapsody (Friedermann).
9.26 p.m.—ONE ACT PLAY:
“THE BOY COMES HOME.”
A Comedy in One Act by A. A. Milne.
Produced by Terence Crisp.
CAST:
Uncle James Eric Donald
Aunt Emily Louise Moorehead
Philip Terence Crisp
Mary Phyllis Orford
Mrs. Higgins Betty Rae
Scene:
A room in Uncle James’ house in the
Cromwell-road, London.
TIME:
The day after the war.
9.56 p.m.—DONALD MacBEATH, violin I
“The Old Refrain” (Kreislerj.
“Mazurka” (Wieniawski).
10.3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Egmont” (Beethoven).
10.10 p.m.—Results of Triangular School Cric-
ket Match, Victoria, New South Wales and
Queensland, played in Sydney.
10.11 p.m.—J. HOWARD KING, baritone:
“My lodging is the cellar here” (Old Ger-
man).
“Youth” (Allitsen).
10.18 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
MILITARY BAND:
“Waltz, “Girlie” (Robyn).
10.25 p.m.—WILL PAGE, xylophone:
Selected.
10.30 p.m. —EDWARD HOCKING, tenor:
“Eleanor” (Coleridge-Taylor).
“Why do I love you so?” (Schwartz).
10.37 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteoro-
logical information. British official wireless
news from Rugby. Island steamer* move-
ments.
The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s
SAFETY MESSAGE for to-day is for
MOTORISTS:
“Never turn the steering wheel while the
car is standing still. This puts a severe
and unnecessary strain on all steering
parts and is bad for tyres.”
10.47 p.m.—J. HOWARD KING, baritone:
“The Two Grenadiers” (Schuman).
“Dedication” (Franz).
10.54 p.m. —Results of Green Mill Roller
Cycling Championships.
10.55 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN: Keep
yours bright with fragrant flowers:
“The man who wants a garden fair
Or small or very big,
With flowers growing here and therqf
Must bend his back and dig.
The things are mighty few on earth
That wishes can attain
whate’er we want of any worth
We’ve got tc work to gain.
It matters not what goal you seek
Its secret here reposes;
You’ve got to dig from week tp weeii
To get results or roses.”
10.56 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS.
11.40 p.m.—God Save the King.


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3AR, MELBOURNE
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
12 noon to 1 p.m.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Paton, Ltd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
Sport. During the afternoon, the results
of the Moonee Valley races (Eight Hours
Meeting), together with other information,
will be given immediately each race is run.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance
Session of the latest popular dance hits, by
Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band. Each
one announced prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
2.45 p.m.—Miss Beth Corrie, contralto.
2.52 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
3.9 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, saxaphone:
“Danse Hongroise” (Ring Hager).
3.13 p.m.—Miss Beth Corrie, contralto.
3.20 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
3.30 pjn.—lnterval announcements.
3.40 j/m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast-
-4.3 p.m.—Mr. Charles Duncan, baritone.
4.11 pjn.—Ayarz Dansoniar.s.
4.20 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
&quot;Chanson” (Whittaker).
4.24 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Savoy Scottish Medley” (Somers).
&quot;Neapolitan Nights” (Zamecnik).
4.31 p.m.—Mr. Charles Duncan, baritone :
&quot;Lolita” (Buzzi Peccia).
“The Barber of Turin” (Russell).
4.39 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
4.50 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment.
4-55 p.m.—Special Racing: Acceptances and
barrier positions for the Werribee races,
by “Daybreak.”
f p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.” God Save
the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
BJ3O p.m.—3AR’S Cousin Peter.
EVENING SESSION.
EVERYBODY’S CONCERT.
7.15 p.m.—Book Session. Mr. Alfred Firman,
Chief Librarian of Mullen’s, presents rapid
reviews on books of yesterday, to-day, and
to-morrow.
7.25 p.m.—Hobby Session. Mr. W. S. Corfield,
of Harrington's, will speak on &quot;Photography
for Beginners.”
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-date news and
comments on Sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s Stock Report.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.”
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Martial Moments” (Ar. Winter).
8.12 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano:
“Rosebuds” (Araiti).
“A Heart that’s Free” (Robyn).
8.20 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.36 p.m. —Mr. Robert Adams, cornet:
“Flower Song” from Faust (Gounod).
8.40 p.m.—Mr. Alan Eddy, bass baritone:
“Go Down, Moses” (Negro Spiritual).
“The Old Kitchen” (Arundale).
8.48 p.m.—Announcements.
9 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
Suite Espagnole: “La Ferin” (Lacome).
“Tschaikowsky Fantasie” (Urbach).
9.22 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano:
“Magdalen at Michael’s Gate” (Liza
Lehmann).
“The Lark” (Rubinstein).
9.30 p.m.—&quot;Harlequin.” : Sports Results.
9.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Ten.”
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestras
Selection: “No. No, Nanette” (Youmans).
“March of the Dwarfs” (Moskowski).
10.17 p.m.—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin:
“Humoreske” (Dvorak).
10.21 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.30 p.m,—Mr. Alan Eddy, bass baritones
“Tally Ho” (Flegier;.
“A Page’s Road Song” (Novetfo).
10.38 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestras
“Introduction from Eugen Onegin” (Tschai-
kowsky).
10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin”': Sport Results.
10.52 p.m.—“Age” News Bulletin, exclusive to
3AR.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night quote
is from the poem, “The Man’s Way,” by
Mary Gilmore .
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” God
Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
I p.m.—Market reports; weather information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau; news services supplied by “The
Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal.
t p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
830 p.m.—Mail train running times.
1.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph News.”
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Mail train running times, “Daily
Standard’ news, Weather information an-
nouncements.
6.10 p.m.—Lecturette: A French talk —the
eighth of a series—“ Word Binding and
Tonic Accent” —story, “Le Corbeau at Le
Renard”—-by Dr. E. A. D’Edgerley.
6.30 p.m ; —-The Children’s Session:
Stories by “The Sandman.”
f p.m.—Special news service; market reports;
stock reports.
f. 30 p.m.—Weather news; Standard”
news; announcements.
L 43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
T. 45 p.m.—Lecturette: “The Children’s Music
Corner,” conducted by “The Music Man.”
NJGHT SESSION.
6 p.m.—From the Studio:
A programme arranged by Mr. Erich John.
Part I.
Grand Opera:
Instrumental, “Prelude” and “Siciliana”
from “Cavaleria Rusticana”) (Mascagni).
String “Trio.
“Hark the Distant Hilla” (from “Martha*
—Flotow).
Quartette.
Duet, “In This Solemn Hour” (from “Force
of Destiny”—Verdi).
Messrs. Geo. Williamson (tenor) and
Albert Falk (baritone).
“Here We Rest” (from “The Sleepwalker”
—Bellini).
Quartette.
Instrumental. “La Lisaniera” (Chamlnade).
String Trio.
Song of North American Indians:
Duet, “Where the Sad Waters Flow.”
Messrs. Albert Falk (baritone) and Tom
Ryan (bass).
Solo, “By the Waters of Minnetonka”
(Lieurance).
Mis 3 Mildred Bell (contralto).
(a) “A Mountain Madrigal from the Yel-
lowstone.”
(b) “Where Drowsy Waters Steal.”
Quartette.
Instrumental, &quot;Indian Intermezzo”, (Lauren-
dean).
String Trie.
Sacred:
Solo, *’Ave Maria” (Hoben).
Miss Mabel Maiouf (soprano).
Duet, “Love Divine” (from “Daughter of
Jarius”—Stainer).
Miss Audrey Bell (contralto) and Mr.
Jack Lord (tenor).
Anthem, “Praise the Lord O My Soul*
(Burnham).
Quartette.
Instrumental, “Berceuse” (Gounod).
String Trio.
PART 11.
Classical:
“A Red, Red Rose” (Schumann).
Quartette.
Duets, (a) “Lullaby*’ (Brahms).
(b) “The Blacksmith” (Brahms).
Miss Mabel Maiouf (soprano) and Mr.
Geo. Williamson (tenor).
Song, “When Lydia Would Leave Me”
(Beethoven).
Mr. Albert Falk (baritone).
“Parting and Meeting” (Mendelssohn).
Quartette.
Piano solo, “Rigoletto Paraphrase” (Verdi-
Liszt).
Mr. Rees Morgan.
Characteristic —Songs of the Bells:
“Evening Bells” (Michael Croger-Ericb
John).
Mr. Geo. Williamson (tenor).
Duet, “The Belfry Towel-” (Hatton).
Misses Mabel Maiouf (soprano) and
Mildred Bell (contralto).
“The Legend of the Bells” (Planquette).
Quartette.
Instrumental, “Serenade” (Toselli).
String Trie.
Light Opera:
“Chorus of Quakers and Villagers” (from
“Quaker Girl” —Monckton).
Quartette.
Solo, “With a Welcome For All” (from
“Dorothy”—Collier).
Mr. Tom Ryan (bass).
Duet, “Galloping” (from “FLorodora”—
Stuart).
Miss Mildred Bell (contralto) and Mr.
Albert Falk (baritone).
“Now the Merry Vintage” (opening chorus
from “La Mascotte” —Andran).
Quartette.
Instrumental, “Sons La Feuille” (Thome).
String Trio.
(0 p.m. —“The Daily Mail” news. Weather
news. Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes.
12.1 p.m. —“Advertiser” news service and Bri-
tish Wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.'s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.” •
3.30 p.m.—Menu talk Iby “Homelover.”
3.45 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. &quot;Ward and Co’s Stock Ex-
change intelligence.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s time with the SCL Radio
Family.


6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—General Market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union, Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso-
ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar-
ket Co., Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Talk by Miss Thompkinson of the
Aborigines Protection League.
7.30 p.m.—“The care of the clothes” a talk
arranged by Ford Bros.
7.40 p.m.—Entertainment and address for the
SCL Boys Club —“The Treasure Hunt” con-
tinued. —Progress report of Air Patrols and
other information.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Overture Studio Orchestra.
8.10 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette.
8.15 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
8.20 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
8.30 p.m.—Novelty Turn —Listeners should
have a pack of cards ready—Geo. Quin
wil] demonstrate card tricks.
8.40 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette.
8.45 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
8.50 p.m.—Selections, Studio Orchestra.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat report.
9.4 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette.
9.10 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.15 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
9.20 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra .
9.25 p.m.—Novelty card turn by Geo. Quin.
9.35 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.40 p.m.—Baritone Solo, Harry Worden.
9.45 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
9.50 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins.
9.55 p.m.—Baritone Solo, Harry Worden.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News.
10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.10 p.m-—Selection, Studio Orchestra.
10.20 p.m.—Baritone solo, Harry Worden.
10.25 p.m.—Relayed from Maison de Danse,
Glenelg—Dance music.
10.55 p.m.—Tuesday’s programme and meteo-
rological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem.
6WF, PERTH.
MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m. —Lunch Hour Music.
Brunswick Panatrope Hour relayed from
Messrs. Musgrove’s Limited, Concert Hall,
Murray Street.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—Afternoon Tea Concert relayed
from the Carlton Cafe, Kay Street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
6.45 p.m.-—Tune in.
The evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.5# p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News.
7.45 p.m.—Talk by Lieut. Col. Le Souef, Direc-
tor of the Zoological Gardens, South Perth.
8 pun.—Time Signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations
to programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Concert Night.
Musical programme from the Studio, in-
cluding vocal and instrumental artists.
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10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather report and forecast.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m.
7ZL, HOBART
MONDAY, 26th MAR£H, 1928.
MORNING SESSION. 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.1 p.m.—Musical Selection.
3.6 p.m.—Hobart Stock Exchange quotations.
Weather information. Items of interest.
Announcements.
8.15 p.m.—Musical elections, continued.
4.15 p.m.—Fashion Talk by Aunt Edna, of
Brownells, Ltd.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Funny Man talks to the children.
7 p.m.—Uncle Hector talks to the children.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Musical Selection.
7.35 p m.—News Bulletin from the Depart-
ment of Markets and Migration.
7.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special Tasmanian news
Bervice. Railway auction produce sales.
Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock Exchange
quotations.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes.
5.1 p.m.—Band Selections by Risdon EZ.
Rand; conductor. Mr. E. Bryce.
9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
9.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special interstate news
service. Tasmanian district weather re-
ports ; 9 p.m. weather forecast ; weather re-
port from Australian capital cities. Sta-
tion announcements. Tuesday’s Programme.
Tuesday, March 27
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m. —“Big Ben” and announcement*.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m. —Last minute racing information
by the 2FC Commissioner.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m. —“Big Ben” and studio music.
11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.15 a.m.—A Cooking talk by Miss Ruth
Furst.
IL3O a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —“Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m. —Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m.—Studio music:
Gladys Aubin, soprano:
“Dearest, I love the Morning” (Haydn
Wood).
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.55 p.m.—Gladys Aubin, soprano:
“Voi Che Sapete” (Mozart).
3 p.m.—“Big Ben.’ Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
3.3 p.m.—Popular records.
3.15 pan.—Ester Herford, soprano:
“If my songs were only winged” (Reynolds).
3.20 p.m.—A reading.
3.27 p.m.—Esther Herford, soprano:
“Bonnie Wee Thing” (Burns).
3.30 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney
Town Hau, on the occasion of
The Radio Electrical Exhibition:
A programme supplied by artists from 2FC:
Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist:
(a) “Forgive me.”
(b) “High, high, high up in the Hills.”
3.36 p.m.—George Veevers, baritene:
(a) “To-morrow” (Keel).
(b) “I Love Thee’ (Grieg).
3.42 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumentalist:
(a) “Blaze Away” March (Holzmann).
(b) “The Rosary.”
3.50 p.m.—Frank Leonard, entertainer:
(a) “Sara Alice” (Weston Lee).
(b) “I migt marry you” (Weston Lee).
8.58 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto:
(a) “The Dream Child” (Rawle).
(b) “The Enchantress” (Hatton).
4.6 p.m.—Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist:
(a) “The Girl Friend.”
(b) “Blue Room.”
At the Piano: Enid Conley.
4.12 p.m.—George Veevers, baritonei
&quot;Soul of Mine” (Barns).
4.15 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumentalist:
“Russian Lullaby” (Berlin).
4.19 p.m.—Frank Leonard, entertainers
“The Ford Car” (Russell).
4.23 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto:
“The Hills of Donegal” (Sanderson).
4.27 p.m.—Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist:
“Mountain Greenery.”
4.30 p.m.—From the Studio:
Studio music.
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.—Studio music.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
6.45 p.m.—T&gt;ie “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk:
Fairy Tales told by “Aunt Eily.”
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.&quot; Late sporting news.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety*s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock)*
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
P.D.S. Poultry Reports.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Jack Wright, novelty pianist, and
W. G. McGraigh, banjoist:
Double Act: Popular numbers.
7.55 p.m.—A talk by Dr. T. J. Henry*
“Aspects of London Life.”
8.10 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney
Town Hall, on the occasion of the Radio
Electrical Exhibition:
A programme by 2FC artists
The New South Wales State Military Band
(conductor, Charles King) :
March, “Entry of the Gladiators” (Fuick).
8.25 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con-
ducted by William Bourne:
Part Songs, (a) “The Singers” (McKenzie).
(b) “The Bells of St. Michael’s Tower”
(Stewart).
(c) “The Dance” (Hungarian Highlands)
(Elgar).
8.35 p.m.—Douglas McKinnin, concertina:
(a) “Poet ard Peasant” (Suppe).
(■b) “Under the Double Eagle,” March (Wag-
ner).
8.43 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band:
“Grand Operatic Medley” (Bentley).
8.50 p.m.—Charles Armand, celebrated English
basso (first broadcast appearance in Aus-
tralia), late of the “Carl Rosa and Moody
Manners” Opera Company:
“Invictus” (Huhn).
8.58 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con-
ducted by William Bourne:
Ladies’ Chorus, (a) “The Snow” (Elgar),
“The Two Clocks” (Rogers).
9.4 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band:
March, “The Great Little Army” (Alford),
At the piano: Horace Keats.
9.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.11 p.m.—Douglas McKinnon, concertina:
Popular chorus selection.
9.17 p.m.—Charles Armand, basso:
(a) “Qui adegno” (Magic Flute) (Mozart).
(b) “Si les filles d’Arles” (Mirelle) (Gounod).
9.25 p.m.—Jack Wright, novelty pianist, and
W. G. McGraigh (banjo):
Popular numbers.
9.35 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con-
ducted by William Bourne:
(a) “Pilgrims’ Chorus” (Tannhauser) (Wag-
ner).
(b) “Gondoliers’ Serenade” (Schubert).
9.45 p.m.—The N.S.W, State Military Band:
Overture, “Macßeth” (Hatton).
9.58 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir:
(a) “Ring out, wild bells” (Fletcher).
(b) “The old folks at home” (Negro melody).
10.8 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band:
Selection, “The Mikado” (Sullivan).
10.25 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.26 p.m.—From the Ambassadors:
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio: ,
To-morrow’s programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from the Studio.
10.40 a.m.—News from the “Daily Telegraph
Pictorial.”
10.50 a.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Social Notes. Replies to correspondents.
Talk on “Toilet Hints” by Mamselle Viv-
kowska.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio,
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping, and
port directory.
12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless.
12.13 pjn.—Fruit Market report.
12.15 p.m.—Vegetable Market reoprt.
12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report.
12.19 p.m.—Dairy Farm Produce Market re-
port.
12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report.
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramophone Recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to children, and special entertainment
for children in hospitals.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Race results broadcast immediately after each
race, by courtesy of the “Sun.”
S p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
3.15 p.m.—Civil Service Stores Trio, direction
Miss d.e Courcey Bremer.


3.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
8.40 p.m.—Pianoforte recital from Studio.
3.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Civil Service Stores Trio.
4.15 p.m.—Talk on “The Women of Ancient
Rome.”
4.35 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
4.50 p.m.—News from the &quot;Sun.**
4.55 p.m.—Features of evening s programme.
4.58 p.m.—Producers’ Distributing Society’s
Poultry report.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
6.45 p.m.—Country News, from the &quot;Sun.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner Music.
7-.30 p.m.—Talk on “First Aid,” by Mr. Wil-
kinson, Dist. Superintendent, St. John’s
Ambulance.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Broadcasters’ Topical Chorus.
8.3 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
8.10 p.m.—Miss Eileen Shettle, contralto.
8.17 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter, ’cellist.
8.24 p.m.—Miss Joan Shorter, soprano.
8.31 p.m.—Mr. Ellis Price, elocutionist.
8.38 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
8.58 p.m.—Weather report and forecast, b
courtesy of Mr. C. J. Mares. Government
Meteorologist.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Mr. H. Nevill Smith, baritone.
9.8 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio.
9.15 p.m.—Miss Eileen Shettle.
9.22 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter.
9.29 p.m.—Miss Joan Shorter.
9.36 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band.
9.56 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro-
gramme.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
10.1 p.m.—Mr. Ellis Price.
10.8 p.m.—Mr. H. Nevill Smith.
10.15 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra,
under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson,
broadcast from the ballroom of the Went-
worth. During intervals between dances,
&quot;Sun” news will be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.30 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to Music).
7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.33 a.m.—WEATHER FORECAST for all
States. Mails.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory Time Signal
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN
Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers.
“Great gardens have a glory though
it does not come my way.
The lure of little gardens is a grace for
every day;
w
a
'o*o*o o
n
c?
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FARMER’S
WIRELESS DEPT., GROUND FLOOR, NEW BUILDING


In the white radiance of the dawn, the
tenderness of dusk,
There’s magic in the Mignonette and
witchery in the Musk.”
This week be sure to plant Foxgloves,
Freesias, Larkspurs, Lobelias, Mignonette
and Musk.
AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK.
TREE PLANTERS’ CONFERENCE—OFFI-
CIAL OPENING BY THE RIGHT HON.
THE LORD MAYOR (SIR STEPHEN
MORELL), transmitted from Wirths’
Park.
11 a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS—or
how to create creature comforts with a
minimum of cash.
APPLE FLEUR.
good short crust.
pint cream or white 2 eggs.
Stewed apples nicely flavored Angelica and
few crystallised cherries.
Method. —Roll paßtry into nice round, and
fit it on cold shelf round fleur ring or
in sandwich tin. Bake in hot oven 20
minutes. Rub apples through sieve. Fill
case with apples. Beat up cream and
white and sweeten. Pile high on
top of apples. Pipe round if liked. Cut
up angelica and cherries, and sprinkle
over. Serve cold as a sweet.
11.5 a.m. —MRS. J. S. FRASER. Senior Presi-
dent of Victoria League, will speak on its
“Aims and Object.”
11.20 a.m.—Musical Interlude.
I. a.m.—MRS. DOROTHY SILK:
“Homecrafts.”
11. a.m.—MISS R. G. HARRIS. Publicity
Officer of the Free Kindergartens of Vic-
toria, will describe—
“A Morning in a Free Kindergarten.”
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY
TIME SIGNAL.
12.1 p.m.—Australian Mines and Metals Asro.
elation from the London Stock Exchange
this day. British Official Wireless news
from Rugby. Reuter’s and The Australian
Press Association Cables. “Argus” news
service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Piano Quartette” (Beethoven).
12.80 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contraltei
“Christina’s Lament” (Dvorak).
“The Silver Ring” (Chaminade).
12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH. Viola:
Rondino.
“The Sailor” (Marais).
&quot;Musetta.’ *
12.47 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano (by per-
mission of J. C. Williamson, Ltd.) :
“The Violet” (Mozart).
“Take, Oh Take Those Lips Away” (Parry).
12.64 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
TRIO:
Trio (Beethoven).
1 p.m.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY
TIME SIGNAL.
1.1 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto;
“Open Thy Blue Eyes” (Massenet).
“Bless You” (Ivor Novello).
1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather forecast and rainfall for Victoria,
Tasmania. South Australia, and New South
Wales. River reports. Ocean forecasts.
FOUNDATIONS MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE will give in-
terpretations of the works of Beethoven.
1.25 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano:
“Porgi Amor” (Mozart).
“Vadrai Farino” (Mozart).
1.32 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Water Music” (Handel).
1.45 p.m. —Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.-’fHE VAGABONDS:
“When I am With You.”
“There’s Just One You.”
“Consolation.”
2.24 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, sopea-o.
“Pale Moon” (Logan).
“The Little Hills” (Gleeson).
2.31 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Doctor Jazz” (Oliver).
“Millenburg” (Joys).
“Lock a little Sunshine in Your Heart”
(Marby).
2.40 p.m.—THOMAS GEORGE, bass:
“Prince Ivan’s Song” (Allitsen).
“The Old Navy” (Davies).
2.47 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Cross your Heart” (Gensler).
&quot;Baby feet go pitter patter” (Kahn).
“Sweet and Low Down” (Gershwin).
2.56 p.m.—Announcements.
8 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
OFFICIAL OPENING OF GARDEN WEEK
AT WIRTHS’ PARK, Princes Bridge,
Melbourne, by HIS EXCELLENCY THE
GOVERNOR-GENERAL. (LORD STONE-
HAVEN).
3.15 pun.—THE VAGABONDS:
“When Day is Done” (Katscher).
“Shanghai Dream Man” (Davis).
“Persian Rosebud” (Nicholls).
3.24 p.m.—MADOLINE KNIGHT, contralto:
In Old-Time Melodies:
“What Might Have Been.”
“Come, Sing to Me.”
3.31 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Just Around the Corner” (Henscher).
“Sweet Yvette” (Davis).
“Twilight Rose’&gt; (Corbell).
3.40 p.m.—CHAS. NUTTALL:
&quot;Afraid of Life.”
3.55 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Dearest Isle” (Thompson).
“Shady Tree” (Donaldson).
“Put Your Arms Where they belong”
(Davis).
4.4 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano:
■ Love's Garden of Roses” (Haydn V/ood).
“Waiti Poi” (Alfred Hill).
4.11 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“I Wonder How 1 Look when I’m Asleep”
(De Sylva).
”Chloe“ (Kahn).
“Just a Little Sunshine in Your Heart.”
4.20 p.m.—THOMAS GEORGE, bass:
“Tangi” (Hill).
“Song of the Toreador” (Bizet).
4.36 p.m.—MADOLLNE KNIGHT, contralto,
in more Old-Time Melodies:
“Daddy.’ *
“There let me rest.”
4.43 p.m.—Weather report from Adelaide.
Weather report from Mildura district.
4.44 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“The Dance of the Tinker Toys” (Collins).
“Me and My Shadow” (Alberts).
“Tampeekoc” (Schobel).
4.53 p.m.—GILBERT BISHOP. Violin:
Selected.
5 p.m.—&quot;Herald” news service.
Stock Exchange information.
6.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birifiday
Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.20 p.m—LT.-COL. J. W. M. CARROL:
“Training a Dog”
6.35 p.m.—BOBBY BLUEGUM :
“We are singing the best song ever was
sung.
And it has a rousing chorus”
(Hilaire Belloc).
COME TO THE STUDIO AND JOIN US.
NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS.
7 p.m.—Notes on Lacrosse Game by H. R.
Balmer, hon. general Secretary of the
Lacrosse Association. Acceptances for Mor-
nington races. Official report of Newmarket
Stock sales by the Associated Stock and
Station Agents. Bourke-street. Melbourne.
7.10 p.m. —“Herald” news service. Weathe?
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m. —Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m—Fish Market reports by J. R.' Bor-
rett, Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River reports.
7.21 p.m.—Market report by the VictJrlan
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce,
potatoes and onions. Market reports of
Fruit by the Victorian Fruit-growers’ Asso-
ciation. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
Fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’
Association. Citrus fruits.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Under the auspices of the UNI-
VERSITY EXTENSION BOARD, P. D.
PHILLIPS, M.A., LL.B., Lecturer in
Modern Political Institutions at the Uni-
versity, will speak on
“Disarmament.”
7.45 p.m.—E. M. PASCOE will speak on
“Bowls.”
6 p.m.—THE GLORY QF THE GARDEN.
Sow the seeds of Cornflowers, Daisies,
Freesias, Godetias, Hollyhocks, and Iberis.
8.1 p.m.—MR. J. H. MARTIN, vice-president
State Branch R.5.5.1.L.A., will speak on
Combined Reunion and Anzac Pilgrimage.
8.15 p.m.—Birthday greetings and programn*
announcements.
BRIGHT MUSIC AND MELODIOUS
SOUND.
8.16 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
“Three Dale Dances” (Wood).
8.26 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON (contralto) :
“Hame o’ Mine” (Murdock) .
“Arise, O Sun” (Craske Day).
8.33 p.m.—“THE DARKEST HOUR,” SCOTS
CHURCH CHOIR, transmitted from Scots
Church, Collina-street, Melbourne. MANS&quot;-
LEY GREER, organist and director.
“THE DARKEST HOUR,” a Passion Can-
tata, by Harold Moore.
SOLOISTS:
ANNIE CADDELL, soprano.
MADAME GREGOR WOOD, contralto:
COLIN THOMSON, tenor.
GORDON PEART, baritone.
LESLIE PAULL, bass.
ERNEST SIMMON, bass.
PROLOGUE.
Chorus, “Now, my Soul, Thy Voice Up-
raising.” &gt; -
Recitative (Narrator).
Solo (Jesus) and Chorus: “Then Jesus Took
Unto Him the Twelve.”
Solo (soprano and chorus): “God so Loved
the World.”
SCENE I.—Gethsemane.
Recitative (Narrator), “Then Cometh
Jesus with Them.”
Solo (Jesus).
Hymn, “In the Lord’s Atoning Grief.”
SCENE ll.—The Trials, before Caiaphas
and Pilate.
Recitative (Narrator).
Solo and chorus: “And they th*t had laid
hold on Jesus.”
SCENE 111.
Professional March.
Chorus, &quot;Surely He Hath Borne Our
Griefs.”
Solo, baritone and soprano, “And He,
Bearing His Cross.”
SCENE IV.—Calvary.
Narrator, solo and chorus: “And when
They were Come to a Place.”
Chorus and solo, “It is Finished.”
EPILOGUE.
Solo, contralto and chorus.
“Let This Mind be in You.”
Hymn, “At the Name of Jesus.”
FROM THE STUDIO:
9.23 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
March, “Honest Toil” (Rimmer).
March, “The Storm Fiend” (Greenwood).
9.33 p.ui.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“The Rose Eternal” (Derwood).
“The Standard on the Braes o’ Mar”
(Lady John Scott).
9.40 p.m.—FRANK E. BEAUREPAIRE will
speak on
“Art of Sprint and Middle Distance Swim-
ming.”
9.50 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano;
“Chanson de Florian” (Godard).
“The Rosary” (Nevin).
9.57 p.m.—‘‘Herald” news service. British
Official Wireless news from Rugby. Sport-
ing Notes by “Olympus.” Announcements.
Island shipping notes.
THE ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF
VICTORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR
TO-DAY IS:
“A driver should assume that every child
on or near the street may dash suddenly
in front of his car. You cannot tell by
looking at a child what it is going to do.
You should therefore drive slowly, and
have absolute control of your car.”
Results of Trangular School Cricket Match,
Victoria, New South Wales and Queens-
land, played in Sydney.


10.9 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
Cornet Polka, “The Cornet King” (Green-
wood).
Soloist, A. McEwan.
Selected.
10.19 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contrarlto:
“My Land of Dreams” (Jessie Winne).
“My Dear Soul” (Sanderson).
10.26 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Kamennoi Ostrow (Rubinstein).
“Dream Days of Seville” (Bratton). *
10.36 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Les Cloches” (Debussy).
Selected.
10.43 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND:
Air Varie, “Hanover” (Round).
Selected.
10.55 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
Songs from “A Lover in Damascus”
(Florence Aylward).
11 p.m.—GREAT THOUGHT:
“There is no philosophy by which a man
can do a thing when he thinks he cann&lt;/ ’
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS W
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
•12 noon to 1 p.m.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Paton, Letd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
A half-hour dance session by Melbourne’s
favorite dance band. All the. latest popu-
lar hits, each one announced prior to
its presentation.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Second selection from “Lilac Time” (arr.
Clutsam).
“The Savoy American Medley” (Somers).
2.45 p.m.—Miss Jessie Smith, contralto:
“Prelude” (Landon Ronald).
“Boat S9ng” (Harriet Ware).
2.52 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Ballet Music” from Gioconda (Ponchielli).
“Berceuse Slave” (Neruda).
3.7 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano:
“Jet t’aime” (Greig).
3.11 p.m.—Ayarz Dansoj»ians.
3.22 p.m.—Miss Jessie Smith, contralto:
“Love came calling” (Lee).
“I’m a’, longing for you” (Hathaway).
3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
3.35 p.m.—“Madamoiselle Jeynesse” :
Interval talk on timely topics of interest
to our lady listeners.
3.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Suite, “Tales of Moonlight” (Thomas).
“Menuett” (Mozart).
4 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Four.
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
“Nightingale” (Beckett).
4.7 p.m.—Mr. Robert Allen, alto:
“Lackaday” (Crampton).
“The Rosary” (Nevin).
4.14 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Suite, “Four Selected Pieces” (Friml).’
“Cavatine” (Raff).
4.30 p.m.—Mr. Robert Allen, alto:
“Sapphic Ode” (Brahms).
“Red Devon by the Sea” (Clarke).
4.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
Fox Trot, “Look in the Mirror” (Stept)
Fox Trot, “Who-ee? You-ool” (Ager).
4.44 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Norwegian Scenes” (Matt).
4.55 p.m.—Announcements.
To-night’s entertainment.
5 p.m.—&quot;G.P.O. clocks says Five.
God Save the King.
I2E
A “Single-Dial” Masterpiece.
The “D.J. Super-Six”
This most easily controlled set is becoming more
and more popular in the home, because of its
simplicity of operation. A gentle turn of the one dial,
and station after station can be brought in, enabling
you to make a wide choice of programme. If you
have not yet heard this “Single-Dial Masterpiece”
come along to our Demonstration Room. Compare
it with any other set you have ever heard ! Notice the
purity of Tone ; the volume; the selectivity. Test
its day-time reception, and come again on Friday
evening to listen to its night-time reception.
The “D.J. Super-Six” is a King quality Super-
Neutrodyne, and is supplied fully equipped with
high-grade accessories. It is therefore guaranteed bv
David Jones’!
There is no need to delay any longer ! You can
acquire this remarkable set on payment of /4/10/-
deposit, and 17/3 weekly for twelve months.
Radio Department on the Lower Ground Floor .
Demonstration Room on the Fourth Floor .
f
Open till 9 o’clock on Fridays.'
DAVID JONES’
For Service


CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m-—Uncle Mac’s entertainment. An
hour of music, song and story for all
Uncle Mac’s nephews and nieces all over
Australia and New Zealand. “Blue Bell”
is here, too.
EVENING SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL CONCERT.
7.20 p.m.—Dr. Floyd, organist and choir-
master at St. Paul’s Cathedral, Melbourne,
will talk on “The Art of Listening to
Music.”
7.30 p.m.—A broadminded and up-to-date
short talk by “Friar Tuck”: “Self Decep-
tion.”
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-date news and
comments on sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock report.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight.
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra;
Overture, “Zampa” (Herold).
8.9 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous enter-
tainer :
“Any dirty work to-day” (Weston and
Lee).
8.17 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
8.33 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, clarinet:
“Nocturne” (Chopin).
8.37 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous enter-
tainer:
“Our little garden subbub” (Weston and
Lee).
“That’s a good girl” (Berlin).
8.44 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Edera” (Carosio).
“Violin solo from Sylvia” (Delibes).
8.50 p.m.—Announcements.
9.2 p.m.—Radio play: “An Old Time Melody”
(Danvers Walker).
9.15 pm.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Der Zarewitsch” (Lebar).
9.30 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
9.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m. —G.P.O. clock says Ten.
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners.
10.3 p.m. —Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Remembrance of Joseph Strauss” (Fetras).
Suite, “From India” (Popy).
10.26 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, cornet:
“Believe me if all those endearing young
charms” (Moore).
10.30 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
10.62 p.m.—The “Age” news bulletin, exclu-
sive to 3AR.
10.68 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quote
is taken from the poem, “Cito Pede Pre-
terit Aetas,” by Adam Lindsay Gordon.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven.
God Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a-m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
I p.m.—Market reports; weather Information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau; news services supplied by &quot;The
Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal,
t p.m. —Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
1.80 p.m.—Mail train running times.
1.81 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—&quot;The Telegraph News.”
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Mail train running times; “Daily
Standard” news; Weather information an-
nouncements.
6.10 p.m.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—The Children’s Session.
7 p.m.—Special news service; market re-
ports ; stock reports.
7.30 p.m.—Weather news; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
f. 45 p.m.—Lecturette : “Queensland Overseas:
Exhibition Impressions” (last of a series),
by Mr. H. W. Mobsby, F.R.G.S. (Govern-
ment Artist and Photographer).
NIGHT SESSION.
A programme by the Silkstone Apollo
Club (conductor, Mr. T. Westwood).
6 p.m.—Opening Chorus, “Awake, Aeolian
Lyre” (Danby).
Tenor solo, “Until.”
Mr. T. S. Westwood.
Chorus, “The Name of France” (Rodgers).
The Apollo Club.
Baritone solo, Selected.
Mr. A. E. Little.
Humorous solo and chorus, “Camptown
Races” (Foster).
Mr. G. Jones and Apollo Club.
Chorus, &quot;The Image of a Rose” (Reichardt)..
The Apollo Club.
Musical monologue. Selected.
Mr. D. Owen.
Quartette. “The Little Church” (Becker).
“The Royals.”
Bass solo, Selected.
Mr. Vic. Morris.
Chorus, “Anchored” (Wgtson).
The Apollo Club.
Solo, Selected.
Mr. D. Griffith.
Humorous chorus, “Quibbles Cocoa” (Har-
per).
The Apollo Club.
Tenor solo, Selected.
Mr. A. Elliott.
Plantation melodies. “Poor Old Joe” (Fos-
ter), “Good Old Jeff” (Griffin).
TTie Apollo Club.
Baritone solo, “The Veteran’s Song.”
Mr. J. A. R. Thompson.
Chorus, “John Peel” (Arr. Fletcher).
The Apollo Club.
Musical monologue, Selected.
Mr. D. Owen.
Chorus, “Crusaders” (Protheree).
The Club.
10 p.m.—“The Daily Mail” news. Weather
News. Cloee down.
SCL, ADELAIDE
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 192&amp;
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes. -
12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service and Bri-
tish Wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.**
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
3.45 p.m.—Talk by Rev. G. E. Hale, B.A.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
4.1 p.m. —Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change intelligence.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children’s time with the SCL Radio
Family.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—General Market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso-
ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar-
ket Co. Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Extracts from &quot;News Bulletin,”
supplied by Minister for Markers and Mi-
gration.
7.30 p.m.—Gardening Talk by Lasscocks Nur-
series, Lockleys.
7.40 p.m.—Entertainment for the SCL Girls’
Club.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Quartette, Haydn Male Quartette.
8.5 p.m.—Selection, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
8.15 p.m.—A One-act Play, by Steve Dunks
and Gwen Hone.
8.20 p.m.—Quartette, Haydn Male Quartette.
8.35 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
8.35 p.m.—Soprano Solo, Yvonne Heaslip.
8.54 p.m.—Musical Monologue, Gwen Hone.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. __
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat Reports.
9.3 p.m.—Station Announcements.
9.5 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
8.15 p.m.—Novelty card turn, by Geo. Quin.
9.30 p.m.—Soprano Solo, Yvonne Heaslip.
9.34 p.m.—A One-act Play, by Steve Dunks
and Gwen Hone.
9.40 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
9.45 p.m.—Popular Songs. Noel Tapp.
9.50 p.m.—Selection, O. Durnell’s Orchestra.
9.55 p.m.—Popular Songs, Noel Tapp.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes
10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News.
10.9 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.13 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service.
10.18 p.m.—Relayed from the Maison de
Danse, Glenelg. Dance Music.
\0.55 p.m.—Wednesdays Programme and me-
teorological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National An.
hem.
6WF, PERTH.
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m. —Markets, News and Cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m.—Studio Instrumental Trio.
1.30 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
3.35 p.m.—Organ music relayed from the
Grand Theatre, Murray Street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—Tune jn.
The Evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 pun.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News.
7.45 p.m.—Talk Iby Dr. J. S. Battye, 8.A.,
LL.B.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements such as alterations to
programmes, etc.
8.3 p m.—Orchestral Night.
Concert by 6WF’s Station Orchestra, con-
ducted by Mr. Ronald E. Moyle, A.T.C.L.
Vocal assisting artists.
10 p.m. —Late news items by courtesy of ‘The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather report and forecast.
10.30 p.m.—Close down.


104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 Metres, com-
mencing at 6.45 p.m.
7ZL, HOBART
TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
3.1 p.m.—Musical election.
3.5 p m.—Hobart Stock Exchange quotations.
Weather information. Items of interest.
Announcements.
3.15 p.m.—Musical Selections, continued.
4.15 p.m.—Educational Talk..
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLYY EVENING SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Cousin Mac talks to the children.
7 p.m.—Uncle Hector talks to the children.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—Musical Selection.
7.35 p.m.—Literary Lapses and Library Lists,
by Mr. W. E. Fuller.
7.50 p.m. —“Mercury” special Tasmanian news
service. Railway auction produce sales.
Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock Exchange
quotations.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour.
8.1 p.m.—Broadcast, bv direct wire, from
Strand Theatre, Hobart: Selections by
Strand Orchestra; conductor. Mr. Ben.
Corrick. Items from the Studio, by Miss
Beryl Scetrine, soprano. Miss Elsie Lampkin. soprano, Miss Ruby Piesse, accompanist.
9.50 p.m.—British Official Wireless News.
“Mercury” special interstate news service.
Shins within wireless range. Tasmanian
district weather reports. 9 p.m. weather
forecasts. Weather reports from Austra-
lian capital cities. Station announcements.
Wednesday’s Programme.
10 p.m.—Close down.
Wednes., March 28
2FC, SYDNEY
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—&quot;Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m. —Studio music.
10.35 a.m. —A reading.
10.45 a.m. —Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and Re-
cipes by Miss Ruth Furst.
11.30 a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.-»-Rugby wireless news.
12 20 p.m.—Studio music.
12 40 p.m.—Annie Sedger, mezzot
(a) “Autumn” (Mallinson).
(b) “To-morrow morning” (Tennent).
12.48 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—‘Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—‘Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1 20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m.—Studio music.
2 p.m.—‘Big Ben.” Close down.
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AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
3.3 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre, Pitt
Street, Sydney:
Items by the Lyceum Theatre Orchestra.
2.15 p.m.—From tho Studio:
Hilda Nelson, soprano:
“Just Love Me” (Lyail Phillips).
3.19 p.m.—Nancye McGiJchrist, violinist:
(a) “Lullaby” (Cyril Scott).
(bj “Brahm's Waltz in A” (Brahms).
3.27 p.m.—Netta Mullarkey, mezzo i
“At Dawning” (Cadman).
3.30 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre, Pitt
Street, Sydney:
Orchestral items.
3.45 p.m.—From the Studio* •
Rita Head, mezzo:
“Poigi, Amor” (Mozart).
3.50 p.m.—Nancye McGilchrist, violinist:
(a) “Somewhere a voice is calling” (Tate).
(b) “Chant” (White-Kreisler).
3.63 p.m.—Aileen Bear, mezzo:
“I told my love to the roses” (Newton).
4.2 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre:
Orchestral music.
4.15 p.m.—From the Studio;
Hilda Nelson, soprano:
“In a Monastern Garden” (Ketelbey).
4.20 p.m.—Popular records.
4.28 p.m.—Netta Mullarkey, mezzo:
“Sapphic Ode” (Brahms).
4.32 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre:
Orchestral music.
4.45 p.m.—From the Studio:
Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.—Rita Head, mezzo:
“Convien Partir” (Donizetti).
4.50 p.m.—Aileen Bear, mezzo:
“The rose will blow” (Wilton King).
4.54 p.m.—Studio music.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
C. 45 p.m.—The &quot;Hello ’ talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Lat 9 sporting new*.’
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Studio music.
7.53 p.;n.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano.
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The 2FC Orchestra, conducted by Horaee
Keats:
(a) “Rhapsodie Russe” (arr. Nausebaum).
(b) “Egmont Overture” (Beethoven).
8.18 p.m.—Raymond Ellis, English operatic
baritone (last broadcast appearance prior to
his departure for Melbourne).
8.27 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) “San Toy” Selection (Jones).
(b) “The Prize Song” (Wagner).
8.48 p.m.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano.
8.52 p.m.—Fred Philpotts, cornet solo:
“Kathleen Mavourneen” (Crouch).
8.58 p.m.—Raymond Ellis, English operatic
baritone.
9.12 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
9.13 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra:
(a) “The Aftermath” (Marillier).
(b) Fantasie, “The Bartered Bride.”
9.35 p.m.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano.
9.40 p.m.—Fred Philpotts, cornet 6olo:
“O ! Star of Eve” (Wagner).
1.45 p.m.—H. W. Varna and his Company—by
special request—will repeat the production of
“The Silver King,” by Henry Arthur Jones:
Cast:
Wilfred Denver, H. W. Varna.
Captain Skinner (The Spider), William
Hume.
Father Christmas, Charles Curran.
Cripps (a Locksmith), Paul Robertson.
'Enery Corkett, F. Fisher.
Oliver Skinner (The Spider’s Wife), Felix
Clark.
Cissy Denver (Denver’s Daughter), Cleo
Glover.
Nellie Denver, Meg Service.
Part I.:
Scenes 1. Geoffrey Ware’s Room.
2. Denver’s House.
3. Outside the Cheker’s Inn.
10.10 p.m.—lncidental music&quot; to Part 11. of
“The Silver King.”
10.13 p.m.—Part 11. of “The Silver King.”
Scenes 1. Nellie Denver’s Home.
2. Gardens of “The Grange.”
10.43 p.m.—lncidental jnusic to Part 111. of
“The Silver King.”
10.45 p.m.—Part 111. of “The Silver King,”
Scenes 1. “The Wharf—Rotherith.
2. Gardens of “The Grange.”
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
**n?'!?* G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk on “Camping,” by Miss Gwen. Varley,
Broadcasters’ Women’s Sports Authority.'
Social Notes. Replies to correspondents.
Welfare Talk by Mrs. Jordan. *
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information broadcast immediately
after each race is run, by courtesy of the
Sun.
* 2 o no °?' —G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping and
port directory.
12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless.
12.13 p.m.—Fruit Market report.
12-15 p.m.—Vegetable Market report.
12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report.
12.19 p.m.—Dairy. Farm and Produce Market
report.
12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report.
12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report.
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramophone recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to children, and special entertainment
for children in hospitals.
2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Racing resume.
2.6 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio.
2.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
2.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio..
2.45 p.m.—Talk on “Celtic Mythology.”
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes,
ftacing resume.
3.10 p.m.—Pianoforte recital from Studio.
3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
3.30 p.m.—Concert, broadcast from the Radio
Exhibition, at the Sydney Town Hall.
The Ahad Duo (steel guitars).
3.37 p.m.—Miss Capiille Alder, soprano.
3.44 p.m* —Mr. Haagen Holenbergh, pianist.
3.51 p.m.—Mr. Donald Woodrow, baritone.
3.56 p.m.—The Ahad Duo.
4.5 p.m.—Miss Camille Alder.
4.12 p.m.—Mr. Haagen Holenbergh.
4.19 u.m.—Mr. Donald Woodrow.
4.26 p.m.—The Ahad Duo.
■4.30 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band, broadcast
frqpi Dungowan cabaret.
4.50 nun.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.52 p.m.—Racing resume.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Prodders’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report. ’
Grain and fodder report (“Sun”).
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
6.45 p.m.—Country News from the “Sun.”
I p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner Music.
7.30 p.m,—Talk on “Astrology,” by Miss J.
Charlton Smith.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
8.1 p.m.—Mr. W. E. Lewis, baritone.
8.8 p.m.—Miss Dorrie Ward, soprano.
8.15 p.m.—From the Radio Exhibition, at the
Town Hall: The Whichello Trio.
8.22 p.m.—Mr. Norman Wright, tenor.
8.29 p.m.—Miss Beryl Scott, songs at the
piano.
8.36 p.m.—Miss Dorrie Ward.
8.43 p.m.—The Whichello Trio.
8.50 p.m.—Mr. W. E. Lewis.
8.57 p.m.—Miss Beryl Scott.
9.4 p.m.—Mr. Norman Wright.
9.11 p.m.—Duet: Miss Dorrie Ward and Mr.
W. E. Lewis.
9.15 p.m.—From Baker’s Hall, Campsie: The
Canterbury District B'and.
9.35 p.m.—Deal and Maynard, entertainers.
9.55 p.m.—Broadcasters’ All-Sports Expert
will talk on General Sporting.
10.10 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro-
gramme.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares, Government Meteorolo-
gist.
10.15 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant Dance Or-
chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv.
Lyons. During intervals between dances,
“Sun” news will be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.33 a.m.—WEATfIER FORECAST for all
States.
7.40 a.m.—NEWS.
8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal.
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.5 a.m.—SPORTING INFORMATION.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
II a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comforts with a
minimum of cash:
WORCESTER SAUCE.
1 pint treacle, 1 oz. ground pepper, %oz.
bruised cloves, % oz. powdered mace, % oz.
cayenne, %oz. garlic, onions
(peeled), 2 qts. vinegar, 1 teaspoon sugar.
Method —(1) Put all into earthenware jar,
and allow to stand for two weeks. (Stir
well once a day.) (2) Beil all together
for ..20 minutes. (3) Strain through mus-
lin. N (4) Bottle.
11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden bright wi,th Fragrant
Flowers.
11.5 a.m. —S. SHELDON. Household Laundry
Problems. “Some Short Cut Methods of
Doing the Washing.”
11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m.—MRS. M. CALLAWAY MAHOOD.
Difficulties in Decoration.
‘“Balance and Bowej Birds.”
11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—MISS FRANCES FRASER:
“Books fti the Home” —the Novel.


MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory Time Signal
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
Reuter’s and The Australian Press Associa-
tion cables. “Argus” news service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
Gavotte, “Woman’s Heart” (Holst).
Gavotte, “Louis XIII.” (Holst).
12.30 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Thank God for a Garden” (Del Riego).
“Will Ye No Come Back Again”
(Old Scotch).
12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S
QUARTETTE:
“Cleopatra Suite” (Dehmler).
&lt;2.50 p.m.—JOHN D. FRASER, baritone:
“Serenata” (Toselli).
“The Empty Nest” (Mason).
12.57 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, Violin:
“Slow Movement Concerto” (Mendelssohn).
1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather forecast for Victoria, Tasmania,
New South Wales, and South Australia.
Ocean forecast. River reports.
FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC.
1.15 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE, Pflano, will
continue with selections from the works of
Beethoven.
1.25 p.m.—JOHN D. FRASER, baritone:
“A Castillian Lament” (Del Riego).
“Evening Song” (Blumenthal).
1.30 p.m.—Speeches from the Rotary Cju»
Luncheon, transmitted from the Town Hall,
Melbourne.
2 p.m.— Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, ‘Y’ou’re in Lovei’ (Friml).
“Tomanza Sanza Parole” (Soro).
2.30 p.m.—Description of Trial Handicap, 6
furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Musket,”
of “he Sporting Globe.”
2.35 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Love and Sleep”r (Gambogi).
“The New Umbrella” (Besley).
2.42 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“The Arabian Dances” (Ring).
“Elegy” (Massenet).
2.47 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“E Lucevan Le Stelle” (Puccini).
“Ma Little Banjo” (Dichmont).
2.54 p.m.— PERCY CYODE, Comet:
“Selected.”
3 p.m.—Description of Jumpers’ Flat Race,
9 furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Mus-
ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
3.5 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Bells” (Hurlstone).
“Darkness” (Hurlstone).
“Selected.”
8.12 p.m.—Announcements.
3.14 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
This Month Sow the Seeds of Cornflowers,
Calliopsis, Candy Tuft, Cabbages and
Carrot*.
3.15 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK.
Transmission from Wirth’s Park, E. G. M.
Gibson, of “The Acgus” and “Australasian,”
will speak on “Vegetable Culture.”
8.30 p.m.—Description of Werribee Handicap
I V* miles, WERRIBEE RACES, bv ••Mus-
ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
FROM THE STUDIO—
-8.35 p.m.—3&gt;TATION\ ORCHESTRA :
Largo from New World Symphony”
(Dvorak). X
Selected. )
8.50 p.m.—JEAN HAMBLETON, contralto:
“Down by the Sally Gardens” (Hughes).
“The Heart Worship?” (Holst).
3.57 p.m,—LES RICHMOND, Piano:
Selected.
4 p.m.—Description of Welter Handicap, 7
furlongs, 65 yards. WERRIBEE RACES,
by “Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
4.5 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Dance of the Serpents” (Bocalani).
4.10 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenors
“Celeste Aida” (Verdi).
“Request Number.”
Look for the name “EVER-READY”
and this TRADE-MARK
Do YOU use an “Ever-Ready?”
In addressing
this to you, we
feel we are talk-
ing to the aver-
age owner of a
radio set, and not
to a second
Marconi.
Ask your Dealer, or
write us, for an in-
teresting colered folder
about “Ever-Ready”
Radio Batteries. It illus-
trates all the “Ever-
Ready” types, and con-
tains many valuable
hints for “B” Battery
users*
STAND No. 7
Radio Exhibition, Town
Hall, March 21 to 31.
Your motor car would not run at all
well if you used oil instead of petrol.
No Sir! Same thing in radio. If you
want continuous, perfect reception,
you must cater for it by using not
merelythe right type of “B” Battery,
but one which has an unexcelled repu-
tation for reliability, long life and
economy. Sir, you guessed right.
You’d use an “Ever-Ready.” Wire
one in now, and hear the difference.
THE EVER-READY CO.,
163 Pitt Street, Sydney.
€
On the left are shown the
two new &quot;Ever-Ready” H.T.
45 volt “B” Batteries, speci-
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Multi-valve sets of the Neut-
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Type H.D., 45 valt
Type S.S., 45 volt .
22/S
26/-
Here is illustrated the “EVER-
READY,” 63 Volt W.P. Type
H.T. “B” Battery. The com-
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listed below.
Small size, type W.P., 31.5 volt.,
9/6
Small size, type W.P., 42 volt,
12/6
Small size, type W.P., 63 volt,
18/-
Large size, type X.P., 60 volt,
31/6


4.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection from “The Quaker Girl”
(Monckton).
4.30 p.m.—Description of Rockleigh Plate, 5
furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Mus-
ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
4.35 p.m.—JEAN HAMBLETON, contralto:
“The Hawk” (Clarke).
“Life and Death” (Taylor).
4.42 p.m.—Announcements.
4.45 p.m.—Special Weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report for Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Medley Overture Ace High” (arr.
Brockton).
6 p.m.—Description of Rockleigh Purse, 7
furlongs and 65 yards, WERRIBEE RACES,
by “Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.”
6.5 p.m.—“Herald” News Service.
Stock' &quot;Exchange information.
6.15 p.m.—Close down.
Results of Boort Races will be given hourly
during the afternoon.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “MARY. MARY.”
6.20 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m.—“MARY, MARY”:
“A Fairy Story for the Little Ones.”
6.40 p.m.—Musical interlude.
••45 p.m.—“MARY, MARY”:
A Story of Robin Hood.
NEWS SESSION.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket Stock
Sales, by The Associated Stock and Station
Agents, Bourke-street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.19 p.m—River reporta
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce,
potatoes and onions. Market reports of
fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa-
tion. Retail prces. Wholesale prices of
fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’
Association. Citrus fruits.
Swimming notes.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.80 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, R.
CROWE, Exports Superintendent, will
speak on “Marketing Methods.”
7.45 p.m.—CAPTAIN C. H. PETERS:
&quot;Books, Wise and Otherwise.”
8 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK:
Keep your garden bright with fragrant
flowers. This month be sure to plant:
Foxgloves, Freesias, and Phlox Drumnjondi.
Transmission from Wirth’s Park.
J. OLIVER, Curator of Essendon Gardens,
will speak on “Trees for Avenues.”
FROM THE STUDIO—
-8.16 p.m.—KALLMA DUO, Hawaiian instru-
mentalists :
“La Paloma.”
“Yackahula.”
8.23 p.m.—An Australian Novelty.
8.28 p.m.—J. ALEXANDER BROWNE, bari-
tone:
“The Drum Major” (Newton).
“The Muleteer of Malaga” (Trotere).
8.35 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA •
Selection: “The Rainbow” (Gershwin).
8.45 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“The Little Dustman” (Brahms).
“The Little Blue Bonnet” (Schuman).
8.52 p.m.—STUDIO PRESENTATION OF
“THE BELLE OF NEW YORK” (Musical
numbers only).
“A Musical Comedy in Two Acts.”
Music by Gustave Kerker.
Words by Hugh Morton.
Musical Director.
MADAME ETHEL ASHTON.
ACT 1.
Scene 1.
Opening Chorus, “When a Man is “Twenty-
One.”
Bong and Chorus, “When I was Born the
Stars stood still.”
Song, “Little Sister Kissie.”
Song, “Teach Me How to Kiss.”
Chorus, “We Come this Way.”
Song, “The Anti-Cigarette Society.”
Song and Chorus, “Wine, Women and
Song.”
SCENE 2.
Song, “La Belle Parisienne.”
Song, “My Little Baby.”
SCENE 9.
Chorus, “Pretty Little China Girl.”
Song, “They follow me.”
Song and Chorus, “We’ll stand and die
together.”
Song, “She is the Belle of New York.”
Finale, Act 1, “Your life, my little girl’.'
ACT 2.&quot;
Scene 1.
Opening Chorus, “Oh, Sonny.”
Duet, “When we are Married.”
Song and Chorus, “The Purity Brigade.”
Song and Chorus, “I do so there.”
Scene 2.
Chorus, “For the twentieth time we’ll
drink.”
Song, “At ze naughty Folies Bergere.”
Finale, “Two in the Field.”
10.7 p.jn. —“Argus” news service. Britisn
Official Wireless news from Rugby. An-
nouncements. Meteorological information.
Island shipping information.
THE ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF
VICTORIA SAFETY MESSAGE FOR
TO-DAY IS FOR MOTORISTS:
*'Do not allow anyone to ride on the
running board, rear tire, or bumper of your
car.”
10.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “From India” (Francis Popper).
10.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Nymphs et Sylvans” (Bemberg).
“The Hoot Owl.”
10.34 p.m.—KALIMO DUOt
&quot;Isles of Paradiie.”
“Popular Airs Medley.”
10.40 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA,'
“Light Cavalry Overture” (Suppe).
“In the Tavern” (Jensen).
10.49 p.m.—J. ALEXANDER BROWNE,
baritone:
“O Flower of all the World” (Woodforde-
Finden).
“All the Fun of the Fair” (Martin).
10.36 p.m.—Announcements.
11 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep yoursbright with fragrant flowers.
'“No garden, however Email, should) be
devoid of Roses, for, as has been well
said:—‘A garden without a rose is like
a sky without a sun.’ Sow the seeds
now of Dianthus, Mimulus, PolyantKffs
and Schezanthus.”
HI p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT.
SPORT. During the afternoon, results of the Werribee Races together with other information, will be broadcast immediately each race is run.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
A half-hour Dance Session, by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band. The latest popular
hits, each one announced prior to its pre-
sentation.
Broadcasting from “The Venetian Court,”
Hotel Australia.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Suite, “Ballet Suite” (Gretry-Mottl).
“Romeo’s Farewell to Juliet” (Baron).
2.45 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, Saxaphone:
“Valse Hilda” (Doer).
2.49 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano:
“The Love Song of Har Dyal” (Batten).
“Japanese Love Song” (Thomas).
256 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Three Pictures from Syria” (Ring).-
“Spanish Dances, No. 1 and 2.” (Moszkow-
ski).
3.11 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, Soprano:
3.19 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians :
3.30 p.m.—Announcements.
3.35 p.m.—Dr. George Payne Philpots, President of the Food Education Society of Victoria, and Editor of the National Magazine of Health.
3.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
Selection, “Popy” (Samuels).
“Valse Poudree” (Popy).
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Four.”
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.m.—Mr. Bernard Thomas, tenor:
“Rose of My Heart” (Lohr).
“At Dawning” (Cadman).
4.10 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra^
“By the Lake of Geneva, Part I.”
“Polly” (Zamecnik).
“The Savoy English Medley” (Somers).
4.26 p.m.—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin:
“Elegie” (Ernst).
4.30 p.m.—Mr. Bernard Thomas, tenor :
“Thank God for a Garden” (Teresa del Riego).
‘T Know of Two Bright Eyes” (Clutsam).
4.37 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
4.55 p.m.—Announcements. To-night’s entertainment.
5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.”
God Save the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—3Aß’s Cousin Peter.
EVENING SESSION.
CONCERT FROM BENALLA.
FROM THE STUDIO.
7.15 p.m.—Our Boy Scouts. Commissioner W. D. Kennedy, Deputy Camp Chief of Victoria, will give his interesting weekly notes
and news on the Scout Movement.
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” presents his budget of up-to-date ne\ys and
comments on sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock reports.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight.
FROM BENALLA.
8.1 p.m.—Orchestra:
Overture, “Poet and Peasant” (Suppi).
Benalla Musical Society, chorus:
“Carnovale” (Rossini).
Mrs. Blait, contralto:
“My Ships” (Barrat).
Mr. M. Tough, baritone:
“Mountain Lovers” (Squire).
Mr. J. McNamara, humorous recital*
“The Liver Wing Testimonial.”
Miss Findley and Mr. Senior, with male choir:
Duet and chorus: “Miserere and Tower
Song,” from Trovatore.
Miss M. Rahilly, violin:
“Legende” (Wieniawski).
Miss E. Beale, soprano:
“Golden Bird” (Haydn-Wood).
Miss Gallaher, Mrs. Machin, Mr. H. Williams, and Mr. S. Machin, quartette:
“You swear to be good and true,” from
Gelliers Dorothy.
Mr. R. Senior and Miss Rahilly, tenor solo, with violin obligato.
“Angels Guard Thee” (Goddard).
Orchestra:
“Prelude” (Rachmaninoff).
Benalla Musical Society:
Chorus, “Regular Royal Queen” from the
Gondoliers (Sullivan).
Mrs. Blair and Miss Rahilly, contralto, with
violin obligato:
“Ave Maria” (Gounod).
Marangan Lodge Choir:
Male chorus, “The Old Banjo” (Scott
Gattys).
Miss E. Findley, soprano:
“One Fine Day” (Puccini).
Mr. J. McNamara, recital:
“After the Ball.”
Mr. T. Hughes, tenor:


“Songs of Araby” (Clay).
Genaila Musical Society:
Chorus, “To the Death” (Alfred Wheeler).
p.m.—“Age” news service, exclusive to
3AR.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quite
is taken from the poem, “The Dominion,”
by Brunton Stephens.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven.
God Save the King.
4QG, BRISBANE.
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
6.30 a.m. to 7 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
MIDDAY SESSION.
1 p.m.—Market reports: weather information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau; news services supplied by “Thd Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.30 p.m.—Lunch hour music.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal.
2 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times.
8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph News.”
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—Mail train running times; &quot;Daily
Standard” news; weather information announcements.
6.15 p.m.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—The Children’s Hour:
Stories 'by “Little Miss Brisbane.”
f p.m.—Special news service ,* market reports ;
stock reports.
f .30 p.m.—Weather news ; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
7.45 p.m—Lecturette: “Orchard Ills and Their
Diagnosis,” by Mr. J. W. Howies (Queens-
land Agricultural High School and College).
NIGHT SESSION.
A programme of dance music by Alf.
Featherstone and his Studio Syncopators, including:
Fox-trots:
(a) “You Gave Me Your Heart” (Snyder).
(b) “In a Tent” (Roehler).
Fox-trots:
(a) “Barbara” (Silver).
(b) “Dancing Tambourine” (Polla).
Fox-trots:
(a) “Out Where the Blue Begins” (Grant).
(b) “Oh! Miss Hannah” (Deppen).
Jazz Waltzes:
(a) “Nightingale” (Brockman).
(b) “Night of Love” (De Sylva).
Rhythmic Paraphrase:
(a) “Russian Fantasy” (Lange).
Medley One-Step:
(a) “Yank o’ Mania” (Rudolph).
Fox-trots:
(a) “The Birth of the Blues” (Henderson).
(b) “Rose of Sunny Italy” (Chapman).
Fox-trots:
(a) “My Mammy Knows” (Be Costa).
(b) “Would You Cry” (Spencer).
(p) “Love is Just a Flower” (Schonberg).
Fox-trots:
(a) “Spanish Shawl” (Scheebel).
(b) “Through Eternity I’ll Dream of You”
(Baker).
Between dances the following will be re-
layed:
A CERTAIN REMEDY
When your reception weakens and you cannot get the usual volume
your “A” battery is generally found to be the trouble.
This can easily be remedied by charging your own batteries at home just when necessary, and will assure your set ready for
action at all times.
Keogh Radio Supplies
Manufacturers of the famous KEOGH RADIO SET
Tungar A &amp; B
2 Amp. Charger
£B-10-0 Cash
Term* : 32/- Dep.
5/- per week.
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EMMCO 2.5 AMP. CHARGER
Max. Charging Rate 2\ Amp.. No Valves. No Acid.
Cash £4/15/-
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RECTOX TRICKLE CHARGER
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tinuous. No valves. No acid; foolproof. Cash £5/10/
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Our Time Payment
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REMEMBER! Our Engineer, Chas. W. Slade, is always available
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Open till 9 p.m. Fridays


Soprano solos:
&lt;»&gt; ‘‘ Two Little Bluebirds” (Hern)
(b) “Lovely Night” (Ronald).
Miss Jean Naylor.
Baritone solos, Selected.
Mr. D. Daniels.
Lauri, the Enterainer.
Baritone solos, Selected.
Mr. Fred Homer.
10 p.m.—Special Bi-weekly News Bulletin for
distant listeners.
t 0.30 p.im—“Daily Standard” news; weather
news. Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes.
S *&quot;'“ “ d
12 ‘^Recreator^* USiCal numbers on the Studio
12 ch an P ; m Tf-,r C - Ward and Co -’ s Stock Exchange Intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1 “Recreator” Cal numbers on the Studio
1.57 p.m. Meteorological information.
2 Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
* p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
' “Recreator! ”* ° n the Studio
8.30 p.m.—Menu Talk by ‘‘Homelover.”
8 - 4 c s o p - m —Fashion Talk, by J. Craven and
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
4.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
JRecreater.”
Ward and C°/. Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
5 p.m—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
H£ m ;r? hildren ’ s Entertainment, by the
oL/li JRadio Family.
.6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Re-
■ creator.”
7 P.m. —G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
7.8 p.m.—General Market Reports, by A. W.
Sandford and' Co.. A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Cq., S.A. Farmers’ Co-operative
Union, Taylor Bros. Retail Grocers’ Asso-
ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar-
ket Co., Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Extracts from ‘‘News Bulletin ”
■upplied by Minister for Markets and Mi-
gration.
7.30 p.m.—Boy Scouts’ Corner.
7.45 p.m.—Talk on “Current Topics.”
8 p.m.—G.P.O, Chimes.
•'I/&quot; I'—:lnstrumental 1 '— : Instrumental Concert, relayad from
Henley Beach Rotunda: Holden’s Silver
Land, ini selections, interspersed with solos
by Elsie Weolley (mezzo), Mrs. Hubert
James (piano), and Herbert King (tenor).
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat Report.
9.3 p.m.—Station. Announcements.
9.4 p.m.—lnstrumental Concert, continued.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News.
10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service.
10.15 p.m.—Relayed from the Maison de
Danse, Glenelg, Dance Music.
teorological information.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National An-
them.
10.55 p.m.—Thursday’s Programme and me-
6WF, PERTH.
WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928
MORNING SESSION.
12.30 p.m.—Tune in.
12.35 p.m.—Marketa, News, and Cables.
1 p.m.—Time signal.
1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological Bureau of Western Australia.
1.2 p.m.—Studio Quintette, conducted by Mr
Val Smith.
2 p.m.—Close down.
3.30 p.m.—Tune in.
8.85 p.m.—Talk: “Fashions” by Junette.
3.55 p.m.—Orchestral music played by Hoyts
Orchestra, conducted by Mr. Harold Parting-
relayed from Hoyt’s Regent Theatre,
William street.
Vocal interludes from the Studio.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6.45 p.m.—Tune in.
The Evening transmission is broadcast on
104.5 metres as well as the usual wave-
length.
6.50 p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles
Henry, Bertie and Duffy.
7.20 p.m.—Stock, Markets, News.
7 45 p.m.—Sporting talk.
8 p.m.—Time signal.
8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me-
teorological, Bureau of Western Australia.
Station announcements sucvh as alterations
to programmes, etc.
8.3 p.m.—Variety night.
Musical programme, including vocal and in-
strumental artists.
Orchestral nusic played by Harold Parting-
ton and his seventeen piece orchestra, re-
layed from Hoyts Regent Theatre, William
street.
10 news items by courtesy of “The
Daily News” Newspaper Co.
Ships within range announcement.
Weather Report and forecast.
10.30 down.
104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION.
Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of
Programme given on 1250 Metres, commen-
cing at 6.45 p.m.
Thurs., March 29
-2FC, SYDNEY.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m, to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—Last minute sporting information
by the 2FC Racing Commissioner.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11.5 a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m.—Studio music.
11.15 a.m.—A reading.
11.30 a.m.—Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—&quot; Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m. “Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m.—Dorothy Benbow, contralto:
“O Western Wind” (Brahe).
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.50 p.m.—Dorothy Benbow, contralto!
“Country Folk” (Brahe).
1.55 p.m.—Late sporting information, told by
the 2FC Racing Commissioner. *
2.5 p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements,
3.3 p.m.—Muriel Watt, contralto:
“God touched the Rose” (Borwn),
3.7 p.m.—-Popular records.
3.15 p.m.—G. F. Brewer, baritone.
3.19 p.m.—Muriel Watt, contralto.
3.23 p.m.—Popular record 3.
3.30 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall, on the
occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibition
a programme b 2FC artists:
The 2FC Dance Trio, conducted by Bee. Mor-
rison :
(a) “No more, worryin’ ” (Hahn),
(b) “Just again” (Donaldson).
3.38 p.m.—Frank Botham, baritone:
“The Red Star of Romany” (Sanderson).
3.45 p.m.—Jean Gerrard, solos on the Melo
piano:
(a) “Little town in the old County Down”
(Sanders).
(b) Ain t that a grand and glorious feel-
ing” (Yellen).
3.52 p.m.—The 2FC Dance Trio, conducted by
Cec Morrison:
(a) “Yesterday” (de Sylva).
(b) “One Summer Night” (Coslow).
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Peggy Dunbar, contralto:
“Still as the Night.”
At the piano: Enid Conley.
4.7 p.m.—The 2FC Dance Trio:
“Gonna get a Girl” (Lewis).
4.12 p.m.—Frank Botham, baritone:
&quot;Land of Delight” (Sanderson).
4.16 p.m.—Jean Gerrard, solos on the Melo
Piano:
(a) “Saxophone Waltz” (Mingo).
(b) “Fifty Million Frenchmen can’t be
wrong” (Rose).
4.20 p.m.—Peggy Dunbar, contralto:
“Homing” (Del Reigo).
4.23 p.m.—The 2FC Dance T*io, conducted by
Cec. Morrison:
(a) “Who, maybe it’s you” (Berlin).
(b) “Forgive me” (Ager).
4.30 p.m.—From the Stiadioj
G. F. Brewer, baritone!
4.35 p.m.—Popular records.
4.42 p.m.—Genevieve Eppel, soprano:
“Leto” (Chaminade).
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.—Studio music.
4.56 p.m.—Genevieve Eppel, soprano*
Open thy blue eyes” (Massenet).’
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
5.45 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.16 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
A short talk by the 2FC Racing Commis-
sioner.
7.5 p.m.—Sporting news.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool
wheat and stock).
P-™-— Frt &gt;it and vegetable markets.
P.D.S. Poultry Reports.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.— Evening News” late news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
T. 40 p.m.—Programme announcements*
P -“^ he „ Ja “ eteki Trio ’ instrumentalists',
o p.m.— Bis Ben/*
G. J. Lockley will deliver a talk on Wen*
worth Park,
B 'T„w' m^ r ° M the platform of the Sydney
lown Hall: a programme by 2FC artists in
connection with the Radio Electrical Exhibi-
tion.
The Metropolitan Band, conducted by John
.Palmer:
(a) ' n March of Triumph.”
(b) “Entry of the Gladiators&quot; (Facik).


8.20 p.m.—Alfred Cunningham, baritone:
(a) “Even bravest heart,” Cavatina, “Faust”
(Gounod).
(b) “The Merry Monk” (Bevan). .
8.28 p.m. —Charles Lawrence, entertainer in
song and humour.
8.34 p.m.—Madame Lilian Gibson, contralto:
(a) “Softly awakes my Heart” (Saint Saens).
(b) “Homing.”
8.42 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band:
Selection from “Faust” (Gounod).
8.58 p.m.—The Sydney Male Voice Choir:
(a) “The song of the Jolly Roger?”
(b) “It’s Oh, to be a Red Rose” (Elgar).
(c) “Ring out, wild bells” (Fletcher).
At piano: Horace Keats.
9.10 p.m.—From tile Studio:
The Janetski Trio, instrumentalists.
9.25 p.m.—Alfred Cunningham, baritones
(a) “To Mary” (White).
(b) “Song of the Clock” (Burchell).
9.32 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band, conducted
'by John Palmer:
(a) March, “Nawortk Castle” (Ord Hume).
(b) Selection, “The Arcadians” (Monckton-
Talbot).
9.49 p.m.—Mde. Lilian Gibson, contralto:
(a) “Ave Maria” (Mascagni).
(b) “Hame” (Davies). ’
9.56 p.m.—Charles Lawrence, entertainer.
10.5 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band:
(a) Two Step, “Belle of Woolloomooloo”
(Lithgow).
(b) Fantasia, “Scotland” (Lee).
10.20 p.m.—From the Ambassadors:
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by Al Hammet.
10.85 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.36 p.m.—From the Studio:
The Metrc-politan Band:
(a) Waltz, “Echoes of the Danube’’ (arr.
Satson).
(b) March, “The Ndrth Star” (Rinsmer).
10.47 p.m.—From the Ambassadors :
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio:
To-morrow’s’ programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
2BL, SYDNEY.
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
8 a.m. to 9 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Musical programme from Studio.
10.40 a.m.—News from the “Daily Telegraph
Pictorial.”
10.50 a.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Women’s Session.
Social Notes. Replies to correspondents.
Talk on “Architecture,” by Mr. Brogan.
12 noon.—G.P.O. Clock and’chimes.
Special ocean forecast and weather report.
12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping, and
port directory.
12.1 i p.m.—Boats in call by wireless:
12.13 p.m.—F'ruit Market report.
12.15 p.m.—Vegetable Market report.
12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report.
12.19 p.m.—Dairy, Farm and Produce Market
report.
12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report.
12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report.
12:26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report
12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. gramophone' recital.
1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report.
1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Talk to thildren, and special entertainment
for children in hospitals.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Close down.
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AFTERNOON SESSION.
Racing information, broadcast immediately
after each race, by courtesy of the “Sun”
newspapers.
3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
S.lO p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
8.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
3.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
8.40 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band, broadcast
from Dungowan Cabaret.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
News from the “Sun.”
4.8 p.m.—Musical programme from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—Talk on “The Women of Ancient
Rome.”
4.30 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band.
4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”*
4.57 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme.
4.59 p.m.—Racing resume.
6 p.m.—G.P.O Clock and chimes.
Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
8.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Children’s Session.
SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Australian Mercantile Land and Finance
Co.’s report.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Government Meteorologist.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and
vegetable market report.
Stock Exchange report.
Grain and Fodder report.
Dairy Produce report (“Sun”).
Weekly Traffic Bulletin.
6.45 a,sa. —Country News, from the “Sun.**
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Dinner music.
7.30 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”
EVENING SESSION.
B p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
Broadca;ters’ Topical Chorus.
§.3 p.m.—Programme arranged by Messrs. E.
F. Wilks and Co.
10.15 p.m.—Resume of following day’s p
gramme.
Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of
Mr. C. J. Mares. Government Meteorolo-
gist.
16 20 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra,
under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson.
During intervals between dances. “Sun”
news will be broadcast.
11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes.
National Anthem.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
HERALD BREAKFAST HOUR.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7-20 a_m. —Physical Culture Exercises (to
music).
7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.33 a.m.—Weather forecast for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.6 a.m.—News. Sporting information. Ship-
ping Stock Exchange information.
8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—3LO’s CULINERY COUNSELS, or
how to create comforts with a minimum
of cash: —
NUTTIES.
1% cups of flour.
L&gt;-cup butter.
%-cup sugar.
1 egg.
Little Cinnamon.
%-cup chopped dates.
%-cup chopped walnuts
%-teaspoon carbonate soda.
1 tablespoon boiling water.
Cream butter and sugar, add egg, beat
well, add flour and cinnamon, sifted, then
the soda dissolved in the boiling water,
then the dates and nuts. Place in small
pieces on a greased oven tray and bake
10 to 15 minutes.
H I a.m.-THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN:
Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers.
11.5 a.m.—ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME,
MR. JOHNSTON:
“Lighting the Home.”
11.20 a.m.^ —Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m.—SISTER PURCELL:
“Mothercraft.”
11.40 a.m.—Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—MRS. HENRIETTA C. WALKER:
THE ART OF BEING A SETTLER.
The Lighter Side: The Question of Enter-
taining.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY
TIME SIGNAL.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices, received by the Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day. British
Official wireless news from Rugby. Reu-
ters and the Australian Press Association
cables. “Argus” news service.
COMMUNITY SINGING.
12.15 p.m.—COMMUNITY SINGING, trans-
mitted from the Assembly Hall, Collins
street. Melbourne. Conductor, G. J. MAC-
KAY
BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUARTETTE:
SOLOISTS:
MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Rire Toujours” (Massenet).
Selected.
GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Three Fishers” (Hullah).
“Don’t Take Away My Little Honey Boy**
(Elliott).
1.45 p.m.—Meteorological information. Stock
Exchange information.
1.55 p.m.—Close down.
2.10 p.m.—Result of Handicap Trial Hurdle,
Race, Two miles. MORNINGTON RACES.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “The Girl from Utah” (Jones).
2.80 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, Soprano (by per-
mission J. C. Williamson Ltd.) :
“Batti Batti” (Mozart).
“Poppies for Forgetting” (Clarke).
2.37 p.m.—PERCY CODE, cornet:
Selected.
2.40 p.m—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Cobweb Castle” (Lehmann).
Reverie, “Ecstacy” (Canne).
2.55 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor:
“Thank God for a Garden” (Del Riego).
“Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal” (Qiulter).
3.2 p.m.—Result of Handicap Maiden Plate,
six furlongs, MORNGINGTON RACES.
3.3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Floradora” (Stuart).
3.15 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK:
DR. GEORGE E. PAYNE PHILPOTS will
speak on “Fruits and Vegetables—Their
Food and Health Qualities,” transmitted
from Worth’s Park.
EDUCATION HOUR.
3.30 p.m.—DR. LOFTUS HILLS:
&quot;Topics of the Week.”
3.45 p.m.—WM. G. JAMES will speak to
Students of Music.
4 p.m.—REV. WILLIAM BOTTOMLEY will
give a series of Lectures on
“THE IDYLLS OF THE KING.”
Tennyson—l. “The Coming of Arthur.”
SPORTING NOTES.
4.15 p.m.—Results of MORNINGTON RACES.
LIGHT MUSIC.
4.16 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Honolulu Moon” (Laurence).
“In the Tavern” (Jansen).
4.25 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano:
“Jeunes Filettes” (Bergerette).
“Smilin’ Through” (Penn).
4,32 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Going Up” (Hirsch).
4.42 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor :
“The Blind Ploughman” (Clarke).
4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Weather report for Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—EVENSONG from ST. PAUL’S
CATHEDRAL.
5.30 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock
Exchange information. Result of Welter
Handicap MORNINGTON RACES.
5.40 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
CHILDREN’S HOUR.
6 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday
greetings by “MARY GUMLEAF.”
6.20 p.m.—MONSIEUR SONORA:
Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m—“MARY GUMLEAF:”
Stories for the Little Ones.
“Dreamy Sue.”
“Building Cattles.”
6.30 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.35 p.m.—“MARY GUMLEAF” and her
Students will give a Little Play
“ALICE’S ADVENTURE.”
NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock
sales by the Asociated Stock and Station
Agents, Bourke street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor-
rett Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.18 p.m.—River reports.
7.22 p.m.—Acceptances for Epsom races on
Saturday. Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co. Ltd.—Poultry,
Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce!
Potatoes and Onions. Market reports of
fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Asocia-
tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchant’s
Association. Citrus fruits. Ballarat pig
market reports by the Ballarat Stock
and Station agents.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—A talk on Foreign Affairs, by as
Australian.
7.45 p.m.—STRELLA WILSON, now appear-
ing in the Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Com-
pany, at His Majesty’s Theatre, will speak
to you from her dressing room, by permis-
sion of J. C. Williamson Ltd.
8 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK, trans-
mission from Wirth’s Park.
E. GRAY, Curator, Kyneton Garden, will
speak on
“Trees for the Altitudes.’*
FROM THE STUDIO.
8.15 p.m.—Birthday greetings and programme
announcements.
8.16 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Yesterday” (Harrison).
“There will come a time” (Garren).
“The Magic of Music and Love” (Hajor) s
8.25 p.m^—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Chanson Indoue” (Korsakov).
8.28 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Down Kentucky. Way” (Gamble).
“There’s a Garden in Loveland” fcHajor).
“Red Lips Kiss My Blues Away” (Bryan),
8.37 p.m.—Talk on the War Memorial.
8.42 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“There’s Just one For You” (Ganner)*
“Sing me a Baby Song” (Kahn).
“I’ve Got a Yes Girl” (Souvaine).
8.51 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor:
“Anchor’s Weighed.”
8.54 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“What’ll You Do” (Miller).
“Maybe You’ll Ibe the One” (McKiernan),
“All on My Ownsome” (Kahn).
9.3 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Kentucky Babe” (Geibel).
9.6 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Egyptian Echoes” (Black).
“Are You Happy?” (Ager).
“Who’s Loving You To-night?” (Davis),
9.15 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Adieu Marie” (Adams).
9.1.8 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS :
“Following you Around” (Kahn).
“Moonlight Waters” (Friend).
“Underneath the Stars with You” (Stept).
9.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Charlie is my Darling” (Old Scotch).
9.30 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Go Home and Tell Your Mother” (Baen).
“Rang Tang” (Trent).
“Take your Finger out of Your Mouth”
(Yellman).


9.39 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor:
“Ailsa Mine.”
9.42p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“To-night you belong to iqe” (Costlow).
“So Blue” (De Sylva).
“At Sundown” (Donaldson).
9.51 p.m.—GRACE JACKSOI4. contralto:
“Lacaday” (Crampton).
9.54 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Broken Hearted” (Lombardo).
“That Night in Araby” (Synder),
“From Now On” (Friend).
10 p.m.—“Argus” news service. British
official wireless news from Rugby. Meteoro-
logical information. Anouncements. Sport-
ing notes by “Olympus.” Island shipping
movements. Results of Triangular State
School cricket match betwen Victoria, New
South Wales, and Queensland, played in
Sydney.
ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VIC-
TORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR TO-
DAY IS:—
“Persons on bicycles, scooters or in carts
should not be permitted to hitch to your
car.”
10.15 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Till the end of the world with you.”
“My Heart is Calling” (Garden).
“The Spell of the Moon” (Kahn).
10.24 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Wayfarer’s Night Song” (Martin).
10.27 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“How Can you Be So Mean to Me.”
“My Idea of Heaven” (Johnson).
“Golden Memories of Hawaii.”
10.36 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“The Fuchsia Tree” (Quilter).
10.39 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Night time is Love Time” (Davis).
“Wondering Why” (Ash).
“How Long Must I Wait For You?” (Still-
well).
10.48 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor:
“Audacity.”
10.51 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
“Slow River” (Myers).
“What are You Waiting For Now?” (Cos-
low).
“I’d Leave Ten Men” (Farrar).
11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT:
“Woodman, spare that tree,
Touch not a single bough,
In youth it sheltered me,
And I’ll protect it now.
’Twas my forefather’s hand
That placed it near his cot.
There, woodman, let it' stand,
Thy axe shall harm it not.”
George P. Morris.
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
3AR, MELBOURNE
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING NEWS SESSION.
11 a.m. to 12 noon.
HIDDAY CONCERT SESSION.
Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252
Collins Street (by exclusive permission of
Wills and Patori, Ltd.), on the Brunswick
Panatrope.
MATINEE SESSION.
ORCHESTRAL CONCERT.
Sport. During the afternoon results of the
Mornington Races, together with other in-
formation, will be given immediately each
race is run.
2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians:
A half-hour dance session by Melbourne’s
favorite dance band. The latest hits, each
one announced prior to its presentation.
2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
2.45 p.m.—Miss Jean Lewis, contralto:
“A Pearl for every tear” (Liddle).
“The way home” (Liddle).
2.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
3.8 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute:
“Arabesque” (De Bussy).
3.12 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Fantasie Espagnole” (Hosmar).
3.23 p.m.—Miss Jean Lewis, contralto:
“Thou art so like a flower” (Liszt).
“A bunch of violets” (Mena Raymond).
3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements.
3.40 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
3.56 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano:
“Valse Mignonne” (Palmgren).
4 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Four.
4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast.
4.3 p.m.—Mr&gt; George dSverest, tenor:
“Parted” (Tosti).
“The Devon Maid” (Frank Bridge).
4.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra.
4.26 p.m.—Mr. George Everest, tenor:
“Maire my Girl” (George Aitken).
“I know a lovely garden” (Guy d’Hardelot).
4.34 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians.
4.55 p.m.—Special racing report. Acceptances
and barrier positions for Saturday’s races
by G.F.R.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Five.
God Save the King.
CHILDREN’S SESSION.
6.30 p.m.—Uncle Mac’s entertainment.
EVENING SESSION.
SONG AND DANCE.
7.15 p.m.—Hobby Session. Mr. A. G. Kelson,
Vice-President of the 3AR Stamp Club.
7.25 p.m.—“Early Victorian History.” Mr.
F. A. Currie’s interesting talk this week will
deal with “William Buckley—the Wild,
White Man.”
7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre-
sents his budget of up-to-date news and com-
ments on sport of the day.
7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock reports.
McPhail Anderson’s pig market.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight.
8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“A Derwish Chorus” (Sebek).
“Invitation of the Waltz” (Weber-Berlioz).
8.17 p.m.—Miss Jean Tunnecliffe, contralto:
“The Three Fishers” (Hullah).
“Coming Home” (Hullah).
8.24 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Pious Bach” (Urbach).
8.39 p.m.—Mr. John Hobbs, bass baritone:
“Myself when young” (Liza Lehmann).
“Wander Thirst” (Landon Ronald).
8.47 p.m.—Mr. Ronald Brearley, ’cello:
“Arabian Song” (Vogrich).
8.50 p.m.—Announcements.
9.2 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
“Looking Backward” (Finck).
9.18 p.m.—Miss Jean Tunnecliffe. contralto:
“The Little Silver Ring” (Chaminade).
“Jock O'Hayeldene” (Loder).
9.26 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
9.34 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra :
9.50 p.m.—Announcements.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Ten.
10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci-
ally for our country listeners
10.3 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano:
“Should he upbraid” (Bishop).
“Drink to me only” (Traditional).
10.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Indian Summer” (Lake*.
10.21 p.m.—-Mr. John Hobhs, bass baritone:
“The Border Balad” (Cowen).
“Tributes” (Fisher).
10.28 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Indian Summer” (Lake).
10.34 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano:
“Impatience” CSchrbeU).
“Caller Herrin” (Old Scotch).
10.42 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra:
“Am Meer” (Schubert).
10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results.
10.62 p.m.—“Age” news bulletin, exclusive to
3AR.
10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast.
10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quote
is taken from the poem, “Spell Oh!” by
W. E. Carew.
11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven.
God Save the King.
What I See
&amp; Hear
Looking Backward
When I sit by the sad sea waves
and let the sands of time blow over
me, do I remember with regret the
dear school days? I do not! They
leave the same happy memory as an
attack of ptomaine poisoning from
eating bad sardines.
All my life I have been haunted by
the clammy atrocities printed in the
old-time school books. Thjey have
clung to me as th&amp; tendrils of jelly
fish. There were four in particular.
The first was about an old arm
chair and it had a tipsy refrain:
“I love it, I love it, and who shall
dare,
“To chide me for loving that old arm
chair!”
If anyone in my class had caught
the writer the latter would have
yelled for a hospital stretcher instead
of an arm chair.
Number 2 described the expiring
gasps of some girl who was to be
Queen of the May before she pegged
out. “Call me early, mother dear,”
was her chief stock in trade. Why
she didn’t buy an alarm clock, no-
body could ever understand.
More entertaining was the loss of
the Royal George which sank with
“twice four hundred men.” I suppose
eight hundred men would not rhyme.
She was “overset” by a land breeze—
must have been a top-heavy tub!
Last and worst was a dirge, “Thy
father is passing away!”
The symptoms of the expiry would
have stocked a small medical book.
For two years I mourned for my poor
Dad, until one day I broke a window
with my shanghai. The following
ten minutes with him left me very
sore in body, but greatly relieved re-
garding his early grave.
What an infinite blessing it was
that we did not have radio in those
days. Fancy the glorious Burgess
Batteries being employed to turn out
such unadulterated dribble as the
stuff in those old books. Instead of
an affectionate regard for New
System Telephones Pty., Ltd., I
should hate to think of 280 Castle-
reagh-street, Sydney, as the sob
centre of “The Old Arm Chair,” or
“Thy Father is Pegging Out.”


4QG, BRISBANE
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
MORNING SESSION.
10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m,
MIDDAY SESSION.
4 p.m.—Market reports ; weather information
supplied by the Commonwealth Weather
Bureau ; news services supplied by “The
Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.”
1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour address.
1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal.
t p.m.—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times.
8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the
Studio.
4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph” news.
4.30 p.m.—Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
8 p.m.-—Mail train running times; “Daily
Standard” news; weather information an-
nouncements.
6.15 p.jn.—Dinner music.
6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “The Sandman.”
7 pjn.—Special news service; market re-
ports ; stock reports.
7.30 p.m.—Weather news; “Daily Standard”
news; announcements.
7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals.
7.46 p.m.—Lecturecte: A talk on Books by
Mr. Doyle (McLeod’s).
NIGHT SESSION.
A semi popular and classical concert,
arranged by Mr. Scott MacCalfum.
• p.m.—String Quartette :
Popular numbers by the “Melody Players.”
Bass Solo.
Mr. H. Phillips.
Soprano solo, Selected.
Miss Nancy Muirhead.
Violin soTd, &quot;Plevna Fota” (Hubay).
Mr. H. Scott MacCallum.
Humorous and Dramatic Cameos by Miss
Pearlie McKenzie.
T4nor sjlo, “Where’er You Walk” (Handel).
Mr. J. Land.
String Quartette, “In a Canoe” (Zamecnik).
“Melody Players.”
Contralto sole.
Miss Ella Howie.
Baritone .solo, “The Garonne” (Acfims).
Mr. H. E. Higginbotham.
A few minutes of mirth and melody by
“Black ar.d White.”
String Quartette. “Ole South” (Zamecnik).
“Melody Players.”
• p.m.—Metropolitan weather forecast.
String Quartette. Popular numbers.
“Melody Players.”
Contralto solo.
Miss Ella Howie.
Tenor solo, “Why is Sylvia.”
Mr. Jack Land.
Pianoforte solo, &quot;Rustle of Spring” (Sind-
ing).
Mrs. Hilda Woolmer.
Mirth and Melody by “Black and White.”
Soprano solo, Selected.
Miss Nancy Muirhead.
Duet, “I Was Dreaming.”
Mr. Jack Land (tenor) and Mr. H. E.
Higginbotham (baritone).
•Cello solo. Selected.
Miss Petropolus.
Baritone solo, “Friend of Mine” (Sartder-
•on).
Mr. H. E. Higginbothany
String Quartette, “Blue Bells” (Zamecnik).
“Melody Players.”
Humorous and Dramatic Cameos by Miss
Pearlie McKenzie.
Bass solo.
Mr. H. Phillips.
String Quartette, “Star of the Orient&quot;
(Zamecnik). &gt;
“Melody Players.”
p.m.—“Daily Mail” news. Weather news.
Close down.
SCL, ADELAIDE.
THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes.
12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service and Bri-
tish Wireless news .
12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio
“Recreator.”
12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change intelligence.
12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information.
I p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the studio “Rec-
reator.”
I. p.m.—Meteorological information.
« 2 p.m. -G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
8 p.m,—G.P.O. Chimes.
3.1 p.m. Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
3.45 p.m.—Cheer-Up talk by Rev. C. H. Nield.
4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
4.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
4.57 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
change Intelligence.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
EVENING SESSION.
6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
6.1 p.m.—Children's Entertainment by the SCL
Radio Family.
6.30 p.m. Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec-
reator.”
7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
7.1 p.m.; —S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex-
chansfe.
7.8 p.m.---General market reports by A. W.
Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal-
gety and Co.,* S.A. Farmers Co-operative
Union Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso-
ciation, interstate Fruit Produce Market Co.,
Ltd.
7.15 p.m.—Popular Science Talk.
7.30 p.m.—Talk on &quot;Better Homes” by Slaters
(Furnishers) Ltd.
7.40 p.m.—Poultry talk by Mr. A. M. Whitten-
bury.
8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. ,
8.1 p.m.—Novelty Broadcast.
8.20 p.m.—Concert arranged by Rev. Keith
Steward, relayed from Black Forest Baptist
Church Hall.
9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information.
9.2 p.m.— Dalgety’s wheat report.
9.3 p.m.—Station Announcements.
9.5 p.m -Talk on “Sheep and Wool” by Mr.
C. H. Blagg.
9.15 p.m. Relay from Black Forest continued.
10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes.
10.1 p.m.— British Wireless News.
10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service.
10.13 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service.
10.18 p.m. Relayed from the Maison de Danse
Glenelg Dance Music.
10.55 p.m Friday’s programme and meteo-
rological information.
II p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down.
Friday, March 30
2FC, SYDNEY.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m. —“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m. —Studio music.
10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m. —Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A reading.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music.
11. a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables.
11.10 a.m. —Studio music.
11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and Re-
cipes by Ivliss Ruth Furst.
11.30 a.m. —-Close down.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call.
12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall.
12.5 p.m.—Studio music.
12.10 p.m.—Summary of Sydney Morning
Herald” news service.
12.15 p.m. -Rugby wireless news.
12.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Wea'her intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News ' midday news ser-
vice.
Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report.
1.20 p.m.—Studio music.
1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call.
1.30 p.m. — Eileen Moreau, soprano:
“Thinking of Y&gt;x” (Coates*.
1.34 p.m.—Studio music.
1.55 p.m.-—Eileen Moreau, sopraao:
“Down Here” (Brahe).
2 p.m.—“Big Ber..” Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements,
3.3 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio.
Leader, Ewart Chappie.
3.13 p.m.—Aldyth Hern, soprano;
“Sing, Sing, Blackbird” (Montague Phillips).
3.17 p.m.—Carmen Frey, pianoforte solo.
(Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.)
3.24 p.m.— t'nillipa Alston, soprano:
“Morning” (Spe./j).
3.27 p.m.-*-The 2FC Instrumental Trio.
Leader, Ewart Chappie.
3.37 p.m.—Joyce Gillespie, soprano:
“Lackaday” (Crampton).
3-.40 p.m.—Carmen Grey, pianoforte solo.
(Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.)
3.45 p.m.—Aldyth Hern, soprano:
“The Market” (Molly Carew).
3.49 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio,
Leader, Ewart Chappie.
4 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Popular records.
4.10 p.m.—Joyce Gillespie, soprano:
“Over the Meadow” (Carew).
4.14 p.m.—Carmen Frey, pianoforte «oli*
(Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.J
4.20 p.m.—Phillipa Alston, soprano:
• “Beyond the Dawn” (Sanderson).
4.24 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio.
Leader, Ewart Ch&amp;pple.
4.35 p.m.—Popular records.
4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call.
4.47 p.m.-—Results of the Cricket Match played
in New Zealand tc-day: Australia versus New
Zealand.
Studio music. /
5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.
EARLY EVENING SESSION.
5.40 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
NOTE: During the Children’s Session the
Juvenile Pupils of Madame Ada Baker will
give the following items
1. Duet, “I Know a Bunk” (Horn)«
Bruce and Leslie Penman.
2. Song, “Sun FlsfJkes” (Phillips).
Mary Wilson.
3. Monologue, “Peter” (Scott-Gatty)*
Roma Farrer.
4. Song, “Sonny Mine” (Herbert de Pinna).
Jessie Cope-Clegg.
5. Recitations.
Little Joan Punch.
6. Song, “Keep on Keeping On” (Long-
staffe).
Leslie Penman.
7. Recitation, “Little Froggie Face.”
Madge Emerson.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.


7 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Late sporting news told by the 2FC Racing
Commissioner.
7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool,
wheat and stock).
7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets.
7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news.
7.26 p.m.—“Evening News&quot; lato news service.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Cyril Monk will describe the Music
Teachers’ Conference to be held in Sydney
at Easter.
8 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Prom Her Majesty’s
Theatre, Pitt Street, Sydney (by permission
of J. C. Williamson, Ltd) :
The First Act of the Musical Comedy:
“The Girl Friend,” produced by Frederick
Blackman, featuring Annie Croft.
Musical numbe;rs:
Scene 1;
Overture.
Opening chorus, “Step on the Track.’*
Scene 2:
“Blue Room,” Annie Croft and Quartette.
Scene 3:
Opening Chorus, “Boys of Hagerstown.”
“The Girl Friend,” Lorna Helms and Leo
Franklyn.
“J Travel the Road,” Annie Croft.
“We must discover that Girl,” Gus Bluett,
Reginald Sharland and Frank Leighton.
Scenes:
1. A Railway Siding on the Canadian Paoific
Railway.
2. In the Dining Car.
3. Lounge of the Hotel Wendell (Evening).
9.12 p.m.—From the Studio:
•Late weather forecast.
The Sydney Instrumental Trio (Lionel Law-
son, violin; Gladston Bell, ’cello; and
Lindley Evans,, piano) :
(a) “Allegr(Arensky;.
(b) “Scherzo” (Arensky).
9.22 p.m.—“A Seat in the Park.”
9.32 p.m.—Gladstone Bell, ’cello solos.
9.39 p.m.—A. G. Ellis, baritone:
Two numbers from the Song Cycle: “In a
Brahmin Garden”:
(a) “Ganges Boat Song” (Knlght-Logan).
(b) “Krishna’s Lament” (Knight-Logan).
9.46 p.m.—Lindley Evans, pianoforte solos:
(a) “The Cathedral under the Sea” (De-
bussy).
(b) &quot;Sequidillas” (Albeniz).
9.55 p.m.—Glady Evans, soprano:
(a) Aria from “La Cena delle Beffe” (Gior-
dano).
(b) “Autumn” (Landon Ronald).
10.3 p.m.—Lionel Lawson, violinist.
10.12 p.m.—A. G. Ellis, baritone:
(a) “The Elfin King” (Clutsam).
(b) “To the Western Wind” (Clutsam).
10.20 p.m.—The Sydney Instrumental Trio:
(a) “Lento” (Arensky).
(b) “Finale” (Arensky).
10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.31 p.m.—Gladys soprano:
(a) “A Song Remembered” (Coates).
(b) “Sing, J &gt;yous Bird” (Phillips).
10.38 p.m.—2FO Dance Band, conducted by
Cec. Morrison.
10.57 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and late
news.
11 p.m. —“Big Ben.”
The 2FC Dance Band (Cec. Morrison, con-
ductor).
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
3LO, MELBOURNE.
• FRIDAY, 30th MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER-
CISES (to music).
7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies.
7.33 a.m. —Weather forecast for all States.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies
8.5 a.m. —News. Sporting information. Shp-
ping. Stock Exchange information.
8.13 a.m.—Morning melodies.
8.15 a.m. —Close down.
MORNING SESSION t
11 a.m.—3LO’s CULINARY COUNSELS, or
how to create creature comforts with a
• minimum of cash. _
FURNITURE POLISH.
linseed oil.
V&gt; pint turpentine.
J /4 pint methylated spirit.
*4 pint vinegar.
Put all ingredients into a bottle, keep
well corked, and shake before using.
11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN
Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers.
“There are few joys in the world equal
to the joy of a garden, and a garden sets
off a home as an appropriate frame does
a picture.’’
—Gene Stratton Porter.
THIS MONTH BE SURE TO PLANT:
Pansies, Petunias, Iceland poppies, polyan-
thus, primrose, and pyrethrum.
11.10 a.m.—VEGETARIAN COOKING,
MATRON BARTLETT will give hints on
the cooking of vegetable dishes.
11.20 a.m.- Musical interlude.
11.25 a.m. —“AU FAIT:”
“Feminine Fancies.”
11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude.
11.45 a.m.—Under the auspices of the Health
Association. DR. FEATONBY will speak on
“Serums and Toxins,” Part 2.
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by the Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day.
British Official wireless news from Rugby.
Reuter’s and the Australian Press Associa-
tion cables. “Argus” news service.
12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUAR-
TETTE :
“Scenes from the Prophets” (Bath).
12.30 p.m.—J. D. FRASER, baritone:
“My Mary Sweet and Brown” (Kilner).
“Molly” (Herbert).
12.37 p.m. Exchange information.
12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, violin:
“Cradle Song” (Ter Aulin).
Waltz.
12.50 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“The Carnival of Venice” (Benedict).
“The Spinning Wheel” (gcottisn;.
12.67 p.m.—HILDA BRENNICKE, ’cello:
“Sous le douceur despins” (Jongeus).
1.4 p.m.—Meteorological information. Weather
forecast for Victoria, Tasmania, South Aus-
tralia and New South Wales. Ocean fore-
cast. River reports.
FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC.
1.11 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE will to-day
continue her petite concerts with a further
selection of the works of Beethoven.
1.21 p.m.—J. D. FRASER, baritone:
‘II Balem” (Verdi).
“My Heart’s Desire” (Coningßby-Clarke).
1.28 p.m.—BERTIIAH JORGENSEN’S TRIO:
“My Wild Irish Rose” (Obrott).
“My Rosary for You” (Ball).
1.38 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, Boprano:
“Se Saran Rose” (Arditi).
“Saper Vorreste” (Verdi).
1.45 p.m,—Close down.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Results of Public School Cricket.
2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Othello Suite” (Coleridgc-Taylor).
2.30 p.m.—ELLA RIDDELL, contralto:
“The Auld Scotch Songs” (Leeson).
“The Briar Bush” (Maxfield).
2.37 p.m.—TASMA TIERNAN, ’cello:
“Nocturne” (Chopin).
2.44 p.m.—FRANCES FRASER:
&quot;Travels with the Argonauts.”
3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “Rainbow” (Gershwin).
Selected.
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8.13 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK:
Transmission from Wirth’s Park.
W,. R. President of Garden
Week Committee, will speak on
“Novel Garden Features.”
8.25 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO.
MARION LIGHTFOOT, banjo:
“Volga Boatmen.”
“Kilties.”
“Oddity.”
8.32 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Prelude in G Minor” (Rachmaninoff).
“Dance of the Serpents” (Boccalare).
3.42 p.m.—ELLA RIDDELL, contralto:
“Rothsay Bay” (Old Scotch).
“Cornin’ Thro’ the Rye” (Burns).
8.49 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
TRIO fot violin, cello and piano.
“Nina Pergolse.”
“Minuet.”
8.53 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“Blossoms.”
Selected.
8.59 p.m.—Results of Public School CHcket.
4 p.m.—HAROLD MOSCHETTI, tenor sax:
Selected.
4.5 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selection, “The Quaker Girl.”
Waltz, “Spanish Moon.”
Selected.
4.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY. soprano
“The Rose Enslaves the Nightingale”
(Rimsky-Korsakov).
Request item.
4.34 p.m.—MARION LIGHTFOOT. banjo:
“Drum Major.”
“Patrol Eccentrique.”
4.41 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Selected.
4 45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade-
laide. Report from Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—Joseph Bailie, flute:
Selected.
4.50 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Oxford Symphony in G Major” (Hayden).
6 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex-
change information.
8.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
8 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.”
6.20 p.m.—CAPT. DONALD MacLEAN:
“The Spanish Conquests—How the Dons dis-
covered the Treasures of the World.”
6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.40 p.m.—“BILLY BUNNY:”
“Stories of the Australian Bush.* *
THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden gay with a kaleidoscope
of GODETIAS.
CURRENT CHRONICLES.
Results of Public School Cricket.
7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock
sales by the Asociated Stock and Station
Agents. .Bourke Street, Melbourne.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis . Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor-
rett Ltd. Rabbit prices.
7.19 p.m.—River reports.
7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce,
Potatoes and Onions. Market reports of
fruit Iby the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa-
tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of
fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’
Association. Citrus fruits.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.86 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, A. J.
GILL, Senior Herd Tester, State Depart-
ment of Agriculture, will speak on
“Factors Affecting Milk Tests.”
7.45 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
March, “Never Despair.”
Quartette, “Old Robin Gray.”
7.52 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano:
“A Thrush’s Love Song.’ ’
“Music When Soft Voices Die” (Bishop).
8 p.m.—H. K. LOVE:
&quot;Technicalities.”
Mr. Love will be glad to attend to youi
wireless difficulties, and we ask you to
write to him for any advice you may
require.
8.10 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
“liOving Smile of Sister Kind” —Faust.
8.17 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Sapphic Ode” (Brahms).
“Like to the Damask Rose” (Elgar).
8.24 p.m.—ERIC AKINS will speak on
“To-morrow’s Events at the Motordrome.”
8.34 p.m.—TRANSMISSION FROM BALLAR-
AT.
COMMUNITY SINGING SOCIETY.
President, Cr. W. Elsworth.
Conductor, Mr. Bert Humphries.
Pianist, Mrs. Simons.
Secretary, Mr. Frank Braden.
Opening Chorus by the Ballarat Community
Singers
Short Address by the Chairman, Mayor Cr.
A. MacKenzie.
CHORUS. “Mother Machree ”
“My Bonnie is Over the Ocean.”
“Bye. Bye. Blackbird.”
MISS A. HIGGINS, soprano:
“Rosebuds” (Ardite).
CHORUS. “Ballarat.”
“Sailing.”
“Nancv Lee.”* t
MR. J. HAYMES, violin*
Selected.
CHORUS. “Killarney.”
“Soldier’s Farewell.”
“Cornin’ Thro’ the Rye.”
MRS. RITCHIE, contralto:
“Three Fishers” (Hull-h).
CHORUS. “Massa’s in the Cold, Cold
Ground.”
“My Old Kentucky Home.”
“Polly Wollv Doodle.”
STAN ANDREWS. Mouth Organ Solo:
“Annie Laurie.”
CHORUS. “Oh, For a Thousand Tongues
to Sing.”
“Love’s Old Sweet Song.”
“ T and of Hope and Glory.”
RAY PITTS tenor:
“Serenade” (Schubert).
CHORUS. “Till we Meet Again.”
“Down Hawaii Way.”
“Some Folks Do.”
“Love is Just a Little Bit of Heaven.”
“Tipperary.”
FROM THE STUDIO.
10 p.m.—“CARDIGAN” (Mr. H. A. Wolfe)
will speak on to-morrow’s races.
10 9 p.m.—Results of Triangular State School
Cricket Match between Victoria. New South
Wales and Queensland, played in Sydney.
10.10 p m —COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS*
BAND:
Overture, “The Golden Sceptre.”
10.17 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“In a Monastery Garden” (Ketelby).
“Just a Cottage Small.”
10.24 p m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
“La Paloma.”
10.31 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone:
“Go, Lovely Rose” (Ouilter).
“My Lady's Bower” (Temple).
10.38 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteorolo-
gical information. Road notes. British
' official wireless news ftom Rugby. Island
shipping news.
The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s
SAFETY MESSAGE for to-day is for
MOTORISTS: —
“Do not unnecessarily or suddenly squawk
your horn. Pedestrians may (be easily
frightened and temporarily ‘Paralysed.’ ”
10.50 p.m.—COLLINGWOD CITIZENS’
BAND:
Selection. “Dixie Land.”
11 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden gay with a Kaleidoscope
of Calliopsis, Campanula, Candytuft, Canter-
bury Bells, Chrysanthemum, Cornflowers,
and Clarkia.
OUR GREAT THOUGHT—
“And he gave it for his opinion that
whoever could make two ears of corn, or
two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot
of ground where only one grew before, would
deserve better of mankind, and do more
essential service to his country, than the
whole race of politicians put together.”
Swift. J
11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
5 aturday, March 31
2FC, SYDNEY. '
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
MORNING SESSION.
10 a.m.—'“Big Ben” and announcements.
10.5 a.m.—Studio music.
10.15 a.m.—’’Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
10.30 a.m.—Studio music.
10.35 a.m.—A talk by the 2FC Racing Com-
missioner.
10.45 a.m.—Studio music.
11 a.m.—“Big Ben.”
A.P. A. and Reuter’s Cable Services.
11.5 a.m.—A talk on Gardening by “Redgum”
J. G. Lockley.
11.30 a.m.—Close down,
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements.
12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange.
3 2.3 p.m.—Studio music.
12.20 p.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news
service.
12.25 p.m.—Rugby wireless news.
12.30 p.m.—Studio music.
Ip m. —“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence.
1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser-
vice.
NOTE: During the afternoon race results
from Warwick Farm will be described by
the 2FC’s Racing Commissioner.
Between 3.30 p.m. -and 4.30 p.m. the follow-
ing musical items will be given from the
platform of the Sydney Town Hall, on the
occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibition:
8.30 p.m.—2FC Dance Trio, conducted by
Cyril Coy:
(a) “Lucky Day” (Henderson).
(b) “Charmaine” (Pollack).
8.40 p.m.—Heather Harding, soprano:
“One Fine Day” (Puccini).
3.44 p.m.—Douglas McKinnon, concertina:
(a) “Le Chevalier Breton” (Herman).
(b) March, “Dominion of Canada” (May
#iU).
C. 52 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio:
(a) “Just say good-night” (Nelson).
(b) “Take your finger out of your mouth.”
4 p.m.—Lionel Lunt, English baritone, late
of the “Carl Rosa” Opera Company of
England:
(a) “Prologue” (Leoncavallo).
(b) “Tommy Lad” (Margetson).
4.8 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall:
Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio:
(a) “As long as I have you” (Lewis Simon).
(b) “Red lips kiss my blues away.”
4.16 p.m.—Lionel Lunt, English baritone:
“Harlequin” (Sanderson).
4.21 p.m.—Heather Harding, soprano:
“Waltz Song,” from “Tom Jones” (Gei&gt;
man).
4.25 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio:
“Me and My Shadow.”
Accompanist, Enid Conley.
4.30 p.m.—Further race results and studio
music.
4.45 p.m.—Complete sporting resume, includ-
ing the result of the Cricket Match, played
in New Zealand to-day:
Australia versus New Zealand.
6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down.


EARLY EVENING SESSION.
6.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC.
6.45 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil-
dren.
6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk.
6.30 p.m.—Dinner music.
7 p.m. “Big Ben.” Late sporting news.
7.15 p.m.—Weather intelligence.
7.18 p.m. “Evening News” late news service.
7.28 p.m.—Studio music.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements.
7.45 p.m.—Studio music.
7.55 p.m.—A talk by Dr. T. J. Henry:
“A Trip to Tia, Juana, Mexico.”
8.10 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney
Town Hall, the concluding programme by
2FC artists on the final night of the
Radio Electrical Exhibition.
A Russian Orchestra in native costumes. A
combination of 14 players playing the Rus-
sian national instrument, “The Ballalaika”:
(a) “Longing for Homeland,” March
(Dobrokotoff).
(b) “All is quiet in the fields” (Aureef)
(c) “Outoushva” (Aureef).
8.20 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano:
(a) “The bird that came in Spring” (Bene-
dict).
(b) “Lovely Spring” (Cowen).
8.28 p.m.—Harrison White’s Banjo Band:
(a) “Romping Rosie” (Rossiter).
(b) ‘‘Selection of Scotch Airs” (arr. White).
(c) “Look in the Mirror” (Stept).
8.38 p.m.—Alex. Whitson, baritone:
(a) “Beware of the Maidens” (Day).
(b) “A Song of the Ren” (Charles)!
8.45 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalakia” Orches.
tra:
(a) “On the River Volga” (Ivanoff).
(b) “So went our little .Lassies” (Andreeff).
6.55 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano, and Alex.
Whitson, baritone:
Duet, “The Magic of Your Voice.”
0.4 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalaika”' Orches-
tra :
(a) “Folksong” (Andreeff).
(b) “Polianka” (Privaloff).
At the piano: Horace Keats.
0.10 p.m.—From the Studio:
Late weather forecast.
9.11 p.m.—r'irst appearance with this station
of the distinguished pianist, Henri Penn:
(a) “Scherzo No. 2 (Chopin).
(b) “Liebestraume” (Liszt).
9.28 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano:
“Passion-Flower” (Coates).
9.32 p.m.—The Russian Ballalaika Orchestra:
(a) “Dreamy Garden,” Waltz (Andreeff).
(b) “Katenka” (Andreeff).
(c) Folksong (variations) (Privaloff).
9.42 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor:
“Friend.”
9.45 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalaika* Orches-
tra :
(a) “In Moscow” (Fantasy) (Ivanoff).
(b) “Moldavian Song” (arr. Snurnoff).
9.55 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano:
“The String of Pearls” (Phillips).
10 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
Henri Penn, pianoforte solos:
(a) “Chanson” (Friml).
(b) “Ballade No. 1” (Chopin).
(c) “Toccata” (Debussy).
10.12 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor:
“A Rose and You” (Stoneham).
10.16 p.m.—Harrison White’s Banjo Band:
(a) “A Night in June” (Friend).
(b) “Yesterday,” Waltz (Brown).
(c) “Moonlit Waters.”
10.26 p.m.—Late weather forecast.
10.27 p.m.—From the Ambassadors :
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con-
ducted by A 1 Hammet.
10.37 p.m.—Studio items.
10.40 p.m.—The Ambassadors Dance Orches-
tra.
10.57 p.m.—From the Studio:
To-morrow’s programme and late news.
11 p.m.—“Big Ben.”
The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra.
11.45 p.m.—National Anthem.
Close down.
3LO, MELBOURNE
SATURDAY, 31st MARCH, 1928.
EARLY MORNING SESSION.
7.15 a.m. —Tonic Tones.
7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER
CISES (to the tonic tones).
7.33 a.m. —Weather forecasts for all States.
Mails.
7.40 a.m.—News.
8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory tjme signal.
8.1 a.m.—Tonic Tones.
8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information.
Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations.
6.13 a.m.—Tonic Tones.
8.15 a.m.—Close down.
MORNING SESSION.
11 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Heart of Her” (Cadman).
“At Dawning” (Cadman).
“Indiau Summer Suite” (Lake).
ILIS a.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone:
“The King’s Minstrel” (Pinsuti).
“The Little Irish Girl” (Lohr).
11-22 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“A Lover in Damascus” (Finden).
11.34 a.m.—MOLLY MAC.KAY, soprano:
“Mu3etta’s Song.”
“Wind Sonfi” (James Rogers).
11.41 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA;
“Kamennoi Ostrow” (Rubinstein).
MIDDAY SESSION.
12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory time signal.
12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus-
tralian Mines and Metals Association from
the London Stock Exchange this day.
British Official Wireless news from Rugby.
Reuter’s and The Australian Press Associa-
tion cables. “Argus” news service.
“HENCE LOATHED MELANCHOLY.-
12.20 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Three Arabian Dances” (Ring).
12.28 p.m.—WILL PAGE, Xylophone:
“Sparks.”
12.32 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, sopranoj
“Depuis le jour” (Chaxpentier).
“Request number.&quot;
12.39 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. '
12.40 p.m.—ROGER SMITH. Trombone solo-
“Berceuse de Jocelyn” &quot;(Godard).
With orchestral accompaniment.
12.47 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA :
“In a Clock Store.”
“Selected.”
* £- m - —Melbourne Observatory time signal.
THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep your garden gay with a kaleidoscope
of Ageratum, Alyssum, Chrysanthemum,
Antirrhinum and Delphinium.
GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“When the Dream is There” (D’Hardelot).
I Love You Truly.”
1.7 p.m.—Meteorological information.
Weather report of Victoria, Tasmania, New
South Wales and South Australia. Ocean
reports. River reports.
1.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA-
Songs from ’Eliland’ ” (F. von Fieltz).
L 24 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone:
Your eyes have told me so” (Hardy).
“I Wonder if ever the Rose” (Slater).
1.31 p.m.— STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Romanza Sanza Parole” (Sora).
“The Mill Stream” (G. Smith).
1 '^ T ,f!-“— GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
111 Smg to You” (Thompson).
A Bowl of Roses” (Coningsby Clarke).
1.45 p.m.—Close down.
2 P-m-—Description of Trial Hurdle, Two
c EP SOM RACES, by “Musket,- of
The Sportmg Globe.” Results of Public
School Cricket.
2.5 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
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AFTERNOON SESSION.
2.15 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
“Selections from Grand Opera.”
2.30 p.m.—Description of Two-Year-0 Id
Handicap, 4 furlongs, 200 yards, EPSOM
RACES, *by “Musket,” of “The Sporting
Globe.”
2.35 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
2.50 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
“Selections from Comic Opera.”
3 p.m.—Description of Brush SUeepLe, two
miles, EPSOM RACE’S, by &quot;Musket,” of
“The Sporting Globe.”
3.5 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
“Selections from English l Opera.”
3.15 p.m.—Descriptio nof PENNANT CRIC-
KET—Semi-finals.
3.30 p.m.—Description of Epsom Handicap,
I*4 miles, EPSOM RACES, by “Musket,”
of “The Sporting Globe.”
3.35 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Fox-trots.”
3.50 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
4 p.m.—Description of Epsom Pilate, six
furlongs, EPSOM RACES, by “Musket,” ot
“The Sporting Globe.” Results of Public
School Cricket.
4.5 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Waltzes.”
4.15 p.m.—Description of PENNANT
CRICKET—Semi-finals.
4.30 p.m.—Description of Epsom Purse, one
mile, EPSOM RACES; by “MoskeV' of
“The Sporting Globe.”
4.35 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Marches.”
4.45 p.m.—Weather reports of Adelaide.
Weather reports from Mildura district.
4.46 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS:
Selection, “Fox-trot.”
4.55 p.m.—“Herald” news service.
Stock Exchange information.
5.15 p.m.—Close down.
EVENING SESSION.
5.50 p.m.—Stumps Cricket Sporting
results.
6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday
Greetings by “LITTLE MISS KOOKA-
BURRA” :
6.20 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.25 p.m.—“LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA”:
“Baby Ducks Adventure.”
6.34 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN.
Keep yours gay with kaleidoscope of Mig-
nonette, Mimulus and Myosotis.
6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude.
6.40 p.m.—’'&quot;LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA”:
Another Episode from “Penrod.”
CURRENT CHRONICLES.
7 p.m.—Stumps scores. Sporting results.
Results of Public School Cricket.
7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather
synopsis. Shipping movements.
7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information.
7.17 p.m.—River reports.
7.20 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian
Producers’ Co-dperative Co., Ltd. Poultry,
grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce,
potatoes, and onions. 'Market reports of
fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa-
tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices
of fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants
Association. Citrus fruit.
NIGHT SESSION.
7.30 p.m.—FREDERICK CHAPMAN, A.L.S.,
F.G.S., National Palaeontologist, of the
National Museum, will speak on:
“Ferns and Fernlands of the Past.”
7-45 p.m.—Dr. J. A. LEACH will speak on
“Black Cockatoos.”
8 e'^xrTT 8 ™ 010 presentation op the
SONG CYCLE, “IN A PERSIAN GAR-
DEN,’ by Liza Lehman.
Cast;
Soprano ELLA KINGSTON
Contralto GERTRUDE HUTTON
. Te nor VAL. -yOFP
Bass ERNEST SAGE
Musical items:
Quartet. ‘ Wake, for the sun who scatter'd
into flight.”
Tenor: &quot;Before the phantom of false morn-
ing died.”
Bass: “Now the New Year reviving old
desires.”
Tenor: Tram indeed is gone with all his
rose.”
Quartette: “Come, fill the cup, and in the
fire of Spring.”
Bass: “Whether all Naishapur or Babylon.”
Contralto: “Ah, not a drop that from our
cups we throw.”
Soprano and Tenor: “A book of verses
underneath the bough.”
Bass: “Myself when young did eagerly
frequent.”
Contralto: “When you and I behind the
veil are past.”
Soprano: “But if the souKcan fling the dust
aside.”
Tenor: Alas, that Spring should vanish with
the rose.”
Contralto: “The world's hope men set their
hearts upon.”
Soprano: “Each morn a thousand roses
brings you say.”
Quartette: “They say the lion and the lizard
keep.”
Tenor: “Ah, fill the cup, what boots it to
repent.”
Bass: “As then the tulips for her morning
6up.”
Quartette: “Alas ! that Spring should vanish
with the rose.”
9 p.m.—Description of events at the Motor-
drome by “Olypmus.”
9.10 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
Suite, “Cobweb Castle” (Lehman).
“Largo” from “New World Symphony&quot;
(Dvorak). x
9.30 p.m.—Description of to-night’s Stadium
event by PERCY TAYLOR. At the conclu-
sion of the match, Mr. TAYLOR will give a
resume.
10 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA:
“Humpty Dumpty Funeral March”
(Brandeis).
10.5 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“Could I but find a Garden” (Nellie Simp-
son). •
“Bianca” (Tito Mattei).
10.12 p.m.—BRASS QUARTETTE*
“Perfect Day” (Carrie Bond).
“Love’s Old Sweet Song” (Taylor).
10.19 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto;
“Good Morning Brother Sunshine”
(Lehman).
“I’ll Sing to You” (Thompson).
10.26 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA.
Reverie, “Ecstasy” (Ganne).
10.33 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone:
“Maxwellton Braes are Bonnie” (Lady John
Scott).
“The De’ils awa wi’ tsh’ Exciseman”
(Lady John Scott).
10.40 p.m.—Late Sporting News.
10.50 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto:
“Little Miss Melody” (Monckton).
“Punchinello” (Molk&gt;y).
10.57 p.m.—THE GLORY .OF THE GARDEN.
Keep yours gay with a kaleidoscope of
GaillardTa, Geum, Godetia and Gypsophylla.
10.58 p.m.—THOE. VAGABONDS:
11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING.
WHY POWER AUDIO IS BEING
EMPHASIZED.
Manufacturers of the more expen-
sive radio receivers are placing so
much emphasis upon power that the
uninitiated are at a loss for a reason,
they can remember when the three
va £ e regenerative receiver provided
sufficient volume to operate a loud
speaker more or less satisfactorily,
making the use of six or seven valves
probably seem unnecessary.
, .A Parallel is found in the automo-
bile industry. Salesmen to-day place
emphasis upon speed. One naturally
wonders why, when forty miles an
hour is probably the maximum that
the average driver can make with the
congested roads of to-day.
The answer is that it is more com-
fortable to ride at thirty-five or forty
miles an hour in a car capable of doing
sixty or seventy.
The same reasoning holds true with
a radio receiver. It is more comfort-
able, measuring comfort in pleasing
tone quality, to listen to a radio re-
ceiver operated at half or three-quar-
ters its total capacity than it is to
listen to a smaller receiver which has
to be operated at its greatest ampli-
fication point to produce the same
volume.
This means longer valve life, better
tone quality, and an abundance of re-
serve powfcr that could not be obtained
otherwise.

===Manufacturers Products Ad===

Manufacturers
Products Pty. Ltd.
IMPORTED SETS
Agents for all Styles of Radio
Products, including Clyde Batteries
ARMAX BATTERIES
Elec. Meter Mfg. Co. “Emmco”
Renrade Condensers, Leaks.
ASTOR SETS
G &amp; R SETS
Airzone Coils and Loops.
BALDWIN SPEAKERS
Neutron Crystals
Prompt shipments from Sydney
Surplus Stocks sold Interstate.
H. J. HAPGOOD
Challis House, Martin Place
SYDNEY
Tel.: BW 1328

==P.64 - Reader's Queries==

All Readers' Queries Answered Here
DYNE (ALBURY). —A.: I have received
your letter and regret that owing to a mis-
take your query was not previously answered.
Whilst the UX2OIA is an excellent general
purpose valve, yet trouble is often experienced
with neutralisation when using in a radio
frequency stage. I suggest that you try
another valve of the same type you are now
using in the second stage. This should over-
come the difficulty. Your Solodyne receiver is
apparently functioning well if you are receiv-
ing the 4 principal New Zealand stations
with ease. The broadness of tuning is un-
doubtedly due to non-neutralisation of the
first R.F. stage. The first thing to do is to
make sure of neutralisation, otherwise the
R.F. stages will become detrimental pas-
sengers in the set.
J.G.D. (EUMUNGERIE). —The reason you
suddenly tuned in 2BL when using your
short-wave adaptor recently, is because that
station is now experimenting with short-wave
transmission, using a wavelength of 32.55
metres. This is being done for the purpose
of overseas transmission.
C.S. (SYDNEY). —The B eliminator you
have constructed should be quite suitable for
use with the Extraordinary one valve set.
The Te Ka De Pentatron Reinartz receiver
recently described uses one Pentatron valve,
which in effect takes the place of two valves
by combining the detector and audio stages
in one. It is quite a simple matter to add an
extra stage of audio amplification in the
usual way. The receiver would then be actu-
ally comprised of three valves in effect.
J.E. ( MASCOT). —The circuit diagram you
have outlined will be quite suitable for the
charging of A and B batteries. A valve
which will be particularly suitable for use as
a rectifier is the Osram RSV. These valves
are very robust and are obtainable from the
British General Electric Co., Clarence Street.
Only a small charging rate will be obtainable,
and in effect the charger 'will be of the
Trickle type for A batteries. The rate may
be varied to a certain degree by controlling
the filament of the rectifier.
SUBSCRIBER (BETHUNGRA).—The air-
line distance of Manilla from Sydney is ap-
proximately 4,000 miles. You should receive
the Indian and Japanese stations at about the
same time you are receiving KZRM.
C.A.S. (MAITLAND). —Thank you for your
appreciation of the Armstrong Circuit. The
short wave telegraphy stations you hear In
the vicinity of 32 metres are mostly Australian
and New Zealand amateurs. Your interest
in short wave reception will be greatly en-
hanced if you teach yourself the Morse code.
International broadcasting stations are at pre-
sent rather spasmodic, and only a few have
any regular hours of transmission. You will
find SSW, England, on 24 metres, from about
11 p.m. and again in the morning about
7 a.m., Sydney time. —2XAD, U.S.A., is also
to be found on 22 metres from about 5 a.m.
to 8 a.m.
E.P. (WALLSEND). —The result of having
your loud speaker leads connected the wrong
way around, without any intermediate filter
circuit or other protection, would be the
gradual demagnetisation of the unit wind-
ings. If a filter circuit is included, then it
is immaterial which way the speaker is con-
nected. The positive terminal of the speaker
is usually connected to the B positive side of
the B battery. It is fairly easy to tell the
correct way of connection by a simple ear
test. If the speaker is connected the wrong
way a slight amount of distortion will be pre-
sent.
R.F.A. (BALLIMORE). —A.: I am at a loss
to understand your explanation that when
you use a short-wave adaptor, with your
super Neutrodyne, you cannot cut out the
Sydney stations. No interference should be
possible in any way from the broadcast band,
when using an adaptor on the short wave
bands. It is possible, however, that you are
receiving harmonics of the Sydney A class
stations, but these should not be powerful to
any extent.
AMATEUR (ARMIDALE).—The two Geco-
phone audio transformers of 2 to 1 ratio
would be suitable for use with your solodyne
receiver, but would result in a slight loss of
amplification. It would be better to use a
5 to 1 ratio transformer for the first stage
and the 2 to 1 for the second stage. A grid
leak valve of 3 megohms should be quite suit-
able. Although a valve of 2 megohms is pro-
bably specified, it is always advisable to test
more than one leak of the same value to suit
your detector valve, as many leaks as sold
are, unfortunately, not of the value specified
unless they are of reputable manufacture.
Loud speaker results on various inter-State
stations should be possible at times with the
Solodyne during the day time in Armidale.
J.K. (HURSTVILLE). —A simple method of
valve rejuvenation is to leave the filament
circuits of your receiver switched on and to
reverse the B battery connections to the set.
Allow the filaments to run for an hour or so
under these conditions.
N.J.K. (BANKSTOWN).—WhiIst a short
wave adaptor is quite efficient in operation
I recommend that wherever /possible, an en-
tirely separate short wave receiver should be
used for best results. In order to reduce the
wave length range of your three valve Rein-
artz receiver, it will be necessary to either
reduce the capacity or inductance in the de-
tector valve circuit. Try reducing the num-
ber of turns on the grid portion of your
Reinartz coil, but if this is a commercial
production, it will probably be simpler to
reduce the capacity of the tuning condenser
by removing one or two plates.
G.F. (LITHGOW). —It would be quite pos-
sible to construct an efficient Browning Drake
coil kit by making the coils of the Lorenz
or basket weave type. The secondary of the
R.F. transformer would require approxi-
mately 60 turns 3 inches in diameter with a
variable capacity of .0005. The prim
should consist of, say, 20 turns, and the-
Tickler 30. The R.F. coil would need 50
turns.
R.O.S. (GUNDAGAI). —The reason you
heard 2BL on your short wave is because
that station is now testing on 32.55 metres.
I strongly advise you to stick to the speeifica-
tions given with the “Go-Getter” short wave
receiver for best results. This receiver is
capable of very good performance if properly
constructed.
W.G. (SYDNEY).—The best method of
stepping down your 240 volt supply to 120
volts is by means of a step-down transformer.
Alternatively a suitable variable resistance
would have the same effect.
«
===THE USE OF WIRED WIRELESS===
as a means of distributing pro-
grammes over the telephone or electric
light wires, instead of through the
ether, appears to be increasing both
in America and on the Continent. It
offers the most practicable scheme
for ensuring a choice of alternative
programmes in large towns where
selectivity upon a wireless receiver
is rendered difficult by the presence
of the local B.C. transmitter. Several
programmes are fed simultaneously
into the same conducting wires on a
common carrier wave, and are separa-
ted out at the receiving end, simply
by plugging in the appropriate filter
circuit. The currents so received are
enormously stronger than the wireless
waves picked up on the outside aerial.

===RECEIVERS===
OLD Sets adjusted or rebuilt. NEW
Receivers built to order.
I receiver built to suit your conditions
s cheapest in the end.
C. A. JENKINS, B.Sc., B.E.
Ramsgate Av., Bondi. Phone FW2747

===TRANSFORMERS===
Built up to a specification and wound,
lamination iron cut to any size from
stock. Prices and estimates on appli-
cation.
O'DONNELL, GRIFFIN &amp; CO., LTD.,
53 Druitt Street. SYDNEY.
'Phones: C 4545 and 4546.

==Inside Back Cover - Ad AWA==

NEWS!
Now available
in Australia -
p *
w\
r
%
Ss*
The
Westlnghouse “REC-TOX”
Battery Charger
Made by &quot;WESTINGHOUSE”
incorporating new Rectifying
principle.
ABSOLUTELY DRY—
No acid or bulb to replace.
REQUIRES NO ATTENTION—
No vibrating parts to get out of
order.
LIFE OF RECTIFYING ELEMENT
practically unlimited.
OBTAINABLE FROM ALL RADIO DEALERS.
£5-10-0
A™lqamated;^^Wir«less
——' ~~^ &lt; LAu7trnima uaJ
WHITE TO-DAY
Amalgamated Wireless (A/sia)
Ltd. 47 York St., Sydney.
Please send me your illustrated
folder on Rectox Trickle Chargers.
Name
Address
REC-TOX
TRICKLE
CHARGER
it
Manufactured
wisTinCHOust eceCTRu
e Mrc. co
Sili
wmmpnnnnj
0
G

==Back Cover - Amplion Ad==

aMPLJOn
CONE SPEAKER
Jacobean Oak
Type AC7— £7 : 15 :0
Other Amplion Cones
from £2:15:0
h[AVE you heard one of the new
Amplion Cones yet? If not,
then you do not realise how
delightfully natural radio reproduction
can be. There is no artificial accerv
tuation of the bass notes— no undue
stress on the treble —it is just real.
AMNION Cone Speakers are not merely
put on the market to meet a sudden demand.
They have to sustain a reputation built up
in 40 years of manufacturing sound-repro-
ducing devices.
I 111:\ embody all the most recent improve-
ments in Cone design, and are free from
the defects so common to many Cone
speakers. They utilise the finest type of
electromagnetic unit, and a Cone made of
seamless fabric, which is acoustically cor-
rect and unsusceptible to atmospheric
changes.
have been designed to be as pleas-
ing in appearance as in performance, and
each is backed by the famous Amplion
guarantee of satisfaction and service.
u ,,
The Natural T0116 Speaker
w
.&quot;dI'f. nf Amp/inn, (Ans/rainsin), Limiter]. Sydmw and Mrlbourne.

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{{TOC right|limit=3}}

==Link to Issue PDF==

{{red| This is currently unsourced -

[https://worldradiohistory.com/index.htm| WorldRadioHistory.com's] scan of Australasian Radio World - Vol. 01 No. 10 - October 1933 has been utilised to create the partial content for this page and can be downloaded at this link to further extend the content and enable further text correction of this issue: [https://www.worldradiohistory.com/AUSTRALIA/Amateur-Radio/30s/Amateur-Radio-AU-1933.pdf| AR 1933 10]

In general, only content which is required for other articles in this Wikibook has been entered here and text corrected. The material has been extensively used, inter alia, for compilation of [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies| biographical articles]], [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Clubs| radio club articles]] and [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations| station articles]].

==Front Cover==

'''Amateur Radio'''

Published in the interests of &quot;Amateur Radio&quot; by the Wireless Institute of Australia (Vic. Div.) official organ of the Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve.

(Logo - Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve)   (Logo - Wireless Institute of Australia)

Price 6d

October, 1933

==Inside Front Cover - Radiotrons Ad==

New SUPER-PHONIC 
Radiotrons 
TYPES 57—77 
Triple Grid—Detector—Amplifier 


TYPES 58—78 
Triple Grid Super Control Amplifier. 


TYPES 2A7—6A7 
Pentagrid Converter 


TYPES 2B7—6B7 
Duplex Diode Pentode 

TYPES 2F7—6F7 
Triode—Pentode 

TYPE T—V 
Half Wave Rectifier Vacuum Type (Heater Cathode 6.3 volts) 
Ask for the Radiotron Characteristic Data Chart 
A COMPLETE RANGE 

TO MEET EVERY PURPOSE TO SUIT EVERY PURSE EQUIP YOUR RECEIVER WITH THE AMAZING NEW SUPER-PHONIC RADIOTRONS 

RADIOTRONS 
ASSOCIATED GENERAL ELECTRIC SUPPLIES CO. LTD. 
93-95 CLARENCE STREET, SYDNEY. Corner QUEEN and LITTLE COLLINS STREETS, MELBOURNE, C.l. 

AMALGAMATED WIRELESS (A/SIA) LTD. 
47 YORK STREET, SYDNEY 167/9 QUEEN STREET, MELBOURNE. 
(Advertisement of Amalgamated Wireless Valve Company Ltd.)

==P.01 - Vealls Ad==

Pay Cash and Pay Less 
You can save good, hard cash when you deal with VEALLS, make it a habit—ALWAYS TRY VEALLS FIRST for 

All Your Radio &amp; Electrical 
Requirements. Visit any one of our Four Big Stores —each packed with thousands of items of interest. If you cannot call—write for big Free 74 Page Catalogue. It contains over 500 illustrations and is essential to every Radio enthusiast. 
Arthur J-Veall 

VEALLS 
Pty* Ltd. 

4 Big Cash Stores 
168-127 Swanston Street, 243-249 Swanston Street, Melbourne. Melbourne. 
299-301 CHAPEL STREET, PRAHRAN. 3-5 RIVERSDALE ROAD, CAMBERWELL. 
Cent. 2058 (5 lines); 10524 (2 lines); Wind. 1605; W-5160. 
1st October 1933

==P.02 - Noyes Bros Ad==

&quot;^XmjCutlccA. (ZoxLLCT 
&lt;Sf/ 

1st October, 1933 
Dear Radio &quot;Ham,&quot; 

Allow us to wish you every success in this, your new venture, may same be the means of bringing all interested in Amateur Radio into closer and better co-operation. 
Yours faithfully, 

&quot; FERRA NOYES &quot; 

SOLE COMPLETE AGENTS. 
STOCKS. 
1st October, 1933.' 


==P.03 - Contents Banner==

&quot;AMATEUR RADIO&quot; 
Published by the Wireless Institute of Aust. Victorian Division. Vol. 1 — No. 10. October, 1933.

==P.03 - Index==

'''Index.''' 

Editorial . . . Page 5

&quot;Read, Mark, Learn&quot; . . . Page 6

Simple Crystal Control . . . Page 7

Key Section Notes . . . Page 9

Phone Section Notes . . . Page 10

Victorian Railway Institute . . . Page 11

RAAF W.R. Notes . . . Page 12

Reserve Takes an Airing . . . Page 13

Radio Picture . . . Page 14

A.R.R.L. Test, 1933 Results . . . Page 15 

Q.S.L. Bureau . . . Page 15

Antennae Wire . . . Page 15

Short Wave Notes . . . Page 16

W.J.A. Dinner . . . Page 17

Meetings . . . Page 17

Five Point Relay . . . Page 18

Identification Discs . . . Page 18 

Country Notes . . . Page 19 

Beru Notes . . . Page 19 

Hamads . . . Page 20 

North Suburban R.C. . . . Page 20

==P.03 - Office Bearers==

WIRELESS INSTITUTE OF AUSTRALIA. 

OFFICE-BEARERS 1933. 

President: Mr. GEO. THOMPSON, (VK3TH)

Vice-Presidents: Mr. W. SONES, Mr. HOWDEN (VK3BQ), Mr. C. JOHNSON. 

Council: Mr. W. GRONOW, Mr. V. MARSHALL, Mr. R. DALTON, Mr. O. HOLST, Mr. I. HODDER. 

Secretary: Mr. G. DOUGLAS (VK3YK) 

Treasurer:  Mr. S. BENNETT. 

Auditor:  Mr. S. A. EMBLING, VK3DC  

Key Section Rep.: Mr. H. KINNEAR, VK3KN 

Short Wave Group Rep.: Mr. F. REES.

R.A.A.F. W.R. Rep.:  Mr. V. MARSHALL (VK3UK) 

QSL Bureau: Mr. R. JONES (VK3RJ) 

Traffic Manager: Mr. R. CUNNINGHAM (VK3ML)

==P.03 - Publication Notes==

All communications concerning this Magazine and all Mss. to be forwarded to the Editor, &quot;Amateur Radio,&quot; c/o Box 4540, G.P.O. Melbourne 

Subscription to &quot;Amateur Radio&quot; is 6/- per annum post free (paid in advance) but is offered at reduced rates to members of the Wireless Institute of Australia.

==P.04 - Philips Ad==

'''THIS SECTION NOT YET TEXT CORRECTED'''

PHILIPS 
TRANSMITTING VALVES 
THE PHILIPS transmitting valves indicated below are excellently adapted for use by amateurs. 
Most of these valves have an oxide-coated filament; this gives great mechanical strength and a high thermionic emission, notwithstanding the very small filament wattage. 
By reason of their special construction with anode and grid ter­minals on the bulb, Philips 5-watt, 10-watt and 75-watt triode trans­mitting valves will generate waves down to less than 5 metres. Owing to their steep slope, Philips transmitting valves can very easily be made to oscillate. These valves for amateurs will give a high output at a comparatively low anode voltage. 
Thanks to their excellent vacuum, the valves can withstand a tem­porary overload without sustaining any serious damage. 
Triodes Screen-Grid 
ValveB 

TYPE TC TC TC TB QC QB 
03/5 04/10 1/75 2/250 05/15 2/75 Filament voltage 4.0 4.0 10-0 11-0 4-0 10-0 V Filament current* 0.29 1 1-6 3-8 1 3-25 A Saturation current* 100 400 1,500 2,000 400 2,000 mA Anode voltage 150-300 200-500 800-1,500 1,000-2,000 400-500 2,000 V Screen-grid voltage — 75-125 300-500 V Max. anode dissipation 6 10 75 150 15 75 W Anode dissipation on test .. 10 20 100 200 20 100 W Max. screen-grid dissipation — 3 15 W Amplification factor* 6 25 25 25 225 200 Mutual conductance (slope)* 2.3 2.0 5 4 1-4 1-4 mA/V Int. resistance* 2,503 12,500 5,000 6,000 160,000 150,000 R Anode-grid capacity — .001 .02 mra/F 
Call or Write for our Transmitting Valve Folder. (Gratis) 
TRANSMITTING DEPT. 
PHILIPS LAMPS (AUSTRALASIA) LTD. 


354 POST OFFICE PLACE, MELBOURNE.

==P.05 - Editorial==

'''EDITORIAL.'''

'''W.I.A. (Vic.). President (Geo. Thompson Esq.) Introduces &quot;Amateur Radio.&quot;'''

With this, the first issue of &quot;Amateur Radio,&quot; a long-felt want is being satisfied. It is a far cry from our old Magazine which appeared in 1921 to the present time, and during the intervening years, many and varied attempts have been made to offer the army of radio enthusiasts in Australia something worth while, which would be of real interest, value and help. It is the intention of the magazine committee, the council, and all concerned, to see that every section of our vast radio community is catered for in these pages. With that object in view, pithy news of general interest will regularly find space in its pages. To all members of the W.I.A., especially those of the Victorian Division, the R.A.A.F.W. Reserve, and all radio enthusiasts, we confidently look for wholehearted support in this undertaking.

This magazine is the official organ of the Victorian Division, every financial member of which will receive a copy post free, and every Ham should see that they receive one. We have in Victoria approximately 300 members and three affiliated clubs, but there are quite a number of holders of the A.O.P.C. who have not yet enrolled. In view of the fact that the officials of the Institute do an enormous amount of work voluntarily (not only in the interests of our members but also of the non-members), it is not in keeping with the Ham spirit to take a share of the advantages which the other fellows' fees and energy provide. Our ranks are open to anyone who is genuinely interested in the science of Wireless, irrespective of their knowledge of the subject, and a hearty welcome is assured to all members with a definite promise of assistance and help, in any desired direction within our scope. 

The country experimenter will now be in closer touch with the city enthusiasts and will be kept informed of all Institute activities right up to the minute. 

The Institute, in a general sense, is divided into four sections (with a possible fifth to be formed later). Of these, the chief is, of course, the Executive, known as the Council, which consists of the President, Secretary, Treasurer and ten full members elected annually, whose duty it is to shape the destiny of the Division, control its funds and do all such acts and deeds which are essential for the successful functioning of the whole, within the limits of the constitution. 

The Short Wave Group, which is the latest section, is devoted to the Experimental side of short wave transmitting and receiving, and much good work is being done by this very enthusiastic body.

The &quot;Key&quot; Section, probably the largest numerically of all the sections, is a very active group whose work largely constitutes filling the atmosphere with &quot;dits and dahs,&quot; burning much midnight Yallourn energy, and in general communication with the uttermost ends of the earth, with as low power as possible. It is largely from this group that the Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve was recruited, and so successful has been the experiment, that it has now been officially accepted as an indispensable unit of our country's Defence Forces. The &quot;Key&quot; Section is largely responsible, in conjunction with other Amateurs the world over, for the successful pioneering of the many frequencies or wavelengths which were at one time considered impossible, but which are now in general use. 

The Telephone Section, which is undoubtedly the best known to the general body of listeners, is also very live, energetic and enthusiastic. Their work generally needs no amplification — the very high standard of their transmissions, excellent arrangement of programmes from a purely listener's viewpoint and the high entertainment value of their labours, are a real asset not only to the W.I.A., but to the Government and the Radio Trade generally. There are 22 Country and 24 Metropolitan Amateur Stations actively engaged in entertaining listeners during non-broadcast hours on week nights and Sundays. In many cases in the country, they provide the only programmes that can be received decently owing to atmospheric conditions, particularly during daylight. 

Mention should be made of the Technical Development Section, a small committee of highly trained technicians who control the Instrument Library of the Institute, and who are always ready and willing to offer the benefit of their greater knowledge to their less advanced fellow members. 

The possible fifth section to be known as the Super Het Club, depends largely upon the public response to the suggestion and, if formed, will be open to everyone. Interesting competitions with valuable prizes for the logging of distant stations, advice on constructing efficient receivers, short wave converters, interesting lectures, a portion of this magazine devoted entirely to their interests, participation in our social life, and a host of other interesting and entertaining features will be arranged, the cost being practically reduced to subscription to this publication. 

There is several hundred pounds worth of highly efficient gear, such as broadcast and short wave transmitters and receivers, meters of all kinds and technical publications at the disposal of our members and it is the earnest desire of the Council that the fullest possible use be made of them. 
This first editorial would not be complete without reference to the wonderful assistance and courteous consideration that we have received from the Department of the Chief Inspector of Wireless at all times. To Mr. J. Malone and his staff, Messrs. Martin, Dobbin, Conry, Greig and Dunne, do we express our cordial greetings and thanks. 

We have every confidence that, in this journal, our many transmitting and receiving radio friends will find news of interest of other people's doings and at the same time have a forum in which to place their own ideas pertaining to Amateur Radio.

==P.06 - THE EDITOR'S CQ==

'''THE EDITOR'S CQ.''' 

Our President has introduced us in no uncertain manner. Concise, without any &quot;padding,&quot; he has laid bare the workings of the W.I.A. To him we offer our sincere thanks: to our members, for their approval, we offer &quot;Amateur Radio.&quot; 

With this first issue, it is most necessary to mention our various advertising friends. These people are the very life blood of &quot;Amateur Radio,&quot; inasmuch as their dues in no small way contribute to allaying our printing costs. You can believe us when we tell you that selling advertising space is no easy matter. 

We appeal to you to support our advertisers, and when you buy any parts to make that new set, we want you to mention that you saw their ad. in &quot;Amateur Radio,&quot; thus making Goodwill for the magazine with the surety of renewal of contracts. We cannot stress this point too strongly. 

So this is &quot;Amateur Radio!&quot; If you don't like it, tell us; if you do, tell your friends.— '''THE EDITORS.'''

==P.06 - &quot;Read, Mark, Learn —&quot;==

There's a brotherhood of radio 

Right throughout our land to-day 

All experimenting, testing 

Banded by the W.I.A. 


Live in shacks and such like places

Wotting not of things around 

Caring not for mundane matters 

Long as D X may be found. 


Nought to 'them if markets vary 

While their tubes and &quot;batts&quot; are sound, 

Though the exchange rate's a problem 

When subscription date comes round. 


When they meet in solemn conclave, 

Things of moment are discussed; 

Questions of the day propounded; 

How the foreign cards are rushed! 


Since that VK3's suggestion 

That they start a magazine 

Was considered and adopted 

Great discussions there have been.


Send along your contributions, 

All can help to make it go, 

Pull your weight, and get behind it — 

Here's to &quot;Amateur Radio.&quot; 


'''(Mrs.) L. E. HUTCHINGS, (VK3HM).'''

==P.07 - Simple Crystal Control==

'''SIMPLE CRYSTAL CONTROL'''

'''By MAX HOWDEN (VK3BQ)''' 

There are two main reasons given as objections to the use of C.C. and one of these really includes two others. The first is that several stages must be used and this makes the cost too high and makes the outfit too bulky. The second is that it is supposed to be impossible to change the frequency when QRM is bad.

We will dispose of the latter argument in a few words by stating that a piece of mica, approximately the same shape as the crystal and about seven mills thick, placed with the crystal in the holder, will increase the frequency enough to clear the signals from any reasonable QRM. To go back to the first item and its two riders — some experiments were carried out at 3BQ a few weeks ago and the eighty metre transmitter that will be described now is the result. 

The advantages of the penthode as a CO. have been dealt with at some length in QST and other journals, but none of these seem to have made any mention of the higher power that can be used without any risk of damage to the crystals. 

The first tube that was tested was an E443N with 60 volts battery bias, 150 volts on the space charge grid and gradually increased plate voltage. At 400 the input power was eight watts with the aerial taking the load and a good deal of local work has been carried out with this arrangement. The actual crystal current was so small that it could hardly be measured and as any good crystal will stand up to some 100 ma. of R.F. in its actual circuit (that is, as measured by the thermo couple milliameter at M) it was thought safe to increase the voltage up to 600. With this the input increased to 24 watts with a hardly perceptable increase in the crystal current. The E443N showed no signs of strain so 1000 volts were tried. At that the crystal current was about 25 ma showing that the crystal would be safe with anything up to 16 times the power. The input with 1000 volts on the plate was 55 watts and with the aerial taking the load the valve did not heat but when a 247 was tried in its place it flashed over at the pinch at the first touch of the key. 

At 600 volts the 247 behaved in a similar manner to the 443. 

Eventually it was decided to see what effect 1400 volts would have on the valve. Nothing drastic happened although that aerial ammeter needle hit the far end and the valve thought it had been mistaken for a neon sign. The input was 90 watts and the valve still functions normally but what was most satisfactory was that the crystal current was only 42 ma. which showed that with a suitable valve or valves in parallel to handle the power, the crystal would not object to a couple of hundred watts anyway. 

It would seem that a couple of F443's or QG 5/15's in parallel would go nicely but they have not been tried as yet. 

The next step was the introducing of automatic bias which worked very well and gave the valve a fair chance with the higher voltages. Several PM24B's were tested at 1000 volts and except for slightly lower input they functioned the same as the 443 except that they did not glow noticably. 

The inductances were rather too large to tune down to the forty metre band so half of each was shorted out when the 7 m.c. harmonic crystal was tried. The efficiency seemed to be just the same as on eighty metres so with eight turns of heavy wire of small tubing in each coil shunted by a .0005 condenser both bands can easily be covered, by simply switching in the other coil and retuning with the condensers. For twenty metre work, those who have twenty metre crystals are welcome to test them to any power they like, and others who have not a crystal of this frequency are recommended to replace the crystal holder by a .002 mfd. condenser and to insert a small diameter coil of about 25 turns of fine wire at M and so turn the outfit into a TNT rig. If after testing, etc., no results have been obtained, it is then advisable to short out the automatic bias and everything should be OK. This is the reason for the 25,000 ohm. grid leak in place of the more usual grid choke across the crystal. The other R.F. chokes consist of some four inches of ¾in. tubing close wound with 32 DSC wire. One of these chokes can be used across the crystal for those who prefer to utilise some other type of set for twenty metre work.

The keying in the HT neg. lead is quite satisfactory and very clean with good active crystals but one or two have been tried that would not respond fast enough and for them it was necessary to key the space charge grid by inserting the key and filter at X. A very nice noise is created when the key is used in this position with 1000 volts on an active crystal, but it is difficult to copy on account of the strong backwave caused by the tube still oscillating feebly. At 400-600 volts this back wave is hardly noticeable and the keying excellent. For these relatively low powers all the key filter need consist of is a small inductance such as the secondary of an audio transformer and a half mike condenser across both key and choke together with a .1 mfd. condenser across the key itself. For higher powers about double values should be used with anything up to 30 henries in the choke and a 400 ohm. resister in series with the small condenser if the arcing at the key is bad. The voltage divider used to break the space charge grid voltage down to a reasonable value is not at all critical but it seems to be advisable to use a high value in this position rather than a normal resistance and higher bias on the control grid. The reason for this is that the space charge grid is not capable of handling much power and is likely to be melted if too much pressure is applied to it. 

Using it in conjunction with a straight SG detector and penthode all AC receiver, stations up to within 100 KC of the crystal in use, can be heard with the key down and of course with the key up there is no blanketing at all. Several good break-in QSO's have been held with interstate stations with no trouble at all while local work can be carried on indefinitely. 

One word of warning to those who think that anything is near enough. It will be noticed that the aerial coil is coupled to the filament end of the tank coil and that the live end is the furthest from the tank and this should be followed. With other methods keying will be sluggish and very wide spacing will be necessary before the crystal will oscillate at all. 

Nothing has been said so far concerning push-pull because it was not intended to make this transmitter any more complicated than necessary and little if anything could be gained except by those who are lucky enough to possess a couple of QC 2/75's or something even bigger in the way of screen grid valves. These should work well in push pull with even half a kilowatt input without damage to the crystal provided that the aerial is coupled and tuned before the full power is applied. Several years ago two 210's were tried in push-pull at 3BQ with 40 watts input on the 40 metre band. Many Yanks were worked and the crystal, a forty metre fundamental slab, is still intact. 

Heissing modulation has been tested on the present outfit and is quite satisfactory provided that the crystal is not worked too near the cut-off point.

'''(GRAPHIC TO BE INSERTED)'''

==P.09 - Key Section Notes==

'''Key Section Notes.''' 

NOTICE:— The next meeting of the Key Section will be held on Tuesday, 3rd October at 8 p.m.

As this is by far the most important of our notes, in this issue we give it pride of place. At the last meeting an increase of nearly 50 per cent in attendance, including 7 new members, speaks eloquently for the interest with which the boys look forward to meeting nights.

Nearly every newly licenced ham makes his debut as a pounder of brass and we should be fully aware that his first and most lasting impressions are gained in our ranks.

Let us strive to make them very pleasant ones, for who of us can look back to the time when he started without realising that a little encouragement and patience will earn the gratitude of the newcomer and convince him that the ham spirit is really existent. However, let me give a word of warning concerning illegal operating. By all means help a man who is keen to get his &quot;ticket,&quot; but don't condone his installing and operating a transmitter until he has an A.O.P.C. The authorities are getting more strict on this breach of regulations and detection not only prejudices his chances, but also renders you liable to proceedings.

DX conditions on 'forty' are now looking up and some of the boys have done excellent work recently on this band. Unfortunately DX has its bad points. Have you ever searched the band from end to end in the hope that you will find someone with whom you can have a yarn — in vain? Has it ever struck you that DX is not now the wonder that it was a few years ago? And do you ever realise that indulgence in DX to the exclusion of the other branches of the grand old radio game is the surest way to kill the ham spirit. 

Let us but realise that DX is not an achievement in these days, that our licences were granted primarily to encourage experimental work, that if we are to EXIST in the not so distant future, it is only by fostering the brotherhood of amateurs by banding together in a strong organisation and putting the very best we can into it that we can hope to keep the privileges that we now enjoy. Believe me, we have a lot to do to justify our existence. Let us pull together with the Wireless Institute as our protecting organisation and we CAN do it. 

With all that off our chest, let us now consider something which will interest us all. The Federal Executive is staging a five point relay contest in October. This will be the first of a series of six contests, the winner of each of which will receive a handsome trophy. 

It rests with the gang to show them that not only the winner but also second, third and fourth at least live in VK3. 

In addition to the trophies already mentioned, there is a trophy for the State which obtains the highest aggregate score over the six contests and is known as the &quot;Fisk Shield.&quot; Now here is a chance to show your team spirit, gang. Every entry means another man in the team, and ~very man means more points to VK3. We want that trophy and we have just got to get it. The details and rules of the contest will be found elsewhere in this issue. Read them up now and put your station in order for the big fight.

It is a surprising fact that portables have not found very much favour in this country, but with summer and the holiday season fast approaching, a fine opportunity for progressive hams to do a bit of thinking along these lines is presented. What is wanted is a portable which is primarily cheap, efficient, really portable, and lastly, reliable. Don't forget, however, that permission to operate a portable station must first be obtained from the P.M.G.'s Department. 

This page is for your use; it is up to all members of the Key Section to give all the suggestions and helpful criticism you can; and to help you do this VK3XR and VK3PS will be on the air, calling &quot;CQ MAG,&quot; on schedules given below to take any 'dope' you care to shoot along. 

VK3PS — 7050 KC, Wednesday and Thursday, 1930 MMT. VK3PS—3525 KC, alternate Sundays, 11.30 MMT. 

VK3XR—7280 KC, Monday and Friday, 1930 MMT.; Sunday, 1230 MMT. 

Finally we would like to welcome the following new members to the ranks of the Key Section: VK3HQ, VK3OP, VK3PQ, VK3ZQ, VK3QJ, VK3FJ, VK3FG and VK3KC.

'''J. H. WINTON, VK3XR.'''

==P.10 &amp; 11 - Phone Section Notes==

'''Phone Section Notes''' 

At the meeting of the above Section held on Tuesday, September 12, office-bearers were selected for the coming year. Chairman: Mr. R. M. Dalton (3UI). Secretary: Mr. I. Morgan (3DH). Assistant Secretary: Mr. W. Fitzpatrick (3WF). 

In addition to these we have the allocation Committee as follows:— Mr. Manning, Mr. J. Kurley, Mr. Lahiff, and Mr. L. Richards. This number is one more than with which we have previously worked, but it was unanimously decided that since these gentlemen are fairly well spread out geographically, everyone should have a better chance of getting a fair observation. 

Now first and foremost the subject of publicity for the Institute. This matter was dealt with to a certain extent at our last meeting, and has, as a matter of fact, been discussed at meetings for some time. We cannot stress too heavily the importance of letting everyone, not only active amateurs or interested experimenters, know that they can achieve little or nothing unless they are members of this body. Anyone who has just a slight interest in radio reception should join the W.I.A. The benefits which would be theirs are worth as much as their gear or knowledge, be it large or small. 

The Phone Stations can do more than their share to make these people realise they should be members. By virtue of the fact that the 'phone section members are in direct contact with the Broadcast Listeners, the &quot;Superhet Club,&quot; (details of which will be found in our President's Editorial) must be made known to everyone in Melbourne, at least, who listens to Amateur transmissions either by design or accident. 

This brings us to an important point. Repeating what was said at the meeting, our channels, given us for use on Sundays MUST be utilised 100 per cent.—they are one of our most valuable assets, and we cannot afford to lose them, which may possibly be the case if they are not given full use.

If you cannot go on the air yourself, always remember to communicate with the other chap with whom you share your frequency allocation. With regard to the doings of the &quot;Phone Hams&quot; the writer attempted to collect information, but most of them appear to be rebuilding or installing larger or more tubes to get out further (?) with the same power, but no very technical information was forthcoming. 

VK3CB particularly, seems to be building a large frame for a new transmitter, which will be, he says, water cooled (the frame only) also the house has been repainted and the radiation (?) has increased by 100 per cent. When 3CB was asked by the allocation Committee if he wanted a wave length, since there was no application in, he said &quot;Yes,— same wave length, same time,&quot; and 3BY was heard to remark — &quot;and same rotten transmissions.&quot; By the way, can you find the new call sign attached to a certain gentleman's name on our Index page? 

There are probably quite a number of chaps working on &quot;Phone&quot; who have been, or are, specialising in some particular branch of &quot;Phone Work&quot; such as, tubes for speech amplifier work, microphones, pickups, and methods of coupling microphones, tubes and pickups. Also modulation systems, and a score of other branches. Now why can't we have an article from at least one member of our gang in every issue of &quot;Amateur Radio.&quot; There are enough items to last for years, and since every man has probably a different opinion on each subject, we should have an unlimited supply. 

There seems to have been an increase in the amount of &quot;duplex rag-chewing&quot; going on, in the last couple of months. The period of the winter months, when one prefers to remain at home, may have something to do with it; at any rate the value of this work is quite high. 

Getting back to the subject of publicity once more; in this direction we could perhaps commence this part of the performance earlier in the evening; then about 12 p.m. on Sundays, and by suitable arrangements, have a &quot;National Hookup,&quot; as it were, and all stations could broadcast the same programme simultaneously, consisting of some W.I.A. propaganda. Apart from the possible subject of the material broadcast, the mere fact of its being a novelty would make the public sit up and take more notice. This scheme was brought up by Mr. G. F. Thompson at a &quot;Phone Meeting&quot; some months ago, and since nothing has been done regarding the matter there is an obvious necessity for more co-operation. There are no real difficulties attached to the stunt from a technical point of view. 

Most of us are able to work duplex with a few stations and all that is necessary is a receiver capable of picking up another station and rebroadcasting it on one's own frequency. 

There also is a simple and interesting means of making the &quot;Phone Section&quot; Notes contain some real ideas worth swopping. The writer will be &quot;on the air&quot; each Sunday at about 12 p.m. (after 3BY has closed down) to receive information for publication in &quot;Amateur Radio.&quot; It is much easier to yarn about your ideas than make up an article, so let's have one or both. 

A chat on the above notes at our next meeting on Tuesday, 10th October, would be appreciated. 

Country members of this section please note that their permits are now due for renewal, and they are advised to communicate with the Department immediately. New Frequency allocations for the country are in the hands of Mr. G. Thompson, c/o W.I.A., to whom you are advised to write. 

'''IVOR MORGAN (VK3DH).'''

==P.11 - Victorian Railways Institute (Wireless Club)==

'''VICTORIAN RAILWAYS INSTITUTE (Wireless Club)''' 

Since the Victorian Railways Institute Wireless Club's first provisional Committee of nine met in June, 1926, steady progress in activity has been registered, there now being approximately 300 members on the books. During this period, owing to the depression, rationing and dismissals in the Railway Department a loss of membership was felt, but at the end of this financial year the Club is comparatively as sound as at its inception. 

From a modest beginning the experimental station, VK3RI has in a matter of a little over seven years assumed quite respectable proportions and now ranks with the foremost amateur stations as is testified by the hundreds of appreciative letters on file in the Club Room, many of these from so far afield as New Guinea, New Zealand and Western Australia. Nearly 5000 applications have been received from listeners for Q.S.L. Cards in the last six years. 

Not so long ago, broadcast experiments were being conducted by our enthusiasts, using very crude apparatus, the power for which was derived from a few &quot;B&quot; batteries, but the indifferent results obtained in no way damped their ardour. Since that time, however, gear to the value of nearly £500 is now in regular use at the Club, including some very fin® laboratory apparatus. 

At the last Annual Meeting held on 24th August, the following office-bearers were elected for ensuing year: President: Mr. T. Ramsay. Vice-Presidents: Mr. A. Galbraith, Mr. G. Massey. Council: Mr. W. Smart, Mr. E. Greer, Mr. J. McBain, Mr. E. Milligan, Mr. N. Hienrichsen, Mr. W. Harrison, Mr. K. McCarthy (3FX), Mr. H. Byrne (3HB), Secretary: Mr. W. E. Brennan (3RO) Treasurer: Mr. W. I. May. Assist. Secretary: Mr. C. H. Harris. 

A Smoke Social followed the Annual Meeting and the guests of honor were Messrs. G. Thompson, &quot;Goke&quot; Dalton and G. Douglas of the W.I.A. VK3RO proposed the toast of the W.I.A. and George Thompson responded in a manner suitable to the occasion.

==P.11 - Harmonics==

'''&quot;HARMONICS&quot;''' 

During the summer, 3UK and 3ML are going away, one week-end each month and will be carrying out some special tests. Three transmitters will be taken, one for 80 mx, one for 40 mx and 20 mx and one for 10 mx and 5 mx. Full details of dates and schedules will be in next issue. 

'''&quot;HARMONICS&quot;''' 

When at school in 1912, VK3BY used to work out the answers to his home lessons with his school pals via the air with a spark transmitter. 
We think what we heard the other night was a couple of young chaps talking trig, in a new continent for W.A.C. called Algebra!

==P.12 - Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve==

'''ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE WIRELESS RESERVE - VICTORIAN NOTES'''

It is a very happy feeling to pick up pencil and paper, to write the Reserve notes for the inaugural issue of &quot;AMATEUR RADIO,&quot; because we know our magazine is going to fill a long felt want in the W.I.A. It will serve to draw closer together the various sectionalised activities of the Institute and provide a medium, through which each of us will know just what the other man is doing. 
Briefly, the Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve was designed to utilize the services and equipment of licensed amateurs in the following directions:— 

(a) To facilitate communication between Air Force stations and detached aircraft. 

(b) To co-operate in the observation of tests of Air Force W/T equipment. 

(c) To foster interest in the Air Force and aviation in general, with particular regard to communication as an auxiliary to ground organisation. 

(d) To provide the basis of an emergency communication system to be used in the event of permanent communications breaking down. 

(e) To facilitate the collection of weather reports. 

(f) To train amateurs generally in the correct RAAF W/T procedure for the expeditious handling of traffic. 

The Reserve in Victoria is divided into sections of six stations each, including a Section Commander. Each station holds office as Section Commander for a two monthly period, thus every man has control of his section for eight weeks each year. 

Trophies are given annually fob the best section, the best Section Commander and the best traffic handler in Victoria, and these are presented at the Reserve Convention which is held in Melbourne each September. 

Our second Annual Convention has just finished and we have had one of the happiest, busiest and most tiring weeks of our lives! On Monday, September 4th the balloon — sorry — the plane went up, and, as a curtain-raiser for the big week, we had a dinner followed by a theatre night. Tuesday saw the serious work commence when the country members were medically examined and duly enlisted in the re-organised Reserve. Under the new organisation, our section of the W.I.A. becomes the Wireless Section of the RAAF Reserve, thus all members must enlist in the Reserve in the normal manner. On Tuesday evening our first meeting was held at 3Z1 (3UK). After the District Commander had opened the Convention and touched on the main points of interest during the past year, Wing Commander Wrigley presented the Trophy to this year's crack traffic handler 3D4 (30R), and a cup to last year's winner 3A5 (3OW). Flight-Lieutenant Wiggins gave a very interesting talk on the Reserve and its future, and after a great deal of discussion (but no yarns, hi!) the evening broke up, everyone looking forward with the keenest anticipation to the Wednesday and Thursday, for they were the BIG days of the week. Wednesday dawned fine but windy and after meeting at the Barracks, the whole gang left for two days, in Plane to ground W/ T training at Laverton and Pt. Cook. The whole story of the two great days is told by Doug 3C5 (3YK) below. 

Wednesday night was &quot;half time&quot; so all had an early night, except a few indefatiguables who &quot;did the shows&quot;! Thursday and Friday nights were devoted to discussions on procedure, arranging new contests and, in general, forming our domestic policy for the coming year. 

Then on Saturday night the country members were the guests of the W.I.A. at one of the biggest, brightest and best dinners and smoke nights we have ever had. They say all good things must come to an end — perhaps it makes us appreciate them all the more while they last — but it was with a feeling of genuine regret that we left 3D6's (3YL's) on Sunday night for we realised it was writing 'Finis' on the Convention for yet another year. We all had a great night there, thanks to our charming hostesses, and it seemed a fitting end to a great week. Monday saw the departure of most of the country boys and on Monday night the old familiar signals appeared again on 3.5MC. 

With old friendships renewed and new ones formed, with the ties that bind us all into one unit, stronger than ever, this coming year bids fair to far surpass any of its predecessors. If we can feel at the end, that we have accomplished something for our country, through our Hobby, we will be more than satisfied. 

'''THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE WIRELESS RESERVE'''

'''THE RESERVE TAKES AN &quot;AIRING&quot;''' 

'''By 3C5 (3YK)'''

Each year, at our Annual Reserve Convention, a period of training in plane to ground radio work will be carried out at Laverton. This year the BIG days were Wednesday and Thursday, 13th and 14th September. 

Wednesday was rather blowy, but fine and all were in great spirits, when they met at 0930 in front of the RAAF HQ. Transport was arranged by Tender and a hilarious trip down was made. As the Tender was shod with solid rubber tyres, a little QSX by some of the gang was excusable! On arrival at Laverton, the boys were divided into two sections; Nr. I, which consisted of those who had been medically examined and duly enlisted on the previous day, and Nr. 2, who still had to undergo the test. 

The first item on the program was an inspection, by both sections, of Nr. I. Aircraft Depot. Those of the gang who had a leaning towards engineering, were especially interested in the overhauling of the aero engines, which of course, is a very frequent and important event for each machine. 

The interest intensified on arrival at the parachute room and, as Nr. I. section was to fly in the afternoon, the more imaginative must have had visions of joining the Caterpillar Club! 

This inspection over, the journey was continued to Pt. Cook for lunch in the Airmen's Mess, where some surprising quantities of food were put away, by those who had no qualms of what the afternoon would bring forth (or up!), through airsickness. After lunch, the sections divided, Nr. 2 repairing to the Ward Room for Medical examination and enlistment. Nr. I. section was split up into three subsections; A. went to the pier-head and the W/T equipped Southampton, in which the days flying was to be carried out, B, went to the receiving station and C to the transmitting rooms. 

The ground transmitters are remotely controlled from the receiving rooms, so, while sub-section C examined the transmitting equipment, B held two-way communication with A. After about three-quarters of an hour's flying, the Southampton alighted, and the sub-sections changed around. Later, a third change was effected, thus, each had a period of working the ground from the air, the air from the ground, and also examining the origin of the &quot;hefty wollop&quot; known as VJP.

Meanwhile section 2 had been put through its paces in the ward room and had also had a very instructive and entertaining! lecture, on Procedure in traffic handling. Both sections re-united at about 1700 hours, and, after several false starts, when various members were reported missing, the gang left for VIM. 

Next morning, a baby gale was blowing and a few of Nr. 2 section, whose turn it was for flying, wished they had been allotted to Nr. 1 and had had their plane training on the previous day! One member failed to turn up and in the end the Tender had to leave with him. Whilst passing through the city, however, a frantic CQ was heard and the missing one was sighted, doubling &quot;hell for leather&quot; through the traffic. Apparently he wasn't used to being punctual; after all, what is an hour or two in the country? hi hi. After a desperate chase, he was eventually hauled on board, nearly dead to the world! 

On arrival at Pt. Cook, a demonstration of message picking up from the ground, was given by a Wapiti. This was followed by light signalling between plane and ground. 

After lunch, section 2 was divided into sub-sections, as Nr. 1 had been on the previous day. As the weather was bad, a Wapiti was used instead of the Southampton. This, of course, necessitated the members going up singly, instead of in subsections as on the Wednesday. All the gang realised, that operating from the observer's cockpit of a Wapiti is not conducive to good keying, especially in the boisterous weather experienced. The writer lost a pair of goggles from about 2000 feet and was well stung by the driving rain, which was falling rather heavily whilst he was having his flip. Nevertheless, a report and some traffic was exchanged with the ground station quite OK. 

Each sub-section, when inspecting the transmitting rooms, found its ideas, on various well-known components, somewhat upset by the gigantic proportions, of some of them. The tank coil of one of the long wave transmitters, could have conveniently served as a cage for a couple of tigers and, some of the stand-off insulators, might have done duty for gate-posts. 

1700 hours found us regretfully realising that the two great days were over. We piled into the Tender for the return journey, tired, but all sparking well and whiled away the trip back, by some very bright reminiscences (note 'reminiscences' is not spelt Y-A-R-N-S!!). They had been two very enjoyable days and our thanks are due to all at Laverton and Pt. Cook for their efforts on our behalf. 

There are still a few vacancies in the sections, for both town and country stations. Here is a real opportunity for doing something of tangible usefulness with your hobby. Even apart from the Patriotic standpoint, enlistment in the Reserve carries with it many advantages from the Amateur point of view. All Hams interested write immediately to District Commander, RAAF W.R. 3rd. District, 5 Fordholm Road, Hawthorn, E.2.


&lt;!-- Page numbers don't match printed scan 


==P.20 - Systematic Servicing Brings Best Results==
Syste111ati~ Servi~i11g
Bri11gs Best Results
Thorough Set Overhaul
Gi,Tes Most Satisiactio1•
By &quot;SERVICEMAN&quot;
IN servicing receivers, a definite system of tracking down faults should always be followed. &quot;Hit or miss&quot; methods should not be tolerated, as in nine cases out
of ten they mean high charges and low profits. A well-equipped and properly-run service department can not only show a good return, but also it is a valuable aid in building goodwill.
The system for service procedure outlined below is perhaps more thorough than that generally used by servicemen, but it certainly gets results.
Buppose, for example, a radio comes; in for service, and after a few minutes with the voltmeter the serviceman finds it has a shorted screen by-pass condenser. Most service- men would replace that condenser with an equivalent unit and· return the receiver as O.K&quot; Methods like this do more to increase the cost of service than anything else, because, while the charge may be low in the first instance, the chances are ten to one that there are more leaky condensers and perhaps weak valves in the set which will necessitate another call a few weeks later. If such a case occurs, the owner not ·only pays for two calls, but he may also begin to doubt the ability ·of the serviceman. The system developed by the writer includes rigid inspection and test of nearly all parts of a radio chassis and speaker. For the sake of clarity, each test is numbered, described, and details of the test equipment used are given. ·
Test No. 1 really includes the service call. It is useless for a service- man to rush into a home, collect the radio set, and rush it back to the
N.S.W., Australia. Mr. Gregory will put on DX programmes any night,
midnight-to-dawn hours. 2UW is
getting out very well in U.S.A., India and England, and they invite DX
co-operation. Their New Zealand breakfast session from 4 to 5 a.m. E.A.S.T. is well worth listening to.
Another station that broadcasts regular DX programmes- for New Zealand- is amateur station VK2QY,
45 Oxford Street, Paddington, N.S.W.
Gilbert S. Hayman (Bronte, N.S.W.).
workshop, because the trouble might easily be a faulty aerial wire, a shorted lightning arrester, a blown fuse, a break in the power flex, or a slipping knob or dial. A service call should include a rigid inspection of the aerial and earth system-and of the power circuit if the receiver fails to light up. If it lights but will not work, valves should be tested and replaced if necessary.
If the fault is apparently in the chassis itself, •the set should be brought in to the workshop for repair. This procedure applies to sets located within a limited radius. If any great distance has to be covered it is wise to treat the case as a special one and endeavour to repair the set on the job.
In Test No. 2 it is assumed that the receiver has been brought in for re- pair. The best procedure is to re- move it from its cabinet and clean ·the dust out of cabinet and chassis.
Then connect the receiver to a power outlet and hook up the aerial and earth. If there is still no reception, make a careful test of the valves.
The power transformer may smoke, which indicates a short or a breakdown. The rectifier plates may get red hot, indicating a short, probably in a filter condenser. Of course, in the case of a faulty transformer or condenser, the unit must be replaced before further tests can be made.
Test No. 3 includes the checking of all condensers and resistors. Faulty condensers are among the commonest causes of breakdown. For this test use a good condenser analyser capable of measuring leakage and capacity. Any doubtful condenser should be discarded, particularly if high voltage is applied across it.
Many &quot;call-backs&quot; are eliminated if proper attention is given to the condensers, and it should be remembered  that radio owners do not like their sets going out of action about once a month. Condensers. should also be checked for capacity and while making this test it is as well to pull gently on the pigtails to make sure the condenser
does not open intermittently. Resistors should be checked with an accurate ohm meter or bridge, and anything showing a tolerance greater
(Continued on page 54.)
Systematic Servicing
(continued from page 2C)
than + or - 10 per cent. should be discarded. Volume and tone controls are included as resistors, and should be checked and replaced if faulty.
Test No. 4 includes an accurate check on all voltages and currents.
This is best done with a multi-range meter, with. plate break adapters for measuring plate current. It is of course important, especially with non-A.V.C. sets, to have the volume control full on. This test ·should -take· very litt~e · · time, because by now it is established that valves, condensers and.,-resjstor,..s
are in perfect order. , : · Test No. 5 is purely a loudspeaker
test. Intermittent faults are some- times caused by a break in the field coil or a break in the primary of the matching transformer. For the speaker test, use a 400-volt power supply, with a 0-100 m.a. meter and 10,000-ohm heavy duty potentiometer in series, and pass a heavy current through the field coil and transformer primary. Any intermittent fault should show up immediately; The speaker should now be tested for rattles, using a good baffle for the purpose. If there is even the slightest rattle, dismantle the speaker, clean out any dust or dirt, re-assemble it, and re-centre the cone. Elusive rattles may sometimes be cured by applying a thin coat of glue over the voice coil and its assembly. Also inspect voice coil connections for breaks.
The speaker should be in perfect order before it is returned to the cabinet.
Test No. 6 includes a complete line ~up of the receiver. An all-wave signal generator is necessary for this test, preferably one with its output
calibrated in microvolts so that the actual sensitivity of a receiver may be measured and passed as normal for a receiver of the type. Alignment
should be perfect; and if the dial is 
frequency calibrated, the stations
should come in on the correct readings.
When sensitivity and calibration are finished, the receiver should be passed
to test No. 7.
Test No. 7 is for the purpose of
checking. The receiver should be
checked for tonal quality, sensitivity, selectiv~ty, dial calibration, speaker
rattles, and for a slipping dial, as
well as for other loose parts about
the chassis. When passed as O.K. it
should be replaced in the cabinet,
checked again for dial position and
loose knobs, and the cabinet polished.
Test No. 8 is merely running the receiver for a period of time-preferably as long as possible, on a line voltage slightly higher than that to which it is accustomed. Country areas, particularly, have high line voltages, and this test is really more

of a check on all the parts, to make sure that none will break down. The writer uses a transformer having a 230 v. primary and tapped secondary
up to 270 v. (To be continued next month.)


==P.21 - Stromberg-Carlson Ad==

From a whisp~r ... TO CONCERT Hi-'\LL VOLUME !
WIDE TONAL RANGE
You '11 quickly understand the amazing popularity of the Stromberg-Carlson 1936
Console Grand, once you have actually seen the magnificent cabinet and heard
Such as you',,e ne,,er heard before!the unrivalled tone of this modern·as-the-minute Radio!
Tune it down to a whisper, or increase its volume to concert hall strength ... in every note of the tonal
range you enjoy that same faithful reproduction.
The Console Grand cabinet is 33% heavier than the average, and thus entirely eliminates cabinet resonance.
Here are some of the marvellous

features of this wonder set:-
7 valves. Short wave covers 16-51 metre hands (which includes 5 short
wave reception channels). Broadcast covers 194-555 (all Australian stations). Tone compensation. 6 watt
undistorted power · output. Specially designed speaker. Tone control.
World-wide range. Mammoth chassis.
Selectorlite dial which revolutionise!!
tuning. 3-way isolation switch (broadcast, short wave and pick-up). · New
non - microphonic condenser. Full automatic volume control.
Try the Stromberg-Carlson
Console Grand for really
remarkable DX. London,
Paris, Berlin, etc., as clear as locals.
Hundreds of other shortwave stations heard. All Australian, New
Zealand, etc., ·on broadcast band.
Ask your nearest StrombergCarlson dealer t~ demonstrate to you in your home.
Other Stromberg- Carlson models
from 14 guineas-there's one to suit every personal preference.
CONSOLE GRAND-MODEL 736-39 GUINEAS
S tromh erg-·Carlson
Wholesale Distributors in Australia and New Zealand. N.S.W.: Bennett &amp; Wood Ltd., 284 . Pitt Street. Sydney, and at Lismore. Wagg3.
Wireless Distributors, Box 93, Wagga.
Heiron &amp; Smith (Salonola), 91 Hunter Street, Newcastle.
Queensland: Noyes Bros. (Sydney) Ltd.,
Burton House, Elizabeth Street, Brisbane. Lawrence &amp; Hanson Electrical Co~ Ltd., 87 Elizabeth Street, Brisbane.
S.A.: Savery's Pianos Ltd., 29 Rundle
Street, Adelaide. Radio Wholesalers, James
Place, Adelaide.
Victoria: Warburton Franki (Melb.) Ltd., 380-382 Bourke Street, Melbourne. M. Brash &amp; Co. Pty. Ltd., Elizabeth Street,
Melbourne; Vealls Pty. Ltd., 243-249 Swanston Street, Melbourne.
Tasmania: Hobart: Findlays Pty. Ltd., 80 Elizabeth Street; La1mceston: Wills &amp; Co. Pty. Ltd., 7 The Quadrant; Devonport:
Findlay &amp; Wills Pty. Ltd. ; Burnie: Findlays Pty. Ltd.
W.A. : Musgroves Limited, Lyric House,
Murray Street, Perth.
N.Z. : Goull'h, Goull'h &amp; Hamor M&lt;I.,
Cbrlatdiur cti, 

==P.22 - &quot;Simplified D.W. Battery Money-saver&quot;==
The Radiokes
~~siJDplified
Dual-Wave
Battery
Moneysaver''
Five of the latest metal-clad high,-gain battery valves, together with improved dualwave coils and iron-cored l.F. transformers, are combined in an up-to-date circuit to make this
battery kit-set one of the &quot;star&quot; receivers for 1936.
·················································································~
A YEAR or so ago it was impossible to design a battery receiver that would give results comparable with· those obtained from an a.e. operated set nsiug· an equivalent number of valves. To-day, however, with the introduction of new high-gain 2-volt valves, this is no longer true.
Radiokes engineers claim that this battery version ,
of their '' Moneysaver'' described last month can not only out-perform any other set in its class, but also, is the first receiver of its size and economy of operation capable of bringing in shortwave and broadcast stations at the same volume as a modern
a.c. dual-waYe superhet.
That this claim is not an exaggeration has been borne out by actual tests, which proved that for sensitivity, selectivity, tone and volume, the battery
&quot;Moueysaver&quot; compares very favourably with the best of five-valve a.c. dual-wavers.
Latest Valves An Important Feature.
Five of the new battery-type valves recently released in the Philips and Mullard makes are used in the kit. Three of them are metal-clad, and all use the new universal '' P'' base.
The mixer-oscillator is a KK2 Octode, which while similar in design to earlier converters of its type, embodies several important imprnverne11ts that result in better performance.
Independent A.V.C. and diode detection, together with high audio gain and good fidelity, are all provided by the '' P'' base KBCl, working in conjunction with a KC3 driver and KDDI &quot;B&quot; classmoutput valve. 'l'his latter valve has a maximum power output of nearly 2 watts-more than ample for any home.
'rhe· quality of reproduction is very good, but builders who would like to take advantage of the ·wide range audio transformer supplied, and who do not mind slightly lower audio gain, can substitute a 30 driver and 19 output valve for the K03 anCl
KDDI. The resultant fidelity is excellent, thongl1 the total &quot;B&quot; current consumption increases from approximately 11 m.a. to 15 or 16 m.a.
lron-Cor.e I.F. 's Give High Gain.
Both selectivity and gain are exceptionally high in this receiver-due largely to the use of Litzwound iron-core intermediates. The dual-wave
aerial and oscillator coils are not only very compact -both sets of windings are in each case housed in a single can-but also, improved design has resulted in much higher efficiency, . with perfect tracking.
The padding condenser for broadcast, by the way, 
Above: An unrler-cfwssis view of the completed kit, showing the simplicity of the assembly and wiring.
Right: This plan view shows the well-sp~ced layout. The special iron-cored J.F.'s m·e housed in attractive square cans. is pre-set at the factory to the correct capacity and needs little, if any, adjustment.
Stromberg-Carlson Gang and Switch
The two-gang condenser supplied with the kit is a Stromberg-Carlson type &quot;F,&quot; which has a new patented construction making it over 90 per
cent. non-microphonic.
The wave-change switch is also a new Stromberg-Carlson product. Each bank has three sections of three silver-plated contacts, mounted on very low-loss stamping material.
Two-Colour Tuning Dial
The &quot;Colourvision&quot; aero dial is calibrated in metres for both wr.&lt;ve-bands,  and has automatic colour . switching.
When the set is tuned to the broadcast band, the broadcast scale is illuminated in green.
When the wave-change switch is turned to shortwave the green fades out, and the shortwave scale is illuminated in red. The principal Australian stations and the international wave-bands are clearly indicated.
Doublet Aerial and Pick-up.
Though an ordinary &quot;L&quot; type aerial will bring in dozens upon dozens of shortwave and broadcast stations at full volume, maximum results will be obtained if a doublet aerial with transposed lead-in is used.
Provision is made for an aerial of this type, and as well, pick-up terminals are provided, both additions being taken care of· by the two sets of three terminals mounted on the
·rear wall of the chassis.
An All-British Kit
As in the a.c. &quot;Moneysaver&quot; described last month, every part supplied with the kit is of British manufacture, and is of guaranteed quality.
Construction Described in Detail
Space does not perll).it this month of a detailed description of the kit's assembly. However, this is covered in a pamphlet that will be supplied
by Radiokes Ltd. free on request.
The assembly is covered down to the last detail in step-by-step instructions' given so fully and clearly that success is assured, even to those who have never tackled set-building before.
The description is lavishly illustrated with photographs, and as well there is a full-size wiring diagram with every connection clearly shown on it.
A Few Don'ts for Dxers
Don't. report to any station unless you are positive you heard it.
Don't be impetuous. If your verification does not arrive per return post, remember that stations have other important work to do.
Don't send a second report until reasonable time has elapsed.
Don't try to be technical unless you
ARE.
Don't resort to fulsome flattery; it will avail you nothing.
Don't forget to enclose return postage or coupon, especially to amateurs.
Don't use ordinary writing paper; the official report form lends prestige.
Don't take any notice of these hints if you do NOT want verifications. 
===Kit of Parts===
Radiokes &quot;FIVE-VALVE SIMPLIFIED
BATTERY MONEYSAVER&quot;
DUAL-WAVE
Kit of Parts 1 RKS-SB chassis (sprayed) .
1 Stromberg-Carlson 2-bank switch
(special) same as RKS-8.
1 Radiokes D. W. ~rial coil in can.
1 Radiokes D. W • . oscillator coil in can. 2 Radiokes SIC-465B I.F. Transformers
(Nos. l and 2).
Radiokes AFB audio tran~former.
1 Radiokes DC-1 &quot;Colourvision&quot; dial.
RESISTORS. 3 Erie l meg. resistors.
1 Erie .5 meg. resistor.
2 Erie .1 meg. resistors.
1 Erie .05 meg. resistor. I .5 rneg, volume control, with switch.
1 Radiokes 20,000 ohm volume control
(sensitivity control) with insulating washers.
CONDENSERS. Stromberg-Carlson 2-gang condenser, .
· type &quot;F,&quot; without trimmers.
2 Radiokes 2-gang MEC trimmers without mounting holes.
1 .5 mfd. condenser.
3 .1 mfd. condensers.
1 .01 mfd. condenser.
2 .001 mfd. condensers. 1 .02 mfd. condenser. 1 .005 mfd. mica condenser.
2 . 00-01 mfd. mica condensers. 1 Radiokes 7-plate padder (peaked on
oscillator).
SOCKETS. &quot;P&quot; sockets (must be numbered).
4-pin socket.
7-pin socket (small).
7-pin plug.
SUNDRIES.
4 Radie&gt;kes knobs. 1 Ra,diokes T-33 panel ~ompletely wired with l'h&quot; pillars. 6 bakelite terminals (2 red, 4 black).
3 large grid clips. 4 2.5 volt pea lamps.
} yard. copper braiding.
5 yuds hook-up wire. 3 yards 16 gauge tinned copper wire .
1 ya,rd 7-way battery cable.
15 %&quot; x 1t'S&quot; R.H. brass screws.
12 :tAa.&quot; x 1;5&quot; R.H. brass screws.
2 :%,&quot; x %&quot; R.H. brass screws. 3 14&quot; x 1,4&quot; brass spacers with :t;S&quot; hole.
30 '.l/s&quot; hex. nuts.
12 lock washers, ~&quot; hole. 12 solder Jugs, plain single end.
3 yards 2 mil. spaghetti.
VALVES REQUIRED.
lfKK2; 1/KFB; 1/KBCl; l/KC3; 1/KDDl
(Philips, Mullard).
SPEAKER REQUIRED.
Permainent magnet dynamic, input trans- former to match KDDI (Amplion -&quot;Star&quot; type 05).
type 05).
BATTERIES REQUIRED.
3/45-volt ' heavy duty or triple duty, eact
tapped at 221;2 volts; 1/41/:,-volt &quot;C&quot;
battery tapped at 3 V. (Ever-Ready),
1/2-ve&gt;lt 100 amiJ. hour accumulator.

==P.27 - The ABC of Multi-Range Meter Design==
The ABC Of
Range ·
Multi·
Meter Design
By using a 0-1 milliammeter as a basis and adding shunts and multipliers to extend current and voltage ranges, a multi-range
meter can be made up that will be found invaluable both in set-building and ·troubletracking. This article explains how the necessary resistance values are calculated. 
A SET-BUILDER
without a meter of some sort is as helpless as a ship without a rudder.
Like the ship, he can travel a certain distance but never for long in any one direction, and his chances of finally reaching his destination are very small.
High accuracy, flexibility, and low cost are the three main requirements of a meter designed for radio use. All three are fulfilled by employing a high-grade moving coil 0-1 m.a. meter as a basis, and extending voltage and current ranges by means of multipliers and shunts (series and parallel resistors).
How a Moving-coil Meter Works
The bare essentials of a moving coil meter are illustrated in fig. 1. M is a U-shaped permanent magnet with soft iron pole pieces PP. A cylindrical
iron core, C, is clamped so as to leave a small, uniform air gap. Encircling the iron core and travelling in the gap is a light framework of aluminium or copper, carrying a coil of fine silk-covered wire, and pivoted so that it earl rotate over the whole of the arc covered by the pole pieces, the movement being controlled by two springs, one above and one below. These also serve to conduct the current to and from the moving coil.
When a current passes through the latter, the resultant magnetic field set up interacts with that of the permanent magnet, and the coil (together with the pointer X) turns until the restraining influence of the springs brings it to a stop.
The coil frame not only acts as a support for the wire which carries the current to be measured, but. also damps the motion owing to the eddy currents induced in it . by the permanent magnet.
The coil, over the whole of its arc of movement, will be travelling across a field of constant and uniform flux density produced by the permanent magnet, and ·the torque, or turning force, that the coil experiences will be proportional to the current in the coil.
Thus, readings over the whole scale are uniform. 

High Sensitivity Essential
Regarding it first as a currentmeasuring device, the sensitivity of a meter is best expressed as the current at full-scale deflection. If this current is 1 milliampere, then such is the sensitivity. · In most voltage measurements in radio, it is essential that the current taken by the measuring instrument be kept as low as possible, to avoid the danger of obtaining misleading readings.
For this reason, a voltmeter taking 1 m.a. at full scale deflection has higher accuracy than one taking 2
m.a., · and much higher than one taking 5 m.a. The sensitivity, which can be regarded as a good indication of the accuracy of such a meter, can be obtained by dividing the full scale deflection in amperes into 1-in other words, it is the reciprocal of the full scale current in amperes. The result is given in ohms per volt; in this
1
case, it is --, or 1000 ohms per volt. .001
A 0-2 and 0-5 m.a. meter would have sensitivities of 500 and 200 ohms per volt respectively.
Extending Current Range
Every meter has a resistance of its own, which for a 0-1 milliammeter is generally round about 30 ohms. In fig. 2, this is represented
by R. If a current of 1 m.a. were flowing through the meter, the needle would register full scale deflection. If a resistance equivalent to that possessed by the meter were then connected across the terminals of the latter, half the current would :flow through each, and the meter would register .5 m.a. Thus the currentineasuring capacity of the meter has been doubled by the addition of the shunt, as a current of 2 m.a. is now needed to register full-scale deflection.
This explains the way that the current ranges are extended. To take a general case, let the resistance of the shunt be S ohms, the main current I m.a., and the branch cur- rents I, and I, (see fig. 1). With S
across it, the meter will be capable of measuring a current of say N times the full scale deflection.
We now have:-
1 = Ii + I, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a)
NI,= I .. .. .. .. .. ... . . .... (b)
Next, substituting for I in (a), we get
NI,= I,+ I, Therefore I, (N - 1) = J, . . (c)
The potential difference across the meter equals RI,, and that across the
shunt, SI,. Both must be equal, as they are potentials from A to B. Thus we have RI, = SI,.
Therefore, substituting for I, (from
( c))
RI, = SI, (N - 1)
R
giving S = -- . . . . . . . . . . . (d)
N-1
Thus if we had a 0-1 m.a. meter of, say; 30 ohms resistance, and we wanted to measure 10 m.a. full scale, 

the value of the shunt required could be found as follows:-
10
R = 30 ohms, and N = - = 10 ohms.
1
30 30
From (d), S = -- = - = 3.333 ohms
10-1 9
With a shunt of this resistance across the meter, current at full scale deflection would be 10 m.a, with proportionate intermediate readings. In this case, actual readings given by the meter should be multiplied by 10 to obtain the true reading.
Measuring Voltages
To measure voltages, a series instead ·of a parallel resistor is used.
The meter is still purely a current _indicator; it measures voltages only because of the resistance in series with it. In fig. 3, R, is used to, limit the current passing through the meter at the maximum voltage to be measured to 1 milliamp.
Thus, if R is the meter resistance and E the maximum voltage to be measured, from Ohm's Law, the curE
rent l=---
R+ R,
1
As I = 1 m.a. = -- ampere.
1000
1 E
1000 R + R,
giving R + :R, = 10010 E.
As mentioned before, R is usually only about 30 ohms. If E is 20
volts, R + R, = 20,000, and compared with R,, R is very small, and for practical purposes can be neglected. This leaves R, equal to 1000 E,
which means that the value in ohms of the required series resistor is equal to the maximum voltage the meter is required to measure, multiplied by 1000. Thus, for ranges of 20, 200, and 500 volts, series resistors 20,000, 200,000, and 500,000 ohms are required.
If the meter required 5 m.a. to give full-scale deflection, then R, would equal 200 E, and for the voltage ranges given above the necessary
series resistors would have values of 4,000, 40,000, and 100,0'00 ohms respectively.
Resistance Measurements
Fig. 4 shows the set-up for a singlerange ohmmeter, still using a 0-1
milliammeter. The current that will flow is given by the formula:
E
I - . . . (a)
R,+ R,
(where R, is the unknown). If E =
4.5 volts and R, is fixed, maximum current will flow when R, = 0 ohms.
But the meter will read up to 1 m.a. only, and so-- the minimum value that
't'iiE AUSTRALAStAN RADiO woR.tb
R, should be to restrict the current passing to this value can now be obtained by substituting in (a).
1 4.5
I = 1 m.a. = -- amp. =
1000 R1 + 0
Therefore R, = 4500 ohms.
In practice, R, is made up of a fixed and a variable resistance connected in series, in order to compensate for any voltage drop in the battery. With the test prods shorted, the resistance is adjusted until the meter gives exact full-scale deflection, thus ensuring that the current passing with zero external resistance
M
I
RI
E.
'-------tl---------111--------'
:FIG. 4
I'IG. 5
is 1 m.a. In this way the accuracy is fully preserved, even though · the voltage of the battery drops with use.
Now, suppose that the unknown resistance has a value of 1500 ohms.
In this case the current reading of the meter will be:
4.5 1000
I = X -- m.a.
1500 + 4500 1
.75 m.a.
From similar calculations, corresponding readings for unknowns of, say, 4000, 20,000, and 100,000 ohms are .53, .18, and .045 m.a. respectively. Using these and other intermediate values, a graph can be easily plotted so that the resistance of an unknown corresponding to any current reading can be instantly read off.
Obtaining Different Ranges.
Usually a 0-1 m.a. meter has a scale divided into 50 divisions, each
August 1, 1936.
division thus representing a current of 0.02 m.a. With the meter needle
&quot;dead on&quot; the first division, a current of .02 m.a. is flowing. This represents roughly the maximum value of resistance that can be measured using
the values assumed for R, and E
( 4500 ohms and 4.5 volts).
From (a), we find that
E-IR
X=---
1
4.5 - ( .00002 x 4500)
.00002
= 220,000 ohms, approximately.
For the other extreme, the 49th division on the 50-division scale represents a current of .98 m.a. Substituting in the above equation, we find that this represents a resistance of roughly 100 ohms. So the resistance range that is covered is from 1001 to 220,000 ohms.
Now, if R, and E in fig. 4 arc doubled, each extreme of the original range is doubled, so the new range is from 200 to 440,000 ohms. Values read from the graph should now be multiplied by 2. If R1 and E are increased to 45,000 ohms and 45 voltsten times their former values-the
range extends from 1000 ohms to 2.2
megohms.
Measuring Low Resistances
As regards measurement of low resistances, the method given above is accurate enough for most purposes.
Occasionally, however, the need arises for high accuracy, and in such cases the method shown in fig. 5 can be used.
The ohmmeter test ·prods are shorted, and the resistance R, is adjusted to give exact full-scale deflection. The unknown R, is then shunted across the meter as shown.
This diverts part of the current flowing through the meter, the amount depending on the resistance of R,. For example, if it is the same as the internal resistance of the
meter, the latter will show a halfscale reading.
When the reading has been taken, the value of R, is calculated from the formula
RX I
R,=------
Imax.-I
where R is the meter resistance, I
the current reading, and I max. the full-scale deflection current.
With this method, highly accurate measurement of resistance from about 2000 ohms down to 20 ohms is possible, and reasonable accuracy is still obtained down to as low as .5 ohm.

==P.29 - A Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Meter==
A Nine-Range
D.C. Multi-Meter
The principles underlying the design of multi-range meters are fully explained in the preceding article. In that following, the construction of a multi-range tester
that set-builders and servicemen will find invaluable is outlined.
J T was pointed out in the previous article that high accuracy, flexibility, and low cost are the main requirements of a meter designed for radio use.. All three are possessed by the multi-range meter now to be described.
High accuracy has been ensured by using a high-grade 0-1 milliammeter as a basis for the circuit, and by us'ing laboratory-tested shunts and multipliers to give the various current and voltage ranges. As for flexibility, no less than nine ranges are incorporated-four voltage (0-10, 0-50,
0-250, and 0-500 volts) three current (0-1, 0-10, and 0-100 mills.) and two resistance (0-10,000 and 0-100,000 ohms).
· The last consideration, that of cost, is as important as any, as few setbuilders can afford more than one good meter. This point has been carefully watched in this tester, with the result that the complete kit of parts, including an engraved and readydrilled panel, can be purchased for
A sub-pwwl view of the testei·,
only £4. Alternatively, anyone who has a 0-1 milliammeter already on hand can use it and merely buy the balance of the kit. A meter of any resistance up&gt; to 100 ohms can be used, as will be explained later.
Features of The Kit
The complete kit of parts for
A photograph of the completed
mnl.ti-meter, showing the nine ranges it covers engraved on the panel.
tester is shown elsewhere. The basis of the instrument is a Palec 0-1 mil- liammeter - a precision-built, high- grade meter that can be depended on
to give high accuracy and trouble-free service.
Reads A.C. As Well
The meter is fitted with a universal scale, and as it is calibrated both for A.C. as well as D.C., it can be easily converted for A.C. operation as well by adding a four-pole double~throw switch and a small copper oxide rectifier unit. The conversion will be described in a future issue of the
&quot;Radio World.&quot;
Sockets Simplest and Best
Nine sockets of a special positive contact type have been used for the various ranges. A multi-contact switch could have been used instead, but on practically all counts the sockets are preferable. A switch that will give trouble-free operation for all time is both expensive and difficult to obtain. In the cuTrent ranges especially, the switch contacts must have zero resistance-even a small fraction of an ohm could mean serious error in readings.
As well, a multi-contact switch is not easy to wire, but sockets are simple. The two test leads supplied are each fitted with a plug at one end and test prod at the other. The leads are rubber-covered, and, unlike
29
those sometimes supplied with commercial testers, will stand up to plenty of wear . .
Assembly Is Straight-Forward
The panel is supplied ready drilled and engraved, and all that builders have to do is to mount and wire the parts, when the tester is ready for operation.
The multipliers for the four voltage ranges are guaranteed accurate to within 1%, and are specially treated against humidity. --
The leatherette-covered case and carrying-handle, as shown in the photographs, is supplied as an extra.
Alternatively, builders could make up a wooden box &gt;in which to house the completed meter.
The Circuit Explained
Figures 1 (a), (b), and (c) show how the circuit of the tester is built up around a 0-1 m.a. meter.
The resistors for the four voltage ranges are calculated from the simple formula given in the previous article:
25'0,000&quot;' 250 v. C::· .-.-.AAJV\JV\/V'tJ&quot;----1
so~n.~~'-AIV'&quot;&quot;vv&quot;&quot;'rv~---1
IO~n..~JV'VVVVVVVVV-~-t
ls ll·llw
le
11·11 (&amp;)
400w
400c.&gt;
~~. 4·5v.
L,1111J±:&lt;? . COMMON.
10
SCALE
10
THE AUSTRALASIAN ·RADIO WORLD
Rl = 1000 E, where Rl is the series resistor and E, the maximum voltage to be measured in each case. Thus, for ranges of 0-10, 0-50, 0-250, and 0-500 volts, series .resistors of 10,000, 50,000, 250,000, and. 500,000 ohms are required. . A sensitivity of 1,000 ohms per volt is obtained on all voltage readings.
In -1 (b) is shown the three-range milliammeter circuit, the ranges being O•l, 0-10, and 0-100 m.a. The
70-ohm resistor shown in series with the meter has been included for two purposes. ·Firstly, because of its addition, the resistance of the meter can be regarded as 100 ohms (70 ohms + 30 ohms internal resistance of -meter) . . This means that the resistance of each shunt required is over . three times greater than that needed if the 70-ohm resistor were not included. For instance, - without this resistance the value of the shunt needed for the · 0-10 m.a. range would . be equal to R wher_e R is the meter
N-1,
resistance, and N the maximum cur- rent (in mills.) to !;&gt;e read. Substituting, this equals 30 = 3.333 ohms.
10-1
Regarding the meter resis~ance as 100
ohms, however, the shunt value is 100·
10-1
= 11.01 ohms. ·
Shunts are difficult to wind correct to a tiny fraction of an ohm, and so by using the series resistor any slight deviation from the calculated value is rendered much less important than if the resistor were omitted. This applies particularly · to the 0-100 m.a. range, where without the 70-·ohm ·re- sistor, a shunt of only .3 of an ohm would be needed.
The second reason why this resistor has been included is one that will appeal to· set-builders who have 0-1
milliammeters on hand, possibly of different values of internal resistance to that of the Palec meter used in the kit. By l:eplacing the 70-ohm
resistor with one equal in value to
l()O ohms minus the internal resistance of the meter on hand, the latter, providing it is a dependable make, can be used equally well, and without any further alteration to the circuit values. Special resistances for this purpose; up to 100 ohms in value, can be obtained from the Paton
Electrical · Instrument ·Company.
It will be noticed that the connec- tions to the. 10 and 100 m.a. sockets are &quot;open&quot; . until the. test leads are plugged in. __ The same is true for the
&quot;Scale 7- 10'.'_ soc_ke·t of the ohmmeter
circuit. . . _ .
There are two resistance ranges:
0-10,000 (&quot;Scale + 10&quot;} and0 0-100,000
ohms (&quot;Scale&quot;). A glance at the
circuit will show that, for the latter
range, the maximum --resistance that
v
0
L
T
s
August 1, 1936.
Z50,ooow ZSOO--'\IV\l\f\l\f\l\r[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])-j
50,000W
MILLS. ~ 70w
r-'
COMMON Scale+10 Scale
(0-10,000..,) (0-100,0~
[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:01, 24 May 2020 (UTC)y I
OHMS
Fig. 2.-The separate circuits shown in figs. 1 (a), 1 (b), and l (c) for the various voltage, current, and resistance ranges are combined above to give the complete circuit used in the tester. can be included in circuit equals 3800
+ 70 + 30 + 400 + 400 ohms, =
4,700 ohms. When the 3-cell battery is new, the voltage is approximately 4.65 volts, so when the test prods are shorted, a resistance of 4,650 ohms is needed to give exact full-scale deflection on the meter ( 1 m.a.). In practice, this adjustment is made by shorting the test prods, and setting the 400-ohm potentiometer to full scale reading. Resistances of up to 100,000 ohms can then be read off directly on the meter scale, which has been calibrated on the assumption that a 4.5- volt battery will be used.
For the &quot;Scale + 10&quot; range, the 10 m.a. shunt is brought in circuit across the meter. The current that now flows when the test prods are shorted divides into two branches, 1-lOth passing through the 100-ohm branch, and 9-lOths through the 11.11-ohm shunt. The equivalent series resistance of these two resistors in parallel equals 10 ohms. For a current of 10 m.a., a resistance of 465 ohms is needed to show full scale deflection on the meter (assuming the battery voltage to be 4.65 volts). This value of resistance is obtained by adjusting the potentiometer until a reading of 1 m.a. is registered on the meter.
Now, if the meter shows a certain reading, in ohms, when the value of an unknown resistance is being tested, the correct value is obtained by dividing the scale reading by 10, because actually only one-tenth of the current flowing through the resistance is passing through the meter.
As the battery ages, its internal resistance increases, and the voltage drops. The potentiometer compensates for this, so that at all times exact readings can be obtained. After six or nine months' use, however, the voltage will fall to about 4.4 volts, and the battery should then be re- placed. Otherwise, resistance readings obtained will not be reliable.
The three circuits shown. in figures
1 (a), 1 (b), and 1 (c) are combined in· figure 2 to give the circuit of the
multi-range tester.
Assembling the Tester
The panel is supplied with the sockets already mounted on it, and with the spring contacts of the 10 mill.,
100 mill., and &quot;Scale -;- 10&quot; sockets already insulated from the sockets themselves by means of insulating washers.
The potentiometer can next be mounted, followed by the meter.
Next, the shunts and multipliers, and other fixed resistances, should be mounted on the bakelite resistance panel as shown in the photograph and sketch of the wiring.
The panel is next bolted to th~ meter, and wired up. The battery can be mounted last of all, by means of the aluminium strap provided,
THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD
Full details of the wiring arc shown in Jig. :J. . Use fairly heavy gauge push-back, and be careful to make every soldered joint as perfect as possible by tinning all contacts before soldering, and using a hot, clean iron.
When the wiring is finished and checked, the meter can be mounted in its case and the panel screwed down. The meter needle is then accurately set to zero by rotating the small milled knob mounted on the instrument.
Finally, the test leads are plugged into 'the &quot;Common&quot; and &quot;Scale&quot; sockets for resistance measurement, the ends shorted by holding the · test prods together, and the potentiometer knob rotated until ari · exact fullscale reading is obtained: The instrument is then ready for use~

===Kit of Parts===
Nine-Range D~C. Multi~
Meter-Palec Kit of Parts.
1 0-1 m.a. meter, ao ohms internal resir,tancc, with univ&lt;'rsa,l sea le
(Palec).
1 10,000 ohm multiplier.
I 50,000 ohm multiplier.·
I 250,000 ohm multiplier;
1 500,000 ohm multiplier.
2 .shunts (1.01 ohms and 11.11 ohms). 1 70 ohm resistor.
1 3,800 ohm resistor.
1 400 ohm resistor.
1 400 ohm vernier potentiometer with
knob. ·
1 bakelitc resistor panel.
1 ·engraved ebonite panel.
12. sockets (spring type ) ..
Pair of test prods, with lead~ · and
'Plugs. 1 4.5v. torch battery (flat type), with .mounting 'strap. ·
Hook~up wire, nuts· and . bolts.
1 leatherette-covered case. with carrying handle (optional).

==P.31 - Some Don'ts for S.W. Listeners==
Some
s.w.
D9n'ts For
Listeners
By &quot;Megacycle''..
TUNING a set is an entirely different matter from tuning a regular broadcast receiver. The main reason for this is that short
31
waves have characteristics unlike lho~c of medium waves.
Here is a short list of DON'TS which should be of interest to all those who have not had much experience of shortwave DX work.
Don't' tune for shortwave stations in the same way as you would tune for broadcast. By rotating the tuning knob quickly you may pass over several stations. The reason for this is due to the exceedingly sharp tuning of the short wavelengths.
Don't tune in indiscriminately on the short waves, or you will probably get nothing. Most sets are calibrated in metres or megacycles. Therefore, use a reliable list showing frequencies and schedules of the principal stations, and search for each one in turn.
Don't' tune in at the wrong time.
Most stations come in only at certain times of the day as well as at certain times of the year.
Don't expect to pick up shortwave stations easily. It requires careful tuning to bring in the very distant stations.

==P.31 - Palec Ad==
&quot;PALEC&quot; TESTING EQUIPMENT
Dependable, Profitable
MULTITESTER-AN AL YSER-SELECTOR-V AL VE TESTER-
. - ALL~WAVE OSCILLATOR-VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETER.
The above instruments cons'iitute a most complete outfit for the service m1&amp;n or radio
laboratory. All units the same size: 7l/2in. x 8%,in., panel 6in. deep. Available singly or in black leatherette covered cases of two or three Units as illustrated.
(A) MULTITESTER. DC, AC volts.
Current,· resistance, capacity, inductance, impedance, electrolytic condenser capacity and leakage. Power supply built in. 22 ranges. Price ... £13/ 10/-.
(B) ANALYSER-SELECTOR. For current, volt~ge, resistance
ANALYSIS from any valve socket. Price . . . . . . £2/19/ 6
(C) VALVE TESTER. Tests all American, English and Dutch tubes, including· au 'latest types . .
Tests for ·MICRO-LEAKS on HEATED VALVE. Easy read- . jng ·valve tesf chart.
Price . . . . . . -. . . . £11/5/-
(D) ALL-WAVE OS.CILI;ATOR: I;F . to highest . R.F. by 5 bands of fundamentals. Precision Dial
with vernier scale. Attenuates to microVolts ·by new riaduated capacity attenuator; Battery operated. Perfectly shielded. Price . . . . £11/10/-
(E) VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETER.· Reads 50 c.s. to high R.F., a lso D.C. on multi-range
direct reading dial. · ls equipped with 150 microamp. meter. Metal measuring tube on 3ft. flexible lead. - No grid leads- no pick-up. Power supply built in. Most advanced design _av;iilable anywhe;re. Price ........ ... . . ... . ... . . £11/ 10/-
. AU . Prices are Subject to Sales Tax. Combinations: A &amp; B, £16/1~ -; A, B &amp; C, £26/10/-; A, B &amp; D, £26/10/-, all plus sale8 tax. Other Combinations can be supplied, prices on application.
Write for illustrat~d catalogue of RADIO &amp; CATHODE RAY TEST EQUIPMENT to
THE PATON ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT CO.
90 VICTORIA STREET, ASHFIELD, SYDNEY. Telephone: UA 1960.
Distributors.- Sydney : Bloch &amp; Gerber, Fox and MacGillicuddy: Lawrence &amp; H anson. Melbour ne: A. H. Gibson (Electrical) Co. Pty. Ltd. New Zealand: The Electric Lamp
House Ltd., Wellington.

==P.32 - Radio Step by Step (3)==
Radio Step By Step • • • 3
DIRECT AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
The differences between direct and alternating currents are explained in this article-the third of a special series for beginners. 
So far only one kind of current, that known as direct current, has been considered. There is another variety-alternating current-that is just as important as
d.c., if not more so, because the principles governing radio transmission and reception depend on its action.
Direct current flows in one direction only, i.e., is uni-directional. Fig.
1 shows a graphical representation o1 a steady direct current of 2 amperes.
The time is taken from the moment the switch controlling the circuit in which the current flows, is turned on.
Because neither the voltage nor the resistance changes, then from Ohm's
E
Law (I = -) the current must remain the same, and so it is represented by the straight line &quot;XY.&quot;
Under certain conditions the current might not remain constant, but no matter how much it fluctuates, as long as it always flows in the same direction, it is still direct current.
A.C. Changes Direction Regularly
Alternating current, just as its name implies, alternates, or changes its direction of flow from -time to time. Its action can also be best explained graphically.
At the point &quot;0&quot; on figure 2, both time and current values are at zero. Starting at this point, the current
st~:;i,pily increases until it attains a maximum value &quot;I,&quot; and then it decreases at exactly the same rate until at t]:ie point &quot;X&quot; on the &quot;Time&quot; axis it has fallen to zero. Now it changes its direction and flows the other way.
This is shown on the graph by drawing the curve representing its progress below, instead of above, the &quot;Time&quot; axis.
Once again, the current . steadily builds up to a maximum value &quot;I,&quot; but in the opposite direction this time -and returns to zero again (at the point &quot;Y&quot;). From this point on the whole process is repeated again and again until the circuit is broken.
Each completed operation-current starting from zero, building up to maximum, returning to zero, reversing direction and again building to maximum and returning to zero-is
termed ii. cycle. If the time taken from &quot;O&quot; t'o &quot;Y&quot; is 1 .second, then the frequency of the current is 1 cycle· per second.
If, as shown in the lower portion of the sketch, 5 complete cycles are performed in the 1 second, then the frequency is 5 cycles per second. Most alternating current mains supplies have a frequency of 50 cycles per second.
Audio and Radio Frequencies
So far we have dealt only with low frequencies, which are measured in cycles. Low frequencies, or audio frequencies as they are often called in
i·adio, extend upwards to the upper limit of audibility, which is about 18,000 cycles per second. Frequencies much greater than this are spoken of
as high, or radio frequencies, though there is no clear-cut line of division between the two.
High frequencies such as those used in radio are measured in kilocycles
(thousands of cycles) or megacycles
(millions of cycles) per second.
Thus station 2FC, transmitting on a frequency of 610 kilocycles per second, has no less than 610,000 cycles of high frequency alternating current flowing in its transmitting aerial
every second.
Wavelength and Frequency
There is a simple relationship between wavelength and frequency that will become obvious after figure 3 has been studied a little. ·
The length of one complete wave is shown in figure 3(a), where the frequency is one cycle per second. In 3 (b), where the frequency is 5 cycles per second, the wavelength must obviously be one-fifth of what it is in 3(a). It is clear that the more waves there are every second (the greater the frequency, in other words) the shorter is the wavelength. In fact, the two are inversely proportional double one and the other is halved.
Speed of Radio Waves
All radio waves travel at the same speed-that of light. This is 186,000 miles per second, which is approximately equal to 300,000,000 metres per second.
It now becomes clear that if a station operates on a frequency of 1,000 kilocycles per second, which equals 1,000,000 cycles per second, the length of each wave in metres must equal the distance covered in one second divided by the number of cycles per second - in this case, 300,000,000 -7- 1,000,000, which equals 300 metres.
So we see that the frequency with which the waves are created governs the wavelength, and if either wave- length or frequency in cycles is known, the other can be found by dividing the known quantity into 300,000,000. (If the frequency is in kilocycles, then 300,000 is the figure to use.)
Measuring A.C.
Some further qualities of alternating current will ·now be considered.
First of all, as a.c. is always changing in value, it is measured in terms of its average, or Root Mean Square, value.
This gives in amperes the current which would be required with d.c. to provide the same heating effect. The R.M.S. value of an alternating current is approximately .707 of the peak value. The voltage of an a .c. supply, which alternates in the same way as the current and at the same frequency, is measured in exactly the same way.
A.C. Superior to D.C.
The main advantage of a.c. over d.c. for a mains supply is that it can be easily transformed to any desired voltage. By stepping it up to a high voltage and low current, it can be transmitted over long distances with little loss. Where required, it is easily stepped down again to a lower voltage by a transformer.
How a Transformer Works
If a direct current is passed through a length of wire, a magnetic field surrounding it is set up, as shown in figure 4(a). This field can be strengthened greatly by winding the wire
m the form of a coil, as shown in
4 (b). The lines of force SUI'l'ounding
the coil remain steady until the current is cut off, when they collapse and disappear.
If a.c. is applied to the winding instead of d.c., it can be seen that the magnetic field will build up and collapse twice for every cycle of the, alternating current, because the a.c. itself builds up and returns to zero twice during every cycle.
Now, if we were to place another winding in .close proximity to the first, as shown m 4 ( c), it would be found that the fluctuating magnetic field in the first coil would induce an alternating E.M.F. or voltage in the second. This action is known as mutual induction.
The amount of transfer that takes place depends on the degree of coupTHE AUS'rRALASiAN RADlO WORLD
ling that exists between the two
windings. This can be greatly increased by providing both coils with an iron core, as is done in audio and
power transformers.
If both coils have the same number of turns, then theoretically the voltage induced in the second will equal that applied to the first. If 250 volts a.c. be put across the primary, which is always the winding across which the voltage is first applied, and the secondary has twice the number of turns the primary has, then a voltage of 500 will be available across the terminals of the secondary.
Of course, this is assuming that there are no losses; actually a transformer has an efficiency of about 85 per cent., which means that if a voltage is required to be stepped up
b twice its value, slightly more than twice the number of primary turns are needed for the secondary to allow for loss during the transfer.
Next month: Inductance and Capacity

==P.33 - The Lighter Side of DX==
Some Tit-Bits Of Ham Humour
By Leon S. Stone
THE following examples of radio humour were culled during DX
listening to amateur stations. Some equally funny incidents have happenec'. at times during broadcasts from commercial stations, but unfortunately,
I have not recorded them. The hams, naturally, provide the most unintentional humour over the air, owing to the more personal touch in their broadcasts, and to the habit most of them have of absent-mindedly leaving their microphones open to the wide world.
DX From Next Door!
An amateur station in one of the Sydney suburbs was going full blast belting out a transmission of gramophone records for hours on end late one Sunday evening, in the days when &quot;ham&quot; stations were allowed on the broadcast band before midnight on Sunday. Next day his bellicose neighbour hailed him over the back fence: &quot;Do you know I got six new stations on my set last night?&quot;
&quot;Really,&quot; replied the &quot;ham&quot; innocently, &quot;what were they?&quot; &quot;Youyou ---,&quot; replied a very annoyed listener. Talk about &quot;double spotting&quot;!
What's This . &quot;CQ&quot; Station?
An N.S.W. ham got a good laugh out of a report from a listener in Queenstown, Tasmania. Verbatim, with original spelling and all, it read:
&quot;Sir-I was listening the other night on the shortwave at 9.15 p.m. and I picked up over the waves at such strength that I am curious to know
what power you were using. It was coming in at such strength that I had to cut back the volume for good reception. It was as good as 3LO on broadcast. Can you tell me what wave- length CQ is mdng [!] which I heard you callii1g nearly evel'y amateurs I pick up are call for CQ. I remain,
yours sincerely, --&quot; Some report!
73 es 88 de YL!
Romance is not yet dead, even in the serious (?) atmosphere of amateur experimental stations. Tuning in on the 80-metre band to an N.S.W. ham announcer, I heard:
&quot;Stand by, old man, a YL [and any dxer knows what that cryptic couple of letters means!] here wants to speak to you.&quot; YL's voice is then heard:
&quot;Is that 3 XX? A YW here-one young woman, you know.&quot; A nervous little laugh follows. &quot;I can hardly believe you love me.&quot; Knowing hams as I do, neither can I!
A New Kind Of DX Special.
While on the subject of romance (if any) in amateur radio. A married ham operating an experimental station gave himself away properly to the YF. A receiving set is installed in her bedroom so she can comfortably listen to hubby's programmes.
During the early hours of one morning one of his girl friends rang the station. Racy conversation between the two continued for close on an hour. The ham (in more senses than one) had blissfully forgotten he had the station &quot;mike&quot; switched on, with the result that the edifying conversation was broadcast to hundreds of listeners as well as to his wife in the next room, who was fuming. It was a very chastened hubby who told himself he would be rather more discreet
in future with station 'phone calls particularly from attractive YL's !
A &quot;Low&quot; Station.
A Sydney ham has never been allowed by the rest of his fraternity to forget that one morning he announced to another experimenter: &quot;My station is a lower one than youl's&quot;. Omission of &quot;wavelength&quot; caused the damage.

==P.34 - Prize-Winning Transmitter Has Worked All Continents==
Portable Tests: 5-Metre Schedules:
Lakelnba Radio Club Notes and News
By W.J.P. 
THE transmitter shown above is owned and operated by Mr.' Bert Dimmock (VK20W), of Hurlstone Park, and succeeded in winning first prize in the transmitting section at the recent Amateur Radio Exhibition organised by the Wireless Institute of Australia.
The transmitter is a conventional four-stage, crystal-controlled job, using a 59 oscillator in a tritet circuit,
46 frequency doubler-buffer; 210 buffer and two 210's in push-pull in the final.
The oscillator and doubler power supply is obtained from a 300-volt pack, with a separate supply of 400 volts for the buffer, and a 500-volt pack for the final. Separate filament transformers are used for all the valves in the R.F. side. The popular link coupling is used, both in the intermediate stages. and to the aerial.
The aerial is a single wire-fed multiband matched impedance. With this transmitter all continents have been worked (W.A.C.), while all parts of the British Empire have also been contacted (W.B.E.).
Genemotors for Country and Portable Work.
A party of members of the Lakemba Radio Club, including 20D, 20W,
Messrs. Taylor and Langley, recently paid a visit to Mr. J. Buchanan (VK2ABT), a new country amateur at Yerrinbqol, N.S.W. The object of 'the visit was--to test out the efficiency of a genemotor for portable work, and also to investigate the possibilities of 5-metre communication with Yerrinbool. Contact was made with 2ABT from a position on the Great Southern Highway, per medium of a portable 40-metre 'phone transmitter. It was most interesting to learn that 2ABT was also using a :genemotor for the power supply, because results were so good that the- car party thought that he was using crystal · control in the transmitter, so pure was the carrier. For the operation of these genemotors a large 6-volt battery is usually required the current drain on the battery being from 1 to 5 amps., ·depending on the type and power output of the genemotor. On the return trip to ,Sydney, the transmitter was kept ''ifr--operatiOn most of the way down. ·'Jt' was noted that the output dropped slightly when it became necessary to switch on the car headlamps, due to the extra load on the battery. However; from tests conducted, indications were that genemotors should prove very popular for portable and country work.
Breaking Into 5 Metres.
VK20D suggests that for those ·who are breaking into five metres, considerable care -should be taken with the tuning of_ -the receiver, and attempts ·should -be- made to locate harmonics from ·-telephony stations who may be operating on the higher wave- bands. With reference to the receiving aeria-J,-it is a good plan to arrange
it in a well elevated position, but to those who&quot;are not so fortunately situated, it is suggested that they try the aerial in various available positions, because - 5-metre signals- have a habit of turning up in the most unexpected places.
Should signals be . rather weak on the 5-metre aerial, a good standby is to use a single piece of wire strung vertically for the greater part of its length, which may be up tO 60 feet, attached to the aerial coil, which may be tuned by a 5-plate midget con- denser in a similar way to that described by 2EH elsewhere in this issue. 20D also recommends the newcomer to the ultra-high frequencies to experiment carefully with various aerial systems, once he has his receiver operating correctly.
Further Freak Reception.
It was revealed in last month's issue of &quot;Radio World&quot; how the code signals from a ship could be heard through the talkie equipment of a Sydney theatre. According to a club member, Mr. W. G. Picknell, similar &quot;reception&quot; was obtained at Inverell, N.S.W. Patrons of the local picture theatre were astounded to hear, &quot;Hullo CQ! Calling CQ!&quot;-coming from the talkie speakers. Eventually, it was traced to Harry Hutton (VK2HV), whose station was in operation on telephony nearby!
How NOT To Send DX Reports.
The following is a copy of a DX report received by VK2DL. Reports such as these often cause station operators to literally &quot;tear their ha1r&quot; with rage!
The Direct cir,
Station VK2DL,
April 26, 1936.
I am an ardent - listener to shortwave, and often listen to radio broadcasts from foreign stations. At about 7.30 p.m. E.S.T. I tuned in your station and I heard many songs and musical selections- and talks. This is the first time I have heard your station. I hope to be able to pick you up again on my shortwave receiver. The reception was clear and loud. It was satisfactory. I will thank you in advance for a verification card from your station. Good luck to your station. (Signed) Mr .... . ........ ,
New York, U.S.A.
The above report might possibly be satisfactory for reporting to a focal station, but the essential points so necessary for long distance reporting are missing. The time does not state whether it is American or Australian E.S.T., the wavelength is not given, the type of music, titles or announcements have been omitted, also the type of receiver used. Yet reception was clear and loud!

==P.36 - Choosing and Using a Vacuum-Tube Voltmeter (2)==
last month the principle upon which the vacuum tube voltmeter operates was - explained, and the features necessary in an instrument designed for service work outlined. In the concluding instalment below, a few of the varied uses of a V.T. voltmeter are indicated.
Specially written for the &quot;Radio 'World&quot; by
A. H. MUTTON, .B.E.
Paton Electrical Instrument Company. 

JN last month's article,
the essential features of a vacuum tube voltmeter designed for radio use wel'e discussed in detail. They can L2 summed up as follows:-
(a) The instrument should not require more than about one microwatt of power to operate it, so as to avoid dropping the voltage in the circuit
un&lt;l2r test. · (b) It must measure a wide range of voltages to be able to check stage gain.
( c) It must read voltage, independent of frequency.
( d) Its input capacity must be kept at an absolute minimum.
Many other features are desirable, but not so important as those above. Fig. 3, which is reproduced from last issue, shows a suitable vacuum tube Voltmeter circuit.
6J7 Offers Important Advantages
. An improvement consists in using a pentode such as the 6J7. This gives readings independent of plate voltage, which is a great feature for A.C. operation.
Also, this metal valve can be located at the end of a flexible lead, so that no wires need be attached to the grid for introducing the voltage to be measured. This keeps input capacity down to that of the valve itself. R2 is a 5-megohm resistance, used solely for maintaining D.C. continuity to the grid, ·so that a bias is supplied to it even when the circuit under test would not do so.
It will be assumed in what follows that the vacuum tube voltmeter in use is similar to that above, i.e., that it has an input capacity of about 5
mmfd., an input resistance of a very high figure, and a range of measurable voltage, .1 v. to 50 v. The whole secret of using a vacuum tube voltmeter successfully consists in being sure of what is measured. This must be particularly stressed in receiver use. A good vacuum tube voltmeter will measure any voltage supplied to it, R.F., I.F., A.F., or D.C., so it is necessary for the user to see that only that voltage required to be measured reaches it.
Isolating the Needed Voltage ·· '
To stop D.C. reaching the voltmeter is simple. Connect a condenser of reasonable size (say, .001 mfd. for R.F. working, and .1 mfd. for A.F. and 50-cycle working) in the lead to the measuring valve's grid-see fig.
4 (a). Ee sure the insulation of this condenser is excellent, or a progressive change in the voltage reading will result, as the leak charges up the grid.
To measure A.F. in a circuit containing, say, D.C., A.F., and R.F.-see
fig. 4(b)-use a blocking condenser and a low pass filter circuit of the usual type. A 2 m.h. choke with,
i CIRCUIT 0'°&quot;'----11 GRID o.· . ! CONTAININC. I I v. T i THE REQD. V · M 1 VOLTAGE ! AND D.C- EARTH
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: THE A•F I (B)
i 1CO~TAINING CIRCUIT ~I r ~G - -,~ I o.c., A-F. V·T
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! THE R·F . I (C)
FIG.4
.0001 mfd. condensers across the circuit from either side of this choke will be suitable.
To measure R.F. where A.F. is present is not so simple, but can be done by stopping the A.F. with a tuned A.F. ·choke, the tuning condenser of which allows the R.F. to pass to the vacuum tube voltmeter-see fig. 4(c).
· Usually one finds no need for more than a D.C. blocking condenser, as the R.F. or A.F. can generally be stopped elsewhere.
Now for some uses.
Stage Gain.
This is one of the most important of the vacuum tube voltmeter's many uses. As an· example, consider the measurement of I.F. stage gain in a superhet. Fig. 5 will be taken as a normal type of circuit. Proceed as follows:
Connect an output meter across the speaker and supply an unmodulated input signal to the set. Tune in the set,
using the &quot;mush&quot; of the signal or by temporarily modulating it in some way. Next, connect the vacuum tube
voltmeter's grid to . &quot;Y&quot; and its other lead to the chassis. Set the input signal to obtain a small readable signal on the voltmeter. Re-tune the
trimmer C2 to see if the voltmeter's capacity is upsetting the circuit. This will be immediately evident on the output meter, which will alter its reading when the vacuum tube voltmeter is connected. Obtain the
original reading by re-tuning C2.
Next measure the low value unmodulated signal across C2.
Now remove the vacuum tube voltmeter and obtain the same output by re-setting C2 to its original value.
Next, connect the vacuum tube voltmeter between &quot;Z&quot; and earth, placing- a blocking condenser in the grid
·1ead to the vacuum tube voltmeter.
R~-set C4 if necessary to get the same output reading, and measure the amplified voltage.
It will be noticed that the gain is not measured by connecting across C4. This is because the voltmeter lead; if attached to the lower side of C4, would introduce extra capacity from this point to earth, and would possibly upset other circuits not shown in this skeleton circuit. Also, it is easier to connect to earth. This connection introduces two extra D.C. voltages between &quot;Y&quot; and the earthed lead of the meter, but the blocking condenser prevents their being effective.
A.F. stage gain is much simpler to measure. Simply connect the vacuum tube voltmeter across the input and output of the stage or stages, taking steps to prevent D.C. operating the meter, and measure a constant input signal as found at these two points.
If required, various frequencies may be used and a &quot;response curve&quot; of the stage or stages obtained.
A.V.C. Voltages.
The vacuum tube voltmeter measures these with ease. Before testing, it is wise to remove the 5-megohm grid . resistance from the meter's input circuit as it is not now required and parallels the A.V.C. resistor, effectively reducing its value.
There is little to be said about this test. No precautions against unwanted voltages are required.
Oscillator Voltages.
Connect the meter across the oscillator coil or between the elements of the valve, taking care that D.C. cannot enter the meter's circuit. The capacity · of the vacuum tube voltmeter will alter the frequency slightly, but unless other things in the circuit necessitate it, this need not be allowed for, as the oscillator's output
voltage will not be affected.
Percentage Modulation Measurements.
It is sometimes interesting to know the percentage modulation of a signal arriving at the second detector. It checks the first detector's action
and gives a rough check on the source of modulation, i.e., whether the signal
TltE AUSTRAtAStAN ltADtO \VOitLt&gt;
generator is deeply modulated or not.
Connect the voltmeter across the diode resistance in the second detector's circuit and measure the voltage there when the input signal is unmodulated, and also when modulated.
The percentage modulation is then given by
Percentage modulation =
r Voltage (modulated) l
I -1 I xlOO
l Voltage (unmodulated) J
Hum Measurements
These can be made at a great many points in the circuit of a receiver,
such as across the voltage divider, across the speaker transformer, across the automatic bias resistor of
the power valve, and at the input to
the power valve.
OUT~
PUT
METE;R_
FIG. 5
In all cases be careful to prevent D.C. operating the meter, and as far as possible always measure between some point in the circuit and earth.
This latter statement might almost be regarded as a law in receiver work.
Generally one then finds several voltages sent along to the meter, but one can usually &quot;stop out&quot; the unwanted ones. As an example· of incorrect procedure, consider the measurement of hum at the speaker transformer. Do not connect the vacuum tube voltmeter directly to the transformer's terminals. It is much better to connect from the plate side of the transformer to earth, making sure, if necessary, that one is not also measuring the hum in the &quot;B&quot; supply by checking this. If it is large allow for it.
Other Receiver Uses
Every voltage in the receiver can be checked with a vacuum tube voltmeter, with the aid of a few condensers and resistors. Even the H.T. secondary winding on the power transformer can be tested, by simply using a high resistance voltage divider.
For instance, if the vacuum tube voltmeter has an input resistau.ee of 5 megohms and a full scale deflection
(Continued overleaf) 

of 50 volts, it will read to 500 . volts when a 45-megohm resistor is connected in the lead to its grid, since the valve then has applied to it a
voltage of one-tenth that applied across the series resistor and the 5-
megohm grid resistance. If these values are inconveniently high, lower ones such as input grid resistance of
.1 megohm and a series resistance of
. 9 megohm may be used.
Filament voltages, screen grid voltages, detector voltages-all can be measured with ease. When once one learns to take a few precautions, it is soon found the vacuum tube voltmeter is invaluable as a time-saving service and laboratory aid. 

==P.38 - Six-Valve All-Wave Ultimate==
Has Many Attractive Features IN New Zealand, locally built receivers share the market not only with Australian-made sets, but also with leading American makes. It is undoubtedly a fine achievement that the Auckland firm of Radio Ltd., in the face of this keen competition, has in the past few years established such a reputation for Ultimate receivers that now they rank with three or four imported makes as best-sellers in New Zealand.
Produced in one of the most modern factories in Australasia, Ultimate radios are not only up-to-the-minute  in design, but as well are precision built throughout of high quality components.
A little over a year ago these sets were introduced into Australia by Messrs. Geo. Brown and Company, of Sydney, and have sold consistently well.
Six-Valve All-Wave Model
A fairly wide range of A.C. and battery Ultimates is available, including a recently-landed 11-valve twin chassis de luxe model that is attracting widespread interest.
One of the most popular receivers in the A.C. range is the six-valve all- wave model illustrated above. It can be supplied in three different style
console cabinets, that shown being the &quot;Baby Grand.&quot;
To ensure plenty of gain and high selectivity, an r.f. stage has been incorporated. There are three wave- bands instead of- the usual two, giving
complete coverage of the short waves from 16 to 130 metres as well as of the broadcast band. Incidentally, this is the model· on which 603 broadcast band stations were logged by J. R.
}fain, a New Zealander, in a recent DX . competition conducted in that
country.. · · · ·
The Five Controls
The controls (left t'o right) are:- . Combined on/off switch and volume
THE AtJS'rRAtAStAN. RADiO WOlttO
c.ontrol, quiet tuning control (for use in localities where power interference is prevalent), main tuning control, three-position wave change switch, and tone control.
The tuning control n·ot· only operates . the conventional double-ended pointer, but also a special &quot;logging hand&quot; as well. This hand is a single-ended
auxiliary pointer which rotates 16 times faster than the main indicator .
By its use, tuning is made both simple and accurate, particularly on shortwave.
Three-Colour Dial
The dial is illuminated in red on the broadcast band, in blue on the medium shortwave band, and in green on the short waves. For the first band, the dial is calibrated in kilocycles, and in metres for the remaining two.
Other Features
Among other attractive features of this model can be included the volume and tone control colour indicators; an effective A.V.C. system; high-gain r.f.
and i.f .. transformers; and a wave- change switch with additional contacts to short out the unused coils, resulting in a complete elimination of &quot;dead spots&quot; on the dial.

==P.38 - The Month on Shortwave==
By '''Alan H. Graham''' RECEPTION during the past month has been fair, conditions being much better in the morning and afternoon than at night. Taken on the whole, stations on the 31-metre band are the most consistent, and almost any morning quite a number can be logged at good speaker strength. Naturally, the Daventry (GSB) and Zeesen (DJA and DJN) transmitters are outstanding - the two last-named having been extremely good this month around 8 a.m. Not far behind comes W2XAF, which is usually quite good until mid-morning, when very bad fading spoils signals. The other Americans are not nearly so good, though W1XK made a welcome re-appearance at reasonable strength on several mornings this week. Another regular on the band is the Rome transmitter 12RO, which is usually at speaker strength. Other stations heard include PRF5, which occasionally comes in splendidly with an entertaining programme of South American music (incidentally, they usually have an English session at 8.30 a.m. on Tuesdays); LKJ1, which is unfortunately heterodyned by W2XAF; HBL and CT1AA. '''Swedish Station Best 20m. Catch.''' The 20m. amateur band is still a source of enjoyment for DX enthusiasts, as splendid &quot;catches&quot; may be made even at the most unexpected times. Generally speaking, the best time for reception is in the late afternoon, although on June 16 four English amateurs (G5VL, G5NI, G6XR and G2NH) were heard on 'phone around 8 a.m. SM5SX, located at the Royal Technical University, Stockholm, Sweden, was the best catch last month - the usual quota of W's, K6's, XE's, VE's, CO's, etc., being logged. The 25m. band is rather unexciting as the usual stations are the only ones audible - Paris (TPA3 and TPA4), Daventry, W8XK and RNE all being fairly regular. '''Zeesen Best on 19 Metres.''' On 19 metres the best reception has been from the Zeesen transmitter, DJB, during the mid-morning period, when they are regularly heard at good speaker strength. W2XAD were also unexpectedly heard on several occasions, at quite fair strength for them, both before and after midday. By the way, reports on this station are eagerly sought after by the station engineers. '''Verifications From America.''' Finally, the last American mail brought a most interesting batch of verification cards. They included the following:- W9XAA. - Frequencies 17,780, 11,830 and 6,080 k.c. Address: 666 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Ill. &quot;The Shortwave Voice of Labor and Farmer.&quot; 20m. amateurs.- HI2K, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; CO2KC, Habana, Cuba; CO7CX, Central Florida, Cuba; VE50T, Vancouver, Canada; and the Americans W3AHR, W3DPC and W5BEE. 10m. amateurs ('phone).- W3CWG, Lake Hopatcong, N.J.; and W5ERV, Shreveport, Louisiana (operated by Mr. S. H. Powell, who is, in his own words, &quot;65 years young&quot;).

==P.39 - More About the 6L6 Beam Power Amplifier==
More About
The6L6Beam
Power
Amplifi~~ In the June issue of the &quot; Radio World&quot;
advance details were given of the new 6L6 beam power amplifier. The theory of its operation is covered in the article below1
published by courtesy of the Amalgamated Wireless Valve Company1 Ltd. - -
THE Radiotrori 6L6 is -a n~w type of tetrode intended for use in the power output
stage of an A.F. amplifier. Unlike most earlier double grid valves, the 6L6 does not exhibit any secondary emission effects at low plate and control grid voltages;
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FIG. 3
SKETCH SHOWING FORMATION BY GRID WIRES OF BEAM SHEETS
its characteristics, therefore, resemble those of the usual power output pentodes. Some unique features of the 6L6 are high power output, high efficiency, and high power sensitivity.
The Pentode Suppressor Grid.
When the plate voltage of the usual tetrode is less than the screen voltage, an appreciable number of secondary electrons, which are emitted from the plate be- cause of bombardment by primary electrons, are attracted to the screen. The plate current, therefore, is greatly i-educecl.
Fo1· this reason, the plate voltage of the usual tetrode should not swing below the screen voltage if the output is to be substantially free from distortion. A zero potential
suppressor grid (G,), positioned between screen (G,) and plate (P), serves to prevent the loss of plate current due to -secondary emission. Hence, in a pentode, the plate voltage (Eg) can be made less than the screen voltage (Eg,) without appreciable secondary emission effects.
The manner in which a suppressor prevents secondary emission loss in plate current can be explained by fig. lA. When the suppressor is connected to the cathode, the potential of the suppressor wires is zero, and the potential of the spaces between the wires is positive by an amount depending upon the geometry of the valve and the applied. voltages. The effect is, therefore, toreduce the potential at all points between the screen and plate.
Fig. lA shows the approximate potential distribution between the screen and plate of a pentode for various plate voltages. When Eb is greater than a certain critical value (Eib) a potential minimum is formed in the vicinity of the suppressor. When the difference between the plate voltage and the potential at the suppressor (Eb'-Eb11 ) is great enough, secondary electrons from the plate are not attracted to the screen, but return to the plate.
Consequently, for all values of Eb greater than Eb1 ,
there is no appreciable loss in plate current due to secondary emission. Under these conditions the plate cur- rent is nearly independent of plate voltage.
Fig. lB shows the plate characteristic of a typical pentode. The knee between Eb and Ebr is rounded, due mostly to the. non-uniformity of the field around Ga,
giving no definite value of Ebr where the plate current begins to become independent of plate voltage. 
There are several other factors which govern the sharpness of the knee, such as the shapes, sizes and uniformity of the grids and cathode.
Much of the distortion of the field occurs at the grid side rods. The ideal curve (dotted in fig. lB) would have a greater usable range of plate voltage, with reduced third-harmonic distortion.
The 6L6 dispenses with a physical suppressor in order to reduce secondary emission effects. Suppression is obtained by creating a potential
minimum between G, and plate by space charge effects. The electron stream to the plate is confined to
. a beam whose electrons have nearly uniform path lengths and velocities.
Such a design results in a plate characteristic that has a relatively sharp knee at low plate voltage.
The Virtual Cathode.
If we had a valve in: which each electron traversed the same distance in the same time on its journey from cathode to plate, many of the pentode difficulties could be obviated.
Consider s'ijcl1 a tetrode. Apply a
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voltage to its screen, and a lower voltage to its plate. Shifting the plate further from the screen under those conditions gives a set of potential grade curves as in fig . 2A. After a distance D,, there is found to be a point of minimum potential between screen and plate, which tends to repel secondary electrons, preventing their passage to the screen.
In simpler words, the cloud of electrons set free by bombardment of the plate has been moved out beyond the reach of the screen grid's positive
field. If, then; the plate voltage is increased, the cloud extends further inward toward the grid, but owing to the increased intensity of the plate's
positive field, it is not sufficiently negative to set up a current from plate to screen, but simply retards the normal flow of plate current, making it practically independent of
plate voltage.
Below the critical voltage, at distances of either D, or D, (figs. 2B,
2C), the cloud is not present in any large extent, its electrons being drawn to the screen grid by its positive potential. Thus there is a sharp falling-off of plate current at a critical voltage, after which a negative current may flow. By increasing the distance to D:i (fig. 2D), it. is found that a region of minimum potential
(Mi, M, P min.) exists for all values of plate potential, and t hat the cloud of electrons is always present, even at very low values of plate potential.
Thus the field between the plate and screen has a region of low potential which effectively ·prevents the production of further secondary electrons, in much the same way as t he suppressor of a pentode. The resulting tetrode, however, has a much sharper knee at Eb1 in fig. 2D than has a pentode.
The cloud of electrons near the positively-charged plate is, in , effect, a virtual cathode, the position of which is changed by varying the control grid voltage or the plate potential. With the correct screen to plate distances, the potential of P min. can. be made just enough to suppress secondary emission effects. The plate then acts as a diode plate, which reaches a saturation current when its potential reaches · Eb1, after which there remains an almost constant potential grade between the virtual cathode and plate.
If the screen volta$·e is i'edu·ced, 01°  the control grid voltage made more negative, the density of the cloud of electrons becomes less, and the diode saturates at a lower value of plate voltage. The voltage at which the knee occurs depends either on the screen voltage or the control grid bias.
Radiotron 6L6.
To simulate the ideal conditions of the hypothetical valve discussed above, the electron streams must be focussed into some form of parallel &quot;beams.&quot; In the 6L6 this has been done by carefully winding the two grids with the same pitch, and even more carefully aligning them so that each turn of the screen grid lies exactly outside that of the control grid along a line perpendicular to the cathode.
In pentode valves, the grid side rods do much to disturb the field near the plate. To overcome such effects in the 6L6, two side plates, called &quot;beam forming plates,&quot; have been placed at the sides of the grids in the plane of the virtual cathode, as shown in fig. 3. Being held at cathode potential, these plates effectively screen the plate from the field of the side rods of the screen grid, and deflecting the &quot;beams&quot; into paths very nearly perpendicular to the axis
of the cathode after passing the screen. Fig. 3 illustrates the combined effect.
1'Ht AUS'ftlALASlAN tlADlO WOtlLD
It must be noted that the screen current is greatly reduced, as few electrons flying from the cathode are caught by its field. A saving of overall power input thus results, and the efficiency is high. The careful design of the valve generally, coupled with the large cathode, . has given a very high value of mutual conductance-4,300 micromhos, at 175 volts screen and a negative control grid bias of 12.5, and 250 volts plate potential. The sensitivity for this reason is very high, and only small grid swings are necessary for high output under most conditions.
While the overall distortion for a given output is less with Radiotron 6L6 than a single 42 type pentode, at higher outputs, which would seriously overload the latter valve, the predominant harmonic produced by the 6L6 is the second. When used in push-pull this can be nullified, and far greater outputs at low distortion are !JOssible when the valve is operating along its optimum load line.
Operation of Radiotron 6L6.
In Table I are given a number of
operating conditions, both for single
valve and push-pull.
Conditions Nos. 1, 2, 6 and 7 are those most likely to be used by re- ceiver manufacturers, who must
necessarily con§ider the required
power input to plate. The power
supply is most generally the limiting factor. ·
TABLE 1
August l, 1936.
Condition 6, giving 14.5 watts output with 2 % distortion and with a grid swing of 32 volts peak, should
prove of service in any large receiver.
Where fidelity is required, there must
always be a reserve of output power. Radiotron 6L6 offers a method of obtaining that without resorting to abnormally high voltages. The other conditions, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 8,
9, 10, should prove very useful to the
maker of P.A. equipment or cinema
sound equipment. 
==P.42 - For Radio Mechanics==
Special Training Class
THE Marconi School
of Wireless, conducted by Amalgamated Wireless at 97 Clarence Street,
Sydney, has organised an intensive
course of instruction for youths who
wish to become radio mechanics. The course comprise,s a daily lecture on the theory of electricity and radio,
with special application to receiving
sets, the rest of the day being devoted
to practical work. Students will be
instructed in assembling, wiring and
testing, and also in the use of tools.
The intention is to start the class
on August 3 and to terminate in February, 1937, when the busy season of
radio manufacture is about to com- mence. The Marconi School has
recently been enlarged in order to
accommodate the increasing number
of students in various classes.

==P.43 - The All-Wave All-World DX News==
'''The All-Wave All-World DX News''' 
'''Official Organ of the All-Wave All-World DX Club.''' '''Club Is Proving Highly Popular.''' 
Every DX fan in Australia must have wanted a DX Club to join, and a DX Contest to take part in, if the letters that have been rolling in lately from all parts of the Commonwealth are anything to go by! This letter, from Leon S. Stone, of Gordon, N.S.W., is typical of dozens more:- &quot;I must say the Membership Certificate is certainly a neat one. I must also compliment you on the badge, which I consider exceptionally striking and effective. It looks and is a high-class job that anyone would be proud to wear. It is really much superior to what I expected. &quot;Re the Club. It is a worthy organisation of great value to the dxer to run hand in hand with A.R.W., and I am sure it is going to be - if not already - most popular. &quot;Thanks for the specimen report form - a very useful idea indeed and a wonderful time-saver for any dxer. It is also very handy, as it sets the seal of an 'Official' report on any sent to stations, with an increased chance of getting an acknowledgement. For this reason the idea of giving each member an Official Receiving Station Call Sign is an excellent one, of which I heartily approve.&quot; '''The Right One At Last.''' Another reader, writing from Ipswich, Queensland, says: &quot;The All-Wave All-World DX Club is just what has been needed in Australia for a long time. I have wasted no end of money in buying different magazines and at last I have come across the right one. I can say it is very popular here in Ipswich. I have been praising it to everyone I see or talk to about dxing, and have given my newsagent a permanent order for it.&quot; It goes without saying that support as enthusiastic as this is always highly appreciated, not only because it proves that a magazine like the &quot;Radio World&quot; was badly needed in Australia, but because the more support that is forthcoming, the greater is the service that can be given to readers. '''More Members Wanted.''' This applies particularly to the All-Wave All-World DX Club. Every application for membership that is received means that just a little more can be done for those who have already joined. If every dxer who has joined or who is about to join persuaded several friends to send in applications too, the Club would have a thousand or more members in no time. With the membership at this figure, there would be no end to the competitions and little &quot;stunts&quot; that could be arranged for members. '''All-Wave DX Contest.''' In the conditions governing the Contest, published last month, it is stated that &quot;the Contest is an all-wave one, but broadcast stations only count - not commercials or amateurs.&quot; A correspondent asks whether the word
&quot;commercial&quot; includes &quot;B&quot; class stations, which are run along commercial lines. The term does not apply in this case - what is meant are stations whose broadcasts are purely commercial in character, such as ship and aeroplane stations, etc. 
===Application for Membership===
ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX CLUB

Application for Membership

The Secretary,

All-Wave All-World DX Club,

214 George Street,

Sydney, N.S.W.

Dear Sir,

I am very interested in dxing, and am keen to join your Club.

The details you require are given below:

Name..........................................................

Address.......................................................

[Please print both plainly.] .................................

..............................................................

My set is a...................................................

[Give make or type,

number of valves, and

state whether battery

or mains operated.]............................................

I enclose herewith the Life Membership fee of 3/6 [Postal Notes

or Money Order], for which I will receive, post free, a Club badge and

a Membership Certificate showing my Official Club Number.

(Signed) ...................................................

[Note: Readers who do not want to mutilate their copies of the &quot;Radio World&quot; by

cutting out this form can write out the details required.]

==P.44 - DX Champion Logs 600 Stations in Five Years==
Following a recently-held New Zealandwide DX contest, Mr. J .. R. Bain, of Marton,
was declared DX champion of N.Z. In the
following article, written specially for the
&quot;Radio World,&quot; he tells readers how he built
up his 600-station log. 
A reception report from the author
to this station at Wilnu, Poland,
l1rought this photograph in return as
a vel&quot;ification.
I first started dxing early in 1931,
just after purchasing my first set- a four-valve t.r.f. Ultimate. It was a battery-operated model, as I was living in the backblocks of Taranaki
then, where mains power was not
available. Valves used were a 442
screen-grid r.f. stage, 415 detector,
409 first audio, and 443 power valve.
, The aerial was an inverted &quot;L&quot;, 100
feet long, 45 feet high, and running
north to south. The earth consisted
of a five-foot pipe driven well down
into moist soil.
As is usual with the owner of a .new set, I was keen to see what my new
four-valver would do, and after
logging all the New Zealand and most
of the Australian stations, I concen- trated on the weaker signals. To
avoid disturbing other members of
the household when I was dxing late
at night, 'phones were sometimes
used.
After several months, I started
dxing in earnest. My first overseas
report was sent to KFOX, Long
Beach, California, and the next two
to 3KZ and 3GL in Victoria. From
then on I was kept busy making out
reports, and looking forward to the
arrival of overseas mails.
Most of the world's broadcast
stations are located in U.S.A., and my
locality must have been a good . one for them, because in six months I had
sent reports to 100. On occasions,
when conditions were good, I would 
stay up all night to pick up Eastern
stations or other stray ones that
might have been testing, or on a special programme. I would consider
it a very poor night's dial-hunting
if I didn't get at least three or four new Joggings.
Towards the end of 1933 I shifted
to Marton, an inland town about 200
miles north of Wellington. ·Mains
power was available here, so I bought a six-valve a.c. Ultimate superhet,
and . carried on dxing. Like the
battery set, this also gave excellent
results, so that last year I was able
to win the &quot;N.Z. Radio Record&quot; DX
Challenge Cup with a verified log of
603 overseas stations. Previously,
while operating the battery set, I won th~ &quot;N.Z. Radio Times&quot; Battery Cup
twice.
Some Hints for Newcomers
After one becomes keenly interested
in dxing, one soon finds which months
of the year are most suitable for the
reception of stations in each country.
For instance, during the winter
Jll.Onths the Americans are heard at
good volume from 4.30 till 7.30 p.m., 
but in the summer they are heard
better from 11.30 p.m. till 3 a.m.
European stations come in well
during the spring and autumn, but
at other times of the year they arc hardly worth bothering about. On the
other hand, the Eastern stations are
heard practically all the year round, so it will be seen that one can be on the lookout for new loggings all the
year round.
When reporting to stations, to ensure a verification one must give
every detail that will be of interest
to the station engineers, and I can advise nothing better than the use of
the All-Wave All-World DX Club
report forms. These forms cover everything, and the station officials can see at a glance just how the
transmission was received.
If is always advisable to enclose return postage to the New Zealand and
Australian stations. In the case of more distant stations, I have sent an I.R.C. only on very rare occasions; in
fact, several stations have returned
the coupon, saying that they did not
accept postage when a detailed 
report was sent, as they were only
too pleased to know how their trans- missions were getting out.
Then again, one must not be disappointed if an occasional station
fails to acknowledge a report, as several circumstances must be taken
into consideration. For instance, a powerful station such as KFI has a daily mail running into thousands of
letters. Is it any wonder if one gets
overlooked? Or, in the case of a foreign station, a letter may be lost
in transit, or perhaps no one at the
station can read or write in English.
Then again, there are one or two
stations that definitely refuse to
&quot;verify reception&quot;; but these, I am pleased to say, are few and far
between.
I have found it a good idea to en- · close a folder or booklet of views with
THE AUSTltALASiAN llAJJl() WORLD
each report. Distant stations are always interested in anything of this
nature, and very often send in return some photos or views of their station or locality. I have built up a very
fine collection of cards, letters, and
photos, all received from B.C. stations.· In addition to the pleasure I have
had from dxing I have also made
many friends in all parts of the
world, and regularly receive letters
from them. Also, I have built up a fine collection of stamps.
In conclusion, to be a successful
dxer and build up a good log, one must have a good receiver and a good
locality, plenty of patience and a tolerant family.
Anyone seeking information on broadcast band stations need only
drop me a line at 97 Princess Street,
Marton, N.Z., and I will do all in my
power to assist them.

==P.46 - &quot;Card-Hunting&quot; is Not Sole Aim of Dxing==
By M.T.H.
I N the early days of
radio, a broadcasting station was very seldom heard at a distance
greater than some 500 miles. Under
such circumstances the&quot;· owners of
radio stations were very interested in
receiving information concerning both
strength and the steadhress of reception at distant points. It enabled
them to determine the extent of their
&quot;area of effective service,&quot; and also,
the effect of atmospheric conditions
upon this service. It can be readily seen from these considerations that
the tireless efforts of early enthusiasts were of great importance to the suc- cess of radio entertainment.
To-day, the supplying of such information is a hobby which yearly
gains more enthusiastic adherents.
Mo~t broadcasting stations send a
&quot;Reception Verified&quot; card to all t hose
who give them helpful information,
and the &lt;:ol!ection of such cards has
become a matter of keen competition.
Reports Must be Complete
There is a danger to-day, however,
that this hobby may degenerate into
a form of tai·d collecting, and nothing more,, 'As an instance, :;;tations
oecasionilly rel'eivc report;; running
:;omethinir like thi~: &quot;I heard your st!i..tion last night; it was coming in
Hke a iocal. Please send me a card, ., ., ' etc.&quot; Needless to say, this sort of
thing debases the hobby, and could
ultimately lead to its extinction.
It is necessary, therefore, that every
report sent to stations should be of
service to them and to radio as a whole. This is the whole aim of
dxing. The verification card is a reward for service rendered, and should
not be regarded as the sole object of
dxing.
Preparing a Report
Intelligent and accurate reports are
undoubtedly of great assistance in determining the occurrence and duration of fading, the intensity of signal
strength, and, perhaps, most important of all, the quality of speech and
music. In forwarding reports to distant stations there are several essen- tials to be borne in mind.
1. Set down the time and date of
1·eception, and also the frequency if
possible. It is quite unnecessary to
give every item you hear, but make
Hure you get at least half a dozen if
conditions permit. If possible, quote
titles in preference to saying that a
&quot;piano item&quot; was heard, &quot;a lady was singing,&quot; or &quot;a band was playing,&quot; etc.
Station engineers prefer to get the
name of the item itself, the name of
the orchesti·a, the composer, or the
artist which enables them to verify
definitPly.
2. Next comes the readability
(QSA) and strength of signals (R),
as well as the quality. Many are apt
to exaggerate when giving these particulars. Do not tell a station you
heard them at RS, when in reality
they were only R4. Misleading re- ·
August l; 1936.
ports concerning strength are useless.
The object of a report is not to let
the engineers know what a wonderful
receiver you have for DX, but to inform them how their signals are getting out. Weak and disturbed signals
may not be due to your receiver, but
to several other things; e.g., the time
at which you hear the station or the · 1ocal climatic conditions. Both these
factors affect reception to some ex- tent, hence the importance of stating
as nearly as possible the volume and
clarity of signals.
3. Pay particular attention to fading, and mention whether the carrier wave is steady or swinging at the same time, being careful to make sure your own aerial is not swinging.
4. Describe as accurately as you
can the weather conditions at the
time of reception, giving temperature
and barometer readings (if available),
direction of wind, and other details.
If dxers follow the above instructions and give some details as to the
set used, length and height of aerial,
etc., they will have the satisfaction
of knowing their report is a helpful one. Postage should be enclosed
where possible.
Some Shortwave
DONT'S.
Don't expect to log all the stations
in the world the first day you have
your set. You must become used to
your receiver and know just how to
tune it, and this takes time and
patience. It is best to try for the more powerful stations first, as they
will be the easiest ones to pull in.
Don't expect to receive the same station every day, as conditions in
the upper reaches of the earth's
atmosphere cause reception conditions
to change constantly. There are oc- casions when you will pick up a station with excellent volume, but perhaps a few days later you will not
be able to bring in the station at all.
Don't expect to get stations instantly. A station may be coming in
well one minute, but during the next
you may scarcely hear it. This is one reason why · patience and slow
tuning are necessary.
Don't use a m·ake-shift aerial. Only
the best and most carefully-installed
types will bring in shortwave stations
satisfactorily. A doublet is always
well worth while on the short waves.
Don't become discouraged. Every
new shortwave listener, b·efore he has
become familiarised with the vagaries
of short waves, is apt to become disliearteried when trying out a new set.

==P.47 - Identifying Shortwave Stations==
Chimes, bells, horns,
cuckoo calls-these are
just a few of the many and
varied interval signals
used by shortwave stations
throughout the world to
enable listeners to identify their transmissions
easily. A list of these
signals used by the more
powerful stations is given
below.
By H. I. JOHNS. 
LISTENERS often
find it difficult to identify foreign
shortwave stations, especially those
where. the English language js very
little used. For instance, some of the
South American stations do not an- nounce their actual call-signs in
English, but in Spanish. Similarly,
French and Russian stations use their own languages when announcing.
Fortunately, however,· most of these
stations now use what are known as interval signals which enable listeners
to identify them easily. A list of
these signals used by the more powerful stations will now be given.
From the Empire stations (Daventry) a tuning whistle is sounded for
at least fifteen minutes before the
opening announcement. Next, Big
Ben will be heard, and then the an- nouncer will inform listeners . that
&quot;This is London calling you.&quot; These
well-known stations, which always
close with &quot;God Save the King,&quot; will
be found on the 19, 25 and 31-metre
bands.
When tuning into a German station one will hear chimes, consisting of
eight notes of an old German folk
song, frequently repeated, for about
fifteen minutes before the station's announcements. Then follows: &quot;Dear
friends and listeners abroad.&quot;
These stations also announce in
Spanish, and close down with the
German national anthem and Nazi
hymn. Finally, the chimes will be
heard once again. · The French station, &quot;Radio Coloniale&quot; (FY A) and now known as TP A2,
TP A3 and TP A4, always opens up
with the &quot;Marsellaise.&quot; The call-sign
will not be heard, but instead the an- nouncement, &quot;lei Paree, Radio Coloniaie.&quot; The station closes with &quot;Bon
soir mesdames, bon soir, mademoi- sell~s bon soir, messieurs,&quot; followed
by th~ &quot;Marsellaise.&quot;
From -Paris we go to 2.RO, Rome,
which announces &quot;Radio Roma
Napoli.&quot; This is given by a lady an- nouncer, the interval signal being a
nightingale singing. The station closes
with the Fascist hymn.
Another station in Rome is HVJ,
Vatican City, which opens with a
metronome beating for five minutes. Then will be heard the striking of the
bells ·of St. Peter's, followed by the
announcement, &quot;Pronto Radio Vaticano. Wave length 50.26 metres.
Laudetur Jesus Christus.&quot; The station
remains on the air for fifteen minutes
only.
A well-known station in Portugal
is CTlAA, Lisbon, which uses three
cuckoo calls as an interval signal. 
The announcement is, &quot;CTlAA, Radio
Coloniale.&quot; This station can be
heard on Wednesdays, Fridays and
Sundays, on the 31 m. band, but only
during the winter.
Turning next to Switzerland, we
have HBL and HBO, which together
with several other stations are known
as &quot;Radio Nations,&quot; Geneva, Switzerland. Announcements are made in
English, Spanish and French.
ORK, Belgium, which transmits interesting programmes heard daily in 
the early morning, is known as &quot;Belradio.&quot; The announcement is,, &quot;lei
Bruxelles emission s·pecials pour la
Congo par Ia station de Ruysselede,''
and the station closes with &quot;La Brabaconne.&quot;
Station OER2 in Austria can also be
heard in the early morning. The an- nouncement is, &quot;Hello, Hier Radio
Wien,&quot; and also &quot;Hello, hello, this is
radio station OER2, Vienna, Austria.&quot;
A metronome is used for the interval
signal.
Station EAQ (30.4 m.) in Spain, announces in English and Spanish after
every item, the announcement in
Spanish being-&quot;Estacion Ay-Ah-Coo
(EAQ), Madrid, Espana!' This station
is on the air daily, but is heard only
during the winter.
Perhaps the best-known station
throughout the world to shortwave
listeners is PHI, Holland. Announcements are made in English, Dutch,
Malay, German, French, Spanish and
Portuguese, all by the same announ- cer. Listeners will hear, &quot;Hullo, hullo,
PHI, Holland,&quot; also &quot;This is Huizen.&quot;
This station, which is known as the
&quot;happy station&quot; among shortwave
listeners, closes with the Dutch
national anthem.
PRF5, in Brazil, is known as &quot;La
Presse Nacional,&quot; the announcement
being &quot;You are listening to shortwave
station PRF5-F for Friday.&quot; They
also give the station's longitude and
latitude.
RNE, the Russian station, on 25
metres, always opens and closes with
the playing of the &quot;International.&quot;
You will hear, &quot;This is Moscow calling on a wave length of 25 metres,
12,000 kilocycles, Workers of the
World.&quot;
All American stations can be identified by the prefix &quot;W.&quot; The callsigns are given every fifteen minutes,
preceded in nearly all cases by the
striking of three gongs. Shortwave
stations in America which operate
from or in conjunction with a broadcast station, give announcements as follows: &quot;Westinghouse stations WBZ,
WBZA and shortwave station WlXK.&quot;
W2XAF on 31 metres is known as &quot;The Voice of Electricity,'' the an- nouncement being, &quot;This is WGY and
W2XAF.&quot; Each programme is opened
with a broadcast from the noise of a
discharge of 10 million volts.
\VSXAL's announcement is, &quot;The
Nation's Station, WLW, and short- wave station WSXAL.&quot;
W9XF-&quot;Your station is W9XF,
Chicago, Illinois, operating on 6,100
kilocycles.&quot; The call-sign, etc., is also
given out in several different languages.
VK2M:E, Australia, is known a s
THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD
&quot;The Voice of Australia,'' the identifying signal being the well-known
laug·hter of the kookaburra, Australia's
famous bird. The station always
closes with &quot;God Save the King.&quot;
VPD has no interval signal, but the announcer will be heard to say,
&quot;Hullo listeners, this is station VPD,
Suva, Fiji,'' before almost every item.
VK3ME opens with clock chimes
and closes with &quot;God Save the King.&quot;
The South American stations are the hardest to identify, as the ma- jority do not give their call-signs in
English but only in Spanish.
HJlABB is known as &quot;La Voz de
Barranguilla,&quot; the call-sign in Spanish
being &quot;Acha hota und ah bey, bey.&quot;
The interval signal consists of three
chimes.
HJ2ABA will be heard as &quot;La V oz de! Rais.&quot;
HJ3ABD-the name of this station
is &quot;Ecos de Calle,&quot; and the announcement is &quot;Atcha kah effch.&quot; The identifying signal consists of strokes on a gong.
August 1, 1936.
HJ5ABD's call will be given by the announcer as &quot;Achay jay sinks ah
bay day.&quot;
HCJB, which is heard daily broadcasting in English and Spanish, _ is
&quot;Le Voz de los Andes&quot; (the Voice of
the Andes). It can be identified by
a two-tone chime.
HC2RL, known as &quot;Quinta Riedad,''
calls &quot;Hullo America&quot; both in English
and Spanish. It closes with the
Ecuadorian national anthem.
OAX4D is heard well on Thursdays
and Sundays on 51 metres. The announcement, &quot;La Voz de Peru, Radio,
D.U.S.A.&quot; is given in English and
Spanish.
XEBT is another well-known station and can be easily identified by
the blowing of a motor horn, like very
fast cuckoo calls, repeated twice.
Also listeners will sometimes hear a siren blowing, similar to that on a fire engine. The station signs off
with that beautiful sacred song, &quot;Ave
Maria.&quot;

==P.48 - Universal Time Conversion Indicator==
How to Assemble and Use It
EvERY radio enthusiast
will find the Radiotron Universal
Time Conversion Indicator issued as a free supplement to this issue, invaluable in obtaining time differences between various parts of the world.
To assemble it, the large circle
should be carefully cut out around its
outside edge. The small circle is also
cut out, just inside the red line forming the circumference. Two discs of
fairly heavy cardboard are also re- quired, of the same diameters as the
cut-out circles. The latter are then
glued to the discs, the smaller one placed evenly over the larger, a paper
fastener passed through the centre,
and the Indicator is ready for opera- tion.·
Alternatively, both discs can be
fastened to a convenient spot on a wall with a drawing-pin passing
through their centres.
Using the Indicator
To obtain the time in any country
when it is, say, 8 p.m. in Sydney, set
&quot;N.S.W.&quot; opposite 8 p.m., and then
times in othe1· parts of the world can be read off. For example, the Indicator shows it is t hen 7.30 p.m. in
South Australia and Northern Territory, 7 p.m. in Japan, 6 p.m. in West
Australia, and 9.30 p.m. in New Zealand.
The only country of any importance
from a radio point of view that is
ahead of Sydney in regard to time is
New Zealand, which is H hours ahead
during winter. During summer, when
Daylight Saving is in force, the time
difference increases to 2 hours.
Some Further Examples
In big continents there are several
divisions of time. In the United States
there are four belts-Pacific, Mountain, Central and Eastern. These arc 18, 17, 16, and 15 hours behind Sydney time, respectively. Australia has
three belts, Western Australia and
Central Australia being two hours and
half an hour respectively behind Sydney time. All these differences are shown by the Indicator.
Allowance For Summer Time
Summer time is observed in some countries, notably Argentine, Belgium,
Brazil, France, Great Britain, Holland,
Portugal, and Roumania. During the
Australian winter, the time in these
countries is advanced one hour, fo1·
which due allowance should be made.

==P.49 - All-Wave DX Contest Arouses Widespread Interest==
List of Prizes Give11
Below Ineludes Kit-Sets,
Multi-Range Teste1•
and Aerial K.its.
T IIE announcement of the All-\Vave
DX Contest in last month's &quot;Radio World&quot; has brought in dozens of
letters from readers anxious to take part in the competition. Judging
by their enthusiasm, station officials in all parts of the world are going
to have a busy time during the next few months checking up on reports
and · sending back verifications !
Thanks to the generosity of leading advertisers in the ''Radio
vVorld,&quot; over thirty pounds' worth of prizes have already been donated
for distribution among the winners. 'rhere will be two sedions in the
Contest, one for Australian and one for New Zealand dxers. Details of
the prize list are as follows:-
AUSTRALIAN SECTION.
First Prize : . . .... . .. ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiokes &quot;Moneysa ver&quot;
Kit-Set (value £9/17/ 6).
(Kit donated by Radiokes Ltd., except /01· condenser gang an(l
wave-change switch, given by Stroniberg-Carlson (A'sia) Ltd.)
Second Prize: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' l.936 Master Five''
(Complete Velco kit of parts, value £6) . (Donated by .Messrs. A. J. Veall Pty. Ltd., Melbourne .)
Third Prize: .... . .. . . . ...... .. . Palec Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Tester
(value £5).
(Donated by the Paton Electrical Instrnment Company,
Sydney.)
Fourth Prize: . .. . .. ... . . ..... .. Noisemaster All-Purpose Aerial Kit
(value 52/6).
(Donated by Antenne:x; (A'sia) Agenc1:es, Sydney.)
NEW ZEALAND SECTION.
First Prize : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kit of parts for complete receiver
(type will be published next month).
(Donated by Messrs. F . J. W. Fear &amp; Co., Wellington, N.Z.)
Second Prize: ..... . .. ... . . ... . . Noisemaster AllPurpose Aerial Kit (value 52/6).
(Donated by Antennex (A'sia) Agenc·ies,
Sydney).
Further additions to both prize lists may be
published next month.
. Every prize-winner will also receive an Award Certificate
in twocolonrs, printed on parchment, while six Certificates of
Merit will be awarded for the six best logs entered, apart from
those of the prize-winners.

==P.50 - DX News and Views==

'''A page for letters from DX readers.'''

'''Wants To Exchange QSL Card'''
I would like to congratulate you on your fine paper &quot;Radio World.&quot; I look forward to getting my copy of it every month. I have a QSL card of my own, and would like to exchange it with anyone anywhere. Wishing the &quot;Radio World&quot; every success in the future.- '''C. R. Landrigan''' (Camperdown Road, Terang, Vic.).

'''Fine 10-Metre DX'''
Following is a list of loggings for the past week - mostly on 14 m.c. (20 metres) c.w.:- W6CXW, W6ITH ('phone Q5, R9), W6LDP, WE1EA, W7BUB, W9POS, OZ2M, J2CL, UK3AA, PACE, G5RS, G60S, U9MF, KA1SP (7 m.c.), XU3RY, OH5MR, OZ5BK, EI8B, W2LU, KA1ER (7 m.c.), W2HSD, U2ME, PAHG, W6HR, K6AKP, W410, F8NY, W9KJP, K6LBH. Some time ago I heard the following on 28 m.c. (10 metres):- ZL1GX, W6GZU, ZL3AB, VK3YF, AS1H, VK6SA, HJ3AJH, J2HJ, and VK6MN. Also, VK6FO used to be regular, but have not heard him for some time. My total log, including VK's and ZL's, must be around about 1,000 stations. I have not sent many reports out, but have about 30 cards. I have received from ZBW, Hong Kong, a very nice card, showing views of the studio, station and transmitter.- '''Len. Burston''' (Wangaratta, Vic.).

'''Airways Station Heard'''
The stations which I have heard with my 4-valve battery set, with an aerial 60 feet long and 30 feet high, are as follows:- Daylight stations: 3AR, 2FC, 5CK, 2CO, 7NT, 5CL, 2BL, 3LO, 3GI, 5RM, 2GB, 3UZ, 3BO, 2UE, 2GZ, 3HA, 2KY, 3DB, 2CA, 2UW, 2WG, 3KZ, 2CH, 2NC, 2WR, 2SM, 3AW, 2GN. Night: 2YA, 1YA, 4YA (New Zealand from about 5 p.m. onwards), 6WF, 4QG, 5DN, 6AM, 5PI, 7LA, 2HD, 4MK, 3TR, 6IX, 4BK, 5AD, 2MO, 2KO, 3XY, 4CA. These are the stations which I have noted down as having heard their calls since I bought the set in September last. Amateurs I have received include VK2YW, Wagga; VK2EI, Leeton, and VK2KD, Temora. Recently I picked up a station on about 5PI's wavelength. I heard a male announcer asking- &quot;How long before you will be landing? Over, over.&quot; A little later- &quot;You will be landing in about 15 minutes; see you later; OK, ---,&quot; a name which l could not get; possibly the name of the machine. A few days later I saw by the papers that an Airways 'plane had to return to Cootamundra aerodrome on account of bad weather, so, possibly, that's what I heard. Also, a station has been heard near 2FC - I think it is KZRM, Manila. I picked it up on Sunday night at about 10.45 p.m.; it was QSA4 and R6, for about half an hour. No call was given, but the announcer spoke with an American accent.- '''C. D. Moller''' (Coolamon, N.S.W.). 

'''Two-Valve Battery Shortwaver'''
My receiver is a two-valve battery s.w. receiver, 30 detector, 32 output, using resistance coupling. It is of my own construction. The antenna is of the inverted &quot;L&quot; type - 25-foot lead-in around the skirting-board, and a 25-foot flat top, 10 feet high, pointing to N.W. I use no earth. Since winding the 20-metre coil three days ago I have heard several stations, the best being VPD (22.94 m.) and W7ALZ calling 4JU and W6FQY. W6FQY can generally be heard at 4.20 p.m. The W6's come in best here. I use &quot;cans&quot; for s.w. reception. Wishing your excellent radio journal all the best.- '''Jack Harrower''' (Seddon, Melbourne, Vic.).

'''500 Stations In Six Weeks'''
I have received over 500 stations in the past six weeks - mostly amateurs on 20 metres, but including a couple of Japanese stations, XGOA, and KZRM on broadcast band. I wish to congratulate you on the '&quot;Radio
World,&quot; and here's hoping you keep up the good work. It is the best radio book I have seen, and I have a standing order for it at my newsagent.- '''W. Pearson''' (Malvern, Victoria).

'''Foreign Stations On 49 Metres'''
&quot;I wish to acknowledge having received my Club Certificate and Badge, and to commend you on the smart design of both badge and certificate. Also, the Report Forms are just what the DX fans have looked for for ages.
Well, the most notable items in the DX line here lately have been on the short waves. XE2AH, Mexico, W6ITH and W6MGJ, California, W6BY, Whittier, California, have all been heard on 20-metre 'phone at R8-9 QSA4-5. They can be heard around 4 p.m. till 5 p.m. South Australian Time. There is a station on approximately 49 metres which plays all the latest recordings with vocal refrains in English, and also a lot of Hawaiian music and songs, but announces in a foreign language. It does not give a call-sign, and is on the air from about 7.30 p.m. till 2 a.m. At intervals a chime is heard. This station comes in at R9, QSA5. I have just received a verification and programme from Russia with the information that all reports will be answered, and that programmes may be obtained in any language on request. All reports should be addressed to the Editor, Inna Marr, Radio Centre, Moscow.- '''R. H. McColl''' (Semaphore, S.A.).

'''Sixty-Foot Aerial Mast'''
Just a few short lines to let you know how I am getting along in the way of dxing. So far things have not been the best, on the broadcast band it certainly has been very hard, the trouble being local interference. Though during June I received 80 odd cards from Australian stations, and hope to have a good collection in a very short time. So far I have only sent cards to TPA4, DJQ, GSB, VBD and to a few American hams. I have tried various forms of aerials here, because conditions here in the North are not so good. At present I have under construction a sixty-foot three-corner lattice mast and will gladly send photo of same when completed. Wishing the &quot;Radio World&quot; and DX Club every success.- '''C. Watts''' (Bowen, Q'land).

'''Interested In 5-Metre DX'''
I have just bought the June issue of your remarkable magazine, which is certainly one of the best, and I enclose P.N. for one shilling and stamps to cover postage of the May issue. I have had a radio since 1925 - you know the days of knobs, dials and squeals. At the present time I am very interested in 5 metres and would like to suggest that the &quot;Radio World&quot; publish as soon as possible a 5-metre receiver. By doing this you would give those of us who are interested on this side of the Tasman a chance to hear the first signal from Aussie on a &quot;Radio World&quot; receiver; what could be better? I will in the near future join the &quot;All-World DX Club.&quot; I take this opportunity of wishing the &quot;Radio World&quot; the best of success - and it is a success.- '''Vince Hanstock''' (Denniston, N.Z.). [Details of a.c. and battery 5-metre receivers are published in the July and August issues. Best of luck in your 5-metre DX work. Glad you like &quot;R.W.&quot; - Ed.]

'''Logged Nearly 3,000 Stations!'''
I have an eight-valve all-wave job, and only operate it on an indoor aerial at present but in the near future I intend to erect two 60-foot poles, so I ought to drag them in. I am in a very bad locality owing to the Railway Rock, and two sets of high powered mains pass in the next street. I have had the set about 16 months and have logged near the 3,000 mark of world-wide stations. I received a card yesterday from OA4R, Peru. I would also like to mention I have my own card and have sent out dozens and dozens to different VK's, but have got about one dozen in return. I have never missed including return postage and thought I might be doing these chaps a good turn, but they evidently do not appreciate reports.- '''C. E. Neill''' (Ipswich, Queensland). [Congratulations on your card - a very neat job. Hard to understand your not getting replies from &quot;hams,&quot; who generally are only too pleased to send a card if postage is included.- Ed.l

'''&quot;Glorious Fourth&quot; Celebrations Heard'''
Have had a Stromberg-Carlson D.W. only for five or six weeks, but have logged a number of overseas stations and also many amateurs. GSD and GSB, Daventry, from about 2 p.m. till 4.30 p.m., have been excellent on 25 and 31 metres - but cannot get them above a whisper on the 20-metre band. Radio Colonial, Paris, from 10 a.m., and I2RO, Rome, on 25 metres, were very good from 1.15 a.m. early in July. Also, at between 9 and 10 a.m. on the same day I heard I2RO give their &quot;American Hour&quot; request numbers in English. On July 4 at 10.20 a.m. on 25 metres, I heard part of celebration at the United States Great Hall, Paris, of the &quot;Glorious Fourth.&quot; Readability was fair to good, but there was some fading. I can recognise only the French and German languages (and perhaps Spanish and Italian), so unless the call is heard, it is difficult to tell what station one is listening to.- '''Mrs. E. M. A. A. Heathorn''' (Smithton, Tasmania). [The list of interval signals published this month will help you considerably in identifying s.w. stations.- Ed.]

===Photo of George Notley, Moonah, DX Den===
The &quot;Radio World&quot; certainly seems to be popular in this DX den, which belongs to '''George Notley''', of Moonah, Tasmania. Mr. Notley is a very keen dxer, and has logged plenty of S.W. and broadcast stations on the battery three-valver shown in the photo.

===Photo of 1YA Auckland Mast===
This aerial mast belongs to lYA, Auckland, which operates on 650 k.c. with a power of 10 k.w.- '''Jack M. Flower''' (Tauranga, N.Z.).

==P.51 - Logging South American Stations==
During any Sunday afternoon dxers in good locations can, by careful
searching, pick up quite
a few South American
broadcasters at good volume. In the article below
over two dozen of the
more powerful stations are
listed, together with frequencies, powers, and best
times to look for them.
This high.powered broadcaster at Breslau, Germany, can generally be
heard at fine volume in ·the spring and autumn. During the early morn·
ing is the b.est time of the day to try for him. Frequency is 950 k .c.,
By D. N. ADAMS
and power, 100 k.w.
THERE are quite a
few powerful stations in the Argentine, which can sometimes be heard
in Australasia during the winter from
about mid-day onwards. Sunday is a good day to try for them. Some
go off the air at about 1.30 p.m., but
others carry on, and these would probably be the best for Australian
dxers to search for.
Published on this page is a list of
the more powerful of the South
Americans together with the approximate times (E.A.S.T.) at which they
close down. Try for them before the more powerful of the U.S.A. stations
start to come in, or there will be
plenty of heterodynes with which to
contend.
A good way of ensuring a verification from any of these stations you
may pick up is to send a copy of
your report to Mr. Hector Rivola, c/o
Radio Station LR8, Radio Paris,
Buenos Aires, Argentine, and ask
him if he would mind seeing the
management of the station in question regarding a verification for your
report. Enclose some used or unused
Australian stamps for his collection
and he will be pleased to help you
out. I have received back several
verifications through his kind assistance.
Other stations in South America
which have been heard here are:
TGK, Guatemala City, Guatemala, on 1,210 k.c., 10,000 watts. Broadcasts DX programmes on Sunday
nights till about 6 p.rrL E.A.S.T.
CX26, Montevideo, Uruguay, on
1,050 k.c., 2,000 watts, is often heard on DX broadcasts.
CX24, Montevideo, Uruguay, on 1,010 k.c., 10,000 watts, is often heard
on DX broadcasts.
CP4, La Paz, Bolivia, on 1,040 k.c.,
10,000 watts, is sometimes heard on till 6 p.m. with DX broadcasts. CE76, Valparaiso, Chile, on 765 k.c., 
10,000 watts, is heard on Sundays tm
the U.S.A. stations come in. A very
good station. Listed below are the ·stations in
South America which have verified
my reports. This will give dxers a good idea of the stations to report
to, providing, of course, they are picked up:
Argentine: LS2, LS8, LR3, LR5,
LR4, LR8, LSlO, LT3, LU7, LVL
Uruguay: CX26. Bolivia: CP4. Venezuela: YVlBC. 
Argentine Broadcast Stations.
Station
LSlO
LV2
LS3
LS4 .
LS1
LR7
LTl
LRlO
LR5
LR6
LR2
LR3
LR4
LR9
LRl
LT3
LS5
LRS
LS2
LSS
LU7
LS9
LS7
LS6
Freq.
(K.C.)
590
620
630
670
710
750
780
790
830
870
910
950
990
1,030
1,070
1,080
1,110
1,150
1,190
1,230
1,240
1,270
1,310
1,350 
Power
(Watts)
6,000
2,000
5,000
7,000
5,000
15,000
4,000
10,250
29,000
26,000
12,000
31,000
12,000
9,000
50.000
4,500
5,000
7,000
30,000
20,000
2,000
6,000
10,000
6,000
Rema.rks
Heard till 3 p.m. Sundays, sometimes after that.
Has been heard till 3 p.m. (E.A.S.T.).
Heard till 3 p.m. Sundays.
Closes at 3 p.m. Sundays.
Closes about 3.30 p,m. Sundays.
Heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it, which would
be about 4 p.m. (E.A.S.T.).
Closes about 4 p.m. Sundays.
Is heard on Sundays till U .S.A. stations drown it out; very good station.
Is heard till 3 p.m.- sometimes later-on Sundays. A won- derful station.
Heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it. Wonderful
volume last winter.
Closes at 2 p.m. usually, but has been heard later and is a good stat ion to log.
This is one of the best. Is heard until 4 p.m. Sundays and
verifies }&gt;romptly.
This is another good station-is like LR3.
Heard best on Saturdays till 3 p.m.
Wonderful station. Heard till U .S.A. stations drown it out on Sundays.
Closes at 2 p.m. (E.A.S.T.).
Heard on Sundays at good volume till U.S.A. stations come in.
Heard on Sundays at good volume till U.S.A. stations drown it.
Welcomes reports and verifies all that are correct.
This is usually the first S.A. station to be heard. On till after 4 p.m. on Sundays.
Is easily R6 here at 2 p.m. your time Sundays.
Is heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it. Comes in well and verifies promptly. Is also heard on Sunday at good volume, but will not verify .
Another station which is heard well.
Should al~o be heard, but it has not verified reports.

==P.52 - Frequency Re-Shuffle For Japanese Broadcasters==
Frequency Re-shuffle for Japanese Broadcasters
New Stations: Higher Powers
By our Japanese Correspondent
THE operating frequencies of many Japanese stations will be changed soon, the new allocations being given below. At the present time these stations are on the air on their new frequencies for test after 10 p.m. J.S.T. It is expected that the new frequency allocation will become effective after July 1, 1936. Two new stations - JBBK1 and JBBK2 -are located at Heijo, Chosen (Korea). They are now testing with 50 watts, but power will be increased to 500 watts soon. Also, the power of JODK2 will be increased to 50 k.w. soon. The transmitter is already completed and will be on the air after autumn. 
New transmitters for JOAKl,
JOAK2, JOJ~ JOKG, JOL~ JONG
and JOOG are now under construction. They may be on the air this
year.
The new station at Shinkio (Hsinking) is MTCY2; it will be opened
this year. The antenna power is 10
k.w.
·Two transmitters will'be established
at Seishin, Chosen (Korea). The an- tenna power of them is 10 k.w. each.
-Akifusa Saito (Kumamoto, Japan).
K.C. CALL. LOCATION. POWER.
(K.W.)
560 MTCY Shinkio (Hsin580
590
600
610
630
640
650
670
674
680
690
700
710
720
720
730
740
7.50
760
770
780
790
JFCK
JOAKl
JONG
JOJK
JOKK
JODG
JOUK
.TOTK
MTFY
JOVK
JOBIKl
JOCG
JODK2
JORK
JFBK
JOCKl
JOSK
JFAK
JQAK
JOHK
JOPK
JOGK
king) , Manchukuo 100
Taichu, Formosa 1
Tokio* 10
Miyazakit .5
Kanazawa 3
Okayama .5
Hamamatsu .5
Akita .3
Matsue .5
Harbin, Manchukuo 3
Hakodate .5
Osaka 10
Asahigawa .3
Keijot 10
Kou chi .5
Tainan, Formosa 1
Nagoya 10
Kokura 1
Taihoku, Formosa 10
Dair en .5
Sendai 10
Shizuoka .5
Kumamoto 10

800
810
820
. 830
870
JOKG
JOIK
JB1BK2
JOFK
JOAK2
Koufut
Sapporo
Heijo, Korea~
Hiroshima
Tokio*
.5
10
.5
10
10
This photograph of Mr. Akifu.sa Saito,
the &quot;Radio World's&quot; Japanese correspondent, was taken with one of JOGK's
masts in the background. Mr. Saito is a
noted Japanese radio engineer, and so
knows the kind of news that dxers want.
890 JOLG Tottorit .5
890 MTBY Hoten (Mukden),
Manchukuo
910 JOLK Fukuoka
920 JOQK Niigata
930 JOAG Nagasaki
940 JOBK2 Osaka
950 JONK Nagano
970 JODKl Keijo, Korea
980 JOXK Tokushima
990 JOCK2 Nagoya
1000 JOBG Maebashi
1020 JOFG Fukui
1030 JBAK Fusan, Korea
1040 JOJG Yamagatat
1050 JOHIG Kagoshima
1060 JOIG Toyama
1070 JOOK Kioto
1080 JOOG Obihirot
1090 JBBKl Heijo, Korea§
1
.5
.5
.5
10
.5
10
.5
10
.5
.3
.15
.5
.5
.5
.3
.5
.5
* Will be increased to 150 k.w. this
year.
t Will be opened this year.
§ Already opened.
t Will be increased to 50 k.w. this
autumn.

==P.53 - Visiting DX Stations (3)==

==P.55 - China to have High-Power S.W. Station==

'''China to have High-Power S.W. Station''' - '''Some Shortwave News Flashes''' By A. B. McDonagh +

'''Africa Launching Out - '''
A new building of eight stories, and with 13 studios - the most ambitious radio building outside of Daventry - is now being erected. Look for ZSR, 9.18 m.c., and the shortwave relay station of ZTJ on 6.09 m.c.

'''China's Contribution - '''
The Administration of Chinese Broadcasting has placed an order with the Marconi Co. for a shortwaver of higher power than that used by the B.B.C. It will relay the 75,000-watter XGOA, and advice states it will take two years to build. Meantime, Chinese radio engineers will study at the Marconi College in England, and also in America, to learn modern shortwave technique.

'''New Venezuelan Station - '''
Caracas, Venezuela, is going to have a new station on 6.27 m.c.- YV14RC. YV7RMO is on 6.07 m.c., and is located at the end of Lake Maracaibo nearest the sea.

''''Plane and Police Stations - '''
Just a shade under 5 m.c. at about 11 p.m. N.Z.S.T., an aeroplane station may be heard. Some of the U.S.A. police stations, which are above 100 metres, can be heard round about 9 p.m. N.Z.S.T.

'''Shortwave Jottings - '''
RAN (?), Moscow, 31.6 metres, is testing daily from midnight G.M.T. This is the same transmitter as used for the 9 p.m. G.M.T. sessions.
Java (said to be PMO) is on approximately 26 metres with the same programme as YDB on the 31-metre band.
It is hinted that New Zealand's proposed shortwave station may be erected alongside the 60-kilowatt national station now being built near Wellington.
Higher in frequency, and about a degree from the 6.5 megacycle mark, a rapid foreign voice is often heard about 11 p.m. N.Z.S.T. I heard the call as JTAS, calling WWV and others.
This is evidently a Japanese ship, as several of them use telephony when nearing U.S.A.
Many people do not know that Moscow has an English session on 25 metres (12 megacycles) between 2.30 and 3.30 a .m. N.Z.S.T. on Monday mornings.
It will ease the minds of Australian listeners to know that Shanghai has been heard in N.Z. at midnight on the 31-metre band.
A new station, with speech in Italian, is on Abyssinia's wavelength of 25 metres.
Watch Geneva for different relays; they test at odd times.

+ Australian listeners who wish to be introduced to pen pals in New Zealand should write A. B. McDonagh, Secretary N.Z. Short Wave Club, 4 Queen Street, Wellington, E.1, New Zealand. The same applies to exchange of QSL cards or stamps. Kindly enclose a penny stamp for reply.

==P.55 - &quot;Simplified Moneysaver&quot; Is Fine Performer==
Son•e · Reports from Readers
That the Radiokes a.c. &quot;Money·
saver&quot; described last month is one of
the finest receivers of its class for DX
listening it would be possible to de·
sign has been proved conclusively by
tests carried out in several locations
since publication of last month's is.- sue. On each occasion, the &quot;Money·
saver&quot; pulled in dozens of DX sta-·
tions with the ease and selectivity
of many. modern commercial sets using
one and even two valves more.
Some Amazing Reports
Already some fine reports on the
set's performance have come to hand
from &quot;Moneysaver&quot; builders. One
reader in Bulli gives a glowing account of the set's DX capabilities, his
list of stations logged including nearly every broadcast station in Australia
and New Zealand, as well as a Chinese
station. On the short waves he has
logged practically all the principal in·
ternational shortwave stations as well
as many amateurs iri all parts of the
world. The report concludes: &quot;The
set shows absolutely uncanny selec·
tivity, separating without the least
difficulty some of the most distant 'B'
class stations.&quot;
Another reader states·: &quot;When I
first tried the set out, I was amazed
at the number of stations I could re• ceive. · I didn't think there were so
many on the air.&quot; .
It is certain that anyone buildingthe receiver from the Kit-Set should
not have the least difficulty in duplicating these performances. . The construction is made easy by the instruc·
tions and diagrams; the- alignment is
easily carried out, very little adjustment being necessary. To assist the
amateur builder, the intermediate
transformers and padder h-ave been
tested under operating conditions and
set to the correct alignment positions
at the factory.
Iron-Cored I.F.'s Used
An important fact not mentioned in
the descriptive article last month is
that the latest Radiokes iron-cored
intermediate frequency transf9rmers
(type SIC-465) are supplied with the
kit. These new intermediates are
highly efficient, and their use in both
the a.c. and battery &quot;Moneysavers&quot; is
largely responsible for the exceptional
gain and high selectivity that are outstanding features of both models.

==P.56 - All-Wave All-World DX Club-List of Members==

All-Wave All-World DX Club List of Life Members

Club No. - Name and Address

AW1DX - Graham Cumming, Meyer St., Donald, Victoria.

AW2DX - F. H. Stacey, c/o Mrs. H. Murphy, 80 Princess St., Petrie Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland.

AW3DX - Noel Jenkins, 80 Bannister St., Masterton, N.Z.

AW4DX - Robert E. Foothead, Newlands, Johnsonville, Wellington, N.Z.

AW5DX - J. Bisceop, Allison Road, Cronulla, Sydney.

AW6DX - F. G. Richards, 15 Dalley St., West Kogarah, N.S,W.

AW7DX - H. M. Downes, Bell Street, Penshurst, Victoria.

AW8DX - H. C. Major, 45 Nirvana Ave., Malvern, S.E. 5, Victoria.

AW9DX - C. G. Arnold, McDowall Street, Roma, Queensland.

AW10DX - Ken Scott, 12 Mitchell St., Stockton, N.S.W.

AW11DX - E. Davison, Box 4, P.O., The Entrance, N.S.W.

AW12DX - W. L. Barry, c/o J. Hall, Esq., 11 Gloucester Street, South Brisbane, Queensland.

AW13DX - Jack Glew, 203 Centre Road, Bentleigh, S.E. 14, Victoria.

AW14DX - Eric K. Webb, 297 Mitcham Road, Mitcham, Victoria.

AW15DX - A. T. Baxter, Casterton, Sandford, Victoria.

AW16DX - Frank Keirsnowski, Acheson Street, Rockhampton, Queensland.

AW17DX - James Laing, 85 Moncur Street, Woollahra, Sydney.

AW18DX - Douglas Pearsall, 512 Macauley Street, Albury, N.S.W.

AW19DX - '''Jack M. Flower''', Norris Street, Tauranga, N.Z.

AW20DX - R. H. McColl, 32 Esplanade, Semaphore, South Australia.

AW21DX - E. A. Glenie, 41 Ashworth Street, Albert Park, Victoria.

AW22DX - C. T. Frost, P.O. Box 44, Seymour, Victoria.

AW23DX - V. Smith, 350 Wellington Street, Collingwood, Melbourne, Vic.

AW24DX - F. C. Collins, Hot Springs Hotel, Te Aroha, N.Z.

AW25DX - James Brooks, &quot;Athelstan,&quot; Wamberal, N.S.W.

AW26DX - R. P. Veall, 38 Eildon Road, St. Kilda, S. 2, Melbourne, Victoria.

AW27DX - B. Beauchamp, 83 Ira Street, Miramar, Wellington, N.Z.

AW28DX - R. C. Watts, Box 91, Pode Street, Bowen, North Queensland.

AW29DX - Cecil Howard, 219 Ellena Street, Maryborough, Queensland.

AW30DX - Len R. Burston, 93 Rowan Street, Wangaratta, Victoria.

AW31DX - F. J. Davis, Mount Battery Station, Mansfield, Victoria.

AW32DX - W. H. Emanuel, 109 Bathurst Street, Hobart, Tasmania.

AW33DX - G. L. Ford, 129 Curzon Street, North Melbourne, Victoria.

AW34DX - A. Spriggins, Navy Wireless Room, Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, Victoria.

AW35DX - J. T. Jarvey, 520 Elizabeth Street, Albury, N.S.W.

AW36DX - J. M. Burke, Lyster Street, Coff's Harbour, N.S.W.

AW37DX - Dave Adams, 35 Bowker Street, Timaru, N.Z.

AW38DX - C. Jarlett, 23 Queens Road, Hurstville, N.S.W.

AW39DX - G. Billings, Wattle Bank, 251 Murrumbeena Road, Murrumbeena, S.E. 9, Victoria.

AW40DX - G. Notley, 37 Main Road, Moonah, Tasmania.

AW41DX - F. C. White, 24 Prentice Street, Elsternwick, Victoria.

AW42DX - '''A. M. Branks''', 67 Robertson Street, Invercargill, N.Z.

AW43DX - '''E. R. Service''', 81 Ettrick Street, Invercargill, N.Z.

AW44DX - D. Morath, Box 11, P.O., Narromine, N.S.W.

AW45DX - K. Morehead, Chatsworth Street, Mt. Druitt, N.S.W.

AW46DX - E. Morehead, Chatsworth Street, Mt. Drtiitt, N.S.W.

AW47DX - N. W. Lumby, 228 Oberon Street, Coogee, Sydney.

AW48DX - G. F. Thompson, 104 Bambra Road, Caulfield, S.E.8, Victoria.

AW49DX - F. H. Hagedorn, Ambrose, North Coast Line, Queensland.

AW50DX - K. Moyes, Mani Arm, Mullumbimby, N.S.W.

AW51DX - A. H. Graham, 258 Lower Plenty Road, Rosanna, N.22, Melbourne, Victoria.

AW52DX - R. Doyle, 24 Baden Powell Street, Rockhampton, Queensland.

AW53DX - William H. Pearson, 10 Soudan St., Malvern, S.E.4, Victoria.

AW54DX - Clive Holland, 32 Railway Crescent, Maryborough, Victoria.

AW55DX - M. Temby, 1 John St., Mordia1loc, S.12, Victoria.

AW56DX - Jack Reedy, Scarba St., Goff's Harbour, N.S.W.

AW57DX - Sidney Hayward, Wimble St., Seymour, Victoria.

AW58DX - Ron Gurr, c/o Port Stephens Canning Co., Pindimar, N.S.W.

(To be continued next month.)


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{{TOC right|limit=3}}

==Link to Issue PDF==

{{red| This is currently transcribed directly, rather than via Wikisource.}}-

[https://worldradiohistory.com/index.htm| WorldRadioHistory.com's] scan of Australasian Radio World - Vol. 01 No. 10 - October 1933 has been utilised to create the partial content for this page and can be downloaded at this link to further extend the content and enable further text correction of this issue: [https://www.worldradiohistory.com/AUSTRALIA/Amateur-Radio/30s/Amateur-Radio-AU-1933.pdf| AR 1933 10]

In general, only content which is required for other articles in this Wikibook has been entered here and text corrected. The material has been extensively used, inter alia, for compilation of [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies| biographical articles]], [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Clubs| radio club articles]] and [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations| station articles]].

==Front Cover==

'''Amateur Radio'''

Published in the interests of &quot;Amateur Radio&quot; by the Wireless Institute of Australia (Vic. Div.) official organ of the Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve.

(Logo - Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve)   (Logo - Wireless Institute of Australia)

Price 6d

October, 1933

==Inside Front Cover - Radiotrons Ad==

New SUPER-PHONIC 
Radiotrons 
TYPES 57—77 
Triple Grid—Detector—Amplifier 


TYPES 58—78 
Triple Grid Super Control Amplifier. 


TYPES 2A7—6A7 
Pentagrid Converter 


TYPES 2B7—6B7 
Duplex Diode Pentode 

TYPES 2F7—6F7 
Triode—Pentode 

TYPE T—V 
Half Wave Rectifier Vacuum Type (Heater Cathode 6.3 volts) 
Ask for the Radiotron Characteristic Data Chart 
A COMPLETE RANGE 

TO MEET EVERY PURPOSE TO SUIT EVERY PURSE EQUIP YOUR RECEIVER WITH THE AMAZING NEW SUPER-PHONIC RADIOTRONS 

RADIOTRONS 
ASSOCIATED GENERAL ELECTRIC SUPPLIES CO. LTD. 
93-95 CLARENCE STREET, SYDNEY. Corner QUEEN and LITTLE COLLINS STREETS, MELBOURNE, C.l. 

AMALGAMATED WIRELESS (A/SIA) LTD. 
47 YORK STREET, SYDNEY 167/9 QUEEN STREET, MELBOURNE. 
(Advertisement of Amalgamated Wireless Valve Company Ltd.)

==P.01 - Vealls Ad==

Pay Cash and Pay Less 
You can save good, hard cash when you deal with VEALLS, make it a habit—ALWAYS TRY VEALLS FIRST for 

All Your Radio &amp; Electrical 
Requirements. Visit any one of our Four Big Stores —each packed with thousands of items of interest. If you cannot call—write for big Free 74 Page Catalogue. It contains over 500 illustrations and is essential to every Radio enthusiast. 
Arthur J-Veall 

VEALLS 
Pty* Ltd. 

4 Big Cash Stores 
168-127 Swanston Street, 243-249 Swanston Street, Melbourne. Melbourne. 
299-301 CHAPEL STREET, PRAHRAN. 3-5 RIVERSDALE ROAD, CAMBERWELL. 
Cent. 2058 (5 lines); 10524 (2 lines); Wind. 1605; W-5160. 
1st October 1933

==P.02 - Noyes Bros Ad==

&quot;^XmjCutlccA. (ZoxLLCT 
&lt;Sf/ 

1st October, 1933 
Dear Radio &quot;Ham,&quot; 

Allow us to wish you every success in this, your new venture, may same be the means of bringing all interested in Amateur Radio into closer and better co-operation. 
Yours faithfully, 

&quot; FERRA NOYES &quot; 

SOLE COMPLETE AGENTS. 
STOCKS. 
1st October, 1933.' 


==P.03 - Contents Banner==

&quot;AMATEUR RADIO&quot; 
Published by the Wireless Institute of Aust. Victorian Division. Vol. 1 — No. 10. October, 1933.

==P.03 - Index==

'''Index.''' 

Editorial . . . Page 5

&quot;Read, Mark, Learn&quot; . . . Page 6

Simple Crystal Control . . . Page 7

Key Section Notes . . . Page 9

Phone Section Notes . . . Page 10

Victorian Railway Institute . . . Page 11

RAAF W.R. Notes . . . Page 12

Reserve Takes an Airing . . . Page 13

Radio Picture . . . Page 14

A.R.R.L. Test, 1933 Results . . . Page 15 

Q.S.L. Bureau . . . Page 15

Antennae Wire . . . Page 15

Short Wave Notes . . . Page 16

W.J.A. Dinner . . . Page 17

Meetings . . . Page 17

Five Point Relay . . . Page 18

Identification Discs . . . Page 18 

Country Notes . . . Page 19 

Beru Notes . . . Page 19 

Hamads . . . Page 20 

North Suburban R.C. . . . Page 20

==P.03 - Office Bearers==

WIRELESS INSTITUTE OF AUSTRALIA. 

OFFICE-BEARERS 1933. 

President: Mr. GEO. THOMPSON, (VK3TH)

Vice-Presidents: Mr. W. SONES, Mr. HOWDEN (VK3BQ), Mr. C. JOHNSON. 

Council: Mr. W. GRONOW, Mr. V. MARSHALL, Mr. R. DALTON, Mr. O. HOLST, Mr. I. HODDER. 

Secretary: Mr. G. DOUGLAS (VK3YK) 

Treasurer:  Mr. S. BENNETT. 

Auditor:  Mr. S. A. EMBLING, VK3DC  

Key Section Rep.: Mr. H. KINNEAR, VK3KN 

Short Wave Group Rep.: Mr. F. REES.

R.A.A.F. W.R. Rep.:  Mr. V. MARSHALL (VK3UK) 

QSL Bureau: Mr. R. JONES (VK3RJ) 

Traffic Manager: Mr. R. CUNNINGHAM (VK3ML)

==P.03 - Publication Notes==

All communications concerning this Magazine and all Mss. to be forwarded to the Editor, &quot;Amateur Radio,&quot; c/o Box 4540, G.P.O. Melbourne 

Subscription to &quot;Amateur Radio&quot; is 6/- per annum post free (paid in advance) but is offered at reduced rates to members of the Wireless Institute of Australia.

==P.04 - Philips Ad==

'''THIS SECTION NOT YET TEXT CORRECTED'''

PHILIPS 
TRANSMITTING VALVES 
THE PHILIPS transmitting valves indicated below are excellently adapted for use by amateurs. 
Most of these valves have an oxide-coated filament; this gives great mechanical strength and a high thermionic emission, notwithstanding the very small filament wattage. 
By reason of their special construction with anode and grid ter­minals on the bulb, Philips 5-watt, 10-watt and 75-watt triode trans­mitting valves will generate waves down to less than 5 metres. Owing to their steep slope, Philips transmitting valves can very easily be made to oscillate. These valves for amateurs will give a high output at a comparatively low anode voltage. 
Thanks to their excellent vacuum, the valves can withstand a tem­porary overload without sustaining any serious damage. 
Triodes Screen-Grid 
ValveB 

TYPE TC TC TC TB QC QB 
03/5 04/10 1/75 2/250 05/15 2/75 Filament voltage 4.0 4.0 10-0 11-0 4-0 10-0 V Filament current* 0.29 1 1-6 3-8 1 3-25 A Saturation current* 100 400 1,500 2,000 400 2,000 mA Anode voltage 150-300 200-500 800-1,500 1,000-2,000 400-500 2,000 V Screen-grid voltage — 75-125 300-500 V Max. anode dissipation 6 10 75 150 15 75 W Anode dissipation on test .. 10 20 100 200 20 100 W Max. screen-grid dissipation — 3 15 W Amplification factor* 6 25 25 25 225 200 Mutual conductance (slope)* 2.3 2.0 5 4 1-4 1-4 mA/V Int. resistance* 2,503 12,500 5,000 6,000 160,000 150,000 R Anode-grid capacity — .001 .02 mra/F 
Call or Write for our Transmitting Valve Folder. (Gratis) 
TRANSMITTING DEPT. 
PHILIPS LAMPS (AUSTRALASIA) LTD. 


354 POST OFFICE PLACE, MELBOURNE.

==P.05 - Editorial==

'''EDITORIAL.'''

'''W.I.A. (Vic.). President (Geo. Thompson Esq.) Introduces &quot;Amateur Radio.&quot;'''

With this, the first issue of &quot;Amateur Radio,&quot; a long-felt want is being satisfied. It is a far cry from our old Magazine which appeared in 1921 to the present time, and during the intervening years, many and varied attempts have been made to offer the army of radio enthusiasts in Australia something worth while, which would be of real interest, value and help. It is the intention of the magazine committee, the council, and all concerned, to see that every section of our vast radio community is catered for in these pages. With that object in view, pithy news of general interest will regularly find space in its pages. To all members of the W.I.A., especially those of the Victorian Division, the R.A.A.F.W. Reserve, and all radio enthusiasts, we confidently look for wholehearted support in this undertaking.

This magazine is the official organ of the Victorian Division, every financial member of which will receive a copy post free, and every Ham should see that they receive one. We have in Victoria approximately 300 members and three affiliated clubs, but there are quite a number of holders of the A.O.P.C. who have not yet enrolled. In view of the fact that the officials of the Institute do an enormous amount of work voluntarily (not only in the interests of our members but also of the non-members), it is not in keeping with the Ham spirit to take a share of the advantages which the other fellows' fees and energy provide. Our ranks are open to anyone who is genuinely interested in the science of Wireless, irrespective of their knowledge of the subject, and a hearty welcome is assured to all members with a definite promise of assistance and help, in any desired direction within our scope. 

The country experimenter will now be in closer touch with the city enthusiasts and will be kept informed of all Institute activities right up to the minute. 

The Institute, in a general sense, is divided into four sections (with a possible fifth to be formed later). Of these, the chief is, of course, the Executive, known as the Council, which consists of the President, Secretary, Treasurer and ten full members elected annually, whose duty it is to shape the destiny of the Division, control its funds and do all such acts and deeds which are essential for the successful functioning of the whole, within the limits of the constitution. 

The Short Wave Group, which is the latest section, is devoted to the Experimental side of short wave transmitting and receiving, and much good work is being done by this very enthusiastic body.

The &quot;Key&quot; Section, probably the largest numerically of all the sections, is a very active group whose work largely constitutes filling the atmosphere with &quot;dits and dahs,&quot; burning much midnight Yallourn energy, and in general communication with the uttermost ends of the earth, with as low power as possible. It is largely from this group that the Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve was recruited, and so successful has been the experiment, that it has now been officially accepted as an indispensable unit of our country's Defence Forces. The &quot;Key&quot; Section is largely responsible, in conjunction with other Amateurs the world over, for the successful pioneering of the many frequencies or wavelengths which were at one time considered impossible, but which are now in general use. 

The Telephone Section, which is undoubtedly the best known to the general body of listeners, is also very live, energetic and enthusiastic. Their work generally needs no amplification — the very high standard of their transmissions, excellent arrangement of programmes from a purely listener's viewpoint and the high entertainment value of their labours, are a real asset not only to the W.I.A., but to the Government and the Radio Trade generally. There are 22 Country and 24 Metropolitan Amateur Stations actively engaged in entertaining listeners during non-broadcast hours on week nights and Sundays. In many cases in the country, they provide the only programmes that can be received decently owing to atmospheric conditions, particularly during daylight. 

Mention should be made of the Technical Development Section, a small committee of highly trained technicians who control the Instrument Library of the Institute, and who are always ready and willing to offer the benefit of their greater knowledge to their less advanced fellow members. 

The possible fifth section to be known as the Super Het Club, depends largely upon the public response to the suggestion and, if formed, will be open to everyone. Interesting competitions with valuable prizes for the logging of distant stations, advice on constructing efficient receivers, short wave converters, interesting lectures, a portion of this magazine devoted entirely to their interests, participation in our social life, and a host of other interesting and entertaining features will be arranged, the cost being practically reduced to subscription to this publication. 

There is several hundred pounds worth of highly efficient gear, such as broadcast and short wave transmitters and receivers, meters of all kinds and technical publications at the disposal of our members and it is the earnest desire of the Council that the fullest possible use be made of them. 
This first editorial would not be complete without reference to the wonderful assistance and courteous consideration that we have received from the Department of the Chief Inspector of Wireless at all times. To Mr. J. Malone and his staff, Messrs. Martin, Dobbin, Conry, Greig and Dunne, do we express our cordial greetings and thanks. 

We have every confidence that, in this journal, our many transmitting and receiving radio friends will find news of interest of other people's doings and at the same time have a forum in which to place their own ideas pertaining to Amateur Radio.

==P.06 - THE EDITOR'S CQ==

'''THE EDITOR'S CQ.''' 

Our President has introduced us in no uncertain manner. Concise, without any &quot;padding,&quot; he has laid bare the workings of the W.I.A. To him we offer our sincere thanks: to our members, for their approval, we offer &quot;Amateur Radio.&quot; 

With this first issue, it is most necessary to mention our various advertising friends. These people are the very life blood of &quot;Amateur Radio,&quot; inasmuch as their dues in no small way contribute to allaying our printing costs. You can believe us when we tell you that selling advertising space is no easy matter. 

We appeal to you to support our advertisers, and when you buy any parts to make that new set, we want you to mention that you saw their ad. in &quot;Amateur Radio,&quot; thus making Goodwill for the magazine with the surety of renewal of contracts. We cannot stress this point too strongly. 

So this is &quot;Amateur Radio!&quot; If you don't like it, tell us; if you do, tell your friends.— '''THE EDITORS.'''

==P.06 - &quot;Read, Mark, Learn —&quot;==

There's a brotherhood of radio 

Right throughout our land to-day 

All experimenting, testing 

Banded by the W.I.A. 


Live in shacks and such like places

Wotting not of things around 

Caring not for mundane matters 

Long as D X may be found. 


Nought to 'them if markets vary 

While their tubes and &quot;batts&quot; are sound, 

Though the exchange rate's a problem 

When subscription date comes round. 


When they meet in solemn conclave, 

Things of moment are discussed; 

Questions of the day propounded; 

How the foreign cards are rushed! 


Since that VK3's suggestion 

That they start a magazine 

Was considered and adopted 

Great discussions there have been.


Send along your contributions, 

All can help to make it go, 

Pull your weight, and get behind it — 

Here's to &quot;Amateur Radio.&quot; 


'''(Mrs.) L. E. HUTCHINGS, (VK3HM).'''

==P.07 - Simple Crystal Control==

'''SIMPLE CRYSTAL CONTROL'''

'''By MAX HOWDEN (VK3BQ)''' 

There are two main reasons given as objections to the use of C.C. and one of these really includes two others. The first is that several stages must be used and this makes the cost too high and makes the outfit too bulky. The second is that it is supposed to be impossible to change the frequency when QRM is bad.

We will dispose of the latter argument in a few words by stating that a piece of mica, approximately the same shape as the crystal and about seven mills thick, placed with the crystal in the holder, will increase the frequency enough to clear the signals from any reasonable QRM. To go back to the first item and its two riders — some experiments were carried out at 3BQ a few weeks ago and the eighty metre transmitter that will be described now is the result. 

The advantages of the penthode as a CO. have been dealt with at some length in QST and other journals, but none of these seem to have made any mention of the higher power that can be used without any risk of damage to the crystals. 

The first tube that was tested was an E443N with 60 volts battery bias, 150 volts on the space charge grid and gradually increased plate voltage. At 400 the input power was eight watts with the aerial taking the load and a good deal of local work has been carried out with this arrangement. The actual crystal current was so small that it could hardly be measured and as any good crystal will stand up to some 100 ma. of R.F. in its actual circuit (that is, as measured by the thermo couple milliameter at M) it was thought safe to increase the voltage up to 600. With this the input increased to 24 watts with a hardly perceptable increase in the crystal current. The E443N showed no signs of strain so 1000 volts were tried. At that the crystal current was about 25 ma showing that the crystal would be safe with anything up to 16 times the power. The input with 1000 volts on the plate was 55 watts and with the aerial taking the load the valve did not heat but when a 247 was tried in its place it flashed over at the pinch at the first touch of the key. 

At 600 volts the 247 behaved in a similar manner to the 443. 

Eventually it was decided to see what effect 1400 volts would have on the valve. Nothing drastic happened although that aerial ammeter needle hit the far end and the valve thought it had been mistaken for a neon sign. The input was 90 watts and the valve still functions normally but what was most satisfactory was that the crystal current was only 42 ma. which showed that with a suitable valve or valves in parallel to handle the power, the crystal would not object to a couple of hundred watts anyway. 

It would seem that a couple of F443's or QG 5/15's in parallel would go nicely but they have not been tried as yet. 

The next step was the introducing of automatic bias which worked very well and gave the valve a fair chance with the higher voltages. Several PM24B's were tested at 1000 volts and except for slightly lower input they functioned the same as the 443 except that they did not glow noticably. 

The inductances were rather too large to tune down to the forty metre band so half of each was shorted out when the 7 m.c. harmonic crystal was tried. The efficiency seemed to be just the same as on eighty metres so with eight turns of heavy wire of small tubing in each coil shunted by a .0005 condenser both bands can easily be covered, by simply switching in the other coil and retuning with the condensers. For twenty metre work, those who have twenty metre crystals are welcome to test them to any power they like, and others who have not a crystal of this frequency are recommended to replace the crystal holder by a .002 mfd. condenser and to insert a small diameter coil of about 25 turns of fine wire at M and so turn the outfit into a TNT rig. If after testing, etc., no results have been obtained, it is then advisable to short out the automatic bias and everything should be OK. This is the reason for the 25,000 ohm. grid leak in place of the more usual grid choke across the crystal. The other R.F. chokes consist of some four inches of ¾in. tubing close wound with 32 DSC wire. One of these chokes can be used across the crystal for those who prefer to utilise some other type of set for twenty metre work.

The keying in the HT neg. lead is quite satisfactory and very clean with good active crystals but one or two have been tried that would not respond fast enough and for them it was necessary to key the space charge grid by inserting the key and filter at X. A very nice noise is created when the key is used in this position with 1000 volts on an active crystal, but it is difficult to copy on account of the strong backwave caused by the tube still oscillating feebly. At 400-600 volts this back wave is hardly noticeable and the keying excellent. For these relatively low powers all the key filter need consist of is a small inductance such as the secondary of an audio transformer and a half mike condenser across both key and choke together with a .1 mfd. condenser across the key itself. For higher powers about double values should be used with anything up to 30 henries in the choke and a 400 ohm. resister in series with the small condenser if the arcing at the key is bad. The voltage divider used to break the space charge grid voltage down to a reasonable value is not at all critical but it seems to be advisable to use a high value in this position rather than a normal resistance and higher bias on the control grid. The reason for this is that the space charge grid is not capable of handling much power and is likely to be melted if too much pressure is applied to it. 

Using it in conjunction with a straight SG detector and penthode all AC receiver, stations up to within 100 KC of the crystal in use, can be heard with the key down and of course with the key up there is no blanketing at all. Several good break-in QSO's have been held with interstate stations with no trouble at all while local work can be carried on indefinitely. 

One word of warning to those who think that anything is near enough. It will be noticed that the aerial coil is coupled to the filament end of the tank coil and that the live end is the furthest from the tank and this should be followed. With other methods keying will be sluggish and very wide spacing will be necessary before the crystal will oscillate at all. 

Nothing has been said so far concerning push-pull because it was not intended to make this transmitter any more complicated than necessary and little if anything could be gained except by those who are lucky enough to possess a couple of QC 2/75's or something even bigger in the way of screen grid valves. These should work well in push pull with even half a kilowatt input without damage to the crystal provided that the aerial is coupled and tuned before the full power is applied. Several years ago two 210's were tried in push-pull at 3BQ with 40 watts input on the 40 metre band. Many Yanks were worked and the crystal, a forty metre fundamental slab, is still intact. 

Heissing modulation has been tested on the present outfit and is quite satisfactory provided that the crystal is not worked too near the cut-off point.

'''(GRAPHIC TO BE INSERTED)'''

==P.09 - Key Section Notes==

'''Key Section Notes.''' 

NOTICE:— The next meeting of the Key Section will be held on Tuesday, 3rd October at 8 p.m.

As this is by far the most important of our notes, in this issue we give it pride of place. At the last meeting an increase of nearly 50 per cent in attendance, including 7 new members, speaks eloquently for the interest with which the boys look forward to meeting nights.

Nearly every newly licenced ham makes his debut as a pounder of brass and we should be fully aware that his first and most lasting impressions are gained in our ranks.

Let us strive to make them very pleasant ones, for who of us can look back to the time when he started without realising that a little encouragement and patience will earn the gratitude of the newcomer and convince him that the ham spirit is really existent. However, let me give a word of warning concerning illegal operating. By all means help a man who is keen to get his &quot;ticket,&quot; but don't condone his installing and operating a transmitter until he has an A.O.P.C. The authorities are getting more strict on this breach of regulations and detection not only prejudices his chances, but also renders you liable to proceedings.

DX conditions on 'forty' are now looking up and some of the boys have done excellent work recently on this band. Unfortunately DX has its bad points. Have you ever searched the band from end to end in the hope that you will find someone with whom you can have a yarn — in vain? Has it ever struck you that DX is not now the wonder that it was a few years ago? And do you ever realise that indulgence in DX to the exclusion of the other branches of the grand old radio game is the surest way to kill the ham spirit. 

Let us but realise that DX is not an achievement in these days, that our licences were granted primarily to encourage experimental work, that if we are to EXIST in the not so distant future, it is only by fostering the brotherhood of amateurs by banding together in a strong organisation and putting the very best we can into it that we can hope to keep the privileges that we now enjoy. Believe me, we have a lot to do to justify our existence. Let us pull together with the Wireless Institute as our protecting organisation and we CAN do it. 

With all that off our chest, let us now consider something which will interest us all. The Federal Executive is staging a five point relay contest in October. This will be the first of a series of six contests, the winner of each of which will receive a handsome trophy. 

It rests with the gang to show them that not only the winner but also second, third and fourth at least live in VK3. 

In addition to the trophies already mentioned, there is a trophy for the State which obtains the highest aggregate score over the six contests and is known as the &quot;Fisk Shield.&quot; Now here is a chance to show your team spirit, gang. Every entry means another man in the team, and ~very man means more points to VK3. We want that trophy and we have just got to get it. The details and rules of the contest will be found elsewhere in this issue. Read them up now and put your station in order for the big fight.

It is a surprising fact that portables have not found very much favour in this country, but with summer and the holiday season fast approaching, a fine opportunity for progressive hams to do a bit of thinking along these lines is presented. What is wanted is a portable which is primarily cheap, efficient, really portable, and lastly, reliable. Don't forget, however, that permission to operate a portable station must first be obtained from the P.M.G.'s Department. 

This page is for your use; it is up to all members of the Key Section to give all the suggestions and helpful criticism you can; and to help you do this VK3XR and VK3PS will be on the air, calling &quot;CQ MAG,&quot; on schedules given below to take any 'dope' you care to shoot along. 

VK3PS — 7050 KC, Wednesday and Thursday, 1930 MMT. VK3PS—3525 KC, alternate Sundays, 11.30 MMT. 

VK3XR—7280 KC, Monday and Friday, 1930 MMT.; Sunday, 1230 MMT. 

Finally we would like to welcome the following new members to the ranks of the Key Section: VK3HQ, VK3OP, VK3PQ, VK3ZQ, VK3QJ, VK3FJ, VK3FG and VK3KC.

'''J. H. WINTON, VK3XR.'''

==P.10 &amp; 11 - Phone Section Notes==

'''Phone Section Notes''' 

At the meeting of the above Section held on Tuesday, September 12, office-bearers were selected for the coming year. Chairman: Mr. R. M. Dalton (3UI). Secretary: Mr. I. Morgan (3DH). Assistant Secretary: Mr. W. Fitzpatrick (3WF). 

In addition to these we have the allocation Committee as follows:— Mr. Manning, Mr. J. Kurley, Mr. Lahiff, and Mr. L. Richards. This number is one more than with which we have previously worked, but it was unanimously decided that since these gentlemen are fairly well spread out geographically, everyone should have a better chance of getting a fair observation. 

Now first and foremost the subject of publicity for the Institute. This matter was dealt with to a certain extent at our last meeting, and has, as a matter of fact, been discussed at meetings for some time. We cannot stress too heavily the importance of letting everyone, not only active amateurs or interested experimenters, know that they can achieve little or nothing unless they are members of this body. Anyone who has just a slight interest in radio reception should join the W.I.A. The benefits which would be theirs are worth as much as their gear or knowledge, be it large or small. 

The Phone Stations can do more than their share to make these people realise they should be members. By virtue of the fact that the 'phone section members are in direct contact with the Broadcast Listeners, the &quot;Superhet Club,&quot; (details of which will be found in our President's Editorial) must be made known to everyone in Melbourne, at least, who listens to Amateur transmissions either by design or accident. 

This brings us to an important point. Repeating what was said at the meeting, our channels, given us for use on Sundays MUST be utilised 100 per cent.—they are one of our most valuable assets, and we cannot afford to lose them, which may possibly be the case if they are not given full use.

If you cannot go on the air yourself, always remember to communicate with the other chap with whom you share your frequency allocation. With regard to the doings of the &quot;Phone Hams&quot; the writer attempted to collect information, but most of them appear to be rebuilding or installing larger or more tubes to get out further (?) with the same power, but no very technical information was forthcoming. 

VK3CB particularly, seems to be building a large frame for a new transmitter, which will be, he says, water cooled (the frame only) also the house has been repainted and the radiation (?) has increased by 100 per cent. When 3CB was asked by the allocation Committee if he wanted a wave length, since there was no application in, he said &quot;Yes,— same wave length, same time,&quot; and 3BY was heard to remark — &quot;and same rotten transmissions.&quot; By the way, can you find the new call sign attached to a certain gentleman's name on our Index page? 

There are probably quite a number of chaps working on &quot;Phone&quot; who have been, or are, specialising in some particular branch of &quot;Phone Work&quot; such as, tubes for speech amplifier work, microphones, pickups, and methods of coupling microphones, tubes and pickups. Also modulation systems, and a score of other branches. Now why can't we have an article from at least one member of our gang in every issue of &quot;Amateur Radio.&quot; There are enough items to last for years, and since every man has probably a different opinion on each subject, we should have an unlimited supply. 

There seems to have been an increase in the amount of &quot;duplex rag-chewing&quot; going on, in the last couple of months. The period of the winter months, when one prefers to remain at home, may have something to do with it; at any rate the value of this work is quite high. 

Getting back to the subject of publicity once more; in this direction we could perhaps commence this part of the performance earlier in the evening; then about 12 p.m. on Sundays, and by suitable arrangements, have a &quot;National Hookup,&quot; as it were, and all stations could broadcast the same programme simultaneously, consisting of some W.I.A. propaganda. Apart from the possible subject of the material broadcast, the mere fact of its being a novelty would make the public sit up and take more notice. This scheme was brought up by Mr. G. F. Thompson at a &quot;Phone Meeting&quot; some months ago, and since nothing has been done regarding the matter there is an obvious necessity for more co-operation. There are no real difficulties attached to the stunt from a technical point of view. 

Most of us are able to work duplex with a few stations and all that is necessary is a receiver capable of picking up another station and rebroadcasting it on one's own frequency. 

There also is a simple and interesting means of making the &quot;Phone Section&quot; Notes contain some real ideas worth swopping. The writer will be &quot;on the air&quot; each Sunday at about 12 p.m. (after 3BY has closed down) to receive information for publication in &quot;Amateur Radio.&quot; It is much easier to yarn about your ideas than make up an article, so let's have one or both. 

A chat on the above notes at our next meeting on Tuesday, 10th October, would be appreciated. 

Country members of this section please note that their permits are now due for renewal, and they are advised to communicate with the Department immediately. New Frequency allocations for the country are in the hands of Mr. G. Thompson, c/o W.I.A., to whom you are advised to write. 

'''IVOR MORGAN (VK3DH).'''

==P.11 - Victorian Railways Institute (Wireless Club)==

'''VICTORIAN RAILWAYS INSTITUTE (Wireless Club)''' 

Since the Victorian Railways Institute Wireless Club's first provisional Committee of nine met in June, 1926, steady progress in activity has been registered, there now being approximately 300 members on the books. During this period, owing to the depression, rationing and dismissals in the Railway Department a loss of membership was felt, but at the end of this financial year the Club is comparatively as sound as at its inception. 

From a modest beginning the experimental station, VK3RI has in a matter of a little over seven years assumed quite respectable proportions and now ranks with the foremost amateur stations as is testified by the hundreds of appreciative letters on file in the Club Room, many of these from so far afield as New Guinea, New Zealand and Western Australia. Nearly 5000 applications have been received from listeners for Q.S.L. Cards in the last six years. 

Not so long ago, broadcast experiments were being conducted by our enthusiasts, using very crude apparatus, the power for which was derived from a few &quot;B&quot; batteries, but the indifferent results obtained in no way damped their ardour. Since that time, however, gear to the value of nearly £500 is now in regular use at the Club, including some very fin® laboratory apparatus. 

At the last Annual Meeting held on 24th August, the following office-bearers were elected for ensuing year: President: Mr. T. Ramsay. Vice-Presidents: Mr. A. Galbraith, Mr. G. Massey. Council: Mr. W. Smart, Mr. E. Greer, Mr. J. McBain, Mr. E. Milligan, Mr. N. Hienrichsen, Mr. W. Harrison, Mr. K. McCarthy (3FX), Mr. H. Byrne (3HB), Secretary: Mr. W. E. Brennan (3RO) Treasurer: Mr. W. I. May. Assist. Secretary: Mr. C. H. Harris. 

A Smoke Social followed the Annual Meeting and the guests of honor were Messrs. G. Thompson, &quot;Goke&quot; Dalton and G. Douglas of the W.I.A. VK3RO proposed the toast of the W.I.A. and George Thompson responded in a manner suitable to the occasion.

==P.11 - Harmonics==

'''&quot;HARMONICS&quot;''' 

During the summer, 3UK and 3ML are going away, one week-end each month and will be carrying out some special tests. Three transmitters will be taken, one for 80 mx, one for 40 mx and 20 mx and one for 10 mx and 5 mx. Full details of dates and schedules will be in next issue. 

'''&quot;HARMONICS&quot;''' 

When at school in 1912, VK3BY used to work out the answers to his home lessons with his school pals via the air with a spark transmitter. 
We think what we heard the other night was a couple of young chaps talking trig, in a new continent for W.A.C. called Algebra!

==P.12 - Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve==

'''ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE WIRELESS RESERVE - VICTORIAN NOTES'''

It is a very happy feeling to pick up pencil and paper, to write the Reserve notes for the inaugural issue of &quot;AMATEUR RADIO,&quot; because we know our magazine is going to fill a long felt want in the W.I.A. It will serve to draw closer together the various sectionalised activities of the Institute and provide a medium, through which each of us will know just what the other man is doing. 
Briefly, the Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve was designed to utilize the services and equipment of licensed amateurs in the following directions:— 

(a) To facilitate communication between Air Force stations and detached aircraft. 

(b) To co-operate in the observation of tests of Air Force W/T equipment. 

(c) To foster interest in the Air Force and aviation in general, with particular regard to communication as an auxiliary to ground organisation. 

(d) To provide the basis of an emergency communication system to be used in the event of permanent communications breaking down. 

(e) To facilitate the collection of weather reports. 

(f) To train amateurs generally in the correct RAAF W/T procedure for the expeditious handling of traffic. 

The Reserve in Victoria is divided into sections of six stations each, including a Section Commander. Each station holds office as Section Commander for a two monthly period, thus every man has control of his section for eight weeks each year. 

Trophies are given annually fob the best section, the best Section Commander and the best traffic handler in Victoria, and these are presented at the Reserve Convention which is held in Melbourne each September. 

Our second Annual Convention has just finished and we have had one of the happiest, busiest and most tiring weeks of our lives! On Monday, September 4th the balloon — sorry — the plane went up, and, as a curtain-raiser for the big week, we had a dinner followed by a theatre night. Tuesday saw the serious work commence when the country members were medically examined and duly enlisted in the re-organised Reserve. Under the new organisation, our section of the W.I.A. becomes the Wireless Section of the RAAF Reserve, thus all members must enlist in the Reserve in the normal manner. On Tuesday evening our first meeting was held at 3Z1 (3UK). After the District Commander had opened the Convention and touched on the main points of interest during the past year, Wing Commander Wrigley presented the Trophy to this year's crack traffic handler 3D4 (30R), and a cup to last year's winner 3A5 (3OW). Flight-Lieutenant Wiggins gave a very interesting talk on the Reserve and its future, and after a great deal of discussion (but no yarns, hi!) the evening broke up, everyone looking forward with the keenest anticipation to the Wednesday and Thursday, for they were the BIG days of the week. Wednesday dawned fine but windy and after meeting at the Barracks, the whole gang left for two days, in Plane to ground W/ T training at Laverton and Pt. Cook. The whole story of the two great days is told by Doug 3C5 (3YK) below. 

Wednesday night was &quot;half time&quot; so all had an early night, except a few indefatiguables who &quot;did the shows&quot;! Thursday and Friday nights were devoted to discussions on procedure, arranging new contests and, in general, forming our domestic policy for the coming year. 

Then on Saturday night the country members were the guests of the W.I.A. at one of the biggest, brightest and best dinners and smoke nights we have ever had. They say all good things must come to an end — perhaps it makes us appreciate them all the more while they last — but it was with a feeling of genuine regret that we left 3D6's (3YL's) on Sunday night for we realised it was writing 'Finis' on the Convention for yet another year. We all had a great night there, thanks to our charming hostesses, and it seemed a fitting end to a great week. Monday saw the departure of most of the country boys and on Monday night the old familiar signals appeared again on 3.5MC. 

With old friendships renewed and new ones formed, with the ties that bind us all into one unit, stronger than ever, this coming year bids fair to far surpass any of its predecessors. If we can feel at the end, that we have accomplished something for our country, through our Hobby, we will be more than satisfied. 

'''THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE WIRELESS RESERVE'''

'''THE RESERVE TAKES AN &quot;AIRING&quot;''' 

'''By 3C5 (3YK)'''

Each year, at our Annual Reserve Convention, a period of training in plane to ground radio work will be carried out at Laverton. This year the BIG days were Wednesday and Thursday, 13th and 14th September. 

Wednesday was rather blowy, but fine and all were in great spirits, when they met at 0930 in front of the RAAF HQ. Transport was arranged by Tender and a hilarious trip down was made. As the Tender was shod with solid rubber tyres, a little QSX by some of the gang was excusable! On arrival at Laverton, the boys were divided into two sections; Nr. I, which consisted of those who had been medically examined and duly enlisted on the previous day, and Nr. 2, who still had to undergo the test. 

The first item on the program was an inspection, by both sections, of Nr. I. Aircraft Depot. Those of the gang who had a leaning towards engineering, were especially interested in the overhauling of the aero engines, which of course, is a very frequent and important event for each machine. 

The interest intensified on arrival at the parachute room and, as Nr. I. section was to fly in the afternoon, the more imaginative must have had visions of joining the Caterpillar Club! 

This inspection over, the journey was continued to Pt. Cook for lunch in the Airmen's Mess, where some surprising quantities of food were put away, by those who had no qualms of what the afternoon would bring forth (or up!), through airsickness. After lunch, the sections divided, Nr. 2 repairing to the Ward Room for Medical examination and enlistment. Nr. I. section was split up into three subsections; A. went to the pier-head and the W/T equipped Southampton, in which the days flying was to be carried out, B, went to the receiving station and C to the transmitting rooms. 

The ground transmitters are remotely controlled from the receiving rooms, so, while sub-section C examined the transmitting equipment, B held two-way communication with A. After about three-quarters of an hour's flying, the Southampton alighted, and the sub-sections changed around. Later, a third change was effected, thus, each had a period of working the ground from the air, the air from the ground, and also examining the origin of the &quot;hefty wollop&quot; known as VJP.

Meanwhile section 2 had been put through its paces in the ward room and had also had a very instructive and entertaining! lecture, on Procedure in traffic handling. Both sections re-united at about 1700 hours, and, after several false starts, when various members were reported missing, the gang left for VIM. 

Next morning, a baby gale was blowing and a few of Nr. 2 section, whose turn it was for flying, wished they had been allotted to Nr. 1 and had had their plane training on the previous day! One member failed to turn up and in the end the Tender had to leave with him. Whilst passing through the city, however, a frantic CQ was heard and the missing one was sighted, doubling &quot;hell for leather&quot; through the traffic. Apparently he wasn't used to being punctual; after all, what is an hour or two in the country? hi hi. After a desperate chase, he was eventually hauled on board, nearly dead to the world! 

On arrival at Pt. Cook, a demonstration of message picking up from the ground, was given by a Wapiti. This was followed by light signalling between plane and ground. 

After lunch, section 2 was divided into sub-sections, as Nr. 1 had been on the previous day. As the weather was bad, a Wapiti was used instead of the Southampton. This, of course, necessitated the members going up singly, instead of in subsections as on the Wednesday. All the gang realised, that operating from the observer's cockpit of a Wapiti is not conducive to good keying, especially in the boisterous weather experienced. The writer lost a pair of goggles from about 2000 feet and was well stung by the driving rain, which was falling rather heavily whilst he was having his flip. Nevertheless, a report and some traffic was exchanged with the ground station quite OK. 

Each sub-section, when inspecting the transmitting rooms, found its ideas, on various well-known components, somewhat upset by the gigantic proportions, of some of them. The tank coil of one of the long wave transmitters, could have conveniently served as a cage for a couple of tigers and, some of the stand-off insulators, might have done duty for gate-posts. 

1700 hours found us regretfully realising that the two great days were over. We piled into the Tender for the return journey, tired, but all sparking well and whiled away the trip back, by some very bright reminiscences (note 'reminiscences' is not spelt Y-A-R-N-S!!). They had been two very enjoyable days and our thanks are due to all at Laverton and Pt. Cook for their efforts on our behalf. 

There are still a few vacancies in the sections, for both town and country stations. Here is a real opportunity for doing something of tangible usefulness with your hobby. Even apart from the Patriotic standpoint, enlistment in the Reserve carries with it many advantages from the Amateur point of view. All Hams interested write immediately to District Commander, RAAF W.R. 3rd. District, 5 Fordholm Road, Hawthorn, E.2.


&lt;!-- Page numbers don't match printed scan 


==P.20 - Systematic Servicing Brings Best Results==
Syste111ati~ Servi~i11g
Bri11gs Best Results
Thorough Set Overhaul
Gi,Tes Most Satisiactio1•
By &quot;SERVICEMAN&quot;
IN servicing receivers, a definite system of tracking down faults should always be followed. &quot;Hit or miss&quot; methods should not be tolerated, as in nine cases out
of ten they mean high charges and low profits. A well-equipped and properly-run service department can not only show a good return, but also it is a valuable aid in building goodwill.
The system for service procedure outlined below is perhaps more thorough than that generally used by servicemen, but it certainly gets results.
Buppose, for example, a radio comes; in for service, and after a few minutes with the voltmeter the serviceman finds it has a shorted screen by-pass condenser. Most service- men would replace that condenser with an equivalent unit and· return the receiver as O.K&quot; Methods like this do more to increase the cost of service than anything else, because, while the charge may be low in the first instance, the chances are ten to one that there are more leaky condensers and perhaps weak valves in the set which will necessitate another call a few weeks later. If such a case occurs, the owner not ·only pays for two calls, but he may also begin to doubt the ability ·of the serviceman. The system developed by the writer includes rigid inspection and test of nearly all parts of a radio chassis and speaker. For the sake of clarity, each test is numbered, described, and details of the test equipment used are given. ·
Test No. 1 really includes the service call. It is useless for a service- man to rush into a home, collect the radio set, and rush it back to the
N.S.W., Australia. Mr. Gregory will put on DX programmes any night,
midnight-to-dawn hours. 2UW is
getting out very well in U.S.A., India and England, and they invite DX
co-operation. Their New Zealand breakfast session from 4 to 5 a.m. E.A.S.T. is well worth listening to.
Another station that broadcasts regular DX programmes- for New Zealand- is amateur station VK2QY,
45 Oxford Street, Paddington, N.S.W.
Gilbert S. Hayman (Bronte, N.S.W.).
workshop, because the trouble might easily be a faulty aerial wire, a shorted lightning arrester, a blown fuse, a break in the power flex, or a slipping knob or dial. A service call should include a rigid inspection of the aerial and earth system-and of the power circuit if the receiver fails to light up. If it lights but will not work, valves should be tested and replaced if necessary.
If the fault is apparently in the chassis itself, •the set should be brought in to the workshop for repair. This procedure applies to sets located within a limited radius. If any great distance has to be covered it is wise to treat the case as a special one and endeavour to repair the set on the job.
In Test No. 2 it is assumed that the receiver has been brought in for re- pair. The best procedure is to re- move it from its cabinet and clean ·the dust out of cabinet and chassis.
Then connect the receiver to a power outlet and hook up the aerial and earth. If there is still no reception, make a careful test of the valves.
The power transformer may smoke, which indicates a short or a breakdown. The rectifier plates may get red hot, indicating a short, probably in a filter condenser. Of course, in the case of a faulty transformer or condenser, the unit must be replaced before further tests can be made.
Test No. 3 includes the checking of all condensers and resistors. Faulty condensers are among the commonest causes of breakdown. For this test use a good condenser analyser capable of measuring leakage and capacity. Any doubtful condenser should be discarded, particularly if high voltage is applied across it.
Many &quot;call-backs&quot; are eliminated if proper attention is given to the condensers, and it should be remembered  that radio owners do not like their sets going out of action about once a month. Condensers. should also be checked for capacity and while making this test it is as well to pull gently on the pigtails to make sure the condenser
does not open intermittently. Resistors should be checked with an accurate ohm meter or bridge, and anything showing a tolerance greater
(Continued on page 54.)
Systematic Servicing
(continued from page 2C)
than + or - 10 per cent. should be discarded. Volume and tone controls are included as resistors, and should be checked and replaced if faulty.
Test No. 4 includes an accurate check on all voltages and currents.
This is best done with a multi-range meter, with. plate break adapters for measuring plate current. It is of course important, especially with non-A.V.C. sets, to have the volume control full on. This test ·should -take· very litt~e · · time, because by now it is established that valves, condensers and.,-resjstor,..s
are in perfect order. , : · Test No. 5 is purely a loudspeaker
test. Intermittent faults are some- times caused by a break in the field coil or a break in the primary of the matching transformer. For the speaker test, use a 400-volt power supply, with a 0-100 m.a. meter and 10,000-ohm heavy duty potentiometer in series, and pass a heavy current through the field coil and transformer primary. Any intermittent fault should show up immediately; The speaker should now be tested for rattles, using a good baffle for the purpose. If there is even the slightest rattle, dismantle the speaker, clean out any dust or dirt, re-assemble it, and re-centre the cone. Elusive rattles may sometimes be cured by applying a thin coat of glue over the voice coil and its assembly. Also inspect voice coil connections for breaks.
The speaker should be in perfect order before it is returned to the cabinet.
Test No. 6 includes a complete line ~up of the receiver. An all-wave signal generator is necessary for this test, preferably one with its output
calibrated in microvolts so that the actual sensitivity of a receiver may be measured and passed as normal for a receiver of the type. Alignment
should be perfect; and if the dial is 
frequency calibrated, the stations
should come in on the correct readings.
When sensitivity and calibration are finished, the receiver should be passed
to test No. 7.
Test No. 7 is for the purpose of
checking. The receiver should be
checked for tonal quality, sensitivity, selectiv~ty, dial calibration, speaker
rattles, and for a slipping dial, as
well as for other loose parts about
the chassis. When passed as O.K. it
should be replaced in the cabinet,
checked again for dial position and
loose knobs, and the cabinet polished.
Test No. 8 is merely running the receiver for a period of time-preferably as long as possible, on a line voltage slightly higher than that to which it is accustomed. Country areas, particularly, have high line voltages, and this test is really more

of a check on all the parts, to make sure that none will break down. The writer uses a transformer having a 230 v. primary and tapped secondary
up to 270 v. (To be continued next month.)


==P.21 - Stromberg-Carlson Ad==

From a whisp~r ... TO CONCERT Hi-'\LL VOLUME !
WIDE TONAL RANGE
You '11 quickly understand the amazing popularity of the Stromberg-Carlson 1936
Console Grand, once you have actually seen the magnificent cabinet and heard
Such as you',,e ne,,er heard before!the unrivalled tone of this modern·as-the-minute Radio!
Tune it down to a whisper, or increase its volume to concert hall strength ... in every note of the tonal
range you enjoy that same faithful reproduction.
The Console Grand cabinet is 33% heavier than the average, and thus entirely eliminates cabinet resonance.
Here are some of the marvellous

features of this wonder set:-
7 valves. Short wave covers 16-51 metre hands (which includes 5 short
wave reception channels). Broadcast covers 194-555 (all Australian stations). Tone compensation. 6 watt
undistorted power · output. Specially designed speaker. Tone control.
World-wide range. Mammoth chassis.
Selectorlite dial which revolutionise!!
tuning. 3-way isolation switch (broadcast, short wave and pick-up). · New
non - microphonic condenser. Full automatic volume control.
Try the Stromberg-Carlson
Console Grand for really
remarkable DX. London,
Paris, Berlin, etc., as clear as locals.
Hundreds of other shortwave stations heard. All Australian, New
Zealand, etc., ·on broadcast band.
Ask your nearest StrombergCarlson dealer t~ demonstrate to you in your home.
Other Stromberg- Carlson models
from 14 guineas-there's one to suit every personal preference.
CONSOLE GRAND-MODEL 736-39 GUINEAS
S tromh erg-·Carlson
Wholesale Distributors in Australia and New Zealand. N.S.W.: Bennett &amp; Wood Ltd., 284 . Pitt Street. Sydney, and at Lismore. Wagg3.
Wireless Distributors, Box 93, Wagga.
Heiron &amp; Smith (Salonola), 91 Hunter Street, Newcastle.
Queensland: Noyes Bros. (Sydney) Ltd.,
Burton House, Elizabeth Street, Brisbane. Lawrence &amp; Hanson Electrical Co~ Ltd., 87 Elizabeth Street, Brisbane.
S.A.: Savery's Pianos Ltd., 29 Rundle
Street, Adelaide. Radio Wholesalers, James
Place, Adelaide.
Victoria: Warburton Franki (Melb.) Ltd., 380-382 Bourke Street, Melbourne. M. Brash &amp; Co. Pty. Ltd., Elizabeth Street,
Melbourne; Vealls Pty. Ltd., 243-249 Swanston Street, Melbourne.
Tasmania: Hobart: Findlays Pty. Ltd., 80 Elizabeth Street; La1mceston: Wills &amp; Co. Pty. Ltd., 7 The Quadrant; Devonport:
Findlay &amp; Wills Pty. Ltd. ; Burnie: Findlays Pty. Ltd.
W.A. : Musgroves Limited, Lyric House,
Murray Street, Perth.
N.Z. : Goull'h, Goull'h &amp; Hamor M&lt;I.,
Cbrlatdiur cti, 

==P.22 - &quot;Simplified D.W. Battery Money-saver&quot;==
The Radiokes
~~siJDplified
Dual-Wave
Battery
Moneysaver''
Five of the latest metal-clad high,-gain battery valves, together with improved dualwave coils and iron-cored l.F. transformers, are combined in an up-to-date circuit to make this
battery kit-set one of the &quot;star&quot; receivers for 1936.
·················································································~
A YEAR or so ago it was impossible to design a battery receiver that would give results comparable with· those obtained from an a.e. operated set nsiug· an equivalent number of valves. To-day, however, with the introduction of new high-gain 2-volt valves, this is no longer true.
Radiokes engineers claim that this battery version ,
of their '' Moneysaver'' described last month can not only out-perform any other set in its class, but also, is the first receiver of its size and economy of operation capable of bringing in shortwave and broadcast stations at the same volume as a modern
a.c. dual-waYe superhet.
That this claim is not an exaggeration has been borne out by actual tests, which proved that for sensitivity, selectivity, tone and volume, the battery
&quot;Moueysaver&quot; compares very favourably with the best of five-valve a.c. dual-wavers.
Latest Valves An Important Feature.
Five of the new battery-type valves recently released in the Philips and Mullard makes are used in the kit. Three of them are metal-clad, and all use the new universal '' P'' base.
The mixer-oscillator is a KK2 Octode, which while similar in design to earlier converters of its type, embodies several important imprnverne11ts that result in better performance.
Independent A.V.C. and diode detection, together with high audio gain and good fidelity, are all provided by the '' P'' base KBCl, working in conjunction with a KC3 driver and KDDI &quot;B&quot; classmoutput valve. 'l'his latter valve has a maximum power output of nearly 2 watts-more than ample for any home.
'rhe· quality of reproduction is very good, but builders who would like to take advantage of the ·wide range audio transformer supplied, and who do not mind slightly lower audio gain, can substitute a 30 driver and 19 output valve for the K03 anCl
KDDI. The resultant fidelity is excellent, thongl1 the total &quot;B&quot; current consumption increases from approximately 11 m.a. to 15 or 16 m.a.
lron-Cor.e I.F. 's Give High Gain.
Both selectivity and gain are exceptionally high in this receiver-due largely to the use of Litzwound iron-core intermediates. The dual-wave
aerial and oscillator coils are not only very compact -both sets of windings are in each case housed in a single can-but also, improved design has resulted in much higher efficiency, . with perfect tracking.
The padding condenser for broadcast, by the way, 
Above: An unrler-cfwssis view of the completed kit, showing the simplicity of the assembly and wiring.
Right: This plan view shows the well-sp~ced layout. The special iron-cored J.F.'s m·e housed in attractive square cans. is pre-set at the factory to the correct capacity and needs little, if any, adjustment.
Stromberg-Carlson Gang and Switch
The two-gang condenser supplied with the kit is a Stromberg-Carlson type &quot;F,&quot; which has a new patented construction making it over 90 per
cent. non-microphonic.
The wave-change switch is also a new Stromberg-Carlson product. Each bank has three sections of three silver-plated contacts, mounted on very low-loss stamping material.
Two-Colour Tuning Dial
The &quot;Colourvision&quot; aero dial is calibrated in metres for both wr.&lt;ve-bands,  and has automatic colour . switching.
When the set is tuned to the broadcast band, the broadcast scale is illuminated in green.
When the wave-change switch is turned to shortwave the green fades out, and the shortwave scale is illuminated in red. The principal Australian stations and the international wave-bands are clearly indicated.
Doublet Aerial and Pick-up.
Though an ordinary &quot;L&quot; type aerial will bring in dozens upon dozens of shortwave and broadcast stations at full volume, maximum results will be obtained if a doublet aerial with transposed lead-in is used.
Provision is made for an aerial of this type, and as well, pick-up terminals are provided, both additions being taken care of· by the two sets of three terminals mounted on the
·rear wall of the chassis.
An All-British Kit
As in the a.c. &quot;Moneysaver&quot; described last month, every part supplied with the kit is of British manufacture, and is of guaranteed quality.
Construction Described in Detail
Space does not perll).it this month of a detailed description of the kit's assembly. However, this is covered in a pamphlet that will be supplied
by Radiokes Ltd. free on request.
The assembly is covered down to the last detail in step-by-step instructions' given so fully and clearly that success is assured, even to those who have never tackled set-building before.
The description is lavishly illustrated with photographs, and as well there is a full-size wiring diagram with every connection clearly shown on it.
A Few Don'ts for Dxers
Don't. report to any station unless you are positive you heard it.
Don't be impetuous. If your verification does not arrive per return post, remember that stations have other important work to do.
Don't send a second report until reasonable time has elapsed.
Don't try to be technical unless you
ARE.
Don't resort to fulsome flattery; it will avail you nothing.
Don't forget to enclose return postage or coupon, especially to amateurs.
Don't use ordinary writing paper; the official report form lends prestige.
Don't take any notice of these hints if you do NOT want verifications. 
===Kit of Parts===
Radiokes &quot;FIVE-VALVE SIMPLIFIED
BATTERY MONEYSAVER&quot;
DUAL-WAVE
Kit of Parts 1 RKS-SB chassis (sprayed) .
1 Stromberg-Carlson 2-bank switch
(special) same as RKS-8.
1 Radiokes D. W. ~rial coil in can.
1 Radiokes D. W • . oscillator coil in can. 2 Radiokes SIC-465B I.F. Transformers
(Nos. l and 2).
Radiokes AFB audio tran~former.
1 Radiokes DC-1 &quot;Colourvision&quot; dial.
RESISTORS. 3 Erie l meg. resistors.
1 Erie .5 meg. resistor.
2 Erie .1 meg. resistors.
1 Erie .05 meg. resistor. I .5 rneg, volume control, with switch.
1 Radiokes 20,000 ohm volume control
(sensitivity control) with insulating washers.
CONDENSERS. Stromberg-Carlson 2-gang condenser, .
· type &quot;F,&quot; without trimmers.
2 Radiokes 2-gang MEC trimmers without mounting holes.
1 .5 mfd. condenser.
3 .1 mfd. condensers.
1 .01 mfd. condenser.
2 .001 mfd. condensers. 1 .02 mfd. condenser. 1 .005 mfd. mica condenser.
2 . 00-01 mfd. mica condensers. 1 Radiokes 7-plate padder (peaked on
oscillator).
SOCKETS. &quot;P&quot; sockets (must be numbered).
4-pin socket.
7-pin socket (small).
7-pin plug.
SUNDRIES.
4 Radie&gt;kes knobs. 1 Ra,diokes T-33 panel ~ompletely wired with l'h&quot; pillars. 6 bakelite terminals (2 red, 4 black).
3 large grid clips. 4 2.5 volt pea lamps.
} yard. copper braiding.
5 yuds hook-up wire. 3 yards 16 gauge tinned copper wire .
1 ya,rd 7-way battery cable.
15 %&quot; x 1t'S&quot; R.H. brass screws.
12 :tAa.&quot; x 1;5&quot; R.H. brass screws.
2 :%,&quot; x %&quot; R.H. brass screws. 3 14&quot; x 1,4&quot; brass spacers with :t;S&quot; hole.
30 '.l/s&quot; hex. nuts.
12 lock washers, ~&quot; hole. 12 solder Jugs, plain single end.
3 yards 2 mil. spaghetti.
VALVES REQUIRED.
lfKK2; 1/KFB; 1/KBCl; l/KC3; 1/KDDl
(Philips, Mullard).
SPEAKER REQUIRED.
Permainent magnet dynamic, input trans- former to match KDDI (Amplion -&quot;Star&quot; type 05).
type 05).
BATTERIES REQUIRED.
3/45-volt ' heavy duty or triple duty, eact
tapped at 221;2 volts; 1/41/:,-volt &quot;C&quot;
battery tapped at 3 V. (Ever-Ready),
1/2-ve&gt;lt 100 amiJ. hour accumulator.

==P.27 - The ABC of Multi-Range Meter Design==
The ABC Of
Range ·
Multi·
Meter Design
By using a 0-1 milliammeter as a basis and adding shunts and multipliers to extend current and voltage ranges, a multi-range
meter can be made up that will be found invaluable both in set-building and ·troubletracking. This article explains how the necessary resistance values are calculated. 
A SET-BUILDER
without a meter of some sort is as helpless as a ship without a rudder.
Like the ship, he can travel a certain distance but never for long in any one direction, and his chances of finally reaching his destination are very small.
High accuracy, flexibility, and low cost are the three main requirements of a meter designed for radio use. All three are fulfilled by employing a high-grade moving coil 0-1 m.a. meter as a basis, and extending voltage and current ranges by means of multipliers and shunts (series and parallel resistors).
How a Moving-coil Meter Works
The bare essentials of a moving coil meter are illustrated in fig. 1. M is a U-shaped permanent magnet with soft iron pole pieces PP. A cylindrical
iron core, C, is clamped so as to leave a small, uniform air gap. Encircling the iron core and travelling in the gap is a light framework of aluminium or copper, carrying a coil of fine silk-covered wire, and pivoted so that it earl rotate over the whole of the arc covered by the pole pieces, the movement being controlled by two springs, one above and one below. These also serve to conduct the current to and from the moving coil.
When a current passes through the latter, the resultant magnetic field set up interacts with that of the permanent magnet, and the coil (together with the pointer X) turns until the restraining influence of the springs brings it to a stop.
The coil frame not only acts as a support for the wire which carries the current to be measured, but. also damps the motion owing to the eddy currents induced in it . by the permanent magnet.
The coil, over the whole of its arc of movement, will be travelling across a field of constant and uniform flux density produced by the permanent magnet, and ·the torque, or turning force, that the coil experiences will be proportional to the current in the coil.
Thus, readings over the whole scale are uniform. 

High Sensitivity Essential
Regarding it first as a currentmeasuring device, the sensitivity of a meter is best expressed as the current at full-scale deflection. If this current is 1 milliampere, then such is the sensitivity. · In most voltage measurements in radio, it is essential that the current taken by the measuring instrument be kept as low as possible, to avoid the danger of obtaining misleading readings.
For this reason, a voltmeter taking 1 m.a. at full scale deflection has higher accuracy than one taking 2
m.a., · and much higher than one taking 5 m.a. The sensitivity, which can be regarded as a good indication of the accuracy of such a meter, can be obtained by dividing the full scale deflection in amperes into 1-in other words, it is the reciprocal of the full scale current in amperes. The result is given in ohms per volt; in this
1
case, it is --, or 1000 ohms per volt. .001
A 0-2 and 0-5 m.a. meter would have sensitivities of 500 and 200 ohms per volt respectively.
Extending Current Range
Every meter has a resistance of its own, which for a 0-1 milliammeter is generally round about 30 ohms. In fig. 2, this is represented
by R. If a current of 1 m.a. were flowing through the meter, the needle would register full scale deflection. If a resistance equivalent to that possessed by the meter were then connected across the terminals of the latter, half the current would :flow through each, and the meter would register .5 m.a. Thus the currentineasuring capacity of the meter has been doubled by the addition of the shunt, as a current of 2 m.a. is now needed to register full-scale deflection.
This explains the way that the current ranges are extended. To take a general case, let the resistance of the shunt be S ohms, the main current I m.a., and the branch cur- rents I, and I, (see fig. 1). With S
across it, the meter will be capable of measuring a current of say N times the full scale deflection.
We now have:-
1 = Ii + I, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a)
NI,= I .. .. .. .. .. ... . . .... (b)
Next, substituting for I in (a), we get
NI,= I,+ I, Therefore I, (N - 1) = J, . . (c)
The potential difference across the meter equals RI,, and that across the
shunt, SI,. Both must be equal, as they are potentials from A to B. Thus we have RI, = SI,.
Therefore, substituting for I, (from
( c))
RI, = SI, (N - 1)
R
giving S = -- . . . . . . . . . . . (d)
N-1
Thus if we had a 0-1 m.a. meter of, say; 30 ohms resistance, and we wanted to measure 10 m.a. full scale, 

the value of the shunt required could be found as follows:-
10
R = 30 ohms, and N = - = 10 ohms.
1
30 30
From (d), S = -- = - = 3.333 ohms
10-1 9
With a shunt of this resistance across the meter, current at full scale deflection would be 10 m.a, with proportionate intermediate readings. In this case, actual readings given by the meter should be multiplied by 10 to obtain the true reading.
Measuring Voltages
To measure voltages, a series instead ·of a parallel resistor is used.
The meter is still purely a current _indicator; it measures voltages only because of the resistance in series with it. In fig. 3, R, is used to, limit the current passing through the meter at the maximum voltage to be measured to 1 milliamp.
Thus, if R is the meter resistance and E the maximum voltage to be measured, from Ohm's Law, the curE
rent l=---
R+ R,
1
As I = 1 m.a. = -- ampere.
1000
1 E
1000 R + R,
giving R + :R, = 10010 E.
As mentioned before, R is usually only about 30 ohms. If E is 20
volts, R + R, = 20,000, and compared with R,, R is very small, and for practical purposes can be neglected. This leaves R, equal to 1000 E,
which means that the value in ohms of the required series resistor is equal to the maximum voltage the meter is required to measure, multiplied by 1000. Thus, for ranges of 20, 200, and 500 volts, series resistors 20,000, 200,000, and 500,000 ohms are required.
If the meter required 5 m.a. to give full-scale deflection, then R, would equal 200 E, and for the voltage ranges given above the necessary
series resistors would have values of 4,000, 40,000, and 100,0'00 ohms respectively.
Resistance Measurements
Fig. 4 shows the set-up for a singlerange ohmmeter, still using a 0-1
milliammeter. The current that will flow is given by the formula:
E
I - . . . (a)
R,+ R,
(where R, is the unknown). If E =
4.5 volts and R, is fixed, maximum current will flow when R, = 0 ohms.
But the meter will read up to 1 m.a. only, and so-- the minimum value that
't'iiE AUSTRALAStAN RADiO woR.tb
R, should be to restrict the current passing to this value can now be obtained by substituting in (a).
1 4.5
I = 1 m.a. = -- amp. =
1000 R1 + 0
Therefore R, = 4500 ohms.
In practice, R, is made up of a fixed and a variable resistance connected in series, in order to compensate for any voltage drop in the battery. With the test prods shorted, the resistance is adjusted until the meter gives exact full-scale deflection, thus ensuring that the current passing with zero external resistance
M
I
RI
E.
'-------tl---------111--------'
:FIG. 4
I'IG. 5
is 1 m.a. In this way the accuracy is fully preserved, even though · the voltage of the battery drops with use.
Now, suppose that the unknown resistance has a value of 1500 ohms.
In this case the current reading of the meter will be:
4.5 1000
I = X -- m.a.
1500 + 4500 1
.75 m.a.
From similar calculations, corresponding readings for unknowns of, say, 4000, 20,000, and 100,000 ohms are .53, .18, and .045 m.a. respectively. Using these and other intermediate values, a graph can be easily plotted so that the resistance of an unknown corresponding to any current reading can be instantly read off.
Obtaining Different Ranges.
Usually a 0-1 m.a. meter has a scale divided into 50 divisions, each
August 1, 1936.
division thus representing a current of 0.02 m.a. With the meter needle
&quot;dead on&quot; the first division, a current of .02 m.a. is flowing. This represents roughly the maximum value of resistance that can be measured using
the values assumed for R, and E
( 4500 ohms and 4.5 volts).
From (a), we find that
E-IR
X=---
1
4.5 - ( .00002 x 4500)
.00002
= 220,000 ohms, approximately.
For the other extreme, the 49th division on the 50-division scale represents a current of .98 m.a. Substituting in the above equation, we find that this represents a resistance of roughly 100 ohms. So the resistance range that is covered is from 1001 to 220,000 ohms.
Now, if R, and E in fig. 4 arc doubled, each extreme of the original range is doubled, so the new range is from 200 to 440,000 ohms. Values read from the graph should now be multiplied by 2. If R1 and E are increased to 45,000 ohms and 45 voltsten times their former values-the
range extends from 1000 ohms to 2.2
megohms.
Measuring Low Resistances
As regards measurement of low resistances, the method given above is accurate enough for most purposes.
Occasionally, however, the need arises for high accuracy, and in such cases the method shown in fig. 5 can be used.
The ohmmeter test ·prods are shorted, and the resistance R, is adjusted to give exact full-scale deflection. The unknown R, is then shunted across the meter as shown.
This diverts part of the current flowing through the meter, the amount depending on the resistance of R,. For example, if it is the same as the internal resistance of the
meter, the latter will show a halfscale reading.
When the reading has been taken, the value of R, is calculated from the formula
RX I
R,=------
Imax.-I
where R is the meter resistance, I
the current reading, and I max. the full-scale deflection current.
With this method, highly accurate measurement of resistance from about 2000 ohms down to 20 ohms is possible, and reasonable accuracy is still obtained down to as low as .5 ohm.

==P.29 - A Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Meter==
A Nine-Range
D.C. Multi-Meter
The principles underlying the design of multi-range meters are fully explained in the preceding article. In that following, the construction of a multi-range tester
that set-builders and servicemen will find invaluable is outlined.
J T was pointed out in the previous article that high accuracy, flexibility, and low cost are the main requirements of a meter designed for radio use.. All three are possessed by the multi-range meter now to be described.
High accuracy has been ensured by using a high-grade 0-1 milliammeter as a basis for the circuit, and by us'ing laboratory-tested shunts and multipliers to give the various current and voltage ranges. As for flexibility, no less than nine ranges are incorporated-four voltage (0-10, 0-50,
0-250, and 0-500 volts) three current (0-1, 0-10, and 0-100 mills.) and two resistance (0-10,000 and 0-100,000 ohms).
· The last consideration, that of cost, is as important as any, as few setbuilders can afford more than one good meter. This point has been carefully watched in this tester, with the result that the complete kit of parts, including an engraved and readydrilled panel, can be purchased for
A sub-pwwl view of the testei·,
only £4. Alternatively, anyone who has a 0-1 milliammeter already on hand can use it and merely buy the balance of the kit. A meter of any resistance up&gt; to 100 ohms can be used, as will be explained later.
Features of The Kit
The complete kit of parts for
A photograph of the completed
mnl.ti-meter, showing the nine ranges it covers engraved on the panel.
tester is shown elsewhere. The basis of the instrument is a Palec 0-1 mil- liammeter - a precision-built, high- grade meter that can be depended on
to give high accuracy and trouble-free service.
Reads A.C. As Well
The meter is fitted with a universal scale, and as it is calibrated both for A.C. as well as D.C., it can be easily converted for A.C. operation as well by adding a four-pole double~throw switch and a small copper oxide rectifier unit. The conversion will be described in a future issue of the
&quot;Radio World.&quot;
Sockets Simplest and Best
Nine sockets of a special positive contact type have been used for the various ranges. A multi-contact switch could have been used instead, but on practically all counts the sockets are preferable. A switch that will give trouble-free operation for all time is both expensive and difficult to obtain. In the cuTrent ranges especially, the switch contacts must have zero resistance-even a small fraction of an ohm could mean serious error in readings.
As well, a multi-contact switch is not easy to wire, but sockets are simple. The two test leads supplied are each fitted with a plug at one end and test prod at the other. The leads are rubber-covered, and, unlike
29
those sometimes supplied with commercial testers, will stand up to plenty of wear . .
Assembly Is Straight-Forward
The panel is supplied ready drilled and engraved, and all that builders have to do is to mount and wire the parts, when the tester is ready for operation.
The multipliers for the four voltage ranges are guaranteed accurate to within 1%, and are specially treated against humidity. --
The leatherette-covered case and carrying-handle, as shown in the photographs, is supplied as an extra.
Alternatively, builders could make up a wooden box &gt;in which to house the completed meter.
The Circuit Explained
Figures 1 (a), (b), and (c) show how the circuit of the tester is built up around a 0-1 m.a. meter.
The resistors for the four voltage ranges are calculated from the simple formula given in the previous article:
25'0,000&quot;' 250 v. C::· .-.-.AAJV\JV\/V'tJ&quot;----1
so~n.~~'-AIV'&quot;&quot;vv&quot;&quot;'rv~---1
IO~n..~JV'VVVVVVVVV-~-t
ls ll·llw
le
11·11 (&amp;)
400w
400c.&gt;
~~. 4·5v.
L,1111J±:&lt;? . COMMON.
10
SCALE
10
THE AUSTRALASIAN ·RADIO WORLD
Rl = 1000 E, where Rl is the series resistor and E, the maximum voltage to be measured in each case. Thus, for ranges of 0-10, 0-50, 0-250, and 0-500 volts, series .resistors of 10,000, 50,000, 250,000, and. 500,000 ohms are required. . A sensitivity of 1,000 ohms per volt is obtained on all voltage readings.
In -1 (b) is shown the three-range milliammeter circuit, the ranges being O•l, 0-10, and 0-100 m.a. The
70-ohm resistor shown in series with the meter has been included for two purposes. ·Firstly, because of its addition, the resistance of the meter can be regarded as 100 ohms (70 ohms + 30 ohms internal resistance of -meter) . . This means that the resistance of each shunt required is over . three times greater than that needed if the 70-ohm resistor were not included. For instance, - without this resistance the value of the shunt needed for the · 0-10 m.a. range would . be equal to R wher_e R is the meter
N-1,
resistance, and N the maximum cur- rent (in mills.) to !;&gt;e read. Substituting, this equals 30 = 3.333 ohms.
10-1
Regarding the meter resis~ance as 100
ohms, however, the shunt value is 100·
10-1
= 11.01 ohms. ·
Shunts are difficult to wind correct to a tiny fraction of an ohm, and so by using the series resistor any slight deviation from the calculated value is rendered much less important than if the resistor were omitted. This applies particularly · to the 0-100 m.a. range, where without the 70-·ohm ·re- sistor, a shunt of only .3 of an ohm would be needed.
The second reason why this resistor has been included is one that will appeal to· set-builders who have 0-1
milliammeters on hand, possibly of different values of internal resistance to that of the Palec meter used in the kit. By l:eplacing the 70-ohm
resistor with one equal in value to
l()O ohms minus the internal resistance of the meter on hand, the latter, providing it is a dependable make, can be used equally well, and without any further alteration to the circuit values. Special resistances for this purpose; up to 100 ohms in value, can be obtained from the Paton
Electrical · Instrument ·Company.
It will be noticed that the connec- tions to the. 10 and 100 m.a. sockets are &quot;open&quot; . until the. test leads are plugged in. __ The same is true for the
&quot;Scale 7- 10'.'_ soc_ke·t of the ohmmeter
circuit. . . _ .
There are two resistance ranges:
0-10,000 (&quot;Scale + 10&quot;} and0 0-100,000
ohms (&quot;Scale&quot;). A glance at the
circuit will show that, for the latter
range, the maximum --resistance that
v
0
L
T
s
August 1, 1936.
Z50,ooow ZSOO--'\IV\l\f\l\f\l\r[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])-j
50,000W
MILLS. ~ 70w
r-'
COMMON Scale+10 Scale
(0-10,000..,) (0-100,0~
[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:01, 24 May 2020 (UTC)y I
OHMS
Fig. 2.-The separate circuits shown in figs. 1 (a), 1 (b), and l (c) for the various voltage, current, and resistance ranges are combined above to give the complete circuit used in the tester. can be included in circuit equals 3800
+ 70 + 30 + 400 + 400 ohms, =
4,700 ohms. When the 3-cell battery is new, the voltage is approximately 4.65 volts, so when the test prods are shorted, a resistance of 4,650 ohms is needed to give exact full-scale deflection on the meter ( 1 m.a.). In practice, this adjustment is made by shorting the test prods, and setting the 400-ohm potentiometer to full scale reading. Resistances of up to 100,000 ohms can then be read off directly on the meter scale, which has been calibrated on the assumption that a 4.5- volt battery will be used.
For the &quot;Scale + 10&quot; range, the 10 m.a. shunt is brought in circuit across the meter. The current that now flows when the test prods are shorted divides into two branches, 1-lOth passing through the 100-ohm branch, and 9-lOths through the 11.11-ohm shunt. The equivalent series resistance of these two resistors in parallel equals 10 ohms. For a current of 10 m.a., a resistance of 465 ohms is needed to show full scale deflection on the meter (assuming the battery voltage to be 4.65 volts). This value of resistance is obtained by adjusting the potentiometer until a reading of 1 m.a. is registered on the meter.
Now, if the meter shows a certain reading, in ohms, when the value of an unknown resistance is being tested, the correct value is obtained by dividing the scale reading by 10, because actually only one-tenth of the current flowing through the resistance is passing through the meter.
As the battery ages, its internal resistance increases, and the voltage drops. The potentiometer compensates for this, so that at all times exact readings can be obtained. After six or nine months' use, however, the voltage will fall to about 4.4 volts, and the battery should then be re- placed. Otherwise, resistance readings obtained will not be reliable.
The three circuits shown. in figures
1 (a), 1 (b), and 1 (c) are combined in· figure 2 to give the circuit of the
multi-range tester.
Assembling the Tester
The panel is supplied with the sockets already mounted on it, and with the spring contacts of the 10 mill.,
100 mill., and &quot;Scale -;- 10&quot; sockets already insulated from the sockets themselves by means of insulating washers.
The potentiometer can next be mounted, followed by the meter.
Next, the shunts and multipliers, and other fixed resistances, should be mounted on the bakelite resistance panel as shown in the photograph and sketch of the wiring.
The panel is next bolted to th~ meter, and wired up. The battery can be mounted last of all, by means of the aluminium strap provided,
THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD
Full details of the wiring arc shown in Jig. :J. . Use fairly heavy gauge push-back, and be careful to make every soldered joint as perfect as possible by tinning all contacts before soldering, and using a hot, clean iron.
When the wiring is finished and checked, the meter can be mounted in its case and the panel screwed down. The meter needle is then accurately set to zero by rotating the small milled knob mounted on the instrument.
Finally, the test leads are plugged into 'the &quot;Common&quot; and &quot;Scale&quot; sockets for resistance measurement, the ends shorted by holding the · test prods together, and the potentiometer knob rotated until ari · exact fullscale reading is obtained: The instrument is then ready for use~

===Kit of Parts===
Nine-Range D~C. Multi~
Meter-Palec Kit of Parts.
1 0-1 m.a. meter, ao ohms internal resir,tancc, with univ&lt;'rsa,l sea le
(Palec).
1 10,000 ohm multiplier.
I 50,000 ohm multiplier.·
I 250,000 ohm multiplier;
1 500,000 ohm multiplier.
2 .shunts (1.01 ohms and 11.11 ohms). 1 70 ohm resistor.
1 3,800 ohm resistor.
1 400 ohm resistor.
1 400 ohm vernier potentiometer with
knob. ·
1 bakelitc resistor panel.
1 ·engraved ebonite panel.
12. sockets (spring type ) ..
Pair of test prods, with lead~ · and
'Plugs. 1 4.5v. torch battery (flat type), with .mounting 'strap. ·
Hook~up wire, nuts· and . bolts.
1 leatherette-covered case. with carrying handle (optional).

==P.31 - Some Don'ts for S.W. Listeners==
Some
s.w.
D9n'ts For
Listeners
By &quot;Megacycle''..
TUNING a set is an entirely different matter from tuning a regular broadcast receiver. The main reason for this is that short
31
waves have characteristics unlike lho~c of medium waves.
Here is a short list of DON'TS which should be of interest to all those who have not had much experience of shortwave DX work.
Don't' tune for shortwave stations in the same way as you would tune for broadcast. By rotating the tuning knob quickly you may pass over several stations. The reason for this is due to the exceedingly sharp tuning of the short wavelengths.
Don't tune in indiscriminately on the short waves, or you will probably get nothing. Most sets are calibrated in metres or megacycles. Therefore, use a reliable list showing frequencies and schedules of the principal stations, and search for each one in turn.
Don't' tune in at the wrong time.
Most stations come in only at certain times of the day as well as at certain times of the year.
Don't expect to pick up shortwave stations easily. It requires careful tuning to bring in the very distant stations.

==P.31 - Palec Ad==
&quot;PALEC&quot; TESTING EQUIPMENT
Dependable, Profitable
MULTITESTER-AN AL YSER-SELECTOR-V AL VE TESTER-
. - ALL~WAVE OSCILLATOR-VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETER.
The above instruments cons'iitute a most complete outfit for the service m1&amp;n or radio
laboratory. All units the same size: 7l/2in. x 8%,in., panel 6in. deep. Available singly or in black leatherette covered cases of two or three Units as illustrated.
(A) MULTITESTER. DC, AC volts.
Current,· resistance, capacity, inductance, impedance, electrolytic condenser capacity and leakage. Power supply built in. 22 ranges. Price ... £13/ 10/-.
(B) ANALYSER-SELECTOR. For current, volt~ge, resistance
ANALYSIS from any valve socket. Price . . . . . . £2/19/ 6
(C) VALVE TESTER. Tests all American, English and Dutch tubes, including· au 'latest types . .
Tests for ·MICRO-LEAKS on HEATED VALVE. Easy read- . jng ·valve tesf chart.
Price . . . . . . -. . . . £11/5/-
(D) ALL-WAVE OS.CILI;ATOR: I;F . to highest . R.F. by 5 bands of fundamentals. Precision Dial
with vernier scale. Attenuates to microVolts ·by new riaduated capacity attenuator; Battery operated. Perfectly shielded. Price . . . . £11/10/-
(E) VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETER.· Reads 50 c.s. to high R.F., a lso D.C. on multi-range
direct reading dial. · ls equipped with 150 microamp. meter. Metal measuring tube on 3ft. flexible lead. - No grid leads- no pick-up. Power supply built in. Most advanced design _av;iilable anywhe;re. Price ........ ... . . ... . ... . . £11/ 10/-
. AU . Prices are Subject to Sales Tax. Combinations: A &amp; B, £16/1~ -; A, B &amp; C, £26/10/-; A, B &amp; D, £26/10/-, all plus sale8 tax. Other Combinations can be supplied, prices on application.
Write for illustrat~d catalogue of RADIO &amp; CATHODE RAY TEST EQUIPMENT to
THE PATON ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT CO.
90 VICTORIA STREET, ASHFIELD, SYDNEY. Telephone: UA 1960.
Distributors.- Sydney : Bloch &amp; Gerber, Fox and MacGillicuddy: Lawrence &amp; H anson. Melbour ne: A. H. Gibson (Electrical) Co. Pty. Ltd. New Zealand: The Electric Lamp
House Ltd., Wellington.

==P.32 - Radio Step by Step (3)==
Radio Step By Step • • • 3
DIRECT AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
The differences between direct and alternating currents are explained in this article-the third of a special series for beginners. 
So far only one kind of current, that known as direct current, has been considered. There is another variety-alternating current-that is just as important as
d.c., if not more so, because the principles governing radio transmission and reception depend on its action.
Direct current flows in one direction only, i.e., is uni-directional. Fig.
1 shows a graphical representation o1 a steady direct current of 2 amperes.
The time is taken from the moment the switch controlling the circuit in which the current flows, is turned on.
Because neither the voltage nor the resistance changes, then from Ohm's
E
Law (I = -) the current must remain the same, and so it is represented by the straight line &quot;XY.&quot;
Under certain conditions the current might not remain constant, but no matter how much it fluctuates, as long as it always flows in the same direction, it is still direct current.
A.C. Changes Direction Regularly
Alternating current, just as its name implies, alternates, or changes its direction of flow from -time to time. Its action can also be best explained graphically.
At the point &quot;0&quot; on figure 2, both time and current values are at zero. Starting at this point, the current
st~:;i,pily increases until it attains a maximum value &quot;I,&quot; and then it decreases at exactly the same rate until at t]:ie point &quot;X&quot; on the &quot;Time&quot; axis it has fallen to zero. Now it changes its direction and flows the other way.
This is shown on the graph by drawing the curve representing its progress below, instead of above, the &quot;Time&quot; axis.
Once again, the current . steadily builds up to a maximum value &quot;I,&quot; but in the opposite direction this time -and returns to zero again (at the point &quot;Y&quot;). From this point on the whole process is repeated again and again until the circuit is broken.
Each completed operation-current starting from zero, building up to maximum, returning to zero, reversing direction and again building to maximum and returning to zero-is
termed ii. cycle. If the time taken from &quot;O&quot; t'o &quot;Y&quot; is 1 .second, then the frequency of the current is 1 cycle· per second.
If, as shown in the lower portion of the sketch, 5 complete cycles are performed in the 1 second, then the frequency is 5 cycles per second. Most alternating current mains supplies have a frequency of 50 cycles per second.
Audio and Radio Frequencies
So far we have dealt only with low frequencies, which are measured in cycles. Low frequencies, or audio frequencies as they are often called in
i·adio, extend upwards to the upper limit of audibility, which is about 18,000 cycles per second. Frequencies much greater than this are spoken of
as high, or radio frequencies, though there is no clear-cut line of division between the two.
High frequencies such as those used in radio are measured in kilocycles
(thousands of cycles) or megacycles
(millions of cycles) per second.
Thus station 2FC, transmitting on a frequency of 610 kilocycles per second, has no less than 610,000 cycles of high frequency alternating current flowing in its transmitting aerial
every second.
Wavelength and Frequency
There is a simple relationship between wavelength and frequency that will become obvious after figure 3 has been studied a little. ·
The length of one complete wave is shown in figure 3(a), where the frequency is one cycle per second. In 3 (b), where the frequency is 5 cycles per second, the wavelength must obviously be one-fifth of what it is in 3(a). It is clear that the more waves there are every second (the greater the frequency, in other words) the shorter is the wavelength. In fact, the two are inversely proportional double one and the other is halved.
Speed of Radio Waves
All radio waves travel at the same speed-that of light. This is 186,000 miles per second, which is approximately equal to 300,000,000 metres per second.
It now becomes clear that if a station operates on a frequency of 1,000 kilocycles per second, which equals 1,000,000 cycles per second, the length of each wave in metres must equal the distance covered in one second divided by the number of cycles per second - in this case, 300,000,000 -7- 1,000,000, which equals 300 metres.
So we see that the frequency with which the waves are created governs the wavelength, and if either wave- length or frequency in cycles is known, the other can be found by dividing the known quantity into 300,000,000. (If the frequency is in kilocycles, then 300,000 is the figure to use.)
Measuring A.C.
Some further qualities of alternating current will ·now be considered.
First of all, as a.c. is always changing in value, it is measured in terms of its average, or Root Mean Square, value.
This gives in amperes the current which would be required with d.c. to provide the same heating effect. The R.M.S. value of an alternating current is approximately .707 of the peak value. The voltage of an a .c. supply, which alternates in the same way as the current and at the same frequency, is measured in exactly the same way.
A.C. Superior to D.C.
The main advantage of a.c. over d.c. for a mains supply is that it can be easily transformed to any desired voltage. By stepping it up to a high voltage and low current, it can be transmitted over long distances with little loss. Where required, it is easily stepped down again to a lower voltage by a transformer.
How a Transformer Works
If a direct current is passed through a length of wire, a magnetic field surrounding it is set up, as shown in figure 4(a). This field can be strengthened greatly by winding the wire
m the form of a coil, as shown in
4 (b). The lines of force SUI'l'ounding
the coil remain steady until the current is cut off, when they collapse and disappear.
If a.c. is applied to the winding instead of d.c., it can be seen that the magnetic field will build up and collapse twice for every cycle of the, alternating current, because the a.c. itself builds up and returns to zero twice during every cycle.
Now, if we were to place another winding in .close proximity to the first, as shown m 4 ( c), it would be found that the fluctuating magnetic field in the first coil would induce an alternating E.M.F. or voltage in the second. This action is known as mutual induction.
The amount of transfer that takes place depends on the degree of coupTHE AUS'rRALASiAN RADlO WORLD
ling that exists between the two
windings. This can be greatly increased by providing both coils with an iron core, as is done in audio and
power transformers.
If both coils have the same number of turns, then theoretically the voltage induced in the second will equal that applied to the first. If 250 volts a.c. be put across the primary, which is always the winding across which the voltage is first applied, and the secondary has twice the number of turns the primary has, then a voltage of 500 will be available across the terminals of the secondary.
Of course, this is assuming that there are no losses; actually a transformer has an efficiency of about 85 per cent., which means that if a voltage is required to be stepped up
b twice its value, slightly more than twice the number of primary turns are needed for the secondary to allow for loss during the transfer.
Next month: Inductance and Capacity

==P.33 - The Lighter Side of DX==
Some Tit-Bits Of Ham Humour
By Leon S. Stone
THE following examples of radio humour were culled during DX
listening to amateur stations. Some equally funny incidents have happenec'. at times during broadcasts from commercial stations, but unfortunately,
I have not recorded them. The hams, naturally, provide the most unintentional humour over the air, owing to the more personal touch in their broadcasts, and to the habit most of them have of absent-mindedly leaving their microphones open to the wide world.
DX From Next Door!
An amateur station in one of the Sydney suburbs was going full blast belting out a transmission of gramophone records for hours on end late one Sunday evening, in the days when &quot;ham&quot; stations were allowed on the broadcast band before midnight on Sunday. Next day his bellicose neighbour hailed him over the back fence: &quot;Do you know I got six new stations on my set last night?&quot;
&quot;Really,&quot; replied the &quot;ham&quot; innocently, &quot;what were they?&quot; &quot;Youyou ---,&quot; replied a very annoyed listener. Talk about &quot;double spotting&quot;!
What's This . &quot;CQ&quot; Station?
An N.S.W. ham got a good laugh out of a report from a listener in Queenstown, Tasmania. Verbatim, with original spelling and all, it read:
&quot;Sir-I was listening the other night on the shortwave at 9.15 p.m. and I picked up over the waves at such strength that I am curious to know
what power you were using. It was coming in at such strength that I had to cut back the volume for good reception. It was as good as 3LO on broadcast. Can you tell me what wave- length CQ is mdng [!] which I heard you callii1g nearly evel'y amateurs I pick up are call for CQ. I remain,
yours sincerely, --&quot; Some report!
73 es 88 de YL!
Romance is not yet dead, even in the serious (?) atmosphere of amateur experimental stations. Tuning in on the 80-metre band to an N.S.W. ham announcer, I heard:
&quot;Stand by, old man, a YL [and any dxer knows what that cryptic couple of letters means!] here wants to speak to you.&quot; YL's voice is then heard:
&quot;Is that 3 XX? A YW here-one young woman, you know.&quot; A nervous little laugh follows. &quot;I can hardly believe you love me.&quot; Knowing hams as I do, neither can I!
A New Kind Of DX Special.
While on the subject of romance (if any) in amateur radio. A married ham operating an experimental station gave himself away properly to the YF. A receiving set is installed in her bedroom so she can comfortably listen to hubby's programmes.
During the early hours of one morning one of his girl friends rang the station. Racy conversation between the two continued for close on an hour. The ham (in more senses than one) had blissfully forgotten he had the station &quot;mike&quot; switched on, with the result that the edifying conversation was broadcast to hundreds of listeners as well as to his wife in the next room, who was fuming. It was a very chastened hubby who told himself he would be rather more discreet
in future with station 'phone calls particularly from attractive YL's !
A &quot;Low&quot; Station.
A Sydney ham has never been allowed by the rest of his fraternity to forget that one morning he announced to another experimenter: &quot;My station is a lower one than youl's&quot;. Omission of &quot;wavelength&quot; caused the damage.

==P.34 - Prize-Winning Transmitter Has Worked All Continents==
Portable Tests: 5-Metre Schedules:
Lakelnba Radio Club Notes and News
By W.J.P. 
THE transmitter shown above is owned and operated by Mr.' Bert Dimmock (VK20W), of Hurlstone Park, and succeeded in winning first prize in the transmitting section at the recent Amateur Radio Exhibition organised by the Wireless Institute of Australia.
The transmitter is a conventional four-stage, crystal-controlled job, using a 59 oscillator in a tritet circuit,
46 frequency doubler-buffer; 210 buffer and two 210's in push-pull in the final.
The oscillator and doubler power supply is obtained from a 300-volt pack, with a separate supply of 400 volts for the buffer, and a 500-volt pack for the final. Separate filament transformers are used for all the valves in the R.F. side. The popular link coupling is used, both in the intermediate stages. and to the aerial.
The aerial is a single wire-fed multiband matched impedance. With this transmitter all continents have been worked (W.A.C.), while all parts of the British Empire have also been contacted (W.B.E.).
Genemotors for Country and Portable Work.
A party of members of the Lakemba Radio Club, including 20D, 20W,
Messrs. Taylor and Langley, recently paid a visit to Mr. J. Buchanan (VK2ABT), a new country amateur at Yerrinbqol, N.S.W. The object of 'the visit was--to test out the efficiency of a genemotor for portable work, and also to investigate the possibilities of 5-metre communication with Yerrinbool. Contact was made with 2ABT from a position on the Great Southern Highway, per medium of a portable 40-metre 'phone transmitter. It was most interesting to learn that 2ABT was also using a :genemotor for the power supply, because results were so good that the- car party thought that he was using crystal · control in the transmitter, so pure was the carrier. For the operation of these genemotors a large 6-volt battery is usually required the current drain on the battery being from 1 to 5 amps., ·depending on the type and power output of the genemotor. On the return trip to ,Sydney, the transmitter was kept ''ifr--operatiOn most of the way down. ·'Jt' was noted that the output dropped slightly when it became necessary to switch on the car headlamps, due to the extra load on the battery. However; from tests conducted, indications were that genemotors should prove very popular for portable and country work.
Breaking Into 5 Metres.
VK20D suggests that for those ·who are breaking into five metres, considerable care -should be taken with the tuning of_ -the receiver, and attempts ·should -be- made to locate harmonics from ·-telephony stations who may be operating on the higher wave- bands. With reference to the receiving aeria-J,-it is a good plan to arrange
it in a well elevated position, but to those who&quot;are not so fortunately situated, it is suggested that they try the aerial in various available positions, because - 5-metre signals- have a habit of turning up in the most unexpected places.
Should signals be . rather weak on the 5-metre aerial, a good standby is to use a single piece of wire strung vertically for the greater part of its length, which may be up tO 60 feet, attached to the aerial coil, which may be tuned by a 5-plate midget con- denser in a similar way to that described by 2EH elsewhere in this issue. 20D also recommends the newcomer to the ultra-high frequencies to experiment carefully with various aerial systems, once he has his receiver operating correctly.
Further Freak Reception.
It was revealed in last month's issue of &quot;Radio World&quot; how the code signals from a ship could be heard through the talkie equipment of a Sydney theatre. According to a club member, Mr. W. G. Picknell, similar &quot;reception&quot; was obtained at Inverell, N.S.W. Patrons of the local picture theatre were astounded to hear, &quot;Hullo CQ! Calling CQ!&quot;-coming from the talkie speakers. Eventually, it was traced to Harry Hutton (VK2HV), whose station was in operation on telephony nearby!
How NOT To Send DX Reports.
The following is a copy of a DX report received by VK2DL. Reports such as these often cause station operators to literally &quot;tear their ha1r&quot; with rage!
The Direct cir,
Station VK2DL,
April 26, 1936.
I am an ardent - listener to shortwave, and often listen to radio broadcasts from foreign stations. At about 7.30 p.m. E.S.T. I tuned in your station and I heard many songs and musical selections- and talks. This is the first time I have heard your station. I hope to be able to pick you up again on my shortwave receiver. The reception was clear and loud. It was satisfactory. I will thank you in advance for a verification card from your station. Good luck to your station. (Signed) Mr .... . ........ ,
New York, U.S.A.
The above report might possibly be satisfactory for reporting to a focal station, but the essential points so necessary for long distance reporting are missing. The time does not state whether it is American or Australian E.S.T., the wavelength is not given, the type of music, titles or announcements have been omitted, also the type of receiver used. Yet reception was clear and loud!

==P.36 - Choosing and Using a Vacuum-Tube Voltmeter (2)==
last month the principle upon which the vacuum tube voltmeter operates was - explained, and the features necessary in an instrument designed for service work outlined. In the concluding instalment below, a few of the varied uses of a V.T. voltmeter are indicated.
Specially written for the &quot;Radio 'World&quot; by
A. H. MUTTON, .B.E.
Paton Electrical Instrument Company. 

JN last month's article,
the essential features of a vacuum tube voltmeter designed for radio use wel'e discussed in detail. They can L2 summed up as follows:-
(a) The instrument should not require more than about one microwatt of power to operate it, so as to avoid dropping the voltage in the circuit
un&lt;l2r test. · (b) It must measure a wide range of voltages to be able to check stage gain.
( c) It must read voltage, independent of frequency.
( d) Its input capacity must be kept at an absolute minimum.
Many other features are desirable, but not so important as those above. Fig. 3, which is reproduced from last issue, shows a suitable vacuum tube Voltmeter circuit.
6J7 Offers Important Advantages
. An improvement consists in using a pentode such as the 6J7. This gives readings independent of plate voltage, which is a great feature for A.C. operation.
Also, this metal valve can be located at the end of a flexible lead, so that no wires need be attached to the grid for introducing the voltage to be measured. This keeps input capacity down to that of the valve itself. R2 is a 5-megohm resistance, used solely for maintaining D.C. continuity to the grid, ·so that a bias is supplied to it even when the circuit under test would not do so.
It will be assumed in what follows that the vacuum tube voltmeter in use is similar to that above, i.e., that it has an input capacity of about 5
mmfd., an input resistance of a very high figure, and a range of measurable voltage, .1 v. to 50 v. The whole secret of using a vacuum tube voltmeter successfully consists in being sure of what is measured. This must be particularly stressed in receiver use. A good vacuum tube voltmeter will measure any voltage supplied to it, R.F., I.F., A.F., or D.C., so it is necessary for the user to see that only that voltage required to be measured reaches it.
Isolating the Needed Voltage ·· '
To stop D.C. reaching the voltmeter is simple. Connect a condenser of reasonable size (say, .001 mfd. for R.F. working, and .1 mfd. for A.F. and 50-cycle working) in the lead to the measuring valve's grid-see fig.
4 (a). Ee sure the insulation of this condenser is excellent, or a progressive change in the voltage reading will result, as the leak charges up the grid.
To measure A.F. in a circuit containing, say, D.C., A.F., and R.F.-see
fig. 4(b)-use a blocking condenser and a low pass filter circuit of the usual type. A 2 m.h. choke with,
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: THE A•F I (B)
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! THE R·F . I (C)
FIG.4
.0001 mfd. condensers across the circuit from either side of this choke will be suitable.
To measure R.F. where A.F. is present is not so simple, but can be done by stopping the A.F. with a tuned A.F. ·choke, the tuning condenser of which allows the R.F. to pass to the vacuum tube voltmeter-see fig. 4(c).
· Usually one finds no need for more than a D.C. blocking condenser, as the R.F. or A.F. can generally be stopped elsewhere.
Now for some uses.
Stage Gain.
This is one of the most important of the vacuum tube voltmeter's many uses. As an· example, consider the measurement of I.F. stage gain in a superhet. Fig. 5 will be taken as a normal type of circuit. Proceed as follows:
Connect an output meter across the speaker and supply an unmodulated input signal to the set. Tune in the set,
using the &quot;mush&quot; of the signal or by temporarily modulating it in some way. Next, connect the vacuum tube
voltmeter's grid to . &quot;Y&quot; and its other lead to the chassis. Set the input signal to obtain a small readable signal on the voltmeter. Re-tune the
trimmer C2 to see if the voltmeter's capacity is upsetting the circuit. This will be immediately evident on the output meter, which will alter its reading when the vacuum tube voltmeter is connected. Obtain the
original reading by re-tuning C2.
Next measure the low value unmodulated signal across C2.
Now remove the vacuum tube voltmeter and obtain the same output by re-setting C2 to its original value.
Next, connect the vacuum tube voltmeter between &quot;Z&quot; and earth, placing- a blocking condenser in the grid
·1ead to the vacuum tube voltmeter.
R~-set C4 if necessary to get the same output reading, and measure the amplified voltage.
It will be noticed that the gain is not measured by connecting across C4. This is because the voltmeter lead; if attached to the lower side of C4, would introduce extra capacity from this point to earth, and would possibly upset other circuits not shown in this skeleton circuit. Also, it is easier to connect to earth. This connection introduces two extra D.C. voltages between &quot;Y&quot; and the earthed lead of the meter, but the blocking condenser prevents their being effective.
A.F. stage gain is much simpler to measure. Simply connect the vacuum tube voltmeter across the input and output of the stage or stages, taking steps to prevent D.C. operating the meter, and measure a constant input signal as found at these two points.
If required, various frequencies may be used and a &quot;response curve&quot; of the stage or stages obtained.
A.V.C. Voltages.
The vacuum tube voltmeter measures these with ease. Before testing, it is wise to remove the 5-megohm grid . resistance from the meter's input circuit as it is not now required and parallels the A.V.C. resistor, effectively reducing its value.
There is little to be said about this test. No precautions against unwanted voltages are required.
Oscillator Voltages.
Connect the meter across the oscillator coil or between the elements of the valve, taking care that D.C. cannot enter the meter's circuit. The capacity · of the vacuum tube voltmeter will alter the frequency slightly, but unless other things in the circuit necessitate it, this need not be allowed for, as the oscillator's output
voltage will not be affected.
Percentage Modulation Measurements.
It is sometimes interesting to know the percentage modulation of a signal arriving at the second detector. It checks the first detector's action
and gives a rough check on the source of modulation, i.e., whether the signal
TltE AUSTRAtAStAN ltADtO \VOitLt&gt;
generator is deeply modulated or not.
Connect the voltmeter across the diode resistance in the second detector's circuit and measure the voltage there when the input signal is unmodulated, and also when modulated.
The percentage modulation is then given by
Percentage modulation =
r Voltage (modulated) l
I -1 I xlOO
l Voltage (unmodulated) J
Hum Measurements
These can be made at a great many points in the circuit of a receiver,
such as across the voltage divider, across the speaker transformer, across the automatic bias resistor of
the power valve, and at the input to
the power valve.
OUT~
PUT
METE;R_
FIG. 5
In all cases be careful to prevent D.C. operating the meter, and as far as possible always measure between some point in the circuit and earth.
This latter statement might almost be regarded as a law in receiver work.
Generally one then finds several voltages sent along to the meter, but one can usually &quot;stop out&quot; the unwanted ones. As an example· of incorrect procedure, consider the measurement of hum at the speaker transformer. Do not connect the vacuum tube voltmeter directly to the transformer's terminals. It is much better to connect from the plate side of the transformer to earth, making sure, if necessary, that one is not also measuring the hum in the &quot;B&quot; supply by checking this. If it is large allow for it.
Other Receiver Uses
Every voltage in the receiver can be checked with a vacuum tube voltmeter, with the aid of a few condensers and resistors. Even the H.T. secondary winding on the power transformer can be tested, by simply using a high resistance voltage divider.
For instance, if the vacuum tube voltmeter has an input resistau.ee of 5 megohms and a full scale deflection
(Continued overleaf) 

of 50 volts, it will read to 500 . volts when a 45-megohm resistor is connected in the lead to its grid, since the valve then has applied to it a
voltage of one-tenth that applied across the series resistor and the 5-
megohm grid resistance. If these values are inconveniently high, lower ones such as input grid resistance of
.1 megohm and a series resistance of
. 9 megohm may be used.
Filament voltages, screen grid voltages, detector voltages-all can be measured with ease. When once one learns to take a few precautions, it is soon found the vacuum tube voltmeter is invaluable as a time-saving service and laboratory aid. 

==P.38 - Six-Valve All-Wave Ultimate==
Has Many Attractive Features IN New Zealand, locally built receivers share the market not only with Australian-made sets, but also with leading American makes. It is undoubtedly a fine achievement that the Auckland firm of Radio Ltd., in the face of this keen competition, has in the past few years established such a reputation for Ultimate receivers that now they rank with three or four imported makes as best-sellers in New Zealand.
Produced in one of the most modern factories in Australasia, Ultimate radios are not only up-to-the-minute  in design, but as well are precision built throughout of high quality components.
A little over a year ago these sets were introduced into Australia by Messrs. Geo. Brown and Company, of Sydney, and have sold consistently well.
Six-Valve All-Wave Model
A fairly wide range of A.C. and battery Ultimates is available, including a recently-landed 11-valve twin chassis de luxe model that is attracting widespread interest.
One of the most popular receivers in the A.C. range is the six-valve all- wave model illustrated above. It can be supplied in three different style
console cabinets, that shown being the &quot;Baby Grand.&quot;
To ensure plenty of gain and high selectivity, an r.f. stage has been incorporated. There are three wave- bands instead of- the usual two, giving
complete coverage of the short waves from 16 to 130 metres as well as of the broadcast band. Incidentally, this is the model· on which 603 broadcast band stations were logged by J. R.
}fain, a New Zealander, in a recent DX . competition conducted in that
country.. · · · ·
The Five Controls
The controls (left t'o right) are:- . Combined on/off switch and volume
THE AtJS'rRAtAStAN. RADiO WOlttO
c.ontrol, quiet tuning control (for use in localities where power interference is prevalent), main tuning control, three-position wave change switch, and tone control.
The tuning control n·ot· only operates . the conventional double-ended pointer, but also a special &quot;logging hand&quot; as well. This hand is a single-ended
auxiliary pointer which rotates 16 times faster than the main indicator .
By its use, tuning is made both simple and accurate, particularly on shortwave.
Three-Colour Dial
The dial is illuminated in red on the broadcast band, in blue on the medium shortwave band, and in green on the short waves. For the first band, the dial is calibrated in kilocycles, and in metres for the remaining two.
Other Features
Among other attractive features of this model can be included the volume and tone control colour indicators; an effective A.V.C. system; high-gain r.f.
and i.f .. transformers; and a wave- change switch with additional contacts to short out the unused coils, resulting in a complete elimination of &quot;dead spots&quot; on the dial.

==P.38 - The Month on Shortwave==
By '''Alan H. Graham''' RECEPTION during the past month has been fair, conditions being much better in the morning and afternoon than at night. Taken on the whole, stations on the 31-metre band are the most consistent, and almost any morning quite a number can be logged at good speaker strength. Naturally, the Daventry (GSB) and Zeesen (DJA and DJN) transmitters are outstanding - the two last-named having been extremely good this month around 8 a.m. Not far behind comes W2XAF, which is usually quite good until mid-morning, when very bad fading spoils signals. The other Americans are not nearly so good, though W1XK made a welcome re-appearance at reasonable strength on several mornings this week. Another regular on the band is the Rome transmitter 12RO, which is usually at speaker strength. Other stations heard include PRF5, which occasionally comes in splendidly with an entertaining programme of South American music (incidentally, they usually have an English session at 8.30 a.m. on Tuesdays); LKJ1, which is unfortunately heterodyned by W2XAF; HBL and CT1AA. '''Swedish Station Best 20m. Catch.''' The 20m. amateur band is still a source of enjoyment for DX enthusiasts, as splendid &quot;catches&quot; may be made even at the most unexpected times. Generally speaking, the best time for reception is in the late afternoon, although on June 16 four English amateurs (G5VL, G5NI, G6XR and G2NH) were heard on 'phone around 8 a.m. SM5SX, located at the Royal Technical University, Stockholm, Sweden, was the best catch last month - the usual quota of W's, K6's, XE's, VE's, CO's, etc., being logged. The 25m. band is rather unexciting as the usual stations are the only ones audible - Paris (TPA3 and TPA4), Daventry, W8XK and RNE all being fairly regular. '''Zeesen Best on 19 Metres.''' On 19 metres the best reception has been from the Zeesen transmitter, DJB, during the mid-morning period, when they are regularly heard at good speaker strength. W2XAD were also unexpectedly heard on several occasions, at quite fair strength for them, both before and after midday. By the way, reports on this station are eagerly sought after by the station engineers. '''Verifications From America.''' Finally, the last American mail brought a most interesting batch of verification cards. They included the following:- W9XAA. - Frequencies 17,780, 11,830 and 6,080 k.c. Address: 666 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Ill. &quot;The Shortwave Voice of Labor and Farmer.&quot; 20m. amateurs.- HI2K, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; CO2KC, Habana, Cuba; CO7CX, Central Florida, Cuba; VE50T, Vancouver, Canada; and the Americans W3AHR, W3DPC and W5BEE. 10m. amateurs ('phone).- W3CWG, Lake Hopatcong, N.J.; and W5ERV, Shreveport, Louisiana (operated by Mr. S. H. Powell, who is, in his own words, &quot;65 years young&quot;).

==P.39 - More About the 6L6 Beam Power Amplifier==
More About
The6L6Beam
Power
Amplifi~~ In the June issue of the &quot; Radio World&quot;
advance details were given of the new 6L6 beam power amplifier. The theory of its operation is covered in the article below1
published by courtesy of the Amalgamated Wireless Valve Company1 Ltd. - -
THE Radiotrori 6L6 is -a n~w type of tetrode intended for use in the power output
stage of an A.F. amplifier. Unlike most earlier double grid valves, the 6L6 does not exhibit any secondary emission effects at low plate and control grid voltages;
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SKETCH SHOWING FORMATION BY GRID WIRES OF BEAM SHEETS
its characteristics, therefore, resemble those of the usual power output pentodes. Some unique features of the 6L6 are high power output, high efficiency, and high power sensitivity.
The Pentode Suppressor Grid.
When the plate voltage of the usual tetrode is less than the screen voltage, an appreciable number of secondary electrons, which are emitted from the plate be- cause of bombardment by primary electrons, are attracted to the screen. The plate current, therefore, is greatly i-educecl.
Fo1· this reason, the plate voltage of the usual tetrode should not swing below the screen voltage if the output is to be substantially free from distortion. A zero potential
suppressor grid (G,), positioned between screen (G,) and plate (P), serves to prevent the loss of plate current due to -secondary emission. Hence, in a pentode, the plate voltage (Eg) can be made less than the screen voltage (Eg,) without appreciable secondary emission effects.
The manner in which a suppressor prevents secondary emission loss in plate current can be explained by fig. lA. When the suppressor is connected to the cathode, the potential of the suppressor wires is zero, and the potential of the spaces between the wires is positive by an amount depending upon the geometry of the valve and the applied. voltages. The effect is, therefore, toreduce the potential at all points between the screen and plate.
Fig. lA shows the approximate potential distribution between the screen and plate of a pentode for various plate voltages. When Eb is greater than a certain critical value (Eib) a potential minimum is formed in the vicinity of the suppressor. When the difference between the plate voltage and the potential at the suppressor (Eb'-Eb11 ) is great enough, secondary electrons from the plate are not attracted to the screen, but return to the plate.
Consequently, for all values of Eb greater than Eb1 ,
there is no appreciable loss in plate current due to secondary emission. Under these conditions the plate cur- rent is nearly independent of plate voltage.
Fig. lB shows the plate characteristic of a typical pentode. The knee between Eb and Ebr is rounded, due mostly to the. non-uniformity of the field around Ga,
giving no definite value of Ebr where the plate current begins to become independent of plate voltage. 
There are several other factors which govern the sharpness of the knee, such as the shapes, sizes and uniformity of the grids and cathode.
Much of the distortion of the field occurs at the grid side rods. The ideal curve (dotted in fig. lB) would have a greater usable range of plate voltage, with reduced third-harmonic distortion.
The 6L6 dispenses with a physical suppressor in order to reduce secondary emission effects. Suppression is obtained by creating a potential
minimum between G, and plate by space charge effects. The electron stream to the plate is confined to
. a beam whose electrons have nearly uniform path lengths and velocities.
Such a design results in a plate characteristic that has a relatively sharp knee at low plate voltage.
The Virtual Cathode.
If we had a valve in: which each electron traversed the same distance in the same time on its journey from cathode to plate, many of the pentode difficulties could be obviated.
Consider s'ijcl1 a tetrode. Apply a
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voltage to its screen, and a lower voltage to its plate. Shifting the plate further from the screen under those conditions gives a set of potential grade curves as in fig . 2A. After a distance D,, there is found to be a point of minimum potential between screen and plate, which tends to repel secondary electrons, preventing their passage to the screen.
In simpler words, the cloud of electrons set free by bombardment of the plate has been moved out beyond the reach of the screen grid's positive
field. If, then; the plate voltage is increased, the cloud extends further inward toward the grid, but owing to the increased intensity of the plate's
positive field, it is not sufficiently negative to set up a current from plate to screen, but simply retards the normal flow of plate current, making it practically independent of
plate voltage.
Below the critical voltage, at distances of either D, or D, (figs. 2B,
2C), the cloud is not present in any large extent, its electrons being drawn to the screen grid by its positive potential. Thus there is a sharp falling-off of plate current at a critical voltage, after which a negative current may flow. By increasing the distance to D:i (fig. 2D), it. is found that a region of minimum potential
(Mi, M, P min.) exists for all values of plate potential, and t hat the cloud of electrons is always present, even at very low values of plate potential.
Thus the field between the plate and screen has a region of low potential which effectively ·prevents the production of further secondary electrons, in much the same way as t he suppressor of a pentode. The resulting tetrode, however, has a much sharper knee at Eb1 in fig. 2D than has a pentode.
The cloud of electrons near the positively-charged plate is, in , effect, a virtual cathode, the position of which is changed by varying the control grid voltage or the plate potential. With the correct screen to plate distances, the potential of P min. can. be made just enough to suppress secondary emission effects. The plate then acts as a diode plate, which reaches a saturation current when its potential reaches · Eb1, after which there remains an almost constant potential grade between the virtual cathode and plate.
If the screen volta$·e is i'edu·ced, 01°  the control grid voltage made more negative, the density of the cloud of electrons becomes less, and the diode saturates at a lower value of plate voltage. The voltage at which the knee occurs depends either on the screen voltage or the control grid bias.
Radiotron 6L6.
To simulate the ideal conditions of the hypothetical valve discussed above, the electron streams must be focussed into some form of parallel &quot;beams.&quot; In the 6L6 this has been done by carefully winding the two grids with the same pitch, and even more carefully aligning them so that each turn of the screen grid lies exactly outside that of the control grid along a line perpendicular to the cathode.
In pentode valves, the grid side rods do much to disturb the field near the plate. To overcome such effects in the 6L6, two side plates, called &quot;beam forming plates,&quot; have been placed at the sides of the grids in the plane of the virtual cathode, as shown in fig. 3. Being held at cathode potential, these plates effectively screen the plate from the field of the side rods of the screen grid, and deflecting the &quot;beams&quot; into paths very nearly perpendicular to the axis
of the cathode after passing the screen. Fig. 3 illustrates the combined effect.
1'Ht AUS'ftlALASlAN tlADlO WOtlLD
It must be noted that the screen current is greatly reduced, as few electrons flying from the cathode are caught by its field. A saving of overall power input thus results, and the efficiency is high. The careful design of the valve generally, coupled with the large cathode, . has given a very high value of mutual conductance-4,300 micromhos, at 175 volts screen and a negative control grid bias of 12.5, and 250 volts plate potential. The sensitivity for this reason is very high, and only small grid swings are necessary for high output under most conditions.
While the overall distortion for a given output is less with Radiotron 6L6 than a single 42 type pentode, at higher outputs, which would seriously overload the latter valve, the predominant harmonic produced by the 6L6 is the second. When used in push-pull this can be nullified, and far greater outputs at low distortion are !JOssible when the valve is operating along its optimum load line.
Operation of Radiotron 6L6.
In Table I are given a number of
operating conditions, both for single
valve and push-pull.
Conditions Nos. 1, 2, 6 and 7 are those most likely to be used by re- ceiver manufacturers, who must
necessarily con§ider the required
power input to plate. The power
supply is most generally the limiting factor. ·
TABLE 1
August l, 1936.
Condition 6, giving 14.5 watts output with 2 % distortion and with a grid swing of 32 volts peak, should
prove of service in any large receiver.
Where fidelity is required, there must
always be a reserve of output power. Radiotron 6L6 offers a method of obtaining that without resorting to abnormally high voltages. The other conditions, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 8,
9, 10, should prove very useful to the
maker of P.A. equipment or cinema
sound equipment. 
==P.42 - For Radio Mechanics==
Special Training Class
THE Marconi School
of Wireless, conducted by Amalgamated Wireless at 97 Clarence Street,
Sydney, has organised an intensive
course of instruction for youths who
wish to become radio mechanics. The course comprise,s a daily lecture on the theory of electricity and radio,
with special application to receiving
sets, the rest of the day being devoted
to practical work. Students will be
instructed in assembling, wiring and
testing, and also in the use of tools.
The intention is to start the class
on August 3 and to terminate in February, 1937, when the busy season of
radio manufacture is about to com- mence. The Marconi School has
recently been enlarged in order to
accommodate the increasing number
of students in various classes.

==P.43 - The All-Wave All-World DX News==
'''The All-Wave All-World DX News''' 
'''Official Organ of the All-Wave All-World DX Club.''' '''Club Is Proving Highly Popular.''' 
Every DX fan in Australia must have wanted a DX Club to join, and a DX Contest to take part in, if the letters that have been rolling in lately from all parts of the Commonwealth are anything to go by! This letter, from Leon S. Stone, of Gordon, N.S.W., is typical of dozens more:- &quot;I must say the Membership Certificate is certainly a neat one. I must also compliment you on the badge, which I consider exceptionally striking and effective. It looks and is a high-class job that anyone would be proud to wear. It is really much superior to what I expected. &quot;Re the Club. It is a worthy organisation of great value to the dxer to run hand in hand with A.R.W., and I am sure it is going to be - if not already - most popular. &quot;Thanks for the specimen report form - a very useful idea indeed and a wonderful time-saver for any dxer. It is also very handy, as it sets the seal of an 'Official' report on any sent to stations, with an increased chance of getting an acknowledgement. For this reason the idea of giving each member an Official Receiving Station Call Sign is an excellent one, of which I heartily approve.&quot; '''The Right One At Last.''' Another reader, writing from Ipswich, Queensland, says: &quot;The All-Wave All-World DX Club is just what has been needed in Australia for a long time. I have wasted no end of money in buying different magazines and at last I have come across the right one. I can say it is very popular here in Ipswich. I have been praising it to everyone I see or talk to about dxing, and have given my newsagent a permanent order for it.&quot; It goes without saying that support as enthusiastic as this is always highly appreciated, not only because it proves that a magazine like the &quot;Radio World&quot; was badly needed in Australia, but because the more support that is forthcoming, the greater is the service that can be given to readers. '''More Members Wanted.''' This applies particularly to the All-Wave All-World DX Club. Every application for membership that is received means that just a little more can be done for those who have already joined. If every dxer who has joined or who is about to join persuaded several friends to send in applications too, the Club would have a thousand or more members in no time. With the membership at this figure, there would be no end to the competitions and little &quot;stunts&quot; that could be arranged for members. '''All-Wave DX Contest.''' In the conditions governing the Contest, published last month, it is stated that &quot;the Contest is an all-wave one, but broadcast stations only count - not commercials or amateurs.&quot; A correspondent asks whether the word
&quot;commercial&quot; includes &quot;B&quot; class stations, which are run along commercial lines. The term does not apply in this case - what is meant are stations whose broadcasts are purely commercial in character, such as ship and aeroplane stations, etc. 
===Application for Membership===
ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX CLUB

Application for Membership

The Secretary,

All-Wave All-World DX Club,

214 George Street,

Sydney, N.S.W.

Dear Sir,

I am very interested in dxing, and am keen to join your Club.

The details you require are given below:

Name..........................................................

Address.......................................................

[Please print both plainly.] .................................

..............................................................

My set is a...................................................

[Give make or type,

number of valves, and

state whether battery

or mains operated.]............................................

I enclose herewith the Life Membership fee of 3/6 [Postal Notes

or Money Order], for which I will receive, post free, a Club badge and

a Membership Certificate showing my Official Club Number.

(Signed) ...................................................

[Note: Readers who do not want to mutilate their copies of the &quot;Radio World&quot; by

cutting out this form can write out the details required.]

==P.44 - DX Champion Logs 600 Stations in Five Years==
Following a recently-held New Zealandwide DX contest, Mr. J .. R. Bain, of Marton,
was declared DX champion of N.Z. In the
following article, written specially for the
&quot;Radio World,&quot; he tells readers how he built
up his 600-station log. 
A reception report from the author
to this station at Wilnu, Poland,
l1rought this photograph in return as
a vel&quot;ification.
I first started dxing early in 1931,
just after purchasing my first set- a four-valve t.r.f. Ultimate. It was a battery-operated model, as I was living in the backblocks of Taranaki
then, where mains power was not
available. Valves used were a 442
screen-grid r.f. stage, 415 detector,
409 first audio, and 443 power valve.
, The aerial was an inverted &quot;L&quot;, 100
feet long, 45 feet high, and running
north to south. The earth consisted
of a five-foot pipe driven well down
into moist soil.
As is usual with the owner of a .new set, I was keen to see what my new
four-valver would do, and after
logging all the New Zealand and most
of the Australian stations, I concen- trated on the weaker signals. To
avoid disturbing other members of
the household when I was dxing late
at night, 'phones were sometimes
used.
After several months, I started
dxing in earnest. My first overseas
report was sent to KFOX, Long
Beach, California, and the next two
to 3KZ and 3GL in Victoria. From
then on I was kept busy making out
reports, and looking forward to the
arrival of overseas mails.
Most of the world's broadcast
stations are located in U.S.A., and my
locality must have been a good . one for them, because in six months I had
sent reports to 100. On occasions,
when conditions were good, I would 
stay up all night to pick up Eastern
stations or other stray ones that
might have been testing, or on a special programme. I would consider
it a very poor night's dial-hunting
if I didn't get at least three or four new Joggings.
Towards the end of 1933 I shifted
to Marton, an inland town about 200
miles north of Wellington. ·Mains
power was available here, so I bought a six-valve a.c. Ultimate superhet,
and . carried on dxing. Like the
battery set, this also gave excellent
results, so that last year I was able
to win the &quot;N.Z. Radio Record&quot; DX
Challenge Cup with a verified log of
603 overseas stations. Previously,
while operating the battery set, I won th~ &quot;N.Z. Radio Times&quot; Battery Cup
twice.
Some Hints for Newcomers
After one becomes keenly interested
in dxing, one soon finds which months
of the year are most suitable for the
reception of stations in each country.
For instance, during the winter
Jll.Onths the Americans are heard at
good volume from 4.30 till 7.30 p.m., 
but in the summer they are heard
better from 11.30 p.m. till 3 a.m.
European stations come in well
during the spring and autumn, but
at other times of the year they arc hardly worth bothering about. On the
other hand, the Eastern stations are
heard practically all the year round, so it will be seen that one can be on the lookout for new loggings all the
year round.
When reporting to stations, to ensure a verification one must give
every detail that will be of interest
to the station engineers, and I can advise nothing better than the use of
the All-Wave All-World DX Club
report forms. These forms cover everything, and the station officials can see at a glance just how the
transmission was received.
If is always advisable to enclose return postage to the New Zealand and
Australian stations. In the case of more distant stations, I have sent an I.R.C. only on very rare occasions; in
fact, several stations have returned
the coupon, saying that they did not
accept postage when a detailed 
report was sent, as they were only
too pleased to know how their trans- missions were getting out.
Then again, one must not be disappointed if an occasional station
fails to acknowledge a report, as several circumstances must be taken
into consideration. For instance, a powerful station such as KFI has a daily mail running into thousands of
letters. Is it any wonder if one gets
overlooked? Or, in the case of a foreign station, a letter may be lost
in transit, or perhaps no one at the
station can read or write in English.
Then again, there are one or two
stations that definitely refuse to
&quot;verify reception&quot;; but these, I am pleased to say, are few and far
between.
I have found it a good idea to en- · close a folder or booklet of views with
THE AUSTltALASiAN llAJJl() WORLD
each report. Distant stations are always interested in anything of this
nature, and very often send in return some photos or views of their station or locality. I have built up a very
fine collection of cards, letters, and
photos, all received from B.C. stations.· In addition to the pleasure I have
had from dxing I have also made
many friends in all parts of the
world, and regularly receive letters
from them. Also, I have built up a fine collection of stamps.
In conclusion, to be a successful
dxer and build up a good log, one must have a good receiver and a good
locality, plenty of patience and a tolerant family.
Anyone seeking information on broadcast band stations need only
drop me a line at 97 Princess Street,
Marton, N.Z., and I will do all in my
power to assist them.

==P.46 - &quot;Card-Hunting&quot; is Not Sole Aim of Dxing==
By M.T.H.
I N the early days of
radio, a broadcasting station was very seldom heard at a distance
greater than some 500 miles. Under
such circumstances the&quot;· owners of
radio stations were very interested in
receiving information concerning both
strength and the steadhress of reception at distant points. It enabled
them to determine the extent of their
&quot;area of effective service,&quot; and also,
the effect of atmospheric conditions
upon this service. It can be readily seen from these considerations that
the tireless efforts of early enthusiasts were of great importance to the suc- cess of radio entertainment.
To-day, the supplying of such information is a hobby which yearly
gains more enthusiastic adherents.
Mo~t broadcasting stations send a
&quot;Reception Verified&quot; card to all t hose
who give them helpful information,
and the &lt;:ol!ection of such cards has
become a matter of keen competition.
Reports Must be Complete
There is a danger to-day, however,
that this hobby may degenerate into
a form of tai·d collecting, and nothing more,, 'As an instance, :;;tations
oecasionilly rel'eivc report;; running
:;omethinir like thi~: &quot;I heard your st!i..tion last night; it was coming in
Hke a iocal. Please send me a card, ., ., ' etc.&quot; Needless to say, this sort of
thing debases the hobby, and could
ultimately lead to its extinction.
It is necessary, therefore, that every
report sent to stations should be of
service to them and to radio as a whole. This is the whole aim of
dxing. The verification card is a reward for service rendered, and should
not be regarded as the sole object of
dxing.
Preparing a Report
Intelligent and accurate reports are
undoubtedly of great assistance in determining the occurrence and duration of fading, the intensity of signal
strength, and, perhaps, most important of all, the quality of speech and
music. In forwarding reports to distant stations there are several essen- tials to be borne in mind.
1. Set down the time and date of
1·eception, and also the frequency if
possible. It is quite unnecessary to
give every item you hear, but make
Hure you get at least half a dozen if
conditions permit. If possible, quote
titles in preference to saying that a
&quot;piano item&quot; was heard, &quot;a lady was singing,&quot; or &quot;a band was playing,&quot; etc.
Station engineers prefer to get the
name of the item itself, the name of
the orchesti·a, the composer, or the
artist which enables them to verify
definitPly.
2. Next comes the readability
(QSA) and strength of signals (R),
as well as the quality. Many are apt
to exaggerate when giving these particulars. Do not tell a station you
heard them at RS, when in reality
they were only R4. Misleading re- ·
August l; 1936.
ports concerning strength are useless.
The object of a report is not to let
the engineers know what a wonderful
receiver you have for DX, but to inform them how their signals are getting out. Weak and disturbed signals
may not be due to your receiver, but
to several other things; e.g., the time
at which you hear the station or the · 1ocal climatic conditions. Both these
factors affect reception to some ex- tent, hence the importance of stating
as nearly as possible the volume and
clarity of signals.
3. Pay particular attention to fading, and mention whether the carrier wave is steady or swinging at the same time, being careful to make sure your own aerial is not swinging.
4. Describe as accurately as you
can the weather conditions at the
time of reception, giving temperature
and barometer readings (if available),
direction of wind, and other details.
If dxers follow the above instructions and give some details as to the
set used, length and height of aerial,
etc., they will have the satisfaction
of knowing their report is a helpful one. Postage should be enclosed
where possible.
Some Shortwave
DONT'S.
Don't expect to log all the stations
in the world the first day you have
your set. You must become used to
your receiver and know just how to
tune it, and this takes time and
patience. It is best to try for the more powerful stations first, as they
will be the easiest ones to pull in.
Don't expect to receive the same station every day, as conditions in
the upper reaches of the earth's
atmosphere cause reception conditions
to change constantly. There are oc- casions when you will pick up a station with excellent volume, but perhaps a few days later you will not
be able to bring in the station at all.
Don't expect to get stations instantly. A station may be coming in
well one minute, but during the next
you may scarcely hear it. This is one reason why · patience and slow
tuning are necessary.
Don't use a m·ake-shift aerial. Only
the best and most carefully-installed
types will bring in shortwave stations
satisfactorily. A doublet is always
well worth while on the short waves.
Don't become discouraged. Every
new shortwave listener, b·efore he has
become familiarised with the vagaries
of short waves, is apt to become disliearteried when trying out a new set.

==P.47 - Identifying Shortwave Stations==
Chimes, bells, horns,
cuckoo calls-these are
just a few of the many and
varied interval signals
used by shortwave stations
throughout the world to
enable listeners to identify their transmissions
easily. A list of these
signals used by the more
powerful stations is given
below.
By H. I. JOHNS. 
LISTENERS often
find it difficult to identify foreign
shortwave stations, especially those
where. the English language js very
little used. For instance, some of the
South American stations do not an- nounce their actual call-signs in
English, but in Spanish. Similarly,
French and Russian stations use their own languages when announcing.
Fortunately, however,· most of these
stations now use what are known as interval signals which enable listeners
to identify them easily. A list of
these signals used by the more powerful stations will now be given.
From the Empire stations (Daventry) a tuning whistle is sounded for
at least fifteen minutes before the
opening announcement. Next, Big
Ben will be heard, and then the an- nouncer will inform listeners . that
&quot;This is London calling you.&quot; These
well-known stations, which always
close with &quot;God Save the King,&quot; will
be found on the 19, 25 and 31-metre
bands.
When tuning into a German station one will hear chimes, consisting of
eight notes of an old German folk
song, frequently repeated, for about
fifteen minutes before the station's announcements. Then follows: &quot;Dear
friends and listeners abroad.&quot;
These stations also announce in
Spanish, and close down with the
German national anthem and Nazi
hymn. Finally, the chimes will be
heard once again. · The French station, &quot;Radio Coloniale&quot; (FY A) and now known as TP A2,
TP A3 and TP A4, always opens up
with the &quot;Marsellaise.&quot; The call-sign
will not be heard, but instead the an- nouncement, &quot;lei Paree, Radio Coloniaie.&quot; The station closes with &quot;Bon
soir mesdames, bon soir, mademoi- sell~s bon soir, messieurs,&quot; followed
by th~ &quot;Marsellaise.&quot;
From -Paris we go to 2.RO, Rome,
which announces &quot;Radio Roma
Napoli.&quot; This is given by a lady an- nouncer, the interval signal being a
nightingale singing. The station closes
with the Fascist hymn.
Another station in Rome is HVJ,
Vatican City, which opens with a
metronome beating for five minutes. Then will be heard the striking of the
bells ·of St. Peter's, followed by the
announcement, &quot;Pronto Radio Vaticano. Wave length 50.26 metres.
Laudetur Jesus Christus.&quot; The station
remains on the air for fifteen minutes
only.
A well-known station in Portugal
is CTlAA, Lisbon, which uses three
cuckoo calls as an interval signal. 
The announcement is, &quot;CTlAA, Radio
Coloniale.&quot; This station can be
heard on Wednesdays, Fridays and
Sundays, on the 31 m. band, but only
during the winter.
Turning next to Switzerland, we
have HBL and HBO, which together
with several other stations are known
as &quot;Radio Nations,&quot; Geneva, Switzerland. Announcements are made in
English, Spanish and French.
ORK, Belgium, which transmits interesting programmes heard daily in 
the early morning, is known as &quot;Belradio.&quot; The announcement is,, &quot;lei
Bruxelles emission s·pecials pour la
Congo par Ia station de Ruysselede,''
and the station closes with &quot;La Brabaconne.&quot;
Station OER2 in Austria can also be
heard in the early morning. The an- nouncement is, &quot;Hello, Hier Radio
Wien,&quot; and also &quot;Hello, hello, this is
radio station OER2, Vienna, Austria.&quot;
A metronome is used for the interval
signal.
Station EAQ (30.4 m.) in Spain, announces in English and Spanish after
every item, the announcement in
Spanish being-&quot;Estacion Ay-Ah-Coo
(EAQ), Madrid, Espana!' This station
is on the air daily, but is heard only
during the winter.
Perhaps the best-known station
throughout the world to shortwave
listeners is PHI, Holland. Announcements are made in English, Dutch,
Malay, German, French, Spanish and
Portuguese, all by the same announ- cer. Listeners will hear, &quot;Hullo, hullo,
PHI, Holland,&quot; also &quot;This is Huizen.&quot;
This station, which is known as the
&quot;happy station&quot; among shortwave
listeners, closes with the Dutch
national anthem.
PRF5, in Brazil, is known as &quot;La
Presse Nacional,&quot; the announcement
being &quot;You are listening to shortwave
station PRF5-F for Friday.&quot; They
also give the station's longitude and
latitude.
RNE, the Russian station, on 25
metres, always opens and closes with
the playing of the &quot;International.&quot;
You will hear, &quot;This is Moscow calling on a wave length of 25 metres,
12,000 kilocycles, Workers of the
World.&quot;
All American stations can be identified by the prefix &quot;W.&quot; The callsigns are given every fifteen minutes,
preceded in nearly all cases by the
striking of three gongs. Shortwave
stations in America which operate
from or in conjunction with a broadcast station, give announcements as follows: &quot;Westinghouse stations WBZ,
WBZA and shortwave station WlXK.&quot;
W2XAF on 31 metres is known as &quot;The Voice of Electricity,'' the an- nouncement being, &quot;This is WGY and
W2XAF.&quot; Each programme is opened
with a broadcast from the noise of a
discharge of 10 million volts.
\VSXAL's announcement is, &quot;The
Nation's Station, WLW, and short- wave station WSXAL.&quot;
W9XF-&quot;Your station is W9XF,
Chicago, Illinois, operating on 6,100
kilocycles.&quot; The call-sign, etc., is also
given out in several different languages.
VK2M:E, Australia, is known a s
THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD
&quot;The Voice of Australia,'' the identifying signal being the well-known
laug·hter of the kookaburra, Australia's
famous bird. The station always
closes with &quot;God Save the King.&quot;
VPD has no interval signal, but the announcer will be heard to say,
&quot;Hullo listeners, this is station VPD,
Suva, Fiji,'' before almost every item.
VK3ME opens with clock chimes
and closes with &quot;God Save the King.&quot;
The South American stations are the hardest to identify, as the ma- jority do not give their call-signs in
English but only in Spanish.
HJlABB is known as &quot;La Voz de
Barranguilla,&quot; the call-sign in Spanish
being &quot;Acha hota und ah bey, bey.&quot;
The interval signal consists of three
chimes.
HJ2ABA will be heard as &quot;La V oz de! Rais.&quot;
HJ3ABD-the name of this station
is &quot;Ecos de Calle,&quot; and the announcement is &quot;Atcha kah effch.&quot; The identifying signal consists of strokes on a gong.
August 1, 1936.
HJ5ABD's call will be given by the announcer as &quot;Achay jay sinks ah
bay day.&quot;
HCJB, which is heard daily broadcasting in English and Spanish, _ is
&quot;Le Voz de los Andes&quot; (the Voice of
the Andes). It can be identified by
a two-tone chime.
HC2RL, known as &quot;Quinta Riedad,''
calls &quot;Hullo America&quot; both in English
and Spanish. It closes with the
Ecuadorian national anthem.
OAX4D is heard well on Thursdays
and Sundays on 51 metres. The announcement, &quot;La Voz de Peru, Radio,
D.U.S.A.&quot; is given in English and
Spanish.
XEBT is another well-known station and can be easily identified by
the blowing of a motor horn, like very
fast cuckoo calls, repeated twice.
Also listeners will sometimes hear a siren blowing, similar to that on a fire engine. The station signs off
with that beautiful sacred song, &quot;Ave
Maria.&quot;

==P.48 - Universal Time Conversion Indicator==
How to Assemble and Use It
EvERY radio enthusiast
will find the Radiotron Universal
Time Conversion Indicator issued as a free supplement to this issue, invaluable in obtaining time differences between various parts of the world.
To assemble it, the large circle
should be carefully cut out around its
outside edge. The small circle is also
cut out, just inside the red line forming the circumference. Two discs of
fairly heavy cardboard are also re- quired, of the same diameters as the
cut-out circles. The latter are then
glued to the discs, the smaller one placed evenly over the larger, a paper
fastener passed through the centre,
and the Indicator is ready for opera- tion.·
Alternatively, both discs can be
fastened to a convenient spot on a wall with a drawing-pin passing
through their centres.
Using the Indicator
To obtain the time in any country
when it is, say, 8 p.m. in Sydney, set
&quot;N.S.W.&quot; opposite 8 p.m., and then
times in othe1· parts of the world can be read off. For example, the Indicator shows it is t hen 7.30 p.m. in
South Australia and Northern Territory, 7 p.m. in Japan, 6 p.m. in West
Australia, and 9.30 p.m. in New Zealand.
The only country of any importance
from a radio point of view that is
ahead of Sydney in regard to time is
New Zealand, which is H hours ahead
during winter. During summer, when
Daylight Saving is in force, the time
difference increases to 2 hours.
Some Further Examples
In big continents there are several
divisions of time. In the United States
there are four belts-Pacific, Mountain, Central and Eastern. These arc 18, 17, 16, and 15 hours behind Sydney time, respectively. Australia has
three belts, Western Australia and
Central Australia being two hours and
half an hour respectively behind Sydney time. All these differences are shown by the Indicator.
Allowance For Summer Time
Summer time is observed in some countries, notably Argentine, Belgium,
Brazil, France, Great Britain, Holland,
Portugal, and Roumania. During the
Australian winter, the time in these
countries is advanced one hour, fo1·
which due allowance should be made.

==P.49 - All-Wave DX Contest Arouses Widespread Interest==
List of Prizes Give11
Below Ineludes Kit-Sets,
Multi-Range Teste1•
and Aerial K.its.
T IIE announcement of the All-\Vave
DX Contest in last month's &quot;Radio World&quot; has brought in dozens of
letters from readers anxious to take part in the competition. Judging
by their enthusiasm, station officials in all parts of the world are going
to have a busy time during the next few months checking up on reports
and · sending back verifications !
Thanks to the generosity of leading advertisers in the ''Radio
vVorld,&quot; over thirty pounds' worth of prizes have already been donated
for distribution among the winners. 'rhere will be two sedions in the
Contest, one for Australian and one for New Zealand dxers. Details of
the prize list are as follows:-
AUSTRALIAN SECTION.
First Prize : . . .... . .. ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiokes &quot;Moneysa ver&quot;
Kit-Set (value £9/17/ 6).
(Kit donated by Radiokes Ltd., except /01· condenser gang an(l
wave-change switch, given by Stroniberg-Carlson (A'sia) Ltd.)
Second Prize: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' l.936 Master Five''
(Complete Velco kit of parts, value £6) . (Donated by .Messrs. A. J. Veall Pty. Ltd., Melbourne .)
Third Prize: .... . .. . . . ...... .. . Palec Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Tester
(value £5).
(Donated by the Paton Electrical Instrnment Company,
Sydney.)
Fourth Prize: . .. . .. ... . . ..... .. Noisemaster All-Purpose Aerial Kit
(value 52/6).
(Donated by Antenne:x; (A'sia) Agenc1:es, Sydney.)
NEW ZEALAND SECTION.
First Prize : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kit of parts for complete receiver
(type will be published next month).
(Donated by Messrs. F . J. W. Fear &amp; Co., Wellington, N.Z.)
Second Prize: ..... . .. ... . . ... . . Noisemaster AllPurpose Aerial Kit (value 52/6).
(Donated by Antennex (A'sia) Agenc·ies,
Sydney).
Further additions to both prize lists may be
published next month.
. Every prize-winner will also receive an Award Certificate
in twocolonrs, printed on parchment, while six Certificates of
Merit will be awarded for the six best logs entered, apart from
those of the prize-winners.

==P.50 - DX News and Views==

'''A page for letters from DX readers.'''

'''Wants To Exchange QSL Card'''
I would like to congratulate you on your fine paper &quot;Radio World.&quot; I look forward to getting my copy of it every month. I have a QSL card of my own, and would like to exchange it with anyone anywhere. Wishing the &quot;Radio World&quot; every success in the future.- '''C. R. Landrigan''' (Camperdown Road, Terang, Vic.).

'''Fine 10-Metre DX'''
Following is a list of loggings for the past week - mostly on 14 m.c. (20 metres) c.w.:- W6CXW, W6ITH ('phone Q5, R9), W6LDP, WE1EA, W7BUB, W9POS, OZ2M, J2CL, UK3AA, PACE, G5RS, G60S, U9MF, KA1SP (7 m.c.), XU3RY, OH5MR, OZ5BK, EI8B, W2LU, KA1ER (7 m.c.), W2HSD, U2ME, PAHG, W6HR, K6AKP, W410, F8NY, W9KJP, K6LBH. Some time ago I heard the following on 28 m.c. (10 metres):- ZL1GX, W6GZU, ZL3AB, VK3YF, AS1H, VK6SA, HJ3AJH, J2HJ, and VK6MN. Also, VK6FO used to be regular, but have not heard him for some time. My total log, including VK's and ZL's, must be around about 1,000 stations. I have not sent many reports out, but have about 30 cards. I have received from ZBW, Hong Kong, a very nice card, showing views of the studio, station and transmitter.- '''Len. Burston''' (Wangaratta, Vic.).

'''Airways Station Heard'''
The stations which I have heard with my 4-valve battery set, with an aerial 60 feet long and 30 feet high, are as follows:- Daylight stations: 3AR, 2FC, 5CK, 2CO, 7NT, 5CL, 2BL, 3LO, 3GI, 5RM, 2GB, 3UZ, 3BO, 2UE, 2GZ, 3HA, 2KY, 3DB, 2CA, 2UW, 2WG, 3KZ, 2CH, 2NC, 2WR, 2SM, 3AW, 2GN. Night: 2YA, 1YA, 4YA (New Zealand from about 5 p.m. onwards), 6WF, 4QG, 5DN, 6AM, 5PI, 7LA, 2HD, 4MK, 3TR, 6IX, 4BK, 5AD, 2MO, 2KO, 3XY, 4CA. These are the stations which I have noted down as having heard their calls since I bought the set in September last. Amateurs I have received include VK2YW, Wagga; VK2EI, Leeton, and VK2KD, Temora. Recently I picked up a station on about 5PI's wavelength. I heard a male announcer asking- &quot;How long before you will be landing? Over, over.&quot; A little later- &quot;You will be landing in about 15 minutes; see you later; OK, ---,&quot; a name which l could not get; possibly the name of the machine. A few days later I saw by the papers that an Airways 'plane had to return to Cootamundra aerodrome on account of bad weather, so, possibly, that's what I heard. Also, a station has been heard near 2FC - I think it is KZRM, Manila. I picked it up on Sunday night at about 10.45 p.m.; it was QSA4 and R6, for about half an hour. No call was given, but the announcer spoke with an American accent.- '''C. D. Moller''' (Coolamon, N.S.W.). 

'''Two-Valve Battery Shortwaver'''
My receiver is a two-valve battery s.w. receiver, 30 detector, 32 output, using resistance coupling. It is of my own construction. The antenna is of the inverted &quot;L&quot; type - 25-foot lead-in around the skirting-board, and a 25-foot flat top, 10 feet high, pointing to N.W. I use no earth. Since winding the 20-metre coil three days ago I have heard several stations, the best being VPD (22.94 m.) and W7ALZ calling 4JU and W6FQY. W6FQY can generally be heard at 4.20 p.m. The W6's come in best here. I use &quot;cans&quot; for s.w. reception. Wishing your excellent radio journal all the best.- '''Jack Harrower''' (Seddon, Melbourne, Vic.).

'''500 Stations In Six Weeks'''
I have received over 500 stations in the past six weeks - mostly amateurs on 20 metres, but including a couple of Japanese stations, XGOA, and KZRM on broadcast band. I wish to congratulate you on the '&quot;Radio
World,&quot; and here's hoping you keep up the good work. It is the best radio book I have seen, and I have a standing order for it at my newsagent.- '''W. Pearson''' (Malvern, Victoria).

'''Foreign Stations On 49 Metres'''
&quot;I wish to acknowledge having received my Club Certificate and Badge, and to commend you on the smart design of both badge and certificate. Also, the Report Forms are just what the DX fans have looked for for ages.
Well, the most notable items in the DX line here lately have been on the short waves. XE2AH, Mexico, W6ITH and W6MGJ, California, W6BY, Whittier, California, have all been heard on 20-metre 'phone at R8-9 QSA4-5. They can be heard around 4 p.m. till 5 p.m. South Australian Time. There is a station on approximately 49 metres which plays all the latest recordings with vocal refrains in English, and also a lot of Hawaiian music and songs, but announces in a foreign language. It does not give a call-sign, and is on the air from about 7.30 p.m. till 2 a.m. At intervals a chime is heard. This station comes in at R9, QSA5. I have just received a verification and programme from Russia with the information that all reports will be answered, and that programmes may be obtained in any language on request. All reports should be addressed to the Editor, Inna Marr, Radio Centre, Moscow.- '''R. H. McColl''' (Semaphore, S.A.).

'''Sixty-Foot Aerial Mast'''
Just a few short lines to let you know how I am getting along in the way of dxing. So far things have not been the best, on the broadcast band it certainly has been very hard, the trouble being local interference. Though during June I received 80 odd cards from Australian stations, and hope to have a good collection in a very short time. So far I have only sent cards to TPA4, DJQ, GSB, VBD and to a few American hams. I have tried various forms of aerials here, because conditions here in the North are not so good. At present I have under construction a sixty-foot three-corner lattice mast and will gladly send photo of same when completed. Wishing the &quot;Radio World&quot; and DX Club every success.- '''C. Watts''' (Bowen, Q'land).

'''Interested In 5-Metre DX'''
I have just bought the June issue of your remarkable magazine, which is certainly one of the best, and I enclose P.N. for one shilling and stamps to cover postage of the May issue. I have had a radio since 1925 - you know the days of knobs, dials and squeals. At the present time I am very interested in 5 metres and would like to suggest that the &quot;Radio World&quot; publish as soon as possible a 5-metre receiver. By doing this you would give those of us who are interested on this side of the Tasman a chance to hear the first signal from Aussie on a &quot;Radio World&quot; receiver; what could be better? I will in the near future join the &quot;All-World DX Club.&quot; I take this opportunity of wishing the &quot;Radio World&quot; the best of success - and it is a success.- '''Vince Hanstock''' (Denniston, N.Z.). [Details of a.c. and battery 5-metre receivers are published in the July and August issues. Best of luck in your 5-metre DX work. Glad you like &quot;R.W.&quot; - Ed.]

'''Logged Nearly 3,000 Stations!'''
I have an eight-valve all-wave job, and only operate it on an indoor aerial at present but in the near future I intend to erect two 60-foot poles, so I ought to drag them in. I am in a very bad locality owing to the Railway Rock, and two sets of high powered mains pass in the next street. I have had the set about 16 months and have logged near the 3,000 mark of world-wide stations. I received a card yesterday from OA4R, Peru. I would also like to mention I have my own card and have sent out dozens and dozens to different VK's, but have got about one dozen in return. I have never missed including return postage and thought I might be doing these chaps a good turn, but they evidently do not appreciate reports.- '''C. E. Neill''' (Ipswich, Queensland). [Congratulations on your card - a very neat job. Hard to understand your not getting replies from &quot;hams,&quot; who generally are only too pleased to send a card if postage is included.- Ed.l

'''&quot;Glorious Fourth&quot; Celebrations Heard'''
Have had a Stromberg-Carlson D.W. only for five or six weeks, but have logged a number of overseas stations and also many amateurs. GSD and GSB, Daventry, from about 2 p.m. till 4.30 p.m., have been excellent on 25 and 31 metres - but cannot get them above a whisper on the 20-metre band. Radio Colonial, Paris, from 10 a.m., and I2RO, Rome, on 25 metres, were very good from 1.15 a.m. early in July. Also, at between 9 and 10 a.m. on the same day I heard I2RO give their &quot;American Hour&quot; request numbers in English. On July 4 at 10.20 a.m. on 25 metres, I heard part of celebration at the United States Great Hall, Paris, of the &quot;Glorious Fourth.&quot; Readability was fair to good, but there was some fading. I can recognise only the French and German languages (and perhaps Spanish and Italian), so unless the call is heard, it is difficult to tell what station one is listening to.- '''Mrs. E. M. A. A. Heathorn''' (Smithton, Tasmania). [The list of interval signals published this month will help you considerably in identifying s.w. stations.- Ed.]

===Photo of George Notley, Moonah, DX Den===
The &quot;Radio World&quot; certainly seems to be popular in this DX den, which belongs to '''George Notley''', of Moonah, Tasmania. Mr. Notley is a very keen dxer, and has logged plenty of S.W. and broadcast stations on the battery three-valver shown in the photo.

===Photo of 1YA Auckland Mast===
This aerial mast belongs to lYA, Auckland, which operates on 650 k.c. with a power of 10 k.w.- '''Jack M. Flower''' (Tauranga, N.Z.).

==P.51 - Logging South American Stations==
During any Sunday afternoon dxers in good locations can, by careful
searching, pick up quite
a few South American
broadcasters at good volume. In the article below
over two dozen of the
more powerful stations are
listed, together with frequencies, powers, and best
times to look for them.
This high.powered broadcaster at Breslau, Germany, can generally be
heard at fine volume in ·the spring and autumn. During the early morn·
ing is the b.est time of the day to try for him. Frequency is 950 k .c.,
By D. N. ADAMS
and power, 100 k.w.
THERE are quite a
few powerful stations in the Argentine, which can sometimes be heard
in Australasia during the winter from
about mid-day onwards. Sunday is a good day to try for them. Some
go off the air at about 1.30 p.m., but
others carry on, and these would probably be the best for Australian
dxers to search for.
Published on this page is a list of
the more powerful of the South
Americans together with the approximate times (E.A.S.T.) at which they
close down. Try for them before the more powerful of the U.S.A. stations
start to come in, or there will be
plenty of heterodynes with which to
contend.
A good way of ensuring a verification from any of these stations you
may pick up is to send a copy of
your report to Mr. Hector Rivola, c/o
Radio Station LR8, Radio Paris,
Buenos Aires, Argentine, and ask
him if he would mind seeing the
management of the station in question regarding a verification for your
report. Enclose some used or unused
Australian stamps for his collection
and he will be pleased to help you
out. I have received back several
verifications through his kind assistance.
Other stations in South America
which have been heard here are:
TGK, Guatemala City, Guatemala, on 1,210 k.c., 10,000 watts. Broadcasts DX programmes on Sunday
nights till about 6 p.rrL E.A.S.T.
CX26, Montevideo, Uruguay, on
1,050 k.c., 2,000 watts, is often heard on DX broadcasts.
CX24, Montevideo, Uruguay, on 1,010 k.c., 10,000 watts, is often heard
on DX broadcasts.
CP4, La Paz, Bolivia, on 1,040 k.c.,
10,000 watts, is sometimes heard on till 6 p.m. with DX broadcasts. CE76, Valparaiso, Chile, on 765 k.c., 
10,000 watts, is heard on Sundays tm
the U.S.A. stations come in. A very
good station. Listed below are the ·stations in
South America which have verified
my reports. This will give dxers a good idea of the stations to report
to, providing, of course, they are picked up:
Argentine: LS2, LS8, LR3, LR5,
LR4, LR8, LSlO, LT3, LU7, LVL
Uruguay: CX26. Bolivia: CP4. Venezuela: YVlBC. 
Argentine Broadcast Stations.
Station
LSlO
LV2
LS3
LS4 .
LS1
LR7
LTl
LRlO
LR5
LR6
LR2
LR3
LR4
LR9
LRl
LT3
LS5
LRS
LS2
LSS
LU7
LS9
LS7
LS6
Freq.
(K.C.)
590
620
630
670
710
750
780
790
830
870
910
950
990
1,030
1,070
1,080
1,110
1,150
1,190
1,230
1,240
1,270
1,310
1,350 
Power
(Watts)
6,000
2,000
5,000
7,000
5,000
15,000
4,000
10,250
29,000
26,000
12,000
31,000
12,000
9,000
50.000
4,500
5,000
7,000
30,000
20,000
2,000
6,000
10,000
6,000
Rema.rks
Heard till 3 p.m. Sundays, sometimes after that.
Has been heard till 3 p.m. (E.A.S.T.).
Heard till 3 p.m. Sundays.
Closes at 3 p.m. Sundays.
Closes about 3.30 p,m. Sundays.
Heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it, which would
be about 4 p.m. (E.A.S.T.).
Closes about 4 p.m. Sundays.
Is heard on Sundays till U .S.A. stations drown it out; very good station.
Is heard till 3 p.m.- sometimes later-on Sundays. A won- derful station.
Heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it. Wonderful
volume last winter.
Closes at 2 p.m. usually, but has been heard later and is a good stat ion to log.
This is one of the best. Is heard until 4 p.m. Sundays and
verifies }&gt;romptly.
This is another good station-is like LR3.
Heard best on Saturdays till 3 p.m.
Wonderful station. Heard till U .S.A. stations drown it out on Sundays.
Closes at 2 p.m. (E.A.S.T.).
Heard on Sundays at good volume till U.S.A. stations come in.
Heard on Sundays at good volume till U.S.A. stations drown it.
Welcomes reports and verifies all that are correct.
This is usually the first S.A. station to be heard. On till after 4 p.m. on Sundays.
Is easily R6 here at 2 p.m. your time Sundays.
Is heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it. Comes in well and verifies promptly. Is also heard on Sunday at good volume, but will not verify .
Another station which is heard well.
Should al~o be heard, but it has not verified reports.

==P.52 - Frequency Re-Shuffle For Japanese Broadcasters==
Frequency Re-shuffle for Japanese Broadcasters
New Stations: Higher Powers
By our Japanese Correspondent
THE operating frequencies of many Japanese stations will be changed soon, the new allocations being given below. At the present time these stations are on the air on their new frequencies for test after 10 p.m. J.S.T. It is expected that the new frequency allocation will become effective after July 1, 1936. Two new stations - JBBK1 and JBBK2 -are located at Heijo, Chosen (Korea). They are now testing with 50 watts, but power will be increased to 500 watts soon. Also, the power of JODK2 will be increased to 50 k.w. soon. The transmitter is already completed and will be on the air after autumn. 
New transmitters for JOAKl,
JOAK2, JOJ~ JOKG, JOL~ JONG
and JOOG are now under construction. They may be on the air this
year.
The new station at Shinkio (Hsinking) is MTCY2; it will be opened
this year. The antenna power is 10
k.w.
·Two transmitters will'be established
at Seishin, Chosen (Korea). The an- tenna power of them is 10 k.w. each.
-Akifusa Saito (Kumamoto, Japan).
K.C. CALL. LOCATION. POWER.
(K.W.)
560 MTCY Shinkio (Hsin580
590
600
610
630
640
650
670
674
680
690
700
710
720
720
730
740
7.50
760
770
780
790
JFCK
JOAKl
JONG
JOJK
JOKK
JODG
JOUK
.TOTK
MTFY
JOVK
JOBIKl
JOCG
JODK2
JORK
JFBK
JOCKl
JOSK
JFAK
JQAK
JOHK
JOPK
JOGK
king) , Manchukuo 100
Taichu, Formosa 1
Tokio* 10
Miyazakit .5
Kanazawa 3
Okayama .5
Hamamatsu .5
Akita .3
Matsue .5
Harbin, Manchukuo 3
Hakodate .5
Osaka 10
Asahigawa .3
Keijot 10
Kou chi .5
Tainan, Formosa 1
Nagoya 10
Kokura 1
Taihoku, Formosa 10
Dair en .5
Sendai 10
Shizuoka .5
Kumamoto 10

800
810
820
. 830
870
JOKG
JOIK
JB1BK2
JOFK
JOAK2
Koufut
Sapporo
Heijo, Korea~
Hiroshima
Tokio*
.5
10
.5
10
10
This photograph of Mr. Akifu.sa Saito,
the &quot;Radio World's&quot; Japanese correspondent, was taken with one of JOGK's
masts in the background. Mr. Saito is a
noted Japanese radio engineer, and so
knows the kind of news that dxers want.
890 JOLG Tottorit .5
890 MTBY Hoten (Mukden),
Manchukuo
910 JOLK Fukuoka
920 JOQK Niigata
930 JOAG Nagasaki
940 JOBK2 Osaka
950 JONK Nagano
970 JODKl Keijo, Korea
980 JOXK Tokushima
990 JOCK2 Nagoya
1000 JOBG Maebashi
1020 JOFG Fukui
1030 JBAK Fusan, Korea
1040 JOJG Yamagatat
1050 JOHIG Kagoshima
1060 JOIG Toyama
1070 JOOK Kioto
1080 JOOG Obihirot
1090 JBBKl Heijo, Korea§
1
.5
.5
.5
10
.5
10
.5
10
.5
.3
.15
.5
.5
.5
.3
.5
.5
* Will be increased to 150 k.w. this
year.
t Will be opened this year.
§ Already opened.
t Will be increased to 50 k.w. this
autumn.

==P.53 - Visiting DX Stations (3)==

==P.55 - China to have High-Power S.W. Station==

'''China to have High-Power S.W. Station''' - '''Some Shortwave News Flashes''' By A. B. McDonagh +

'''Africa Launching Out - '''
A new building of eight stories, and with 13 studios - the most ambitious radio building outside of Daventry - is now being erected. Look for ZSR, 9.18 m.c., and the shortwave relay station of ZTJ on 6.09 m.c.

'''China's Contribution - '''
The Administration of Chinese Broadcasting has placed an order with the Marconi Co. for a shortwaver of higher power than that used by the B.B.C. It will relay the 75,000-watter XGOA, and advice states it will take two years to build. Meantime, Chinese radio engineers will study at the Marconi College in England, and also in America, to learn modern shortwave technique.

'''New Venezuelan Station - '''
Caracas, Venezuela, is going to have a new station on 6.27 m.c.- YV14RC. YV7RMO is on 6.07 m.c., and is located at the end of Lake Maracaibo nearest the sea.

''''Plane and Police Stations - '''
Just a shade under 5 m.c. at about 11 p.m. N.Z.S.T., an aeroplane station may be heard. Some of the U.S.A. police stations, which are above 100 metres, can be heard round about 9 p.m. N.Z.S.T.

'''Shortwave Jottings - '''
RAN (?), Moscow, 31.6 metres, is testing daily from midnight G.M.T. This is the same transmitter as used for the 9 p.m. G.M.T. sessions.
Java (said to be PMO) is on approximately 26 metres with the same programme as YDB on the 31-metre band.
It is hinted that New Zealand's proposed shortwave station may be erected alongside the 60-kilowatt national station now being built near Wellington.
Higher in frequency, and about a degree from the 6.5 megacycle mark, a rapid foreign voice is often heard about 11 p.m. N.Z.S.T. I heard the call as JTAS, calling WWV and others.
This is evidently a Japanese ship, as several of them use telephony when nearing U.S.A.
Many people do not know that Moscow has an English session on 25 metres (12 megacycles) between 2.30 and 3.30 a .m. N.Z.S.T. on Monday mornings.
It will ease the minds of Australian listeners to know that Shanghai has been heard in N.Z. at midnight on the 31-metre band.
A new station, with speech in Italian, is on Abyssinia's wavelength of 25 metres.
Watch Geneva for different relays; they test at odd times.

+ Australian listeners who wish to be introduced to pen pals in New Zealand should write A. B. McDonagh, Secretary N.Z. Short Wave Club, 4 Queen Street, Wellington, E.1, New Zealand. The same applies to exchange of QSL cards or stamps. Kindly enclose a penny stamp for reply.

==P.55 - &quot;Simplified Moneysaver&quot; Is Fine Performer==
Son•e · Reports from Readers
That the Radiokes a.c. &quot;Money·
saver&quot; described last month is one of
the finest receivers of its class for DX
listening it would be possible to de·
sign has been proved conclusively by
tests carried out in several locations
since publication of last month's is.- sue. On each occasion, the &quot;Money·
saver&quot; pulled in dozens of DX sta-·
tions with the ease and selectivity
of many. modern commercial sets using
one and even two valves more.
Some Amazing Reports
Already some fine reports on the
set's performance have come to hand
from &quot;Moneysaver&quot; builders. One
reader in Bulli gives a glowing account of the set's DX capabilities, his
list of stations logged including nearly every broadcast station in Australia
and New Zealand, as well as a Chinese
station. On the short waves he has
logged practically all the principal in·
ternational shortwave stations as well
as many amateurs iri all parts of the
world. The report concludes: &quot;The
set shows absolutely uncanny selec·
tivity, separating without the least
difficulty some of the most distant 'B'
class stations.&quot;
Another reader states·: &quot;When I
first tried the set out, I was amazed
at the number of stations I could re• ceive. · I didn't think there were so
many on the air.&quot; .
It is certain that anyone buildingthe receiver from the Kit-Set should
not have the least difficulty in duplicating these performances. . The construction is made easy by the instruc·
tions and diagrams; the- alignment is
easily carried out, very little adjustment being necessary. To assist the
amateur builder, the intermediate
transformers and padder h-ave been
tested under operating conditions and
set to the correct alignment positions
at the factory.
Iron-Cored I.F.'s Used
An important fact not mentioned in
the descriptive article last month is
that the latest Radiokes iron-cored
intermediate frequency transf9rmers
(type SIC-465) are supplied with the
kit. These new intermediates are
highly efficient, and their use in both
the a.c. and battery &quot;Moneysavers&quot; is
largely responsible for the exceptional
gain and high selectivity that are outstanding features of both models.

==P.56 - All-Wave All-World DX Club-List of Members==

All-Wave All-World DX Club List of Life Members

Club No. - Name and Address

AW1DX - Graham Cumming, Meyer St., Donald, Victoria.

AW2DX - F. H. Stacey, c/o Mrs. H. Murphy, 80 Princess St., Petrie Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland.

AW3DX - Noel Jenkins, 80 Bannister St., Masterton, N.Z.

AW4DX - Robert E. Foothead, Newlands, Johnsonville, Wellington, N.Z.

AW5DX - J. Bisceop, Allison Road, Cronulla, Sydney.

AW6DX - F. G. Richards, 15 Dalley St., West Kogarah, N.S,W.

AW7DX - H. M. Downes, Bell Street, Penshurst, Victoria.

AW8DX - H. C. Major, 45 Nirvana Ave., Malvern, S.E. 5, Victoria.

AW9DX - C. G. Arnold, McDowall Street, Roma, Queensland.

AW10DX - Ken Scott, 12 Mitchell St., Stockton, N.S.W.

AW11DX - E. Davison, Box 4, P.O., The Entrance, N.S.W.

AW12DX - W. L. Barry, c/o J. Hall, Esq., 11 Gloucester Street, South Brisbane, Queensland.

AW13DX - Jack Glew, 203 Centre Road, Bentleigh, S.E. 14, Victoria.

AW14DX - Eric K. Webb, 297 Mitcham Road, Mitcham, Victoria.

AW15DX - A. T. Baxter, Casterton, Sandford, Victoria.

AW16DX - Frank Keirsnowski, Acheson Street, Rockhampton, Queensland.

AW17DX - James Laing, 85 Moncur Street, Woollahra, Sydney.

AW18DX - Douglas Pearsall, 512 Macauley Street, Albury, N.S.W.

AW19DX - '''Jack M. Flower''', Norris Street, Tauranga, N.Z.

AW20DX - R. H. McColl, 32 Esplanade, Semaphore, South Australia.

AW21DX - E. A. Glenie, 41 Ashworth Street, Albert Park, Victoria.

AW22DX - C. T. Frost, P.O. Box 44, Seymour, Victoria.

AW23DX - V. Smith, 350 Wellington Street, Collingwood, Melbourne, Vic.

AW24DX - F. C. Collins, Hot Springs Hotel, Te Aroha, N.Z.

AW25DX - James Brooks, &quot;Athelstan,&quot; Wamberal, N.S.W.

AW26DX - R. P. Veall, 38 Eildon Road, St. Kilda, S. 2, Melbourne, Victoria.

AW27DX - B. Beauchamp, 83 Ira Street, Miramar, Wellington, N.Z.

AW28DX - R. C. Watts, Box 91, Pode Street, Bowen, North Queensland.

AW29DX - Cecil Howard, 219 Ellena Street, Maryborough, Queensland.

AW30DX - Len R. Burston, 93 Rowan Street, Wangaratta, Victoria.

AW31DX - F. J. Davis, Mount Battery Station, Mansfield, Victoria.

AW32DX - W. H. Emanuel, 109 Bathurst Street, Hobart, Tasmania.

AW33DX - G. L. Ford, 129 Curzon Street, North Melbourne, Victoria.

AW34DX - A. Spriggins, Navy Wireless Room, Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, Victoria.

AW35DX - J. T. Jarvey, 520 Elizabeth Street, Albury, N.S.W.

AW36DX - J. M. Burke, Lyster Street, Coff's Harbour, N.S.W.

AW37DX - Dave Adams, 35 Bowker Street, Timaru, N.Z.

AW38DX - C. Jarlett, 23 Queens Road, Hurstville, N.S.W.

AW39DX - G. Billings, Wattle Bank, 251 Murrumbeena Road, Murrumbeena, S.E. 9, Victoria.

AW40DX - G. Notley, 37 Main Road, Moonah, Tasmania.

AW41DX - F. C. White, 24 Prentice Street, Elsternwick, Victoria.

AW42DX - '''A. M. Branks''', 67 Robertson Street, Invercargill, N.Z.

AW43DX - '''E. R. Service''', 81 Ettrick Street, Invercargill, N.Z.

AW44DX - D. Morath, Box 11, P.O., Narromine, N.S.W.

AW45DX - K. Morehead, Chatsworth Street, Mt. Druitt, N.S.W.

AW46DX - E. Morehead, Chatsworth Street, Mt. Drtiitt, N.S.W.

AW47DX - N. W. Lumby, 228 Oberon Street, Coogee, Sydney.

AW48DX - G. F. Thompson, 104 Bambra Road, Caulfield, S.E.8, Victoria.

AW49DX - F. H. Hagedorn, Ambrose, North Coast Line, Queensland.

AW50DX - K. Moyes, Mani Arm, Mullumbimby, N.S.W.

AW51DX - A. H. Graham, 258 Lower Plenty Road, Rosanna, N.22, Melbourne, Victoria.

AW52DX - R. Doyle, 24 Baden Powell Street, Rockhampton, Queensland.

AW53DX - William H. Pearson, 10 Soudan St., Malvern, S.E.4, Victoria.

AW54DX - Clive Holland, 32 Railway Crescent, Maryborough, Victoria.

AW55DX - M. Temby, 1 John St., Mordia1loc, S.12, Victoria.

AW56DX - Jack Reedy, Scarba St., Goff's Harbour, N.S.W.

AW57DX - Sidney Hayward, Wimble St., Seymour, Victoria.

AW58DX - Ron Gurr, c/o Port Stephens Canning Co., Pindimar, N.S.W.

(To be continued next month.)


{{BookCat}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Unicode/Character reference/3D000-3DFFF</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>433336</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632848</id>
      <parentid>4629840</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T23:27:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-11447-39</username>
        <id>3561888</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Additional 32 characters!</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="60301" sha1="tac8c3mg17ijwb84x9tk95symb0y3ij" xml:space="preserve">{{:Unicode/Character reference}}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center&quot; | '''Seal'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!width=&quot;4%&quot;|U+!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;6%&quot;|F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D00x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D000|&amp;#x3d000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D001|&amp;#x3d001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D002|&amp;#x3d002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D003|&amp;#x3d003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D004|&amp;#x3d004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D005|&amp;#x3d005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D006|&amp;#x3d006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D007|&amp;#x3d007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D008|&amp;#x3d008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D009|&amp;#x3d009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D00A|&amp;#x3d00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D00B|&amp;#x3d00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D00C|&amp;#x3d00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D00D|&amp;#x3d00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D00E|&amp;#x3d00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D00F|&amp;#x3d00f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D01x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D010|&amp;#x3d010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D011|&amp;#x3d011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D012|&amp;#x3d012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D013|&amp;#x3d013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D014|&amp;#x3d014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D015|&amp;#x3d015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D016|&amp;#x3d016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D017|&amp;#x3d017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D018|&amp;#x3d018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D019|&amp;#x3d019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D01A|&amp;#x3d01a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D01B|&amp;#x3d01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D01C|&amp;#x3d01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D01D|&amp;#x3d01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D01E|&amp;#x3d01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D01F|&amp;#x3d01f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D02x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D020|&amp;#x3d020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D021|&amp;#x3d021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D022|&amp;#x3d022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D023|&amp;#x3d023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D024|&amp;#x3d024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D025|&amp;#x3d025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D026|&amp;#x3d026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D027|&amp;#x3d027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D028|&amp;#x3d028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D029|&amp;#x3d029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D02A|&amp;#x3d02a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D02B|&amp;#x3d02b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D02C|&amp;#x3d02c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D02D|&amp;#x3d02d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D02E|&amp;#x3d02e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D02F|&amp;#x3d02f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D03x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D030|&amp;#x3d030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D031|&amp;#x3d031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D032|&amp;#x3d032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D033|&amp;#x3d033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D034|&amp;#x3d034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D035|&amp;#x3d035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D036|&amp;#x3d036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D037|&amp;#x3d037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D038|&amp;#x3d038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D039|&amp;#x3d039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D03A|&amp;#x3d03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D03B|&amp;#x3d03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D03C|&amp;#x3d03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D03D|&amp;#x3d03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D03E|&amp;#x3d03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D03F|&amp;#x3d03f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D04x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D040|&amp;#x3d040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D041|&amp;#x3d041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D042|&amp;#x3d042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D043|&amp;#x3d043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D044|&amp;#x3d044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D045|&amp;#x3d045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D046|&amp;#x3d046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D047|&amp;#x3d047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D048|&amp;#x3d048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D049|&amp;#x3d049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D04A|&amp;#x3d04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D04B|&amp;#x3d04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D04C|&amp;#x3d04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D04D|&amp;#x3d04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D04E|&amp;#x3d04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D04F|&amp;#x3d04f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#c8a36f&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D05x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D050|&amp;#x3d050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D051|&amp;#x3d051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D052|&amp;#x3d052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D053|&amp;#x3d053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D054|&amp;#x3d054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D055|&amp;#x3d055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D056|&amp;#x3d056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D057|&amp;#x3d057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D058|&amp;#x3d058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D059|&amp;#x3d059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D05A|&amp;#x3d05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D05B|&amp;#x3d05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D05C|&amp;#x3d05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D05D|&amp;#x3d05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D05E|&amp;#x3d05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL CHARACTER-3D05F|&amp;#x3d05f;}}
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D06x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D07x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D08x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D09x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D0Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D0Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D0Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D0Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D0Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D0Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D10x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D11x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D12x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D13x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D14x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D15x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D16x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D17x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D18x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D19x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D1Ax
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D1Bx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D1Cx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D1Dx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D1Ex
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D1Fx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D20x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D21x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D22x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D23x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D24x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D25x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D26x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D27x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D28x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D29x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D2Ax
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D2Bx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D2Cx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D2Dx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D2Ex
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D2Fx
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D30x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D31x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D32x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D33x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D34x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D35x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D36x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D37x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D38x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D39x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D3Ax
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D3Bx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D3Cx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D3Dx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D3Ex
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D3Fx
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D40x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D41x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D42x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D43x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D44x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D45x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D46x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D47x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D48x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D49x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D4Ax
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D4Bx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D4Cx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D4Dx
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D4Ex
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D4Fx
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|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D51x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D52x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D53x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D54x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D55x
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff&quot;|3D5Ax
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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|----- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#777777&quot;
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  <page>
    <title>Lentis/Algorithmic Bias</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>438545</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632851</id>
      <parentid>4619376</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T01:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Psw2uw</username>
        <id>3579645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added my addition to this casebook chapter!</comment>
      <origin>4632851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31362" sha1="h6jpdm83yo2g3hv0il3vwvqsty76p1n" xml:space="preserve">Algorithmic bias refers to undesirable results from a computer system that incorrectly or unfairly prioritizes one group over another. This chapter currently focuses on algorithmic bias in the United States.  

== Background ==
Of particular importance is algorithmic bias in Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Companies and individuals are increasing their reliance on AI systems. Search engine results, social media recommendations, hiring decisions, stock market predictions, and policing practices use information from AI predictive modeling. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ibm.com/analytics/hadoop/big-data-analytics IBM. (n.d.). ''Big Data Analytics''. https://www.ibm.com/analytics/hadoop/big-data-analytics.]&lt;/ref&gt; Algorithmic bias in these models is particularly dangerous due to human Automation Bias, the tendency for humans to disregard contradictory information when presented with a computer-generated solution &lt;ref&gt; Cummings, Mary (2004). &quot;Automation Bias in Intelligent Time Critical Decision Support Systems&quot; (PDF). AIAA 1st Intelligent Systems Technical Conference (PDF). doi:10.2514/6.2004-6313. {{#isbn:978-1-62410-080-2}}. Archived from the original on 2014-11-01. &lt;/ref&gt;. This increases the likelihood that bias in the AI system will result in unfair or inequitable outcomes where the system is in use.

How does Algorithmic Bias occur in AI systems? Often, AI systems operate on massive data sets amalgamated from existing sources [[Lentis/&quot;Data is the new oil&quot;|without refinement]]. This leads to any existing bias, often institutional or implicit, being passed along to the AI system. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/ Hao, K. (2019, February 4). ''This is how AI bias really happens-and why it's so hard to fix''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/.]&lt;/ref&gt; Consider an AI hiring algorithm created to give a competitive advantage in finding the best possible candidates for a computer science position. Because computer science is currently male dominated field, the hiring algorithm might erroneously prioritize male applicants. An example of a similar case is the Amazon Hiring Algorithm. In this way, AI systems will replicate existing bias and perpetuate existing prejudice in the status quo.

Assembled bias, a proposed type of Algorithmic Bias unique to AI and ML systems, describes novel biases introduced by AI systems that do not currently exist in society.&lt;ref&gt;Waller, R.R., Waller, R.L. Assembled Bias: Beyond Transparent Algorithmic Bias. ''Minds &amp; Machines'' 32, 533–562 (2022). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi-org.proxy1.library.virginia.edu/10.1007/s11023-022-09605-x&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Assembled bias arises from the idea that AI models are generative rather than purely statistical. A toy example to better understand this phenomenon is AI generation of realistic images.&lt;ref&gt;Gray, Richard. (2018, November 27). ''Why machines dream of spiders with 15 legs.'' https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181127-the-weird-way-machines-with-ai-see-the-world &lt;/ref&gt; When asked to create an image of a spider, an AI model might produce a highly detailed, realistically textured image of an eleven-legged spider. Even though the AI has only ever trained with images of eight-legged spiders, the AI has no concept of how to count legs – instead, it creates its own metrics for what defines a spider.

Diversity is notably lacking from AI development and research positions. Only about 20% of AI researchers are women, and other minority groups are similarly underrepresented.&lt;ref&gt;Kumar, S., Choudhury, S. Gender and feminist considerations in artificial intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study. ''Humanit Soc Sci Commun'' 9, 31 (2022). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01043-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Because the end goal when developing an AI system is often quantifying a nebulous concept, the perspectives of those present and working on the system strongly influence the outcome. The lack of diversity in AI positions represents another possible source of bias because the majority perspective will be overvalued in the outcome.

Currently, the unfair outcomes resulting from Algorithmic Bias in AI systems appear to be disadvantaging primarily women and sexual or racial minorities. Combating this unintended result of AI and ML is an ongoing field of research.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/ Hao, K. (2019, February 4). ''This is how AI bias really happens-and why it's so hard to fix''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Case Studies and Social Impacts ==

=== Amazon's Hiring Algorithm ===
In 2014, Amazon initiated a program that used AI to review job resumes. The purpose of the program was to reduce the time spent on finding good candidates to fill job openings. The AI was trained on resumes submitted to the company during the previous 10 years. The demographics of the submitted resumes were similar to that of most tech companies: composed mostly of men, especially in technical roles. Consequently, the AI produced an algorithm that favored male resumes more than female resumes, as most of the previously successful candidates were male. This manifested itself in the algorithm as it penalized resumes that included the word “women’s”, or rewarding those with words more commonly found on male resumes such as “captured” or “executed”. The algorithm was also found to downgrade candidates who graduated from all-women’s colleges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Dastin, J. (2018, Oct. 10). ''Amazon Scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women.'' Reuters. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight/amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

To combat the gender-bias outcome of the tool, Amazon made the program neutral to gender-correlated terms. By doing so, Amazon engaged in internal auditing, a technique designed to reduce algorithmic bias by ensuring any emerging bias in a machine learning model is caught and stopped. However, it did not address the crux of the problem, which was the underlying data. A different approach would have been to analyze the existing data set to predict where the algorithm could be biased, evaluating and modifying assumptions about the data as necessary. This approach has been successful in other AI applications. In this case, however, Amazon left the underlying data unaddressed. This abetted the algorithm to find additional discriminatory ways of sorting the candidates. The tool was retired in 2017 after “executives lost hope for the project.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Critics of Amazon argue this algorithm has perpetuated the gender disparity in their workforce. Amazon does not dispute that their recruiters looked at the recommendations generated by the tool, but maintain the tool “was never used by [them] to evaluate candidates.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Opponents of Amazon argue the two are mutually exclusive; recruiters were surely influenced by a tool that rates candidates from 1-5 stars, even if they claim they were not. Some critics, like ACLU Attorney Rachel Goodman, further contend that AI hiring tools “are not eliminating human bias – they are merely laundering it through software.”&lt;ref&gt;Goodman, R. (2018, Oct. 12). Why Amazon’s Automated Hiring Tool Discriminated Against Women. ''American Civil Liberties Union.'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.aclu.org/blog/womens-rights/womens-rights-workplace/why-amazons-automated-hiring-tool-discriminated-against&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Proponents of AI hiring technology are more optimistic: In a 2017 survey from CareerBuilder, 55% of U.S. human resources managers said AI would be a regular part of their work within the next five years.&lt;ref&gt;CareerBuilder. (2017, May 18). ''More than half of HR managers say artificial intelligence will become a regular part of HR in next 5 years'' [press release]. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/press-release/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; However, as Vice President of LinkedIn Talent Solutions John Jersin explains, the technology has much room for improvement before it can “make a hiring decision on its own.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Amazon has since revived the project, hoping that emphasizing diversity will lead to more equitable algorithmic outcomes. However, in the absence of critically evaluating the data the models are trained on, it is unclear why a certain algorithmic emphasis will lead to a non-discriminatory outcome of the algorithm.

=== Vendors, Regulators, and the Hiring Pipeline ===
While Amazon's algorithm represents one company's failed attempt at automated recruiting, automated hiring tools are now widespread. As of 2024, an estimated 99% of Fortune 500 companies use some form of applicant tracking system, and a growing share rely on AI for screening, ranking, and video assessment.[1] Vendors such as HireVue, Pymetrics, and Eightfold supply these tools to employers across industries. HireVue alone has conducted over 25 million video-based AI assessments.[2]

Vendors frame their tools as standardizing fairness. HireVue states that its AI provides &quot;a standard, structured, and fair way to screen many candidates… in a shorter time and at lower cost.&quot;[3] Critics argue this framing conflates algorithmic consistency with equity. The Electronic Privacy Information Center filed an FTC complaint against HireVue in 2019, alleging that the company's facial analysis features lacked scientific basis and produced biased outcomes.[4] HireVue removed its facial analysis component in 2021 but retained its AI-driven voice and language analysis.[5]

Employers and HR departments occupy a distinct position in this pipeline. The Society for Human Resource Management reports that among organizations using AI in hiring, nearly nine in ten do so to save time or increase efficiency.[6] However, most HR departments lack the technical capacity to independently audit the tools they purchase, creating a diffusion of responsibility: vendors maintain that employers control how the tools are used, while employers defer to algorithmic outputs they cannot meaningfully evaluate.

=== The Regulatory Landscape ===
Governance of automated hiring is fragmented. In the United States, no federal law specifically addresses AI in employment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has issued guidance noting that automated screening can violate the Americans with Disabilities Act and Title VII, but this guidance is non-binding.[7] In the absence of federal action, individual states and cities have legislated.

Illinois passed the Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act in 2019, requiring employers to notify applicants when AI evaluates video interviews and obtain their consent.[8] New York City's Local Law 144, effective in 2023, requires employers using automated employment decision tools to commission annual independent bias audits and publish the results.[9] The European Union has taken a different approach: the EU AI Act, fully effective in 2026, classifies hiring AI as &quot;high-risk&quot; and imposes mandatory pre-deployment impact assessments.[10] This product-safety framework contrasts with the U.S. civil-rights model, which generally requires harm to occur before legal action can proceed.

The trade group BSA | The Software Alliance, whose members include Microsoft, Oracle, and Workday, has actively lobbied to narrow these regulations. In comments on Local Law 144, BSA argued that &quot;requiring third-party audits is not a feasible or optimal approach,&quot; citing the absence of common AI auditing standards and professional oversight bodies.[11] The result is a contested regulatory environment in which the standards meant to govern these tools are themselves shaped by the industries they are intended to constrain.

=== Facial Recognition Algorithms ===
Several companies, including IBM and Microsoft, have developed facial recognition algorithms to recognize people only using their face&lt;ref&gt;Najibi, A. (2020). ''Racial Discrimination in Face Recognition Technology''. Science in the News; Harvard University. https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2020/racial-discrimination-in-face-recognition-technology/&lt;/ref&gt;. These algorithms are available to the public and have been used by police departments in conjunction with [[Lentis/Video Surveillance|video surveillance]] programs &lt;ref&gt;Hao, K. (2020, June 12). ''The two-year fight to stop Amazon from selling face recognition to the police''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/12/1003482/amazon-stopped-selling-police-face-recognition-fight/&lt;/ref&gt;.  In 2018, Joy Buolamwini studied biases in gender classification for facial recognition algorithms from IBM, Microsoft, and Face++, and discovered that all of them perform better on &quot;lighter faces than darker faces&quot;, and performed worst for &quot;darker female faces &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Buolamwini, J., Gebru, T., Friedler, S., &amp; Wilson, C. (2018). Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification *. ''Proceedings of Machine Learning Research'', ''81'', 1–15. http://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a/buolamwini18a.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;. All of the algorithms had an accuracy gap between &quot;lighter males and darker females&quot; of over 20% with IBM's algorithm performing the worst with a gap of 34.4%&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. In 2019, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) confirmed the issue of [[Lentis/Algorithmic bias by gender|algorithmic gender bias]] and racial bias is an industry wide problem with 189 of the studied facial recognition algorithms being least accurate for people of color, and in particular, women of color&lt;ref&gt;Grother, P., Ngan, M., &amp; Hanaoka, K. (2019). Face recognition vendor test part 3: ''Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) Part 3: Demographic Effects''. https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8280

‌&lt;/ref&gt;. In response to the research IBM stopped working on their facial recognition algorithm&lt;ref&gt;Jee, C. (2020, June 9). ''IBM says it is no longer working on face recognition because it’s used for racial profiling''. Technology Review; MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/09/1002947/ibm-says-it-is-no-longer-working-on-face-recognition-because-its-used-for-racial-profiling/&lt;/ref&gt;, Microsoft and Face++ released improved versions of their facial recognition algorithms and reduced their accuracy gap by over 19%&lt;ref&gt;Buolamwini, J. (2019). ''Actionable Auditing: Investigating the Impact of Publicly Naming Biased Performance Results of Commercial AI Products – MIT Media Lab''. MIT Media Lab. https://www.media.mit.edu/publications/actionable-auditing-investigating-the-impact-of-publicly-naming-biased-performance-results-of-commercial-ai-products/&lt;/ref&gt;, and Amazon stopped police departments from using its facial recognition algorithm&lt;ref&gt;Hao, K. (2020, June 12). ''The two-year fight to stop Amazon from selling face recognition to the police''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/12/1003482/amazon-stopped-selling-police-face-recognition-fight/&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Wrongful Arrests and the Limits of Corporate Response ===
While companies like IBM and Amazon paused or withdrew their facial recognition products in response to research findings, deployment by law enforcement continued through other vendors. In January 2020, Detroit police arrested Robert Williams in front of his wife and two daughters after a facial recognition system incorrectly matched him to surveillance footage of a shoplifting suspect.[12] Williams spent thirty hours in jail before officers acknowledged the match was wrong. He later stated that the officer who showed him the surveillance image said, &quot;I guess the computer got it wrong.&quot;[13]

Williams's case was not isolated. By 2023, at least seven Americans, all Black, had been wrongfully arrested due to facial recognition misidentification.[14] The American Civil Liberties Union filed suit on Williams's behalf in 2021, arguing that Detroit's use of the technology violated his civil rights and that police had relied on the algorithmic match without sufficient corroborating investigation.[15] The case settled in 2024, with Detroit agreeing to substantial restrictions on its use of facial recognition in investigations.[16]

The Williams case illustrates a recurring pattern in algorithmic bias advocacy. Researchers such as Joy Buolamwini generate quantitative evidence of bias; advocacy organizations identify specific victims whose stories make the harm legible to non-technical audiences; journalists amplify these cases; and litigators or legislators use the resulting political pressure to force change. Buolamwini's Gender Shades findings were published in 2018, but the most consequential policy responses came only after individual harms became public.[17] This dynamic raises questions about the time lag between technical research and accountability: tools shown to be biased often remain in deployment for years before specific cases generate enough visibility to compel response.

=== Predictive Policing ===
{{See also|Lentis/Predictive_Policing}}

=== Loan Lending Algorithms ===
Financial technology (Fintech) is a field in which loan lending algorithms have begun to replace face-to-face meetings. In the U.S., 45% of the largest mortgage lenders offer software-based loan solutions but they have been scrutinized for discriminative pricing. A study by Bartlett et al. found that through online platforms and face-to-face meetings Black and Latinx borrowers paid, on average, 7.9 basis points higher interest on purchase loans than comparable borrowers and paid 3.6 basis points more on refinance loans. This difference costs Black and Latinx borrowers $756M annually. Researchers found the discrimination in algorithms to be about 40 percent less than face-to-face lenders. Specifically, when Fintech algorithms are used, underrepresented borrowers pay 5.3 basis points higher than their counterparts (2.6 points lower than traditional methods)&lt;ref&gt;Gunn, D. (2019, Oct.). Minority Borrowers Pay More, Even under Algorithmic Lending. ''The Digest No. 10''. www.nber.org/digest/oct19/minority-borrowers-pay-more-even-under-algorithmic-lending&lt;/ref&gt;. The study analyzed 30-year, fixed-rate, single-family residential loans issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac between 2008 and 2015, and lenders were found to make 11 percent to 17 percent higher profits from purchase loans to underrepresented groups&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Counts, L. (2018, Nov. 13). Minority homebuyers face widespread statistical lending discrimination, study finds. BerkeleyHaas. newsroom.haas.berkeley.edu/minority-homebuyers-face-widespread-statistical-lending-discrimination-study-finds&lt;/ref&gt;. Although loaning algorithms demonstrate less bias than traditional face-to-face lenders, the persistence of bias of any degree emphasizes the need to examine loaning algorithms and determine the source of the algorithmic bias. 

Loaning algorithms are based on machine learning and big data, which use a wide array of customer attributes to set prices. For example, geography can play a major role since the algorithm can target locations where comparison shopping is less likely. The algorithm may determine areas that are financial deserts where financial reserves are low and applicants are faced with monopoly pricing instead of having access to many options. The algorithm may not specifically target underrepresented applicants, but its logic may set a higher price knowing the applicant is more likely to accept it&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. 

Underlying historical discrimination in training data may also lead algorithms to disfavor underrepresented groups and further wealth disparity. Fintech loaning algorithms use the prospective borrower’s credit histories, employment status, assets, debts, and the size of the loan requested to set interest rates. “If the data that you’re putting in is based on historical discrimination, then you’re basically cementing the discrimination at the other end,” says Aracely Panameño, director of Latino affairs for the Center for Responsible Lending. Research also shows that payday loan sellers often prey on neighborhoods predominantly populated with people of color since they typically have fewer bank branches. Banks report both positive and negative credit behavior while payday loan services only report missed payments. As a result, underrepresented groups from these neighborhoods find themselves with incomplete or skewed credit histories that are later fed into loan financing algorithms&lt;ref&gt;Martinez, E., &amp; Kirchner, L. (2021, Aug. 25). The Secret Bias Hidden in Mortgage-Approval Algorithms. ''The Markup''. themarkup.org/denied/2021/08/25/the-secret-bias-hidden-in-mortgage-approval-algorithms&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm ===

==== The Algorithm ====
The Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions algorithm (COMPAS), is a machine learning algorithm for judicial decision-making during criminal sentencing. Used in Wisconsin, New York, California, and Florida, COMPAS predicts the potential risk of recidivism. Created by Northpointe, Inc. (now Equivant), this commercial algorithm uses a questionnaire to categorize defendants as &quot;low-risk&quot;, &quot;medium-risk&quot;, or &quot;high-risk&quot;, with respective scores of 1-4, 5-7, or 8-10.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Park, A. L. (2019, February 19). ''Injustice Ex Machina: Predictive Algorithms in Criminal Sentencing''. Law Meets World. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.uclalawreview.org/injustice-ex-machina-predictive-algorithms-in-criminal-sentencing/#_ftn2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors such as age, gender, and criminal history are used while race is not.&lt;ref&gt;Rahman, F. (2020, September 7). ''Compas case study: Fairness of a Machine Learning Model''. Towards Data Science. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://towardsdatascience.com/compas-case-study-fairness-of-a-machine-learning-model-f0f804108751&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Used still today to advise on bail, sentencing, and early release, many are questioning the validity and fairness of COMPAS in providing objective advice, particularly by race.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Angwin, J., &amp; Larson, J. (2016, December 30). ''BIAS in Criminal Risk Scores is Mathematically Inevitable, Researchers Say''. ProPublica. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.propublica.org/article/bias-in-criminal-risk-scores-is-mathematically-inevitable-researchers-say&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016 the Pulitzer Prize-winning nonprofit news organization ProPublica&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Spielkamp, M. (2017, June 12). ''Inspecting Algorithms for Bias''. MIT Technology Review.  &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/12/105804/inspecting-algorithms-for-bias/&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted a study to assess COMPAS for racial bias. A COMPAS score of medium or high risk and a defendant recidivating in 2 years, and a COMPAS score of low and a defendant not recidivating in 2 years are considered correct predictions&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Larson, J., Mattu, S., Kirchner, L., &amp; Angwin, J. (2016, May 23). ''How we Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm''. ProPublica.  &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ProPublica found that a correct prediction of recidivism was made for white and black defendants 59 percent and 63 percent of the time, respectively. This is roughly the same rate. Upon questioning, the company said &quot;it had devised the algorithm to achieve this goal. A test that is correct in equal proportions for all groups cannot be biased.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Northpointe Inc. even cites other studies within their Practitioner's Guide confirming the success and neutrality of their algorithm.&lt;ref&gt;Northpointe Inc. (2015, March 19). Practitioner's Guide to COMPAS Core. &lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.northpointeinc.com/downloads/compas/Practitioners-Guide-COMPAS-Core-_031915.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

ProPublica found that Black defendants had uniform scores from 1-10, while White defendants had predominantly lower scores. After adjusting for Black defendants having higher recidivism rates overall, ProPublica found that COMPAS, while maintaining a similar accuracy, is &quot;more likely to misclassify a black defendant as higher risk than a white defendant...the test tended to make the opposite mistake with whites.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

==== Perpetuated Systemic Racism ====
COMPAS perpetuates the historic and structural bias that is found in the criminal system. For example, COMPAS considers one's area of residence. Minority-dominated areas are often more policed, which inflates arrest statistics. If geography correlates to recidivism, then race indirectly does too. Thus, these correlations can be dangerous when not taking validity measures. As a private company, Northpointe has no legal obligation to share details on how COMPAS calculates its score or weighs its variables.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Defendants labeled high/medium risk may be subject to harsher sentencing. The United States Sentencing Commission found that offenders who were sentenced to an incarceration length between 60 to 120 months and over 120 months were significantly less likely to recidivate.&lt;ref&gt;ORD (2020, April). Office of Research and Data, United States Sentencing Commission. ''Length of Incarceration and Recidivism.''  &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2020/20200429_Recidivism-SentLength.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; If a defendant is suspected of being high-risk, they may be given a longer sentence, and be less likely to receive bail or early release. COMPAS’s mislabeling of Black defendants may result in negative consequences despite reported racial neutrality, and could further perpetuate racial inequity in the criminal justice system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== United States Health Care Management Algorithm ===

==== The Algorithm ====
Several U.S. health care systems use commercial algorithms to guide health decisions and target patients for &quot;high-risk care management&quot; programs to help ensure that appropriate care is provided. Most of these programs are beneficial to patients with critical conditions because they have teams of specialized nurses, extra primary care appointment slots, and other scarce resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aax2342?adobe_mc=MCMID=75787059768315457960559156472529521667%7CMCORGID=242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%40AdobeOrg%7CTS=1638729658 Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., &amp; Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. ''Science'', ''366''(6464), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342]&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, hospitals and insurance companies have relied on one specific algorithm to minimize the cost for patients while targeting sicker patients that would benefit most from these programs.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/racial-bias-found-in-a-major-health-care-risk-algorithm/ Vartan, S. (2019, October 24). ''Racial bias found in a major health care risk algorithm''. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/racial-bias-found-in-a-major-health-care-risk-algorithm/.]&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 2019, Obermeyer et al. conducted a study funded by the National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation on this commercial care management algorithm in response to “the growing concern that algorithms may reproduce racial and gender disparities via the people building them or through the data used to train them.&quot; This predictive-risk algorithm generated a risk score for each patient to infer their medical needs, which was primarily based on the patient's previous health care spending. Based on the score, patients would be automatically enrolled to the program, referred to their primary care physician for consultation, or no recommendations were made.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

The study found that Black patients with the same level of algorithm-predicted risk as White patients had 26.3% more chronic illnesses. Furthermore, researchers found that when looking at specific biomarkers that index the severity of various chronic illnesses (hypertension, diabetes, bad cholesterol, etc.), Black patients had more severe illnesses than White patients with the same risk score. This was due to Black patients generating lower expected medical costs than White patients with the same chronic illnesses. These spending differences resulted in disparities between the perceived level of sicknesses between Black and White patients since the algorithm focused on patient health care spending as it's primary mechanism for producing risk scores.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== Perpetuated Systemic Racism ====
The study identifies two systemic causes for reduced health care spending by Blacks that contributed to this algorithm's bias. First, poor patients face several barriers that can impede their access to healthcare despite having health insurance (geography, transportation access, competing demands from jobs or child care, knowledge of reasons to seek care, etc.). Second, race can impact patient spending through either direct discrimination by physicians or changes to the doctor-patient relationship, causing patients to not be recommended for or choosing not to seek further care. These observations demonstrate that accurate methods for decision-making models can indirectly disadvantage specific groups in society and have the ability to perpetuate existing systemic racism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Conclusion ==
In the future, algorithmic biases will have an increased impact on human activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Garcia, M. (2016, Dec. 1). Racist in the Machine: The Disturbing Implications of Algorithmic Bias. ''World Policy Journal'', 33(4), 111 - 117.&lt;/ref&gt; It is clear that unmonitored, unrestrained production and application of algorithms can be detrimental to various groups of people. The ease with which companies and industries can utilize these algorithms creates an environment where inequitable outcomes are perpetuated. Possible avenues for reducing algorithmic biases include legislation, internal auditing, and community adjudication, as well as increased awareness and a culture of responsibility.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Many of these avenues are primarily social and non-technical, which accords with the socio-technical nature of algorithmic bias. The increased prevalence of algorithmic biases is simply one way in which technology is impacting human life in the U.S, and more broadly, the world. Many other novel technologies with seemingly unlimited potential must be examined carefully before their widespread adoption, as failure to do so can result in harmful consequences, which is the case for many applied algorithms today. Finally, further research is recommended on the impact of legislation on algorithmic bias, the impact of algorithmic bias in countries outside the U.S., and new bias-mitigation techniques. 

== References ==
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      <comment>Added &quot;Vendors, Regulators, and the Hiring Pipeline,&quot; &quot;The Regulatory Landscape,&quot; and &quot;Wrongful Arrests and the Limits of Corporate Response&quot; subsections to expand coverage of algorithmic bias in hiring and facial recognition.</comment>
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      <text bytes="35335" sha1="k8dmm9zpgjef8amx33nh56yxd1c1ynp" xml:space="preserve">Algorithmic bias refers to undesirable results from a computer system that incorrectly or unfairly prioritizes one group over another. This chapter currently focuses on algorithmic bias in the United States.  

== Background ==
Of particular importance is algorithmic bias in Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Companies and individuals are increasing their reliance on AI systems. Search engine results, social media recommendations, hiring decisions, stock market predictions, and policing practices use information from AI predictive modeling. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ibm.com/analytics/hadoop/big-data-analytics IBM. (n.d.). ''Big Data Analytics''. https://www.ibm.com/analytics/hadoop/big-data-analytics.]&lt;/ref&gt; Algorithmic bias in these models is particularly dangerous due to human Automation Bias, the tendency for humans to disregard contradictory information when presented with a computer-generated solution &lt;ref&gt; Cummings, Mary (2004). &quot;Automation Bias in Intelligent Time Critical Decision Support Systems&quot; (PDF). AIAA 1st Intelligent Systems Technical Conference (PDF). doi:10.2514/6.2004-6313. {{#isbn:978-1-62410-080-2}}. Archived from the original on 2014-11-01. &lt;/ref&gt;. This increases the likelihood that bias in the AI system will result in unfair or inequitable outcomes where the system is in use.

How does Algorithmic Bias occur in AI systems? Often, AI systems operate on massive data sets amalgamated from existing sources [[Lentis/&quot;Data is the new oil&quot;|without refinement]]. This leads to any existing bias, often institutional or implicit, being passed along to the AI system. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/ Hao, K. (2019, February 4). ''This is how AI bias really happens-and why it's so hard to fix''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/.]&lt;/ref&gt; Consider an AI hiring algorithm created to give a competitive advantage in finding the best possible candidates for a computer science position. Because computer science is currently male dominated field, the hiring algorithm might erroneously prioritize male applicants. An example of a similar case is the Amazon Hiring Algorithm. In this way, AI systems will replicate existing bias and perpetuate existing prejudice in the status quo.

Assembled bias, a proposed type of Algorithmic Bias unique to AI and ML systems, describes novel biases introduced by AI systems that do not currently exist in society.&lt;ref&gt;Waller, R.R., Waller, R.L. Assembled Bias: Beyond Transparent Algorithmic Bias. ''Minds &amp; Machines'' 32, 533–562 (2022). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi-org.proxy1.library.virginia.edu/10.1007/s11023-022-09605-x&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Assembled bias arises from the idea that AI models are generative rather than purely statistical. A toy example to better understand this phenomenon is AI generation of realistic images.&lt;ref&gt;Gray, Richard. (2018, November 27). ''Why machines dream of spiders with 15 legs.'' https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181127-the-weird-way-machines-with-ai-see-the-world &lt;/ref&gt; When asked to create an image of a spider, an AI model might produce a highly detailed, realistically textured image of an eleven-legged spider. Even though the AI has only ever trained with images of eight-legged spiders, the AI has no concept of how to count legs – instead, it creates its own metrics for what defines a spider.

Diversity is notably lacking from AI development and research positions. Only about 20% of AI researchers are women, and other minority groups are similarly underrepresented.&lt;ref&gt;Kumar, S., Choudhury, S. Gender and feminist considerations in artificial intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study. ''Humanit Soc Sci Commun'' 9, 31 (2022). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01043-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Because the end goal when developing an AI system is often quantifying a nebulous concept, the perspectives of those present and working on the system strongly influence the outcome. The lack of diversity in AI positions represents another possible source of bias because the majority perspective will be overvalued in the outcome.

Currently, the unfair outcomes resulting from Algorithmic Bias in AI systems appear to be disadvantaging primarily women and sexual or racial minorities. Combating this unintended result of AI and ML is an ongoing field of research.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/ Hao, K. (2019, February 4). ''This is how AI bias really happens-and why it's so hard to fix''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Case Studies and Social Impacts ==

=== Amazon's Hiring Algorithm ===
In 2014, Amazon initiated a program that used AI to review job resumes. The purpose of the program was to reduce the time spent on finding good candidates to fill job openings. The AI was trained on resumes submitted to the company during the previous 10 years. The demographics of the submitted resumes were similar to that of most tech companies: composed mostly of men, especially in technical roles. Consequently, the AI produced an algorithm that favored male resumes more than female resumes, as most of the previously successful candidates were male. This manifested itself in the algorithm as it penalized resumes that included the word “women’s”, or rewarding those with words more commonly found on male resumes such as “captured” or “executed”. The algorithm was also found to downgrade candidates who graduated from all-women’s colleges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Dastin, J. (2018, Oct. 10). ''Amazon Scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women.'' Reuters. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight/amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

To combat the gender-bias outcome of the tool, Amazon made the program neutral to gender-correlated terms. By doing so, Amazon engaged in internal auditing, a technique designed to reduce algorithmic bias by ensuring any emerging bias in a machine learning model is caught and stopped. However, it did not address the crux of the problem, which was the underlying data. A different approach would have been to analyze the existing data set to predict where the algorithm could be biased, evaluating and modifying assumptions about the data as necessary. This approach has been successful in other AI applications. In this case, however, Amazon left the underlying data unaddressed. This abetted the algorithm to find additional discriminatory ways of sorting the candidates. The tool was retired in 2017 after “executives lost hope for the project.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Critics of Amazon argue this algorithm has perpetuated the gender disparity in their workforce. Amazon does not dispute that their recruiters looked at the recommendations generated by the tool, but maintain the tool “was never used by [them] to evaluate candidates.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Opponents of Amazon argue the two are mutually exclusive; recruiters were surely influenced by a tool that rates candidates from 1-5 stars, even if they claim they were not. Some critics, like ACLU Attorney Rachel Goodman, further contend that AI hiring tools “are not eliminating human bias – they are merely laundering it through software.”&lt;ref&gt;Goodman, R. (2018, Oct. 12). Why Amazon’s Automated Hiring Tool Discriminated Against Women. ''American Civil Liberties Union.'' &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.aclu.org/blog/womens-rights/womens-rights-workplace/why-amazons-automated-hiring-tool-discriminated-against&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Proponents of AI hiring technology are more optimistic: In a 2017 survey from CareerBuilder, 55% of U.S. human resources managers said AI would be a regular part of their work within the next five years.&lt;ref&gt;CareerBuilder. (2017, May 18). ''More than half of HR managers say artificial intelligence will become a regular part of HR in next 5 years'' [press release]. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/press-release/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; However, as Vice President of LinkedIn Talent Solutions John Jersin explains, the technology has much room for improvement before it can “make a hiring decision on its own.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Amazon has since revived the project, hoping that emphasizing diversity will lead to more equitable algorithmic outcomes. However, in the absence of critically evaluating the data the models are trained on, it is unclear why a certain algorithmic emphasis will lead to a non-discriminatory outcome of the algorithm.

=== Vendors, Regulators, and the Hiring Pipeline ===
While Amazon's algorithm represents one company's failed attempt at automated recruiting, automated hiring tools are now widespread. As of 2025, an estimated 99% of Fortune 500 companies use some form of applicant tracking system, and a growing share rely on AI for screening, ranking, and video assessment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:hire1&quot;&gt;Jobscan. (2025). ''Fortune 500 ATS usage report''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.jobscan.co/blog/fortune-500-use-applicant-tracking-systems/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Vendors such as HireVue, Pymetrics, and Eightfold supply these tools to employers across industries. HireVue, one of the largest, reports having facilitated over 70 million video interviews.&lt;ref&gt;HireVue. (2025). ''AI-powered skill validation, video interviewing, assessments and more''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.hirevue.com/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Vendors frame their tools as standardizing fairness. HireVue states that its AI provides &quot;a standard, structured, and fair way to screen many candidates… in a shorter time and at lower cost.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;HireVue. (2022, April). ''AI explainability statement (short form)''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.hirevue.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/HV_AI_Short-Form_Explainability_1pager.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Critics argue this framing conflates algorithmic consistency with equity. The Electronic Privacy Information Center filed an FTC complaint against HireVue in 2019, alleging that the company's facial analysis features lacked scientific basis and produced biased outcomes.&lt;ref&gt;Electronic Privacy Information Center. (2019, November 6). ''EPIC files FTC complaint against HireVue''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://epic.org/epic-files-complaint-with-ftc-about-employment-screening-firm-hirevue/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; HireVue announced in January 2021 that it had removed facial analysis from its assessments, citing public concern, but retained voice and language analysis.&lt;ref&gt;Maurer, R. (2021, February 3). HireVue discontinues facial analysis screening. ''SHRM''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.shrm.org/topics-tools/news/talent-acquisition/hirevue-discontinues-facial-analysis-screening&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Employers and HR departments occupy a distinct position in this pipeline. The Society for Human Resource Management reports that among organizations using AI in hiring, nearly nine in ten do so to save time or increase efficiency.&lt;ref&gt;SHRM. (2024). ''2024 Talent Trends Survey: Artificial intelligence findings''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://shrm-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/AI/2024-Talent-Trends-Survey_Artificial-Intelligence-Findings.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; However, most HR departments lack the technical capacity to independently audit the tools they purchase, creating a diffusion of responsibility: vendors maintain that employers control how the tools are used, while employers defer to algorithmic outputs they cannot meaningfully evaluate.

=== The Regulatory Landscape ===
Governance of automated hiring is fragmented. In the United States, no federal law specifically addresses AI in employment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has issued guidance noting that automated screening can violate the Americans with Disabilities Act and Title VII, but this guidance is non-binding.&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2022, May 12). ''U.S. EEOC and U.S. Department of Justice warn against disability discrimination''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/us-eeoc-and-us-department-justice-warn-against-disability-discrimination&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In the absence of federal action, individual states and cities have legislated.

Illinois passed the Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act in 2019, requiring employers to notify applicants when AI evaluates video interviews and obtain their consent.&lt;ref&gt;Illinois Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act, 820 ILCS 42 (2019). &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/ILCS/Articles?ActID=4015&amp;ChapterID=68&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; New York City's Local Law 144, effective in 2023, requires employers using automated employment decision tools to commission annual independent bias audits and publish the results.&lt;ref&gt;New York City Local Law 144 of 2021, Administrative Code § 20-871 (2023).&lt;/ref&gt; The European Union has taken a different approach: the EU AI Act, which entered into force in 2024, classifies hiring AI as &quot;high-risk&quot; and imposes mandatory pre-deployment impact assessments.&lt;ref&gt;European Parliament. (2024). ''Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; This product-safety framework contrasts with the U.S. civil-rights model, which generally requires harm to occur before legal action can proceed.

The trade group BSA | The Software Alliance, whose members include Microsoft, Oracle, and Workday, has actively lobbied to narrow these regulations. In comments on Local Law 144, BSA argued that &quot;requiring third-party audits is not a feasible or optimal approach,&quot; citing the absence of common AI auditing standards and professional oversight bodies.&lt;ref&gt;BSA | The Software Alliance. (2023, January 23). ''Comments on the New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection's revised proposed rules implementing Local Law 144''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.bsa.org/files/policy-filings/01232023nyctools.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The result is a contested regulatory environment in which the standards meant to govern these tools are themselves shaped by the industries they are intended to constrain.

=== Facial Recognition Algorithms ===
Several companies, including IBM and Microsoft, have developed facial recognition algorithms to recognize people only using their face&lt;ref&gt;Najibi, A. (2020). ''Racial Discrimination in Face Recognition Technology''. Science in the News; Harvard University. https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2020/racial-discrimination-in-face-recognition-technology/&lt;/ref&gt;. These algorithms are available to the public and have been used by police departments in conjunction with [[Lentis/Video Surveillance|video surveillance]] programs &lt;ref&gt;Hao, K. (2020, June 12). ''The two-year fight to stop Amazon from selling face recognition to the police''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/12/1003482/amazon-stopped-selling-police-face-recognition-fight/&lt;/ref&gt;.  In 2018, Joy Buolamwini studied biases in gender classification for facial recognition algorithms from IBM, Microsoft, and Face++, and discovered that all of them perform better on &quot;lighter faces than darker faces&quot;, and performed worst for &quot;darker female faces &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Buolamwini, J., Gebru, T., Friedler, S., &amp; Wilson, C. (2018). Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification *. ''Proceedings of Machine Learning Research'', ''81'', 1–15. http://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a/buolamwini18a.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;. All of the algorithms had an accuracy gap between &quot;lighter males and darker females&quot; of over 20% with IBM's algorithm performing the worst with a gap of 34.4%&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. In 2019, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) confirmed the issue of [[Lentis/Algorithmic bias by gender|algorithmic gender bias]] and racial bias is an industry wide problem with 189 of the studied facial recognition algorithms being least accurate for people of color, and in particular, women of color&lt;ref&gt;Grother, P., Ngan, M., &amp; Hanaoka, K. (2019). Face recognition vendor test part 3: ''Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) Part 3: Demographic Effects''. https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8280

‌&lt;/ref&gt;. In response to the research IBM stopped working on their facial recognition algorithm&lt;ref&gt;Jee, C. (2020, June 9). ''IBM says it is no longer working on face recognition because it’s used for racial profiling''. Technology Review; MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/09/1002947/ibm-says-it-is-no-longer-working-on-face-recognition-because-its-used-for-racial-profiling/&lt;/ref&gt;, Microsoft and Face++ released improved versions of their facial recognition algorithms and reduced their accuracy gap by over 19%&lt;ref&gt;Buolamwini, J. (2019). ''Actionable Auditing: Investigating the Impact of Publicly Naming Biased Performance Results of Commercial AI Products – MIT Media Lab''. MIT Media Lab. https://www.media.mit.edu/publications/actionable-auditing-investigating-the-impact-of-publicly-naming-biased-performance-results-of-commercial-ai-products/&lt;/ref&gt;, and Amazon stopped police departments from using its facial recognition algorithm&lt;ref&gt;Hao, K. (2020, June 12). ''The two-year fight to stop Amazon from selling face recognition to the police''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/12/1003482/amazon-stopped-selling-police-face-recognition-fight/&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Wrongful Arrests and the Limits of Corporate Response ===
While companies like IBM and Amazon paused or withdrew their facial recognition products in response to research findings, deployment by law enforcement continued through other vendors. In January 2020, Detroit police arrested Robert Williams in front of his wife and two daughters after a facial recognition system incorrectly matched him to surveillance footage of a shoplifting suspect.&lt;ref&gt;Hill, K. (2020, June 24). Wrongfully accused by an algorithm. ''The New York Times''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/technology/facial-recognition-arrest.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Williams spent thirty hours in jail before officers acknowledged the match was wrong. His was the first publicly reported case of a wrongful arrest caused by facial recognition technology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:fr1&quot;&gt;American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan. (2024). ''Williams v. City of Detroit''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.aclumich.org/en/cases/facial-recognition&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Williams's case was not isolated. By 2025, the American Civil Liberties Union had documented more than a dozen publicly known wrongful arrests in the United States caused by police reliance on facial recognition matches, with nearly all of the affected individuals being Black.&lt;ref&gt;American Civil Liberties Union. (2025). ''More than a dozen wrongful arrests due to police reliance on facial recognition technology''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Cases include Nijeer Parks in New Jersey, Porcha Woodruff in Detroit (arrested while eight months pregnant), and Randal Reid in Georgia.&lt;ref&gt;Innocence Project. (2024, January 17). ''Artificial intelligence is putting innocent people at risk of being incarcerated''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://innocenceproject.org/news/artificial-intelligence-is-putting-innocent-people-at-risk-of-being-incarcerated/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The American Civil Liberties Union, working with the University of Michigan Civil Rights Litigation Initiative, filed suit on Williams's behalf in 2021, arguing that Detroit's use of the technology violated his civil rights.&lt;ref&gt;American Civil Liberties Union. (2024, June 28). ''Williams v. City of Detroit''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.aclu.org/cases/williams-v-city-of-detroit-face-recognition-false-arrest&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The case settled in June 2024, with Detroit agreeing to what advocates described as the strongest police facial recognition policy in the United States, including a prohibition on arrests based solely on algorithmic matches.&lt;ref&gt;Michigan Public Radio. (2024, June 28). ''Wrongful facial recognition arrest in Detroit leads to landmark settlement''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.michiganpublic.org/criminal-justice-legal-system/2024-06-28/it-didnt-make-sense-at-all-wrongful-facial-recognition-arrest-leads-to-landmark-settlement&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The Williams case illustrates a recurring pattern in algorithmic bias advocacy. Researchers such as Joy Buolamwini generate quantitative evidence of bias; advocacy organizations identify specific victims whose stories make the harm legible to non-technical audiences; journalists amplify these cases; and litigators or legislators use the resulting political pressure to force change. Buolamwini's Gender Shades findings were published in 2018, but the most consequential policy responses came only after individual harms became public. This dynamic raises questions about the time lag between technical research and accountability: tools shown to be biased often remain in deployment for years before specific cases generate enough visibility to compel response.
=== Predictive Policing ===
{{See also|Lentis/Predictive_Policing}}

=== Loan Lending Algorithms ===
Financial technology (Fintech) is a field in which loan lending algorithms have begun to replace face-to-face meetings. In the U.S., 45% of the largest mortgage lenders offer software-based loan solutions but they have been scrutinized for discriminative pricing. A study by Bartlett et al. found that through online platforms and face-to-face meetings Black and Latinx borrowers paid, on average, 7.9 basis points higher interest on purchase loans than comparable borrowers and paid 3.6 basis points more on refinance loans. This difference costs Black and Latinx borrowers $756M annually. Researchers found the discrimination in algorithms to be about 40 percent less than face-to-face lenders. Specifically, when Fintech algorithms are used, underrepresented borrowers pay 5.3 basis points higher than their counterparts (2.6 points lower than traditional methods)&lt;ref&gt;Gunn, D. (2019, Oct.). Minority Borrowers Pay More, Even under Algorithmic Lending. ''The Digest No. 10''. www.nber.org/digest/oct19/minority-borrowers-pay-more-even-under-algorithmic-lending&lt;/ref&gt;. The study analyzed 30-year, fixed-rate, single-family residential loans issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac between 2008 and 2015, and lenders were found to make 11 percent to 17 percent higher profits from purchase loans to underrepresented groups&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Counts, L. (2018, Nov. 13). Minority homebuyers face widespread statistical lending discrimination, study finds. BerkeleyHaas. newsroom.haas.berkeley.edu/minority-homebuyers-face-widespread-statistical-lending-discrimination-study-finds&lt;/ref&gt;. Although loaning algorithms demonstrate less bias than traditional face-to-face lenders, the persistence of bias of any degree emphasizes the need to examine loaning algorithms and determine the source of the algorithmic bias. 

Loaning algorithms are based on machine learning and big data, which use a wide array of customer attributes to set prices. For example, geography can play a major role since the algorithm can target locations where comparison shopping is less likely. The algorithm may determine areas that are financial deserts where financial reserves are low and applicants are faced with monopoly pricing instead of having access to many options. The algorithm may not specifically target underrepresented applicants, but its logic may set a higher price knowing the applicant is more likely to accept it&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;. 

Underlying historical discrimination in training data may also lead algorithms to disfavor underrepresented groups and further wealth disparity. Fintech loaning algorithms use the prospective borrower’s credit histories, employment status, assets, debts, and the size of the loan requested to set interest rates. “If the data that you’re putting in is based on historical discrimination, then you’re basically cementing the discrimination at the other end,” says Aracely Panameño, director of Latino affairs for the Center for Responsible Lending. Research also shows that payday loan sellers often prey on neighborhoods predominantly populated with people of color since they typically have fewer bank branches. Banks report both positive and negative credit behavior while payday loan services only report missed payments. As a result, underrepresented groups from these neighborhoods find themselves with incomplete or skewed credit histories that are later fed into loan financing algorithms&lt;ref&gt;Martinez, E., &amp; Kirchner, L. (2021, Aug. 25). The Secret Bias Hidden in Mortgage-Approval Algorithms. ''The Markup''. themarkup.org/denied/2021/08/25/the-secret-bias-hidden-in-mortgage-approval-algorithms&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm ===

==== The Algorithm ====
The Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions algorithm (COMPAS), is a machine learning algorithm for judicial decision-making during criminal sentencing. Used in Wisconsin, New York, California, and Florida, COMPAS predicts the potential risk of recidivism. Created by Northpointe, Inc. (now Equivant), this commercial algorithm uses a questionnaire to categorize defendants as &quot;low-risk&quot;, &quot;medium-risk&quot;, or &quot;high-risk&quot;, with respective scores of 1-4, 5-7, or 8-10.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Park, A. L. (2019, February 19). ''Injustice Ex Machina: Predictive Algorithms in Criminal Sentencing''. Law Meets World. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.uclalawreview.org/injustice-ex-machina-predictive-algorithms-in-criminal-sentencing/#_ftn2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors such as age, gender, and criminal history are used while race is not.&lt;ref&gt;Rahman, F. (2020, September 7). ''Compas case study: Fairness of a Machine Learning Model''. Towards Data Science. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://towardsdatascience.com/compas-case-study-fairness-of-a-machine-learning-model-f0f804108751&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Used still today to advise on bail, sentencing, and early release, many are questioning the validity and fairness of COMPAS in providing objective advice, particularly by race.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Angwin, J., &amp; Larson, J. (2016, December 30). ''BIAS in Criminal Risk Scores is Mathematically Inevitable, Researchers Say''. ProPublica. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.propublica.org/article/bias-in-criminal-risk-scores-is-mathematically-inevitable-researchers-say&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016 the Pulitzer Prize-winning nonprofit news organization ProPublica&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Spielkamp, M. (2017, June 12). ''Inspecting Algorithms for Bias''. MIT Technology Review.  &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/12/105804/inspecting-algorithms-for-bias/&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; conducted a study to assess COMPAS for racial bias. A COMPAS score of medium or high risk and a defendant recidivating in 2 years, and a COMPAS score of low and a defendant not recidivating in 2 years are considered correct predictions&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Larson, J., Mattu, S., Kirchner, L., &amp; Angwin, J. (2016, May 23). ''How we Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm''. ProPublica.  &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ProPublica found that a correct prediction of recidivism was made for white and black defendants 59 percent and 63 percent of the time, respectively. This is roughly the same rate. Upon questioning, the company said &quot;it had devised the algorithm to achieve this goal. A test that is correct in equal proportions for all groups cannot be biased.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Northpointe Inc. even cites other studies within their Practitioner's Guide confirming the success and neutrality of their algorithm.&lt;ref&gt;Northpointe Inc. (2015, March 19). Practitioner's Guide to COMPAS Core. &lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.northpointeinc.com/downloads/compas/Practitioners-Guide-COMPAS-Core-_031915.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

ProPublica found that Black defendants had uniform scores from 1-10, while White defendants had predominantly lower scores. After adjusting for Black defendants having higher recidivism rates overall, ProPublica found that COMPAS, while maintaining a similar accuracy, is &quot;more likely to misclassify a black defendant as higher risk than a white defendant...the test tended to make the opposite mistake with whites.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

==== Perpetuated Systemic Racism ====
COMPAS perpetuates the historic and structural bias that is found in the criminal system. For example, COMPAS considers one's area of residence. Minority-dominated areas are often more policed, which inflates arrest statistics. If geography correlates to recidivism, then race indirectly does too. Thus, these correlations can be dangerous when not taking validity measures. As a private company, Northpointe has no legal obligation to share details on how COMPAS calculates its score or weighs its variables.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Defendants labeled high/medium risk may be subject to harsher sentencing. The United States Sentencing Commission found that offenders who were sentenced to an incarceration length between 60 to 120 months and over 120 months were significantly less likely to recidivate.&lt;ref&gt;ORD (2020, April). Office of Research and Data, United States Sentencing Commission. ''Length of Incarceration and Recidivism.''  &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2020/20200429_Recidivism-SentLength.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; If a defendant is suspected of being high-risk, they may be given a longer sentence, and be less likely to receive bail or early release. COMPAS’s mislabeling of Black defendants may result in negative consequences despite reported racial neutrality, and could further perpetuate racial inequity in the criminal justice system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== United States Health Care Management Algorithm ===

==== The Algorithm ====
Several U.S. health care systems use commercial algorithms to guide health decisions and target patients for &quot;high-risk care management&quot; programs to help ensure that appropriate care is provided. Most of these programs are beneficial to patients with critical conditions because they have teams of specialized nurses, extra primary care appointment slots, and other scarce resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aax2342?adobe_mc=MCMID=75787059768315457960559156472529521667%7CMCORGID=242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%40AdobeOrg%7CTS=1638729658 Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., &amp; Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. ''Science'', ''366''(6464), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342]&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, hospitals and insurance companies have relied on one specific algorithm to minimize the cost for patients while targeting sicker patients that would benefit most from these programs.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/racial-bias-found-in-a-major-health-care-risk-algorithm/ Vartan, S. (2019, October 24). ''Racial bias found in a major health care risk algorithm''. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/racial-bias-found-in-a-major-health-care-risk-algorithm/.]&lt;/ref&gt; 

In 2019, Obermeyer et al. conducted a study funded by the National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation on this commercial care management algorithm in response to “the growing concern that algorithms may reproduce racial and gender disparities via the people building them or through the data used to train them.&quot; This predictive-risk algorithm generated a risk score for each patient to infer their medical needs, which was primarily based on the patient's previous health care spending. Based on the score, patients would be automatically enrolled to the program, referred to their primary care physician for consultation, or no recommendations were made.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

The study found that Black patients with the same level of algorithm-predicted risk as White patients had 26.3% more chronic illnesses. Furthermore, researchers found that when looking at specific biomarkers that index the severity of various chronic illnesses (hypertension, diabetes, bad cholesterol, etc.), Black patients had more severe illnesses than White patients with the same risk score. This was due to Black patients generating lower expected medical costs than White patients with the same chronic illnesses. These spending differences resulted in disparities between the perceived level of sicknesses between Black and White patients since the algorithm focused on patient health care spending as it's primary mechanism for producing risk scores.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== Perpetuated Systemic Racism ====
The study identifies two systemic causes for reduced health care spending by Blacks that contributed to this algorithm's bias. First, poor patients face several barriers that can impede their access to healthcare despite having health insurance (geography, transportation access, competing demands from jobs or child care, knowledge of reasons to seek care, etc.). Second, race can impact patient spending through either direct discrimination by physicians or changes to the doctor-patient relationship, causing patients to not be recommended for or choosing not to seek further care. These observations demonstrate that accurate methods for decision-making models can indirectly disadvantage specific groups in society and have the ability to perpetuate existing systemic racism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Conclusion ==
In the future, algorithmic biases will have an increased impact on human activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Garcia, M. (2016, Dec. 1). Racist in the Machine: The Disturbing Implications of Algorithmic Bias. ''World Policy Journal'', 33(4), 111 - 117.&lt;/ref&gt; It is clear that unmonitored, unrestrained production and application of algorithms can be detrimental to various groups of people. The ease with which companies and industries can utilize these algorithms creates an environment where inequitable outcomes are perpetuated. Possible avenues for reducing algorithmic biases include legislation, internal auditing, and community adjudication, as well as increased awareness and a culture of responsibility.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Many of these avenues are primarily social and non-technical, which accords with the socio-technical nature of algorithmic bias. The increased prevalence of algorithmic biases is simply one way in which technology is impacting human life in the U.S, and more broadly, the world. Many other novel technologies with seemingly unlimited potential must be examined carefully before their widespread adoption, as failure to do so can result in harmful consequences, which is the case for many applied algorithms today. Finally, further research is recommended on the impact of legislation on algorithmic bias, the impact of algorithmic bias in countries outside the U.S., and new bias-mitigation techniques. 

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
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{{User:Xeverything11/header|Welcome to|Xeverything11's|updates talk page!|archives=
* [[User talk:Xeverything11/archives/2022|2022]]
* [[User talk:Xeverything11/archives/2023|2023]]
}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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== Tech News: 2023-03 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in &quot;{{int:last}}&quot; links on page history now contain &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=prev&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in place of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=[revision ID]&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on &lt;code&gt;{{ns:1}}:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{ns:3}}:&lt;/code&gt; namespaces.  These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as &lt;code&gt;{{ns:5}}:&lt;/code&gt;.  They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including &lt;code&gt;{{ns:4}}:&lt;/code&gt; pages (e.g., at the Village Pump).  You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417]
*On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841]
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]].

'''Future changes'''
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:11, 17 January 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-04 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907]
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-05 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-06 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sweden Finns' Day]] '''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fi:Ruotsinsuomalaisten päivä]]) ([[:sv:Sverigefinnarnas dag]])''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sverigefinskaflaggan.svg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sweden Finns' Day''' (Finnish: Ruotsinsuomalaisten päivä, Swedish: Sverigefinnarnas dag) is an anniversary celebrated in Sweden on 24 February. The anniversary of the calendar was approved by the Swedish Academy in 2010 and was celebrated for the first time in 2011. February 24 was chosen as the birthday of Carl Axel Gottlund, a collector of folk poetry and a defender of the status of the Finnish language. The purpose of the day is to celebrate the Sweden Finns and to recognize their history, language and culture as a prominent part of Sweden's cultural heritage. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 6 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-06 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433]
* Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as &quot;What links here&quot; in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692]
*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins=…&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:21, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-07 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Delivery robot]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Woman Takes Groceries from Dax Delivery Robot.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''delivery robot''' is an autonomous robot that provides &quot;last mile&quot; delivery services. An operator may monitor and take control of the robot remotely in certain situations that the robot cannot resolve by itself such as when it is stuck in an obstacle. Delivery robots can be used in different settings such as food delivery, package delivery, hospital delivery, and room service. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:26, 13 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-07 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site.  You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:49, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-08 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Buddha Dhatu Jadi]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Swarno Mandir.JPG|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Buddha Dhatu Jadi''' (Bengali: বুদ্ধ ধাতু জাদি; Burmese: ဗုဒ္ဓဓာတုစေတီ also known as the Bandarban Golden Temple) is located close to Balaghata town, in Bandarban City, in Bangladesh. Dhatu are the material remains of a holy person, and in this temple the relics belong to Buddha. It is the largest Theravada Buddhist temple in Bangladesh and has the second-largest Buddha statue in the country.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:18, 20 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-08 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
*The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February.

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:58, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-09 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Alina Scholtz]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Alina Scholtz''' (24 September 1908 – 25 February 1996) was a Polish landscape architect, known as one of country's pioneers in developing the field. Throughout her career she worked on various public and private projects for cemeteries, parks and green spaces. Some of her most noted works include the grounds of a villa on Kielecka Street in Warsaw for which she won a Silver Medal at the 1937 World Exhibition in Paris, the memorial cemetery to the victims of the Palmiry massacre, and landscaping projects along the East-West traffic route of Warsaw. In addition to her design work, she served as one of the founding members of the International Federation of Landscape Architects. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 27 February 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-09 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-10 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Mary Nzimiro]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Mary Nzimiro''', birthname Mary Nwametu Onumonu, MBE (1898–1993) was a pioneering Nigerian businesswoman, politician and women's activist. In 1948, she was appointed principal representative of the United Africa Company (UAC) for Eastern Nigeria, while maintaining textile and cosmetics retail outlets of her own in Port Harcourt, Aba and Owerri. By the early 1950s, she was among the richest individuals in West Africa, becoming a resident of the exclusive Bernard Carr Street in Port Harcourt. On the political front, she was a member of the influential National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, becoming a member of its executive committee in 1957 and vice-president of the NCNC Estern Women's Association in 1962. During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), she organized Igbo women in support of the Biafrans. As a result she lost most of her property in Port Harcourt and returned to her native Oguta where she died in 1993. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:47, 6 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-10 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023.
* On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-11 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Elizabeth Langdon Williams]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Elizabeth Langdon Williams.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Elizabeth Langdon Williams''' (February 8, 1879 in Putnam, Connecticut – 1981 in Enfield, New Hampshire) was an American human computer and astronomer whose work helped lead to the discovery of Pluto, or Planet X. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:21, 13 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-11 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-12 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier]] '''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Peerless Quartet - I Didn't Raise my Boy to be a Soldier.ogg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
an American anti-war song that was influential within the pacifist movement that existed in the United States before it entered World War I. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:31, 20 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-12 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:26, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-13 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:es:Diana Aguavil]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Diana Aguavil]]) ([[:pt:Diana Aguavil]])        ''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Diana Aguavil.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Diana Alexandra Aguavil Calazacón''' (born 7 August 1983) is an Ecuadorian indigenous leader, since 25 August 2018, the first female governor of the Tsáchila nationality after 104 years of male administrations and winning the 2018 Tsáchila election. She was also the second woman to become a candidate.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:39, 27 March 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-13 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609]
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521]
* Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:14, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-14 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.hoverIntent&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;hover()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;on()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194]
* Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242]
* You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__ARCHIVEDTALK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word.  There will also be a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mw-archivedtalk&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221]

'''Future changes'''
* The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:40, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24820268 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-15 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the &quot;{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}&quot; option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-16 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Lucy Salani]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Lucy Salani]]) ([[:fr:Lucy Salani]])        ''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Lucy Salani.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lucy Salani''' was an Italian activist and is considered the only Italian transgender person to have survived the Nazi concentration camps.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:06, 17 April 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature &quot;{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}&quot;. Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for &quot;{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}&quot; for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246]

'''Problems'''
* At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:55, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24881071 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-17 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ca:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]) ([[:eu:María Fernanda Castro Maya]])        ''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''María Fernanda Castro Maya''' is a Mexican self-advocate disability rights activist.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:55, 24 April 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316]

'''Problems'''
* Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940]
* For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794]

'''Changes later this week'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:04, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24933592 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-18 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sonia Orbuch]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sonia Shainwald Orbuch''' (born Sarah Shainwald, May 24, 1925 – September 30, 2018) was an American Holocaust educator. During the Second World War she was a Jewish resistance fighter in eastern Poland.

Orbuch hid in the forests of Poland with her family during the Second World War. She joined a group of Soviet partisans, being renamed Sonia in case she was captured, and helped fight against the Germans. After the war, she returned home, where she met her future husband. After having a daughter in a refugee camp in Germany, the family eventually emigrated to the United States.

She spent the rest of life in public engagement, speaking about her experiences and in 2009, published her autobiography, Here, There Are No Sarahs: A Woman's Courageous Fight Against the Nazis and Her Bittersweet Fulfillment of the American Dream. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 06:24, 1 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits]
* The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-19 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Nadia Ghulam]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Nadia Ghulam]]) ([[:es:Nadia Ghulam]]) ([[:ca:Nadia Ghulam]])''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Nadia Ghulam (cropped).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Nadia Ghulam Dastgir''' is an Afghan woman who spent ten years posing as her dead brother to evade the Taliban's strictures against women. Her book about her experiences, written with Agnès Rotger and published in 2010, El secret del meu turbant (The Secret of My Turban), won the Prudenci Bertrana Prize for fiction. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:37, 8 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wikitext&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;moin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html+handlebars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&amp;section=new&amp;preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;preload=MediaWiki:July&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337]

'''Problems'''
* Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;de&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[:de:Modul:Graph]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&amp;action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750]

'''Future changes'''
* During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805]
* There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;jquery.tipsy&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with &lt;code&gt;.tipsy(&lt;/code&gt; can be commented out. &lt;code&gt;OO.ui.PopupWidget&lt;/code&gt; can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:36, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-20 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Purple Day]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Epilepsy Warrior Brooch May 2018 Purple Day.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Purple Day''' is a global grassroots event that was formed with the intention to increase worldwide awareness of epilepsy, and to dispel common myths and fears of this neurological disorder. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:17, 15 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] 

'''Future changes'''
* There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:45, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The &quot;recent edits&quot; time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250]

'''Changes later this week'''
* An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;

16:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-22 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Valencian Art Nouveau]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Modernismo valenciano]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Santuario Novelda.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Valencian Art Nouveau''' (Spanish: modernismo valenciano, Valencian: modernisme valencià), is the historiographic denomination given to an art and literature movement associated with the Art Nouveau in the Valencian Community, in Spain.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:46, 29 May 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has &quot;{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}&quot; options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - &quot;check all&quot; checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252]	

'''Problems'''
* For a few days earlier this month, the &quot;Add interlanguage link&quot; item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:04, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25079963 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-23 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:pt:Alessandra Korap]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Alessandra Korap]])         ''&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Alessandra Korap''' is an indigenous leader and Brazilian environmental activist from the Munduruku ethnic group. Her main work is defending the demarcation of indigenous territory and denouncing the illegal exploitation and activities of the mining and logging industries. Alessandra is internationally recognized for her work.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:33, 5 June 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750]
* Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for &quot;{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}&quot;. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081]

'''Problems'''
* For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25114640 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-24 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cassinga Day]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Cassinga Day''' is a national public holiday in Namibia remembering the Cassinga Massacre. Commemorated annually on 4 May, the date &quot;remembers those (approximately 600) killed in 1978 when the South African Defence Force attacked a SWAPO base at Cassinga in southern Angola&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:07, 12 June 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341]
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937]
* The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064]

'''Problems'''
* For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__TOC__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101]
* Currently, the &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason &gt; input&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&amp;diff=22859956&amp;oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''Future changes'''
* From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:52, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25133779 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; or pressing &lt;code&gt;ctrl + shift + p&lt;/code&gt;. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:09, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25159510 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-26 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Rawon]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Rawon Setan.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Rawon''' (Javanese: ꦫꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀) is an Indonesian beef soup. Originating from East Java, rawon utilizes the black keluak nut as the main seasoning, which gives a dark color and nutty flavor to the soup. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to all &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prop=extlinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the &lt;code&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mbox-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|targets=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|skins=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter in &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition&lt;/bdi&gt;) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268]
* All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126]
* The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25202311 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-27 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Hook echo]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Tornadic classic supercell radar.gif|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''hook echo''' is a pendant or hook-shaped weather radar signature as part of some supercell thunderstorms. It is found in the lower portions of a storm as air and precipitation flow into a mesocyclone, resulting in a curved feature of reflectivity. The echo is produced by rain, hail, or even debris being wrapped around the supercell 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:18, 3 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2023-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles.
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159]
* [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431]
* The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&amp;messages=&amp;x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the &quot;Completion&quot; for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810]
* [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218]

'''Future changes'''
* There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]
* There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:54, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25278797 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-29 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Esther Cooper Jackson]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Esther Cooper Jackson]]) ([[:simple:Esther Cooper Jackson]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Esther Cooper Jackson, 1968, Great Barrington.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Esther Victoria Cooper Jackson''' was an American civil rights activist and social worker. She was one of the founding editors of the magazine Freedomways. She also was an organizational and executive secretary at the Southern Negro Youth Congress.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:14, 17 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-ca&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-gb&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthsetmentorstatus&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthmanagementorlist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25289122 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-30 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cut of pork]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:American Pork Cuts.svg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''cuts of pork''' are the different parts of the pig which are consumed as food by humans. The terminology and extent of each cut varies from country to country. There are between four and six primal cuts, which are the large parts in which the pig is first cut: the shoulder (blade and picnic), loin, belly (spare ribs and side) and leg 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:21, 24 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]   On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25332248 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-31 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Gunhild Cross]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Gunhildkorset.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Gunhild Cross''' (Danish: Gunhildkorset), named for its first owner, Gunhild, a daughter of Svend III of Denmark, is a mid-12th-century crucifix carved in walrus tusk and with both Latin and Runic inscriptions. It is now in the collection of the National Museum of Denmark. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:48, 31 July 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates.
* The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338]
* The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open &quot;office hours&quot;|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]

'''Problems'''
* It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:54, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-32 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Polyura athamas]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Close wing mud-puddling position of Charaxes bharata (C.&amp; R. Felder,1867) - Indian Nawab.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Polyura athamas''''', the common nawab, is a species of fast-flying canopy butterfly found in tropical Asia. It belongs to the Charaxinae (rajahs and nawabs) in the brush-footed butterfly family (Nymphalidae). 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:14, 7 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on &quot;{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}&quot; in your settings and use the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; button in the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:21, 7 August 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-33 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Women's page]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:&quot;Doings in Pittsburg Society&quot; The Pittsburg Press February 1, 1920.png|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''women's page''' (sometimes called home page or women's section) of a newspaper was a section devoted to covering news assumed to be of interest to women. Women's pages started out in the 19th century as society pages and eventually morphed into features sections in the 1970s. Although denigrated during much of that period, they had a significant impact on journalism and in their communities. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:51, 14 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] &lt;!-- TODO replace wiki codes --&gt;

'''Future changes'''
* A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 06:00, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25428668 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-34 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Insect toxin]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Insektengift]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:PDB 1lmr EBI.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Insect toxins''' are various protein toxins produced by insect species. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:32, 21 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868]
* From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages.
** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created:
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:blk:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540]
*** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|&lt;code&gt;s:su:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539]
** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are:
*** Wikifunctions ([[f:|&lt;code&gt;f:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|&lt;code&gt;w:gpe:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969]
*** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|&lt;code&gt;n:guw:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kbd:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|&lt;code&gt;w:fat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;

15:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25497111 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-35 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Manchester Blitz]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Air Raid Damage in Britain- Manchester HU49833.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Manchester Blitz''' (also known as the Christmas Blitz) was the heavy bombing of the city of Manchester and its surrounding areas in North West England during the Second World War by the German Luftwaffe. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:16, 28 August 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166]
* Wikisource users can now use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prpbengalicurrency&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;pagelist&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tag.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932]
* Two preferences have been relocated. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}&quot; is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|&quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab at some wikis. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}&quot; is now also shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab at all wikis, instead of the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]].
* All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;=&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]].
* A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:00, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25510866 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-36 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ghana Independence Act 1957]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Ghana Independence Act 1957''' is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that granted the Gold Coast fully responsible government within the British Commonwealth of Nations under the name of Ghana 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:18, 4 September 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294]
* One new wiki has been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|&lt;code&gt;w:tly:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166]
'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:34, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25566983 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-37 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Betrayal trauma]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:sv:Svektrauma]]) ([[:ar:صدمة الخيانة]]) ([[:ko:배신 트라우마]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Betrayal trauma''' is defined as a trauma perpetrated by someone with whom the victim is close to and reliant upon for support and survival. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:49, 11 September 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}&quot; and &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}&quot;), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115]
* When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called &quot;[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]&quot;. Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely &quot;newsworthy&quot; topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:08, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25589064 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-38 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:es:Genocidio del Putumayo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Putumayo genocide]]) ([[:ca:Genocidi del Putumayo]])''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:The Putumayo - the devil's paradise, travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an account of the atrocities committed upon the Indians therein (1913) (14782203995).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Putumayo genocide''' is the term which is used in reference to the enslavement, massacres and ethnocide of the indigenous population of the Amazon at the hands of the Peruvian Amazon Company, specifically in the area between the Putumayo River and the Caquetá River during the Amazon rubber boom period from 1879 to 1912. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:38, 18 September 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=25599361 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25623533 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there.
* Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;namespaces&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces.

'''Future changes'''
* New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_groups&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_editcount&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25655264 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for &quot;{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}&quot;. This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;&lt;var&gt;contentModels&lt;/var&gt;&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;wikitext&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;css&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:27, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25686930 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|&lt;code&gt;w:fon:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139]
* At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under &quot;Images recommendations&quot; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#page-actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-views&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:39, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-42 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Athyma nefte]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:VB 019 Color Sergeant UP.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Athyma nefte''''', the colour sergeant, is a species of brush-footed butterfly found in tropical South and Southeast Asia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:58, 16 October 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click &quot;Log in&quot; or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-namespaces&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the &quot;Discussion&quot; tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25745824 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-43 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Typhoon Rusa]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Rusa 2002-08-27 0350Z.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Typhoon Rusa''' was the most powerful typhoon to strike South Korea in 43 years. It was the 21st JTWC tropical depression, the 15th named storm, and the 10th typhoon of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season. It developed on August 22 from the monsoon trough in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, well to the southeast of Japan. For several days, Rusa moved to the northwest, eventually intensifying into a powerful typhoon. On August 26, the storm moved across the Amami Islands of Japan, where Rusa left 20,000 people without power and caused two fatalities. Across Japan, the typhoon dropped torrential rainfall peaking at 902 mm (35.5 in) in Tokushima Prefecture. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:50, 23 October 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:17, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25782286 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-44 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Hein Eersel]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:nl:Hein Eersel]]) ([[:it:Hein Eersel]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:HeinEersel.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christiaan Hendrik &quot;Hein&quot; Eersel''' was a Surinamese linguist and cultural researcher. He served as Minister of Education and Population Development in the cabinet of acting Prime Minister Arthur Johan May. He was also the first chancellor of the University of Suriname. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:09, 30 October 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]).
* The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] 
* Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]].
* The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25801989 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:06, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25838105 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-45 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Reclaim the Night]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Reclaim the Night]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Reclaim the Night 2014.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Reclaim the Night''' is a movement started in Leeds in 1977 as part of the Women's Liberation Movement. Marches demanding that women be able to move throughout public spaces at night took place across England until the 1990s. Later, the organisation was revived and sponsors annual and national marches against rape and violence against women. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:40, 8 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-46 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ishe Komborera Africa]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Ishe Komborera Africa.mp3|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
&quot;'''Ishe Komborera Africa'''&quot; (Shona for: God Bless Africa), also called &quot;Ishe Komborera Zimbabwe&quot; (Shona for: God Bless Zimbabwe), was the Zimbabwean national anthem from 1980 to 1994. It was the country's first national anthem after gaining independence in 1980. It is a translation of 19th-century South African schoolteacher Enoch Sontonga's popular African hymn &quot;Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika&quot; into Zimbabwe's native Shona and Ndebele languages. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:38, 13 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Four new wikis have been created:
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;w:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|&lt;code&gt;w:dga:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|&lt;code&gt;w:bbc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320]
** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|&lt;code&gt;q:bjn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695]
* Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;meta.domain == &quot;canary&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:52, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25859263 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-47 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Bhagavata Mela]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Bhagavata Mela''' is a classical Indian dance that is performed in Tamil Nadu, particularly the Thanjavur area. It is choreographed as an annual Vaishnavism tradition in Melattur and nearby regions, and celebrated as a dance-drama performance art. The dance art has roots in a historic migration of practitioners of Kuchipudi, another Indian classical dance art, from Andhra Pradesh to the kingdom of Tanjavur.

The term Bhagavata, state Brandon and Banham, refers to the Hindu text Bhagavata Purana. Mela is a Sanskrit word that means &quot;gathering, meeting of a group&quot; and connotes a folk festival. The traditional Bhagavata Mela performance acts out the legends of Hinduism, set to the Carnatic style music. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:38, 04:07, 20 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] 
* The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:55, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25884616 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-48 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Zanskari]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Zaniskari]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Zaniskari Horse in Ladakh, India.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Zaniskari''' or '''Zanskari''' is a breed of small mountain horse or pony from Ladakh, in northern India. It is named for the Zanskar valley or region in Kargil district. It is similar to the Spiti breed of Himachal Pradesh, but is better adapted to work at high altitude. Like the Spiti, it shows similarities to the Tibetan breeds of neighbouring Tibet. It is of medium size, and is often grey in colour. The breed is considered endangered, as there are only a few hundred alive today, and a conservation programme has been started at Padum, Zanskar, in the Kargil district of Ladakh. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:44, 27 November 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499]
* The deployment of &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]&quot; announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:09, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25906379 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-49 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sheikh Hussein]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Sheikh Hussein]]) ([[:it:Scec Hussèn]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sheikh Hussein.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sheikh Hussein''' is a town in south-eastern Ethiopia. The site has been recorded in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage List since 2011 as a religious, cultural and historical site. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:34, 4 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754]
* The &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot; will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NEWSECTIONLINK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/]
* Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]].

'''Events'''
* Registration &amp; Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25914435 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-50 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Applaudissements aux fenêtres pendant la pandémie de Covid-19]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Aplauso por los trabajadores de la salud]]) ([[:gl:Aplauso ao persoal sanitario]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Koronabirus konfinamendua Lasarten 2020-03-29.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
During the COVID-19 pandemic, applauding daily at a scheduled hour was a gesture of acclamation, recognition and gratitude towards health professionals in tribute to their work at the time. This habit emerged in January 2020 in Wuhan, where the pandemic originated, and then spread to several cities around the world during the quarantines and sanitary cordons ordered as preventive measures, Italy being the first one. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:26, 11 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=25925561 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2023-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the &quot;choosing own vs not own work&quot; step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the &quot;impact module&quot; and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:13, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25945501 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-51 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Aerial view of Subway Island, July 2019.JPG|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge''' is a wildlife refuge in New York City managed by the National Park Service as part of Gateway National Recreation Area. It is composed of the open water and intertidal salt marshes of Jamaica Bay. It lies entirely within the boundaries of New York City, divided between the boroughs of Brooklyn to the west and Queens to the east. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:05, 18 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2023-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The &quot;Move Page&quot; feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]].
* The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:18, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25959059 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-52 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Plant blindness]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Cécité botanique]]) ([[:de:Pflanzenblindheit]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Plant blindness 0323.png|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Plant blindness''' is an informally-proposed form of cognitive bias, which in its broadest meaning, is a human tendency to ignore plant species. This includes such phenomena as not noticing plants in the surrounding environment, not recognizing the importance of plant life to the whole biosphere and to human affairs, a philosophical view of plants as an inferior form of life to animals and/or the inability to appreciate the unique features or aesthetics of plants. Related terms include plant‐neglect, zoo-centrism, and zoo‐chauvinism. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:58, 25 December 2023 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-02 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pax airship disaster]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Catástrofe do dirigível Pax]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sim new-mcclures-magazine 1902-09 19 5 (page 75 crop).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Pax''''' '''airship disaster''' was the explosion of the ''Pax'' airship on May 12, 1902, in Paris, which killed the Brazilian inventor Augusto Severo and the French mechanic Georges Saché.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 12:14, 8 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=26033876 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-02 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:20, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26026251 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-03 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Conversion to Islam]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Conversion à l'islam]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Conversion to Islam''' is accepting Islam as a religion or faith and rejecting any other religion or irreligion. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:11, 15 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as &quot;ES2015&quot;) and ES7 (&quot;ES2016&quot;). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;requiresES6&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957]
* You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388]
* An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module was deprecated and replaced with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966]

'''Future changes'''
* Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26074460 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-04 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kinder der Landstrasse]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Kinderdlandstrasse plakat.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Kinder der Landstrasse''' (literally: Children of the Country Road) was a project implemented by the Swiss foundation Pro Juventute from 1926 to 1973. The project aimed to assimilate the itinerant Yenish people in Switzerland by forcibly removing their children from their parents and placing them in orphanages or foster homes. Approximately 590 children were affected by this program. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:02, 22 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:04, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26096197 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-05 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Qurm Nature Reserve]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Al-Qurm Wetlands.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Qurm Nature Reserve''' is a national nature reserve in Muscat Governorate, Oman. Located on the Gulf of Oman coast, the reserve protects a mangrove forest and the surrounding wetland in a small estuary within the urban area of Qurm. Established in 1975, the reserve has been designated as an Important Bird Area since 1994, and as a protected Ramsar site since 2013. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:03, 29 January 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].&lt;!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--&gt; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011]
* There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the &quot;Tools&quot; menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;targets&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-06 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Timurid architecture]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Gur-e-Amir Mausolueum - Samarkand - Uzbekistan (7488414078).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Timurid architecture''' was an important stage in the architectural history of Iran and Central Asia during the late 14th and 15th centuries. The Timurid Empire (1370–1507), founded by Timur (d. 1405) and conquering most of this region, oversaw a cultural renaissance. In architecture, the Timurid dynasty patronized the construction of palaces, mausoleums, and religious monuments across the region. Their architecture is distinguished by its grand scale, luxurious decoration in tilework, and sophisticated geometric vaulting. This architectural style, along with other aspects of Timurid art, spread across the empire and subsequently influenced the architecture of other empires from the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 5 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]].
*On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about &quot;action blocks&quot;]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199]

'''Future changes'''
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-07 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Adoration of the Magi (Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Fra Angelico, Fra Filippo Lippi, The Adoration of the Magi.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''''Adoration of the Magi''''' is a tondo, or circular painting, of the Adoration of the Magi assumed to be that recorded in 1492 in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence as by Fra Angelico. It dates from the mid-15th century and is now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. Most art historians think that Filippo Lippi painted more of the original work, and that it was added to some years after by other artists, as well as including work by assistants in the workshops of both the original masters. It has been known as the Washington Tondo and Cook Tondo after Herbert Cook, and this latter name in particular continues to be used over 50 years after the painting left the Cook collection. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 07:00, 12 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation]

'''Problems'''
*There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed.  

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:49, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-08 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:nl:Graf met de handjes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Weg langs het kerkhof tegenover 1, Roermond.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The monument '''Van Gorkum-Van Aefferden''', more well known as the &quot;'''grave with the little hands'''&quot; is a monumental Tombstone in the Dutch city of Roermond.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:24, 19 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* If you have the &quot;{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}&quot; option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984]
* There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively.
*Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]].
*The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid.
* The CSS &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; property can now be used in HTML &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;style&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:37, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26254282 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-09 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Doorway effect]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''doorway effect''' is a known psychological event where a person's short-term memory declines when passing through a doorway moving from one location to another when it would not if they had remained in the same place. People experience this effect by forgetting what they were going to do, thinking about, or planning upon entering a different room. This is thought to be due to the change in one's physical environment, which is used to distinguish boundaries between remembered events: memories of events encountered in the present environment are more accessible than those beyond it. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:30, 26 February 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value &lt;code&gt;wgGlobalGroups&lt;/code&gt; now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get(&quot;wgGlobalGroups&quot;)))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;changetags&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:23, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26294125 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-10 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Sissieretta Jones]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:1899 poster of Mme. M. Sissieretta Jones.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones''' (January 5, 1868, or 1869 – June 24, 1933) was an American soprano. She sometimes was called &quot;The Black Patti&quot; in reference to Italian opera singer Adelina Patti. Jones' repertoire included grand opera, light opera, and popular music 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 4 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=26313143 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Special:Book&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; page (as well as the associated &quot;Create a book&quot; functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437]
* [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace.  Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details.
* Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget_definition&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespaces and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;gadgets-definition-edit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272]
* A usability improvement to the &quot;Add a citation&quot; in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
*  All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233]
* The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;?useparsoid=1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]).
*

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26329807 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-11 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Preventative Coup of November 11]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Golpe de Estado en Brasil de 1955]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Exército na casa de Café Filho.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Preventative Coup of November 11''' sometimes called the '''1955 Brazilian coup d'état''' or referred to as an &quot;anti-coup&quot; or a &quot;counter-coup&quot; (Portuguese: ''Novembrada, Movimento de 11 de Novembro, Contragolpe, Golpe Preventivo do Marechal Lott'') was a series of military and political events led by Henrique Teixeira Lott that resulted in Nereu Ramos assuming the presidency of Brazil until being peacefully succeeded by Juscelino Kubitschek a few months later. The bloodless coup removed Carlos Luz from the presidency because he was suspected of plotting to prevent Kubitschek from taking office. As a result of the tensions, Brazil had three presidents in the span of a single week.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498]
*The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26374013 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-12 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Hojang Taret]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Hojang Taret''' is a classical Meitei language play based on Euripides's ancient Greek tragedy The Phoenician Women. It is directed by Oasis Sougaijam and produced by The Umbilical Theatre in Imphal, Kangleipak. It depicts the moral ambiguities of conflict between brothers resulting to the ruination of the ancient city of Thebes. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:52, 18 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=26366849 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The notice &quot;Language links are at the top of the page&quot; that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/]
* Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746]

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:40, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26410165 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-13 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Magna Lykseth-Skogman]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Magna Lykseth in Tristan och Isolde at Kungliga Operan 1909 - SMV - GL164.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Magna Elvine Lykseth-Skogman''' (6 February 1874 – 13 November 1949), also known as Magna Lykseth-Schjerven, was a Norwegian-born Swedish operatic soprano. After making her début at the Royal Swedish Opera in 1901 as Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana, she was engaged there until 1918 becoming the company's prima donna. She performed leading roles in a wide range of operas but is remembered in particular for her Wagnerian interpretations, creating Brünnhilde in the Swedish premières of Siegfried and Götterdämmerung, and Isolde in 1909. Considered to be one of the most outstanding Swedish opera singers of her generation, she was awarded the Litteris et Artibus medal in 1907 and became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1912 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:00, 25 March 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:57, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-14 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lidder Valley]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Pahalgam Valley.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Lidder Valley''' or Liddar Valley is a Himalayan sub-valley that forms the southeastern corner of Anantnag district in Indian-administered Kashmir. The Lidder River flows down the valley. The entrance to the valley lies 7 km northeast from Anantnag town and 62 km southeast from Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a 40-km-long gorge valley with an average width of 3 km. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:15, 1 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:36, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-15 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Operation Kraai]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Overzicht van het vliegveld te Djokja vanuit de 'Control Tower', Bestanddeelnr 5128.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Operation Kraai''' (Operation Crow) was a Dutch military offensive against the de facto Republic of Indonesia in December 1948 after negotiations failed. With the advantage of surprise the Dutch managed to capture the Indonesian Republic's temporary capital, Yogyakarta, and seized Indonesian leaders such as de facto Republican President Sukarno. This apparent military success was however followed by guerrilla warfare, while the violation of the Renville Agreement ceasefire diplomatically isolated the Dutch, leading to the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference and recognition of the United States of Indonesia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:47, 8 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey.
* Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727]
* Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:38, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-16 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ru:Павильон Росси]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Rossi Pavilion]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Pavillon Rossi]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Rossi's Pavilion in Mikhailovsky Garden. Saint-Petersburg. 1825..jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Rossi Pavilion''' (Russian: Павильон Росси) is a pavilion on the bank of the Moyka River in the Mikhailovsky Garden in Saint Petersburg. It was designed by architect Carlo Rossi in the early 1820s and built in 1825 during his redevelopment of the garden. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:53, 15 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the &quot;{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}&quot; tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435]
* A new variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;page_last_edit_age&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769]

'''Future changes'''
* Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-17 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Devorà Ascarelli]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Debora Ascarelli]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Devorà Ascarelli]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Devorà Ascarelli''' was a 16th-century Italian poet living in Rome, Italy. Ascarelli may have been the first Jewish woman to have a book of her own work published. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:35, 22 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086]
* You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:28, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-18 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:1989 Serbian general election]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:sr:Председнички избори у Србији 1989.]])&amp;#32;([[:vi:Tổng tuyển cử Serbia 1989]])''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Parliament of SR Serbia (1989–1991).svg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''General elections were held in Serbia''', a constituent federal unit of SFR Yugoslavia, on 12 November 1989 to elect the president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and delegates of the Assembly of SR Serbia. Voting for delegates also took place on 10 and 30 November 1989. In addition to the general elections, local elections were held simultaneously. These were the first direct elections conducted after the adoption of the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution and the delegate electoral system, and the last elections conducted under a one-party system. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:32, 29 April 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''

[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491]
* Seven new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|&lt;code&gt;w:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|&lt;code&gt;w:kus:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|&lt;code&gt;w:igl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kaa:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|&lt;code&gt;s:my:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|&lt;code&gt;s:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|&lt;code&gt;s:ka:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085]
* You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501]
* Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]].

'''Problems'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mapstyle=&quot;osm&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:34, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-19 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Heinrich Bünting]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Heinrich Bünting''' (1545 – 1606) was a Protestant pastor and theologian. He is best known for his book of woodcut maps titled Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae (Travel book through Holy Scripture) first published in 1581. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 6 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the &lt;code&gt;SiteAdminHelper&lt;/code&gt;. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled &quot;All public logs&quot;, but it only shows some logs. This label will now say &quot;Main public logs&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729]

'''Future changes'''
* A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension.
* Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot;. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:45, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26729363 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-20 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background:var(--background-color-backdrop-dark, #DDDDDD); border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:var(--color-inverted, #000000); padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ruyan (district)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:رویان (طبرستان)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Northern Iran and its surroundings during the Iranian intermezzo.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Ruyan''' (Persian: رویان), later known as Rustamdar (رستمدار), was the name of a mountainous district that encompassed the western part of Tabaristan/Mazandaran, a region on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. In Iranian mythology, Ruyan appears as one of the places that the legendary archer Arash shot his arrow from, reaching the edge of Khorasan to mark the border between Iran and Turan. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:39, 13 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214]
* If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] &quot;{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}&quot;, then the template-page feature &quot;{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}&quot; will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907]
* [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute. This is identical in usage to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137]
* The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]&quot; feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295]

'''Future changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; database table (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table instead (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). In your existing SQL queries:
*# Replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN linktarget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ON&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; statement
*# Below that add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;
** See &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T222224]]&lt;/bdi&gt; for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26762074 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-21 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Turlough (lake)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Turlough]])&amp;#32;([[:no:Turlough]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Carran Turlough.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''turlough''' is a seasonal or periodic water body found mostly in limestone karst areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. [...] The water bodies fill and empty with the changes in the level of the water table, usually being very low or empty during summer and autumn and full in the winter. As groundwater levels drop the water drains away underground through cracks in the karstic limestone.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:31, 20 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351]
* New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]  The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-22 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Geiranger Church]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:no:Geiranger kirke]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----
[[File:Iglesia parroquial, Geiranger, Noruega, 2019-09-07, DD 84-97 PAN.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Geiranger Church''' (Norwegian: Geiranger kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Stranda Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the village of Geiranger, and the end of the famous Geirangerfjorden. It is the church for the Geiranger parish which is part of the Nordre Sunnmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, wooden church was built in an octagonal design in 1842 using plans drawn up by the architect Hans Klipe. The church seats about 165 people. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:48, 27 May 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.collapsible&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.multicol&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.reflist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.coordinates&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.topicon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26832205 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-23 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Guillermo Larrazábal]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Guillermo Larrazábal Arzubide''' (10 February 1907 – 1983) was a Spanish stained glass artist who was active in Ecuador. He is considered Ecuador's most important stained glass artist. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:14, 3 June 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086]
* The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; to &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|&lt;code&gt;w:dtp:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class, Parsoid now also adds the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705]

'''Problems'''
* There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] 
* On multilingual wikis that use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;translate&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-25 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:de:Magdalena Zeger]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Magdalena Zeger''' ([mak.da.ˈleː.na ˈt͡seː.gɐ], * 1491; † 16. January 1568 in Kolding) was a calendar maker, astronomer and astrologist. Her Hamburg almanacs and forecasts from 1561 and 1563 have been preserved. Zeger's calendars are the first independent publications by a woman in the field of astronomy. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:29, 17 June 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751]
* The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954]
* The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370]

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph]
* Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]&lt;!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:49, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26911987 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-26 ==

{| class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Koreans in Micronesia]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:zh:朝鮮裔密克羅尼西亞人]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Please be bold and help translate this article!

----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Koreans in Micronesia''' used to form a significant population before World War II, when most of the region was ruled as the South Seas Mandate of the Empire of Japan; for example, they formed 7.3% of the population of Palau in 1943. However, after the area came under the control of the United States as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, most Koreans returned to their homeland. As of 2013, about seven thousand South Korean expatriates &amp; immigrants and Korean Americans reside in the Marianas (Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), which have remained under U.S. control, while only around two hundred South Korean expatriates reside in the independent countries of Micronesia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 04:03, 24 June 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
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== Tech News: 2024-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717]
* The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515]

'''Problems'''
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:33, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Roller printing on textiles]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Silverstudio.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Roller printing''' on fabrics is a textile printing process patented by Thomas Bell of Scotland in 1783 in an attempt to reduce the cost of the earlier copperplate printing. This method was used in Lancashire fabric mills to produce cotton dress fabrics from the 1790s, most often reproducing small monochrome patterns characterized by striped motifs and tiny dotted patterns called &quot;machine grounds&quot;. Improvements in the technology resulted in more elaborate roller prints in bright, rich colours from the 1820s; Turkey red and chrome yellow were particularly popular. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:44, 1 July 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364]
* Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] 
* If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode]
* Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458]
* Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|&lt;code&gt;w:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] 

'''Problems'''
* Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119]

'''Future changes'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:simple:India naming dispute]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ur:انڈیا نام کا تنازعہ]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''India naming dispute''' in 1947 refers to the argument over the use of the name India during and after the partition of British Raj, between the countries of Pakistan and the Republic of India. This dispute involved key figures such as Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British Raj, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and a founder of Pakistan. By 1947, the British Raj was going to be divided into two new nation states – Hindustan and Pakistan. Jinnah was initially convinced that Hindustan would not use the term India, since it lacked indigenous pedigree, etymologically and historically India meant the Indus Valley (modern-Pakistan). He also opposed the use of the name India as it would cause confusion regarding history. The disagreement had significant implications for national identity and international recognition. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 8 July 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. 
* Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia.
* Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects.

'''Problems'''
* A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. 

'''Future changes'''
* The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:32, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Adumu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Maasai 2012 05 31 2782 (7522645058).jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Adumu''', is a type of dance that the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania practice. Young Maasai warriors generally perform the energetic and acrobatic dance at ceremonial occasions including weddings, religious rites, and other significant cultural events. The Adumu dance is characterized by a sequence of jumps performed by the dancers, who stand in a circle and alternately jump while keeping their bodies as straight and upright as possible. In addition to wearing vividly colored shúkàs (clothes) and beaded jewelry, the dancers are typically clad in traditional Maasai costume. Traditional Maasai songs and chants are also performed during the dance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:15, 15 July 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page.
* The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]].
* Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]].
* Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895]
* Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Rathaus-Glockenspiel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:2019-11-16, Glockenspiel, Neues Münchner Rathaus, IMG 7463 edit Christoph Braun.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Rathaus-Glockenspiel''' is a large mechanical clock located in Marienplatz Square, in the heart of Munich, Germany. Famous for its life-size characters, the clock twice daily re-enacts scenes from Munich's history. First is the story of the marriage of Duke Wilhelm V to Renata of Lorraine in 1568, followed by the story of the Schäfflerstanz, also known as the coopers' dance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 22 July 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature News'''
* Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public.
* Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]
*  Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329]
* Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. 
* Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/]

'''Project Updates'''
*  Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language.

'''Learn more'''
* Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. 
* How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:05, 23 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])&amp;#32;([[:nl:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Nederlandsche Cocainefabriek Schinkelstraat Amsterdam architect HH Baanders 1902.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek''' (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈneːdərlɑntsə koːkaːˈinəfaːˌbrik]; English: Dutch Cocaine Factory) or NCF was an Amsterdam-based company producing cocaine for medical purposes in the 20th century. It imported its raw materials mainly from the Dutch East Indies and sold its products across Europe, making good profits especially in the early years of World War I. The NCF produced morphine, heroin and ephedrine as well. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:44, 29 July 2024 (UTC)''
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== Tech News: 2024-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]].

'''Bugs status'''
* Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing.
* Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week.

'''Project updates'''
* There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]].
* There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|&lt;code&gt;voy:cs:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] 

'''Learn more'''
* There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times.
* There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images.
* Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:11, 29 July 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Suffrage drama]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pamphlet from NAWSA for women's suffrage plays, page 1.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Suffrage drama''' (also known as suffrage plays or suffrage theatre) is a form of dramatic literature that emerged during the British women's suffrage movement in the early twentieth century. Suffrage performances lasted approximately from 1907-1914. Many suffrage plays called for a predominant or all female cast. Suffrage plays served to reveal issues behind the suffrage movement. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 5 August 2024 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. These will reduce the need for &lt;code&gt;Template:Dir&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Template:BCP47&lt;/code&gt; on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the &quot;what links here&quot; database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623]
* Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces.
* The tracking category &quot;Pages using Timeline&quot; has been renamed to &quot;Pages using the EasyTimeline extension&quot; [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match.

'''Project updates'''
* Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]].

'''Learn more'''
* There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]].
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available.
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 5 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Karatgurk]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Karatgurk]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the Australian Aboriginal mythology of the Aboriginal people of south-eastern Australian state of Victoria, the '''Karatgurk''' were seven sisters who represented the constellation known in western astronomy as the Pleiades. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 12 August 2024 (UTC)''
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&lt;/div&gt;
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== Tech News: 2024-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses.

'''Project updates'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|&lt;code&gt;w:bdr:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:22, 12 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:B1 (classification)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''B1''' is a medical-based Paralympic classification for blind sport. Athletes in this classification are totally or almost totally blind. It is used by a number of blind sports including blind tennis, para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, blind cricket, blind golf, five-a-side football, goalball and judo. Some other sports, including adaptive rowing, athletics and swimming, have equivalents to this class.

The B1 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s, and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) to move towards a more functional and evidence-based classification system. Classification is often handled on the international level by the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) but it sometimes handled by national sport federations. There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling, where classification is handled by their own governing bodies.

Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport, and may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clapsticks. There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports. Some sports specifically do not allow a guide, whereas cycling and skiing require one. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]].
* Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&amp;namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&amp;namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;categories&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; property of &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372]

'''Bugs status'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with &lt;code&gt;Talk:WP:&lt;/code&gt; so that their titles start with &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia talk:&lt;/code&gt;), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]].
* Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee.

'''Learn more'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers.
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:54, 20 August 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27307284 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Erzi (village)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Caucasus, Ingushetia, Ингушские боевые и смотровые башни, горы Кавказа.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Erzi''' (Russian: Эрзи; Ingush: Аьрзи, romanized: Ärzi, lit. 'Eagle') is a medieval village (aul) in the Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia. It is part of the rural settlement (administrative center) of Olgeti. The entire territory of the settlement is included in the Dzheyrakh-Assa State Historical-Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve and is under state protection. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:19, 26 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]].
* Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Bugs status'''
* Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization.
* Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013.

'''Learn more'''
* If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]].
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:34, 26 August 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633]
* Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243]
* Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]].

'''Project updates'''
* A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded.

'''Learn more'''
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:08, 3 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cappadocian calendar]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Cappadocian calendar''' was a solar calendar that was derived from the Persian Zoroastrian calendar. It is named after the historic region Cappadocia in present-day Turkey, where it was used. The calendar, which had 12 months of 30 days each and five epagomenal days, originated between 550 and 330 BC, when Cappadocia was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Cappadocian calendar was identical to the Zoroastrian calendar; this can be seen in its structure, in the Avestan names and in the order of the months. The Cappadocian calendar reflects the Iranian cultural influence in the region. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:42, 9 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;entity:getSitelink()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356]

'''Project updates'''
*  Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]
* Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Improvements and Maintenance'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]].
* The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag &quot;Edit Check (references) activated&quot; was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692]
* It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-message-box&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=&amp;title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;cdx-message&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499]

'''Technical project updates'''
* Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]

'''Tech in depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: 
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task.
** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27460876 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Independence Day (Albania)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Independence Day''' (Albanian: Dita e Pavarësisë) is a public holiday in Albania observed on 28 November. It commemorates the Albanian Declaration of Independence (from the Ottoman Empire), which was ratified by the All-Albanian Congress on 28 November 1912, establishing the state of Albania. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:29, 23 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]]
* Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]&quot;. Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]].
* The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166]
* Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223]
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: 
** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too.
** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content.

'''In depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the &quot;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]&quot; and &quot;[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]&quot; subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:37, 23 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27493779 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wildlife of Bahrain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Birds in Al-Areen Wildlife Park.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The wildlife of the archipelago of Bahrain, is more varied than might be expected of this small group of islands in the Persian Gulf. Apart from a strip of the north and west of the main island, where crops are grown with irrigation, the land is arid. With a very hot dry summer, a mild winter, and brackish groundwater, the plants need adaptations in order to survive. Nevertheless, 196 species of higher plant have been recorded here, as well as about seventeen species of terrestrial mammals, many birds and reptiles, and many migratory birds visit the islands in autumn and spring. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 30 September 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month.
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;?veaction=editsource&lt;/code&gt; to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796]
* For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the &quot;donate&quot; link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to &quot;Create an account&quot;. This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585]
* The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]].
* View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis.

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/]

'''Meetings and events'''
* October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa
* November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:21, 30 September 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27530062 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new &quot;Revert Risk&quot; machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422]
* View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* It is now possible for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; code blocks to offer readers a &quot;Copy&quot; button if the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;copy=1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932]
* Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]].
* Five new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|&lt;code&gt;w:kge:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|&lt;code&gt;m:mos:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|&lt;code&gt;q:gor:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|&lt;code&gt;n:shn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27557422 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Little Danes experiment]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:آزمایش دانمارکی‌های کوچک]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Children play at a Danish Red Cross-run orphanage in Greenland.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''little Danes experiment''' was a 1951 Danish operation where 22 Greenlandic Inuit children were sent to Danish foster families in an attempt to re-educate them as &quot;little Danes&quot;. While the children were all supposed to be orphans, most were not. Six children were adopted while in Denmark, and sixteen returned to Greenland, only to be placed in Danish-speaking orphanages and never live with their families again. Half of the children experienced mental health disturbances, and half of them died in young adulthood. The government of Denmark officially apologised in 2020, after several years of demands from Greenlandic officials. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:16, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27572997 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722]
* WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''hastemplate''&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''incategory''&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29]
* View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the &quot;search engine&quot; option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975]

'''In depth'''
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:22, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27597254 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kharayeb]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Muharram 1Oth-Ashouraa 2007 in Kharayeb - panoramio.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Kharayeb''' (Arabic: الخرايب) is a historic town in the Sidon District in the South Governorate, Lebanon. The town is 77 km (48 mi) south of Beirut, and stands at an average altitude of 190 m (620 ft) above sea level. The town boasts a rich historical legacy, with archaeological excavations revealing a complex settlement history spanning from Prehistory to the Ottoman period. Notably, Kharayeb's origins can be traced back to the Persian period (539–330 BC), when it played a pivotal role in the region's agricultural and economic landscape, culminating in the construction of its Phoenician temple around the 6th century BC. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:38, 21 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the &quot;Donate&quot; button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years.
[[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]].
* Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]].
* View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556]
* It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}&lt;/code&gt; parser function. For example, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will show as &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. Previously, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#time:…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timef&lt;/code&gt; (or &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timefl&lt;/code&gt; for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{USERLANGUAGE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; instead of using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{int:lang}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects.
* The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content.

'''Meetings and events'''
* 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel.
* 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:53, 21 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27634672 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Christmas horror]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Terror navideño]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Christmascarol1843 -- 169.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christmas horror''' is a fiction genre and film genre that incorporates horror elements into a seasonal setting. It is popular in multiple countries.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27647428 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia].
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set &lt;code&gt;emitTransitionOnStep&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag &lt;code&gt;allowAutomaticBack&lt;/code&gt; to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528]
*  Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the &quot;Nuke&quot; tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:57, 28 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27668811 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Placenta cake]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:simple:Placenta cake]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Bucharest, Greek pie-maker, 1880.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Placenta cake''' is a dish from ancient Greece and Rome consisting of many dough layers interspersed with a mixture of cheese and honey and flavored with bay leaves, baked and then covered in honey. The dessert is mentioned in classical texts such as the Greek poems of Archestratos and Antiphanes, as well as the De agri cultura of Cato the Elder. It is often seen as the predecessor of baklava and börek. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:16, 4 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27647428 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949]
* Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help.
* The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446]
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/]

'''In depth'''
* Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance.
*  The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available.  It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:51, 4 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27693917 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Trisomy 16]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Chromosome 16.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Trisomy 16''' is a chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 copies of chromosome 16 rather than two. It is the most common trisomy leading to miscarriage and the second most common chromosomal cause of it, closely following X-chromosome monosomy. About 6% of miscarriages have trisomy 16. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:09, 11 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463]
* View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]&lt;/code&gt;, the logic of Wikibase function &lt;code&gt;getAllStatements&lt;/code&gt; changed to behave like &lt;code&gt;getBestStatements&lt;/code&gt;. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]].

'''In depth'''
* Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488]

'''Meetings and events'''
* 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] &amp; [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:08, 12 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27732268 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Boana platanera]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Rana platanera - Boana platanera.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Boana platanera''''', commonly known as the banana tree dwelling frog, is a species of tree frog in the family Hylidae. It is distributed within Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago. Boana platanera was described in 2021, and individuals of the species were previously classified as Boana crepitans or Boana xerophylla. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:53, 18 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057]
* View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380]

'''In depth'''
* There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas.
* Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''.
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:01, 19 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27806858 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wang Su-bok]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:وانگ سو بوک]])&amp;#32;([[:ko:왕수복]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Wang Su-bok''' was a singer from North Korea, who was the most popular singer in Japanese-occupied Korea in 1935. She was credited as a ground-breaking female artist, whose work led the way for the modern K-pop phenomenon. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 25 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]].
* The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for bold and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;I&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928]
* Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;bswiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;elwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;euwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiquote&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiversity&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikivoyage&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;idwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;lvwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;plwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;ptwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;urwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;viwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. 
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to &quot;protected&quot; [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;,&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and un-selecting &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Live Autocompletion&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27847039 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Storm Filomena]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Spain’s chilly blanket ESA22415247.jpeg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Storm Filomena''' was an extratropical cyclone in early January 2021 that was most notable for bringing unusually heavy snowfall to parts of Spain, with Madrid recording its heaviest snowfall in over a century, and with Portugal being hit less severely. The eighth named storm of the 2020–21 European windstorm season, Filomena formed over the Atlantic Ocean close to the Canary Islands on 7 January, subsequently taking a slow track north-eastwards towards the Iberian Peninsula and then eastwards across the Mediterranean Sea. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:48, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27846897 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Two new parser functions were added this week. The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the &lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt; language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]].
* Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/]
* Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;arwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;cawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;mediawikiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;orwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiktionary&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wikidatawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910]
* This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the &quot;Download as PDF&quot; system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:23, 2 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27873992 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Syrian literature]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Poem about Baybars page 1 from Hakawati book.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Syrian literature''' is modern fiction written or orally performed in Arabic by writers from Syria since the independence of the Syrian Arab Republic in 1946. It is part of the historically and geographically wider Arabic literature. The modern states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel as well as the Palestinian autonomous areas only came into being in the mid-20th century. Therefore, Syrian literature has since been referred to by literary scholarship as the national literature of the Syrian Arab Republic, as well as the works created in Arabic by Syrian writers in the diaspora. This literature has been influenced by the country's political history, the literature of other Arabic-speaking countries and, especially in its early days, by French literature. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2024-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#wikimedia-techdocs&lt;/bdi&gt; IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted.
* The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the &quot;[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=specialcx&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=collections&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=es&amp;to=en All collection]&quot; category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;page-collection&gt; &lt;/page-collection&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion.
* The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365]
* The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveUrl&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveDate&lt;/code&gt;, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1261320172&amp;oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&amp;q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&amp;regex=1&amp;title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|&lt;code&gt;voy:id:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726]
* Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[gitiles:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system.
* The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:16, 9 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27919424 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Mars ocean theory]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:AncientMars.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Mars ocean theory''' states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history. This primordial ocean, dubbed Paleo-Ocean or Oceanus Borealis (/oʊˈsiːənəs ˌbɒriˈælɪs/ oh-SEE-ə-nəs BORR-ee-AL-iss), would have filled the basin Vastitas Borealis in the northern hemisphere, a region that lies 4–5 km (2.5–3 miles) below the mean planetary elevation, at a time period of approximately 4.1–3.8 billion years ago. Evidence for this ocean includes geographic features resembling ancient shorelines, and the chemical properties of the Martian soil and atmosphere 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:44, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27933909 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2024-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history.
* Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information.
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:25, 16 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27942374 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2023 Slovenia floods]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Sava v Tacnu 4. avgusta ob 16h.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In August 2023, major floods occurred in large part of Slovenia and neighbouring areas of Austria and Croatia due to heavy rain. Amongst others, the level of rivers Sava, Mur and Drava was exceptionally high. Several settlements and transport links in Slovene Littoral, Upper Carniola and Slovenian Carinthia were flooded. Due to the amount of rain, the streams in Idrija, Cerkno and Škofja Loka Hills overflowed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:55, 23 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Uganda Railways Corporation]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Schienenverkehr in Uganda]])&amp;#32;([[:no:Uganda Railways Corporation]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:9620 mit Güterzug.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Uganda Railways Corporation''' (URC) is the parastatal railway of Uganda. It was formed after the breakup of the East African Railways Corporation (EARC) in 1977 when it took over the Ugandan part of the East African railways. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Internment of Japanese Canadians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Japanese road camp.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
From 1942 to 1949, Canada forcibly relocated and incarcerated over 22,000 Japanese Canadians—comprising over 90% of the total Japanese Canadian population—from British Columbia in the name of &quot;national security&quot;. The majority were Canadian citizens by birth and were targeted based on their ancestry. This decision followed the events of the Japanese Empire's war in the Pacific against the Western Allies, such as the invasion of Hong Kong, the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the Fall of Singapore which led to the Canadian declaration of war on Japan during World War II. Similar to the actions taken against Japanese Americans in neighbouring United States, this forced relocation subjected many Japanese Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations, job and property losses, and forced repatriation to Japan 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:56, 6 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Christmas seals]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:no:Julemerke]])&amp;#32;([[:ru:Рождественская виньетка]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:1915 US Christmas Seal.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christmas seals''' are adhesive labels that are similar in appearance to postage stamps that are sold then affixed to mail during the Christmas season to raise funds and awareness for charitable programs. Christmas seals have become particularly associated with lung diseases such as tuberculosis, and with child welfare in general. They were first issued in Denmark beginning in 1904, with Sweden and Iceland following with issues that same year. Thereafter the use of Christmas seals proved to be popular and spread quickly around the world, with 130 countries producing their own issues. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 13 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;inproject:&lt;/code&gt; keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|&lt;code&gt;w:tig:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise.
* Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its &lt;code&gt;sub&lt;/code&gt; field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139]
* Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt; until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:42, 14 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Scontri del Nagorno Karabakh del 2010]])&amp;#32;([[:tr:2010 Dağlık Karabağ çatışmaları]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''2010 Nahorno karabakh war''' were a series of exchanges of gunfire that took place on February 18 on the line of contact dividing Azerbaijani and the Karabakh Armenian military forces. Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of firing on the Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu, Qızıloba, Qapanlı, Yusifcanlı and Cavahirli villages, as well as in uplands of Agdam Rayon with small arms fire including snipers. As a result, three Azerbaijani soldiers were killed and one wounded. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:20, 20 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846]
* On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as &quot;manually patrolled&quot; instead of &quot;autopatrolled&quot;, which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's &quot;Insert link&quot; feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912]
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:37, 21 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jinnah's birthday]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Yorkstatue.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jinnah's Birthday''', officially Quaid-e-Azam Day and sometimes known as Quaid Day, is a public holiday in Pakistan observed annually on 25 December to celebrate the birthday of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-i-Azam (&quot;Great Leader&quot;). A major holiday, commemorations for Jinnah began during his lifetime in 1942, and have continued ever since. The event is primarily observed by the government and the citizens of the country where the national flag is hoisted at major architectural structures such as private and public buildings, particularly at the top of Quaid-e-Azam House in Karachi. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:30, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year.

'''Updates for editors'''
* iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145]
* Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki_user_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; dump, the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; field will be renamed to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;is_anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:15, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:French conquest of Corsica]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Bataille de Ponte Novu.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''French conquest of Corsica''' was a successful expedition by French forces of the Kingdom of France under Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic. The expedition was launched in May 1768, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:20, 3 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use the &quot;Special characters&quot; editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722]
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements.
* Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki.
** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json&lt;/code&gt; to include entries for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;preprint&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;standard&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;dataset&lt;/code&gt;; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1189164774&amp;oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1270832208&amp;oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset'].
** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270829051&amp;oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270831369&amp;oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveID&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;identifier&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repository&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;organization&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repositoryLocation&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;committee&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;versionNumber&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|&lt;code&gt;w:knc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:09, 4 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Assassination of Spencer Perceval]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:PercevalShooting.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 11 May 1812, at about 5:15 pm, Spencer Perceval, the prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons by John Bellingham, a Liverpool merchant with a grievance against the government. Bellingham was detained; four days after the murder, he was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. He was hanged at Newgate Prison on 18 May, one week after the assassination and one month before the start of the War of 1812. Perceval remains the sole British prime minister to have been assassinated. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 10 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''

* The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;Special pages&quot; portlet link will be moved from the &quot;Toolbox&quot; into the &quot;Navigation&quot; section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211]
* As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]&lt;/code&gt;). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a &quot;default for all languages&quot;]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511]
* The function &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;getDescription&lt;/code&gt; was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660]
* As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/related&lt;/code&gt; endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;morelike&lt;/code&gt;&quot; action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/]

'''In depth'''

* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the &quot;Contribute&quot; menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. 
* The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:12, 11 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2010 Malagasy constitutional referendum]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A constitutional referendum was held in Madagascar on 17 November 2010, in which voters approved a proposal for the state's fourth Constitution. The Malagasy people were asked to answer &quot;Yes&quot; or &quot;No&quot; to the proposed new constitution, which was considered to help consolidate Andry Rajoelina's grip on power. At the time of the referendum, Rajoelina headed the governing Highest Transitional Authority (HAT), an interim junta established following the military-backed coup d'état against then President Marc Ravalomanana in March 2009. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:21, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the &lt;code&gt;{{#special:Homepage}}&lt;/code&gt; for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at &lt;code&gt;{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}&lt;/code&gt;. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]]
* Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102]
* You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324]
* When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like &quot;1.23&quot; or localized alphabetic markers like &quot;a b c&quot; in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed.  As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like &quot;1.23&quot; once the alphabetic markers are all used.
* The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements.
* A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488]
* Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640]
* Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; is deprecated. Tools requiring &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; must explicitly declare &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.Uri&lt;/code&gt; as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;URL&lt;/code&gt; API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 17 February 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28275610 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cooler Heads Coalition]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Cooler Heads Coalition]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Cooler Heads Coalition]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Cooler Heads Coalition''' is a politically conservative &quot;informal and ad-hoc group&quot; in the United States, financed and operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute. The group, which rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, made efforts to stop the government from addressing climate change. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 24 February 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:sat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&amp;A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:42, 25 February 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28296129 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:pt:Transmissor de Ondas]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Wave Transmitter]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Esq eletr transm ondas color.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Transmissor de Ondas''' é um equipamento precursor do rádio, desenvolvido por Roberto Landell de Moura na década de 1890, capaz de transmitir áudio via ondas eletromagnéticas, com sua primeira demonstração pública documentada tendo ocorrido no dia 16 de julho de 1899. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; link is accessible from the &quot;{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180]
* Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw-ref&lt;/code&gt;&quot; from their local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=8&amp;title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&amp;oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw:referencedBy&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you.
* When editors embed a file (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:MediaWiki.png]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109]
* When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010]
* When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline.
* Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|&lt;code&gt;w:syl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:31, 4 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28334563 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Smoky (mascotte olimpica)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Smoky (Olympic mascot)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Smoky 1932 Olympic Village Mascot.webp|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Smoky''' (Los Angeles, 1931 o 1932 - Los Angeles, aprile 1934), occasionalmente scritto Smokey, è stato un cane che divenne la mascotte del villaggio olimpico estivo del 1932 e, successivamente, dell'evento generale. Pur non essendo oggi riconosciuto dal CIO, è stato, seppur non in modo ufficiale, la prima mascotte olimpica dei Giochi, oltre che a essere attualmente l'unica a essere stata un animale vero. Le successive edizioni non ebbero mascotte, dovendo aspettare i X Giochi olimpici invernali di Grenoble nel 1968 per ritrovarne una ufficialmente riconosciuta, lo sciatore stilizzato Schuss, allora non considerato ufficiale ma successivamente riconosciuto come tale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:50, 10 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844]
* The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline &amp; Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;aramadan@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;!
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors.
* An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:10, 10 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28372257 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frame A from Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo''''' (lit. 'Amazon: The Greatest River in the World') is a 1922 Brazilian silent documentary film produced in 1918 by Silvino Santos. It is a black-and-white film that portrays life in the Amazon rainforest. Completed in 1920, it is considered one of the oldest cinematic records of the Amazon. It was presumed lost in 1931 and only rediscovered in 2023 at the Czech Film Archive.

Silvino Santos produced the work over three years using sophisticated cinematic techniques, which led it to be deemed of &quot;immense artistic value&quot; by Le Monde. It has also been described as the &quot;Holy Grail of Brazilian silent cinema&quot; by The Guardian. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 17 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC].

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=ig&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as &quot;Collections&quot;, from wiki-projects and campaigns.
* On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard.
* The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]].
* Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation.
* The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:48, 17 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28412594 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ali of the Eretnids]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:tr:Alaaddin Ali Bey]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Ala al-Din Ali''' (January 1353 – August 1380) was the third Sultan of the Eretnids ruling from 1366 until his death. He inherited the throne at a very early age and was removed from administrative matters. He was characterized as particularly keen on personal pleasures, which later discredited his authority. During his rule, emirs under the Eretnids enjoyed considerable autonomy, and the state continued to shrink as neighboring powers captured several towns. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag).
* Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time.
* Administrators at wikis that have a customized &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]&lt;/bdi&gt; should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;* specialpages-url|specialpages&lt;/code&gt;. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927]
* The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]].
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Api&lt;/code&gt; JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;userAgent&lt;/code&gt; parameter: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );&lt;/code&gt;. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:43, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28443127 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chilembwe uprising]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Chilembwe supporters being led to be executed (cropped).jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Chilembwe uprising''' was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) which took place in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe, an American-educated Baptist minister. Based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in the south-east of the colony, the leaders of the revolt were mainly from an emerging black middle class. They were motivated by grievances against the British colonial system, which included forced labour, racial discrimination and new demands imposed on the African population following the outbreak of World War I. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:52, 31 March 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 1 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28473566 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:1930 Bago earthquake]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:my:၁၉၃၀ ပဲခူးငလျင်]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Thiao Mueang Phama (1955, p. 165).jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
An earthquake affected Myanmar on 5 May 1930 with a moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.4. The shock occurred 35 km (22 mi) beneath the surface with a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of IX (Devastating tremor). The earthquake was the result of rupture along a 131 km (81 mi) segment of the Sagaing Fault—a major strike-slip fault that runs through the country. Extensive damage was reported in the southern part of the country, particularly in Bago and Yangon, where buildings collapsed and fires erupted. At least 550, and possibly up to 7,000 people were killed. A moderate tsunami struck the Burmese coast which caused minor damage to ships and a port. It was felt for over 570,000 km2 (220,000 sq mi) and as far as Shan State and Thailand. The mainshock was followed by many aftershocks; several were damaging. The December earthquake was similarly sized which also occurred along the Sagaing Fault. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:54, 7 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;font-size&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;line-height&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;size-icon&lt;/code&gt;.
* The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 7 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28507470 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Museu de Zoologia da USP 02.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo''' (Portuguese: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, abbreviated MZUSP) is a public natural history museum located in the historic Ipiranga district of São Paulo, Brazil. The MZUSP is an educational and research institution that is part of the University of São Paulo. The museum began at the end of the 19th century as part of the Museu Paulista; in 1941, it moved into a dedicated building. In 1969 the museum became a part of the University of São Paulo, receiving its current name. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 14 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28454663 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]
* File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for.
* To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662]
* &quot;Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?&quot; This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies.
* On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]].
* The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:25, 15 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28540654 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fear of crime]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ar:الخوف من الجريمة]])&amp;#32;([[:it:Criminofobia]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fear of crime''' refers to the fear of being a victim of crime, which is not necessarily reflective of the actual probability of being such a victim. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 21 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16]
* A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Following its publication on HuggingFace, the &quot;Structured Contents&quot; dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect &quot;peacock&quot; or &quot;overly-promotional&quot; or &quot;non-neutral&quot; language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:01, 21 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28578245 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Heritage preservation in South Korea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Korean.Dance-03.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The heritage preservation system of South Korea is a multi-level program aiming to preserve and cultivate Korean cultural heritage. The program is administered by the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), and the legal framework is provided by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of 1962, last updated in 2012. The program started in 1962 and has gradually been extended and upgraded since then. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:57, 28 April 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]].
* Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_ipindex&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_compat&lt;/code&gt; are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=es&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on &quot;Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects&quot;. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 28 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28585685 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lhamana]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:We-Wa, a Zuni berdache, weaving - NARA - 523796 (cropped).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lhamana''', in traditional Zuni culture, are biologically male people who take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, at least some of the time. They wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing and much of their work is in the areas usually occupied by Zuni women. Some contemporary lhamana participate in the pan-Indian two-spirit community. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 07:28, 5 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28583422 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-19 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May.

'''Updates for editors'''
* For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released:
** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities.
** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;Intl&lt;/code&gt; library or the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.DateFormatter&lt;/code&gt; library. The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]].
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (&lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;wbt_*&lt;/code&gt;) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 6 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28665011 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Gruppo del Sileno]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Parco3.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sileno ed Egle con Mnasilo e Cromi''', meglio noto come Gruppo del Sileno, è un monumento in marmo di Carrara, realizzato da Jean-Baptiste Boudard nel 1765 per il Giardino Ducale di Parma; sostituito nel 1991 con una copia in polvere di marmo e resina, l'originale si trova provvisoriamente nel chiostro della Fontana del monastero di San Paolo, in attesa della definitiva collocazione prevista all'interno del palazzetto Eucherio Sanvitale nel parco Ducale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:28, 12 May 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-20 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|&quot;Get shortened URL&quot;]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]].
* Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]].
* The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|&lt;code&gt;w:nup:&lt;/code&gt;]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references.
* The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/data-parsoid&lt;/code&gt; REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:38, 12 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28714188 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lorrin A. Thurston]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fi:Lorrin Thurston]])&amp;#32;([[:ko:로린 A. 서스턴]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lorrinandrewsthurston1892.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lorrin Andrews Thurston''' (July 31, 1858 – May 11, 1931) was a Hawaiian citizen lawyer, politician, and businessman. Thurston played a prominent role in the revolution that overthrew the Hawaiian Kingdom to replace Queen Liliʻuokalani with the Republic of Hawaii, with discreet US support for which Congress much later apologized. He published the Pacific Commercial Advertiser (a forerunner of the present-day Honolulu Star-Advertiser), and owned other enterprises. From 1906 to 1916, he and his network lobbied with national politicians to create a national park to preserve the Hawaiian volcanoes. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 19 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28731710 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-21 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test.

'''Updates for editors'''

* From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]]  [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]].
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template.
* Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.title&lt;/code&gt; object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;isDisambiguationPage&lt;/code&gt;. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.loader.load&lt;/code&gt;. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;gitlab.wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt; without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:13, 19 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28724712 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Lamiera bugnata]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Tread plate]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Diamond Plate.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Una '''lamiera bugnata''' o mandorlata è una lamiera di metallo ottenuta dalla laminazione di una bramma attraverso rulli che, tramite punzonatura o goffratura, imprimono sulla lamina rilievi a forma di rombo o ellisse, detti bugne. Nel caso questi rilievi siano alternati singolarmente nei due assi, si parla di lamiera diamantata, mentre se le forme sono predisposte in maniera parallela per formare piccoli quadranti tra di loro tangenti, questo pattern viene identificato con il nome di mandorlato.

We tend to ignore the fact that this type of plate is the only reason we don't slip when we walk on steel and wet or frozen surfaces. The Italian article it's short but quite complete, and has just the right amount of citations, unlike other poor languages' versions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 06:03, 26 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28751788 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-22 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]&lt;/code&gt; parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019]
* This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future.
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The previously deprecated &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]&lt;/code&gt; views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; views instead.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 26 May 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28788673 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Angelo azzurro (cocktail)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Ángel azul (cóctel)]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Ange bleu (cocktail)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Angelo Azzurro Cocktail.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''angelo azzurro''' è un cocktail alcolico italiano. È considerato uno dei cocktail più popolari in Italia negli anni novanta, insieme al B-52 e all'Invisibile. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 05:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-23 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;_default&lt;/code&gt; key in the local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]&lt;/bdi&gt; page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=clientlogin&lt;/code&gt; will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205]
* From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28819186 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-24 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fi:Kotiryssä]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Kotiryssä]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''kotiryssä''' (jocular Finnish: one’s home Russky or home Russian) was a Soviet or Russian contact person of a Finnish politician, bureaucrat, businessman or other important person. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 9 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716]
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121]
* Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492]
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]].
* Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageImage&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageAssessments&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28846858 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-25 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Future self]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pl:Przyszła jaźń]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the psychology of self, the '''future self''' concerns the processes and consequences associated with thinking about oneself in the future. People think about their future selves similarly to how they think about other people. The extent to which people feel psychologically connected (e.g., similarity, closeness) to their future self influences how well they treat their future self. When people feel connected to their future self, they are more likely to save for retirement, make healthy decisions, and avoid ethical transgressions. Interventions that increase feelings of connectedness with future selves can improve future-oriented decision making across these domains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 16 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-25 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:39, 16 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28870688 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-26 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pictorial map]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:نقشه تصویری]])&amp;#32;([[:ja:絵地図]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Blake Britain Spearhead of Attack.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pictorial maps''' (also known as illustrated maps, panoramic maps, perspective maps, bird's-eye view maps, and geopictorial maps) depict a given territory with a more artistic rather than technical style. It is a type of map in contrast to road map, atlas, or topographic map. The cartography can be a sophisticated 3-D perspective landscape or a simple map graphic enlivened with illustrations of buildings, people and animals. They can feature all sorts of varied topics like historical events, legendary figures or local agricultural products and cover anything from an entire continent to a college campus. Drawn by specialized artists and illustrators, pictorial maps are a rich, centuries-old tradition and a diverse art form that ranges from cartoon maps on restaurant placemats to treasured art prints in museums. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:18, 23 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-26 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001]
* Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519]
* A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;all_links&lt;/code&gt; variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;new_links&lt;/code&gt; for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the &quot;Add a Link&quot; Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 23 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28870688 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:QEUH.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Queen Elizabeth University Hospital''' (QEUH) is a 1,677-bed acute hospital located in Govan, in the south-west of Glasgow, Scotland. The hospital is built on the site of the former Southern General Hospital and opened at the end of April 2015. The hospital comprises a 1,109-bed adult hospital, a 256-bed children's hospital and two major Emergency Departments; one for adults and one for children. There is also an Immediate Assessment Unit for local GPs and out-of-hours services, to send patients directly, without having to be processed through the Emergency Department. The retained buildings from the former Southern General Hospital include the Maternity Unit, the Institute of Neurological Sciences, the Langlands Unit for medicine of the elderly and the laboratory. The whole facility is operated by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, and is one of the largest acute hospital campuses in Europe. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-27 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599]
* Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's &quot;Find in page&quot; function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special &quot;favourite list&quot;. The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:41, 30 June 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28917415 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Non-constituency Member of Parliament]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''Non-constituency Member of Parliament''' (NCMP) is a member of an opposition political party in Singapore who, as stipulated in Article 39 of the Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act, is declared to have been elected a Member of Parliament (MP) without constituency representation, despite having lost in a general election, by virtue of having been one of the opposition candidates with the highest vote shares among the unelected. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:10, 7 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28788623 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-28 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]].
* Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22]
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]].
* Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]].
* It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of &quot;Connecting People through Linked Open Data&quot;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 8 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28930584 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Immunolabeling]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Immunolabeling process image.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Immunolabeling''' is a biochemical process that enables the detection and localization of an antigen to a particular site within a cell, tissue, or organ. Antigens are organic molecules, usually proteins, capable of binding to an antibody. These antigens can be visualized using a combination of antigen-specific antibody as well as a means of detection, called a tag, that is covalently linked to the antibody 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
---[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:44, 14 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28945528 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-29 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the &quot;featured&quot; tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now!
* [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:10, 14 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28980963 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Vespa analis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Plumpy hornet on the ground - 1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Vespa analis''''', the yellow-vented hornet, is a species of common hornet found in Southeast Asia 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:28, 21 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=28984647 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-30 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the &quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=fi#/ ... More]&quot; category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new &quot;{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}&quot; filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257]
* Administrators can now limit &quot;Add a Link&quot; to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|&quot;Add a Link&quot;]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test &amp; &quot;Add a Link&quot; Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 &amp; 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmflabs.org&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmcloud.org&lt;/code&gt;. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:43, 21 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29005283 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Baía dos Porcos - Fernando de Noronha (32811749914).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha) is a national park in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:40, 28 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29047614 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-31 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598]
* On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:27, 29 July 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29051727 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Xie Zhiliu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Xie Zhiliu''' (Chinese: 谢稚柳; 1910–1997) was a leading traditional painter, calligrapher, and art connoisseur of modern China. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:21, 4 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-32 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439]
* Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035]
* Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account&lt;/code&gt; and use a value defined in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipboptions&lt;/code&gt;. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets can now include &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.vue&lt;/code&gt; files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099]
* Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918]
* Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task.
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:41, 5 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29083927 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lethocerus patruelis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lethocerus patruelis.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lethocerus patruelis''''' is a giant water bug in the family Belostomatidae. It is native to southeastern Europe, through Southwest Asia, to Pakistan, India and Burma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:20, 11 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29085671 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-33 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]].
* The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an &quot;X&quot; to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other &quot;X&quot; button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944]
* Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for &quot;Group results by page&quot; on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of &quot;One common data source, multiple local wikis&quot;. Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons]
* Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.addWarning()&lt;/code&gt; function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:30, 11 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29106516 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ikiza]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:CIA map of Burundi and surrounding countries during 1972 killings.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Ikiza''' (variously translated from Kirundi as the Catastrophe, the Great Calamity, and the Scourge), or the Ubwicanyi (Killings), was a series of mass killings—often characterised as a genocide—which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. Conservative estimates place the death toll of the event between 100,000 and 150,000 killed, while some estimates of the death toll go as high as 300,000. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 18 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-34 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to &quot;Thank&quot; individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849]
* An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716]
* An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227]
* Five new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|&lt;code&gt;s:tl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|&lt;code&gt;s:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|&lt;code&gt;w:rki:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|&lt;code&gt;b:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:39, 19 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29127690 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Corallite]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) - ZooKeys-227-001-g004.jpeg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''corallite''' is the skeletal cup, formed by an individual stony coral polyp, in which the polyp sits and into which it can retract. The cup is composed of aragonite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and is secreted by the polyp. Corallites vary in size, but in most colonial corals they are less than 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-35 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: &lt;code&gt;width: fit-content&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;code&gt;ruby-align&lt;/code&gt;; relative units such as &lt;code&gt;lh&lt;/code&gt;; and custom strings in &lt;code&gt;list-style-type&lt;/code&gt;. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619]
* On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455]
* Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240]
* Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. &lt;code&gt;rc_new&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rc_type&lt;/code&gt; are being removed in favor of &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt;. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt; instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] 
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:13, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29175124 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-36 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Diksam Plateau]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Dixam plateau (6407168437).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Diksam Plateau''' or Dixam Plateau (Arabic: دكسم) is a limestone plateau in Socotra, Yemen. The Firmihin forest, located east of the Dirhur canyon within the plateau, has the highest concentration of Dragon's Blood Trees on the entire island. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-36 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki]
* The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as &quot;Templates used on this page,&quot; will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066]
* On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the &lt;code&gt;Special:RecentChanges&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Special:Watchlist&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;Special:RelatedChanges&lt;/code&gt; pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions now has a new capability called &quot;lightweight enumeration types&quot;, an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more.
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions:
** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&amp;t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these].
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:51, 1 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29196010 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Ttongsul]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ja:トンスル]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Ttongsul (imitation).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''ttongsul''' (똥술), o vino di feci, è una tradizionale preparazione medicinale coreana con gradazione alcolica al 9% a base di feci, solitamente umane e preferibilmente di bambino. Nato probabilmente traendo spunto dalla medicina tradizionale cinese, nelle credenze popolari il vino di feci avrebbe proprietà benefiche per molti tipi di malesseri: sarebbe un rimedio per dolori muscolari, ustioni, infiammazioni, epilessia e fratture ossee.

Sebbene alcuni media occidentali abbiano in passato riportato che questa bevanda sia diffusa tra la popolazione coreana, al giorno d'oggi un numero molto limitato di persone ne fa uso, dopo aver subito un declino di popolarità nei secoli scorsi, tanto che la maggioranza dei giovani coreani non ne ha mai sentito parlare.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:28, 8 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-37 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] 
* Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698]
* Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:15, 9 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29238161 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-38 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pak Kum-chol]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pak Kum-chol in 1961 (cropped).jpg|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pak Kum-chol''' was a North Korean politician. Having been a guerrilla during the anti-Japanese struggle, he became a high-ranking politician after the liberation of Korea. Pak aligned himself with his former guerrilla brothers in arms from the Kapsan Operation Committee to form a faction within the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) called the &quot;Kapsan faction&quot;. This faction sought to replace Kim Il Sung with Pak. Kim retaliated by purging the faction in 1967 in what is known as the Kapsan faction incident. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 15 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-38 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* References lists that are made using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941]
* Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]].
* Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including:
** for the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;) and end-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599]
** for both &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;insource:&lt;/code&gt; keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\d&lt;/code&gt;), whitespace (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\s&lt;/code&gt;), and word characters (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\w&lt;/code&gt;); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\r&lt;/code&gt;), newline (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\n&lt;/code&gt;), tab (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\t&lt;/code&gt;), and unicode (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\uHHHH&lt;/code&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212]
* When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]].
* Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288]
* The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets.
* Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. 
* A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:08, 15 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29263921 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Federation of Central America (1921–1922)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Federación de Centro América (1921-1922)]])&amp;#32;([[:ar:اتحاد أمريكا الوسطى (1921-1922)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Central America's Northern Triangle (orthographic projection).png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Federation of Central America''' (Spanish: Federación de Centro América)[1] was a short-lived federal republic that existed in Central America between 1921 and 1922. The federation consisted of the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:45, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-39 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ &quot;Listen to Wikipedia&quot;] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator.
* A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#contentmodel}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254]
* Adding or editing a &lt;code&gt;DISPLAYTITLE&lt;/code&gt; for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would no longer have the literal text &quot;DISPLAYTITLE&quot; or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. 
* Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:56, 22 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29305556 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Palazzo delle Poste (Latina)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Postelittoria2.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Palazzo delle Poste''', fino al 1945 Ricevitoria Postelegrafonica di Littoria, è un edificio postale di Latina, situato in piazzale dei Bonificatori.

Costruito nel 1932 in stile razionalista con influenze futuriste, riscontrabili nell'utilizzo di ampie superfici vetrate e di volumi verticali, oltre che per la presenza di l’utilizzo di materiali e scelte di design molto in voga all'epoca come, come i mattoni a vista, il travertino di Tivoli e l'Anticorodal (una lega di alluminio), ospita l'ufficio postale Latina Centro. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 29 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29341788 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-40 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]].
* As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]].
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]].
* On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563]
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test.
* The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with &lt;code&gt;sp-contributions-blocked-notice&lt;/code&gt;] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with &lt;code&gt;blocked-notice-logextract&lt;/code&gt;] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed.
* There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[ ] |&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; after the fragment identifier (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|&lt;code&gt;q:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]&lt;/code&gt; function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once.
* A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:54, 29 September 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29355230 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-41 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Majed Abu Maraheel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Majed Abu Maraheel''' was a Palestinian long-distance runner, football player, security officer, and athletics coach, who was the first Palestinian to compete at the Olympic Games. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:48, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-41 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects.
'''Updates for editors'''
* Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), instead of via a redirect to an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;creationdate:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;lasteditdate:&lt;/code&gt;, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&gt;2024&lt;/code&gt;) and relative dates (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;today-1d&lt;/code&gt;), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593]
* [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402]
* An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The field &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rev_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the revision database table is being removed in favor of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;content_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the &lt;code&gt;rest.php&lt;/code&gt; path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:24, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29400897 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Abortion in Eritrea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In Eritrea, abortion is banned except on the grounds of pregnancy from rape or incest, pregnancy of a minor, or risk to physical or mental health. Legal abortions require medical or judicial approval. Prior to Eritrea's independence, it applied Ethiopia's abortion law of the 1950s, which banned abortion unless life-saving. After independence, the 1991 penal code adapted this law to lift punishments on abortions on the grounds of rape, incest, or risk to life or health, but legal abortions did not exist in effect. The penal codes of 2001 and 2015 required physicians to prove health grounds for abortion. Unsafe abortion is common and contributes to maternal mortality in Eritrea. Post-abortion care is unavailable in some regions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:06, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-42 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. 

'''Updates for editors'''

* Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579]
* This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095]
* Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:00, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29434481 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Auschwitz Liberated January 1945.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazis' &quot;Final Solution&quot; to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Soviet Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Although most of the prisoners had been forced onto a death march, about 7,000 had been left behind. The Soviet soldiers attempted to help the survivors and were shocked at the scale of Nazi crimes. The date is recognized as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-43 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;rest.php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]].
* Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:37, 20 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29478670 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Black Diaries]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Black Diaries''' are diaries purported to have been written by the Irish revolutionary Roger Casement, which contained accounts of homosexual liaisons with young men. They cover the years 1903, 1910 and 1911 (two) and were handed in to Scotland Yard after his capture in April 1916. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:51, 27 October 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-44 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]].
* Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]].
* The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/]
* Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures.
* A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]].
* Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 27 October 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29513638 --&gt;
|}

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Consolations (Liszt)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Franz Liszt - Consolation No. 3, Lento placido.ogg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Consolations''', S. 171a/172 (German: Tröstungen) are a set of six solo piano works by Franz Liszt. The compositions take the musical style of nocturnes with each having its own distinctive style. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:52, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-45 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958]
* For users with &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools &quot;{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}&quot; widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778]
* Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861]
* Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as &quot;Get shortened URL&quot;. There are 30 wikis that also install an older &quot;ShortUrl&quot; extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;class=&quot;title-shortlink&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188]
* On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board.
* MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 3 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29552512 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Marine coastal ecosystem]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Vegetation and fauna processes controlling benthic biogeochemical fluxes.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''marine coastal ecosystem''' is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the continental shelves, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity.

For example, estuaries are areas where freshwater rivers meet the saltwater of the ocean, creating an environment that is home to a wide variety of species, including fish, shellfish, and birds. Salt marshes are coastal wetlands which thrive on low-energy shorelines in temperate and high-latitude areas, populated with salt-tolerant plants such as cordgrass and marsh elder that provide important nursery areas for many species of fish and shellfish. Mangrove forests survive in the intertidal zones of tropical or subtropical coasts, populated by salt-tolerant trees that protect habitat for many marine species, including crabs, shrimp, and fish. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:54, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29584005 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-46 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264]
* MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347]
* Using the &quot;{{int:showpreview}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:showdiff}}&quot; buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097]
* Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454]
* The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment]
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called &quot;Image browsing&quot; to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28.
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://meta.wikimedia.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from &lt;code&gt;&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;mw:&lt;identity type&gt;:&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;&lt;identity type&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is typically &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;CentralAuth:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;!-- not a typo --&gt; (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;local:&lt;wiki id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the &lt;code&gt;sessionJwt&lt;/code&gt; cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$9&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or emailing other users &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;10&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612]
* A &lt;code&gt;REL1_45&lt;/code&gt; branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/]
* The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:38, 10 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29606150 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Elephant communication]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Three elephant's curly kisses.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Elephants communicate''' via touching, visual displays, vocalisations, seismic vibrations, and semiochemicals. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29627457 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-47 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November.
* Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]].
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|&lt;code&gt;s:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''&quot;Report Visual Bug&quot;'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
* Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;hackathon@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:27, 17 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29627455 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Animal-made art]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Painting Queen 1024x768.png|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Animal-made art''' consists of works by non-human animals, that have been considered by humans to be artistic, including visual works, music, photography, and videography. Some of these are created naturally by animals, often as courtship displays, while others are created with human involvement.

There have been debates about the copyright status of these works, with the United States Copyright Office stating in 2014 that works that lack human authorship cannot have their copyright registered at the US Copyright Office. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29627457 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-48 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the &quot;DWIM&quot; (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;und&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;cxfcnmt&lt;/span&gt;'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;ru&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;счастье&lt;/span&gt;'' (&quot;happiness&quot;) that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734]
* Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}&quot; preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
*  Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;format=xml'''&amp;xlst={stylesheet}'''&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/]
* The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Main graph or &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:57, 24 November 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29702226 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Halachic state]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The term &quot;'''halachic state'''&quot; (Hebrew: מְדִינַת הֲלָכָה‎ Medīnat Hălāḵā) refers to a sovereign state that endorses Judaism in an official capacity and governs by Jewish religious law. It has been a subject of discussion among Orthodox Jews, particularly with regard to modern Israel, which, although a Jewish state, is not classified as a theocracy. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 08:01, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-49 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]].
* The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476]
* Two new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|&lt;code&gt;w:tok:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|&lt;code&gt;q:pcm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:58, 1 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29732328 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ru:Сто лошадей]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:One Hundred Horses]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:A_Hundred_Steeds.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''One Hundred Horses''''' (Chinese: 百駿圖) is a Qing dynasty silk and ink painting by Giuseppe Castiglione. It was painted in 1728 for the Yongzheng emperor. The painting depicts a hundred horses in a variety of poses and activities, combining Western realism with traditional Chinese composition and brushwork.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:29, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-50 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Latn&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''bedniereba''&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Cyrl&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''бедниереба''&lt;/bdi&gt; will now suggest the existing article about &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ბედნიერება&lt;/bdi&gt; (&quot;happiness&quot;). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development.
* Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project.
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025.
* A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711]
* Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:46, 8 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29738112 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:First Universal Races Congress]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Premier Congrès universel des races]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Universal Races Congress seated outside the entrance to the Imperial Institute, London, 1911.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''First Universal Races Congress''' met in 1911 for four days at the University of London as an early effort at anti-racism. Speakers from a number of countries discussed race relations and how to improve them. The congress, with 2,100 attendees, was organised by prominent humanists of that era. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29779168 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2025-51 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 15 December 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29796010 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pin Malakul]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pin Malakul, January 1922.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pin Malakul''' (24 October 1903 – 5 October 1995) was a Thai professor, educator and writer. His contributions to education in Thailand include the establishment of various institutions of higher education, the introduction of fixed class schedules, and the implementation of teacher-training programmes. In his career he served as Director-General of the Department of General Education, later becoming Permanent Secretary, and Minister, of Education. He was also a member of the executive board of UNESCO. His writings earned him the title of National Artist in 1987, and the 100th anniversary of his birth was celebrated by the UNESCO in 2003 as recognition of his contribution to the advancement of education in Thailand and Southeast Asia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
-[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:26, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2025-52 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324]
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping &quot;First Steps&quot; in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw-interface=&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, to avoid potential conflicts with other &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw&lt;/code&gt; attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.
'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:46, 22 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Morning of the Magicians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Le Matin des magiciens, couverture.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''The Morning of the Magicians: Introduction to Fantastic Realism''''' (French: Le Matin des magiciens: Introduction au réalisme fantastique) is a 1960 book by the journalists Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier. It covers topics like cryptohistory, ufology, occultism in Nazism, alchemy, spiritual philosophy. The second half of the book is entirely dedicated to the Nazi-Occult connections; the book is widely credited with the proliferation of numerous myths related to occultism in Nazism. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:20, 29 December 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Somaliland War of Independence]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Somaliland, fighters of the Somali National Movement (SNM), 1980s.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Somaliland War of Independence''' was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theater of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the clan-family. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:00, 5 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Pietro Lauro]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Pietro Lauro]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Master I.A.V.F., Pietro Lauro, born 1508, Modenese Poet and Scholar (obverse), 1555, NGA 45072.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pietro Lauro''', conosciuto anche come Pietro Lauro Modonese o Pietro Lauro da Modona (Modena o dintorni, 1510 circa – Venezia, 1568 circa) è stato un traduttore, scrittore e divulgatore scientifico italiano. Nonostante non si conosca gran parte della sua biografia, fu uno dei poligrafi italiani più conosciuti del Cinquecento. La sua produzione raccoglie traduzioni dal latino, dal greco e dallo spagnolo e riguardano opere di autori classici, stranieri e protestanti. Lauro si dimostrò abile nel trattare testi con temi molto diversi, come la filosofia, l'architettura, la medicina, il giardinaggio, l'agronomia, le scienze biologiche, la storia, la teologia e l'astronomia. Si cimentò anche nella scrittura di un poema cavalleresco sullo stile di quelli spagnoli, il Polendo, sua magnum opus in questo senso.

Aderente alla Riforma protestante, sebbene le sue trasposizioni siano state oggetto di critiche già degli autori a lui contemporanei, che le giudicarono troppo letterali, rozze e imparziali, a Lauro si deve il merito di aver ultimato la traduzione in lingua volgare di numerosi testi sia classici, sia scientifici, sia epistolari. I suoi lavori ebbero una notevole diffusione, non solo tra i letterati veneziani della sua epoca, ma in tutta Italia, tanto che alcune sue traduzioni vengono ancora oggi ristampate in nuove edizioni. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:45, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-03 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:34, 12 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Volto di Palazzo Vecchio]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Piazza della signoria angolo via della ninna, palazzo vecchio, cantonata con testa scolpita 02.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''volto di Palazzo Vecchio''' (conosciuto anche come L'importuno o L'inopportuno) è un incisione su pietraforte attibuita a Michelangelo Buonarroti, scolpita in una delle pietre di Palazzo Vecchio a Firenze.

Secondo le varie leggende, il profilo sarebbe stato realizzato come graffito dall'artista toscano, con soggetto un suo importunatore, un debitore, un condannato a morte o se stesso. Nel 2020, gli studiosi hanno ipotizzato possa invece trattarsi di un ritratto di Francesco Granacci, pittore amico di Michelangelo. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:14, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-04 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:30, 19 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Raffaello Kobayashi]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Raffaello Kobayashi]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Raffaello Kobayashi''', nato Raffaele Sanzio (Bari, 14 gennaio 1917 – Yokohama, 1 aprile 2011), è stato un militare italiano naturalizzato giapponese.

Sommergibilista durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, prestò servizio per tutte e tre le principali Potenze dell'Asse: Regno d'Italia, Germania nazista e Impero giapponese. Alla fine della guerra si nascose in Giappone per evitare di subire l'internamento in un campo di prigionia, divenendo poi cittadino nipponico e cambiando il proprio nome.

Prese parte all'affondamento della HMS Calypso nel 1940, primo successo italiano in campo navale nel corso del conflitto mondiale. Con l'abbattimento di un bombardiere statunitense il 22 agosto 1945, otto giorni dopo il discorso di resa del Giappone alle potenze alleate della seconda guerra mondiale, a bordo del Comandante Cappellini, sarebbe stata l'ultima persona in assoluto a mettere fuori combattimento un velivolo degli Alleati nella stessa guerra. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-05 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:18, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Censorship in the Czech Republic]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:cs:Cenzura v Česku]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Censorship in the Czech Republic''' had been highly active until 17 November 1989 and the fall of Communism in the former Czechoslovakia. Czech Republic was ranked as the 13th most free country in the World Press Freedom Index in 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:32, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-06 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:44, 2 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30000986 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Jacquemart de Hesdin 002.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry''' is an illuminated book of hours commissioned by John, Duke of Berry between 1375 and 1385–90. It is known for its ornate miniature leaves and border decorations. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-07 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:31, 9 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30026671 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lysmata grabhami]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lysmata grabhami1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lysmata grabhami''''' is a species of saltwater shrimp in the family Hippolytidae. It was first described by Gordon in 1935. It occurs in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and is a cleaner shrimp, operating a cleaning station to which fish come to have parasites removed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:45, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-08 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30086330 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Elefante di Cremona]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Elefant von Cremona]])&amp;#32;([[:eo:Elefanto de Cremona]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Matthew Paris Elephant from Parker MS 16 fol 151v.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''elefante di Cremona''' (Asia, prima del 1228 - Parma, gennaio 1248) fu un esemplare di elefante donato nel 1228 a Federico II di Svevia da parte del sultano ayyubide al-Malik al-Kamil durante gli incontri che porteranno alla Pace di Giaffa. Usato principalmente per le manifestazioni trionfali del sovrano, l'elefante è citato da numerosi cronachisti e testimoni dell'epoca ed è noto per aver trainato il Carroccio dopo la grande vittoria delle armate di Federico II nella battaglia di Cortenuova del 1237. Rimasto a lungo nell'immaginario popolare collettivo, l'animale venne ucciso durante alcuni scontri occorsi nelle settimane immediatamente precedenti alla battaglia di Parma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 11:43, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-09 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:04, 23 February 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30119102 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Treaty of the Danish West Indies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:The Virgin islands of the United States of America; historical and descriptive, commercial and industrial facts, figures, and resources (1918) (14596880870).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Treaty of the Danish West Indies''' (Danish: Vestindiens traktat), officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Konventionen mellem USA og Danmark), was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold ($722 million in 2024) and a declaration from the United States that it would &quot;not object to the Danish Government extending their political and economic interests to the whole of Greenland&quot;. It is one of the most recent permanent expansions of United States territory.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-10 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:52, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30137798 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Steens Mountain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Steens Mountain near Andrews, Oregon.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Steens Mountain''' is a large fault-block mountain in the northwest United States, located in Harney County, Oregon. Stretching some fifty miles (80 km) north to south, on its east side it rises from the Alvord Desert at an elevation of about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) to 9,738 feet (2,968 m) at the summit. Steens Mountain is not part of a mountain range but is properly a single mountain, the largest of Oregon's fault-block mountains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 07:30, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-11 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Casque (anatomy)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''casque''' is an anatomical feature found in some species of birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In birds, it is an enlargement of the bones of the upper mandible or the skull, either on the front of the face, the top of the head, or both. The casque has been hypothesized to serve as a visual cue to a bird's sex, state of maturity, or social status; as reinforcement to the beak's structure; or as a resonance chamber, enhancing calls. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-12 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:36, 16 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30260505 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Etruscan sculpture]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frontone A del grande tempio di luni con concilio degli dei, 175-150 ac. ca. 01.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Etruscan sculpture''' was one of the most important artistic expressions of the Etruscan people, who inhabited the regions of Northern Italy and Central Italy between about the 9th century BC and the 1st century BC. Etruscan art was largely a derivation of Greek art, although developed with many characteristics of its own. Given the almost total lack of Etruscan written documents, a problem compounded by the paucity of information on their language—still largely undeciphered—it is in their art that the keys to the reconstruction of their history are to be found, although Greek and Roman chronicles are also of great help. Like its culture in general, Etruscan sculpture has many obscure aspects for scholars, being the subject of controversy and forcing them to propose their interpretations always tentatively, but the consensus is that it was part of the most important and original legacy of Italian art and even contributed significantly to the initial formation of the artistic traditions of ancient Rome. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:07, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30245038 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-13 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pulse (nightclub)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Orlando FL Pulse Nightclub01.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pulse''' was a gay bar, dance club, and nightclub in Orlando, Florida, founded in 2004 by Barbara Poma and Ron Legler. On June 12, 2016, the club was the scene of the second-deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in U.S. history, and the second-deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks. Forty-nine people were killed and 58 other people were injured. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30306870 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-14 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:26, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30329462 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Tofana di Rozes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Tofana di Rozes 04.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Tofana di Rozes''' (3,225 metres (10,581 ft)) is a mountain of the Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Veneto, Italy. Located west of the resort of Cortina d'Ampezzo, the mountain's giant three-edged pyramid shape and its vertical south face, above the Falzarego Pass, makes it the most popular peak in the Tofane group, and one of the most popular in the Dolomites. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:27, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30306870 --&gt;

== Tech News: 2026-15 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Very-low-calorie diet]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Green smoothie (8222465502).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''very-low-calorie diet''' (VLCD), also known as semistarvation diet and crash diet, is a type of diet with very or extremely low daily food energy consumption. VLCDs are defined as a diet of 800 kilocalories (3,300 kJ) per day or less. Modern medically supervised VLCDs use total meal replacements, with regulated formulations in Europe and Canada which contain the recommended daily requirements for vitamins, minerals, trace elements, fatty acids, protein and electrolyte balance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:56, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-16 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chromodoris willani]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Babosa de mar (Chromodoris willani), Anilao, Filipinas, 2023-08-24, DD 34.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Chromodoris willani''''', commonly known as Willan's chromodoris, is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae. The species is named for the renowned nudibranch taxonomist Dr. Richard C. Willan. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:34, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-17 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:01, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30432763 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Platypus venom]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Platypus spur.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The platypus is one of the few living mammals to produce venom. The venom is made in venom glands that are connected to hollow spurs on their hind legs; it is primarily made during the mating season.[1] While the venom's effects are described as extremely painful, it is not lethal to humans. Many archaic mammal groups possess similar tarsal spurs, so it is thought that, rather than having developed this characteristic uniquely, the platypus simply inherited this characteristic from its ancestors. Rather than being a unique outlier, the platypus is the last demonstration of what was once a common mammalian characteristic, and it can be used as a model for non-therian mammals and their venom delivery and properties. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
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== Tech News: 2026-18 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30458046 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7gdylhpvl811ls2lotu4g26f0tsg3fw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The History of the Armenians (Movses Khorenatsi)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>452560</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632809</id>
      <parentid>4624555</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T19:15:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>David Allencourt</username>
        <id>3424384</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Using the more common name for this mountain</comment>
      <origin>4632809</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="132352" sha1="lr02chr5z3bsxg44ur0tkbjzuz0rc1r" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;Translated by David Allencourt&lt;/big&gt;'''

== Introduction ==


Movses Khorenatsi is, in many ways, the image of a perfect ancient historian. He consulted the best sources available, very frequently identifies his specific sources for information (placing him even above the celebrated Greek historian Thucydides, who rarely informs us of his specific sources – a bad habit of ancient Greco-Roman historians as a group), freely tells us when he is uncertain as to the truth of a piece of information or lacks reliable information on a subject altogether. He tells us when sources disagree on a matter, and unlike Greco-Roman historians, outright refuses to engage in practice of &quot;speech-in-character&quot;, where the historian will invent a speech that gets the gist of what the person actually said, as he explicitly tells us.&lt;ref name =&quot;Book3chapter65&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khorenatsi |first1=Movses |title=The History of the Armenians |location=Book 3, chapter 65}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;

Movses Khorenatsi was born in the early 400’s AD and died in the late 400’s AD. He was a pupil of Mesrop Mashtots, the very inventor of the Armenian alphabet, making Khorenatsi’s work among the earliest written in Armenian. His teacher Mesrop Mashtots sent him to Alexandria in Egypt for further learning.&lt;ref name=&quot;Book3Chapter61&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khorenatsi |first1=Movses |title=The History of the Armenians |location=Book 3, chapter 61}}&lt;/ref&gt; Along the way to Egypt he studied also in the archive of Edessa and in Israel.&lt;ref name =&quot;Book3Chapter62&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khorenatsi |first1=Movses |title=The History of the Armenians |location=Book 3, chapter 62}}&lt;/ref&gt; On his return trip he went to Rome, then Athens, and then Byzantium as well&lt;ref name=&quot;Book3Chapter62&quot; /&gt;, returning to Armenia not long after his teacher had died.&lt;ref name=&quot;Book3Chapter68&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khorenatsi |first1=Movses |title=The History of the Armenians |location=Book 3, chapter 68}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later the Armenian prince Sahak, of the Bagratuni noble house, commissioned him to write a history of Armenia from the beginning until the present.

A meticulous care for accuracy and truth constantly shines throughout Khorenatsi’s work, and allowed him to be astoundingly accurate. Showing what borders on an obsession with the most ancient of archives, and sources that had consulted them (or had access to those that had), Movses was able to be supremely accurate even about the supremely distant past. 

An example of archaeology uncovering an inscription which supports Movses Khorenatsi’s reports is to be found at Garni. Movses Khorenatsi reports of Garni that:

&quot;About this time, Tiridates completed building the fortress of Garni. It was made of expertly cut hard granite which was reinforced with iron and mortared with lead. In it he built a residence for his sister Khosrovidukht which was shady, decorated with carvings, and had marvelous sculptures and towering constructs.&quot;&lt;ref name =&quot;Book2chapter90&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khorenatsi |first1=Movses |title=The History of the Armenians |location=Book 2, chapter 90}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In 1945, an inscription was discovered at the site, which read:
&quot;Tiridates the Great of Greater Armenia, having as its lord subdued this city, founded for his sister, the queen, this impregnable fortress, to safeguard his kingdom, in his eleventh regnal year.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garni inscription text&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Lendering |first1=Jona |title=Garni, Greek Inscription |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/gorneae-garni/garni-greek-inscription/ |website=Livius}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Movses’ incredible accuracy is shown not just in archeology, but even today by the other sciences. An article in the New York Times in 2015 discusses how &quot;Movses Khorenatsi, a historian in the fifth century, wrote that his native Armenia had been established in 2492 B.C., a date usually regarded as legendary though he claimed to have traveled to Babylon and consulted ancient records. But either he made a lucky guess or he really did gain access to useful data, because a new genomic analysis suggests that his date is entirely plausible.
Geneticists have scanned the genomes of 173 Armenians from Armenia and Lebanon and compared them with those of 78 other populations from around the world. They found that the Armenians are a mix of ancient populations whose descendants now live in Sardinia, Central Asia and several other regions. This formative mixture occurred from 3000 to 2000 B.C., the geneticists calculated, coincident with Movses Khorenatsi’s date for the founding of Armenia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last= Wade|first= Nicholas|date= March 10, 2015|title= Date of Armenia’s Birth, Given in 5th Century, Gains Credence|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/science/study-backs-5th-century-historians-date-for-founding-of-armenia.html|work= The New York Times|access-date=March 5, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Not only his factual writing, but his literary style as well is a thing to be celebrated. The prominent Armenian author Aram Raffi writes that:
&quot;Moses of Khorene attempted to write the history of two or three thousand years...weaving his materials in such a way as to produce a vivid and life-like picture, tinged with the colours of all the centuries which he depicts...his style is simple and picturesque. Every event recorded by him becomes beautiful, noble, and great. There is not a paragraph, not a sentence, which falls below the general level of the work. The History is a marvellous panorama, which, as it unfolds, fills us with ever fresh wonder and admiration.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last= Aram|first= Raffi|date= |title= Armenian Drama and Heroic Poems|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WmPnAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA190&amp;lpg=PA190|magazine= The New Armenia|location= Page 190|publisher= The New Armenia Publishing Company}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Indeed, his work is such an achievement that today the highest cultural award of the Republic of Armenia, awarded by the president himself, is the Movses Khorenatsi medal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Herant Markarian Receives the Movses Khorenatsi Medal, the Highest Cultural Award of the Republic of Armenia (USA) |url=https://hamazkayin.com/en/news/%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4-%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%A1%D6%82-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5/ |website=Hamazkayin}}&lt;/ref&gt;, awarded for cultural, artistic, and literary achievement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Medal of Movses Khorenatsi |url=https://www.president.am/en/medals/18/ |publisher=The Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Unfortunately, a translation can only be as eloquent as the translator, and it is my chiefest regret that while I can reproduce the information in Khorenatsi’s history, reproducing the elegance which makes it a piece of world-class literature in its own right escapes me. However, the existing standard translation by Robert Thomson is out-of-print, available nowhere online, and has been harshly criticized in the strongest terms as &quot;biased and anti-scientific&quot;, with even a suggestion of Thomson &quot;intentionally aiming to mislead the reader&quot; in his translation being raised&lt;ref&gt;Gasparyan, S., &amp; Gasparyan, L. (2019). On Translational “Lacunas” in the English Translation of “The History of Armenia” by Movses Khorenatsi. Armenian Folia Anglistika, 15(1 (19), 191–211. https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/2019.15.1.191&lt;/ref&gt;; and part of his translation described as &quot;tantamount to corrupting the text&quot;.&lt;ref name =&quot;Soultanian HAMK&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Soultanian |first1=Gabriel |title=The History of the Armenians and Mosēs Khorenats'i |date=2011 |publisher=Bennett &amp; Bloom |isbn=978-1-898948-13-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|9}} It appears that Robert Thomson did not conduct himself as a translator with the same integrity with which Movses Khorenatsi conducted himself as a researcher and writer, with Soultanian describing Khorenatsi as a writer by saying that &quot;when one considers that this man created...a complete history, employed an honest attitude at all times and never sought to mislead the reader, I cannot but admire his genius&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Soultanian HAMK&quot; /&gt;{{rp|9-10}}. As such the need for a new version which was not only accessible but accurate became clear, whatever potential shortcomings I may have in reproducing the literary beauty of Movses Khorenatsi's writing into English.

So it is with great pleasure that I present, for the first time in a freely-available English version, Movses Khorenatsi's History of the Armenians.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1''': &lt;small&gt;Thucydides, for instance, is described by the Encyclopedia Britannica as the &quot;greatest of ancient Greek historians&quot;.&lt;ref name =&quot;Britannica Thucydides&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gomme |first1=Arnold |title=Thucydides |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thucydides-Greek-historian |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc |access-date=5 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thucydides states in book 1, chapter 22 of his History of the Peloponnesian War that &quot;With reference to the speeches in this history...some I heard myself, others I got from various quarters; it was in all cases difficult to carry them word for word in one's memory, so my habit has been to make the speakers say what was in my opinion demanded of them by the various occasions, of course adhering as closely as possible to the general sense of what they really said&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thucydides |title=History of the Peloponnesian War |location=Book 1, chapter 22 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Contrast this with Movses Khorenatsi, who, after reporting that one Sahak gave a great speech to the Persian king and his court, writes that &quot;if anyone says that I ought to write down what the great Sahak said in his public speech to the Persians, let them know that its contents have never been brought to me with completeness and accuracy, and that I am not willing to fabricate one in this history.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Book3chapter65&quot; /&gt;
Further, Britannica notes for Thucydides that “in the course of his narrative (except for the pestilence of 430 and his command in 424) he never gives his [source] for a statement. He does not say which of the speeches he actually heard, which of the other campaigns he took part in, what places he visited, or what persons he consulted”.&lt;ref name =&quot;Britannica Thucydides&quot; /&gt; The difference between this and Khorenatsi will become immediately apparent as you read Khorenatsi’s work, where you will regularly encounter sources being cited and discussed.&lt;/small&gt;

-----

'''THE HISTORY OF THE ARMENIANS'''&lt;br&gt;

'''IN THREE PARTS'''&lt;br&gt;

'''RECOUNTED BY'''&lt;br&gt;

'''MOVSES KHORENATSI'''&lt;br&gt;

'''AT THE REQUEST OF SAHAK BAGRATUNI'''

&lt;small&gt;[In the original, the table of contents follows this heading, which is unnecessary to duplicate here due to Wikibooks' formatting]&lt;/small&gt;

== Book 1: Genealogy of the Great Houses of Armenia ==

===Chapter 1: Replying to Sahak's letter promising to execute his request===

From Movses Khorenatsi to Sahak Bagratuni, I bid you greetings at the beginning of this history of our people.

It gladdens me to meet your Excellency’s request, and that you would make such a noble request speaks to the work of the divine grace of the Holy Ghost upon your understanding. Thus I praise you, and I pray that so praiseworthy you remain. 

It is said that we are the image of God by virtue of our intellect. And so, with this virtuous intellectual venture, you show your godliness. I say that the Mind that has created all minds rejoices at your being driven in this goal of creating a history of our people by passionate, and yet tempered, enthusiasm.

This is especially to your credit since the Nobles and the royalty who came before us – even those in our own lifetime – never patronized the creation of a history of the nation. Not from the wise men under them, not from the wise men around them. So you prove yourself to be greater than all of them, truly worthy of the highest praise etched in this record of your own creation.

So, gladly receiving your request to compose this first history of our nation, I will endeavor to complete it as a monument for you for your family in the future. For your family line stretches far back into the ancient past, and has been prolific in deeds both wise and brave. We will see these as I trace the genealogies from father to son in the course of this history. Indeed, I will record briefly but accurately the history of all of the Armenian noble families, since these are recorded in the histories of the Greeks.

===Chapter 2: If you want to know why I want to show these things about us from Greek sources even though Babylonian&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; and Assyrian writings discuss us more often===

One should not be surprised by this. It is true that many nations, especially the Persians and the Babylonians, have produced works of history which include accounts of events in Armenia. But I just mentioned only the Greeks for a good reason. The Greek kings were diligent in creating and maintaining scholarly works of their own and of other nations. Like Ptolemy Philadelphius, who took great pains to have the books of all nations translated into Greek.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt;

(And before anyone says that I'm some ignoramus because I just used someone who was king of Egypt as an example for kings of Greece, I’m well aware that he was king of Egypt. But after his conquests in Greece he was hailed as the king of Alexandria and the king of the Greeks, something that none of the other rulers of Egypt, not even any of the other Ptolemies, was ever called. And it was because of how Greek he was that he collected those aforementioned literary works in Greek. There are plenty of other reasons like these that I’ve called him a king of the Greeks, but to keep things brief let's move on.)

Getting back to the Greek sources, acclaimed Greek scholars translated the royal and temple archives of other nations into Greek, like we find with the Babylonian scholar Berossus. 
Not only those, but they found the greatest works of the nations and translated them into Greek: whether it was astronomy from the Babylonians, geometry from the Egyptians, mathematics from the Phoenicians, or music from the Thracians.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; These are not anonymous works, we know the names of those who collected and translated the works and dedicated them to the glory of Greece. They should be praised for their wisdom in seeking, receiving, and honoring the wise works of others. Because of this, I would not hesitate to call Greece the mother and the nurse of learning.

So this is why I consider the information reported by Greek historians to be so useful for this history. 

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Or &quot;Chaldean&quot;. Throughout this translation, the word rendered &quot;Babylonian&quot; can generally also be rendered &quot;Chaldean&quot;, including throughout this chapter.

'''Footnote 2:''' Thus creating the famed Library of Alexandria

'''Footnote 3:''' The meaning of this sentence is uncertain. In the original it reads &quot;whether it was A from the K, T from the P, K from the P, or SH from the T&quot;.

===Chapter 3: The unintellectual ways of our former kings and lords===

I don't want to leave the unscholarly habits of our own ancestors without condemnation. No, here at the very beginning of this work I am going to rebuke them, and I'll tell you why. 

The praiseworthy kings are those who recorded the deeds that make them worthy of praise, writing of these deeds and their decrees in histories and inscriptions. The writers of these deeds in books of history and compilers of these deeds in archives should be remembered as being engaged in similarly glorious acts. Through these records, we learn about the course of history and about the state of civilization. We learn these when we consult the wise records and writings of the Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, and Greeks. We aspire to the wisdom of the men who undertook these valiant efforts.

But it's obvious to everyone that, unlike them, our ancestors and kings were negligent and apathetic towards scholarship and intellectual life. Though we may be a small and often conquered nation, our history contains many valiant deeds worthy of record. Yet not a single one of them bothered to have any of these preserved in writing. That's hardly a surprise though, seeing as even self-interest failed to get them to make the effort to record their own legacies.

Now some might say that it isn't their fault because the Armenian alphabet hadn’t yet been introduced, or the lack of Armenian literature at the time, or because they were preoccupied with continuous wars that didn’t give them the chance. These excuses fail, however, since there were plenty of times of peace between wars, and the Persian and Greek scripts were used to write plenty of records: property records at the town, provincial, and family level, legal records and commercial transactions, and especially records of the inheritances of the noble families. All of these are stored and in use in the archives to this day. But just like today, the Armenians of the past apparently had no interest in scholarship or in songs of wisdom. 

But let's say no more about those illiterate lazy barbarians of the past. I am amazed at how fertile your mind is, Sahak. From the beginning of our nation up until the present, you alone have decided to undertake the important work of having a complete history of our people written. And not a terse little summary either – a long and reliable work that provides complete details about our kings and noble families: their genealogies, what deeds they’ve done, which are native Armenian and which descend from immigrants; to record in writing the history of our country from the beginning of nations at Babel until the present.

I am delighted that you have commissioned me to create this glorious tribute. But like Job, I must say: is there a book before me? If only the Armenians had produced works that provide an inerrant history of their history from the very beginning like the Hebrews have! If only it was possible for me to start from the present and work backwards, instead of beginning with the difficult task of starting out with that hardest part, our most very ancient history. I hope someone appreciates the work I put into this. 

As a Christian, I'm not going to bother repeating Pagan babble about the ancient past. I will only do so when it comes to certain times where they and the scriptures are in concord; and when the only sources available are Pagan stories I will only use the reliable portions of them.

===Chapter 4: About the lack of agreement on Adam and other patriarchs by historians===

Starting from Adam, the base of all humanity (though he was more like the peak when you think about it), and the very most ancient times, we should examine why Pagan historians such as Berossus, Polyhistor, and Abydenus all contradict each other and disagree with scripture when it comes to the beginnings of humanity. Whether it’s the Ark and its builder, humanity's other ancestors, or the very origins of the human race, they say a bunch of clearly unreliable nonsense. 

Abydenus for example writes that for Noah &quot;the all-concerned divine designated him as the shepherd and captain of the people&quot;, and later he says “Atrahasis [I.E. Noah] reigned for ten shars”, which is thrity-six thousand years. These historians call Noah by multiple different names and say that he lived for unfathomable amounts of time, though they and scripture are all in agreement on the Flood and its destruction of the world. They also agree with each other and with scripture that the number of patriarchs prior to the Flood was ten, including &quot;Xisutra&quot; (yet another name for Noah). 

Their various chronologies of the ancient past cannot be reconciled. They measure the years differently than we do, and their methods differs either from our or the Bible's solar year or the Egyptian lunar year. Their vast spans of time can't be made to line up even if you count months as &quot;years&quot;; the counts still wind up with significant differences. 

It might be best if I just write down what each of them gives, but I'll cut to the chase and give the accurate chronology. 

Adam was the first man. When he was two-hundred and thirty years old, he had Seth.&lt;br&gt;
When Seth was two-hundred and five, he had Enosh. Josephus reports that he can be credited with two monuments inscribed with prophecies, but these are now lost.&lt;br&gt;
Genesis says that Enosh was the first of the patriarchs to call on the name of God with hope. Let’s take a moment to take a look at what this means. Afterall, Adam was directly created by God, and God directly spoke to him both when He commanded him and when He castigated him for breaking His command. Abel was close to God as well, sacrificing to Him and having his sacrifice accepted. So what does it mean when it says that Enosh was the first to call on God?&lt;br&gt;
There are a variety of opinions on this, so let me give you mine. Evil got to the first man and so he was kicked out of Eden and cast away from God. Then the son of his that was closest to God was murdered by his own brother. After this God took no further direct actions and did not provide any revelations, and the human race fell into a dejected state of wickedness and doubt. But where those of his time had wickedness and doubt, Enosh had righteousness and hope.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Afterall, when it says he was the first to “call” on the name of the Lord, this can be interpreted in two ways. Either as him being the first to use God’s name after it had been forgotten, or the first to call upon God for help. It can’t be that God’s name had been forgotten since there hadn’t been enough time for this; Adam himself who was directly created by God was still alive. So it’s referring to how Enosh would call upon God to help him.

When Enosh was 190 he had Kenan. When Kenan was 170 he had Mahalalel. When Mahalalel was 165 he had Jared. When Jared was 162 he had Enoch.&lt;br&gt; 
When Enoch was 165 he had Methuselah. After he had Methuselah he a pleasing life for two hundred more years. He was then taken away from the wicked by One whom pleasant lives please. We’ll look at why in a little bit.&lt;br&gt;
When Methuselah was 165 he had Lamech. When Lamech was 188 he had Noah.

'''A NOTE ABOUT NOAH'''

Now Scripture here breaks from the pattern of the earlier genealogy. Instead of just saying “so-and-so begat so-and-so”, it says Lamech “had a son”, and that Lamech called this son Noah. I believe it does this to highlight the prediction Lamech made about this son, and the irony of its fulfillment. 

When Noah was born, Lamech made what turned out to be a rather ironic prediction. Lamech said of his new son that “he will give us rest from our work, and relieve us from the sorrow of our hands, caused by the ground which God has cursed”. 

Which, there would be no rest, but at one time annihilation over the earth. Here's my opinion: to &quot;rest&quot; means to stop, and what was stopped was the wickedness and evil of the diabolical vile men of the second age. He quite finely put it: &quot;from our work&quot;, which was injustice, &quot;and from the sorrow of our hands&quot;, with which we do filth. 

But yet a small number&lt;sup&gt;Note 2&lt;/sup&gt; would rest truly in accordance with the prophecy: not all men, but instead those souls of perfect virtue, when those mad with evil in Noah's time were, all in the same manner, deleted clean by a torrent.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt;

So scripture uniquely honors Noah with the title of &quot;son&quot; in this genealogy, a worthy and noteworthy heir to the values his righteous ancestors held.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' I believe that if Khorenatsi were writing in modern English he might render the thought expressed here as “So when the world first fell into disbelief, Enosh was the first to contrast disbelief with faith; and in the first age that saw despair, Enosh was the first to contrast it with hope. The true hope, hope in God.” 

'''Footnote 2:''' The meaning of the single Classical Armenian word rendered here as &quot;a small number&quot; is uncertain 

'''Footnote 3:''' Were Khorenatsi writing this in modern English, I believe he might have written this as “This rest from their works came alright – but this rest was no sweet vacation, it was eternal slumber. ‘Rest’, after all, in my reading means to stop doing something, and the people of this time sure stopped their wicked work and the debased labor of their hands when all of it was destroyed by the Flood.

It’s like a river. The righteous like Noah get real rest floating gently down it in their boat, while the evil are washed away and get their ‘rest’ in their watery grave.”

===Chapter 5: The genealogies of Noah's three sons down to Abraham, Ninus and Aram. We'll see that Ninus isn’t related to Bel, &quot;Ninus&quot; isn't another name for Bel and Ninus was not his father.===

No one would deny that investigating extremely ancient times is a challenge. That goes double for teasing out the lineages of Noah’s sons. Particularly because Scripture singles out one specific nation to give a detailed genealogy of, the others being deemed unworthy of inclusion.

We’ll begin with what Scripture says, as far as it can take us. Then we’ll examine what we’ve found to be reliable along these lines in the ancient tales, to include on my part only what is fully accurate.

So let’s be impressed together at how well the genealogies of Abraham, Ninus, and Aram line up. It’s actually pretty neat.

According to Scripture, Shem was one hundred years old when he had Arphaxad, who was born two years after the Flood. 

'''Shem’s Descendants'''

Shem had Arphaxad when he was 100.&lt;br&gt;
Arphaxad had Cainan when he was 135.&lt;br&gt;
Cainan had Shelah when he was 120. &lt;br&gt;
Shelah had Eber when he was 130.&lt;br&gt;
Eber had Peleg when he was 134.&lt;br&gt;
Peleg had Reu when he was 133.&lt;br&gt;
Reu had Serug when he was 130.&lt;br&gt;
Serug had Nahor when he was 130.&lt;br&gt;
Nahor had Terah when he was 79.&lt;br&gt;
Terah had Abraham when he was 70.&lt;br&gt;

'''Ham’s Descendants'''

Ham was the father of Cush.&lt;br&gt;
Cush was the father of Mizraim.&lt;br&gt;
Mizraim was the father of Nimrod.&lt;br&gt;
Nimrod was the father of Bab.&lt;br&gt;
Bab was the father of Anebis.&lt;br&gt;
Anebis was the father of Arbel.&lt;br&gt;
Arbel was the father of Khayal.&lt;br&gt;
Khayal was the father of Arbel II.&lt;br&gt;
Arbel II was the father of Ninus.&lt;br&gt;
Ninus was the father of Ninyas.

'''Japheth’s Descendants'''

Japheth was the father of Gomer.&lt;br&gt;
Gomer was the father of Tiras.&lt;br&gt;
Tiras was the father of Togarmah.&lt;br&gt;
Togarmah was the father of Hayk.&lt;br&gt;
Hayk was the father of Aramaneak.&lt;br&gt;
Aramaneak was the father of Aramais.&lt;br&gt;
Aramais was the father of Amasya.&lt;br&gt;
Amasya was the father of Gelam.&lt;br&gt;
Gelam was the father of Harma.&lt;br&gt;
Harma was the father of Aram.&lt;br&gt;
Aram was the father of Ara the Handsome.&lt;br&gt;

In Shem’s line, all the historical sources put Cainan as the fourth from Noah and third from Shem. Same with Tiras in Japheth’s line: they have him the fourth from Noah and third from Japheth, though he isn’t listed in the Armenian translation of the Biblical text here.&lt;br&gt; 
Similarly, Mizraim isn’t listed fourth from Noah or third from Ham in our Armenian translation of the Biblical text or most of the genealogies elsewhere. Instead, my source for that is a well-researched Syrian source which is quite reliable.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; Afterall, Mizraim was the founder of the Egyptian nation. Many historical sources report that Nimrod, also known as Bel, was an Ethiopian&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; so this appears to be correct given that Ethiopia and Egypt are bordering lands.

The years of the life of Ham and his descendants weren’t recorded — or, at least, such records didn’t make their way down to us. Neither is there an accurate record of how long Ninus or Japheth lived. Their genealogies here are reliable however.  Each of the three have eleven generations up to the time of Abraham, Ninus, and our own Aram.&lt;br&gt; 
Ara was twelfth after Ninus and died young. Let no one doubt this since Abydenus, a reliable source in many ways, reports that Ninus was the son of Arbel, son of Khayal, son of Arbel, son of Anebis, son of Bab, son of Bel. Abydenus also gives the genealogy of our own Armenian people from Hayk to Ara the Handsome, who got killed because of Semiramis’ infatuation with him. Abydenus reports: “Ara the Handsome was the son of Aram, the son of Harma, the son of Gelam, the son of Amasya, the son of Aramais, the son of Aramaneak, the son of Hayk. Hayk was the enemy and the killer of Bel.” Abydenus reports this in the section of his work on genealogies.

Some, however, were none too happy about what Abydenus’ work said about who descends from who, and so they sought to suppress that section of his work. The historian Cephalion gives testimony to this sort of practice, saying that “At the beginning of our work, we began writing in detail all of the genealogies from the royal archives. But the kings commanded us to omit all of the nobodies and the scoundrels and only record their brave, wise, and regal ancestors. ‘Don’t waste your time on those others!’, they told me.” He says additional similar stuff.

Anyway, if you ask me, those who say Ninus was Bel’s son or even Bel himself are dead wrong, totally off from the truth. Neither the genealogy nor the chronology fits with this. If you ask me, it seems like someone tried to make the distant ancestors seem more recent in order to make it look like they themselves were more closely related to the great ancestors of the past, thus increasing their own prestige.

This information comes from the Greeks. (Now, yes, I know the Mesopotamians wrote much of this, and did plenty of translating of their own which was sometimes even state-sponsored — such as with Arius and others like him. But the texts come down to us in Greek preserved by Greeks so I said it was learned from the Greeks.)

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1''': Note Movses’ attention to potential textual alteration or corruption. He is aware of it and watchful for it, and judges judiciously among his sources, even biblical text.

'''Footnote 2''': That is, a Cushite. Which Nimrod was as a descendant of Cush.

===Chapter 6: How some historical sources agree and some disagree with the ancient genealogies in the previous chapter. Also a discussion on the ancient oral traditions of the philosopher&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Olympiodorus===

I've given the genealogies of Noah's sons down to Abraham, Ninus, and Aram by compiling, to the best of my ability, what is reliable from many sources. I don't think any thinking person will object to this, except for someone who wants to distort the genealogies because they prefer some legend or another over the truth. 

Whatever, people like that can go for it if that’s what they want. But I know that you, my patron Sahak Bagratuni, are a lover of science. I know you are grateful to me for my vigilance against errors and efforts to find truth. So I will give a brief overview of what alternate accounts some ancient sources give concerning what I narrated in the previous chapter, but bear in mind that I cannot say whether these sources are getting their information from royal archives or whether they’re just making things up and giving whatever names and dates they felt like. 

They have a warped view of the matter, getting some things right and other things wrong. They mistake the first man with the first king and give him a bizarre name and say he had thirty-six thousand years. However as to the number of generations, and the occurrence of a global flood, they agree with my account here. They also describe three great men from before the Tower of Babel fell but after Noah’s ark landed in Armenia. However their accounts are warped in many ways, with the names and other aspects of the actual history changed.

I’ll begin with what’s reported by Berossus Sibyl of.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; I’m a fan of their’s, they are more reliable than most other historians. They wrote that before the tower, and before the human race began speaking multiple languages, and after Xisutra’s voyage to Armenia, the rulers of the earth were Zurvan, Titan, and Japetus. These seem to be Shem, Ham, and Japheth to me.

They continue, saying those had divided the world between them, but Zurvan elevated himself above the other two.&lt;br&gt;
Note that it was Zurvan who Zoroaster the magus, king of Bactria and the Medes, later called the creator and the father of the gods. He composed a bunch of other tales about him, but that’s not what we’re looking at right now. 

They say further when Zurvan seized power, he was planning on putting his sons in power. Titan and Japetus went to war with him. As the war went on, Titan’s forces conquered some of the territory that had been Zurvan’s. During Titan’s offensive, Zurvan, Titan, and Japetus’ sister Ishtar brokered a peace. They agreed that Zurvan would be emperor, but that all of his male children would be killed so that his descendants couldn’t forever rule over their own. So some of Titan’s men were assigned to guard Zurvan’s wives, monitoring them as they gave birth and killing the children if they were males. After two of Zurvan’s newborn sons were killed under this arrangement, Zurvan, Titan, and Japetus’ sister Ishtar and Zurvan’s wives convinced some of Titan’s men to let the other children live and send them to a mountain called Mt. Outcast, now called Mt. Olympus.

Some might consider all of that to just be a bunch of legends, but I think there’s a lot of truth to it. In the section of his work Panarion where he is arguing that God’s judgements are righteous and just, while addressing Israel’s destruction of the nations in Canaan, Epiphanius of Salamis (bishop of Constantia in Cyprus) discusses the history of the matter. He reports that when the lands were initially divided up between Noah’s sons, the region of Palestine was assigned to the descendants of Shem. But then the descendants of Ham attacked and conquered the area. So he says that this reconquest by the Israelites, as descendants of Shem, was preserving the rights of the Semites and restoring their land.
It’s worth noting a potential association between these and the Nephilim and Rephaite peoples that the Bible mentions.

We should also take a quick look at relevant oral traditions on these matters. These were written by several Greek sources as they had been told by their wise men, such as Gorgias, Banan, and David. A philosopher of this group wrote as follows: “Listen to what I’ve learned, elders. While I was studying philosophy in Greece, the wise men discussed geography and how the land was divided between the various peoples. There were various written accounts which were interpreted in various ways by various people. But the wisest, Olympiodorus, said ‘Listen to the oral traditions that are still told in the villages today. They tell tales of a lost book of Xistura and his sons. They say that this book told of how Xisutra in his ship landed upon dry land in Armenia. After this his son Shem began exploring to the northwest. There he came to a small plain near a wide mountain that contained a river running towards the land of Assyria. He stayed in this area for a couple of months and named the mountain Mt. Shem. After this Shem moved on, but the clan of one of his youngest sons - Tarban, with thirty sons and fifteen married daughters – decided to split off and settle there. So Shem named the area Taron and the settlement Tsronk because that is where his crowd first began to shrunk.’ “ It’s also said that he spent some time on the borders of Bactria and one of his sons settled there as well. In the east Shem is known as Zurvan, and that area is known as Zaruand to this day.

Ancient Armenian songs say much the same. Now I’m not saying all of this is necessarily true or false, but in this book I intend to be thorough and review all of the relevant sources on the matter, both oral and written without picking and choosing. That way you can have complete information on the subject, and you can tell that I am not being dishonest.

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'''Footnote 1''': If Khorenatsi were writing in modern English, I believe he may have referred to Olympiodorus more specifically as a folklorist.

'''Footnote 2''': This phrase is interpreted in different ways. Some take it as Khorenatsi referring to Berossus himself, so something like “Berossus, he of the Sibyl”. Soultanian&lt;ref name=&quot;Soultanian HAMK&quot; /&gt;{{rp|95}} argues that Khorenatsi is here referring to Berossus’ daughter. As Classical Armenian is a genderless language, the rest of the text reveals no clues as to which Khorenatsi has in mind. I have translated references to this source in gender-neutral terms and the reader may decide their own thoughts on the matter. So keep in mind that “they” in regards to this source is singular and not plural.&lt;br&gt;
Either way this reflects well on him: Khorenatsi either shows that he chooses top-notch sources here by going to Berossus or he shows how open-minded he is by praising the writing of a female historical source so highly.

===Chapter 7: A discussion of how the person known as Bel in non-Christian sources is Nimrod from the Bible===

Bel was a contemporary of Hayk, ancestor of the Armenians. A lot of different sources say a lot of different things about him, but I believe that Bel and Kronos&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; are Nimrod.&lt;br&gt; 
The Egyptians agree with the geneaology that Moses wrote, their version runs:&lt;br&gt;
Hephaestus, Sol, Kronos&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Which is Ham, Cush, Nimrod; Mizraim is left out. 

The Egyptians say that the first man was Hephaestus, who was also the one who first contrived fire.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; (Much like the story of Prometheus stealing fire from the gods and giving it to mankind this is allegorical, but that’s not really relevant to our history here.)

The order and chronology of the Egyptian genealogy from Hephaestus to the dynasty of the Hyksos&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt; fits with the Hebrew account of the time from Shem, Hem, and Japheth to Joseph. But enough about that. There isn’t time in life to make a history of everything. If I were to try to give the full history from these times until now, how could I ever give you the detailed history of Armenia you’re wanting?  So let’s start to look at the sources for and the course of our own history.

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'''Footnote 1:''' Also known as Saturn

'''Footnote 2:''' Khorenatsi appears here to have in mind what we would refer to as the Memphite Theology. We can tell Movses Khorenatsi really did have a good source on this as what he reports here was verified by the discovery of the [[w:Shabaka_Stone|Shabako Stone]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Object: The Shabako Stone |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA498 |publisher=The British Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; The myth recorded on the stone credits the creation of the world to Ptah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shabaka Stone transcript |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/sites/default/files/2022-11/Hieroglyphs_unlocking_ancient_Egypt_audio_transcripts.pdf |publisher=The British Museum |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the Egyptian craftman god&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ptah |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ptah |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}&lt;/ref&gt;, who Khorenatsi here refers to using the Greek equivalent of Hephaestus (a practice known as [[w:Interpretatio_Graeca|interpretatio graeca]] where foreign gods are discussed using the more familiar name of their Greek counterparts). Then Atum, who Britannica describes as &quot; one of the manifestations of the sun&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atum |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Atum |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt; and hence called here &quot;Sun&quot;, was made by Ptah (as Ptah-nun).&lt;ref&gt;http://www.columbia.edu/itc/religion/f2001/edit/docs/memphis_theogony.htm&lt;/ref&gt; The full text can be read [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/religion/f2001/edit/docs/memphis_theogony.htm here]. One might also render &quot;Sol&quot; there as &quot;Sun&quot; or &quot;Helios&quot;, the word used is the word for the orb of the sun.

'''Footnote 3:''' A similar but subtly different valid rendering would be &quot;The Egyptians say that Hephaestus was their first man and the one who introduced fire.&quot; It can be read as saying Hephaestus was either the very first man or the first of their men, i.e. the first Egyptian. As for what specifically he did with fire, the word used refers to invention.

'''Footnote 4:''' Literally &quot;the shepherds&quot;. The Egyptian historian Manetho, as quoted by the historian Josephus in his work Against Apion, Book 1, chapter 14, wrote: “This whole nation was styled Hycsos, that is, Shepherd...These people, whom we have before named Kings, and called shepherds also, and their descendants...kept possession of Egypt five hundred and eleven years”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Josephus |title=Against Apion |location=Book 1, section 14 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/apion-1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Chapter 8: Who found such accounts and where they found them===

It is said that the great Arsaces, an ethnic Parthian who was king of the Persians and the Parthians, gained independence from the Macedonians. Reigning the East and ruling Assyria, Arsaces brought death to Antiochus ruler of Mesopotamia and ruled a vast empire. 

Arsaces made a move to secure his rule by appointing his brother Valarshak king of Armenia. Nisibis was declared Valarshak’s capital city and his domain encompassed the lands of western Syria, Palestine, Asia Minor, and Tetalia, and the lands between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, including Atropatene. Arsaces told Valarshak he had permission to to take additional lands “as far as your courage and cleverness can take you. The borders of the brave are drawn by their sword!” 

Once Valarshak had gotten things up and running, he wanted to learn more about the past kings of his new lands. Had he inherited the proud throne of warrior-kings or the easychair of a sorry series of softies? He found a certain Assyrian&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; named Mar Abas Catina, an intelligent man who was well-versed in Chaldean and Greek literature. 

Valarshak sent Mar Abas Catina to his brother, asking Arsaces to grant him access to the royal archives. Valarshak also sent along with him gifts and a letter, which read as follows:

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'''Footnote 1:''' Or perhaps &quot;Syrian&quot;. Broadly speaking, in ancient times the distinction between Syrian and Assyrian, Syria and Assyria that we may at times draw today was not drawn. Bear this in mind whenever either term is encountered in this translation.

===Chapter 9: The letter of Valarshak, king of Armenia, to his brother the great Arsaces, king of Persia===

“Dear Arshak, king of earth and water. Dear one who talks the talk and walks the walk of one of the gods. Dear king with success and brilliance above that of other kings as much as the sky is above the earth. Your younger brother, your brother-in-arms, the one you made king of Armenia, Valarshak wishes you forever victorious!

I haven’t forgotten what you said about cultivating courage and wisdom. As far as my mind is able I’ve been striving to follow your advice. Now that I’ve secured my rule here in this land under your mentorship, I’ve begun a project to discover who ruled Armenia before me and why exactly it came to be divided into these particular provinces. This place is a mess! I have no idea who outranks who or what we’re supposed to be doing in the temples. 

So please, Your Majesty, allow the bearer of this letter access to your royal archives. That way he can quickly find the information your little brother needs. This would really help me out and I know that if I’m happy, you’re happy. 

May Your Divine Majesty prosper.”

Mar Abas Catina presented this letter to the great Arsaces, who was happy to grant him access to the archive in Nineveh, and very pleased that his brother (who he had entrusted with half the empire) was giving thought to such matters. 

Mar Abas Catina examined the writings in the archive and found one written in Greek which contained the following introduction:

'''THE BEGINNING OF THE BOOK'''&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;

“The book of the authentic ancestral and ancient history. Translated from Chaldean to Greek by the order of Alexander.” Mar Abas Catina reports that the book goes on to discuss Zurvan, Titan, and Japetus and their dynasties, each son having a long rule after his father. 

Mar Abas Catina extracted only the reliable history of our people from this work and presented the history in both a Greek and Syriac version to King Valarshak in Nisibis. King Valarshak was an agreeable fellow, a skilled archer, a brave man, well-spoken, and intelligent. He considered this work of history to be his prized possession, and ordered it to be stored carefully and part of it inscribed in stone. From this I obtain certain support&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; for the order of my narrative for your spirit of questioning; this source provides a narrative of the line of our native Armenian rulers, beginning with those who began to rule at the time of Sardanapalus the Chaldean and extending from there.

It begins by saying&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt;:

The first gods were ones to inspire awe and fear, and bringers of the world’s great blessings. It was they who formed the earth and first populated it with people. The race of Gigantes split off, enormous in size and strength. In their pride they spawned the unholy plan to build the Tower. They were working on constructing the Tower when the gods, angered by their plan, sent a great storm which toppled the Tower, and the gods plunged mankind into confusion by implanting them with mutually unintelligible languages. One of these was Hayk, a descendant of Japetus, a renowned leader and a great archer. 

I’ll stop there for now since at the moment I’m just showing who the earliest founders of Armenia were rather than attempting to write their biographies. Mar Abas Catina’s work gives the family line as Japetus, Merod, Sirat, and Taklad – i.e. Japheth, Gomer, Tiras, and Togarmah. The historian goes on to report that the lineage continues to Hayk,  Aramaneak, and the others we looked at earlier, in the same order.

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'''Footnote 1:''' Note that this does not necessarily refer to what we in physical terms would call a “book” today, with bound sheets and pages, which is more specifically known as a codex. It could also refer to scrolls and other physical forms of document. Much like how the documents referred to as the Books of Moses were (and still are) often in the physical form of scrolls.

'''Footnote 2:''' The word translated “support” here is literally “second”, like we might say “I second that” or “he seconds what I’m saying”. 

'''Footnote 3:''' Literally “with words like these”. 

===Chapter 10: Hayk's rebellion===

Mar Abas Catina reports that Hayk was agreeable in both appearance and personality, with thickly muscled arms, famously brave among the Gigantes and an enemy of those who sought to become emperor of all others. During the time humanity was spreading across the land among the unwise but mighty Gigantes, Bel had been able to seize power since it had turned into a time of chaos and conquest, with everyone having drawn their sword against their neighbor.

Hayk however was unwilling to obey him, and boldly rose against the tyrant Bel. Hayk had been living in Babylon, and his son Aramaneak had been born there. He went to Ararat, which is in the north. He went with  and his sons and daughters and the sons of his sons, fighting men numbering three hundred. He also brought his servants, non-relatives who had joined him, and everyone’s belongings. They made their base on a plain at the foot of a mountain. Some people had already scattered to there previously, and Hayk conquered them. Hayk had a residence built there and gave it to Kadmea, Aramaneak’s son.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; It’s worth noting that this part of Mar Abas Catina’s report verifies those ancient oral traditions discussed earlier. 

Mar Abas Catina continues, reporting that Hayk himself and the rest went northwest from there. They settled in a highland and named it Hark, where the ancestors of Torgom’s clan settled. He also built a village and named it Haykashen after himself. Mar Abas Catina also reports that there were some who had already settled in the south of the region who willingly chose to accept Hayk’s rule, which also further verifies the oral traditions we looked at earlier.

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'''Footnote 1:''' His name is also rendered in English as &quot;Kadmos&quot;. For archaeological evidence of the existence of Kadmea, the paper [https://www.academia.edu/download/55350308/Two_Ararats_Tpvac.pdf here] says that Kadmea’s name &quot;is the eponym of the ancient country of Kadmuhi/Katmuhu, in the north of present day mountains Ṭur-Abdin, known from the cuneiform sources of the 2nd-1st millennia BC...According to Assyrian data, the mountain of Corduena (Nibur / Nipur in Assyrian) was situated at the eastern border of this country&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Petrosyan |first1=Armen |title=Biblical Mt. Ararat: Two Identifications |journal=Comparative Mythology |date=December 2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/55350308/Two_Ararats_Tpvac.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;; It is remarkable how much of what Khorenatsi reports about these extremely ancient times are supported by such ancient sources.

===Chapter 11: The conflict and killing of Bel===

Mar Abas Catina continues, saying that Bel, having become the ruler of all peoples, sent one of his sons along with some of his loyal men as messengers to Hayk in the north to secure his obedience and peace. They brought the message: &quot;You have gone to a cold land. Come, warm your proud heart to me, obey me and you may dwell in my land wherever you wish.&quot; Hayk flatly refused and dismissed Bel's messengers, who went from there to Babylon. 

In response, Bel of the Titans gathered an army to make war on Hayk. They marched north to the land of Ararat, in the vicinity of Kadmea's residence. Kadmea fled to Hayk, sending runners ahead of him. The message delivered to Hayk was: &quot;Great hero! Bel is coming with warriors of undying bravery and sky-high stature. Between that and how close he was to my house, I was alarmed and ran. Decide what you're going to do, quick!&quot;

Relying on their strength of body and heart, Bel's large and mighty army stormed towards Hayk's land.  There Hayk was gathering this sons and grandsons, brave men and skilled archers – though few in number – and the rest of his force. They went to a salt lake inhabited by small fish, where Hayk gave them the battle plan: 'When we face Bel's army, try to get at Bel himself, who will be surrounded by his crowd of warriors. Either we will die and all that we have will fall to Bel, or by our skill with our weapons we will scatter his horde and be victorious.&quot;

They advanced a long way and came to a flat area between very high mountains, with a stream to their right. They saw the bulk of Bel’s forces going about impetuously like a cocksure reckless crowd without being in any formation. Bel himself was standing silent and motionless like a watchtower, surrounded by a group of warriors. There was a large gap between the main body of troops and another far in advance of them, and Hayk recognized this as Bel’s select detachment of soldiers that accompanied him.&lt;br&gt; 
Bel wore an iron crown with distinct plumes, cupriferous&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; armor plates on his chest and back, and his arms and legs were armored as well. His armor was secured with a belt at his waist. On his left he had a two-edged sword, and in his right hand he had an extremely large spear, and at both the left and the right he had his select soldiers. 

Seeing the well-equipped Titan with his select troops, Hayk assigned Aramaneak and two of his brothers to the right and Kadmea with two of Hayk's sons to the left. He arranged them this way because they were master archers and swordsmen. Hayk himself stood at the front and had the rest of the army behind in a wedge formation, and thus arranged they steadily advanced.

The Gigantes on each side crashed together, the fierceness of the mêlée causing mutual terror on both sides. Powerful men from each army were meeting the edge of the sword and falling. Neither side was giving way. 

The Titan king was shocked by the unexpectedly uncertain situation. He had an idea for a way to strengthen his crowd and began to go back up the hill. He thought this would be a strong position to hold fast until the rest of his troops arrived, at which point they would battle anew. 

Hayk became aware of this and moved forward towards the hill. He was a skilled archer and drew his bow fully, aiming at Bel's armor plates. The arrow, which had been triple-fletched, went straight through Bel into the ground, killing the Titan king who fell to the ground and breathed his last. Bel's army saw this and routed. 

Let's move on from the battle. Following this, Hayk built a settlement on the battleground and in honor of his victory named it Haykh, now known as Hayots-Dzor. Hayk named the hill where Bel and his brave warriors fell Their Tombs Hill, now known as Graveyard Hill.

Mar Abas Catina reports that Hayk embalmed Bel's corpse and buried it in a high place, his wives and sons seeing it.&lt;br&gt;
Our nation is called Hays after our ancestor Hayk.

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'''Footnote 1:''' The word used here can refer to either copper or bronze.

===Chapter 12: Who’s who among Hayk’s descendants===

After this Mar Abas Catina relates a great many other things, but let’s focus on the information he presents that’s relevant to this particular work.

He reports that Hayk returned home and gave much of the loot gained from the battle to Kadmea, and also those close to him. He instructed Kadmea to go back to his home too and Hayk returned to live in Hark.

Hayk lived years after this. After he died, Aramaneak, who had been born in Babylon as discussed earlier, was his successor and ruled the nation.

Aramaneak migrated and left his brothers Khor and Manawaz, and Manawaz’s son Baz, and their clans to remain in Hark. Manawaz would inherit Hark and his son Baz would inherit the northwest coastal area of the salt lake and name the coastal area and the lake after himself. Some say that these are the ancestors of the Manawazean, Orduni, and Bznuneans who, as told, warred and destroyed each other after the time of St. Tiridates. &lt;br&gt;
Khor’s clan grew in the northern part of the region and he developed the area. The Khorkhoruni clan are said to be his descendants. They were, and still to this day are, courageous and illustrious.

Arameneak and his crowd went to the northeast. They went down into a deep valley, surrounded by the high peaks of tall mountains, a river running through from the west. And the eastern field stretched to the horizon. At the foot of the mountains were many clear springs, their streams of water coming together to form gentle rivers. On the hillsides and on the border of the field they flowed like young men dancing to court young maidens. Contrasting with these energetic young men was the old man of a mountain to the south, his white head of a peak steeply rising and shining in the sun. As one of our countrymen put it, it would take a man with a tight belt three days to walk around that old man. &lt;br&gt;
Here in this deep plain dwelt Aramaneak. He developed the land in its northern sector and developed the northern slope of the mountain. He gave them names similar to his own: he called the mountain Mt. Aragats, and the land before it The Foot of Aragats.

Mar Abas Catina reports something quite amazing: these were not in fact the first to settle Armenia, there were already a few scattered people dwelling here before our primary ancestor Hayk.

Several years later Aramaneak fathered his son Aramais. Living many more years after this, Aramaneak died.&lt;br&gt;
His son Aramais built his home on a hill by the riverbank. He named the settlement Armavir after himself, and named the river Eraskh after his grandson Erast. &lt;br&gt;
Aramais’ son Shara, who had many children and was quite the gourmand, was sent with his crowd to a nearby fertile plain before the north fact of Mt. Aragats, rich with flows of water. It’s said that from his name, Shara, the place took its name, Shirak. It seems that this is where the peasants’ saying originates: “If you have Shara’s belly we don’t have Shirak’s barns”. &lt;br&gt;
Aramais lived some more years and had his son Amasya, and after having lived for some years after that he died.

Amasya settled in Armavir, and after a few years he had his son Gelam, and after him, the brave Parokh and Tsolak. After the birth of his children, he crossed the river and went south, towards the mountain. There he built two grand dwellingplaces. One was to the east near the springs that come from the foot of the mountain, and the other was half a long day’s walk to the west of it. He gave these as inheritances to the brave Parokh and the swift Tsolak. They lived there and named them after themselves: Parokh’s dwellingplace was called Parokhot, and Tsolak’s dwellingplace was called Tsolakert. Amasya named the mountain Mt. Ararat after himself, and he himself resided in Armavir. He lived there some years, and then died.

After years passed&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; Gelam had Harma in Armavir. Gelam left Harma in Armavir with his other sons and he himself went northeast and settled at a mountain on the shore of a lake, building villages there. He named the mountain Mt. Gel after himself and the villages Gelarkuni, which is also what the lake is called. Here Gelam had his son Sisak, a good-looking and dignified man, a skilled archer and an eloquent speaker. Sisak received a large inheritance from Gelam: most of Gelam’s material possessions, a great many servants, and land from the lake to the east until the great plain where the river Eraskh, flowing through mountain rocks, turns into a loud waterfall. &lt;br&gt;
Sisak lived there and developed the land, engaging in extensive construction projects. Sisak named it Siwnik after himself – the Persians call it something closer to his name, Sisakan. &lt;br&gt;
Later, Valarshak, the first Parthian king of Armenia, found renowned men there among Sisak’s descendants and made them lords of the land. Valarshak’s course of action here standing verified by history; we’ll look this in greater detail in due course.

Gelam returned to the plain and founded a settlement in a secure valley near the foot of Mt. Gel. He named it Gelami after himself, though it would later be called Garni after his grandson Garnik. Among his descendants were, in the time of Valarshak’s grandson Arsaces, Varazh. As a young man Varazh was a skilled hunter of wild deer, goats, and boar, never missing his mark with his arrows. Arsaces made him Royal Master of the Hunt and placed him over villages on a river called the Hrazdan. He is said to be the ancestor of the Varahuni Noble house. &lt;br&gt;
Gelam, as mentioned previously, after a number of years became the father of Harma and died some years after that. He had Harma continue to dwell in Armavir.

Such was Hayk, son of Togarmah, son of Tiras, son of Gomer, son of Japheth, ancestor of the Armenians, and such were his bloodlines, his descendants and the country where they lived. Mar Abas Catina reports that afterwards they continued to multiply and were the ones who populated the country.

Now Harma lived a number of years and then became the father of Aram. We’re told of Aram’s valiant acts in battle, and how he extended Armenia’s borders in every direction. All other nations call our nation by his name: for instance the Greeks call us “Armen” and the Persians and Syrians call us “Armenik”.

For the lengthy history of Aram’s brave enterprises, I can write a separate biography of him if you’d like, your Excellency. Otherwise I’ll just give brief coverage of his life in this particular work.

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'''Footnote 1:''' It isn’t immediately clear whether this means in a general sense that after Gelam lived some time he had Harma, or is specifically saying Gelam had Harma years after Amasya died.

===Chapter 13: Aram’s war in the east, which he won, and the death of the Niwkar called Mades===

Creating this history that you commissioned, your Excellency, is a greater pleasure for me than the feasts and drinking preferred by others. As such, I’ve decided to include some brief material about the wars of Aram of the house of Hayk.

Mar Abas Catina reports that Aram was a hardworking and patriotic man, to the point that he would have preferred to die for his country rather than see it trampled by the sons of strangers and foreigners ruling over his folk.

At the time just prior to the beginning of the reign of Ninus over Assyria, Aram felt hard-pressed by the neighboring nations. Medes had been trampling the borderlands of Armenia under the hooves of their horses, raiders like the Kushans, lead by one Niwkar&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; called Mades, who Mar Abas Catina reports was a proud and warlike man. For two years they had oppressed the people there.

So from his compatriots Aram gathered a large force of courageous men – skilled archers and spearmen, youthful, healthy, agile and strong with high morale. They numbered about fifty thousand.

Aram launched a sudden night attack and destroyed the entire enemy force, capturing the Niwkar called Mades. He took him to Armavir and had him nailed by the head to the wall on top of a tower, in view of all who dwelt in the city or passed by it. Aram subjected his part of the world as far as a mountain called Zarasp to tribute, until the time of Ninus’ reign over Assyria in Nineveh.

The new king Ninus however harbored hatred in his heart over the memory of his ancestor Bel, knowing the traditions of the past concerning him. He had planned to avenge him for some years, waiting for the right moment to strike and wipe out the descendants of the brave Hayk. Yet, he also feared that this project could endanger his own dominion, and so he concealed his anger. He told Aram that Aram could rule his newly acquired territory without fear, and that he could wear a pearled crown, and gave him the right to call himself the second-highest ruler in the land. But that’s enough about that, the scope of our current work doesn’t allow us to write at great length about this matter.

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'''Footnote 1:''' The meaning of “Niwkar” is uncertain. It appears to be a foreign title of some sort. 

===Chapter 14: Aram's war in Assyria, which he won. Payapis Kaalea, Caesarea, and why parts of Armenia are called &quot;First&quot; and &quot;Second&quot; and so on are also discussed===
I will now briefly go over the brave deeds of Aram in the west that Mar Abas Catina reports, presenting in brief his lengthy account. I will go over his war in Assyria, its causes, and its effects.
 
The conflict in the east being concluded, Aram marched his same force to the Assyrian borderlands. There he faced Barsham, one of the Gigantes&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;, who had an army of forty thousand infantry and five thousand cavalry and was ruining the region with the supremely heavy payments he was demanding from them&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt;; the land was becoming deserted.&lt;br&gt;
Aram faced him in battle and inflicted heavy casualties on his force, driving them through Corduene up to the Assyrian plain, Barsham himself being killed by Aram’s soldiers. The Syrians deified Barsham, because of his many brave deeds, and he would go on to be worshiped for a long time. A large part of the Assyrian plains became instead, for many years, subject to Aram’s taxes.
 
But I must still write of the deeds of valor that Aram performed in the west in his struggle against the Titans. Moving to the west with forty thousand infantry and two thousand cavalry of the first&lt;sup&gt; Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; he arrived at the place that’s today called Caesaria in Cappadocia. He had no further fear of an attack from any other direction, having subdued the areas to his east and south he placed them under the rule of two clans: the land in the east under the house of Sisak and the Syrian land in the south under the house of Kadmea.
 
As such Aram could remain the west for quite some time. He was opposed in battle by the Titan Payapis Kaalea, who controlled the area between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Aram defeated Payapis Kaalea, who fled to an island in the Asian sea. Aram placed someone by the name of Mshak, one of his relatives, over the land and left him with a garrison of ten thousand troops. The inhabitants of the newly acquired land were instructed to learn and speak the Armenian language. Because of this, to this day the Greeks call it Proto-Armenia, which translated means “First Armenia”.

Governor Mshak built a town there, fortified with a low wall, and named it after himself. The locals called it Mazhak since they weren’t able to correctly pronounce its Armenian name. It would later be enlarged and called Caesaria.
 
Similar to what had been done with the Armenianization of the area’s language, settlers were brought in to many uninhabited areas, called Second, Third, and Fourth Armenia. That is the primary and true reason why, in the west of our country, there is a First, a Second, a Third and a Fourth Armenia. Other reasons for this given by Greek sources seem unacceptable to me; people can make up their own mind on this matter.
 
Thus the name of Aram became so famous due to his might that all the peoples around us, to this day, as you know, call our country by his name. He performed many other valorous acts beyond these, but let’s let what has been said so far suffice.
 
No one should be lead to doubt any of this because it isn’t mentioned in main royal or temple narratives. Firstly, Aram’s exploits began before the reign of Ninus, at which point no one had cared about such things, and secondly they didn’t feel the need or have the desire to record in the books of their own kings and temples the ancient narratives and old stories of foreign nations that they themselves couldn’t brag about and which wouldn’t bring them any glory.
 
But even though these events weren’t recorded in any main written accounts, Mar Abas Catina reports that they were gathered by unimportant and obscure men from oral accounts&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt;, and those were then placed in the royal archive. Mar Abas Catina gives the reason for this, which is also another reason these things weren’t mentioned in royal or temple narratives. He tells us that Ninus, being a proud and selfish man, wanted to show he himself alone as the great Founder and highlight his greatness alone. Consequently he ordered many books and records of the past which narrated the feats accomplished by great men of various places who had preceded him to be burned, canceling also annals being made in his time, such that what concerned him only would be recorded.
 
But that’s enough about that. After living a number of years Aram became the father of Ara, and after seeing many more years after that, he died.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' It’s worth noting that the word rendered “Gigantes” in this translation is the same as the word used to translate “Nephilim” in Genesis 6:4 in the Classical Armenian translation of the Bible.
 
'''Footnote 2:''' That is, taxes or tribute. The Classical Armenian word used here encompasses both of these similar but subtly different methods of insisting upon payments. This should be kept in mind whenever either term is encountered in this translation, such as later on when Aram extracts this from the area as well.
 
'''Footnote 3:''' This beginning portion of the sentence is difficult to interpret as it isn't clear what exactly the word &quot;first&quot; signifies here. It could mean he now had added to his force 40,000 infantry and 2000 cavalry who had served under Barsham at first, who had defected to Aram's side and/or otherwise joined Aram after his defeat. It could be telling us that Aram used the same force as in his first war, which now has 40,000 infantry and 2000 cavalry — down from 50,000 at the beginning. Regardless there were at least 40,000 infantry and 2000 cavalry with Aram when he reached Cappadocia.

'''Footnote 4:''' More literally 'from Gusans', essentially bards. Mar Abas Catina’s source appears to have been sagas which were written down by otherwise unnoteworthy scribes. Interestingly, these being the sources for Armenia’s Aram is somewhat analogous to the situation European North Americans find themselves in with their vaguely analogous semi-founder Leif Eriksson, whose career has come down to us in the form of sagas which were written down by unknown or obscure scribes. The “unimportant and obscure men” who wrote them are likely similar to, for us, Jón Þórðarson and Magnús Þórhallsson, obscure figures about whom we know basically nothing but that they wrote the Flateyjarbók, which contains the Saga of the Greenlanders which is one of our two main sources on Leif Eriksson’s life. Scholars today who would study Leif Eriksson’s life find themselves in the same boat as Mar Abas Catina did studying Aram’s life.

=== Chapter 15: Ara snuffed by Semiramis ===
 
Ara, like his father Aram, was regarded as deserving of such a favor by Ninus and took over the government of his ancestral lands a few years before Ninus died. However, Semiramis, libidinous and promiscuous, had long heard of Ara's beauty and desired to see him. However, she was unable to do so openly. After the demise of Ninus - or after he fled to Crete, as I would posit - Semiramis unreservedly strutted her passions and sent couriers to the attractive Ara with gifts and contributions, requesting with numerous pleas and the commitment of gifts that Ara come to her in Nineveh, either to wed her and rule over the entirety realm that Ninus had controlled, or to fulfill her longings and afterward return to his own territory in peace with wonderful gifts.
 
The ambassadors came and departed several times, but Ara refused to accept the offer. At the conclusion of these negotiations, Semiramis became extremely irate, and she took her army and  quickly traveled to Armenia to fight Ara there. However, as the outcome demonstrated, her desire was not so much to kill him or drive him away as to subjugate and control him in order to achieve her goals. For in the imprudence of her extraordinary passion, at the reports about him she had become frantically enflamed as though she had seen him already.
 
She got to the plain of Ara, which is called Ayrarat after his name. When the battle line was drawn, she told her generals to try to keep Ara alive if possible. However, when the conflict came together, Ara's army was routed, and Semiramis' troops killed Ara in the battle. After the victory, the queen sent plunderers to the battlefield to look for her lover among the slain bodies. She instructed them to place Ara on the roof of her palace after they discovered him dead among his warriors.
 
When the Armenian army found its courage to fight Queen Semiramis and avenge Ara's death, she declared, &quot;I have instructed my gods to lick his wounds, and he shall be restored to life.&quot; At the same time, she sought to resurrect Ara via the enchantment of her sorcery, driven insane by love for her heartthrob.
 
But as his body began to stink, she ordered that it be thrown into a large ditch and covered up. She disguised one of her lovers and said of him: &quot;The gods licked Ara and brought him back to life, satisfying our wish and delight. As a result, as they fulfill our pleasures and fulfill our desires, they are now all the more deserving of worship and honor from us&quot;. In addition, she erected a brand-new idol in the name of demons and lavishly honored it with sacrifices in the sight of all, as if the gods' power had brought Ara back to life. She also disseminated these reports about him throughout Armenia and persuaded everyone, ending the war.
 
In terms of Ara, it will suffice to state the following briefly. He lived for a while and fathered Cardos.

=== Chapter 16: Semiramis' construction of the city, aqueduct, and her own palace after Ara's death===

Semiramis spent a considerable amount of time in the plain that is referred to as Ayrarat after Ara following these successes.Because it was summer and she wanted to enjoy the flowering plains and meadows, she ventured out into the mountainous region on the southern side of the land.
 
She said, seeing the beauty of the land, the purity of the air, the clarity of the flowing streams, and the murmur of the smooth rivers: &quot;We must build a city and royal residence in such a temperate climate and purity of water and land, so that we can spend a fourth of the year's cycle, the summer season, in Armenia because of all its charms. And the remaining three cooler seasons will be spent in Nineveh.&quot;
 
She traveled through numerous locations before arriving at the salt lake's edge from the east. She noticed a long hill on the lake's shore that extended in the direction of the setting sun. With a cave in the vertical rock, it dipped somewhat to the north but stared up sheer to heaven to the south. From it on the south there broke out a broad plain-like meadow that descended from the mountain on the east to the lake's edge—a roomy and lovely valley through which streams of pure water flowed; they gathered in the folds at the base of the mountains and fanned out as grand rivers. To the east of the pleasant hill was a small mountain, and there were a few villages in the valley that were located to the right and left of the waters.
 
After careful consideration, this determined and decadent Semiramis ordered forty-two thousand skilled workers from Assyria and other lands empire-wide, and six thousand chosen from her most skilled craftsmen in working wood, stone, bronze, and iron to be brought immediately to the desired location. Everything was done as she instructed. A plethora of specialists and knowledgeable artisans were brought right away. She first gave the order to construct an infinitely long and tall stone waterwork for the river, which they say has stood firm up to the present.
 
I have also heard that today, men from the area hide out in the waterwork for banditry and refuge, as if they were safe on the rocky peaks of mountains. Even if someone attempted, he would be unable, no matter how hard he tried, to extract even a single stone suitable for a sling from the structure of the waterwork. The skillful mortar has the appearance of a lipidic substance melted and poured.
 
In this way she extended the waterwork for many stadia and brought it to the place intended for the city. There she gave the order to divide the large group of laborers into numerous groups and to set selected master craftsmen over each group. And so by forcing them to work supremely hard she finished the magnificent city with strong walls and cupriferous gates in a short amount of time.
 
She also constructed numerous exquisite palaces with two- and three-story ceilings, each facing the sun when appropriate, and decorated with a variety of stones and colors within the city. Beautiful, wide avenues divided the city into sections.She built some charming baths for people's needs in the middle of the city with beautiful art.She diverted a portion of the river that ran through the city to meet all of the needs and to water the parks and flower gardens.To supply water to the city and its surroundings, the remainder she made ran to the right and left along the lake's edge. She adorned all of the areas east, north, and south of the city with villas and leafy trees that produced a variety of fruits and leaves. She established numerous productive vineyards there. She created an absolutely stunning and magnificent walled city and settled a large number of people there as residents.
 
As for the city's acropolis and the wonderful construction that was there, many tried to witness it, but none subsequently described it. Surrounded by very high walls, with almost unattainable entrances and even more difficult exits, she raised an eerie secret royal dwelling. I am unwilling to include more about this site in my history due to the lack of accurate information regarding its nature and construction. I'll just say that, according to what I've heard, this is her crowning achievement, the most majestic of all the royal works.
 
She carved out numerous temples, chambers, treasure houses, and expansive caverns on the sun-facing side of the rock, which is so hard that no one can scratch a line with an iron point today. No one is sure how she created such magnificent structures. She then inscribed numerous texts over the surface of the rock after smoothing it, like inscribing wax with a stylus. The mere sight of these texts will astound anyone. Additionally, she erected stelae in numerous locations throughout the country of Armenia and had memorials to herself inscribed in the same script. She also used the same writing to fix boundaries in numerous locations.
 
=== Chapter 17: Semiarmis slaying her sons, zipping from Zoroaster, and next nixed by Ninyas===
 
Semiramis left as her governor and prefect for Assyria and Nineveh Zoroaster, the magus and leader of the Medes, as she frequently traveled to the northern regions to her summer resort in Armenia. Having this arrangement for many years, Semiramis compeletely trusted him to exercise her power.
 
She killed her sons all — with the exception of the youngest, Ninyas, who was saved — because she was frequently criticized by her sons for her extremely lascivious and obscene character. She did not give a thought to her own sons as she lavished all of her wealth and power on her friends and lovers.
 
Her husband Ninus did not, as some claim, die and be buried by her in the Palace at Nineveh. Rather, realizing her harmful and depraved way of life, he fled to Crete and left his kingdom. However, once her sons reached maturity, they brought all of this to her attention in the hope that it would convince her to give up her diabolical desires and hand over the power and treasures to them. However, she was even more enraged at this point and slaughtered them all. As previously stated, only Ninyas remained.
 
Then, when Zoroaster misbehaved toward the queen and conflict erupted between them, Semiramis instigated war against him because the Mede intended to seize all power. At the height of the conflict, Semiramis escaped Zoroaster and went to Armenia. Ninyas took advantage of the opportunity to exact revenge there and killed his mother, after which he ruled Assyria and Nineveh.
 
Thus you have now been informed as to why and how Semiramis died.
 
===Chapter 18: How we know Semiramis’ first war was in India and that she later died in Armenia===
 
Let me get out ahead of anyone that would mock my history by saying that yes people, I’m aware of what Cephalion says. He says, with others, first about Semiramis’ birth, then about her war with Zoroaster, which Cephalion says that Semiramis won, and then about her war in India after that.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;
 
But Mar Abas Catina’s research in the Chaldean works seemed to be more reliable to me than Cephalion’s account. Mar Abas Catina writes methodically and identifies the causes of the war. Further, Armenian legend supports this Assyrian’s&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; scholarship here about her death in this country, with our legends of her escape on foot, her burning thirst for water and its quenching, how the swordsmen drew near to her and, as they approached, she threw her talisman into the sea, from which comes “Semiramis’ Beads in the Sea”. And if you’re hungry for a myth, the tale of Semiramis turning to stone before Niobe did.
 
But that’s enough about that, let’s move on to the events that followed.

❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' Notice how Movses Khorenatsi is always diligent with telling us where sources disagree and differ.
 
'''Footnote 2:''' As noted above, the reader is reminded that this could also mean what we refer to as Syrian.
 
=== Chapter 19: What happened after Semiramis' death===
In the following chapters, I am going to present in chronological order the deeds of the grandest forefathers of our nation. We’ll look at the accounts concerning them and their actions, not adding anything fictitious, not including anything wrong, but only repeating what I have learned from the books, the writings of knowledgeable people from whom I have worked to thoughtfully compile the records of antiquity.
 
I have strived for truth and to do justice to my sources in this. Those are the principles according to which I have compiled this. In the sight of God I have done that, and whether men praise or criticize the results is of no importance to me.
 
The precision with which I have put this together from my research is supported by the corroborations among and consistency of the accounts, and the equal number and order of individuals in the genealogies. Here, assuring, certain or almost certain, the truth, I will begin by expounding the successive facts to you, drawn from the notes compiled during my research.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;
 
After Semiramis' death at the hands of her son Zames, also called Ninyas, which itself happened after the death of Ara, the following is the reliable order of events.
 
After causing his perverse mother to perish, Ninyas became king and had a peaceful reign. During his time Abraham died.
 
So now let’s compare the lineages of the Armenians, the Hebrews, and the Assyrians&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; down to the Assyrian Sardanapalus, also called Tonos Concoleros.

'''Hebrews'''

Isaac&lt;br&gt;
Jacob&lt;br&gt;
Levi&lt;br&gt;
Kohath&lt;br&gt;
Amram&lt;br&gt;
Moses&lt;br&gt;
Joshua
 
Starting with Joshua and going onward, we’re going not by direct lineage but by who lead the nation. They all descend from Abraham, after all. When Joshua defeated the Canaanites, they fled and took refuge in Algeria&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt;, sailing to Tigisis&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt;. This can be seen from stelae in Africa that have survived to this day that bear the inscription “We Canaanite noblemen, fleeing the robber Joshua, came to live here”. One of the Canaanite noblemen, the most honorable Canaanidus, wound up in Armenia. Having made careful inquiries, I can prove that the Gntuni house undoubtedly descends from him. They certainly behave like Canaanites.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 5&lt;/sup&gt;
 
[Moving on with the lineage of the Hebrews:]
Othniel&lt;br&gt;
Ehud&lt;br&gt;
Barak&lt;br&gt;
Gideon&lt;br&gt;
Abimelech&lt;br&gt;
Tola&lt;br&gt;
Jair&lt;br&gt;
Jephthah&lt;br&gt;
Ibzan&lt;br&gt;
Elon&lt;br&gt;
Abdon&lt;br&gt;
Samson&lt;br&gt;
Eli&lt;br&gt;
Samuel&lt;br&gt;
Saul&lt;br&gt;
David and his successors
 

'''Assyrians'''
 
Arius&lt;br&gt;
Aralius, also known as Amyrus&lt;br&gt;
Xerxes, also known as Balaeus&lt;br&gt;
Armamithres&lt;br&gt;
Belochus&lt;br&gt;
Balaeas&lt;br&gt;
Aladas&lt;br&gt;
Mamythus&lt;br&gt;
Machchalaeus&lt;br&gt;
Spherus&lt;br&gt;
Mamylus&lt;br&gt;
Sparethus&lt;br&gt;
Ascatades&lt;br&gt;
Amyntas&lt;br&gt;
Belochus&lt;br&gt;
Balatores&lt;br&gt;
Lamprides&lt;br&gt;
Sosmares&lt;br&gt;
Lampares&lt;br&gt;
Pannias&lt;br&gt;
Sosarmus&lt;br&gt;
Mithraeus&lt;br&gt;
Teutamus&lt;br&gt;
Teutaeus&lt;br&gt;
Theneus &lt;br&gt;
Derusus&lt;br&gt;
Eupalmes&lt;br&gt;
Laosthenes&lt;br&gt;
Peritiades&lt;br&gt;
Opratios &lt;br&gt;
Pratinis &lt;br&gt;
Acrazanes&lt;br&gt;
Sardanapalus

'''Armenians'''

Ara II

He was the son of the previously discussed Ara, named Ara by Semiramis and entrusted with governing our country. After him were:
 
Anushavan&lt;br&gt;
Paret&lt;br&gt;
Arbak&lt;br&gt;
Zavan&lt;br&gt;
Parnak&lt;br&gt;
Sur

Joshua, son of Nun, lived during Sur’s time.

Havanak&lt;br&gt;
Vashtak&lt;br&gt;
Haykak

They say that he lived during the time of Belochus and that, thoughtlessly, he got together a group of fighting men, which he died from.
 
Ampak&lt;br&gt;
Arnak&lt;br&gt;
Shavarsh&lt;br&gt;
Norayr&lt;br&gt;
Vstamkar&lt;br&gt;
Gorak&lt;br&gt;
Hrant&lt;br&gt;
Yndzak&lt;br&gt;
Gzak&lt;br&gt;
Horoy&lt;br&gt;
Zarmayr

He was sent to reinforce Prriamu by Teutamus, along with the Ethiopian army, and was killed by brave Greeks.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 6&lt;/sup&gt;

Perch&lt;br&gt;
Arbun&lt;br&gt;
Bazuk&lt;br&gt;
Hoy&lt;br&gt;
Yusak&lt;br&gt;
Kaypak&lt;br&gt;
Skayordi&lt;br&gt;

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' This phrase is quite difficult to interpret. Some take Movses here to be referring to a specific source, called something like the &quot;Web of Reports&quot;. In the translator’s opinion, he is referring here to his own notes compiled during his research rather than to the title of a specific outside work. This appears to fit with the rest of this beginning section of this chapter. Very literally translated the phrase here means something like “from Web/Woven-Thing history of/from Necessity”, with the capitalizations in the original text.&lt;br&gt;
When he refers to “the writings of knowledgeable people from whom I have worked to thoughtfully compile the records of antiquity” and then to this Web, I believe he is essentially saying that out of necessity he weaved a web of notes from those writings and that web-born-from-necessity is his thoughtful compilation. Given the large number of sources he cites (with just a sampling being Mar Abas Catina, Julius Africanus, Cephalion, Manetho, Phlegon of Tralles, and Josephus among many others) he likely took notes as he read these, and later used these notes for creating his history. &lt;br&gt;
This is arguably the most difficult phrase to interpret in the entirety of Book 1 of Khorenatsi’s work, however, and so this interpretation should be taken only as an educated guess.
 
'''Footnote 2:''' Or “Chaldeans”, same throughout this chapter. It is interesting that this word is used to refer to both what we would call Babylonians and what we would call Assyrians. “Mesopotamians” would be a more direct rendering of such a concept.

'''Footnote 3:''' Or “Jagras”. Al-Jagras→Algeria.
 
'''Footnote 4:''' Or “Tarshish”. Though the two may refer to the same locale
 
'''Footnote 5:''' Khorenatsi can be read either as insulting them here by saying something like “They act like a bunch of Canaanites” or as simply neutrally noting that they have Canaanite customs.

'''Footnote 6:''' Diodorus Siculus, a Greco-Roman historian, discusses this event as well. In his Bibliotheca Historica, Book 2, chapter 22 he writes that “when Teutamus, they say, was ruler of Asia, being the twentieth in succession from Ninyas the son of Semiramis, the Greeks made an expedition against Troy with Agamemnon, at a time when the Assyrians had controlled Asia for more than a thousand years. And Priam, who was king of the Troad and a vassal of the king of the Assyrians, being hard pressed by the war, sent an embassy to the king requesting aid; and Teutamus despatched ten thousand Ethiopians...”.
 
===Chapter 20: Ara II and his son Anushavan the Tree Devotee&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;===
 
While Semiramis was alive, Ara’s beloved wife gave birth to a son. This son was twelve years old when Ara died, and Semiramis called him Ara in memory of the love she had had for his father, Ara the Handsome. Faithfully believing in him, she appointed him ruler of Armenia. They say that he went on to die together with her in the war.
 
But added to the line of events afterwards was this. Ara, son of Ara, dies in the war together with Semiramis, leaving a male child. Richly talented in word and deed, he was called Anushavan the Tree Devotee because he was dedicated to the cult of the trees of Aramaneak in Armavir. The rustling of their leaves and the gentler or stronger blowing of the wind through them was used for divination for a long time among the Armenian people.
 
Anushavan languished at the royal court, suffering Zames’&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; contempt for a long time. Aided by friendship he managed to become ruler of part of Armenia; aided by taxes he managed to become ruler of all of Armenia. But it would be too much if I were to begin to record all the worthy words and all the worthy deeds of all the men in the list above.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Or “the sycamore sacrificer”.
Phonetically “Sosanuer”. The word in Classical Armenian is “Սօսանուէր”: սօս (word for various kinds of trees, see [http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=16&amp;dt=HY_EN&amp;query=%D5%8D%D6%85%D5%BD the definition here], sixth from the bottom on the righthand side for details), ա (link in compound words), նուէր (offering).&lt;br&gt;
Less literally perhaps “the poplar prostrator”.
 
'''Footnote 2:''' Ninyas
 
===Chapter 21: Paroyr, son of Skayordi, the first king of Armenia, who assisted Arbaces the Mede in seizing the throne from Sardanapalus===
 
So since there’s no way to record all the worthy words and all the worthy deeds of all the men in the list above, let’s focus on the most significant facts. Continuing on with the earlier list, the next Armenian is Payroyr, Skayordi’s son, who reigned during the time of Sardanapalus. Payroyr was the last who was under the Assyrians, as Armenia had been since the time of Semiramis and Ninus. He gave Arbaces the Mede quite a bit of assistance in seizing the kingdom from Sardanapalus.
 
I am overjoyed to have reached the point where the line of Armenians became kings! So, now it’s time for me to set to a great task. To state many propositions concerning the sequence of events&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;, the foundation of which will be such words that merited four books&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; of the one prolific in words and wise — the wisest in the midst of the wise&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; — which we ourselves indeed read.
 
Arbaces was from Media, from an insignificant outskirt of the land, he was cunning in his conduct and brave in war. He learned of Tonos Concoleros’ weakness and hedonistic lifestyle, and through his generosity and good-nature he began gaining allies among the courageous and competent men who kept a firm grip on their duties of administration of the Assyrian Empire. &lt;br&gt;
Arbaces won over our daring ruler Paroyr, promising him kingship and the splendor that goes along with it. Troops of brave and skilled swordsmen, spearmen, and archers joined to Arbaces as well. And so he seized the throne from Sardanapalus, becoming the ruler of Assyria and Nineveh. Leaving others to govern in Assyria, he moved the capital of the empire to Media.
 
If other sources report these events differently from me, don’t be surprised. In the previous chapter, I castigated our ancestors for their unscholarly habits, and the same applies here. The deeds of Nebuchadnezzar’s father were recorded by the supervisors of their annals, but our own people never thought of doing such a thing, and so it was only in annals such as those that their deeds were written. So if you were to ask: “where did you learn the names and the deeds of our ancestors?”, I reply: “From the ancient archives of the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians, since their names and deeds were included in official royal documents as they served as officials, governors, and satraps appointed by them.”

❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' This phrase could be interpreted in a number of ways. Possible interpretations include “state many propositions on the discourse”, “state many objections to the narrative”, “scrive many historical speeches”, and others.

'''Footnote 2:''' Some have attempted to translate Khorenatsi here as referring to four &quot;rhapsodies&quot;. This is, in the translator's opinion, absolute butchery of the text. Such a rendering is contradicted by the paragraph at the end of this chapter where Khorenatsi directly discusses his source, even posing and answering the question “if you ask me where I learned these things”. Further, in Book 2 chapter 92 Khorenatsi uses the same word some want to translate as &quot;rhapsody&quot; here again in reference to his own work, which is most clearly not anything resembling a rhapsody. Rather, as Khorenatsi uses it, this word by all indications means &quot;one of the major divisions of a long work&quot; – i.e. volume or chapter or book (in the sense that his work here and many other long ancient works are divided into &quot;books&quot;, despite being one whole work as we today classify them). This is directly confirmed by Khorenatsi's use of the word in Book 2 chapter 10 of his work, where he uses the term when citing Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History, explicitly citing, just as we would today since the Book and chapter divisions are the same, &quot;Book&quot; 1 chapter 13.

'''Footnote 3:''' One of the greatest mysteries of Khorenatsi’s text is who he is referring to here.

===Chapter 22: The order and number of our kings, from father to son===
 
Now I'll go over the list of our great men, notably the kings, down to the Parthian period. For these men descended from our kings are dear to me as countrymen and kindred of my own blood and real brothers. How precious it would have been for me if the Savior had arrived at that time and rescued me, and if my birth had occurred in their time, if I could enjoy in their rule and avoid the evils of the present!
 
But that circumstance, indeed that fortune, has long since passed us by. But now, while foreigners govern, I will put down the order of our nation's kings alongside theirs. The men whose names I will write here were our country's national rulers.
 
The fact that our nation existed as a kingdom at this time is attested by the prophet Jeremiah in his speech calling for war against Babylon: &quot;Summon&quot;, hey says, &quot;the kingdom of Ararat and the troops of Ashkenaz&quot;&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;,  verifying the existence of our kingdom at the time.
 
As we set out the list of our kings we will list out alongside it it that of the kings of the Medes:
 
'''FIRST OF THE KINGS OF THE MEDES''''&lt;br&gt;
Arbaces&lt;br&gt;
Maudaces&lt;br&gt;
Sosarmus&lt;br&gt;
Artycas&lt;br&gt;
Deioces&lt;br&gt;
Phraortes&lt;br&gt;
Cyaxares&lt;br&gt;
Astyages
 
Our first king, crowned by the Mede Arbaces:

Paroyr, son of Skayordi&lt;br&gt;
Hrachea

Hrachea was so named because of his fiery eyes and bright features.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; They say that he was a contemporary of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, who took the Jews into captivity. They also say that he brought one Shambat, one of the captive Hebrew leaders, to our nation with great honor after asking Nebuchadnezzar for him.
According to the historian, the Bagratuni family is descended from him, and this is certain. We shall go into more depth later on regarding the efforts taken by our kings to force them to worship idols, and who and how many of them lost their lives for their worship of God.&lt;br&gt;
But some unreliable men, on their own whims and not according to the truth, say that your Bagratuni family, who place the crown on the king's head during coronation, descend from Hayk. My reply to that is not to believe any of that nonsense. There is absolutely nothing to indicate that that claim is true. It's just absurd babbling about Hayk and those like him. Rather, know that the name Smbat, which the Bagratuni often give their children, is in truth the name Shambat, corresponding to the family's original language, which is Hebrew.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt;
 
Parnavaz&lt;br&gt;
Pachoych&lt;br&gt;
Kornak&lt;br&gt;
Paros&lt;br&gt;
The other Haykak&lt;br&gt;
Eruand the Short-Lived&lt;br&gt;
Tigran

From the names of the latter two, kings were later called in recent times Eruand and Tigran, hoping to be like them, since the memory of these names was not so distant.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt;

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Jeremiah 51:27

'''Footnote 2:''' &quot;Hrach&quot; is likely a compound of the Armenian word for &quot;fire&quot;, &quot;hur&quot;, and &quot;eyes&quot;, &quot;achk&quot;.
 
'''Footnote 3:''' Note this passage well against those who may claim Khorenatsi may have allowed bias in favor of his patron to slant his history. Khorenatsi, so far as we can tell, never knowingly sacrifices the truth in all of his history.
 
'''Footnote 4:''' This paragraph is challenging to interpret. It could also be rendered as having the sense of something like: &quot;I know these last two are not indigenous Armenian names, but since they have acted as kings of our land, I hope some people remember the names, since they're not as distant in the past as the others in the list.&quot;

===Chapter 23: The line of Sennacherib and how the Artstruni and Gnuni families descend from him, as well as the house which inherits the title of Bidaxsh&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; of Arzanene&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. And the house of Angel descends from Paskam.===
 
Before we get to the history of Tigran the Great, the ninth native Armenian king, who was strong, famous, and victorious with other world leaders, let’s discuss some things that are important for the completeness of our account.
 
So far I’ve neglected&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; to give an account of Sennacherib. About eighty years before the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Assyria was Sennacherib. He besieged Jerusalem during the time of Hezekiah, leader of the Jews.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt; But his sons Adrammelech and Sharezer assassinated him and then fled to Armenia.
 
Our brave ancestor Skayordi settled Sharezer in the southwest, close to the border with Assyria. His descendants came to populate Mt. Sim. Subsequently, the foremost and most outstanding among them, offering faithful service to the king, came to be honored by being made Bidaxsh of those regions.
 
Argamozan&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 5&lt;/sup&gt; lived on his side in the southeast of the same area. The historian&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 6&lt;/sup&gt; reports that the Artsruni and Gnuni&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 7&lt;/sup&gt; descend from him. That’s the reason I bring to mind&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 8&lt;/sup&gt; Sennacherib.
 
The same historian reports that the house of Angel descends from Paskam, a grandson of Hayk.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 9&lt;/sup&gt;
 
❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' Armenian “Bdeashkh”, a noble title for the ruler of a certain region or type of region, or perhaps certain type of ruler. See Book 2, chapter 8 for more. Appears to perhaps mean something like “borderland duke”.
 
'''Footnote 2:''' This phrase could also potentially be rendered as “the noble house which inherits the Bidaxsh title called the Arzaneneians”, with the name referring to the family rather than necessarily where they ruled. The Armenian, Aghdzneats’i, is similar to Movses’ own surname Khorenats’i, sometimes rendered into English as “of Chorene”.
 
'''Footnote 3:''' Could also mean “I forgot”.
 
'''Footnote 4:''' The Sennacherib Prism provides an account of this from Sennacherib himself
 
'''Footnote 5:''' This appears to be Adrammelech’s name but spelled differently
 
'''Footnote 6:''' Presumably Mar Abas Catina
 
'''Footnote 7:''' Two noble families of Armenia
 
'''Footnote 8:''' Or “remember”
 
'''Footnote 9:''' There is a textual variant here, with at least one manuscript having “Haykak” instead of “Hayk” here.&lt;ref name=&quot;Soultanian HAMK&quot; /&gt;{{rp|141}}
 
===Chapter 24: Tigran! What type of man he was in all aspects===
 
Let's now discuss Tigran and his enterprises, for he was the most powerful, wise, and courageous of all our kings. He helped Cyrus overturn the Medes' dominion&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;, and he subjected the Greeks to himself for a long period. He stretched our territory's bounds and established them to their most extreme limits in antiquity. He was the envy of those who lived in his time and the admiration of those who came after.

Who among true men and those who value bravery and prudence would not be moved by his memory and want to be such a man? He was foremost among men, and by displaying his bravery, he exalted our country. He enabled subjects to subject, exacting tribute from many. He enlarged the stockpiles of gold, silver, and jewels, as well as clothes and rich fabrics of various colors for men and women, making the ugly appear as wonderful as the handsome, and the handsome as if they were divine. (As divinity was seen in those days.) The footsoldiers got horses, those with slings got bows, those with clubs got swords and spears, those without clothes got armor and shields. The very sight of them gathered in one place, with the gleaming rays of their armor and weapons, was enough to rout the enemy. A peacebringer and a builder, he slathered the land in oil and honey.
 
Tigran, son of Eruand, brought all of these and many other good things to our country. He had blonde hair with gray flecks, a ruddy complexion, and kind eyes. He was friendly and broad-shouldered, strong-legged, and had noble feet. He ate and drank moderately, didn't go wild at feasts, and was moderate in the pleasures of the flesh, as our ancients who sang to the accompaniment of the pandirn used to say. He was wise, eloquent, and outstanding in every virtue men possess. 
 
What then could be more precious to me in this book than repeating his praises and stories? He was just and fair in all of his judgements, neither jealous of the high nor despising the low, but instead spreading his cloak of care over all.
 
At first he was allied with Azhdahak, a Mede. Tigran gave Azhdahak his sister Tigranuhi's hand in marriage after Azhdakah's insistently sought to marry her. Azhdakah said &quot;that way, either to have a constant love for Tigran due to such closeness, or to easily betray him in this way to kill him&quot;. He had suspicions about Tigran due to an unexpected prophecy about future events.
 
❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' This is also reported by Xenophon in his [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0204%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D7 Cyropedia, beginning at book 3, chapter 1, section 7].

=== Chapter 25: Azhdahak's apprehension and uncertainty caused by Cyrus and Tigran's alliance===

Azhdakah was having such thoughts because of the friendly alliance between Cyrus and Tigran. &quot;How,&quot; he constantly asked his advisors, &quot;how will we be able to break this bond of friendship between the Persian and the Armenian, with his tens of thousands of soldiers?&quot;
 
The narrator&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; recounts that while the man was plagued by these thoughts, he had a prophetic dream in which he saw the following future events:
 
❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' Presumably Mar Abas Catina

===Chapter 26: The suspicious Azhdahak sees his future in an astonishing dream===

According to him&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;, the alliance between Cyrus and Tigran was no small threat to Azhdahak the Mede. Because of this, and because his mind was so wildly racing, he experienced a dream in which he saw and heard things he'd never encountered during the day. He woke up suddenly and didn't wait according to custom until the council hour. Instead, even though there were still several hours left of nighttime, he called for his advisors. Sighing from the depths of his heart, he cast his eyes downward and put on a sorrowful expression. When they asked him what was wrong, he didn't answer them for hours. Finally, with a groan, he began to share the specifics of the terrifying vision as well as his innermost thoughts and doubts.
 
&quot;My friends,&quot; he said, &quot;today I was in an uncharted country next to a high mountain whose summit looked to be covered in thick ice. One would have said it was in Armenia. As I stared at the mountain for a long period of time, a purple-clad woman wearing a veil the color of the sky sat atop this tremendous height. Her eyes were gorgeous, her height was tall, her cheeks were rosy, and she was experiencing labor pains. As I gazed in awe at this scene for a prolonged period of time, she suddenly gave birth to three fully-grown heroes. The first, riding a lion, went westward; the second, on a leopard, headed north; the third, riding a monstrous dragon, attacked our nation.
 
In the midst of these perplexing visions, I seemed to see the roof of my palace, decorated with beautiful awnings of many colors. The gods, who gave me the crown, were present in all their wondrous majesty, and you and I were there honoring them with sacrifices and incense. Suddenly, looking up, I saw the man on the dragon swooping down with eagle's wings. He was already near, intent on destroying the gods. Instead I, Azhdahak, got between them and took the hit, and entered into combat with this astounding warrior. We began by lancing each other and sending streams of blood pouring forth; we covered the surface of the palace, which glistens like the sun, in a sea of blood. We battled like this for several hours with a variety of weapons.
 
But what do I gain by dragging this out? My annihilation was the final outcome. As a result, the danger made me break out in a sweat and caused my sleep to flee; I didn't even seem to be alive afterwards. The way these visions went,, it can only mean one thing: Tigran the Armenian is going to launch a brutal attack on us. So, who wants to share my throne? With the help of the gods, provide me with sound advice in word and deed.&quot;
 
❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' Again presumably, though not necessarily, the &quot;him&quot; here is Mar Abas Catina. Khorenatsi can at times allow context to clarify who pronouns refer to more than a modern English writer would.
 
===Chapter 27: The opinions of Azhdahak's advisors, his thoughts thereafter, and the immediate action taken===
 
&quot;My friends&quot;, he said, &quot;I have heard many insightful and wise things from you. I will tell you which, with the help of the gods, I regard as that which will be most effective. For nothing is more advantageous when taking measures against the adversary and seeking to learn his plans than for someone to plot his demise under the guise of friendship.
 
Moreover, we cannot do this with money or deceptive words unless we conduct as I desire. His sister Tigranuhi, who is a most beautiful and smart woman, is the bait for my trap and the method by which I will achieve my objective. Because of her many connections in the outside world, we will be able to easily and covertly plot his assassination while she travels. By giving gifts and promising honor, we can persuade one of his friends to kill him by the sword or poison him. Or by bribery turn his in-group and officials against him, and so seize him as easily as a child.&quot;

His friends thought that this plan would work, so they got ready to put it into action. He gave a large sum of money to one of his counselors and sent him out with a letter that read as follows:
 
===Chapter 28: Azhdahak's letter, Tigran's subsequent agreement, and Tigranuhi's move to the land of the Medes===

&quot;Dear brother,
 
You already know that the gods have given us nothing more useful in this world than a lot of friends, especially wise and powerful ones. For with this thing, troubles from the outside don't bother us, and the ones that do get to us are quickly pushed away. Likewise, nothing bad can get inside us without being pushed out. Now seeing how helpful friendship is, I've decided to confirm our love for each other even more strongly and deeply, so that we can both be safe on every side and keep our empires safe and stable. This will happen if you give me the hand of the princess of Great Armenia, your sister Tigranuhi, in marriage, if you think it would be good for her to be queen of queens. May you be well, our fellow king and dear brother.&quot; 
 
But let's not unnecessarily prolong the account. I'll just say that the messenger came and did his job about the beautiful girl. Tigran agreed and gave his sister Tigranuhi to Azhdahak as a bride. He didn't yet know of Azhdahak's scheme, and sent his sister in accordance with royal custom. Azhdahak took her in and he made her the top-ranking of his wives, not only because of the deception in his heart but also because of her beauty. And so he spun his evil web.
 
===Chapter 29: How his duplicity was revealed and the conflict that killed Azhdahak began===

After this, he&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; reports that once Azhdahak made Tigranuhi queen, he did nothing in his kingdom without her permission. Instead, he did everything she told him to do and told everyone to do what she said. Having set everything up in this way, he began to softly say deceitful things to her: &quot;Do you not know,&quot; he asked, &quot;that your brother Tigran is jealous of your power over the Aryans because his wife Zaruhi incites him to be? What will happen, other than that I will die and Zaruhi will rule over the Aryans and take a place among the goddesses? So, you have to choose between two options: you can remain friendly with your brother and accept shameful ruin in the eyes of the Aryans, or you can think about what's best for you and give some good advice and take care for the future.&quot;
 
If Tigranuhi did not make a proposal that went along with the desires of the Medo-Persian, he hid a plan for her death in all of this. The wise and lovely woman, however, saw through his trickery; she responded to Azhdahak with loving words, but she quickly alerted her brother to the treachery through loyal allies.
 
Azhdahak then suggested to Tigran through diplomatic channels that they meet midway on the boundaries of their two kingdoms for mutual talks, as though a major issue had arisen that could not be resolved by letter or messenger but only through a face-to-face meeting. Tigran knew what he was up to and didn't hide it: he sent Azhdahak a letter telling him everything that was in his heart. Once such lowliness was exposed, there was no longer any excuse or lie that could cover such evil, and open war began.
 
The Armenian king assembled the Cappadocians, and soldiers chosen from Georgia and Aghuania, and from Greater and Lesser Armenia. He marched his entire force to the borders of Media, and the threat compelled Azhdahak to meet the descendant of Hayk with an army of no small size. Tigran's thoughts often returned to his adored sister, delaying his ability to act swiftly and decisively, causing the conflict to drag on for a whole five months. He tried to manipulate the course of events so that Tigranuhi would have a way to escape. After this was done, the time for battle had come.
 
So I praise my brave hero, my lance-bearer, well-proportioned in all his limbs and faultless in the beauty of his physique, energetic and expert in everything, he had no rival in strength. But why go on and on about it? In the battle his spear went through Azhdahak's iron armor like water, when he pulled it out he brought out half of Azhdahak's lungs with it. &lt;br&gt;
The battle was amazing, champions against champions, none of whom turned their backs easily on the enemy; so the clash lasted a long time. Only the death of Azhdahak ended the battle. Tigran's glory grew as a result of this accomplishment, added to his tally of successes.
 
❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Again it isn't immediately clear who &quot;he&quot; is here

=== Chapter 30: Tigran sending his sister Tigranuhi to Tigranakert. Anoysh, Azhdahak's first wife. What was done with the prisoners.===

It is also told that after this victory, he dispatched his sister Tigranuhi to Armenia — with royal grandeur and a sizable guard — to Tigranakert, the city that Tigran had built and named after himself, and he gave her this region as her domain. He also says that the aristocracy of the regions, called Ostan, the royal, descend from her.
 
And Azhdahak's first wife Anoysh, and many of the young lasses from Azhdahak's seed, with other youngsters&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; and a multitude of bondsmen&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt;, numbering more than ten thousand, were made to inhabit east of the slope of the great mountain as far as the borders to Goghtn, as far as the riverbank which is opposite the fortress of Nakhchivan. That is, Tumbul, Voksioghay, Dazhgoynk, and other estates towards the riverbank—one of which is Vranjunik. They were also made to inhabit three villages: Nehram, Julfa, and Khorshakunis. In effect, they were made to inhabit the whole plain which has Azhdanakan as its capital, as far as the aforementioned fortress of Nakhchivan.

But Tigran settled queen Anoysh, the first wife of Azhdahak, with her sons in the place where the debris of the great mountain landslide ends. (Those who went on many expeditions at Ptolemy's request and measured, using stadia, from the tropics to Cimmeria the land where people lived, the sea, and the uninhabited land say that this came about because of a terrible earthquake.) He gave Anoysh servants from the Medes at the base of the mountain.
 
This is supported by the verses of the sagas&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; of the Goghtn region. Wine is an important industry there, and the people preserve these songs with pleasure, as I've heard myself. Arsaces and his progeny are sung of, and they also sing of Azhdahak and his descendants. They allegorically call Azhdahak's descendants the sons of the dragon, since since Azhdahak means &quot;dragon&quot; in our language.
 
They tell that:&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Argavan held a feast in honor of Arsaces; a plot was hatched against him in the temple of the dragons.&quot;
 
And also that:&lt;br&gt;
&quot;When Artashat was established, the brave son of Arsaces, Artavazd, could not find a place for his palace, so he went and constructed the city of Marakert in Media. (On the plain called the plain of Sharur)&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;
 
They also say that:&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Queen Satenik had a great desire to be out of the crown, out of complications, for games after dark in Argavan's cushions&quot;.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 5&lt;/sup&gt;
 
Do you not admire here, once again, my historical reliability, with how I managed to discover the secret of the &quot;dragons&quot; who live on noble Mt. Masis?

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' The word translated here as &quot;[other] youngsters&quot; could also be translated as &quot;lads&quot;.

'''Footnote 2:''' This word can mean either slaves or captives. Though these are, of course, not mutually exclusive stations in which one can find oneself.

'''Footnote 3:''' The phrase here is difficult to translate. It appears to be a form of the word &quot;number&quot; modifying the word for &quot;song/poem&quot;.
 
'''Footnote 4:''' It isn't immediately clear if this statement, which I have included in the quote but put in parentheses, is part of the oral tradition or Movses' own commentary
 
'''Footnote 5:''' Supporting Movses' discussion of these as preserved ancient oral traditions, this example is especially difficult to translate and appears to contain Proto-Armenian, a version of the language even more ancient than Classical Armenian. &lt;ref name=&quot;Soultanian HAMK&quot; /&gt;{{rp|145–150}} This rendering is based primarily on Soultanian's analysis and commentary.

===Chapter 31: The descendants of Tigran===

As a historian, it is a mission dear to me to provide an accurate account of the native Tigran I and his deeds. May the same be true for you, reader: as the man and his deeds were, so should his record be.
 
As such, I will honor Hayk, Aram, and Tigran in that order for bravery. According to the reputation of heroic nature, heroes have heroic descendants. People call men who come in second-rank to heroes whatever they wish.&lt;br&gt;
Aramazd never existed, except in the minds of those who want to hear that Aramazd is real. Of the four versions of Aramazd, one is the hub the others come out of like spokes on a wheel. Similarly, there are many called Tigran, but only one who is a descendant of Hayk, who killed Azhdahak and took his royal family captive including Anoysh mother of the Dragons, and who with the assent and assistance of Cyrus, held domains of the Medo-Persian Empire.
 
This Tigran's sons were Bab, Tiran, and Vahagn. The legends of our land say of Vahagn:
 
&quot;The sky was in travail, the earth was in travail, the sea was in travail. A red reed rose from the sea. From its tube came smoke, from its tube came fire. From the fire rose a ruddy lad. His hair was fire, his beard flame, and his eyes suns.&quot;
 
I've heard some singing this song to the accompaniment of the pandirn&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; with my own ears. The song would go on to say that he fought dragons and slew them and did deeds like those of Hercules. They say he was deified, and in Georgia a life-size statue of him was raised, honored with sacrifices.
 
Vahagn's descendants are the Vahuni, and the Aravaneans descend from his youngest son Aravan. He was the father of Aravan, who was the father of Nerseh, who was the father of Zareh. The families known as the Zarehavan descend from Zareh. Zareh's firstborn was Armog, who was the father of Bagam, who was the father of Vahan, who was the father of Vahe. Vahe opposed Alexander the Great and was slain.
 
From this point to the reign of Valarshak in Armenia I have no accurate information to give you,&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; because there was chaos caused by various factions, men vying with one another for control of our nation. Hence the great Arsaces easily entering Armenia and appointing his brother king over it.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' A musical instrument.&lt;br&gt;
If the reader wishes to hear this sung as it may have been sung in Khorenatsi's day, an excellent rendition can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MY4w1sMK0A here].
 
'''Footnote 2:''' Note Movses Khorenatsi's honesty here that testifies to his accuracy as a historian. When he has no reliable information on a subject, he is not shy about informing the reader of this. This includes an amusing passage where he berates his own patron which is coming up soon in his section on the legends of the Persians.

===Chapter 32: The war in Illium during the time of Teutamus. Our king Zarmayr's participation, along with a small Ethiopian force, where he was killed in action.===

Your desire for knowledge comes with two criteria that make this a challenging work indeed.&lt;br&gt;
The work must be concise in style, yet comprehensive in content. &lt;br&gt;
In style it must be breviloquent: a mixture of speed and beauty; elegance combined with clearness, like something from the works of Plato. In content, far from lies and filled with truth, giving history from the very first man down to you.&lt;br&gt;
It is impossible to truly bring concision and completeness together. The One who created all things himself could have done it all at once in the blink of an eye, but instead he set the days on which and the order in which everything was to be created. Some things are creations of the first day, others creations of the second and third, and of the other days. So the Holy Spirit teaches us this manner of making things! But I see this divine limit does not limit your longing – you want it all, you want it all right, and you want it all right now. Look, in my writing I can either give you something complete, which you'll like, or something quick, which you won't.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt;
Because you were so hasty I haven't yet discussed the Macedonian&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; or the Illian&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt;, but I'll affix them here. (I don't know whether I'm being a savvy writer by saving the best for last, or acting like an unskilled carpenter tacking on something important at the end of the job.)
 
And which of these should come first if not that which was narrated in Homer's story, the Illian War in the time of Teutamus the Assyrian? The Armenian ruler Zarmayr, a vassal to the Assyrians, assisted Prriamu along with a small Ethiopian army.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt; Zarmayr was wounded by the brave Greeks and died. I wish by Achilles rather than an ordinary solider.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 5&lt;/sup&gt;

❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' It's worth noting that this chapter tells us Khorenatsi is sending his work to Sahak Bagratuni in sections, perhaps chapter-by-chapter.
 
'''Footnote 2:''' Alexander the Great
 
'''Footnote 3:''' The Trojan War
 
'''Footnote 4:''' Or &quot;assisted Prriamu with a small force, alongside the Ethiopian army&quot;.
 
'''Footnote 5''': This sentence appears to be ambiguous as to whether Khorenatsi knows for certain Zarmayr was killed by an ordinary soldier and instead wishes it had been by Achilles, or if it's unknown who specifically killed Zarmayr and Khorenatsi is saying that ideally it would be by Achilles.

&lt;BIG&gt;'''The End of the First Book, the Genealogy of the Great Houses of Armenia'''&lt;/BIG&gt;

== Persian Legends of Bevarasp Azhdahak ==

But what leads you to have this passionate interest in Bevarasp Azhdahak, a nasty and silly legend? And why make me work on the unfit and muddled accounts of Persia? These accounts are above all especially irrational. First Bevarasp Azhdahak's malicious kindness, and how he was served by demons, how it was &quot;no can do&quot; in terms of misleading the mislead. And the kiss on the shoulders from which the serpents&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; were born. And how from that point his evil became frequent, and his expending of man to satisfy the wants of the stomach&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt;. 

And they tell of how afterwards, someone named Hruden bound him with a cupriferous&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; chain, and took him to a mountain called Damavand. But on the way Hruden fell asleep, and Bevarasp dragged him to the hill. Hruden awoke, and carried&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt; the man off to a certain mountain and bound him, and set up a statue of himself which terrified Bevarasp who was still and submitted himself to the chaining, and had not the strength to get out and corrupt the land.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 5&lt;/sup&gt;

What need do you have for these false legends?&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 6&lt;/sup&gt; Hmm...I wonder...what need could silly and senseless stories even be suitable for? These aren’t the smooth and elegant Greek legends afterall, which have truth hidden in allegory. You’re asking me to make sense of the senseless and decorate the undecorated. 

Here’s what I say to you. Why do you need these? Why would you want to add to our workload with a desire for the undesirable?  

Ah but this is a youngster's desire, coming from your youth. So I'll fulfill it here:

'''Addendum: What’s Historically Reliable About the One Called Bevarasp'''

Now I will boldly proclaim the Platonic saying: &quot;Those that love lose themselves and become one another.&quot;&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 7&lt;/sup&gt; I've made other impossibilities possible for you, and I'll do the same here! I detest these words and works; the reports that above all bother me to hear: my hand will compose those today. They themselves think foolish thoughts concerning these things: their very ancient affairs when they were yet a young people are here revealed, that perhaps you may delight or gain utility. But know that I hate these things so I did not say anything about them in the first book, I do not consider them worthy of being even at the end of it, instead I am putting them in this separate and distinct place. And it begins like this:

Bevarasp Azhdhak was their ancestor, a contemporary of Nimrod. When the languages were divided over all the land, the people weren't all mixed up and confused and weren't leaderless. Instead a certain divine mark&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 8&lt;/sup&gt; signified with power the head of each nation and each clan&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 9&lt;/sup&gt; and decided every border which was given to them, each in their turn. &lt;br&gt;
Now Bevarasp's true name I know to be Centaur Piurida&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 10&lt;/sup&gt;, as I discovered in a work from Assyro-Babylonia&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 11&lt;/sup&gt;. It was not because of valor but rather wealth&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 12&lt;/sup&gt; and cleverness that the patriarchship of the nation was his to have, as a vassal of Nimrod. Bevarasp desired all of them to know a way of life alike—and he said a thing must not be someone's to possess privately of their own, instead all possessions must be held alike.

And all that he did was known, both his words and his works. His thoughts were not concealed, but every secret hidden in his heart his tongue brought out to the ears of all. His friends could come and go day or night. This was the malicious kindness which he had at first.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 13&lt;/sup&gt;

Astrology was his forte—because of this he was disposed to learn, and to do, evil. Yet this was impossible for him; for the reason given above—his behavior was geared towards deceiving the public at large, he did nothing in secret, and so it was not possible for him to be obviously studying such complete and potent evil. He employed a bitter method of obtaining an education in these matters: he pretended to have torturous stomach pain which only using a certain magic word and invoking a certain horrible name could heal, but which would harm anyone else who heard them.

And that&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 14&lt;/sup&gt; learned one, who plotted evil, taught him in his house and in public places—doubtlessly putting their head on Bevarasp's shoulders and speaking into his ears teaching the wicked art; this lead to the legend of the child of Satan serving and obliging Bevarasp that they tell today. And because a gift was requested, a kiss on the shoulders was received.

Really this is the sprouting of the serpents&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 15&lt;/sup&gt;, or Bevarasp completely turning into a dragon&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 16&lt;/sup&gt;, that they tell of. This is said of him because he began to sacrifice countless men to demons, until the populace got sick of him and all united to expel him. He fled to the mountain&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 17&lt;/sup&gt; mentioned above. His enemies were violently pursuing him; his men left him. This boosted the confidence of his pursuers, who then took some days to rest in the area. 

But Bevarasp was able to gather his scattered supporters back together and then suddenly ambush the opposing force, inflicting severe damage. Nevertheless, his enemies prevailed and Bevarasp fled. They caught him and killed him near the mountain, throwing him into a very deep pit of sulfur.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Or &quot;dragons&quot;. Armenian is վիշապ, &quot;vishap&quot;. This is similar to the Old English word &quot;wyrm&quot;, in that it encompasses both what we would call a dragon and what we would call a serpent.

'''Footnote 2:''' Literally &quot;Expending/selling/consuming human for needs/wants of belly&quot;. This could refer to cannibalism on Zahak's part, but I believe it to be referring to the Persian myths of how he made a pact to feed humans to the snakes which emerged from his shoulders to ease their bothering of him. The Classical Armenian word used here, ծախել, translated &quot;expending&quot;, is used in Book 3 chapter 68 for what a lion does to a person, and in Book 2 chapter 36 for what one does with money. A perfect word to use for describing people being sold in a bargain to be consumed by a monster.

'''Footnote 3:''' The Armenian word used here can refer to either copper or bronze.

'''Footnote 4:''' Or more generally &quot;took&quot;. 

'''Footnote 5:''' The Armenian indicates the statue was set up &quot;opposite/before/opposing&quot; Bevarasp.

'''Footnote 6:''' Those interested in these legends of Bevarasp are encouraged to read the Shahnama, a Persian work written about five hundred years after Khorenatsi's account of the legends. Its account of Zahhak, known also as Azi Dahaka and Bevarasp, follows very closely to Khorenatsi's summary of the legends about him in this section of his work. It can be read [https://archive.org/details/shahnama01firduoft/page/145/mode/1up here]. A good summary is available [http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/shahnameh/characters.htm#Zahak here]. 

'''Footnote 7:''' Literally translated &quot;For one who loves another, could one's own self exist, since it is not self?&quot;. Khorenatsi is essentially saying that since he and Sahak Bagratuni are friends, what Sahak wants is what he wants. Conceptually similar to &quot;if you're happy, I'm happy&quot;. For details on this and the Platonic background of the saying that Khorenatsi refers to, see the paper Some Veiled Allusions in Movsēs Khorenati's History by Edward Gulbekian [https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/Handesamsorya/1992(1-12)_ocr.pdf which can be read here].

'''Footnote 8:''' Or &quot;divine sign&quot;.

'''Footnote 9:''' Literally &quot;marked the chiefs and chieftains&quot;. The Classical Armenian words used are գլխաւորք and ցեղապետք. A form of the word ցեղապետք is used for the heads of tribes of Israel in Deuteronomy 1:15 and clans of Israel in 2 Chronicles 26:12 in the Armenian Bible, so the distinction between the two appears to be heads to national and sub-national groups. 

'''Footnote 10:''' This name is quite interesting. For his first name, Centaur, note that Khorenatsi is not using a usual word for the mythological creature &quot;centaur&quot;, յուշկապարիկ, which he will use later in Book 2 chapter 63 when he is expressly referring to that kind of mythological creature, but rather Khorenatsi using a transliteration of the Greek word &quot;centaur&quot;. In Classical Armenian he writes Կենտաւրոս, &quot;Kentawros&quot;, capitalized as a proper name.

&quot;Bevarasp&quot; in Persian means &quot;he with ten thousand horses&quot;. To offer my own theory, I suspect that as his name was translated or went through sources it perhaps underwent translations along the lines of &quot;He with many horses&quot; (Persian)➡&quot;Horseman&quot; (the Chaldean source Khorenatsi says records his actual name)➡&quot;Horse Man&quot; (Khorenatsi translating the latter literally, as &quot;Centaur&quot; as a name). 

&quot;Piurida&quot; is interestingly similar to “Pirithous”, a Greek figure who fought centaurs. Khorenatsi however does not appear to believe them to be the same figure as he later in Book 2 chapter 63 directly refers to Pirithous and uses a different word for his name, Պերիթեայ vs. Պիւռիդայ.&lt;br&gt;
There appears to be an interesting connection there with the quite similar names though. They could perhaps be very, very distant echos of one another. The memory of Piurida the &quot;Man That Has Many Horses&quot;, and his fight, and an echo of a tradition of animal-human hybridization, may have come together to form the tale of him fighting many horse-men in the Greek tradition as the myth of Pirithous, with the same pieces coming together in a different combination to make the Persian legend of Bevarasp, the animal-man who men had to fight.

Just as the myths of Baal of later eras appear to be only the faintest echos of the true man Bel, so perhaps the Greek Pirithous in the Illiad and Greek mythology (see [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.%20Il.%202.741&amp;lang=original here]) is the faintest, vaguest echo of the man Piurida who would have lived roughly 1500 years before the Illiad was written. A conceptually similar example would be a certain Josaphat, who was a virtually unrecognizable garbled legendary version of Buddha popular in Europe roughly 1500 years after the actual man lived. After so much time, it appears that only the faintest traces of a connection between a man and his legend remain.

'''Footnote 11:''' Literally &quot;a Chaldean book/work/writing&quot;. As noted above the word translated here generally encompasses what we would call Assyro-Babylonia or Mesopotamia.

'''Footnote 12:''' Or perhaps &quot;family connections&quot;.

'''Footnote 13:''' Which Khorenatsi referred to in the first paragraph.

'''Footnote 14:''' The Classical Armenian word translated here as &quot;that&quot;, &quot;այս&quot;, is nearly always used as a normal word for &quot;this&quot; or &quot;that&quot; (such as we might say &quot;This book is a translation&quot;) but the same combination of letters can refer to a demon and is taken by some to refer to such here, as in Bevarasp was being instructed by a demon. However Khorenatsi routinely uses the word այս in its normal sense and uses another word expressly meaning &quot;demon&quot;, դիւաց, when he wishes to specify such a thing, as he does multiple times in very chapter. In fact, in all of Khorenatsi's work, there is no point at which he clearly uses the word այս to refer to a spirit. So this interpretation of այս here strikes the translator as very unlikely to be what Khorenatsi intended with the word.

'''Footnote 15:''' Or &quot;dragons&quot;, as in footnote 1.

'''Footnote 16:''' Or &quot;turning into a serpent/wyrm/vishap&quot;, as in footnote 1.

'''Footnote 17:''' Or &quot;to the region of the mountain&quot;, or &quot;to the side of the mountain&quot;.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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      <contributor>
        <username>David Allencourt</username>
        <id>3424384</id>
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      <comment>/* Chapter 30: Tigran sending his sister Tigranuhi to Tigranakert. Anoysh, Azhdahak's first wife. What was done with the prisoners. */</comment>
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      <text bytes="132353" sha1="bnio80hehibloeak9z1bg2smbktfchu" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;Translated by David Allencourt&lt;/big&gt;'''

== Introduction ==


Movses Khorenatsi is, in many ways, the image of a perfect ancient historian. He consulted the best sources available, very frequently identifies his specific sources for information (placing him even above the celebrated Greek historian Thucydides, who rarely informs us of his specific sources – a bad habit of ancient Greco-Roman historians as a group), freely tells us when he is uncertain as to the truth of a piece of information or lacks reliable information on a subject altogether. He tells us when sources disagree on a matter, and unlike Greco-Roman historians, outright refuses to engage in practice of &quot;speech-in-character&quot;, where the historian will invent a speech that gets the gist of what the person actually said, as he explicitly tells us.&lt;ref name =&quot;Book3chapter65&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khorenatsi |first1=Movses |title=The History of the Armenians |location=Book 3, chapter 65}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;

Movses Khorenatsi was born in the early 400’s AD and died in the late 400’s AD. He was a pupil of Mesrop Mashtots, the very inventor of the Armenian alphabet, making Khorenatsi’s work among the earliest written in Armenian. His teacher Mesrop Mashtots sent him to Alexandria in Egypt for further learning.&lt;ref name=&quot;Book3Chapter61&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khorenatsi |first1=Movses |title=The History of the Armenians |location=Book 3, chapter 61}}&lt;/ref&gt; Along the way to Egypt he studied also in the archive of Edessa and in Israel.&lt;ref name =&quot;Book3Chapter62&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khorenatsi |first1=Movses |title=The History of the Armenians |location=Book 3, chapter 62}}&lt;/ref&gt; On his return trip he went to Rome, then Athens, and then Byzantium as well&lt;ref name=&quot;Book3Chapter62&quot; /&gt;, returning to Armenia not long after his teacher had died.&lt;ref name=&quot;Book3Chapter68&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khorenatsi |first1=Movses |title=The History of the Armenians |location=Book 3, chapter 68}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later the Armenian prince Sahak, of the Bagratuni noble house, commissioned him to write a history of Armenia from the beginning until the present.

A meticulous care for accuracy and truth constantly shines throughout Khorenatsi’s work, and allowed him to be astoundingly accurate. Showing what borders on an obsession with the most ancient of archives, and sources that had consulted them (or had access to those that had), Movses was able to be supremely accurate even about the supremely distant past. 

An example of archaeology uncovering an inscription which supports Movses Khorenatsi’s reports is to be found at Garni. Movses Khorenatsi reports of Garni that:

&quot;About this time, Tiridates completed building the fortress of Garni. It was made of expertly cut hard granite which was reinforced with iron and mortared with lead. In it he built a residence for his sister Khosrovidukht which was shady, decorated with carvings, and had marvelous sculptures and towering constructs.&quot;&lt;ref name =&quot;Book2chapter90&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khorenatsi |first1=Movses |title=The History of the Armenians |location=Book 2, chapter 90}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In 1945, an inscription was discovered at the site, which read:
&quot;Tiridates the Great of Greater Armenia, having as its lord subdued this city, founded for his sister, the queen, this impregnable fortress, to safeguard his kingdom, in his eleventh regnal year.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garni inscription text&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Lendering |first1=Jona |title=Garni, Greek Inscription |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/gorneae-garni/garni-greek-inscription/ |website=Livius}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Movses’ incredible accuracy is shown not just in archeology, but even today by the other sciences. An article in the New York Times in 2015 discusses how &quot;Movses Khorenatsi, a historian in the fifth century, wrote that his native Armenia had been established in 2492 B.C., a date usually regarded as legendary though he claimed to have traveled to Babylon and consulted ancient records. But either he made a lucky guess or he really did gain access to useful data, because a new genomic analysis suggests that his date is entirely plausible.
Geneticists have scanned the genomes of 173 Armenians from Armenia and Lebanon and compared them with those of 78 other populations from around the world. They found that the Armenians are a mix of ancient populations whose descendants now live in Sardinia, Central Asia and several other regions. This formative mixture occurred from 3000 to 2000 B.C., the geneticists calculated, coincident with Movses Khorenatsi’s date for the founding of Armenia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last= Wade|first= Nicholas|date= March 10, 2015|title= Date of Armenia’s Birth, Given in 5th Century, Gains Credence|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/science/study-backs-5th-century-historians-date-for-founding-of-armenia.html|work= The New York Times|access-date=March 5, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Not only his factual writing, but his literary style as well is a thing to be celebrated. The prominent Armenian author Aram Raffi writes that:
&quot;Moses of Khorene attempted to write the history of two or three thousand years...weaving his materials in such a way as to produce a vivid and life-like picture, tinged with the colours of all the centuries which he depicts...his style is simple and picturesque. Every event recorded by him becomes beautiful, noble, and great. There is not a paragraph, not a sentence, which falls below the general level of the work. The History is a marvellous panorama, which, as it unfolds, fills us with ever fresh wonder and admiration.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last= Aram|first= Raffi|date= |title= Armenian Drama and Heroic Poems|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WmPnAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA190&amp;lpg=PA190|magazine= The New Armenia|location= Page 190|publisher= The New Armenia Publishing Company}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Indeed, his work is such an achievement that today the highest cultural award of the Republic of Armenia, awarded by the president himself, is the Movses Khorenatsi medal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Herant Markarian Receives the Movses Khorenatsi Medal, the Highest Cultural Award of the Republic of Armenia (USA) |url=https://hamazkayin.com/en/news/%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4-%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%A1%D6%82-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5/ |website=Hamazkayin}}&lt;/ref&gt;, awarded for cultural, artistic, and literary achievement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Medal of Movses Khorenatsi |url=https://www.president.am/en/medals/18/ |publisher=The Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Unfortunately, a translation can only be as eloquent as the translator, and it is my chiefest regret that while I can reproduce the information in Khorenatsi’s history, reproducing the elegance which makes it a piece of world-class literature in its own right escapes me. However, the existing standard translation by Robert Thomson is out-of-print, available nowhere online, and has been harshly criticized in the strongest terms as &quot;biased and anti-scientific&quot;, with even a suggestion of Thomson &quot;intentionally aiming to mislead the reader&quot; in his translation being raised&lt;ref&gt;Gasparyan, S., &amp; Gasparyan, L. (2019). On Translational “Lacunas” in the English Translation of “The History of Armenia” by Movses Khorenatsi. Armenian Folia Anglistika, 15(1 (19), 191–211. https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/2019.15.1.191&lt;/ref&gt;; and part of his translation described as &quot;tantamount to corrupting the text&quot;.&lt;ref name =&quot;Soultanian HAMK&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Soultanian |first1=Gabriel |title=The History of the Armenians and Mosēs Khorenats'i |date=2011 |publisher=Bennett &amp; Bloom |isbn=978-1-898948-13-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|9}} It appears that Robert Thomson did not conduct himself as a translator with the same integrity with which Movses Khorenatsi conducted himself as a researcher and writer, with Soultanian describing Khorenatsi as a writer by saying that &quot;when one considers that this man created...a complete history, employed an honest attitude at all times and never sought to mislead the reader, I cannot but admire his genius&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Soultanian HAMK&quot; /&gt;{{rp|9-10}}. As such the need for a new version which was not only accessible but accurate became clear, whatever potential shortcomings I may have in reproducing the literary beauty of Movses Khorenatsi's writing into English.

So it is with great pleasure that I present, for the first time in a freely-available English version, Movses Khorenatsi's History of the Armenians.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1''': &lt;small&gt;Thucydides, for instance, is described by the Encyclopedia Britannica as the &quot;greatest of ancient Greek historians&quot;.&lt;ref name =&quot;Britannica Thucydides&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gomme |first1=Arnold |title=Thucydides |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thucydides-Greek-historian |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc |access-date=5 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thucydides states in book 1, chapter 22 of his History of the Peloponnesian War that &quot;With reference to the speeches in this history...some I heard myself, others I got from various quarters; it was in all cases difficult to carry them word for word in one's memory, so my habit has been to make the speakers say what was in my opinion demanded of them by the various occasions, of course adhering as closely as possible to the general sense of what they really said&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thucydides |title=History of the Peloponnesian War |location=Book 1, chapter 22 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Contrast this with Movses Khorenatsi, who, after reporting that one Sahak gave a great speech to the Persian king and his court, writes that &quot;if anyone says that I ought to write down what the great Sahak said in his public speech to the Persians, let them know that its contents have never been brought to me with completeness and accuracy, and that I am not willing to fabricate one in this history.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Book3chapter65&quot; /&gt;
Further, Britannica notes for Thucydides that “in the course of his narrative (except for the pestilence of 430 and his command in 424) he never gives his [source] for a statement. He does not say which of the speeches he actually heard, which of the other campaigns he took part in, what places he visited, or what persons he consulted”.&lt;ref name =&quot;Britannica Thucydides&quot; /&gt; The difference between this and Khorenatsi will become immediately apparent as you read Khorenatsi’s work, where you will regularly encounter sources being cited and discussed.&lt;/small&gt;

-----

'''THE HISTORY OF THE ARMENIANS'''&lt;br&gt;

'''IN THREE PARTS'''&lt;br&gt;

'''RECOUNTED BY'''&lt;br&gt;

'''MOVSES KHORENATSI'''&lt;br&gt;

'''AT THE REQUEST OF SAHAK BAGRATUNI'''

&lt;small&gt;[In the original, the table of contents follows this heading, which is unnecessary to duplicate here due to Wikibooks' formatting]&lt;/small&gt;

== Book 1: Genealogy of the Great Houses of Armenia ==

===Chapter 1: Replying to Sahak's letter promising to execute his request===

From Movses Khorenatsi to Sahak Bagratuni, I bid you greetings at the beginning of this history of our people.

It gladdens me to meet your Excellency’s request, and that you would make such a noble request speaks to the work of the divine grace of the Holy Ghost upon your understanding. Thus I praise you, and I pray that so praiseworthy you remain. 

It is said that we are the image of God by virtue of our intellect. And so, with this virtuous intellectual venture, you show your godliness. I say that the Mind that has created all minds rejoices at your being driven in this goal of creating a history of our people by passionate, and yet tempered, enthusiasm.

This is especially to your credit since the Nobles and the royalty who came before us – even those in our own lifetime – never patronized the creation of a history of the nation. Not from the wise men under them, not from the wise men around them. So you prove yourself to be greater than all of them, truly worthy of the highest praise etched in this record of your own creation.

So, gladly receiving your request to compose this first history of our nation, I will endeavor to complete it as a monument for you for your family in the future. For your family line stretches far back into the ancient past, and has been prolific in deeds both wise and brave. We will see these as I trace the genealogies from father to son in the course of this history. Indeed, I will record briefly but accurately the history of all of the Armenian noble families, since these are recorded in the histories of the Greeks.

===Chapter 2: If you want to know why I want to show these things about us from Greek sources even though Babylonian&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; and Assyrian writings discuss us more often===

One should not be surprised by this. It is true that many nations, especially the Persians and the Babylonians, have produced works of history which include accounts of events in Armenia. But I just mentioned only the Greeks for a good reason. The Greek kings were diligent in creating and maintaining scholarly works of their own and of other nations. Like Ptolemy Philadelphius, who took great pains to have the books of all nations translated into Greek.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt;

(And before anyone says that I'm some ignoramus because I just used someone who was king of Egypt as an example for kings of Greece, I’m well aware that he was king of Egypt. But after his conquests in Greece he was hailed as the king of Alexandria and the king of the Greeks, something that none of the other rulers of Egypt, not even any of the other Ptolemies, was ever called. And it was because of how Greek he was that he collected those aforementioned literary works in Greek. There are plenty of other reasons like these that I’ve called him a king of the Greeks, but to keep things brief let's move on.)

Getting back to the Greek sources, acclaimed Greek scholars translated the royal and temple archives of other nations into Greek, like we find with the Babylonian scholar Berossus. 
Not only those, but they found the greatest works of the nations and translated them into Greek: whether it was astronomy from the Babylonians, geometry from the Egyptians, mathematics from the Phoenicians, or music from the Thracians.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; These are not anonymous works, we know the names of those who collected and translated the works and dedicated them to the glory of Greece. They should be praised for their wisdom in seeking, receiving, and honoring the wise works of others. Because of this, I would not hesitate to call Greece the mother and the nurse of learning.

So this is why I consider the information reported by Greek historians to be so useful for this history. 

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Or &quot;Chaldean&quot;. Throughout this translation, the word rendered &quot;Babylonian&quot; can generally also be rendered &quot;Chaldean&quot;, including throughout this chapter.

'''Footnote 2:''' Thus creating the famed Library of Alexandria

'''Footnote 3:''' The meaning of this sentence is uncertain. In the original it reads &quot;whether it was A from the K, T from the P, K from the P, or SH from the T&quot;.

===Chapter 3: The unintellectual ways of our former kings and lords===

I don't want to leave the unscholarly habits of our own ancestors without condemnation. No, here at the very beginning of this work I am going to rebuke them, and I'll tell you why. 

The praiseworthy kings are those who recorded the deeds that make them worthy of praise, writing of these deeds and their decrees in histories and inscriptions. The writers of these deeds in books of history and compilers of these deeds in archives should be remembered as being engaged in similarly glorious acts. Through these records, we learn about the course of history and about the state of civilization. We learn these when we consult the wise records and writings of the Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, and Greeks. We aspire to the wisdom of the men who undertook these valiant efforts.

But it's obvious to everyone that, unlike them, our ancestors and kings were negligent and apathetic towards scholarship and intellectual life. Though we may be a small and often conquered nation, our history contains many valiant deeds worthy of record. Yet not a single one of them bothered to have any of these preserved in writing. That's hardly a surprise though, seeing as even self-interest failed to get them to make the effort to record their own legacies.

Now some might say that it isn't their fault because the Armenian alphabet hadn’t yet been introduced, or the lack of Armenian literature at the time, or because they were preoccupied with continuous wars that didn’t give them the chance. These excuses fail, however, since there were plenty of times of peace between wars, and the Persian and Greek scripts were used to write plenty of records: property records at the town, provincial, and family level, legal records and commercial transactions, and especially records of the inheritances of the noble families. All of these are stored and in use in the archives to this day. But just like today, the Armenians of the past apparently had no interest in scholarship or in songs of wisdom. 

But let's say no more about those illiterate lazy barbarians of the past. I am amazed at how fertile your mind is, Sahak. From the beginning of our nation up until the present, you alone have decided to undertake the important work of having a complete history of our people written. And not a terse little summary either – a long and reliable work that provides complete details about our kings and noble families: their genealogies, what deeds they’ve done, which are native Armenian and which descend from immigrants; to record in writing the history of our country from the beginning of nations at Babel until the present.

I am delighted that you have commissioned me to create this glorious tribute. But like Job, I must say: is there a book before me? If only the Armenians had produced works that provide an inerrant history of their history from the very beginning like the Hebrews have! If only it was possible for me to start from the present and work backwards, instead of beginning with the difficult task of starting out with that hardest part, our most very ancient history. I hope someone appreciates the work I put into this. 

As a Christian, I'm not going to bother repeating Pagan babble about the ancient past. I will only do so when it comes to certain times where they and the scriptures are in concord; and when the only sources available are Pagan stories I will only use the reliable portions of them.

===Chapter 4: About the lack of agreement on Adam and other patriarchs by historians===

Starting from Adam, the base of all humanity (though he was more like the peak when you think about it), and the very most ancient times, we should examine why Pagan historians such as Berossus, Polyhistor, and Abydenus all contradict each other and disagree with scripture when it comes to the beginnings of humanity. Whether it’s the Ark and its builder, humanity's other ancestors, or the very origins of the human race, they say a bunch of clearly unreliable nonsense. 

Abydenus for example writes that for Noah &quot;the all-concerned divine designated him as the shepherd and captain of the people&quot;, and later he says “Atrahasis [I.E. Noah] reigned for ten shars”, which is thrity-six thousand years. These historians call Noah by multiple different names and say that he lived for unfathomable amounts of time, though they and scripture are all in agreement on the Flood and its destruction of the world. They also agree with each other and with scripture that the number of patriarchs prior to the Flood was ten, including &quot;Xisutra&quot; (yet another name for Noah). 

Their various chronologies of the ancient past cannot be reconciled. They measure the years differently than we do, and their methods differs either from our or the Bible's solar year or the Egyptian lunar year. Their vast spans of time can't be made to line up even if you count months as &quot;years&quot;; the counts still wind up with significant differences. 

It might be best if I just write down what each of them gives, but I'll cut to the chase and give the accurate chronology. 

Adam was the first man. When he was two-hundred and thirty years old, he had Seth.&lt;br&gt;
When Seth was two-hundred and five, he had Enosh. Josephus reports that he can be credited with two monuments inscribed with prophecies, but these are now lost.&lt;br&gt;
Genesis says that Enosh was the first of the patriarchs to call on the name of God with hope. Let’s take a moment to take a look at what this means. Afterall, Adam was directly created by God, and God directly spoke to him both when He commanded him and when He castigated him for breaking His command. Abel was close to God as well, sacrificing to Him and having his sacrifice accepted. So what does it mean when it says that Enosh was the first to call on God?&lt;br&gt;
There are a variety of opinions on this, so let me give you mine. Evil got to the first man and so he was kicked out of Eden and cast away from God. Then the son of his that was closest to God was murdered by his own brother. After this God took no further direct actions and did not provide any revelations, and the human race fell into a dejected state of wickedness and doubt. But where those of his time had wickedness and doubt, Enosh had righteousness and hope.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Afterall, when it says he was the first to “call” on the name of the Lord, this can be interpreted in two ways. Either as him being the first to use God’s name after it had been forgotten, or the first to call upon God for help. It can’t be that God’s name had been forgotten since there hadn’t been enough time for this; Adam himself who was directly created by God was still alive. So it’s referring to how Enosh would call upon God to help him.

When Enosh was 190 he had Kenan. When Kenan was 170 he had Mahalalel. When Mahalalel was 165 he had Jared. When Jared was 162 he had Enoch.&lt;br&gt; 
When Enoch was 165 he had Methuselah. After he had Methuselah he a pleasing life for two hundred more years. He was then taken away from the wicked by One whom pleasant lives please. We’ll look at why in a little bit.&lt;br&gt;
When Methuselah was 165 he had Lamech. When Lamech was 188 he had Noah.

'''A NOTE ABOUT NOAH'''

Now Scripture here breaks from the pattern of the earlier genealogy. Instead of just saying “so-and-so begat so-and-so”, it says Lamech “had a son”, and that Lamech called this son Noah. I believe it does this to highlight the prediction Lamech made about this son, and the irony of its fulfillment. 

When Noah was born, Lamech made what turned out to be a rather ironic prediction. Lamech said of his new son that “he will give us rest from our work, and relieve us from the sorrow of our hands, caused by the ground which God has cursed”. 

Which, there would be no rest, but at one time annihilation over the earth. Here's my opinion: to &quot;rest&quot; means to stop, and what was stopped was the wickedness and evil of the diabolical vile men of the second age. He quite finely put it: &quot;from our work&quot;, which was injustice, &quot;and from the sorrow of our hands&quot;, with which we do filth. 

But yet a small number&lt;sup&gt;Note 2&lt;/sup&gt; would rest truly in accordance with the prophecy: not all men, but instead those souls of perfect virtue, when those mad with evil in Noah's time were, all in the same manner, deleted clean by a torrent.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt;

So scripture uniquely honors Noah with the title of &quot;son&quot; in this genealogy, a worthy and noteworthy heir to the values his righteous ancestors held.

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'''Footnote 1:''' I believe that if Khorenatsi were writing in modern English he might render the thought expressed here as “So when the world first fell into disbelief, Enosh was the first to contrast disbelief with faith; and in the first age that saw despair, Enosh was the first to contrast it with hope. The true hope, hope in God.” 

'''Footnote 2:''' The meaning of the single Classical Armenian word rendered here as &quot;a small number&quot; is uncertain 

'''Footnote 3:''' Were Khorenatsi writing this in modern English, I believe he might have written this as “This rest from their works came alright – but this rest was no sweet vacation, it was eternal slumber. ‘Rest’, after all, in my reading means to stop doing something, and the people of this time sure stopped their wicked work and the debased labor of their hands when all of it was destroyed by the Flood.

It’s like a river. The righteous like Noah get real rest floating gently down it in their boat, while the evil are washed away and get their ‘rest’ in their watery grave.”

===Chapter 5: The genealogies of Noah's three sons down to Abraham, Ninus and Aram. We'll see that Ninus isn’t related to Bel, &quot;Ninus&quot; isn't another name for Bel and Ninus was not his father.===

No one would deny that investigating extremely ancient times is a challenge. That goes double for teasing out the lineages of Noah’s sons. Particularly because Scripture singles out one specific nation to give a detailed genealogy of, the others being deemed unworthy of inclusion.

We’ll begin with what Scripture says, as far as it can take us. Then we’ll examine what we’ve found to be reliable along these lines in the ancient tales, to include on my part only what is fully accurate.

So let’s be impressed together at how well the genealogies of Abraham, Ninus, and Aram line up. It’s actually pretty neat.

According to Scripture, Shem was one hundred years old when he had Arphaxad, who was born two years after the Flood. 

'''Shem’s Descendants'''

Shem had Arphaxad when he was 100.&lt;br&gt;
Arphaxad had Cainan when he was 135.&lt;br&gt;
Cainan had Shelah when he was 120. &lt;br&gt;
Shelah had Eber when he was 130.&lt;br&gt;
Eber had Peleg when he was 134.&lt;br&gt;
Peleg had Reu when he was 133.&lt;br&gt;
Reu had Serug when he was 130.&lt;br&gt;
Serug had Nahor when he was 130.&lt;br&gt;
Nahor had Terah when he was 79.&lt;br&gt;
Terah had Abraham when he was 70.&lt;br&gt;

'''Ham’s Descendants'''

Ham was the father of Cush.&lt;br&gt;
Cush was the father of Mizraim.&lt;br&gt;
Mizraim was the father of Nimrod.&lt;br&gt;
Nimrod was the father of Bab.&lt;br&gt;
Bab was the father of Anebis.&lt;br&gt;
Anebis was the father of Arbel.&lt;br&gt;
Arbel was the father of Khayal.&lt;br&gt;
Khayal was the father of Arbel II.&lt;br&gt;
Arbel II was the father of Ninus.&lt;br&gt;
Ninus was the father of Ninyas.

'''Japheth’s Descendants'''

Japheth was the father of Gomer.&lt;br&gt;
Gomer was the father of Tiras.&lt;br&gt;
Tiras was the father of Togarmah.&lt;br&gt;
Togarmah was the father of Hayk.&lt;br&gt;
Hayk was the father of Aramaneak.&lt;br&gt;
Aramaneak was the father of Aramais.&lt;br&gt;
Aramais was the father of Amasya.&lt;br&gt;
Amasya was the father of Gelam.&lt;br&gt;
Gelam was the father of Harma.&lt;br&gt;
Harma was the father of Aram.&lt;br&gt;
Aram was the father of Ara the Handsome.&lt;br&gt;

In Shem’s line, all the historical sources put Cainan as the fourth from Noah and third from Shem. Same with Tiras in Japheth’s line: they have him the fourth from Noah and third from Japheth, though he isn’t listed in the Armenian translation of the Biblical text here.&lt;br&gt; 
Similarly, Mizraim isn’t listed fourth from Noah or third from Ham in our Armenian translation of the Biblical text or most of the genealogies elsewhere. Instead, my source for that is a well-researched Syrian source which is quite reliable.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; Afterall, Mizraim was the founder of the Egyptian nation. Many historical sources report that Nimrod, also known as Bel, was an Ethiopian&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; so this appears to be correct given that Ethiopia and Egypt are bordering lands.

The years of the life of Ham and his descendants weren’t recorded — or, at least, such records didn’t make their way down to us. Neither is there an accurate record of how long Ninus or Japheth lived. Their genealogies here are reliable however.  Each of the three have eleven generations up to the time of Abraham, Ninus, and our own Aram.&lt;br&gt; 
Ara was twelfth after Ninus and died young. Let no one doubt this since Abydenus, a reliable source in many ways, reports that Ninus was the son of Arbel, son of Khayal, son of Arbel, son of Anebis, son of Bab, son of Bel. Abydenus also gives the genealogy of our own Armenian people from Hayk to Ara the Handsome, who got killed because of Semiramis’ infatuation with him. Abydenus reports: “Ara the Handsome was the son of Aram, the son of Harma, the son of Gelam, the son of Amasya, the son of Aramais, the son of Aramaneak, the son of Hayk. Hayk was the enemy and the killer of Bel.” Abydenus reports this in the section of his work on genealogies.

Some, however, were none too happy about what Abydenus’ work said about who descends from who, and so they sought to suppress that section of his work. The historian Cephalion gives testimony to this sort of practice, saying that “At the beginning of our work, we began writing in detail all of the genealogies from the royal archives. But the kings commanded us to omit all of the nobodies and the scoundrels and only record their brave, wise, and regal ancestors. ‘Don’t waste your time on those others!’, they told me.” He says additional similar stuff.

Anyway, if you ask me, those who say Ninus was Bel’s son or even Bel himself are dead wrong, totally off from the truth. Neither the genealogy nor the chronology fits with this. If you ask me, it seems like someone tried to make the distant ancestors seem more recent in order to make it look like they themselves were more closely related to the great ancestors of the past, thus increasing their own prestige.

This information comes from the Greeks. (Now, yes, I know the Mesopotamians wrote much of this, and did plenty of translating of their own which was sometimes even state-sponsored — such as with Arius and others like him. But the texts come down to us in Greek preserved by Greeks so I said it was learned from the Greeks.)

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'''Footnote 1''': Note Movses’ attention to potential textual alteration or corruption. He is aware of it and watchful for it, and judges judiciously among his sources, even biblical text.

'''Footnote 2''': That is, a Cushite. Which Nimrod was as a descendant of Cush.

===Chapter 6: How some historical sources agree and some disagree with the ancient genealogies in the previous chapter. Also a discussion on the ancient oral traditions of the philosopher&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Olympiodorus===

I've given the genealogies of Noah's sons down to Abraham, Ninus, and Aram by compiling, to the best of my ability, what is reliable from many sources. I don't think any thinking person will object to this, except for someone who wants to distort the genealogies because they prefer some legend or another over the truth. 

Whatever, people like that can go for it if that’s what they want. But I know that you, my patron Sahak Bagratuni, are a lover of science. I know you are grateful to me for my vigilance against errors and efforts to find truth. So I will give a brief overview of what alternate accounts some ancient sources give concerning what I narrated in the previous chapter, but bear in mind that I cannot say whether these sources are getting their information from royal archives or whether they’re just making things up and giving whatever names and dates they felt like. 

They have a warped view of the matter, getting some things right and other things wrong. They mistake the first man with the first king and give him a bizarre name and say he had thirty-six thousand years. However as to the number of generations, and the occurrence of a global flood, they agree with my account here. They also describe three great men from before the Tower of Babel fell but after Noah’s ark landed in Armenia. However their accounts are warped in many ways, with the names and other aspects of the actual history changed.

I’ll begin with what’s reported by Berossus Sibyl of.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; I’m a fan of their’s, they are more reliable than most other historians. They wrote that before the tower, and before the human race began speaking multiple languages, and after Xisutra’s voyage to Armenia, the rulers of the earth were Zurvan, Titan, and Japetus. These seem to be Shem, Ham, and Japheth to me.

They continue, saying those had divided the world between them, but Zurvan elevated himself above the other two.&lt;br&gt;
Note that it was Zurvan who Zoroaster the magus, king of Bactria and the Medes, later called the creator and the father of the gods. He composed a bunch of other tales about him, but that’s not what we’re looking at right now. 

They say further when Zurvan seized power, he was planning on putting his sons in power. Titan and Japetus went to war with him. As the war went on, Titan’s forces conquered some of the territory that had been Zurvan’s. During Titan’s offensive, Zurvan, Titan, and Japetus’ sister Ishtar brokered a peace. They agreed that Zurvan would be emperor, but that all of his male children would be killed so that his descendants couldn’t forever rule over their own. So some of Titan’s men were assigned to guard Zurvan’s wives, monitoring them as they gave birth and killing the children if they were males. After two of Zurvan’s newborn sons were killed under this arrangement, Zurvan, Titan, and Japetus’ sister Ishtar and Zurvan’s wives convinced some of Titan’s men to let the other children live and send them to a mountain called Mt. Outcast, now called Mt. Olympus.

Some might consider all of that to just be a bunch of legends, but I think there’s a lot of truth to it. In the section of his work Panarion where he is arguing that God’s judgements are righteous and just, while addressing Israel’s destruction of the nations in Canaan, Epiphanius of Salamis (bishop of Constantia in Cyprus) discusses the history of the matter. He reports that when the lands were initially divided up between Noah’s sons, the region of Palestine was assigned to the descendants of Shem. But then the descendants of Ham attacked and conquered the area. So he says that this reconquest by the Israelites, as descendants of Shem, was preserving the rights of the Semites and restoring their land.
It’s worth noting a potential association between these and the Nephilim and Rephaite peoples that the Bible mentions.

We should also take a quick look at relevant oral traditions on these matters. These were written by several Greek sources as they had been told by their wise men, such as Gorgias, Banan, and David. A philosopher of this group wrote as follows: “Listen to what I’ve learned, elders. While I was studying philosophy in Greece, the wise men discussed geography and how the land was divided between the various peoples. There were various written accounts which were interpreted in various ways by various people. But the wisest, Olympiodorus, said ‘Listen to the oral traditions that are still told in the villages today. They tell tales of a lost book of Xistura and his sons. They say that this book told of how Xisutra in his ship landed upon dry land in Armenia. After this his son Shem began exploring to the northwest. There he came to a small plain near a wide mountain that contained a river running towards the land of Assyria. He stayed in this area for a couple of months and named the mountain Mt. Shem. After this Shem moved on, but the clan of one of his youngest sons - Tarban, with thirty sons and fifteen married daughters – decided to split off and settle there. So Shem named the area Taron and the settlement Tsronk because that is where his crowd first began to shrunk.’ “ It’s also said that he spent some time on the borders of Bactria and one of his sons settled there as well. In the east Shem is known as Zurvan, and that area is known as Zaruand to this day.

Ancient Armenian songs say much the same. Now I’m not saying all of this is necessarily true or false, but in this book I intend to be thorough and review all of the relevant sources on the matter, both oral and written without picking and choosing. That way you can have complete information on the subject, and you can tell that I am not being dishonest.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1''': If Khorenatsi were writing in modern English, I believe he may have referred to Olympiodorus more specifically as a folklorist.

'''Footnote 2''': This phrase is interpreted in different ways. Some take it as Khorenatsi referring to Berossus himself, so something like “Berossus, he of the Sibyl”. Soultanian&lt;ref name=&quot;Soultanian HAMK&quot; /&gt;{{rp|95}} argues that Khorenatsi is here referring to Berossus’ daughter. As Classical Armenian is a genderless language, the rest of the text reveals no clues as to which Khorenatsi has in mind. I have translated references to this source in gender-neutral terms and the reader may decide their own thoughts on the matter. So keep in mind that “they” in regards to this source is singular and not plural.&lt;br&gt;
Either way this reflects well on him: Khorenatsi either shows that he chooses top-notch sources here by going to Berossus or he shows how open-minded he is by praising the writing of a female historical source so highly.

===Chapter 7: A discussion of how the person known as Bel in non-Christian sources is Nimrod from the Bible===

Bel was a contemporary of Hayk, ancestor of the Armenians. A lot of different sources say a lot of different things about him, but I believe that Bel and Kronos&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; are Nimrod.&lt;br&gt; 
The Egyptians agree with the geneaology that Moses wrote, their version runs:&lt;br&gt;
Hephaestus, Sol, Kronos&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Which is Ham, Cush, Nimrod; Mizraim is left out. 

The Egyptians say that the first man was Hephaestus, who was also the one who first contrived fire.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; (Much like the story of Prometheus stealing fire from the gods and giving it to mankind this is allegorical, but that’s not really relevant to our history here.)

The order and chronology of the Egyptian genealogy from Hephaestus to the dynasty of the Hyksos&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt; fits with the Hebrew account of the time from Shem, Hem, and Japheth to Joseph. But enough about that. There isn’t time in life to make a history of everything. If I were to try to give the full history from these times until now, how could I ever give you the detailed history of Armenia you’re wanting?  So let’s start to look at the sources for and the course of our own history.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Also known as Saturn

'''Footnote 2:''' Khorenatsi appears here to have in mind what we would refer to as the Memphite Theology. We can tell Movses Khorenatsi really did have a good source on this as what he reports here was verified by the discovery of the [[w:Shabaka_Stone|Shabako Stone]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Object: The Shabako Stone |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA498 |publisher=The British Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; The myth recorded on the stone credits the creation of the world to Ptah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shabaka Stone transcript |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/sites/default/files/2022-11/Hieroglyphs_unlocking_ancient_Egypt_audio_transcripts.pdf |publisher=The British Museum |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the Egyptian craftman god&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ptah |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ptah |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}&lt;/ref&gt;, who Khorenatsi here refers to using the Greek equivalent of Hephaestus (a practice known as [[w:Interpretatio_Graeca|interpretatio graeca]] where foreign gods are discussed using the more familiar name of their Greek counterparts). Then Atum, who Britannica describes as &quot; one of the manifestations of the sun&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atum |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Atum |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt; and hence called here &quot;Sun&quot;, was made by Ptah (as Ptah-nun).&lt;ref&gt;http://www.columbia.edu/itc/religion/f2001/edit/docs/memphis_theogony.htm&lt;/ref&gt; The full text can be read [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/religion/f2001/edit/docs/memphis_theogony.htm here]. One might also render &quot;Sol&quot; there as &quot;Sun&quot; or &quot;Helios&quot;, the word used is the word for the orb of the sun.

'''Footnote 3:''' A similar but subtly different valid rendering would be &quot;The Egyptians say that Hephaestus was their first man and the one who introduced fire.&quot; It can be read as saying Hephaestus was either the very first man or the first of their men, i.e. the first Egyptian. As for what specifically he did with fire, the word used refers to invention.

'''Footnote 4:''' Literally &quot;the shepherds&quot;. The Egyptian historian Manetho, as quoted by the historian Josephus in his work Against Apion, Book 1, chapter 14, wrote: “This whole nation was styled Hycsos, that is, Shepherd...These people, whom we have before named Kings, and called shepherds also, and their descendants...kept possession of Egypt five hundred and eleven years”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Josephus |title=Against Apion |location=Book 1, section 14 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/apion-1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Chapter 8: Who found such accounts and where they found them===

It is said that the great Arsaces, an ethnic Parthian who was king of the Persians and the Parthians, gained independence from the Macedonians. Reigning the East and ruling Assyria, Arsaces brought death to Antiochus ruler of Mesopotamia and ruled a vast empire. 

Arsaces made a move to secure his rule by appointing his brother Valarshak king of Armenia. Nisibis was declared Valarshak’s capital city and his domain encompassed the lands of western Syria, Palestine, Asia Minor, and Tetalia, and the lands between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, including Atropatene. Arsaces told Valarshak he had permission to to take additional lands “as far as your courage and cleverness can take you. The borders of the brave are drawn by their sword!” 

Once Valarshak had gotten things up and running, he wanted to learn more about the past kings of his new lands. Had he inherited the proud throne of warrior-kings or the easychair of a sorry series of softies? He found a certain Assyrian&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; named Mar Abas Catina, an intelligent man who was well-versed in Chaldean and Greek literature. 

Valarshak sent Mar Abas Catina to his brother, asking Arsaces to grant him access to the royal archives. Valarshak also sent along with him gifts and a letter, which read as follows:

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Or perhaps &quot;Syrian&quot;. Broadly speaking, in ancient times the distinction between Syrian and Assyrian, Syria and Assyria that we may at times draw today was not drawn. Bear this in mind whenever either term is encountered in this translation.

===Chapter 9: The letter of Valarshak, king of Armenia, to his brother the great Arsaces, king of Persia===

“Dear Arshak, king of earth and water. Dear one who talks the talk and walks the walk of one of the gods. Dear king with success and brilliance above that of other kings as much as the sky is above the earth. Your younger brother, your brother-in-arms, the one you made king of Armenia, Valarshak wishes you forever victorious!

I haven’t forgotten what you said about cultivating courage and wisdom. As far as my mind is able I’ve been striving to follow your advice. Now that I’ve secured my rule here in this land under your mentorship, I’ve begun a project to discover who ruled Armenia before me and why exactly it came to be divided into these particular provinces. This place is a mess! I have no idea who outranks who or what we’re supposed to be doing in the temples. 

So please, Your Majesty, allow the bearer of this letter access to your royal archives. That way he can quickly find the information your little brother needs. This would really help me out and I know that if I’m happy, you’re happy. 

May Your Divine Majesty prosper.”

Mar Abas Catina presented this letter to the great Arsaces, who was happy to grant him access to the archive in Nineveh, and very pleased that his brother (who he had entrusted with half the empire) was giving thought to such matters. 

Mar Abas Catina examined the writings in the archive and found one written in Greek which contained the following introduction:

'''THE BEGINNING OF THE BOOK'''&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;

“The book of the authentic ancestral and ancient history. Translated from Chaldean to Greek by the order of Alexander.” Mar Abas Catina reports that the book goes on to discuss Zurvan, Titan, and Japetus and their dynasties, each son having a long rule after his father. 

Mar Abas Catina extracted only the reliable history of our people from this work and presented the history in both a Greek and Syriac version to King Valarshak in Nisibis. King Valarshak was an agreeable fellow, a skilled archer, a brave man, well-spoken, and intelligent. He considered this work of history to be his prized possession, and ordered it to be stored carefully and part of it inscribed in stone. From this I obtain certain support&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; for the order of my narrative for your spirit of questioning; this source provides a narrative of the line of our native Armenian rulers, beginning with those who began to rule at the time of Sardanapalus the Chaldean and extending from there.

It begins by saying&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt;:

The first gods were ones to inspire awe and fear, and bringers of the world’s great blessings. It was they who formed the earth and first populated it with people. The race of Gigantes split off, enormous in size and strength. In their pride they spawned the unholy plan to build the Tower. They were working on constructing the Tower when the gods, angered by their plan, sent a great storm which toppled the Tower, and the gods plunged mankind into confusion by implanting them with mutually unintelligible languages. One of these was Hayk, a descendant of Japetus, a renowned leader and a great archer. 

I’ll stop there for now since at the moment I’m just showing who the earliest founders of Armenia were rather than attempting to write their biographies. Mar Abas Catina’s work gives the family line as Japetus, Merod, Sirat, and Taklad – i.e. Japheth, Gomer, Tiras, and Togarmah. The historian goes on to report that the lineage continues to Hayk,  Aramaneak, and the others we looked at earlier, in the same order.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Note that this does not necessarily refer to what we in physical terms would call a “book” today, with bound sheets and pages, which is more specifically known as a codex. It could also refer to scrolls and other physical forms of document. Much like how the documents referred to as the Books of Moses were (and still are) often in the physical form of scrolls.

'''Footnote 2:''' The word translated “support” here is literally “second”, like we might say “I second that” or “he seconds what I’m saying”. 

'''Footnote 3:''' Literally “with words like these”. 

===Chapter 10: Hayk's rebellion===

Mar Abas Catina reports that Hayk was agreeable in both appearance and personality, with thickly muscled arms, famously brave among the Gigantes and an enemy of those who sought to become emperor of all others. During the time humanity was spreading across the land among the unwise but mighty Gigantes, Bel had been able to seize power since it had turned into a time of chaos and conquest, with everyone having drawn their sword against their neighbor.

Hayk however was unwilling to obey him, and boldly rose against the tyrant Bel. Hayk had been living in Babylon, and his son Aramaneak had been born there. He went to Ararat, which is in the north. He went with  and his sons and daughters and the sons of his sons, fighting men numbering three hundred. He also brought his servants, non-relatives who had joined him, and everyone’s belongings. They made their base on a plain at the foot of a mountain. Some people had already scattered to there previously, and Hayk conquered them. Hayk had a residence built there and gave it to Kadmea, Aramaneak’s son.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; It’s worth noting that this part of Mar Abas Catina’s report verifies those ancient oral traditions discussed earlier. 

Mar Abas Catina continues, reporting that Hayk himself and the rest went northwest from there. They settled in a highland and named it Hark, where the ancestors of Torgom’s clan settled. He also built a village and named it Haykashen after himself. Mar Abas Catina also reports that there were some who had already settled in the south of the region who willingly chose to accept Hayk’s rule, which also further verifies the oral traditions we looked at earlier.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' His name is also rendered in English as &quot;Kadmos&quot;. For archaeological evidence of the existence of Kadmea, the paper [https://www.academia.edu/download/55350308/Two_Ararats_Tpvac.pdf here] says that Kadmea’s name &quot;is the eponym of the ancient country of Kadmuhi/Katmuhu, in the north of present day mountains Ṭur-Abdin, known from the cuneiform sources of the 2nd-1st millennia BC...According to Assyrian data, the mountain of Corduena (Nibur / Nipur in Assyrian) was situated at the eastern border of this country&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Petrosyan |first1=Armen |title=Biblical Mt. Ararat: Two Identifications |journal=Comparative Mythology |date=December 2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/55350308/Two_Ararats_Tpvac.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;; It is remarkable how much of what Khorenatsi reports about these extremely ancient times are supported by such ancient sources.

===Chapter 11: The conflict and killing of Bel===

Mar Abas Catina continues, saying that Bel, having become the ruler of all peoples, sent one of his sons along with some of his loyal men as messengers to Hayk in the north to secure his obedience and peace. They brought the message: &quot;You have gone to a cold land. Come, warm your proud heart to me, obey me and you may dwell in my land wherever you wish.&quot; Hayk flatly refused and dismissed Bel's messengers, who went from there to Babylon. 

In response, Bel of the Titans gathered an army to make war on Hayk. They marched north to the land of Ararat, in the vicinity of Kadmea's residence. Kadmea fled to Hayk, sending runners ahead of him. The message delivered to Hayk was: &quot;Great hero! Bel is coming with warriors of undying bravery and sky-high stature. Between that and how close he was to my house, I was alarmed and ran. Decide what you're going to do, quick!&quot;

Relying on their strength of body and heart, Bel's large and mighty army stormed towards Hayk's land.  There Hayk was gathering this sons and grandsons, brave men and skilled archers – though few in number – and the rest of his force. They went to a salt lake inhabited by small fish, where Hayk gave them the battle plan: 'When we face Bel's army, try to get at Bel himself, who will be surrounded by his crowd of warriors. Either we will die and all that we have will fall to Bel, or by our skill with our weapons we will scatter his horde and be victorious.&quot;

They advanced a long way and came to a flat area between very high mountains, with a stream to their right. They saw the bulk of Bel’s forces going about impetuously like a cocksure reckless crowd without being in any formation. Bel himself was standing silent and motionless like a watchtower, surrounded by a group of warriors. There was a large gap between the main body of troops and another far in advance of them, and Hayk recognized this as Bel’s select detachment of soldiers that accompanied him.&lt;br&gt; 
Bel wore an iron crown with distinct plumes, cupriferous&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; armor plates on his chest and back, and his arms and legs were armored as well. His armor was secured with a belt at his waist. On his left he had a two-edged sword, and in his right hand he had an extremely large spear, and at both the left and the right he had his select soldiers. 

Seeing the well-equipped Titan with his select troops, Hayk assigned Aramaneak and two of his brothers to the right and Kadmea with two of Hayk's sons to the left. He arranged them this way because they were master archers and swordsmen. Hayk himself stood at the front and had the rest of the army behind in a wedge formation, and thus arranged they steadily advanced.

The Gigantes on each side crashed together, the fierceness of the mêlée causing mutual terror on both sides. Powerful men from each army were meeting the edge of the sword and falling. Neither side was giving way. 

The Titan king was shocked by the unexpectedly uncertain situation. He had an idea for a way to strengthen his crowd and began to go back up the hill. He thought this would be a strong position to hold fast until the rest of his troops arrived, at which point they would battle anew. 

Hayk became aware of this and moved forward towards the hill. He was a skilled archer and drew his bow fully, aiming at Bel's armor plates. The arrow, which had been triple-fletched, went straight through Bel into the ground, killing the Titan king who fell to the ground and breathed his last. Bel's army saw this and routed. 

Let's move on from the battle. Following this, Hayk built a settlement on the battleground and in honor of his victory named it Haykh, now known as Hayots-Dzor. Hayk named the hill where Bel and his brave warriors fell Their Tombs Hill, now known as Graveyard Hill.

Mar Abas Catina reports that Hayk embalmed Bel's corpse and buried it in a high place, his wives and sons seeing it.&lt;br&gt;
Our nation is called Hays after our ancestor Hayk.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' The word used here can refer to either copper or bronze.

===Chapter 12: Who’s who among Hayk’s descendants===

After this Mar Abas Catina relates a great many other things, but let’s focus on the information he presents that’s relevant to this particular work.

He reports that Hayk returned home and gave much of the loot gained from the battle to Kadmea, and also those close to him. He instructed Kadmea to go back to his home too and Hayk returned to live in Hark.

Hayk lived years after this. After he died, Aramaneak, who had been born in Babylon as discussed earlier, was his successor and ruled the nation.

Aramaneak migrated and left his brothers Khor and Manawaz, and Manawaz’s son Baz, and their clans to remain in Hark. Manawaz would inherit Hark and his son Baz would inherit the northwest coastal area of the salt lake and name the coastal area and the lake after himself. Some say that these are the ancestors of the Manawazean, Orduni, and Bznuneans who, as told, warred and destroyed each other after the time of St. Tiridates. &lt;br&gt;
Khor’s clan grew in the northern part of the region and he developed the area. The Khorkhoruni clan are said to be his descendants. They were, and still to this day are, courageous and illustrious.

Arameneak and his crowd went to the northeast. They went down into a deep valley, surrounded by the high peaks of tall mountains, a river running through from the west. And the eastern field stretched to the horizon. At the foot of the mountains were many clear springs, their streams of water coming together to form gentle rivers. On the hillsides and on the border of the field they flowed like young men dancing to court young maidens. Contrasting with these energetic young men was the old man of a mountain to the south, his white head of a peak steeply rising and shining in the sun. As one of our countrymen put it, it would take a man with a tight belt three days to walk around that old man. &lt;br&gt;
Here in this deep plain dwelt Aramaneak. He developed the land in its northern sector and developed the northern slope of the mountain. He gave them names similar to his own: he called the mountain Mt. Aragats, and the land before it The Foot of Aragats.

Mar Abas Catina reports something quite amazing: these were not in fact the first to settle Armenia, there were already a few scattered people dwelling here before our primary ancestor Hayk.

Several years later Aramaneak fathered his son Aramais. Living many more years after this, Aramaneak died.&lt;br&gt;
His son Aramais built his home on a hill by the riverbank. He named the settlement Armavir after himself, and named the river Eraskh after his grandson Erast. &lt;br&gt;
Aramais’ son Shara, who had many children and was quite the gourmand, was sent with his crowd to a nearby fertile plain before the north fact of Mt. Aragats, rich with flows of water. It’s said that from his name, Shara, the place took its name, Shirak. It seems that this is where the peasants’ saying originates: “If you have Shara’s belly we don’t have Shirak’s barns”. &lt;br&gt;
Aramais lived some more years and had his son Amasya, and after having lived for some years after that he died.

Amasya settled in Armavir, and after a few years he had his son Gelam, and after him, the brave Parokh and Tsolak. After the birth of his children, he crossed the river and went south, towards the mountain. There he built two grand dwellingplaces. One was to the east near the springs that come from the foot of the mountain, and the other was half a long day’s walk to the west of it. He gave these as inheritances to the brave Parokh and the swift Tsolak. They lived there and named them after themselves: Parokh’s dwellingplace was called Parokhot, and Tsolak’s dwellingplace was called Tsolakert. Amasya named the mountain Mt. Ararat after himself, and he himself resided in Armavir. He lived there some years, and then died.

After years passed&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; Gelam had Harma in Armavir. Gelam left Harma in Armavir with his other sons and he himself went northeast and settled at a mountain on the shore of a lake, building villages there. He named the mountain Mt. Gel after himself and the villages Gelarkuni, which is also what the lake is called. Here Gelam had his son Sisak, a good-looking and dignified man, a skilled archer and an eloquent speaker. Sisak received a large inheritance from Gelam: most of Gelam’s material possessions, a great many servants, and land from the lake to the east until the great plain where the river Eraskh, flowing through mountain rocks, turns into a loud waterfall. &lt;br&gt;
Sisak lived there and developed the land, engaging in extensive construction projects. Sisak named it Siwnik after himself – the Persians call it something closer to his name, Sisakan. &lt;br&gt;
Later, Valarshak, the first Parthian king of Armenia, found renowned men there among Sisak’s descendants and made them lords of the land. Valarshak’s course of action here standing verified by history; we’ll look this in greater detail in due course.

Gelam returned to the plain and founded a settlement in a secure valley near the foot of Mt. Gel. He named it Gelami after himself, though it would later be called Garni after his grandson Garnik. Among his descendants were, in the time of Valarshak’s grandson Arsaces, Varazh. As a young man Varazh was a skilled hunter of wild deer, goats, and boar, never missing his mark with his arrows. Arsaces made him Royal Master of the Hunt and placed him over villages on a river called the Hrazdan. He is said to be the ancestor of the Varahuni Noble house. &lt;br&gt;
Gelam, as mentioned previously, after a number of years became the father of Harma and died some years after that. He had Harma continue to dwell in Armavir.

Such was Hayk, son of Togarmah, son of Tiras, son of Gomer, son of Japheth, ancestor of the Armenians, and such were his bloodlines, his descendants and the country where they lived. Mar Abas Catina reports that afterwards they continued to multiply and were the ones who populated the country.

Now Harma lived a number of years and then became the father of Aram. We’re told of Aram’s valiant acts in battle, and how he extended Armenia’s borders in every direction. All other nations call our nation by his name: for instance the Greeks call us “Armen” and the Persians and Syrians call us “Armenik”.

For the lengthy history of Aram’s brave enterprises, I can write a separate biography of him if you’d like, your Excellency. Otherwise I’ll just give brief coverage of his life in this particular work.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' It isn’t immediately clear whether this means in a general sense that after Gelam lived some time he had Harma, or is specifically saying Gelam had Harma years after Amasya died.

===Chapter 13: Aram’s war in the east, which he won, and the death of the Niwkar called Mades===

Creating this history that you commissioned, your Excellency, is a greater pleasure for me than the feasts and drinking preferred by others. As such, I’ve decided to include some brief material about the wars of Aram of the house of Hayk.

Mar Abas Catina reports that Aram was a hardworking and patriotic man, to the point that he would have preferred to die for his country rather than see it trampled by the sons of strangers and foreigners ruling over his folk.

At the time just prior to the beginning of the reign of Ninus over Assyria, Aram felt hard-pressed by the neighboring nations. Medes had been trampling the borderlands of Armenia under the hooves of their horses, raiders like the Kushans, lead by one Niwkar&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; called Mades, who Mar Abas Catina reports was a proud and warlike man. For two years they had oppressed the people there.

So from his compatriots Aram gathered a large force of courageous men – skilled archers and spearmen, youthful, healthy, agile and strong with high morale. They numbered about fifty thousand.

Aram launched a sudden night attack and destroyed the entire enemy force, capturing the Niwkar called Mades. He took him to Armavir and had him nailed by the head to the wall on top of a tower, in view of all who dwelt in the city or passed by it. Aram subjected his part of the world as far as a mountain called Zarasp to tribute, until the time of Ninus’ reign over Assyria in Nineveh.

The new king Ninus however harbored hatred in his heart over the memory of his ancestor Bel, knowing the traditions of the past concerning him. He had planned to avenge him for some years, waiting for the right moment to strike and wipe out the descendants of the brave Hayk. Yet, he also feared that this project could endanger his own dominion, and so he concealed his anger. He told Aram that Aram could rule his newly acquired territory without fear, and that he could wear a pearled crown, and gave him the right to call himself the second-highest ruler in the land. But that’s enough about that, the scope of our current work doesn’t allow us to write at great length about this matter.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' The meaning of “Niwkar” is uncertain. It appears to be a foreign title of some sort. 

===Chapter 14: Aram's war in Assyria, which he won. Payapis Kaalea, Caesarea, and why parts of Armenia are called &quot;First&quot; and &quot;Second&quot; and so on are also discussed===
I will now briefly go over the brave deeds of Aram in the west that Mar Abas Catina reports, presenting in brief his lengthy account. I will go over his war in Assyria, its causes, and its effects.
 
The conflict in the east being concluded, Aram marched his same force to the Assyrian borderlands. There he faced Barsham, one of the Gigantes&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;, who had an army of forty thousand infantry and five thousand cavalry and was ruining the region with the supremely heavy payments he was demanding from them&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt;; the land was becoming deserted.&lt;br&gt;
Aram faced him in battle and inflicted heavy casualties on his force, driving them through Corduene up to the Assyrian plain, Barsham himself being killed by Aram’s soldiers. The Syrians deified Barsham, because of his many brave deeds, and he would go on to be worshiped for a long time. A large part of the Assyrian plains became instead, for many years, subject to Aram’s taxes.
 
But I must still write of the deeds of valor that Aram performed in the west in his struggle against the Titans. Moving to the west with forty thousand infantry and two thousand cavalry of the first&lt;sup&gt; Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; he arrived at the place that’s today called Caesaria in Cappadocia. He had no further fear of an attack from any other direction, having subdued the areas to his east and south he placed them under the rule of two clans: the land in the east under the house of Sisak and the Syrian land in the south under the house of Kadmea.
 
As such Aram could remain the west for quite some time. He was opposed in battle by the Titan Payapis Kaalea, who controlled the area between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Aram defeated Payapis Kaalea, who fled to an island in the Asian sea. Aram placed someone by the name of Mshak, one of his relatives, over the land and left him with a garrison of ten thousand troops. The inhabitants of the newly acquired land were instructed to learn and speak the Armenian language. Because of this, to this day the Greeks call it Proto-Armenia, which translated means “First Armenia”.

Governor Mshak built a town there, fortified with a low wall, and named it after himself. The locals called it Mazhak since they weren’t able to correctly pronounce its Armenian name. It would later be enlarged and called Caesaria.
 
Similar to what had been done with the Armenianization of the area’s language, settlers were brought in to many uninhabited areas, called Second, Third, and Fourth Armenia. That is the primary and true reason why, in the west of our country, there is a First, a Second, a Third and a Fourth Armenia. Other reasons for this given by Greek sources seem unacceptable to me; people can make up their own mind on this matter.
 
Thus the name of Aram became so famous due to his might that all the peoples around us, to this day, as you know, call our country by his name. He performed many other valorous acts beyond these, but let’s let what has been said so far suffice.
 
No one should be lead to doubt any of this because it isn’t mentioned in main royal or temple narratives. Firstly, Aram’s exploits began before the reign of Ninus, at which point no one had cared about such things, and secondly they didn’t feel the need or have the desire to record in the books of their own kings and temples the ancient narratives and old stories of foreign nations that they themselves couldn’t brag about and which wouldn’t bring them any glory.
 
But even though these events weren’t recorded in any main written accounts, Mar Abas Catina reports that they were gathered by unimportant and obscure men from oral accounts&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt;, and those were then placed in the royal archive. Mar Abas Catina gives the reason for this, which is also another reason these things weren’t mentioned in royal or temple narratives. He tells us that Ninus, being a proud and selfish man, wanted to show he himself alone as the great Founder and highlight his greatness alone. Consequently he ordered many books and records of the past which narrated the feats accomplished by great men of various places who had preceded him to be burned, canceling also annals being made in his time, such that what concerned him only would be recorded.
 
But that’s enough about that. After living a number of years Aram became the father of Ara, and after seeing many more years after that, he died.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' It’s worth noting that the word rendered “Gigantes” in this translation is the same as the word used to translate “Nephilim” in Genesis 6:4 in the Classical Armenian translation of the Bible.
 
'''Footnote 2:''' That is, taxes or tribute. The Classical Armenian word used here encompasses both of these similar but subtly different methods of insisting upon payments. This should be kept in mind whenever either term is encountered in this translation, such as later on when Aram extracts this from the area as well.
 
'''Footnote 3:''' This beginning portion of the sentence is difficult to interpret as it isn't clear what exactly the word &quot;first&quot; signifies here. It could mean he now had added to his force 40,000 infantry and 2000 cavalry who had served under Barsham at first, who had defected to Aram's side and/or otherwise joined Aram after his defeat. It could be telling us that Aram used the same force as in his first war, which now has 40,000 infantry and 2000 cavalry — down from 50,000 at the beginning. Regardless there were at least 40,000 infantry and 2000 cavalry with Aram when he reached Cappadocia.

'''Footnote 4:''' More literally 'from Gusans', essentially bards. Mar Abas Catina’s source appears to have been sagas which were written down by otherwise unnoteworthy scribes. Interestingly, these being the sources for Armenia’s Aram is somewhat analogous to the situation European North Americans find themselves in with their vaguely analogous semi-founder Leif Eriksson, whose career has come down to us in the form of sagas which were written down by unknown or obscure scribes. The “unimportant and obscure men” who wrote them are likely similar to, for us, Jón Þórðarson and Magnús Þórhallsson, obscure figures about whom we know basically nothing but that they wrote the Flateyjarbók, which contains the Saga of the Greenlanders which is one of our two main sources on Leif Eriksson’s life. Scholars today who would study Leif Eriksson’s life find themselves in the same boat as Mar Abas Catina did studying Aram’s life.

=== Chapter 15: Ara snuffed by Semiramis ===
 
Ara, like his father Aram, was regarded as deserving of such a favor by Ninus and took over the government of his ancestral lands a few years before Ninus died. However, Semiramis, libidinous and promiscuous, had long heard of Ara's beauty and desired to see him. However, she was unable to do so openly. After the demise of Ninus - or after he fled to Crete, as I would posit - Semiramis unreservedly strutted her passions and sent couriers to the attractive Ara with gifts and contributions, requesting with numerous pleas and the commitment of gifts that Ara come to her in Nineveh, either to wed her and rule over the entirety realm that Ninus had controlled, or to fulfill her longings and afterward return to his own territory in peace with wonderful gifts.
 
The ambassadors came and departed several times, but Ara refused to accept the offer. At the conclusion of these negotiations, Semiramis became extremely irate, and she took her army and  quickly traveled to Armenia to fight Ara there. However, as the outcome demonstrated, her desire was not so much to kill him or drive him away as to subjugate and control him in order to achieve her goals. For in the imprudence of her extraordinary passion, at the reports about him she had become frantically enflamed as though she had seen him already.
 
She got to the plain of Ara, which is called Ayrarat after his name. When the battle line was drawn, she told her generals to try to keep Ara alive if possible. However, when the conflict came together, Ara's army was routed, and Semiramis' troops killed Ara in the battle. After the victory, the queen sent plunderers to the battlefield to look for her lover among the slain bodies. She instructed them to place Ara on the roof of her palace after they discovered him dead among his warriors.
 
When the Armenian army found its courage to fight Queen Semiramis and avenge Ara's death, she declared, &quot;I have instructed my gods to lick his wounds, and he shall be restored to life.&quot; At the same time, she sought to resurrect Ara via the enchantment of her sorcery, driven insane by love for her heartthrob.
 
But as his body began to stink, she ordered that it be thrown into a large ditch and covered up. She disguised one of her lovers and said of him: &quot;The gods licked Ara and brought him back to life, satisfying our wish and delight. As a result, as they fulfill our pleasures and fulfill our desires, they are now all the more deserving of worship and honor from us&quot;. In addition, she erected a brand-new idol in the name of demons and lavishly honored it with sacrifices in the sight of all, as if the gods' power had brought Ara back to life. She also disseminated these reports about him throughout Armenia and persuaded everyone, ending the war.
 
In terms of Ara, it will suffice to state the following briefly. He lived for a while and fathered Cardos.

=== Chapter 16: Semiramis' construction of the city, aqueduct, and her own palace after Ara's death===

Semiramis spent a considerable amount of time in the plain that is referred to as Ayrarat after Ara following these successes.Because it was summer and she wanted to enjoy the flowering plains and meadows, she ventured out into the mountainous region on the southern side of the land.
 
She said, seeing the beauty of the land, the purity of the air, the clarity of the flowing streams, and the murmur of the smooth rivers: &quot;We must build a city and royal residence in such a temperate climate and purity of water and land, so that we can spend a fourth of the year's cycle, the summer season, in Armenia because of all its charms. And the remaining three cooler seasons will be spent in Nineveh.&quot;
 
She traveled through numerous locations before arriving at the salt lake's edge from the east. She noticed a long hill on the lake's shore that extended in the direction of the setting sun. With a cave in the vertical rock, it dipped somewhat to the north but stared up sheer to heaven to the south. From it on the south there broke out a broad plain-like meadow that descended from the mountain on the east to the lake's edge—a roomy and lovely valley through which streams of pure water flowed; they gathered in the folds at the base of the mountains and fanned out as grand rivers. To the east of the pleasant hill was a small mountain, and there were a few villages in the valley that were located to the right and left of the waters.
 
After careful consideration, this determined and decadent Semiramis ordered forty-two thousand skilled workers from Assyria and other lands empire-wide, and six thousand chosen from her most skilled craftsmen in working wood, stone, bronze, and iron to be brought immediately to the desired location. Everything was done as she instructed. A plethora of specialists and knowledgeable artisans were brought right away. She first gave the order to construct an infinitely long and tall stone waterwork for the river, which they say has stood firm up to the present.
 
I have also heard that today, men from the area hide out in the waterwork for banditry and refuge, as if they were safe on the rocky peaks of mountains. Even if someone attempted, he would be unable, no matter how hard he tried, to extract even a single stone suitable for a sling from the structure of the waterwork. The skillful mortar has the appearance of a lipidic substance melted and poured.
 
In this way she extended the waterwork for many stadia and brought it to the place intended for the city. There she gave the order to divide the large group of laborers into numerous groups and to set selected master craftsmen over each group. And so by forcing them to work supremely hard she finished the magnificent city with strong walls and cupriferous gates in a short amount of time.
 
She also constructed numerous exquisite palaces with two- and three-story ceilings, each facing the sun when appropriate, and decorated with a variety of stones and colors within the city. Beautiful, wide avenues divided the city into sections.She built some charming baths for people's needs in the middle of the city with beautiful art.She diverted a portion of the river that ran through the city to meet all of the needs and to water the parks and flower gardens.To supply water to the city and its surroundings, the remainder she made ran to the right and left along the lake's edge. She adorned all of the areas east, north, and south of the city with villas and leafy trees that produced a variety of fruits and leaves. She established numerous productive vineyards there. She created an absolutely stunning and magnificent walled city and settled a large number of people there as residents.
 
As for the city's acropolis and the wonderful construction that was there, many tried to witness it, but none subsequently described it. Surrounded by very high walls, with almost unattainable entrances and even more difficult exits, she raised an eerie secret royal dwelling. I am unwilling to include more about this site in my history due to the lack of accurate information regarding its nature and construction. I'll just say that, according to what I've heard, this is her crowning achievement, the most majestic of all the royal works.
 
She carved out numerous temples, chambers, treasure houses, and expansive caverns on the sun-facing side of the rock, which is so hard that no one can scratch a line with an iron point today. No one is sure how she created such magnificent structures. She then inscribed numerous texts over the surface of the rock after smoothing it, like inscribing wax with a stylus. The mere sight of these texts will astound anyone. Additionally, she erected stelae in numerous locations throughout the country of Armenia and had memorials to herself inscribed in the same script. She also used the same writing to fix boundaries in numerous locations.
 
=== Chapter 17: Semiarmis slaying her sons, zipping from Zoroaster, and next nixed by Ninyas===
 
Semiramis left as her governor and prefect for Assyria and Nineveh Zoroaster, the magus and leader of the Medes, as she frequently traveled to the northern regions to her summer resort in Armenia. Having this arrangement for many years, Semiramis compeletely trusted him to exercise her power.
 
She killed her sons all — with the exception of the youngest, Ninyas, who was saved — because she was frequently criticized by her sons for her extremely lascivious and obscene character. She did not give a thought to her own sons as she lavished all of her wealth and power on her friends and lovers.
 
Her husband Ninus did not, as some claim, die and be buried by her in the Palace at Nineveh. Rather, realizing her harmful and depraved way of life, he fled to Crete and left his kingdom. However, once her sons reached maturity, they brought all of this to her attention in the hope that it would convince her to give up her diabolical desires and hand over the power and treasures to them. However, she was even more enraged at this point and slaughtered them all. As previously stated, only Ninyas remained.
 
Then, when Zoroaster misbehaved toward the queen and conflict erupted between them, Semiramis instigated war against him because the Mede intended to seize all power. At the height of the conflict, Semiramis escaped Zoroaster and went to Armenia. Ninyas took advantage of the opportunity to exact revenge there and killed his mother, after which he ruled Assyria and Nineveh.
 
Thus you have now been informed as to why and how Semiramis died.
 
===Chapter 18: How we know Semiramis’ first war was in India and that she later died in Armenia===
 
Let me get out ahead of anyone that would mock my history by saying that yes people, I’m aware of what Cephalion says. He says, with others, first about Semiramis’ birth, then about her war with Zoroaster, which Cephalion says that Semiramis won, and then about her war in India after that.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;
 
But Mar Abas Catina’s research in the Chaldean works seemed to be more reliable to me than Cephalion’s account. Mar Abas Catina writes methodically and identifies the causes of the war. Further, Armenian legend supports this Assyrian’s&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; scholarship here about her death in this country, with our legends of her escape on foot, her burning thirst for water and its quenching, how the swordsmen drew near to her and, as they approached, she threw her talisman into the sea, from which comes “Semiramis’ Beads in the Sea”. And if you’re hungry for a myth, the tale of Semiramis turning to stone before Niobe did.
 
But that’s enough about that, let’s move on to the events that followed.

❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' Notice how Movses Khorenatsi is always diligent with telling us where sources disagree and differ.
 
'''Footnote 2:''' As noted above, the reader is reminded that this could also mean what we refer to as Syrian.
 
=== Chapter 19: What happened after Semiramis' death===
In the following chapters, I am going to present in chronological order the deeds of the grandest forefathers of our nation. We’ll look at the accounts concerning them and their actions, not adding anything fictitious, not including anything wrong, but only repeating what I have learned from the books, the writings of knowledgeable people from whom I have worked to thoughtfully compile the records of antiquity.
 
I have strived for truth and to do justice to my sources in this. Those are the principles according to which I have compiled this. In the sight of God I have done that, and whether men praise or criticize the results is of no importance to me.
 
The precision with which I have put this together from my research is supported by the corroborations among and consistency of the accounts, and the equal number and order of individuals in the genealogies. Here, assuring, certain or almost certain, the truth, I will begin by expounding the successive facts to you, drawn from the notes compiled during my research.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;
 
After Semiramis' death at the hands of her son Zames, also called Ninyas, which itself happened after the death of Ara, the following is the reliable order of events.
 
After causing his perverse mother to perish, Ninyas became king and had a peaceful reign. During his time Abraham died.
 
So now let’s compare the lineages of the Armenians, the Hebrews, and the Assyrians&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; down to the Assyrian Sardanapalus, also called Tonos Concoleros.

'''Hebrews'''

Isaac&lt;br&gt;
Jacob&lt;br&gt;
Levi&lt;br&gt;
Kohath&lt;br&gt;
Amram&lt;br&gt;
Moses&lt;br&gt;
Joshua
 
Starting with Joshua and going onward, we’re going not by direct lineage but by who lead the nation. They all descend from Abraham, after all. When Joshua defeated the Canaanites, they fled and took refuge in Algeria&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt;, sailing to Tigisis&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt;. This can be seen from stelae in Africa that have survived to this day that bear the inscription “We Canaanite noblemen, fleeing the robber Joshua, came to live here”. One of the Canaanite noblemen, the most honorable Canaanidus, wound up in Armenia. Having made careful inquiries, I can prove that the Gntuni house undoubtedly descends from him. They certainly behave like Canaanites.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 5&lt;/sup&gt;
 
[Moving on with the lineage of the Hebrews:]
Othniel&lt;br&gt;
Ehud&lt;br&gt;
Barak&lt;br&gt;
Gideon&lt;br&gt;
Abimelech&lt;br&gt;
Tola&lt;br&gt;
Jair&lt;br&gt;
Jephthah&lt;br&gt;
Ibzan&lt;br&gt;
Elon&lt;br&gt;
Abdon&lt;br&gt;
Samson&lt;br&gt;
Eli&lt;br&gt;
Samuel&lt;br&gt;
Saul&lt;br&gt;
David and his successors
 

'''Assyrians'''
 
Arius&lt;br&gt;
Aralius, also known as Amyrus&lt;br&gt;
Xerxes, also known as Balaeus&lt;br&gt;
Armamithres&lt;br&gt;
Belochus&lt;br&gt;
Balaeas&lt;br&gt;
Aladas&lt;br&gt;
Mamythus&lt;br&gt;
Machchalaeus&lt;br&gt;
Spherus&lt;br&gt;
Mamylus&lt;br&gt;
Sparethus&lt;br&gt;
Ascatades&lt;br&gt;
Amyntas&lt;br&gt;
Belochus&lt;br&gt;
Balatores&lt;br&gt;
Lamprides&lt;br&gt;
Sosmares&lt;br&gt;
Lampares&lt;br&gt;
Pannias&lt;br&gt;
Sosarmus&lt;br&gt;
Mithraeus&lt;br&gt;
Teutamus&lt;br&gt;
Teutaeus&lt;br&gt;
Theneus &lt;br&gt;
Derusus&lt;br&gt;
Eupalmes&lt;br&gt;
Laosthenes&lt;br&gt;
Peritiades&lt;br&gt;
Opratios &lt;br&gt;
Pratinis &lt;br&gt;
Acrazanes&lt;br&gt;
Sardanapalus

'''Armenians'''

Ara II

He was the son of the previously discussed Ara, named Ara by Semiramis and entrusted with governing our country. After him were:
 
Anushavan&lt;br&gt;
Paret&lt;br&gt;
Arbak&lt;br&gt;
Zavan&lt;br&gt;
Parnak&lt;br&gt;
Sur

Joshua, son of Nun, lived during Sur’s time.

Havanak&lt;br&gt;
Vashtak&lt;br&gt;
Haykak

They say that he lived during the time of Belochus and that, thoughtlessly, he got together a group of fighting men, which he died from.
 
Ampak&lt;br&gt;
Arnak&lt;br&gt;
Shavarsh&lt;br&gt;
Norayr&lt;br&gt;
Vstamkar&lt;br&gt;
Gorak&lt;br&gt;
Hrant&lt;br&gt;
Yndzak&lt;br&gt;
Gzak&lt;br&gt;
Horoy&lt;br&gt;
Zarmayr

He was sent to reinforce Prriamu by Teutamus, along with the Ethiopian army, and was killed by brave Greeks.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 6&lt;/sup&gt;

Perch&lt;br&gt;
Arbun&lt;br&gt;
Bazuk&lt;br&gt;
Hoy&lt;br&gt;
Yusak&lt;br&gt;
Kaypak&lt;br&gt;
Skayordi&lt;br&gt;

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' This phrase is quite difficult to interpret. Some take Movses here to be referring to a specific source, called something like the &quot;Web of Reports&quot;. In the translator’s opinion, he is referring here to his own notes compiled during his research rather than to the title of a specific outside work. This appears to fit with the rest of this beginning section of this chapter. Very literally translated the phrase here means something like “from Web/Woven-Thing history of/from Necessity”, with the capitalizations in the original text.&lt;br&gt;
When he refers to “the writings of knowledgeable people from whom I have worked to thoughtfully compile the records of antiquity” and then to this Web, I believe he is essentially saying that out of necessity he weaved a web of notes from those writings and that web-born-from-necessity is his thoughtful compilation. Given the large number of sources he cites (with just a sampling being Mar Abas Catina, Julius Africanus, Cephalion, Manetho, Phlegon of Tralles, and Josephus among many others) he likely took notes as he read these, and later used these notes for creating his history. &lt;br&gt;
This is arguably the most difficult phrase to interpret in the entirety of Book 1 of Khorenatsi’s work, however, and so this interpretation should be taken only as an educated guess.
 
'''Footnote 2:''' Or “Chaldeans”, same throughout this chapter. It is interesting that this word is used to refer to both what we would call Babylonians and what we would call Assyrians. “Mesopotamians” would be a more direct rendering of such a concept.

'''Footnote 3:''' Or “Jagras”. Al-Jagras→Algeria.
 
'''Footnote 4:''' Or “Tarshish”. Though the two may refer to the same locale
 
'''Footnote 5:''' Khorenatsi can be read either as insulting them here by saying something like “They act like a bunch of Canaanites” or as simply neutrally noting that they have Canaanite customs.

'''Footnote 6:''' Diodorus Siculus, a Greco-Roman historian, discusses this event as well. In his Bibliotheca Historica, Book 2, chapter 22 he writes that “when Teutamus, they say, was ruler of Asia, being the twentieth in succession from Ninyas the son of Semiramis, the Greeks made an expedition against Troy with Agamemnon, at a time when the Assyrians had controlled Asia for more than a thousand years. And Priam, who was king of the Troad and a vassal of the king of the Assyrians, being hard pressed by the war, sent an embassy to the king requesting aid; and Teutamus despatched ten thousand Ethiopians...”.
 
===Chapter 20: Ara II and his son Anushavan the Tree Devotee&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;===
 
While Semiramis was alive, Ara’s beloved wife gave birth to a son. This son was twelve years old when Ara died, and Semiramis called him Ara in memory of the love she had had for his father, Ara the Handsome. Faithfully believing in him, she appointed him ruler of Armenia. They say that he went on to die together with her in the war.
 
But added to the line of events afterwards was this. Ara, son of Ara, dies in the war together with Semiramis, leaving a male child. Richly talented in word and deed, he was called Anushavan the Tree Devotee because he was dedicated to the cult of the trees of Aramaneak in Armavir. The rustling of their leaves and the gentler or stronger blowing of the wind through them was used for divination for a long time among the Armenian people.
 
Anushavan languished at the royal court, suffering Zames’&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; contempt for a long time. Aided by friendship he managed to become ruler of part of Armenia; aided by taxes he managed to become ruler of all of Armenia. But it would be too much if I were to begin to record all the worthy words and all the worthy deeds of all the men in the list above.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Or “the sycamore sacrificer”.
Phonetically “Sosanuer”. The word in Classical Armenian is “Սօսանուէր”: սօս (word for various kinds of trees, see [http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=16&amp;dt=HY_EN&amp;query=%D5%8D%D6%85%D5%BD the definition here], sixth from the bottom on the righthand side for details), ա (link in compound words), նուէր (offering).&lt;br&gt;
Less literally perhaps “the poplar prostrator”.
 
'''Footnote 2:''' Ninyas
 
===Chapter 21: Paroyr, son of Skayordi, the first king of Armenia, who assisted Arbaces the Mede in seizing the throne from Sardanapalus===
 
So since there’s no way to record all the worthy words and all the worthy deeds of all the men in the list above, let’s focus on the most significant facts. Continuing on with the earlier list, the next Armenian is Payroyr, Skayordi’s son, who reigned during the time of Sardanapalus. Payroyr was the last who was under the Assyrians, as Armenia had been since the time of Semiramis and Ninus. He gave Arbaces the Mede quite a bit of assistance in seizing the kingdom from Sardanapalus.
 
I am overjoyed to have reached the point where the line of Armenians became kings! So, now it’s time for me to set to a great task. To state many propositions concerning the sequence of events&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;, the foundation of which will be such words that merited four books&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; of the one prolific in words and wise — the wisest in the midst of the wise&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; — which we ourselves indeed read.
 
Arbaces was from Media, from an insignificant outskirt of the land, he was cunning in his conduct and brave in war. He learned of Tonos Concoleros’ weakness and hedonistic lifestyle, and through his generosity and good-nature he began gaining allies among the courageous and competent men who kept a firm grip on their duties of administration of the Assyrian Empire. &lt;br&gt;
Arbaces won over our daring ruler Paroyr, promising him kingship and the splendor that goes along with it. Troops of brave and skilled swordsmen, spearmen, and archers joined to Arbaces as well. And so he seized the throne from Sardanapalus, becoming the ruler of Assyria and Nineveh. Leaving others to govern in Assyria, he moved the capital of the empire to Media.
 
If other sources report these events differently from me, don’t be surprised. In the previous chapter, I castigated our ancestors for their unscholarly habits, and the same applies here. The deeds of Nebuchadnezzar’s father were recorded by the supervisors of their annals, but our own people never thought of doing such a thing, and so it was only in annals such as those that their deeds were written. So if you were to ask: “where did you learn the names and the deeds of our ancestors?”, I reply: “From the ancient archives of the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians, since their names and deeds were included in official royal documents as they served as officials, governors, and satraps appointed by them.”

❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' This phrase could be interpreted in a number of ways. Possible interpretations include “state many propositions on the discourse”, “state many objections to the narrative”, “scrive many historical speeches”, and others.

'''Footnote 2:''' Some have attempted to translate Khorenatsi here as referring to four &quot;rhapsodies&quot;. This is, in the translator's opinion, absolute butchery of the text. Such a rendering is contradicted by the paragraph at the end of this chapter where Khorenatsi directly discusses his source, even posing and answering the question “if you ask me where I learned these things”. Further, in Book 2 chapter 92 Khorenatsi uses the same word some want to translate as &quot;rhapsody&quot; here again in reference to his own work, which is most clearly not anything resembling a rhapsody. Rather, as Khorenatsi uses it, this word by all indications means &quot;one of the major divisions of a long work&quot; – i.e. volume or chapter or book (in the sense that his work here and many other long ancient works are divided into &quot;books&quot;, despite being one whole work as we today classify them). This is directly confirmed by Khorenatsi's use of the word in Book 2 chapter 10 of his work, where he uses the term when citing Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History, explicitly citing, just as we would today since the Book and chapter divisions are the same, &quot;Book&quot; 1 chapter 13.

'''Footnote 3:''' One of the greatest mysteries of Khorenatsi’s text is who he is referring to here.

===Chapter 22: The order and number of our kings, from father to son===
 
Now I'll go over the list of our great men, notably the kings, down to the Parthian period. For these men descended from our kings are dear to me as countrymen and kindred of my own blood and real brothers. How precious it would have been for me if the Savior had arrived at that time and rescued me, and if my birth had occurred in their time, if I could enjoy in their rule and avoid the evils of the present!
 
But that circumstance, indeed that fortune, has long since passed us by. But now, while foreigners govern, I will put down the order of our nation's kings alongside theirs. The men whose names I will write here were our country's national rulers.
 
The fact that our nation existed as a kingdom at this time is attested by the prophet Jeremiah in his speech calling for war against Babylon: &quot;Summon&quot;, hey says, &quot;the kingdom of Ararat and the troops of Ashkenaz&quot;&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;,  verifying the existence of our kingdom at the time.
 
As we set out the list of our kings we will list out alongside it it that of the kings of the Medes:
 
'''FIRST OF THE KINGS OF THE MEDES''''&lt;br&gt;
Arbaces&lt;br&gt;
Maudaces&lt;br&gt;
Sosarmus&lt;br&gt;
Artycas&lt;br&gt;
Deioces&lt;br&gt;
Phraortes&lt;br&gt;
Cyaxares&lt;br&gt;
Astyages
 
Our first king, crowned by the Mede Arbaces:

Paroyr, son of Skayordi&lt;br&gt;
Hrachea

Hrachea was so named because of his fiery eyes and bright features.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; They say that he was a contemporary of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, who took the Jews into captivity. They also say that he brought one Shambat, one of the captive Hebrew leaders, to our nation with great honor after asking Nebuchadnezzar for him.
According to the historian, the Bagratuni family is descended from him, and this is certain. We shall go into more depth later on regarding the efforts taken by our kings to force them to worship idols, and who and how many of them lost their lives for their worship of God.&lt;br&gt;
But some unreliable men, on their own whims and not according to the truth, say that your Bagratuni family, who place the crown on the king's head during coronation, descend from Hayk. My reply to that is not to believe any of that nonsense. There is absolutely nothing to indicate that that claim is true. It's just absurd babbling about Hayk and those like him. Rather, know that the name Smbat, which the Bagratuni often give their children, is in truth the name Shambat, corresponding to the family's original language, which is Hebrew.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt;
 
Parnavaz&lt;br&gt;
Pachoych&lt;br&gt;
Kornak&lt;br&gt;
Paros&lt;br&gt;
The other Haykak&lt;br&gt;
Eruand the Short-Lived&lt;br&gt;
Tigran

From the names of the latter two, kings were later called in recent times Eruand and Tigran, hoping to be like them, since the memory of these names was not so distant.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt;

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Jeremiah 51:27

'''Footnote 2:''' &quot;Hrach&quot; is likely a compound of the Armenian word for &quot;fire&quot;, &quot;hur&quot;, and &quot;eyes&quot;, &quot;achk&quot;.
 
'''Footnote 3:''' Note this passage well against those who may claim Khorenatsi may have allowed bias in favor of his patron to slant his history. Khorenatsi, so far as we can tell, never knowingly sacrifices the truth in all of his history.
 
'''Footnote 4:''' This paragraph is challenging to interpret. It could also be rendered as having the sense of something like: &quot;I know these last two are not indigenous Armenian names, but since they have acted as kings of our land, I hope some people remember the names, since they're not as distant in the past as the others in the list.&quot;

===Chapter 23: The line of Sennacherib and how the Artstruni and Gnuni families descend from him, as well as the house which inherits the title of Bidaxsh&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; of Arzanene&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. And the house of Angel descends from Paskam.===
 
Before we get to the history of Tigran the Great, the ninth native Armenian king, who was strong, famous, and victorious with other world leaders, let’s discuss some things that are important for the completeness of our account.
 
So far I’ve neglected&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; to give an account of Sennacherib. About eighty years before the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Assyria was Sennacherib. He besieged Jerusalem during the time of Hezekiah, leader of the Jews.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt; But his sons Adrammelech and Sharezer assassinated him and then fled to Armenia.
 
Our brave ancestor Skayordi settled Sharezer in the southwest, close to the border with Assyria. His descendants came to populate Mt. Sim. Subsequently, the foremost and most outstanding among them, offering faithful service to the king, came to be honored by being made Bidaxsh of those regions.
 
Argamozan&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 5&lt;/sup&gt; lived on his side in the southeast of the same area. The historian&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 6&lt;/sup&gt; reports that the Artsruni and Gnuni&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 7&lt;/sup&gt; descend from him. That’s the reason I bring to mind&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 8&lt;/sup&gt; Sennacherib.
 
The same historian reports that the house of Angel descends from Paskam, a grandson of Hayk.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 9&lt;/sup&gt;
 
❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' Armenian “Bdeashkh”, a noble title for the ruler of a certain region or type of region, or perhaps certain type of ruler. See Book 2, chapter 8 for more. Appears to perhaps mean something like “borderland duke”.
 
'''Footnote 2:''' This phrase could also potentially be rendered as “the noble house which inherits the Bidaxsh title called the Arzaneneians”, with the name referring to the family rather than necessarily where they ruled. The Armenian, Aghdzneats’i, is similar to Movses’ own surname Khorenats’i, sometimes rendered into English as “of Chorene”.
 
'''Footnote 3:''' Could also mean “I forgot”.
 
'''Footnote 4:''' The Sennacherib Prism provides an account of this from Sennacherib himself
 
'''Footnote 5:''' This appears to be Adrammelech’s name but spelled differently
 
'''Footnote 6:''' Presumably Mar Abas Catina
 
'''Footnote 7:''' Two noble families of Armenia
 
'''Footnote 8:''' Or “remember”
 
'''Footnote 9:''' There is a textual variant here, with at least one manuscript having “Haykak” instead of “Hayk” here.&lt;ref name=&quot;Soultanian HAMK&quot; /&gt;{{rp|141}}
 
===Chapter 24: Tigran! What type of man he was in all aspects===
 
Let's now discuss Tigran and his enterprises, for he was the most powerful, wise, and courageous of all our kings. He helped Cyrus overturn the Medes' dominion&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;, and he subjected the Greeks to himself for a long period. He stretched our territory's bounds and established them to their most extreme limits in antiquity. He was the envy of those who lived in his time and the admiration of those who came after.

Who among true men and those who value bravery and prudence would not be moved by his memory and want to be such a man? He was foremost among men, and by displaying his bravery, he exalted our country. He enabled subjects to subject, exacting tribute from many. He enlarged the stockpiles of gold, silver, and jewels, as well as clothes and rich fabrics of various colors for men and women, making the ugly appear as wonderful as the handsome, and the handsome as if they were divine. (As divinity was seen in those days.) The footsoldiers got horses, those with slings got bows, those with clubs got swords and spears, those without clothes got armor and shields. The very sight of them gathered in one place, with the gleaming rays of their armor and weapons, was enough to rout the enemy. A peacebringer and a builder, he slathered the land in oil and honey.
 
Tigran, son of Eruand, brought all of these and many other good things to our country. He had blonde hair with gray flecks, a ruddy complexion, and kind eyes. He was friendly and broad-shouldered, strong-legged, and had noble feet. He ate and drank moderately, didn't go wild at feasts, and was moderate in the pleasures of the flesh, as our ancients who sang to the accompaniment of the pandirn used to say. He was wise, eloquent, and outstanding in every virtue men possess. 
 
What then could be more precious to me in this book than repeating his praises and stories? He was just and fair in all of his judgements, neither jealous of the high nor despising the low, but instead spreading his cloak of care over all.
 
At first he was allied with Azhdahak, a Mede. Tigran gave Azhdahak his sister Tigranuhi's hand in marriage after Azhdakah's insistently sought to marry her. Azhdakah said &quot;that way, either to have a constant love for Tigran due to such closeness, or to easily betray him in this way to kill him&quot;. He had suspicions about Tigran due to an unexpected prophecy about future events.
 
❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' This is also reported by Xenophon in his [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0204%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D7 Cyropedia, beginning at book 3, chapter 1, section 7].

=== Chapter 25: Azhdahak's apprehension and uncertainty caused by Cyrus and Tigran's alliance===

Azhdakah was having such thoughts because of the friendly alliance between Cyrus and Tigran. &quot;How,&quot; he constantly asked his advisors, &quot;how will we be able to break this bond of friendship between the Persian and the Armenian, with his tens of thousands of soldiers?&quot;
 
The narrator&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; recounts that while the man was plagued by these thoughts, he had a prophetic dream in which he saw the following future events:
 
❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' Presumably Mar Abas Catina

===Chapter 26: The suspicious Azhdahak sees his future in an astonishing dream===

According to him&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt;, the alliance between Cyrus and Tigran was no small threat to Azhdahak the Mede. Because of this, and because his mind was so wildly racing, he experienced a dream in which he saw and heard things he'd never encountered during the day. He woke up suddenly and didn't wait according to custom until the council hour. Instead, even though there were still several hours left of nighttime, he called for his advisors. Sighing from the depths of his heart, he cast his eyes downward and put on a sorrowful expression. When they asked him what was wrong, he didn't answer them for hours. Finally, with a groan, he began to share the specifics of the terrifying vision as well as his innermost thoughts and doubts.
 
&quot;My friends,&quot; he said, &quot;today I was in an uncharted country next to a high mountain whose summit looked to be covered in thick ice. One would have said it was in Armenia. As I stared at the mountain for a long period of time, a purple-clad woman wearing a veil the color of the sky sat atop this tremendous height. Her eyes were gorgeous, her height was tall, her cheeks were rosy, and she was experiencing labor pains. As I gazed in awe at this scene for a prolonged period of time, she suddenly gave birth to three fully-grown heroes. The first, riding a lion, went westward; the second, on a leopard, headed north; the third, riding a monstrous dragon, attacked our nation.
 
In the midst of these perplexing visions, I seemed to see the roof of my palace, decorated with beautiful awnings of many colors. The gods, who gave me the crown, were present in all their wondrous majesty, and you and I were there honoring them with sacrifices and incense. Suddenly, looking up, I saw the man on the dragon swooping down with eagle's wings. He was already near, intent on destroying the gods. Instead I, Azhdahak, got between them and took the hit, and entered into combat with this astounding warrior. We began by lancing each other and sending streams of blood pouring forth; we covered the surface of the palace, which glistens like the sun, in a sea of blood. We battled like this for several hours with a variety of weapons.
 
But what do I gain by dragging this out? My annihilation was the final outcome. As a result, the danger made me break out in a sweat and caused my sleep to flee; I didn't even seem to be alive afterwards. The way these visions went,, it can only mean one thing: Tigran the Armenian is going to launch a brutal attack on us. So, who wants to share my throne? With the help of the gods, provide me with sound advice in word and deed.&quot;
 
❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' Again presumably, though not necessarily, the &quot;him&quot; here is Mar Abas Catina. Khorenatsi can at times allow context to clarify who pronouns refer to more than a modern English writer would.
 
===Chapter 27: The opinions of Azhdahak's advisors, his thoughts thereafter, and the immediate action taken===
 
&quot;My friends&quot;, he said, &quot;I have heard many insightful and wise things from you. I will tell you which, with the help of the gods, I regard as that which will be most effective. For nothing is more advantageous when taking measures against the adversary and seeking to learn his plans than for someone to plot his demise under the guise of friendship.
 
Moreover, we cannot do this with money or deceptive words unless we conduct as I desire. His sister Tigranuhi, who is a most beautiful and smart woman, is the bait for my trap and the method by which I will achieve my objective. Because of her many connections in the outside world, we will be able to easily and covertly plot his assassination while she travels. By giving gifts and promising honor, we can persuade one of his friends to kill him by the sword or poison him. Or by bribery turn his in-group and officials against him, and so seize him as easily as a child.&quot;

His friends thought that this plan would work, so they got ready to put it into action. He gave a large sum of money to one of his counselors and sent him out with a letter that read as follows:
 
===Chapter 28: Azhdahak's letter, Tigran's subsequent agreement, and Tigranuhi's move to the land of the Medes===

&quot;Dear brother,
 
You already know that the gods have given us nothing more useful in this world than a lot of friends, especially wise and powerful ones. For with this thing, troubles from the outside don't bother us, and the ones that do get to us are quickly pushed away. Likewise, nothing bad can get inside us without being pushed out. Now seeing how helpful friendship is, I've decided to confirm our love for each other even more strongly and deeply, so that we can both be safe on every side and keep our empires safe and stable. This will happen if you give me the hand of the princess of Great Armenia, your sister Tigranuhi, in marriage, if you think it would be good for her to be queen of queens. May you be well, our fellow king and dear brother.&quot; 
 
But let's not unnecessarily prolong the account. I'll just say that the messenger came and did his job about the beautiful girl. Tigran agreed and gave his sister Tigranuhi to Azhdahak as a bride. He didn't yet know of Azhdahak's scheme, and sent his sister in accordance with royal custom. Azhdahak took her in and he made her the top-ranking of his wives, not only because of the deception in his heart but also because of her beauty. And so he spun his evil web.
 
===Chapter 29: How his duplicity was revealed and the conflict that killed Azhdahak began===

After this, he&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; reports that once Azhdahak made Tigranuhi queen, he did nothing in his kingdom without her permission. Instead, he did everything she told him to do and told everyone to do what she said. Having set everything up in this way, he began to softly say deceitful things to her: &quot;Do you not know,&quot; he asked, &quot;that your brother Tigran is jealous of your power over the Aryans because his wife Zaruhi incites him to be? What will happen, other than that I will die and Zaruhi will rule over the Aryans and take a place among the goddesses? So, you have to choose between two options: you can remain friendly with your brother and accept shameful ruin in the eyes of the Aryans, or you can think about what's best for you and give some good advice and take care for the future.&quot;
 
If Tigranuhi did not make a proposal that went along with the desires of the Medo-Persian, he hid a plan for her death in all of this. The wise and lovely woman, however, saw through his trickery; she responded to Azhdahak with loving words, but she quickly alerted her brother to the treachery through loyal allies.
 
Azhdahak then suggested to Tigran through diplomatic channels that they meet midway on the boundaries of their two kingdoms for mutual talks, as though a major issue had arisen that could not be resolved by letter or messenger but only through a face-to-face meeting. Tigran knew what he was up to and didn't hide it: he sent Azhdahak a letter telling him everything that was in his heart. Once such lowliness was exposed, there was no longer any excuse or lie that could cover such evil, and open war began.
 
The Armenian king assembled the Cappadocians, and soldiers chosen from Georgia and Aghuania, and from Greater and Lesser Armenia. He marched his entire force to the borders of Media, and the threat compelled Azhdahak to meet the descendant of Hayk with an army of no small size. Tigran's thoughts often returned to his adored sister, delaying his ability to act swiftly and decisively, causing the conflict to drag on for a whole five months. He tried to manipulate the course of events so that Tigranuhi would have a way to escape. After this was done, the time for battle had come.
 
So I praise my brave hero, my lance-bearer, well-proportioned in all his limbs and faultless in the beauty of his physique, energetic and expert in everything, he had no rival in strength. But why go on and on about it? In the battle his spear went through Azhdahak's iron armor like water, when he pulled it out he brought out half of Azhdahak's lungs with it. &lt;br&gt;
The battle was amazing, champions against champions, none of whom turned their backs easily on the enemy; so the clash lasted a long time. Only the death of Azhdahak ended the battle. Tigran's glory grew as a result of this accomplishment, added to his tally of successes.
 
❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Again it isn't immediately clear who &quot;he&quot; is here

=== Chapter 30: Tigran sending his sister Tigranuhi to Tigranakert. Anoysh, Azhdahak's first wife. What was done with the prisoners.===

It is also told that after this victory, he dispatched his sister Tigranuhi to Armenia — with royal grandeur and a sizable guard — to Tigranakert, the city that Tigran had built and named after himself, and he gave her this region as her domain. He also says that the aristocracy of the regions, called Ostan, the royal, descend from her.
 
And Azhdahak's first wife Anoysh, and many of the young lasses from Azhdahak's seed, with other youngsters&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; and a multitude of bondsmen&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt;, numbering more than ten thousand, were made to inhabit east of the slope of the great mountain as far as the borders to Goghtn, as far as the riverbank which is opposite the fortress of Nakhchivan. That is, Tumbul, Voksioghay, Dazhgoynk, and other estates towards the riverbank—one of which is Vranjunik. They were also made to inhabit three villages: Nehram, Julfa, and Khorshakunis. In effect, they were made to inhabit the whole plain which has Azhdanakan as its capital, as far as the aforementioned fortress of Nakhchivan.

But Tigran settled queen Anoysh, the first wife of Azhdahak, with her sons in the place where the debris of the great mountain landslide ends. (Those who went on many expeditions at Ptolemy's request and measured, using stadia, from the tropics to Cimmeria the land where people lived, the sea, and the uninhabited land say that this came about because of a terrible earthquake.) He gave Anoysh servants from the Medes at the base of the mountain.
 
This is supported by the verses of the sagas&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; of the Goghtn region. Wine is an important industry there, and the people preserve these songs with pleasure, as I've heard myself. Arsaces and his progeny are sung of, and they also sing of Azhdahak and his descendants. They allegorically call Azhdahak's descendants the sons of the dragon, since since Azhdahak means &quot;dragon&quot; in our language.
 
They tell that:&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Argavan held a feast in honor of Arsaces; a plot was hatched against him in the temple of the dragons.&quot;
 
And also that:&lt;br&gt;
&quot;When Artashat was established, the brave son of Arsaces, Artavazd, could not find a place for his palace, so he went and constructed the city of Marakert in Media. (On the plain called the plain of Sharur)&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;
 
They also say that:&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Queen Satenik had a great desire to be out of the crown, out of complications, for games after dark in Argavan's cushions&quot;.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 5&lt;/sup&gt;
 
Do you not admire here, once again, my historical reliability, with how I managed to discover the secret of the &quot;dragons&quot; who live on noble Mt. Ararat?

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' The word translated here as &quot;[other] youngsters&quot; could also be translated as &quot;lads&quot;.

'''Footnote 2:''' This word can mean either slaves or captives. Though these are, of course, not mutually exclusive stations in which one can find oneself.

'''Footnote 3:''' The phrase here is difficult to translate. It appears to be a form of the word &quot;number&quot; modifying the word for &quot;song/poem&quot;.
 
'''Footnote 4:''' It isn't immediately clear if this statement, which I have included in the quote but put in parentheses, is part of the oral tradition or Movses' own commentary
 
'''Footnote 5:''' Supporting Movses' discussion of these as preserved ancient oral traditions, this example is especially difficult to translate and appears to contain Proto-Armenian, a version of the language even more ancient than Classical Armenian. &lt;ref name=&quot;Soultanian HAMK&quot; /&gt;{{rp|145–150}} This rendering is based primarily on Soultanian's analysis and commentary.

===Chapter 31: The descendants of Tigran===

As a historian, it is a mission dear to me to provide an accurate account of the native Tigran I and his deeds. May the same be true for you, reader: as the man and his deeds were, so should his record be.
 
As such, I will honor Hayk, Aram, and Tigran in that order for bravery. According to the reputation of heroic nature, heroes have heroic descendants. People call men who come in second-rank to heroes whatever they wish.&lt;br&gt;
Aramazd never existed, except in the minds of those who want to hear that Aramazd is real. Of the four versions of Aramazd, one is the hub the others come out of like spokes on a wheel. Similarly, there are many called Tigran, but only one who is a descendant of Hayk, who killed Azhdahak and took his royal family captive including Anoysh mother of the Dragons, and who with the assent and assistance of Cyrus, held domains of the Medo-Persian Empire.
 
This Tigran's sons were Bab, Tiran, and Vahagn. The legends of our land say of Vahagn:
 
&quot;The sky was in travail, the earth was in travail, the sea was in travail. A red reed rose from the sea. From its tube came smoke, from its tube came fire. From the fire rose a ruddy lad. His hair was fire, his beard flame, and his eyes suns.&quot;
 
I've heard some singing this song to the accompaniment of the pandirn&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; with my own ears. The song would go on to say that he fought dragons and slew them and did deeds like those of Hercules. They say he was deified, and in Georgia a life-size statue of him was raised, honored with sacrifices.
 
Vahagn's descendants are the Vahuni, and the Aravaneans descend from his youngest son Aravan. He was the father of Aravan, who was the father of Nerseh, who was the father of Zareh. The families known as the Zarehavan descend from Zareh. Zareh's firstborn was Armog, who was the father of Bagam, who was the father of Vahan, who was the father of Vahe. Vahe opposed Alexander the Great and was slain.
 
From this point to the reign of Valarshak in Armenia I have no accurate information to give you,&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; because there was chaos caused by various factions, men vying with one another for control of our nation. Hence the great Arsaces easily entering Armenia and appointing his brother king over it.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' A musical instrument.&lt;br&gt;
If the reader wishes to hear this sung as it may have been sung in Khorenatsi's day, an excellent rendition can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MY4w1sMK0A here].
 
'''Footnote 2:''' Note Movses Khorenatsi's honesty here that testifies to his accuracy as a historian. When he has no reliable information on a subject, he is not shy about informing the reader of this. This includes an amusing passage where he berates his own patron which is coming up soon in his section on the legends of the Persians.

===Chapter 32: The war in Illium during the time of Teutamus. Our king Zarmayr's participation, along with a small Ethiopian force, where he was killed in action.===

Your desire for knowledge comes with two criteria that make this a challenging work indeed.&lt;br&gt;
The work must be concise in style, yet comprehensive in content. &lt;br&gt;
In style it must be breviloquent: a mixture of speed and beauty; elegance combined with clearness, like something from the works of Plato. In content, far from lies and filled with truth, giving history from the very first man down to you.&lt;br&gt;
It is impossible to truly bring concision and completeness together. The One who created all things himself could have done it all at once in the blink of an eye, but instead he set the days on which and the order in which everything was to be created. Some things are creations of the first day, others creations of the second and third, and of the other days. So the Holy Spirit teaches us this manner of making things! But I see this divine limit does not limit your longing – you want it all, you want it all right, and you want it all right now. Look, in my writing I can either give you something complete, which you'll like, or something quick, which you won't.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt;
Because you were so hasty I haven't yet discussed the Macedonian&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt; or the Illian&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt;, but I'll affix them here. (I don't know whether I'm being a savvy writer by saving the best for last, or acting like an unskilled carpenter tacking on something important at the end of the job.)
 
And which of these should come first if not that which was narrated in Homer's story, the Illian War in the time of Teutamus the Assyrian? The Armenian ruler Zarmayr, a vassal to the Assyrians, assisted Prriamu along with a small Ethiopian army.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt; Zarmayr was wounded by the brave Greeks and died. I wish by Achilles rather than an ordinary solider.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 5&lt;/sup&gt;

❦❦❦
 
'''Footnote 1:''' It's worth noting that this chapter tells us Khorenatsi is sending his work to Sahak Bagratuni in sections, perhaps chapter-by-chapter.
 
'''Footnote 2:''' Alexander the Great
 
'''Footnote 3:''' The Trojan War
 
'''Footnote 4:''' Or &quot;assisted Prriamu with a small force, alongside the Ethiopian army&quot;.
 
'''Footnote 5''': This sentence appears to be ambiguous as to whether Khorenatsi knows for certain Zarmayr was killed by an ordinary soldier and instead wishes it had been by Achilles, or if it's unknown who specifically killed Zarmayr and Khorenatsi is saying that ideally it would be by Achilles.

&lt;BIG&gt;'''The End of the First Book, the Genealogy of the Great Houses of Armenia'''&lt;/BIG&gt;

== Persian Legends of Bevarasp Azhdahak ==

But what leads you to have this passionate interest in Bevarasp Azhdahak, a nasty and silly legend? And why make me work on the unfit and muddled accounts of Persia? These accounts are above all especially irrational. First Bevarasp Azhdahak's malicious kindness, and how he was served by demons, how it was &quot;no can do&quot; in terms of misleading the mislead. And the kiss on the shoulders from which the serpents&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 1&lt;/sup&gt; were born. And how from that point his evil became frequent, and his expending of man to satisfy the wants of the stomach&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 2&lt;/sup&gt;. 

And they tell of how afterwards, someone named Hruden bound him with a cupriferous&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 3&lt;/sup&gt; chain, and took him to a mountain called Damavand. But on the way Hruden fell asleep, and Bevarasp dragged him to the hill. Hruden awoke, and carried&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 4&lt;/sup&gt; the man off to a certain mountain and bound him, and set up a statue of himself which terrified Bevarasp who was still and submitted himself to the chaining, and had not the strength to get out and corrupt the land.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 5&lt;/sup&gt;

What need do you have for these false legends?&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 6&lt;/sup&gt; Hmm...I wonder...what need could silly and senseless stories even be suitable for? These aren’t the smooth and elegant Greek legends afterall, which have truth hidden in allegory. You’re asking me to make sense of the senseless and decorate the undecorated. 

Here’s what I say to you. Why do you need these? Why would you want to add to our workload with a desire for the undesirable?  

Ah but this is a youngster's desire, coming from your youth. So I'll fulfill it here:

'''Addendum: What’s Historically Reliable About the One Called Bevarasp'''

Now I will boldly proclaim the Platonic saying: &quot;Those that love lose themselves and become one another.&quot;&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 7&lt;/sup&gt; I've made other impossibilities possible for you, and I'll do the same here! I detest these words and works; the reports that above all bother me to hear: my hand will compose those today. They themselves think foolish thoughts concerning these things: their very ancient affairs when they were yet a young people are here revealed, that perhaps you may delight or gain utility. But know that I hate these things so I did not say anything about them in the first book, I do not consider them worthy of being even at the end of it, instead I am putting them in this separate and distinct place. And it begins like this:

Bevarasp Azhdhak was their ancestor, a contemporary of Nimrod. When the languages were divided over all the land, the people weren't all mixed up and confused and weren't leaderless. Instead a certain divine mark&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 8&lt;/sup&gt; signified with power the head of each nation and each clan&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 9&lt;/sup&gt; and decided every border which was given to them, each in their turn. &lt;br&gt;
Now Bevarasp's true name I know to be Centaur Piurida&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 10&lt;/sup&gt;, as I discovered in a work from Assyro-Babylonia&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 11&lt;/sup&gt;. It was not because of valor but rather wealth&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 12&lt;/sup&gt; and cleverness that the patriarchship of the nation was his to have, as a vassal of Nimrod. Bevarasp desired all of them to know a way of life alike—and he said a thing must not be someone's to possess privately of their own, instead all possessions must be held alike.

And all that he did was known, both his words and his works. His thoughts were not concealed, but every secret hidden in his heart his tongue brought out to the ears of all. His friends could come and go day or night. This was the malicious kindness which he had at first.&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 13&lt;/sup&gt;

Astrology was his forte—because of this he was disposed to learn, and to do, evil. Yet this was impossible for him; for the reason given above—his behavior was geared towards deceiving the public at large, he did nothing in secret, and so it was not possible for him to be obviously studying such complete and potent evil. He employed a bitter method of obtaining an education in these matters: he pretended to have torturous stomach pain which only using a certain magic word and invoking a certain horrible name could heal, but which would harm anyone else who heard them.

And that&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 14&lt;/sup&gt; learned one, who plotted evil, taught him in his house and in public places—doubtlessly putting their head on Bevarasp's shoulders and speaking into his ears teaching the wicked art; this lead to the legend of the child of Satan serving and obliging Bevarasp that they tell today. And because a gift was requested, a kiss on the shoulders was received.

Really this is the sprouting of the serpents&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 15&lt;/sup&gt;, or Bevarasp completely turning into a dragon&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 16&lt;/sup&gt;, that they tell of. This is said of him because he began to sacrifice countless men to demons, until the populace got sick of him and all united to expel him. He fled to the mountain&lt;sup&gt;Footnote 17&lt;/sup&gt; mentioned above. His enemies were violently pursuing him; his men left him. This boosted the confidence of his pursuers, who then took some days to rest in the area. 

But Bevarasp was able to gather his scattered supporters back together and then suddenly ambush the opposing force, inflicting severe damage. Nevertheless, his enemies prevailed and Bevarasp fled. They caught him and killed him near the mountain, throwing him into a very deep pit of sulfur.

❦❦❦

'''Footnote 1:''' Or &quot;dragons&quot;. Armenian is վիշապ, &quot;vishap&quot;. This is similar to the Old English word &quot;wyrm&quot;, in that it encompasses both what we would call a dragon and what we would call a serpent.

'''Footnote 2:''' Literally &quot;Expending/selling/consuming human for needs/wants of belly&quot;. This could refer to cannibalism on Zahak's part, but I believe it to be referring to the Persian myths of how he made a pact to feed humans to the snakes which emerged from his shoulders to ease their bothering of him. The Classical Armenian word used here, ծախել, translated &quot;expending&quot;, is used in Book 3 chapter 68 for what a lion does to a person, and in Book 2 chapter 36 for what one does with money. A perfect word to use for describing people being sold in a bargain to be consumed by a monster.

'''Footnote 3:''' The Armenian word used here can refer to either copper or bronze.

'''Footnote 4:''' Or more generally &quot;took&quot;. 

'''Footnote 5:''' The Armenian indicates the statue was set up &quot;opposite/before/opposing&quot; Bevarasp.

'''Footnote 6:''' Those interested in these legends of Bevarasp are encouraged to read the Shahnama, a Persian work written about five hundred years after Khorenatsi's account of the legends. Its account of Zahhak, known also as Azi Dahaka and Bevarasp, follows very closely to Khorenatsi's summary of the legends about him in this section of his work. It can be read [https://archive.org/details/shahnama01firduoft/page/145/mode/1up here]. A good summary is available [http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/shahnameh/characters.htm#Zahak here]. 

'''Footnote 7:''' Literally translated &quot;For one who loves another, could one's own self exist, since it is not self?&quot;. Khorenatsi is essentially saying that since he and Sahak Bagratuni are friends, what Sahak wants is what he wants. Conceptually similar to &quot;if you're happy, I'm happy&quot;. For details on this and the Platonic background of the saying that Khorenatsi refers to, see the paper Some Veiled Allusions in Movsēs Khorenati's History by Edward Gulbekian [https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/Handesamsorya/1992(1-12)_ocr.pdf which can be read here].

'''Footnote 8:''' Or &quot;divine sign&quot;.

'''Footnote 9:''' Literally &quot;marked the chiefs and chieftains&quot;. The Classical Armenian words used are գլխաւորք and ցեղապետք. A form of the word ցեղապետք is used for the heads of tribes of Israel in Deuteronomy 1:15 and clans of Israel in 2 Chronicles 26:12 in the Armenian Bible, so the distinction between the two appears to be heads to national and sub-national groups. 

'''Footnote 10:''' This name is quite interesting. For his first name, Centaur, note that Khorenatsi is not using a usual word for the mythological creature &quot;centaur&quot;, յուշկապարիկ, which he will use later in Book 2 chapter 63 when he is expressly referring to that kind of mythological creature, but rather Khorenatsi using a transliteration of the Greek word &quot;centaur&quot;. In Classical Armenian he writes Կենտաւրոս, &quot;Kentawros&quot;, capitalized as a proper name.

&quot;Bevarasp&quot; in Persian means &quot;he with ten thousand horses&quot;. To offer my own theory, I suspect that as his name was translated or went through sources it perhaps underwent translations along the lines of &quot;He with many horses&quot; (Persian)➡&quot;Horseman&quot; (the Chaldean source Khorenatsi says records his actual name)➡&quot;Horse Man&quot; (Khorenatsi translating the latter literally, as &quot;Centaur&quot; as a name). 

&quot;Piurida&quot; is interestingly similar to “Pirithous”, a Greek figure who fought centaurs. Khorenatsi however does not appear to believe them to be the same figure as he later in Book 2 chapter 63 directly refers to Pirithous and uses a different word for his name, Պերիթեայ vs. Պիւռիդայ.&lt;br&gt;
There appears to be an interesting connection there with the quite similar names though. They could perhaps be very, very distant echos of one another. The memory of Piurida the &quot;Man That Has Many Horses&quot;, and his fight, and an echo of a tradition of animal-human hybridization, may have come together to form the tale of him fighting many horse-men in the Greek tradition as the myth of Pirithous, with the same pieces coming together in a different combination to make the Persian legend of Bevarasp, the animal-man who men had to fight.

Just as the myths of Baal of later eras appear to be only the faintest echos of the true man Bel, so perhaps the Greek Pirithous in the Illiad and Greek mythology (see [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.%20Il.%202.741&amp;lang=original here]) is the faintest, vaguest echo of the man Piurida who would have lived roughly 1500 years before the Illiad was written. A conceptually similar example would be a certain Josaphat, who was a virtually unrecognizable garbled legendary version of Buddha popular in Europe roughly 1500 years after the actual man lived. After so much time, it appears that only the faintest traces of a connection between a man and his legend remain.

'''Footnote 11:''' Literally &quot;a Chaldean book/work/writing&quot;. As noted above the word translated here generally encompasses what we would call Assyro-Babylonia or Mesopotamia.

'''Footnote 12:''' Or perhaps &quot;family connections&quot;.

'''Footnote 13:''' Which Khorenatsi referred to in the first paragraph.

'''Footnote 14:''' The Classical Armenian word translated here as &quot;that&quot;, &quot;այս&quot;, is nearly always used as a normal word for &quot;this&quot; or &quot;that&quot; (such as we might say &quot;This book is a translation&quot;) but the same combination of letters can refer to a demon and is taken by some to refer to such here, as in Bevarasp was being instructed by a demon. However Khorenatsi routinely uses the word այս in its normal sense and uses another word expressly meaning &quot;demon&quot;, դիւաց, when he wishes to specify such a thing, as he does multiple times in very chapter. In fact, in all of Khorenatsi's work, there is no point at which he clearly uses the word այս to refer to a spirit. So this interpretation of այս here strikes the translator as very unlikely to be what Khorenatsi intended with the word.

'''Footnote 15:''' Or &quot;dragons&quot;, as in footnote 1.

'''Footnote 16:''' Or &quot;turning into a serpent/wyrm/vishap&quot;, as in footnote 1.

'''Footnote 17:''' Or &quot;to the region of the mountain&quot;, or &quot;to the side of the mountain&quot;.

== References ==
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== Sourcing ==

Hello and thanks for your recent contributions! I'd just like to note that there are some pages in [[Sylheti]] that don't have any sourcing, despite being about historical/cultural information. Since there are a variety of ways you can add references (e.g. inline citations, reference list at the bottom of the page, etc), I'd like to encourage you to establish a reference style guide for this book to make things easier, and then use that reference method on pages where it applies. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

:Hello! Thank you for your message and for pointing it out. I'll work on creating a reference method and start adding sources to pages where it's needed. Cheers! — [[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] ([[User talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|contribs]]) 07:27, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

== Cookbook notes ==

Hello and thanks for your cookbook contributions! A couple notes:
* When adding fractions, please use the symbol (e.g. ½ not 1/2). You can find these in the editor.
* Please make sure you are linking to the correct pages when they exist. For example, [[Cookbook:Sweet potatoes]] does not exist but [[Cookbook:Sweet Potato]] is correct. [[Cookbook:Chicken bouillon]] does not exist, but [[Cookbook:Dehydrated Broth]] is correct. Paying attention to capitalization and plurals is often important here.
* Make sure to only capitalize improper nouns at the beginning of a sentence of line, not in the middle. You can see the edits I've made to your recipes as guidance.
* Be mindful of where you put an instruction when listing an ingredient. For example &quot;1 cup coconut, grated&quot; is not the same as &quot;1 cup grated coconut&quot;.

Please let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:18, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

: Hello @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], thank you for the feedback and the guidelines for cookbook contributions. I'll make sure to follow these points in my future contributions. If I have any questions, I'll reach out. Thanks again for your help! --[[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] ([[User talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|contribs]]) 21:18, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

== This Month in Education: September 2023 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 12 • Issue 7 • September 2023&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference|Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs|Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa|Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools|WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia|WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education |Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education]]
&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: October 2023 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Volume 12 • Issue 8 • October 2023&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye|3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community|CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan|Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci|Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU|PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab|PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities|WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi|Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book|Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023|Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023]]
&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: November 2023 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 12 • Issue 9 • November 2023&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education|4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo|Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia|EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia|Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities|Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania |Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/First anniversary of the game Wikeys|First anniversary of the game Wikeys]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Involve visiting students in education programs|Involve visiting students in education programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing|Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy|Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin|Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach|Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Art Outreach at Aje Compreshensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland|Art Outreach at Aje Comprehensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment|PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment]]
&lt;/div&gt;

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== This Month in Education: January 2024 ==

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&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 1 • January 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia|Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students|Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania|Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Summer students at Auckland Museum|Summer students at Auckland Museum]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project|WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops|Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment|Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment]]
&lt;/div&gt;

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== This Month in Education: February 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 2 • February 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February|2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/More two wiki-education partnerships|More two wiki-education partnerships]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico|Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization|Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna|Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP - Call for Papers Research track|Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP – Call for Papers Research track]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:38, 20 March 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: March 2024 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 3 • March 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna|Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand|Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania|Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:28, 28 April 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: April 2024 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 4 • April 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/EduWiki Updates From Uganda|EduWiki Updates From Uganda]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024|Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil|Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project|Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 03:20, 14 May 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: May 2024 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 5 • May 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024|Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan|Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia|Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons|Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi|We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series |Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA|Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:30, 15 June 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: June 2024 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 6 • June 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect|From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico|5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students|Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024|First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy|Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects |Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions|Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration|Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:58, 9 July 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: August 2024 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 7 • August 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran|Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba|Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine|Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024|Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount|Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning|Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon|Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop|Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 13:22, 11 September 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: October 2024 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 8 • October 2024&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year|CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic|7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo|Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edu_Wiki_in_South_Sudan:_Creating_a_better_future_in_education|Empowering Digital Literacy through Wikimedia in South Sudan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD|Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month |New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms|Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global|WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills|Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact|Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club|WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14:57, 12 November 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: November 2024 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 13 • Issue 9 • November 2024&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language|Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week|Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania|Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024|Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in School |Wikidata birthday in School]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University|Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content|Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program|Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:13, 10 December 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: January 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 1 • January 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey|Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education|Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran|Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra|Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey |Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania|Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia|Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia|Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil|Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:56, 5 February 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: February 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 2 • February 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute|Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs|Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of &quot;Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom&quot; in Yemen|Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of &quot;Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom&quot; in Yemen]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica |Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles|Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar|Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 09:04, 12 March 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: March 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 3 • March 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia|A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia|Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania|Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme|Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March|Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March]]
&lt;/div&gt;

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== This Month in Education: April 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 4 • April 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia|Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/The Workshops Wikimedia &amp; Education are back in Brazil|The Workshops Wikimedia &amp; Education are back in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools|EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja|Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues |Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania|Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza|Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:49, 10 May 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: May 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 5 • May 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania|Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania|Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May|Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program|Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop|Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia |The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Wikimedia MKD's &quot;Lajka&quot; workshop in Skopje|Wikimedia MKD's &quot;Lajka&quot; workshop in Skopje]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:58, 28 May 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: June 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 6 • June 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague|Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program|Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota|Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT|Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children|PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College|Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June|Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival|Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival]]

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 07:19, 27 June 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: July 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 7 • July 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025|Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania|Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025|Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs|Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning|The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025 |When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD|Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia|Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague|Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 03:01, 1 August 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: August 2025 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 8 • August 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom|Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki|Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins|Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI|Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader|From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators|From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain|Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal|Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network|Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/The brains behind Wikipedia|The brains behind Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers|Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point|Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers|Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University|Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers|St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna|Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education|In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer|Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:16, 2 September 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: September 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 9 • September 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination|Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism &amp; Folklore 2025 Winners|CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism &amp; Folklore 2025 Winners]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025|2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište|Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters|Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach |Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU &amp; Alvan|Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU &amp; Alvan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia|Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Monográfico sobre Wikipedia en el aula, Revista Docere|Monograph on Wikipedia in the classroom, Docere Magazine]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan|The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025|The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes|Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cultura libre en las aulas|Free culture in the classroom]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs|Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 15:10, 2 October 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: October 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 10 • October 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/&quot;WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!&quot; winner at the Open Education Awards 2025|&quot;WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!&quot; winner at the Open Education Awards 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer|A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil|Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta|Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025|India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/JDACA &amp; Amman Arab University|JDACA &amp; Amman Arab University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September|New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset|Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October|Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp|Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania|Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 06:05, 2 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: November 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 11 • November 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 &amp; 2026|Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 &amp; 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia|Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras|Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day|190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI|2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States|Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th|November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025|EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia|Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka|Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe|Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course|Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training|United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM|Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge|Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo|Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo|Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community|Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community]]
&lt;/div&gt;

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== This Month in Education: December 2025 ==

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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 14 • Issue 12 • December 2025&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages|WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context|What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge|WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina|Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop in St Aloysius University |WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon &amp; Workshop in St Aloysius University]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição|Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025|Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania|New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania|New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025|Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop|Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 14:22, 17 December 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: January 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 1 • January 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026|Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan|Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia Education Program - Train The Trainer in Nepal|Wikipedia Education Program – Train The Trainer in Nepal]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU|Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program|CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth|WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme|Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network|Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge|Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025|Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme|Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Envisioning an Open Future together - WikiForAll|Envisioning an Open Future together – WikiForAll]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025|A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge|A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/¡Celebrando 25 años de conocimiento libre! El Proyecto &quot;25x25&quot; llega a las aulas de Córdoba, Argentina|Celebrating 25 years of free knowledge! The '25x25' Project reaches the classrooms of Córdoba, Argentina]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A atuação em rede da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para a difusão do conhecimento livre na Wikipédia|The collaborative efforts of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora for the dissemination of free knowledge on Wikipedia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

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== This Month in Education: February 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 2 • February 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces|Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan|Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Encontro da Rede Latino Americana de Inteligência Artificial Feminista: construindo futuros possíveis|Meeting of the Latin American Network of Feminist Artificial Intelligence: building possible futures]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi|Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana |Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade|Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics|Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia|LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia|New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors|Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects|The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day|Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages|Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026|Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity|Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia|WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops|Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valorisation du patrimoine culturel africain à l'Université Senghor|WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valuation of African cultural heritage at the University Senghor]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future|Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 11:56, 3 March 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== This Month in Education: March 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 3 • March 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona|Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG|Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources|Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe|Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program|Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026|Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up|One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN|Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology|Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries|The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners|Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil|Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI|Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities|“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikipedia &amp; Libraries: Building New Contributors|Wikipedia &amp; Libraries: Building New Contributors]]

&lt;/div&gt;

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== This Month in Education: April 2026 ==

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* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update|Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh|WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War|Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course|Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools|Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia|University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania|Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan|Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria|Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites|Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/A month full of encounters with students in Brazil|A month full of encounters with students in Brazil]]
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  <page>
    <title>Math for Non-Geeks/ Continuity of the inverse function</title>
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        <username>Sascha Lill 95</username>
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      <text bytes="19018" sha1="5urftpvrnvlj1cv0pffyxiyidh4oyfz" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}}

In this chapter, we will introduce a theorem that gives a sufficient condition for the continuity of the inverse function of a bijective function. In mathematical literature, this theorem is often referred to as the &lt;dfn&gt;&quot;Inverse function Theorem&quot;&lt;/dfn&gt;. What is astounding about this result is that the inverse function of a discontinuous function can actually be continuous.

== Motivation ==
[[File:Function x for x smaller 0 and x-1 for x bigger 1.svg|thumb|The continuous and invertible function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; with the domain &lt;math&gt;[-1,0] \cup (1,2]&lt;/math&gt;]]
First we want to consider the most general condition possible for when a bijective function &lt;math&gt;f: D \to W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;D,W \subseteq \R&lt;/math&gt; has a continuous inverse function. The first ansatz that we naturally want to investigate is the continuity of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; itself. We might spontaneously assume that the continuity of the inverse function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; follows directly from the continuity of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;. This is not necessarily the case, as is shown in the following example:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f &amp;: ([-1,0] \cup (1,2])\to [-1,1] \\[1em]
  &amp;: x \mapsto f(x)=\begin{cases}
     x &amp; -1\le x\le 0 \\
     x-1 &amp; 1&lt;x\le 2
  \end{cases}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

[[File:Function x for x smaller 0 and x+1 for x bigger 0.svg|thumb|The discontinuous inverse function &lt;math&gt;g=f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;]]
The function is continuous since it's continuous on both &lt;math&gt;[-1,0]&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(1,2]&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, it is strictly monotonically increasing, so it's injective. The image of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;[-1,1]&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math&gt;f:([-1,0] \cup (1,2])\to [-1,1]&lt;/math&gt; is surjective. All together, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is bijective and therefore invertible. The inverse mapping &lt;math&gt;f^{-1} : [-1,1] \to ([-1,0] \cup (1,2])&lt;/math&gt; has functional values:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(y)=\begin{cases}
  y   &amp; -1\le y\le 0 \\
  y+1 &amp; 0&lt;y\le 1
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The inverse function is not continuous since it has a jump discontinuity at &lt;math&gt;y=0&lt;/math&gt;. So it can definitely be the case that a continuous function has a discontinuous inverse.  

But now another thing is apparent: the inverse function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}=g&lt;/math&gt; is also invertible with the inverse function &lt;math&gt;g^{-1}=\left(f^{-1}\right)^{-1}=f&lt;/math&gt;. This means, however, that a discontinuous function (like &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;) can have a continuous inverse function. Hence, we posit:

:: The (dis)continuity of an invertible function has in no capacity any influence on the (dis)continuity of its inverse function.

The problem lies in the domain of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;. Namely, this is &lt;math&gt;[-1,0] \cup (1,2]&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. not an interval. The domain is not connected and has a &quot;gap.&quot; How does this &quot;gap&quot; affect the inverse function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;?

Since the domain of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; corresponds to what should be the codomain of &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, the inverse function also has this &quot;gap&quot; in its codomain. Similarly, the codomain of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; corresponds to the domain of &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;. It is for this reason that &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; can not be continuous. The domain of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is an interval and therefore connected, while its codomain contains a gap. Since &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is surjective and must attain every value in what should be its codomain, the graph of &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; must lend itself to a jump point somewhere. This is why &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is not continuous.

Thus, we must require that, by assumption, the domain of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is an interval to ensure that we don't encounter any problems. Usually this requirement is sufficient to guarantee the continuity of &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;. We can prove this using the &lt;math&gt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt;-&lt;math&gt;\delta&lt;/math&gt; characterization of continuity. With the help of the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Intermediate_value_theorem|intermediate value theorem]] we can furthermore conclude that the codomain of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; - and therefore the domain of &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; - is an interval.

== Theorem on the Continuity of the Inverse Function {{Anchor|SatzStetigUmkehr}} ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Satz
 |titel= Continuity of the Inverse Function
 |satz=
Let &lt;math&gt;D \subseteq \R&lt;/math&gt; be an interval and &lt;math&gt;f : D \to W&lt;/math&gt; a surjective, strictly monotone, and continuous mapping. Then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is bijective, and the inverse function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f^{-1} : W \to D&lt;/math&gt;}}

is continuous and in the same sense as &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; strictly monotone. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;f(D)=W&lt;/math&gt; is an interval.

 |beweis=

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is bijective
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;x,y \in D&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x\ne y&lt;/math&gt;. Then it either mus be the case &lt;math&gt;x&lt;y&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;x&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone, it follows &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;f(y)&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;f(x)&gt;f(y)&lt;/math&gt;. In either case it holds &lt;math&gt;f(x)\ne f(y)&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is injective. Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is surjective by assumption, the mapping is bijective.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone
 |beweisschritt=
Without loss of generality let &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; be strictly monotone increasing, i.e. &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;f(y)&lt;/math&gt; follows from &lt;math&gt;x,y \in D&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x&lt; y&lt;/math&gt;. Now let &lt;math&gt;\tilde x,\tilde y\in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\tilde x &lt; \tilde y&lt;/math&gt;. We must now show that &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(\tilde x) &lt; f^{-1}(\tilde y)&lt;/math&gt;.

There exist some &lt;math&gt;x,y\in D&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\tilde x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f(y)=\tilde y&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(\tilde x) = f^{-1}(f(x)) = x &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(\tilde y) = f^{-1}(f(y)) = y&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is injective, it holds &lt;math&gt;x \neq y&lt;/math&gt;. It also can not be the case that &lt;math&gt;x &gt; y&lt;/math&gt; holds. Otherwise, it must then hold &lt;math&gt;\tilde x = f(x) &gt; f(y) = \tilde y&lt;/math&gt;, which can not be the case because &lt;math&gt;\tilde x &lt; \tilde y&lt;/math&gt;.

Thus, &lt;math&gt;x &lt; y&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(\tilde x) &lt; f^{-1}(\tilde y)&lt;/math&gt;. This proves that &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone increasing like &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;. Proving that &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone decreasing when we assume &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone decreasing is analogous.  
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is continuous
 |beweisschritt=
We will use the &lt;math&gt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt;-&lt;math&gt;\delta&lt;/math&gt;-characterization of continuity. To that end, let &lt;math&gt;\epsilon &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;b \in W=f(D)&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Further, let &lt;math&gt;a=f^{-1}(b)&lt;/math&gt; be the preimage of &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; under &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;f(a)=b&lt;/math&gt;. Now we have to show that there exists some &lt;math&gt;\delta &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;|f^{-1}(y)-f^{-1}(b)|&lt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt; holds for all &lt;math&gt;y\in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;|y-b|&lt;\delta&lt;/math&gt;. Then we will have achieved showing &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is continuous in &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;b \in W&lt;/math&gt; can be chosen arbitrarily, from there we can conclude the continuity of the mapping &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}:W \to D&lt;/math&gt;. We must, however, differentiate between the two cases of whether &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is a boundary point of &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Fallunterscheidung
 |fall1=&lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is not a boundary point of &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis1=
Since &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is not a boundary point of &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;, there exists some &lt;math&gt;\tilde \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0 &lt; \tilde \epsilon &lt; \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;]a-\tilde \epsilon,a+\tilde \epsilon[ \subseteq D&lt;/math&gt;. We set &lt;math&gt;b_1=f(a-\tilde \epsilon)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b_2=f(a+\tilde \epsilon)&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone increasing, then it holds &lt;math&gt;b_1&lt;b&lt;b_2&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone decreasing, then it holds &lt;math&gt;b_2&lt;b&lt;b_1&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; maps the interval &lt;math&gt;[a-\tilde \epsilon,a+\tilde \epsilon]&lt;/math&gt; bijectively to &lt;math&gt;[b_1,b_2]&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;[b_2,b_1]&lt;/math&gt;. If we set

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\delta = \min \{ |b-b_1|,|b-b_2|\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

then it follows

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(]b-\delta ,b+\delta[) \subseteq ]a-\tilde \epsilon ,a+\tilde \epsilon [ \subseteq ]a-\epsilon ,a+ \epsilon[&lt;/math&gt;}}

Hence, the condition &lt;math&gt;|f^{-1}(y)-f^{-1}(b)| &lt; \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;y\in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;|y-b|&lt;\delta&lt;/math&gt; is fulfilled and &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is continuous in &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;.

 |fall2=&lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is a boundary point of &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis2=
We may assume without loss of generality that &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is the maximum of &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;. Now there exists some &lt;math&gt;\tilde \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0 &lt; \tilde \epsilon &lt; \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;a-\tilde \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, the value &lt;math&gt;f(a-\tilde \epsilon)&lt;/math&gt; exists, and we can set &lt;math&gt;\delta = |f(a)-f(a-\tilde\epsilon)|&lt;/math&gt;.

If &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone increasing, then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; maps the interval &lt;math&gt;[a-\tilde\epsilon,a]&lt;/math&gt; bijectively to &lt;math&gt;[f(a-\tilde\epsilon),f(a)]=[b-\delta,b]&lt;/math&gt;. Then it holds &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}([b-\delta,b]) = [a-\tilde\epsilon,a] \subseteq (a-\epsilon,a+\epsilon)&lt;/math&gt;. Because no &lt;math&gt;y\in W&lt;/math&gt; exists with &lt;math&gt;y &gt; b&lt;/math&gt;, it must therefore hold &lt;math&gt;|f^{-1}(y)-f^{-1}(b)|&lt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;y\in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;|y-b|&lt;\delta&lt;/math&gt;. This proves the continuity of &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;. The proof for the case where &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is monotone decreasing is analogous.
}}}}}}

== Examples ==
=== Root Functions ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Root Functions
 |beispiel=
If &lt;math&gt;k \in \N&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;k \ge 2&lt;/math&gt;, then the &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-th power function is defined as 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R^+: x \mapsto f(x) = x^k&lt;/math&gt;}}

This is a strictly monotonically increasing function, since for &lt;math&gt;x,y \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x&lt;y&lt;/math&gt; it holds

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^k = \underbrace{x \cdot \ldots \cdot x}_{k-\text{times}} &lt; \underbrace{y \cdot \ldots \cdot y}_{k-\text{times}} = y^k=f(y)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Furthermore, this means &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is injective. The function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is also surjective, since for every &lt;math&gt;y \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; it holds for &lt;math&gt;x=\sqrt[k]{y}&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=f\left(\sqrt[k]{y}\right)=\left(\sqrt[k]{y}\right)^k = y&lt;/math&gt;}}

The inverse function is the &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-th root function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1} : \R^+ \to \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x) = \sqrt[k]{x}&lt;/math&gt;. By the Inverse Function Theorem, this function is continuous and also strictly monotone increasing.
}}

=== Natural Logarithm Functions ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Natural Logarithm Functions
 |beispiel=
The exponential function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R^+, \ f(x) = \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is strictly monotone increasing. Let &lt;math&gt;x,y \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x&lt;y&lt;/math&gt;. Then there exists some &lt;math&gt;t \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;y=x+t&lt;/math&gt;. It therefore holds

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\exp(y)=\exp(x+t) \underset{\text{equation}}{\overset{\text{functional}}{=}} \exp(x)\cdot \underbrace{\exp(t)}_{&gt;1} &gt; \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

From the strict monotonicity it follows that &lt;math&gt;\exp&lt;/math&gt; is injective. Furthermore, the exponential function is surjective since:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \lim_{x\to\infty}\exp(x) &amp; =\infty
  \lim_{x\to-\infty}\exp(x)&amp; =0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

The surjectivity follows from the continuity of the exponential function and the Intermediate Value Theorem. The inverse function of the exponential function is the so-called natural logarithm function:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f^{-1} : \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x) = \ln x&lt;/math&gt;}}

This function is also strictly monotone increasing (which is a result of the strict monotonicity of the exponential function). Furthermore, we can apply the Inverse Function Theorem and conclude that the logarithm function is also continuous.
}}

== Exercises ==
=== Exercise 1 ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Gruppenaufgabe
 |titel=Continuity of the Inverse Function
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;f : \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be defined by the following values:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x) = \frac{x}{1+|x|}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Prove the following claims:

 |teilaufgabe1=Show that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous, strictly monotone increasing, and injective on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;.
 |teilaufgabe2=Show that &lt;math&gt;f: \R \to (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt; is surjective.
 |teilaufgabe3=Give a justification for why the inverse function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}  : (-1,1) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; exists and determine the explicit functional values for &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;. Show that &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is continuous and strictly monotone increasing.

 |teilaufgabe1-lösung=
&lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous since it is the quotient of continuous functions &lt;math&gt;a:\R\to\R:x \mapsto x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b:\R\to\R:x \mapsto 1+|x|&lt;/math&gt;.  &lt;math&gt;1+|x| \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; thereby holds for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;x,y \in \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x&lt;y&lt;/math&gt;. To prove the strict monotonicity we will show &lt;math&gt;f(x) &lt; f(y)&lt;/math&gt;:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Fallunterscheidung
 |fall1=&lt;math&gt;x,y\ge 0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis1=
Then it holds

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x&lt;y \iff \underbrace{x+xy}_{=x(1+y)}&lt;\underbrace{y+xy}_{=y(1+x)} \iff \underbrace{\frac{x}{1+x}}_{=f(x)} &lt; \underbrace{\frac{y}{1+y}}_{=f(y)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |fall2=&lt;math&gt;x\le 0&lt; y&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis2=
Here it holds

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=\underbrace{\frac{x}{1+|x|}}_{\le 0} &lt; \underbrace{\frac{y}{1+|y|}}_{&gt; 0} = f(y)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |fall3=&lt;math&gt;x&lt;0\le y&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis3=
Here it holds

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=\underbrace{\frac{x}{1+|x|}}_{&lt;0} &lt; \underbrace{\frac{y}{1+|y|}}_{\ge 0} = f(y)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |fall4=&lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis4=
It holds

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x&lt;y \iff \underbrace{x-xy}_{=x(1-y)}&lt;\underbrace{y-xy}_{=y(1-x)} \iff \underbrace{\frac{x}{1-x}}_{=f(x)} &lt; \underbrace{\frac{y}{1-y}}_{=f(y)}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

So then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone increasing on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; and therefore also injective.

 |teilaufgabe2-lösung=

It holds for all &lt;math&gt;x\in \R&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;|f(x)| = \frac{|x|}{1+|x|} &lt; \frac{|x|}{|x|} = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

It follows immediately that &lt;math&gt;-1 &lt; f(x) &lt; 1&lt;/math&gt; holds. Furthermore,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x) &amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x}{1+|x|} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty \atop x &gt; 0} \frac{x}{1+|x|} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x \to \infty \atop x &gt; 0} \frac{x}{1+x} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x \to \infty \atop x &gt; 0} \frac{1}{\frac 1x +1} = 1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to -\infty} f(x) &amp; = \lim_{x \to -\infty} \frac{x}{1+|x|} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to -\infty \atop x &lt; 0} \frac{x}{1+|x|} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x \to -\infty \atop x &lt; 0} \frac{x}{1-x} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x \to -\infty \atop x &lt; 0} \frac{1}{\frac 1x -1} = -1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous, by the Intermediate Value Theorem, for every &lt;math&gt;y \in (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt; there exists an &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=y&lt;/math&gt;. So it holds for the image that &lt;math&gt;f(\R )=(-1,1)&lt;/math&gt;, whereby &lt;math&gt;f:\R \to (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt; is surjective.

 |teilaufgabe3-lösung=
Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is bijective, the inverse function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1} : (-1,1) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; exists. As an inverse function, &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is also bijective. By the Theorem of Continuity of the Inverse Function, &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is furthermore continuous and strictly monotone increasing. In order to calculate &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; we must first differentiate between two cases:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Fallunterscheidung
 |fall1=&lt;math&gt;x \ge 0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis1=
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; y=f(x)=\frac{x}{1+x} \\
\iff{} &amp; y+xy=x \\
\iff{} &amp; y=x-xy=x(1-y) \\
\iff{} &amp; x=\underbrace{\frac{y}{1-y}}_{=f^{-1}(y)}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |fall2=&lt;math&gt;x&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis2=
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; y=f(x)=\frac{x}{1-x} \\
\iff{} &amp; y-xy=x \\
\iff{} &amp; y=x+xy=x(1+y) \\
\iff{} &amp; x=\underbrace{\frac{y}{1+y}}_{=f^{-1}(y)}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

If we now have &lt;math&gt;x\ge 0&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;f(x)=y\ge 0&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math&gt;1-y=1-|y|&lt;/math&gt;. On the other hand, if &lt;math&gt;x&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;, then so is &lt;math&gt;f(x)=y&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math&gt;1+y=1-|y|&lt;/math&gt;. All together, we can conclude

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f^{-1} : (-1,1) \to \R, \ f^{-1}(y)=\frac{y}{1-|y|}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Exercise 2 ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Gruppenaufgabe
 |titel=Continuity of the Inverse Function 2
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;g : [0,\infty) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;g(x) = \exp(x)-\sin(\exp(-x))&lt;/math&gt;

 |teilaufgabe1=Show that &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is injective. 
 |teilaufgabe2=Determine the image &lt;math&gt;g([0,\infty))&lt;/math&gt;.
 |teilaufgabe3=Justify why the inverse function &lt;math&gt;g^{-1}  : g([0,\infty)) \to [0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is continuous.

 |teilaufgabe1-lösung=
&lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is continuous as it is the composition of the continuous functions &lt;math&gt;a:[0,\infty) \to \R:x \mapsto -x&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;b:[0,\infty) \to \R:x \mapsto \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c:[0,\infty) \to \R:x \mapsto \sin(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, for &lt;math&gt;x,y \in [0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x&lt;y&lt;/math&gt; it holds:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x &lt; y \implies -x&gt;-y \implies \exp(-x)&gt;\exp(-y)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Now it holds &lt;math&gt;\exp(-\tilde x) \in (0,1]&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in [0,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;. Since the sine function is strictly monotone increasing on the half-interval &lt;math&gt;(0,1]&lt;/math&gt;, it follows

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\exp(-x)&gt;\exp(-y) \implies \sin(\exp(-x))&gt;\sin(\exp(-y)) \implies -\sin(\exp(-x))&lt;-\sin(\exp(-y))&lt;/math&gt;}}

Because the exponential function is strictly monotone increasing, it furthermore holds that &lt;math&gt;\exp(x) &lt; \exp(y)&lt;/math&gt;. Then we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\underbrace{\exp(x) - \sin(\exp(-x))}_{=g(x)} &lt; \underbrace{\exp(y) - \sin(\exp(-y))}_{=g(y)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone increasing and therefore injective.

 |teilaufgabe2-lösung==
First, we observe

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g(0)=\exp(0)-\sin(\exp(0))=1-\sin(1)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Furthermore,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \infty} \exp(x)&amp; =\infty \\
\lim_{x\to \infty} \exp(-x)&amp; =0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and from there it follows that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} g(x) = \lim_{x \to \infty} [\underbrace{\exp(x)}_{\to \infty} - \underbrace{\sin(\exp(-x))}_{\to \sin(0)=0}] = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is continuous and &lt;math&gt;[0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is an interval, &lt;math&gt;g([0,\infty))&lt;/math&gt; is also an interval (see the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Intermediate_value_theorem#Anchor:FolgerungZWS|implications of the intermediate value theorem]]). Since &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone increasing and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to \infty} g(x)=\infty&lt;/math&gt;, it follows

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g([0,\infty)) = [g(0),\infty) = [1-\sin(1),\infty )&lt;/math&gt;}}

  |teilaufgabe3-lösung=
Since &lt;math&gt;D=[0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is an interval and &lt;math&gt;g:[0,\infty) \to [1-\sin(1),\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is bijective, the inverse function &lt;math&gt;g^{-1}:[1-\sin(1),\infty) \to [0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is continuous by the Continuous Inverse Function Theorem.
}}

{{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}}

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In this chapter, we will introduce a theorem that gives a sufficient condition for the continuity of the inverse function of a bijective function. In mathematical literature, this theorem is often referred to as the &lt;dfn&gt;&quot;Inverse function Theorem&quot;&lt;/dfn&gt;. What is astounding about this result is that the inverse function of a discontinuous function can actually be continuous.

== Motivation ==
[[File:Function x for x smaller 0 and x-1 for x bigger 1.svg|thumb|The continuous and invertible function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; with the domain &lt;math&gt;[-1,0] \cup (1,2]&lt;/math&gt;]]
First we want to consider the most general condition possible for when a bijective function &lt;math&gt;f: D \to W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;D,W \subseteq \R&lt;/math&gt; has a continuous inverse function. The first ansatz that we naturally want to investigate is the continuity of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; itself. We might spontaneously assume that the continuity of the inverse function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; follows directly from the continuity of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;. This is not necessarily the case, as is shown in the following example:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f &amp;: ([-1,0] \cup (1,2])\to [-1,1] \\[1em]
  &amp;: x \mapsto f(x)=\begin{cases}
     x &amp; -1\le x\le 0 \\
     x-1 &amp; 1&lt;x\le 2
  \end{cases}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

[[File:Function x for x smaller 0 and x+1 for x bigger 0.svg|thumb|The discontinuous inverse function &lt;math&gt;g=f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;]]
The function is continuous since it's continuous on both &lt;math&gt;[-1,0]&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(1,2]&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, it is strictly monotonically increasing, so it's injective. The image of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;[-1,1]&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math&gt;f:([-1,0] \cup (1,2])\to [-1,1]&lt;/math&gt; is surjective. All together, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is bijective and therefore invertible. The inverse mapping &lt;math&gt;f^{-1} : [-1,1] \to ([-1,0] \cup (1,2])&lt;/math&gt; has functional values:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(y)=\begin{cases}
  y   &amp; -1\le y\le 0 \\
  y+1 &amp; 0&lt;y\le 1
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The inverse function is not continuous since it has a jump discontinuity at &lt;math&gt;y=0&lt;/math&gt;. So it can definitely be the case that a continuous function has a discontinuous inverse.  

But now another thing is apparent: the inverse function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}=g&lt;/math&gt; is also invertible with the inverse function &lt;math&gt;g^{-1}=\left(f^{-1}\right)^{-1}=f&lt;/math&gt;. This means, however, that a discontinuous function (like &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;) can have a continuous inverse function. Hence, we posit:

:: The (dis)continuity of an invertible function has in no capacity any influence on the (dis)continuity of its inverse function.

The problem lies in the domain of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;. Namely, this is &lt;math&gt;[-1,0] \cup (1,2]&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. not an interval. The domain is not connected and has a &quot;gap.&quot; How does this &quot;gap&quot; affect the inverse function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;?

Since the domain of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; corresponds to what should be the codomain of &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, the inverse function also has this &quot;gap&quot; in its codomain. Similarly, the codomain of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; corresponds to the domain of &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;. It is for this reason that &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; can not be continuous. The domain of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is an interval and therefore connected, while its codomain contains a gap. Since &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is surjective and must attain every value in what should be its codomain, the graph of &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; must lend itself to a jump point somewhere. This is why &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is not continuous.

Thus, we must require that, by assumption, the domain of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is an interval to ensure that we don't encounter any problems. Usually this requirement is sufficient to guarantee the continuity of &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;. We can prove this using the &lt;math&gt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt;-&lt;math&gt;\delta&lt;/math&gt; characterization of continuity. With the help of the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Intermediate_value_theorem|intermediate value theorem]] we can furthermore conclude that the codomain of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; - and therefore the domain of &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; - is an interval.

== Theorem on the Continuity of the Inverse Function {{Anchor|SatzStetigUmkehr}} ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Satz
 |titel= Continuity of the Inverse Function
 |satz=
Let &lt;math&gt;D \subseteq \R&lt;/math&gt; be an interval and &lt;math&gt;f : D \to W&lt;/math&gt; a surjective, strictly monotone, and continuous mapping. Then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is bijective, and the inverse function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f^{-1} : W \to D&lt;/math&gt;}}

is continuous and in the same sense as &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; strictly monotone. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;f(D)=W&lt;/math&gt; is an interval.

 |beweis=

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is bijective
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;x,y \in D&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x\ne y&lt;/math&gt;. Then it either mus be the case &lt;math&gt;x&lt;y&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;x&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone, it follows &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;f(y)&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;f(x)&gt;f(y)&lt;/math&gt;. In either case it holds &lt;math&gt;f(x)\ne f(y)&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is injective. Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is surjective by assumption, the mapping is bijective.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone
 |beweisschritt=
Without loss of generality let &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; be strictly monotone increasing, i.e. &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;f(y)&lt;/math&gt; follows from &lt;math&gt;x,y \in D&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x&lt; y&lt;/math&gt;. Now let &lt;math&gt;\tilde x,\tilde y\in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\tilde x &lt; \tilde y&lt;/math&gt;. We must now show that &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(\tilde x) &lt; f^{-1}(\tilde y)&lt;/math&gt;.

There exist some &lt;math&gt;x,y\in D&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\tilde x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f(y)=\tilde y&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(\tilde x) = f^{-1}(f(x)) = x &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(\tilde y) = f^{-1}(f(y)) = y&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is injective, it holds &lt;math&gt;x \neq y&lt;/math&gt;. It also can not be the case that &lt;math&gt;x &gt; y&lt;/math&gt; holds. Otherwise, it must then hold &lt;math&gt;\tilde x = f(x) &gt; f(y) = \tilde y&lt;/math&gt;, which can not be the case because &lt;math&gt;\tilde x &lt; \tilde y&lt;/math&gt;.

Thus, &lt;math&gt;x &lt; y&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(\tilde x) &lt; f^{-1}(\tilde y)&lt;/math&gt;. This proves that &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone increasing like &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;. Proving that &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone decreasing when we assume &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone decreasing is analogous.  
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is continuous
 |beweisschritt=
We will use the &lt;math&gt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt;-&lt;math&gt;\delta&lt;/math&gt;-characterization of continuity. To that end, let &lt;math&gt;\epsilon &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;b \in W=f(D)&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Further, let &lt;math&gt;a=f^{-1}(b)&lt;/math&gt; be the preimage of &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; under &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;f(a)=b&lt;/math&gt;. Now we have to show that there exists some &lt;math&gt;\delta &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;|f^{-1}(y)-f^{-1}(b)|&lt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt; holds for all &lt;math&gt;y\in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;|y-b|&lt;\delta&lt;/math&gt;. Then we will have achieved showing &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is continuous in &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;b \in W&lt;/math&gt; can be chosen arbitrarily, from there we can conclude the continuity of the mapping &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}:W \to D&lt;/math&gt;. We must, however, differentiate between the two cases of whether &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is a boundary point of &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Fallunterscheidung
 |fall1=&lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is not a boundary point of &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis1=
Since &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is not a boundary point of &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;, there exists some &lt;math&gt;\tilde \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0 &lt; \tilde \epsilon &lt; \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;]a-\tilde \epsilon,a+\tilde \epsilon[ \subseteq D&lt;/math&gt;. We set &lt;math&gt;b_1=f(a-\tilde \epsilon)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b_2=f(a+\tilde \epsilon)&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone increasing, then it holds &lt;math&gt;b_1&lt;b&lt;b_2&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone decreasing, then it holds &lt;math&gt;b_2&lt;b&lt;b_1&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; maps the interval &lt;math&gt;[a-\tilde \epsilon,a+\tilde \epsilon]&lt;/math&gt; bijectively to &lt;math&gt;[b_1,b_2]&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;[b_2,b_1]&lt;/math&gt;. If we set

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\delta = \min \{ |b-b_1|,|b-b_2|\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

then it follows

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f^{-1}(]b-\delta ,b+\delta[) \subseteq ]a-\tilde \epsilon ,a+\tilde \epsilon [ \subseteq ]a-\epsilon ,a+ \epsilon[&lt;/math&gt;}}

Hence, the condition &lt;math&gt;|f^{-1}(y)-f^{-1}(b)| &lt; \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;y\in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;|y-b|&lt;\delta&lt;/math&gt; is fulfilled and &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is continuous in &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;.

 |fall2=&lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is a boundary point of &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis2=
We may assume without loss of generality that &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is the maximum of &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;. Now there exists some &lt;math&gt;\tilde \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0 &lt; \tilde \epsilon &lt; \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;a-\tilde \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, the value &lt;math&gt;f(a-\tilde \epsilon)&lt;/math&gt; exists, and we can set &lt;math&gt;\delta = |f(a)-f(a-\tilde\epsilon)|&lt;/math&gt;.

If &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone increasing, then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; maps the interval &lt;math&gt;[a-\tilde\epsilon,a]&lt;/math&gt; bijectively to &lt;math&gt;[f(a-\tilde\epsilon),f(a)]=[b-\delta,b]&lt;/math&gt;. Then it holds &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}([b-\delta,b]) = [a-\tilde\epsilon,a] \subseteq (a-\epsilon,a+\epsilon)&lt;/math&gt;. Because no &lt;math&gt;y\in W&lt;/math&gt; exists with &lt;math&gt;y &gt; b&lt;/math&gt;, it must therefore hold &lt;math&gt;|f^{-1}(y)-f^{-1}(b)|&lt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;y\in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;|y-b|&lt;\delta&lt;/math&gt;. This proves the continuity of &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;. The proof for the case where &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is monotone decreasing is analogous.
}}}}}}

== Examples ==
=== Root Functions ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Root Functions
 |beispiel=
If &lt;math&gt;k \in \N&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;k \ge 2&lt;/math&gt;, then the &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-th power function is defined as 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R^+: x \mapsto f(x) = x^k&lt;/math&gt;}}

This is a strictly monotonically increasing function, since for &lt;math&gt;x,y \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x&lt;y&lt;/math&gt; it holds

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^k = \underbrace{x \cdot \ldots \cdot x}_{k \text{ times}} &lt; \underbrace{y \cdot \ldots \cdot y}_{k \text{ times}} = y^k=f(y)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Furthermore, this means &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is injective. The function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is also surjective, since for every &lt;math&gt;y \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; it holds for &lt;math&gt;x=\sqrt[k]{y}&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=f\left(\sqrt[k]{y}\right)=\left(\sqrt[k]{y}\right)^k = y&lt;/math&gt;}}

The inverse function is the &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-th root function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1} : \R^+ \to \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x) = \sqrt[k]{x}&lt;/math&gt;. By the Inverse Function Theorem, this function is continuous and also strictly monotone increasing.
}}

=== Natural Logarithm Functions ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Natural Logarithm Functions
 |beispiel=
The exponential function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R^+, \ f(x) = \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is strictly monotone increasing. Let &lt;math&gt;x,y \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x&lt;y&lt;/math&gt;. Then there exists some &lt;math&gt;t \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;y=x+t&lt;/math&gt;. It therefore holds

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\exp(y)=\exp(x+t) \underset{\text{equation}}{\overset{\text{functional}}{=}} \exp(x)\cdot \underbrace{\exp(t)}_{&gt;1} &gt; \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

From the strict monotonicity it follows that &lt;math&gt;\exp&lt;/math&gt; is injective. Furthermore, the exponential function is surjective since:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \lim_{x\to\infty}\exp(x) &amp; =\infty
  \lim_{x\to-\infty}\exp(x)&amp; =0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

The surjectivity follows from the continuity of the exponential function and the Intermediate Value Theorem. The inverse function of the exponential function is the so-called natural logarithm function:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f^{-1} : \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x) = \ln x&lt;/math&gt;}}

This function is also strictly monotone increasing (which is a result of the strict monotonicity of the exponential function). Furthermore, we can apply the Inverse Function Theorem and conclude that the logarithm function is also continuous.
}}

== Exercises ==
=== Exercise 1 ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Gruppenaufgabe
 |titel=Continuity of the Inverse Function
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;f : \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be defined by the following values:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x) = \frac{x}{1+|x|}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Prove the following claims:

 |teilaufgabe1=Show that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous, strictly monotone increasing, and injective on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;.
 |teilaufgabe2=Show that &lt;math&gt;f: \R \to (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt; is surjective.
 |teilaufgabe3=Give a justification for why the inverse function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}  : (-1,1) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; exists and determine the explicit functional values for &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;. Show that &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is continuous and strictly monotone increasing.

 |teilaufgabe1-lösung=
&lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous since it is the quotient of continuous functions &lt;math&gt;a:\R\to\R:x \mapsto x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b:\R\to\R:x \mapsto 1+|x|&lt;/math&gt;.  &lt;math&gt;1+|x| \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; thereby holds for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;x,y \in \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x&lt;y&lt;/math&gt;. To prove the strict monotonicity we will show &lt;math&gt;f(x) &lt; f(y)&lt;/math&gt;:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Fallunterscheidung
 |fall1=&lt;math&gt;x,y\ge 0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis1=
Then it holds

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x&lt;y \iff \underbrace{x+xy}_{=x(1+y)}&lt;\underbrace{y+xy}_{=y(1+x)} \iff \underbrace{\frac{x}{1+x}}_{=f(x)} &lt; \underbrace{\frac{y}{1+y}}_{=f(y)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |fall2=&lt;math&gt;x\le 0&lt; y&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis2=
Here it holds

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=\underbrace{\frac{x}{1+|x|}}_{\le 0} &lt; \underbrace{\frac{y}{1+|y|}}_{&gt; 0} = f(y)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |fall3=&lt;math&gt;x&lt;0\le y&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis3=
Here it holds

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=\underbrace{\frac{x}{1+|x|}}_{&lt;0} &lt; \underbrace{\frac{y}{1+|y|}}_{\ge 0} = f(y)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |fall4=&lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis4=
It holds

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x&lt;y \iff \underbrace{x-xy}_{=x(1-y)}&lt;\underbrace{y-xy}_{=y(1-x)} \iff \underbrace{\frac{x}{1-x}}_{=f(x)} &lt; \underbrace{\frac{y}{1-y}}_{=f(y)}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

So then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone increasing on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; and therefore also injective.

 |teilaufgabe2-lösung=

It holds for all &lt;math&gt;x\in \R&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;|f(x)| = \frac{|x|}{1+|x|} &lt; \frac{|x|}{|x|} = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

It follows immediately that &lt;math&gt;-1 &lt; f(x) &lt; 1&lt;/math&gt; holds. Furthermore,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x) &amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x}{1+|x|} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty \atop x &gt; 0} \frac{x}{1+|x|} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x \to \infty \atop x &gt; 0} \frac{x}{1+x} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x \to \infty \atop x &gt; 0} \frac{1}{\frac 1x +1} = 1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to -\infty} f(x) &amp; = \lim_{x \to -\infty} \frac{x}{1+|x|} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to -\infty \atop x &lt; 0} \frac{x}{1+|x|} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x \to -\infty \atop x &lt; 0} \frac{x}{1-x} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x \to -\infty \atop x &lt; 0} \frac{1}{\frac 1x -1} = -1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous, by the Intermediate Value Theorem, for every &lt;math&gt;y \in (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt; there exists an &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=y&lt;/math&gt;. So it holds for the image that &lt;math&gt;f(\R )=(-1,1)&lt;/math&gt;, whereby &lt;math&gt;f:\R \to (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt; is surjective.

 |teilaufgabe3-lösung=
Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is bijective, the inverse function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1} : (-1,1) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; exists. As an inverse function, &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is also bijective. By the Theorem of Continuity of the Inverse Function, &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; is furthermore continuous and strictly monotone increasing. In order to calculate &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; we must first differentiate between two cases:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Fallunterscheidung
 |fall1=&lt;math&gt;x \ge 0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis1=
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; y=f(x)=\frac{x}{1+x} \\
\iff{} &amp; y+xy=x \\
\iff{} &amp; y=x-xy=x(1-y) \\
\iff{} &amp; x=\underbrace{\frac{y}{1-y}}_{=f^{-1}(y)}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |fall2=&lt;math&gt;x&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis2=
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; y=f(x)=\frac{x}{1-x} \\
\iff{} &amp; y-xy=x \\
\iff{} &amp; y=x+xy=x(1+y) \\
\iff{} &amp; x=\underbrace{\frac{y}{1+y}}_{=f^{-1}(y)}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

If we now have &lt;math&gt;x\ge 0&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;f(x)=y\ge 0&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math&gt;1-y=1-|y|&lt;/math&gt;. On the other hand, if &lt;math&gt;x&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;, then so is &lt;math&gt;f(x)=y&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math&gt;1+y=1-|y|&lt;/math&gt;. All together, we can conclude

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f^{-1} : (-1,1) \to \R, \ f^{-1}(y)=\frac{y}{1-|y|}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Exercise 2 ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Gruppenaufgabe
 |titel=Continuity of the Inverse Function 2
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;g : [0,\infty) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;g(x) = \exp(x)-\sin(\exp(-x))&lt;/math&gt;

 |teilaufgabe1=Show that &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is injective. 
 |teilaufgabe2=Determine the image &lt;math&gt;g([0,\infty))&lt;/math&gt;.
 |teilaufgabe3=Justify why the inverse function &lt;math&gt;g^{-1}  : g([0,\infty)) \to [0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is continuous.

 |teilaufgabe1-lösung=
&lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is continuous as it is the composition of the continuous functions &lt;math&gt;a:[0,\infty) \to \R:x \mapsto -x&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;b:[0,\infty) \to \R:x \mapsto \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c:[0,\infty) \to \R:x \mapsto \sin(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, for &lt;math&gt;x,y \in [0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x&lt;y&lt;/math&gt; it holds:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x &lt; y \implies -x&gt;-y \implies \exp(-x)&gt;\exp(-y)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Now it holds &lt;math&gt;\exp(-\tilde x) \in (0,1]&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in [0,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;. Since the sine function is strictly monotone increasing on the half-interval &lt;math&gt;(0,1]&lt;/math&gt;, it follows

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\exp(-x)&gt;\exp(-y) \implies \sin(\exp(-x))&gt;\sin(\exp(-y)) \implies -\sin(\exp(-x))&lt;-\sin(\exp(-y))&lt;/math&gt;}}

Because the exponential function is strictly monotone increasing, it furthermore holds that &lt;math&gt;\exp(x) &lt; \exp(y)&lt;/math&gt;. Then we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\underbrace{\exp(x) - \sin(\exp(-x))}_{=g(x)} &lt; \underbrace{\exp(y) - \sin(\exp(-y))}_{=g(y)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone increasing and therefore injective.

 |teilaufgabe2-lösung==
First, we observe

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g(0)=\exp(0)-\sin(\exp(0))=1-\sin(1)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Furthermore,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \infty} \exp(x)&amp; =\infty \\
\lim_{x\to \infty} \exp(-x)&amp; =0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and from there it follows that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} g(x) = \lim_{x \to \infty} [\underbrace{\exp(x)}_{\to \infty} - \underbrace{\sin(\exp(-x))}_{\to \sin(0)=0}] = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is continuous and &lt;math&gt;[0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is an interval, &lt;math&gt;g([0,\infty))&lt;/math&gt; is also an interval (see the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Intermediate_value_theorem#Anchor:FolgerungZWS|implications of the intermediate value theorem]]). Since &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotone increasing and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to \infty} g(x)=\infty&lt;/math&gt;, it follows

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g([0,\infty)) = [g(0),\infty) = [1-\sin(1),\infty )&lt;/math&gt;}}

  |teilaufgabe3-lösung=
Since &lt;math&gt;D=[0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is an interval and &lt;math&gt;g:[0,\infty) \to [1-\sin(1),\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is bijective, the inverse function &lt;math&gt;g^{-1}:[1-\sin(1),\infty) \to [0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is continuous by the Continuous Inverse Function Theorem.
}}

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== Special cases of the chain rule ==

Now we want to list a few special cases of the chain rule, which occur frequently in practice. For the derivation of the derivatives of &lt;math&gt;\exp&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\ln&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\sin&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\cos&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x^n&lt;/math&gt; etc. we refer to the following chapter [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Examples_for_derivatives|Examples for derivatives]].

=== Case: &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is linear===

Let &lt;math&gt;a,b \in \R&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;g: \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable. Then also &lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=g(ax+b)&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable ad at &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=ag'(ax+b)&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |beweis=
&lt;math&gt;f: \R  \to \R, \ f(x)=ax+b&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=a&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. The chain rule implies differentiability of  &lt;math&gt;h=g \circ f : \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; , where
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x)=g'(ax+b) \cdot a = ag'(ax+b)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |beispiel=Let &lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=(2x+1)^2&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;g(x)=x^2&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;g'(x)=2x&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; so

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=2(2x+1)\cdot 2 = 4(2x+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

=== Case: &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is a power function ===

Let &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable. The also &lt;math&gt;f^n: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable for all &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, where at &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f^n)'(x)=nf^{n-1}(x) \cdot f'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |beweis=
&lt;math&gt;g: \R  \to \R, \ g(x)=x^n&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;g'(x)=nx^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. The chain rule implies differentiability of &lt;math&gt;f^n: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt;, where
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f^n)'(x)=g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x)=nf^{n-1}(x) \cdot f'(x) = nf(x)f^{n-1}(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Deriving a power function
 |beispiel=Let &lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=\sin^2(x)=(\sin(x))^2&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt; and for all&lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=2\sin(x)^{2-1}\cos(x) = 2\sin(x)\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

=== Case: &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is a root function ===

Let &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R^+&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable. Then &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{f}: D \to \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x\mapsto \sqrt{f(x)}&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable as well and for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\sqrt{f})'(x)=\frac{f'(x)}{2\sqrt{f(x)}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |beweis=
&lt;math&gt;g: \R^+  \to \R, \ g(x)=\sqrt{x}&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;g'(x)=\tfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;. The chain rule implies differentiability of &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{f}: D \to \R^+&lt;/math&gt; where
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\sqrt{f})'(x)=(g\circ f)'(x)=g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x)=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{f(x)}} \cdot f'(x) = \frac{f'(x)}{2\sqrt{f(x)}}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Deriving a root function
 |beispiel=Let &lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=\sqrt{\exp(x)}&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; and for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\frac{\exp(x)}{2\sqrt{\exp(x)}} = \frac{\sqrt{\exp(x)}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

=== Case: &lt;math&gt;g=\exp&lt;/math&gt;===

Let &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable. Then &lt;math&gt;\exp \circ f: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable as well and for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\exp \circ f)'(x)=\exp(f(x))\cdot f'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |beweis=
Let &lt;math&gt;g=\exp: \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; , which is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;\exp'=\exp&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by assumption, we also get differentiability of &lt;math&gt;\exp \circ f: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt;. By the chain rule,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\exp \circ f)'(x)=(g \circ f)'(x)=g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x)=\exp(f(x))\cdot f'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Deriving exponential functions
 |beispiel=1. Let &lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=\exp(x^2)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^2&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=2x&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; and we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\exp(x^2)\cdot 2x =2x\exp(x^2)&lt;/math&gt;}}

2. Let &lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=\exp(\sin(x))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\cos&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; and we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\exp(\sin(x))\cdot \cos(x) =\cos(x)\exp(\sin(x))&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Special case: Differentiating &quot;function to the power of a function&quot; ===

Consider the function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1^{f_2} = \exp \circ (f_2 \cdot (\ln \circ f_1))&lt;/math&gt;}}

which is a special case of an exponential function. The inner function is &lt;math&gt;f=f_2 \cdot (\ln \circ f_1)&lt;/math&gt;. We may again just use the chain rule.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Deriving exponential functions 2
 |beispiel=1. Let &lt;math&gt;h: (0,\infty) \to \R, \ h(x)=x^a=\exp(a\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=a\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=a\cdot \tfrac 1x = \tfrac ax&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; and by the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\exp(a\ln(x))) \cdot \frac ax = ax^{a-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

2. Let &lt;math&gt;h: (0,\infty) \to \R, \ h(x)=a^x=\exp(x\ln(a))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x\ln(a)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\ln(a)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; and by the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\exp(x\ln(a)) \cdot \ln(a) = \ln(a)a^x&lt;/math&gt;}}

3. Let &lt;math&gt;h: (0,\infty) \to \R, \ h(x)=x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=1\cdot \ln(x)+x \cdot \tfrac 1x = \ln(x)+1&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; and by the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\exp(x\ln(x)) \cdot (\ln(x)+1) = x^x(\ln(x)+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Case: &lt;math&gt;g=\ln&lt;/math&gt;===

Let &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R\setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt; be and by the chain rule. Then, &lt;math&gt;\ln \circ |f|: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is and by the chain rule as well and for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\ln \circ |f|)'(x)=\frac{f'(x)}{f(x)}&lt;/math&gt; (logarithmic derivative)}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |beweis=
Let &lt;math&gt;g: \R \setminus \{ 0\} \to \R, \ g(x)=\ln(|x|)&lt;/math&gt; , which is and by the chain rule with &lt;math&gt;g'(x)=\tfrac{1}{x}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R\setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R\setminus \{0\}&lt;/math&gt; is and by the chain rule by assumption, the chain rule implies differentiability of &lt;math&gt;\ln \circ |f|: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; and
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\ln \circ |f|)'(x)=g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x)=\frac{1}{f(x)} \cdot f'(x) = \frac{f'(x)}{f(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives
 |beispiel=1. Let &lt;math&gt;h: \R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi \mid k \in \Z \} \to \R, \ h(x)=\ln(|\cos(x)|)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=-\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi \mid k \in \Z \}&lt;/math&gt; and by the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\frac{-\sin(x)}{\cos(x)} = - \tan(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

2. Let &lt;math&gt;h: (1,\infty ) \to \R, \ h(x)=\ln(\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\cos&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (1,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; and by the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\frac{\frac 1x}{\ln(x)} = \frac{1}{x\ln(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |typ=Questions for understanding
 |frage= Answer the questions:
# Why is the domain of &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; only &lt;math&gt;(1,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;?
# What of domain of &lt;math&gt;\tilde h : D \to \R, \ \tilde h(x)=\ln(\ln|x|)&lt;/math&gt;?
 |antwort=Solutions:

# There is &lt;math&gt;x&gt;1 \iff \ln(x)&gt;0 \iff \ln(\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined
# There is &lt;math&gt;x&gt;1 \vee x&lt;-1 \iff |x|&gt;1 \iff \ln(|x|)&gt;0 \iff \ln(\ln|x|)&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined. So &lt;math&gt;D=(-\infty,-1) \cup (1,\infty)&lt;/math&gt;. For the derivative of &lt;math&gt;\tilde h&lt;/math&gt; there is 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\tilde h'(x)=\frac{1}{\ln|x|} \cdot \frac 1x = \frac{1}{x\ln|x|}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|Below we will see how we can use the logarithmic derivative to calculate easily the derivatives of product, quotient or power functions. This makes sense, especially if the function consists of several products, for example. (&lt;math&gt;f = f_1 \cdot f_2 \cdot \ldots f_k&lt;/math&gt;)}}

== Linear combinations of functions ==

The factor and sum rule state that the derivative is linear. If we apply this linearity to &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; functions, we get:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Differentiating linear combinations of functions
 |satz=
Let &lt;math&gt;n \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_0, \ldots f_n : D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable and &lt;math&gt;a_0, \ldots ,a_n \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Then,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;a_0f_0+a_1f_1+ \ldots + a_nf_n = \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable as well and for all &lt;math&gt;x\in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left( \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k \right)' (x) = \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=We show the assertion by induction over &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;:

'''Induction base:''' &lt;math&gt;n=0&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left( \sum_{k=0}^0 a_kf_k \right)' (x) = (a_0f_0)'(x) \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{factor-}}{=}} a_0f_0'(x) = \sum_{k=0}^0 a_kf_k'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Induction assumption:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left( \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k \right)' (x) = \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k'(x)&lt;/math&gt; shall hold for some &lt;math&gt;n \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Induction step:''' &lt;math&gt;n\to n+1&lt;/math&gt;. 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left( \sum_{k=0}^{n+1} a_kf_k \right)' (x) \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{factor}}{=}} \left( \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k \right)' (x) + (a_{n+1}f_{n+1})'(x) = \underset{\text{factor rule}}{\overset{\text{induction assumption}}{=}} \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k'(x) + a_{n+1}f_{n+1}'(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{n+1} a_kf_k'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Differentiability of polynomial functions
 |beispiel=The power function &lt;math&gt;f_k: \R \to \R, \ f_k(x)=x^k&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable for all &lt;math&gt;k \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt; where

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_k'(x)=kx^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The theorem from above applied to polynomial functions yields

&lt;math&gt;p: \R \to \R, \ k(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n a_kx^k&lt;/math&gt;

for &lt;math&gt;n \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;a_1, \ldots ,a_n \in \R&lt;/math&gt; differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;p'(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n a_kkx^{k-1}=\sum_{k=1}^n a_kkx^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== Application: Deriving sum formulas ==

We can use the linearity of the derivative to obtain new sum formulas from already known ones. Let us consider as an example the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Geometric_series|geometric sum formula]] for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R \setminus \{ 1\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=0}^n x^k = \frac{1-x^{n+1}}{1-x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Both sides of the equation can be understood as differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 1\}&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f: \R \setminus \{ 0 \} \to \R, \ f(x) &amp; =\sum_{k=0}^n x^k \\
g: \R \setminus \{ 0 \} \to \R, \ g(x) &amp; =\frac{1-x^{n+1}}{1-x}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a polynomial, we have for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R \setminus \{ 1\}&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\sum_{k=1}^nkx^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Furthermore, by the quotient rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x) = \frac{-(n+1)x^{n}(1-x)-(1-x^{n+1})(-1)}{(1-x)^2} = \frac{-(n+1)x^n+(n+1)x^{n+1}+1-x^{n+1}}{(1-x)^2} = \frac{1-(n+1)x^n+nx^{n+1}}{(1-x)^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since now &lt;math&gt;f \equiv g&lt;/math&gt;, we also have &lt;math&gt;f' \equiv g'&lt;/math&gt;. So for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R \setminus \{ 1\}&lt;/math&gt; there is:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^nkx^{k-1} = \frac{1-(n+1)x^n+nx^{n+1}}{(1-x)^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |typ=Additional question
 |frage=
Which sum formulas do we get for &lt;math&gt;x=2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x=-1&lt;/math&gt;?

 |antwort=
For &lt;math&gt;n=2&lt;/math&gt; we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^nk2^{k-1} = \frac{1-(n+1)2^n+n2^{n+1}}{(1-2)^2} = \frac{1-(n+1)2^n+2n2^{n}}{(-1)^2} = 1+(n-1)2^n&lt;/math&gt;}}

and for &lt;math&gt;n=-1&lt;/math&gt;

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^n(-1)^{k-1}k = \frac{1-(n+1)(-1)^n+n(-1)^{n+1}}{(1+1)^2} = \frac{1-(n+1)(-1)^n-n(-1)^{n}}{4} = \tfrac 14 (1-(-1)^n(2n+1)) = \begin{cases} -\tfrac n2 &amp; \text{ for even } n \\
\tfrac{n+1}{2} &amp; \text{ for odd } n \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== Generalized product rule ==

The product rule &lt;math&gt;(f_1f_2)'=f_1'f_2+f_1f_2'&lt;/math&gt; can also be applied to more than two differentiable functions by first combining several functions and then applying the product rule several times in succession. For three functions we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(f_1f_2f_3)' &amp; = ((f_1f_2)f_3)' \\
&amp; \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} (f_1f_2)'f_3+(f_1f_2)f_3' \\
&amp; \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} (f_1'f_2+f_1f_2')f_3+(f_1f_2)f_3' \\
&amp; = f_1'f_2f_3+f_1f_2'f_3+f_1f_2f_3'
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

For four functions we get analogously

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(f_1f_2f_3f_4)' &amp; = ((f_1f_2)(f_3f_4))' \\
&amp; \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} (f_1f_2)'(f_3f_4)+(f_1f_2)(f_3f_4)' \\
&amp; \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} (f_1'f_2+f_1f_2')(f_3f_4)+(f_1f_2)(f_3'f_4+f_3f_4') \\
&amp; = f_1'f_2f_3f_4+f_1f_2'f_3f_4+f_1f_2f_3'f_4+f_1f_2f_3f_4'
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We now recognize a clear formation law for derivatives: the product of the functions is added up, whereby in each summand the derivative &quot;moves forward&quot; by one position. In general, the derivative of a product function of &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; functions is:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Generalized product rule
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;f_1,f_2, \ldots ,f_n : D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable. The product function &lt;math&gt;f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)'=\sum_{k=1}^n (f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_k' \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Proof of the generalized product rule
 |aufgabe=

Prove the generalized product rule by induction over &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=

'''Induction base:''' &lt;math&gt;n=1&lt;/math&gt;. Es gilt

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1' = \sum_{k=1}^1 f_k'&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Induction assumption:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)'=\sum_{k=1}^n (f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_k' \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)&lt;/math&gt; is assumed for some &lt;math&gt;n \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Induction step:''' &lt;math&gt;n\to n+1&lt;/math&gt;. 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n\cdot f_{n+1})' &amp; = ((f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)\cdot f_{n+1})' \\
&amp; = \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} (f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)'\cdot f_{n+1} + (f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)\cdot f_{n+1}' \\
&amp; = \underset{\text{assumption}}{\overset{\text{induction}}{=}} \left( \sum_{k=1}^n (f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_k' \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n) \right) \cdot f_{n+1} + (f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)\cdot f_{n+1}' \\
&amp; = \sum_{k=1}^n (f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_k' \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n \cdot f_{n+1}) + (f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)\cdot f_{n+1}' \\
&amp; = \sum_{k=1}^{n+1} (f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_k' \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n \cdot f_{n+1}) 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Generalized product rule
 |beispiel= The function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=x\exp(x)\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable, since &lt;math&gt;f_1(x)=x&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_2(x)=\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_3(x)=\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; . In addition

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1'(x)=1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_2'(x)=\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_3'(x)=\frac 1x&lt;/math&gt;}}

The generalized product rule yields for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} f'(x) &amp; = 1\cdot \exp(x)\ln(x) + x\exp(x)\ln(x)+x\exp(x)\cdot \frac 1x \\
&amp; = \exp(x)\ln(x) + x\exp(x)\ln(x)+\exp(x) \\
&amp; = \exp(x)(\ln(x)+x\ln(x)+1)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Generalized product rule
 |aufgabe=
Determine the domain of definition and the derivative of

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: D \to \R, \ f(x)=\exp(-x)\sin(x)\cos(x)\tan(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |lösung=

'''Domain of definition:''' The functions &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \exp(-x)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\sin&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cos&lt;/math&gt; are defined on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. By contrast, &lt;math&gt;\tan&lt;/math&gt; is only defined on &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2} + k\pi \mid k \in \Z \}&lt;/math&gt;. Hence

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;D=\R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2} + k\pi \mid k \in \Z \}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Derivative:''' &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, as the functions &lt;math&gt;f_1:x\mapsto \exp(-x)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_2=\sin&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_3=\cos&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_4=\tan&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable. In addition, for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1'(x)=-\exp(-x)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_2(x)=\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_3(x)=-\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_4'(x)=\frac{1}{\cos^2(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The generalized product rule yields:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(x) &amp; = -\exp(-x)\sin(x)\cos(x)\tan(x) + \exp(-x)\cos(x)\cos(x)\tan(x) + \exp(-x)\sin(x)(-\sin(x))\tan(x) + \exp(-x)\sin(x)\cos(x)\frac{1}{\cos^2(x)} \\
&amp; = -\exp(-x)\sin(x)\cos(x)\tan(x) + \exp(x)\cos^2(x)\tan(x) - \exp(x)\sin^2(x)\tan(x) + \frac{\exp(x)\sin(x)}{\cos(x)} \\
&amp; = \exp(-x)(-\sin(x)\cos(x)\tan(x)+\cos^2(x)\tan(x)-\sin^2(x)\tan(x)+\tan(x)) \\
&amp; = \exp(-x)\tan(x)(-\sin(x)\cos(x)+\cos^2(x)-\sin^2(x)+1)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|If additionally &lt;math&gt;f_1(x) \cdot f_2(x) \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n(x) \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt;, we can divide both sides by this product, and thus obtain the form

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\frac{(f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)'}{f_1 \cdot f_2 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n} = \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_k' \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n}{f_1 \cdot f_2 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n} = \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{f_k'}{f_k}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The advantage of this representation is that the sum on the right side is much clearer. This is already the idea behind the ''logarithmic derivative'', which we present in the next section. 
}}

== Logarithmic derivatives ==

The ''logarithmic derivative'' is a very elegant tool to calculate the derivative of some functions of a special form. For a differentiable function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; without zeros, the logarithmic derivative is defined by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(f) = (\ln \circ |f|)'&lt;/math&gt;}}

We have already shown above that the chain rule yields:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(f) = \frac{f'}{f}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The following table lists some standard examples of logarithmic derivatives:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{L}(f)&lt;/math&gt; !! Domain of definition
|-
| &lt;math&gt;c \in \R \setminus \{ 0 \}&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac 0c = 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;x^n&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{nx^{n-1}}{x^n} = \tfrac{n}{x}&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0 \}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\exp(x)}{\exp(x)}=1&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\tfrac 1x}{\ln(x)} = \tfrac{1}{x\ln(x)}&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\R^+ \setminus \{ 1\}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}=\cot(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ k \pi \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{-\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}=-\tan(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2} + k \pi \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;   
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\tan(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\tfrac{1}{\cos^2(x)}}{\tan(x)} = \tfrac{1}{\sin(x)\cos(x)}&lt;/math&gt; ||  &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ k\tfrac{\pi}{2} \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt; 
|}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Computing logarithmic derivatives
 |aufgabe=
Determine the logarithmic derivative (with domain of definition) of the following functions

# &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\sqrt{x}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g(x)=\cot(x)=\tfrac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h(x)=x^a=\exp(a\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;a\in \R&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:''' There is &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\tfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;. So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(f)(x) = \frac{f'(x)}{f(x)} = \frac{\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt x} = \frac{1}{2x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\sqrt{x} \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;, the domain of definition for our logarithmic derivative of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is equal to &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 2:''' The quotient rule yields

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=\tfrac{-\sin(x)\sin(x)-\cos(x)\cos(x)}{\sin^2(x)}=-\tfrac{\sin^2(x)+\cos^2(x)}{\sin^2(x)}=-\tfrac{1}{\sin^2(x)}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R \setminus \{ k\pi \mid k \in \Z \}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(g)(x) = \frac{g'(x)}{g(x)} = \frac{-\frac{1}{\sin^2(x)}}{\frac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}} = -\frac{1}{\sin(x)\cos(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;g(x)=\tfrac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)} \ne 0 \iff x \ne \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi \ (k \in \Z)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R \setminus \{ k\pi \mid k \in \Z \}&lt;/math&gt;, the domain of definition for our logarithmic derivative of &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is equal to &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ k\tfrac{\pi}{2} \mid k \in \Z \}&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 3:''' For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(h)(x) = [\ln(|h(x)|)]' = [\ln(\exp(a\ln(x)))]' = (a\ln(x))' = \frac{a}{x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;h(x)=\exp(a\ln(x)) \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;, the domain of definition for our logarithmic derivative of &lt;math&gt;L(h)&lt;/math&gt; is equal to &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

By direct computation we obtain the following rules for the logarithmic derivative:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Computation rules for logarithmic derivatives
 |satz=For two differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; without zeros, there is

# &lt;math&gt;L(f\cdot g) = L(f)+L(g)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(\tfrac 1f) = -L(f)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(\tfrac fg) = L(f)-L(g)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(f^n) = nL(f)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(\sqrt{f}) = \tfrac 12 L(f)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;f&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;

 |erklärung=
'''Note:''' The rules are analogous to the computation rules for the logarithm function.

 |beweis=
We will only prove rule 1 and rule 4, the other three we leave to you &quot;as an exercise&quot; (don't worry, there is a solution, here).

'''Rule 1:''' Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable and free of zeros, &lt;math&gt;f\cdot g&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable and free of zeros. Thus, the following applies

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(fg) = \frac{(fg)'}{fg} \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} \frac{f'g+fg'}{fg} = \frac{f'g}{fg}+\frac{fg'}{fg} = \frac{f'}{f} + \frac{g'}{g} = L(f)+L(g)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Rule 4:''' Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable and zero-free, &lt;math&gt;f^n&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable and zero-free for &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;. Further above we have already shown &lt;math&gt;(f^n)'=nf^{n-1}f'&lt;/math&gt; by the chain rule. So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(f^n) = \frac{(f^n)'}{f^n} = \frac{nf^{n-1}f'}{f^n} = n\frac{f'}{f} = nL(f)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Computation rules for logarithmic derivatives
 |aufgabe=
Prove rules 2, 3 and 5 of the previous theorem 

 |beweis=

'''Rule 2:''' Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable and zero-free, &lt;math&gt;\frac 1f&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable and zero-free. By the chain rule, &lt;math&gt;(\tfrac 1f)'=-\tfrac{1}{f^2}\cdot f'=-\tfrac{f'}{f^2}&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(\tfrac 1f) = \frac{(\tfrac 1f)'}{\tfrac 1f} = \frac{-\tfrac{f'}{f^2}}{\tfrac 1f} = -\frac{f'f}{f^2} = -\frac{f'}{f} = -L(f)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Rule 3:''' Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable and zero-free, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac fg&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable and zero-free. Using rules 1 and 2 we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(\tfrac fg) = L(f \cdot \tfrac 1g) \overset{\text{Rule 1}}{=} L(f) + L(\tfrac 1g) \overset{\text{Rule 2}}{=} L(f)-L(g)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Alternatively, the rule can be proved by using the quotient rule.

'''Rule 5:''' Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable and positive, &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{f}&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable and positive. With the chain rule, &lt;math&gt;(\sqrt f)'=\tfrac{1}{2 \sqrt f}\cdot f'=\tfrac{f'}{2\sqrt f}&lt;/math&gt; applies. Thus,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(\sqrt f) = \frac{(\sqrt f)'}{\sqrt f} = \frac{\tfrac{f'}{2\sqrt f}}{\sqrt f} = \frac{f'}{2\sqrt f \sqrt f} = \frac{f'}{2f} = \frac 12 L(f)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|The summation rule can still be generalized to zero-free and differentiable &lt;math&gt;f_1, \ldots , f_n&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math&gt;n \in \N)&lt;/math&gt; as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n) = L(f_1)+ \ldots +L(f_n) \iff \frac{(f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)'}{f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n} = \frac{f_1'}{f_1} + \ldots + \frac{f_n'}{f_n}&lt;/math&gt;}}}}

Using those rules, we can now easily calculate derivatives. The transition to logarithmic derivatives does not usually require less computational effort, but it is much clearer than calculating with the usual rules, and therefore less susceptible to errors!

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives 1
 |beispiel=First we differentiate the following product function by means of the logarithmic derivation

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=xe^x\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

First we determine the domain of definition: there is &lt;math&gt;f_1(x)=x&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_2(x)=e^x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_3(x)=\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;. In order to be able to form the logarithmic derivative, &lt;math&gt;f_1,f_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_3&lt;/math&gt; must be zero-free. Because of &lt;math&gt;f_3&lt;/math&gt; we will choose &lt;math&gt;D=\R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2} + k \pi \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;.


Now take the logarithmic derivative of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;: There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\underbrace{L(f(x))}_{\frac{f'(x)}{f(x)}} = L(f_1 \cdot f_2 \cdot f_3) \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} L(f_1(x))+L(f_2(x))+L(f_3(x)) = \frac{f_1'(x)}{f_1(x)}+\frac{f_2'(x)}{f_2(x)}+\frac{f_3'(x)}{f_3(x)} = \frac{1}{x} + \frac{e^x}{e^x} + \frac{-\sin(x)}{\cos(x)} = \frac{1}{x} + 1 - \frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Finally, we multiply the equation by &lt;math&gt;f(x)=xe^x\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt; and obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \frac{1}{x} \cdot f(x) + 1 \cdot f(x) - \frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}\cdot f(x) = e^x\cos(x)+xe^x\cos(x)-xe^x\sin(x) = e^x(\cos(x)+x\cos(x)-x\sin(x))&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives 2
 |beispiel=Next, we differentiate the following quotient function:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\tilde f(x)=\frac{(x-1)^2}{x^2+1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Concerning the domain: The denominator is always different from zero. In order for &lt;math&gt;\tilde f&lt;/math&gt; to be free of zeros, the numerator must be unequal to zero. Therefore:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(x-1)^2 \ne 0 \iff x \ne 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

Hence, the domain of definition is &lt;math&gt;D=\R \setminus \{ 1\}&lt;/math&gt;.

With &lt;math&gt;f(x)=(x-1)^2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g(x)=x^2+1&lt;/math&gt; we have for the logarithmic derivative of &lt;math&gt;\tilde f&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\underbrace{L(\tilde f(x))}_{\frac{\tilde f'(x)}{\tilde f(x)}} = L(\tfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}) \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{quotient}}{=}} L(f(x))-L(g(x)) = \frac{f'(x)}{f(x)} - \frac{g'(x)}{g(x)} = \frac{2(x-1)}{(x-1)^2} - \frac{2x}{x^2+1} = \frac{2}{x-1} - \frac{2x}{x^2+1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Multiplication by &lt;math&gt;\tilde f(x)=\frac{(x-1)^2}{x^2+1}&lt;/math&gt; yields:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \tilde f'(x) &amp; = \frac{2}{x-1} \cdot \tilde f(x) - \frac{2x}{x^2+1}\cdot \tilde f(x) = \frac{2(x-1)}{x^2+1}-\frac{2x(x-1)^2}{(x^2+1)} = \frac{2(x-1)(x^2+1)-2x(x-1)^2}{(x^2+1)^2} \\
&amp; = \frac{2(x-1)[(x^2+1)-x(x-1)]}{(x^2+1)^2} = \frac{2(x-1)[x+1]}{(x^2+1)^2} = \frac{2(x^2-1)}{(x^2+1)^2}\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives 3
 |beispiel=Finally, we differentiate with the logarithmic derivative
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\hat f(x)=x^{\tfrac 1x} = \exp(\tfrac 1x \ln(x)) = \exp(\tfrac{\ln(x)}{x})&lt;/math&gt;}}

Concerning the domain: In order for &lt;math&gt;\hat f&lt;/math&gt; to be defined, &lt;math&gt;x&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; must hold. The function &lt;math&gt;\hat f&lt;/math&gt; is zero-free on all of &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;D=\R^+&lt;/math&gt;.

The logarithmic derivative of &lt;math&gt;\hat f&lt;/math&gt; is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\underbrace{L(\hat f(x))}_{=\frac{\hat f'(x)}{\hat f(x)}} = [\ln(f(x))]' = [\ln(\exp(\tfrac{\ln(x)}{x}))]' = [\tfrac{\ln(x)}{x}]' = \frac{\tfrac 1x \cdot x - \ln(x)\cdot 1}{x^2} = \frac{1-\ln(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Multiplication by &lt;math&gt;\hat f(x)=x^{\tfrac 1x}&lt;/math&gt; yields:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\hat f'(x) = x^{\tfrac 1x}(\tfrac{1-\ln(x)}{x^2}) = x^{\tfrac 1x-2}(1-\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives 
 |aufgabe=Using the logarithmic derivatives, differentiate the following functions on their domain of definition:

# &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\sin(x)\cos(x)\tan(x)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g(x)=\frac{\sqrt{x-1}}{(x+1)^2}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h(x)=x^{\sqrt{x}}&lt;/math&gt;

}}

== Generalized chain rule ==

Just like the sum and product rule, the chain rule can be generalized to the composition of more than two functions. For two differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;f_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_2&lt;/math&gt; the chain rule reads

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1\circ f_2)'(x) = (f_1'(f_2(x))\cdot f_2'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

If we have three functions &lt;math&gt;f_1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_3&lt;/math&gt;, then by applying the rule twice we obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1 \circ f_2 \circ f_3)'(x) = (\underbrace{(f_1 \circ f_2)}_{=h} \circ f_3)'(x) = \underbrace{(f_1 \circ f_2)'(f_3(x))}_{=h'(f_3(x))} \cdot f_3'(x) = f_1'(f_2(f_3(x)))\cdot f_2'(f_3(x)) \cdot f_3'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

If we now take a closer look, we can see a law of formation: First the outermost function is differentiated and the two inner ones are inserted into the derivative function. Then the second function is differentiated and the innermost function is inserted, and the whole thing is multiplied by the first derivative. Finally, the innermost function is differentiated and multiplied. If we now generalize this to &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; functions, we get:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Generalized chain rule
 |satz=
Let &lt;math&gt;f_i : D_i \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable for all &lt;math&gt;i \in \{1, \ldots ,n\}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;f_{i+1}(D_{i+1}) \subseteq D_i&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \in \{0, \ldots ,n-1\}&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f_1 \circ f_2 \circ \ldots \circ f_n : D_1 \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable, and its derivative at &lt;math&gt;x \in D_1&lt;/math&gt; is given by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1 \circ f_2 \circ \ldots \circ f_n)'(x)=f_1'(f_2(\ldots f_{n-1}(f_n(x))\ldots )) \cdot f_2'(f_3(\ldots f_{n-1}(f_n(x))\ldots ))\cdot \ldots \cdot f_{n-1}'(f_n(x)) \cdot f_n'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=We prove the theorem by induction over &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;:

'''Induction base:''' &lt;math&gt;n=1&lt;/math&gt;. There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1' = f_1'&lt;/math&gt;}}

&lt;math&gt;n=2&lt;/math&gt;. The chain rule yields

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1\circ f_2)'(x) = f_1'(f_2(x)) \cdot f_2'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}} 

'''Induction assumption:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1 \circ f_2 \circ \ldots \circ f_n)'(x)=f_1'(f_2(\ldots f_{n-1}(f_n(x))\ldots )) \cdot f_2'(f_3(\ldots f_{n-1}(f_n(x))\ldots ))\cdot \ldots \cdot f_{n-1}'(f_n(x)) \cdot f_n'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is assumed for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D_1&lt;/math&gt; and some &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;

'''Induction step:''' &lt;math&gt;n\to n+1&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt;x \in D_1&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;(f_1 \circ f_2 \circ \ldots \circ f_n \circ f_{n+1})'(x) \\
&amp; = (\underbrace{(f_1 \circ f_2 \circ \ldots \circ f_n)}_{=h}\circ f_{n+1})'(x) \\
&amp; = \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{chain}}{=}} \underbrace{(f_1 \circ f_2 \circ \ldots \circ f_n)'(\overbrace{f_{n+1}(x)}^{\tilde x})}_{=h'(\tilde x)}\cdot f_{n+1}'(x) \\
&amp; = \underset{\text{assumption}}{\overset{\text{induction}}{=}} f_1'(f_2(\ldots f_{n-1}(f_{n}(\overbrace{f_{n+1}(x)}^{=\tilde x}))\ldots )) \cdot f_2'(f_3(\ldots f_{n-1}(f_{n}(\overbrace{f_{n+1}(x)}^{=\tilde x}))\ldots ))\cdot \ldots \cdot f_{n}'(\overbrace{f_{n+1}(x)}^{=\tilde x}) \cdot f_{n+1}'(x) 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

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== Special cases of the chain rule ==

Now we want to list a few special cases of the chain rule, which occur frequently in practice. For the derivation of the derivatives of &lt;math&gt;\exp&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\ln&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\sin&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\cos&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x^n&lt;/math&gt; etc. we refer to the following chapter [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Examples_for_derivatives|Examples for derivatives]].

=== Case: &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is linear===

Let &lt;math&gt;a,b \in \R&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;g: \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable. Then also &lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=g(ax+b)&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable ad at &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=ag'(ax+b)&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |beweis=
&lt;math&gt;f: \R  \to \R, \ f(x)=ax+b&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=a&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. The chain rule implies differentiability of  &lt;math&gt;h=g \circ f : \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; , where
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x)=g'(ax+b) \cdot a = ag'(ax+b)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |beispiel=Let &lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=(2x+1)^2&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;g(x)=x^2&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;g'(x)=2x&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; so

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=2(2x+1)\cdot 2 = 4(2x+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

=== Case: &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is a power function ===

Let &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable. The also &lt;math&gt;f^n: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable for all &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, where at &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f^n)'(x)=nf^{n-1}(x) \cdot f'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |beweis=
&lt;math&gt;g: \R  \to \R, \ g(x)=x^n&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;g'(x)=nx^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. The chain rule implies differentiability of &lt;math&gt;f^n: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt;, where
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f^n)'(x)=g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x)=nf^{n-1}(x) \cdot f'(x) = nf(x)f^{n-1}(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Deriving a power function
 |beispiel=Let &lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=\sin^2(x)=(\sin(x))^2&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt; and for all&lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=2\sin(x)^{2-1}\cos(x) = 2\sin(x)\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

=== Case: &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is a root function ===

Let &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R^+&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable. Then &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{f}: D \to \R^+&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x\mapsto \sqrt{f(x)}&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable as well and for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\sqrt{f})'(x)=\frac{f'(x)}{2\sqrt{f(x)}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |beweis=
&lt;math&gt;g: \R^+  \to \R, \ g(x)=\sqrt{x}&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;g'(x)=\tfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;. The chain rule implies differentiability of &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{f}: D \to \R^+&lt;/math&gt; where
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\sqrt{f})'(x)=(g\circ f)'(x)=g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x)=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{f(x)}} \cdot f'(x) = \frac{f'(x)}{2\sqrt{f(x)}}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Deriving a root function
 |beispiel=Let &lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=\sqrt{\exp(x)}&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; and for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\frac{\exp(x)}{2\sqrt{\exp(x)}} = \frac{\sqrt{\exp(x)}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

=== Case: &lt;math&gt;g=\exp&lt;/math&gt;===

Let &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable. Then &lt;math&gt;\exp \circ f: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable as well and for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\exp \circ f)'(x)=\exp(f(x))\cdot f'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |beweis=
Let &lt;math&gt;g=\exp: \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; , which is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;\exp'=\exp&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by assumption, we also get differentiability of &lt;math&gt;\exp \circ f: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt;. By the chain rule,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\exp \circ f)'(x)=(g \circ f)'(x)=g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x)=\exp(f(x))\cdot f'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Deriving exponential functions
 |beispiel=1. Let &lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=\exp(x^2)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^2&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=2x&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; and we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\exp(x^2)\cdot 2x =2x\exp(x^2)&lt;/math&gt;}}

2. Let &lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=\exp(\sin(x))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\cos&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; and we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\exp(\sin(x))\cdot \cos(x) =\cos(x)\exp(\sin(x))&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Special case: Differentiating &quot;function to the power of a function&quot; ===

Consider the function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1^{f_2} = \exp \circ (f_2 \cdot (\ln \circ f_1))&lt;/math&gt;}}

which is a special case of an exponential function. The inner function is &lt;math&gt;f=f_2 \cdot (\ln \circ f_1)&lt;/math&gt;. We may again just use the chain rule.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Deriving exponential functions 2
 |beispiel=1. Let &lt;math&gt;h: (0,\infty) \to \R, \ h(x)=x^a=\exp(a\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=a\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=a\cdot \tfrac 1x = \tfrac ax&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; and by the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\exp(a\ln(x))) \cdot \frac ax = ax^{a-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

2. Let &lt;math&gt;h: (0,\infty) \to \R, \ h(x)=a^x=\exp(x\ln(a))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x\ln(a)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\ln(a)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; and by the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\exp(x\ln(a)) \cdot \ln(a) = \ln(a)a^x&lt;/math&gt;}}

3. Let &lt;math&gt;h: (0,\infty) \to \R, \ h(x)=x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=1\cdot \ln(x)+x \cdot \tfrac 1x = \ln(x)+1&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; and by the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\exp(x\ln(x)) \cdot (\ln(x)+1) = x^x(\ln(x)+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Case: &lt;math&gt;g=\ln&lt;/math&gt;===

Let &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R\setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt; be and by the chain rule. Then, &lt;math&gt;\ln \circ |f|: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is and by the chain rule as well and for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\ln \circ |f|)'(x)=\frac{f'(x)}{f(x)}&lt;/math&gt; (logarithmic derivative)}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |beweis=
Let &lt;math&gt;g: \R \setminus \{ 0\} \to \R, \ g(x)=\ln(|x|)&lt;/math&gt; , which is and by the chain rule with &lt;math&gt;g'(x)=\tfrac{1}{x}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R\setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R\setminus \{0\}&lt;/math&gt; is and by the chain rule by assumption, the chain rule implies differentiability of &lt;math&gt;\ln \circ |f|: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; and
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\ln \circ |f|)'(x)=g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x)=\frac{1}{f(x)} \cdot f'(x) = \frac{f'(x)}{f(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives
 |beispiel=1. Let &lt;math&gt;h: \R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi \mid k \in \Z \} \to \R, \ h(x)=\ln(|\cos(x)|)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=-\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi \mid k \in \Z \}&lt;/math&gt; and by the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\frac{-\sin(x)}{\cos(x)} = - \tan(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

2. Let &lt;math&gt;h: (1,\infty ) \to \R, \ h(x)=\ln(\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\cos&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (1,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; and by the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\frac{\frac 1x}{\ln(x)} = \frac{1}{x\ln(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |typ=Questions for understanding
 |frage= Answer the questions:
# Why is the domain of &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; only &lt;math&gt;(1,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;?
# What of domain of &lt;math&gt;\tilde h : D \to \R, \ \tilde h(x)=\ln(\ln|x|)&lt;/math&gt;?
 |antwort=Solutions:

# There is &lt;math&gt;x&gt;1 \iff \ln(x)&gt;0 \iff \ln(\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined
# There is &lt;math&gt;x&gt;1 \vee x&lt;-1 \iff |x|&gt;1 \iff \ln(|x|)&gt;0 \iff \ln(\ln|x|)&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined. So &lt;math&gt;D=(-\infty,-1) \cup (1,\infty)&lt;/math&gt;. For the derivative of &lt;math&gt;\tilde h&lt;/math&gt; there is 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\tilde h'(x)=\frac{1}{\ln|x|} \cdot \frac 1x = \frac{1}{x\ln|x|}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|Below we will see how we can use the logarithmic derivative to calculate easily the derivatives of product, quotient or power functions. This makes sense, especially if the function consists of several products, for example. (&lt;math&gt;f = f_1 \cdot f_2 \cdot \ldots f_k&lt;/math&gt;)}}

== Linear combinations of functions ==

The factor and sum rule state that the derivative is linear. If we apply this linearity to &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; functions, we get:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Differentiating linear combinations of functions
 |satz=
Let &lt;math&gt;n \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_0, \ldots f_n : D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable and &lt;math&gt;a_0, \ldots ,a_n \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Then,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;a_0f_0+a_1f_1+ \ldots + a_nf_n = \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable as well and for all &lt;math&gt;x\in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left( \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k \right)' (x) = \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=We show the assertion by induction over &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;:

'''Induction base:''' &lt;math&gt;n=0&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left( \sum_{k=0}^0 a_kf_k \right)' (x) = (a_0f_0)'(x) \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{factor-}}{=}} a_0f_0'(x) = \sum_{k=0}^0 a_kf_k'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Induction assumption:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left( \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k \right)' (x) = \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k'(x)&lt;/math&gt; shall hold for some &lt;math&gt;n \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Induction step:''' &lt;math&gt;n\to n+1&lt;/math&gt;. 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left( \sum_{k=0}^{n+1} a_kf_k \right)' (x) \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{factor}}{=}} \left( \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k \right)' (x) + (a_{n+1}f_{n+1})'(x) = \underset{\text{factor rule}}{\overset{\text{induction assumption}}{=}} \sum_{k=0}^n a_kf_k'(x) + a_{n+1}f_{n+1}'(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{n+1} a_kf_k'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Differentiability of polynomial functions
 |beispiel=The power function &lt;math&gt;f_k: \R \to \R, \ f_k(x)=x^k&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable for all &lt;math&gt;k \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt; where

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_k'(x)=kx^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The theorem from above applied to polynomial functions yields

&lt;math&gt;p: \R \to \R, \ k(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n a_kx^k&lt;/math&gt;

for &lt;math&gt;n \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;a_1, \ldots ,a_n \in \R&lt;/math&gt; differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;p'(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n a_kkx^{k-1}=\sum_{k=1}^n a_kkx^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== Application: Deriving sum formulas ==

We can use the linearity of the derivative to obtain new sum formulas from already known ones. Let us consider as an example the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Geometric_series|geometric sum formula]] for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R \setminus \{ 1\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=0}^n x^k = \frac{1-x^{n+1}}{1-x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Both sides of the equation can be understood as differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 1\}&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f: \R \setminus \{ 0 \} \to \R, \ f(x) &amp; =\sum_{k=0}^n x^k \\
g: \R \setminus \{ 0 \} \to \R, \ g(x) &amp; =\frac{1-x^{n+1}}{1-x}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a polynomial, we have for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R \setminus \{ 1\}&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\sum_{k=1}^nkx^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Furthermore, by the quotient rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x) = \frac{-(n+1)x^{n}(1-x)-(1-x^{n+1})(-1)}{(1-x)^2} = \frac{-(n+1)x^n+(n+1)x^{n+1}+1-x^{n+1}}{(1-x)^2} = \frac{1-(n+1)x^n+nx^{n+1}}{(1-x)^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since now &lt;math&gt;f \equiv g&lt;/math&gt;, we also have &lt;math&gt;f' \equiv g'&lt;/math&gt;. So for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R \setminus \{ 1\}&lt;/math&gt; there is:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^nkx^{k-1} = \frac{1-(n+1)x^n+nx^{n+1}}{(1-x)^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |typ=Additional question
 |frage=
Which sum formulas do we get for &lt;math&gt;x=2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x=-1&lt;/math&gt;?

 |antwort=
For &lt;math&gt;n=2&lt;/math&gt; we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^nk2^{k-1} = \frac{1-(n+1)2^n+n2^{n+1}}{(1-2)^2} = \frac{1-(n+1)2^n+2n2^{n}}{(-1)^2} = 1+(n-1)2^n&lt;/math&gt;}}

and for &lt;math&gt;n=-1&lt;/math&gt;

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^n(-1)^{k-1}k = \frac{1-(n+1)(-1)^n+n(-1)^{n+1}}{(1+1)^2} = \frac{1-(n+1)(-1)^n-n(-1)^{n}}{4} = \tfrac 14 (1-(-1)^n(2n+1)) = \begin{cases} -\tfrac n2 &amp; \text{ for even } n \\
\tfrac{n+1}{2} &amp; \text{ for odd } n \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== Generalized product rule ==

The product rule &lt;math&gt;(f_1f_2)'=f_1'f_2+f_1f_2'&lt;/math&gt; can also be applied to more than two differentiable functions by first combining several functions and then applying the product rule several times in succession. For three functions we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(f_1f_2f_3)' &amp; = ((f_1f_2)f_3)' \\
&amp; \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} (f_1f_2)'f_3+(f_1f_2)f_3' \\
&amp; \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} (f_1'f_2+f_1f_2')f_3+(f_1f_2)f_3' \\
&amp; = f_1'f_2f_3+f_1f_2'f_3+f_1f_2f_3'
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

For four functions we get analogously

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(f_1f_2f_3f_4)' &amp; = ((f_1f_2)(f_3f_4))' \\
&amp; \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} (f_1f_2)'(f_3f_4)+(f_1f_2)(f_3f_4)' \\
&amp; \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} (f_1'f_2+f_1f_2')(f_3f_4)+(f_1f_2)(f_3'f_4+f_3f_4') \\
&amp; = f_1'f_2f_3f_4+f_1f_2'f_3f_4+f_1f_2f_3'f_4+f_1f_2f_3f_4'
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We now recognize a clear formation law for derivatives: the product of the functions is added up, whereby in each summand the derivative &quot;moves forward&quot; by one position. In general, the derivative of a product function of &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; functions is:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Generalized product rule
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;f_1,f_2, \ldots ,f_n : D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable. The product function &lt;math&gt;f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)'=\sum_{k=1}^n (f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_k' \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Proof of the generalized product rule
 |aufgabe=

Prove the generalized product rule by induction over &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=

'''Induction base:''' &lt;math&gt;n=1&lt;/math&gt;. Es gilt

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1' = \sum_{k=1}^1 f_k'&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Induction assumption:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)'=\sum_{k=1}^n (f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_k' \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)&lt;/math&gt; is assumed for some &lt;math&gt;n \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Induction step:''' &lt;math&gt;n\to n+1&lt;/math&gt;. 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n\cdot f_{n+1})' &amp; = ((f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)\cdot f_{n+1})' \\
&amp; = \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} (f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)'\cdot f_{n+1} + (f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)\cdot f_{n+1}' \\
&amp; = \underset{\text{assumption}}{\overset{\text{induction}}{=}} \left( \sum_{k=1}^n (f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_k' \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n) \right) \cdot f_{n+1} + (f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)\cdot f_{n+1}' \\
&amp; = \sum_{k=1}^n (f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_k' \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n \cdot f_{n+1}) + (f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)\cdot f_{n+1}' \\
&amp; = \sum_{k=1}^{n+1} (f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_k' \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n \cdot f_{n+1}) 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Generalized product rule
 |beispiel= The function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=x\exp(x)\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable, since &lt;math&gt;f_1(x)=x&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_2(x)=\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_3(x)=\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; . In addition

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1'(x)=1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_2'(x)=\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_3'(x)=\frac 1x&lt;/math&gt;}}

The generalized product rule yields for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} f'(x) &amp; = 1\cdot \exp(x)\ln(x) + x\exp(x)\ln(x)+x\exp(x)\cdot \frac 1x \\
&amp; = \exp(x)\ln(x) + x\exp(x)\ln(x)+\exp(x) \\
&amp; = \exp(x)(\ln(x)+x\ln(x)+1)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Generalized product rule
 |aufgabe=
Determine the domain of definition and the derivative of

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: D \to \R, \ f(x)=\exp(-x)\sin(x)\cos(x)\tan(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |lösung=

'''Domain of definition:''' The functions &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \exp(-x)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\sin&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cos&lt;/math&gt; are defined on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. By contrast, &lt;math&gt;\tan&lt;/math&gt; is only defined on &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2} + k\pi \mid k \in \Z \}&lt;/math&gt;. Hence

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;D=\R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2} + k\pi \mid k \in \Z \}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Derivative:''' &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, as the functions &lt;math&gt;f_1:x\mapsto \exp(-x)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_2=\sin&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_3=\cos&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_4=\tan&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable. In addition, for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1'(x)=-\exp(-x)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_2(x)=\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_3(x)=-\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_4'(x)=\frac{1}{\cos^2(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The generalized product rule yields:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(x) &amp; = -\exp(-x)\sin(x)\cos(x)\tan(x) + \exp(-x)\cos(x)\cos(x)\tan(x) + \exp(-x)\sin(x)(-\sin(x))\tan(x) + \exp(-x)\sin(x)\cos(x)\frac{1}{\cos^2(x)} \\
&amp; = -\exp(-x)\sin(x)\cos(x)\tan(x) + \exp(x)\cos^2(x)\tan(x) - \exp(x)\sin^2(x)\tan(x) + \frac{\exp(x)\sin(x)}{\cos(x)} \\
&amp; = \exp(-x)(-\sin(x)\cos(x)\tan(x)+\cos^2(x)\tan(x)-\sin^2(x)\tan(x)+\tan(x)) \\
&amp; = \exp(-x)\tan(x)(-\sin(x)\cos(x)+\cos^2(x)-\sin^2(x)+1)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|If additionally &lt;math&gt;f_1(x) \cdot f_2(x) \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n(x) \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt;, we can divide both sides by this product, and thus obtain the form

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\frac{(f_1f_2\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)'}{f_1 \cdot f_2 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n} = \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_k' \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n}{f_1 \cdot f_2 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n} = \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{f_k'}{f_k}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The advantage of this representation is that the sum on the right side is much clearer. This is already the idea behind the ''logarithmic derivative'', which we present in the next section. 
}}

== Logarithmic derivatives ==

The ''logarithmic derivative'' is a very elegant tool to calculate the derivative of some functions of a special form. For a differentiable function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; without zeros, the logarithmic derivative is defined by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(f) = (\ln \circ |f|)'&lt;/math&gt;}}

We have already shown above that the chain rule yields:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(f) = \frac{f'}{f}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The following table lists some standard examples of logarithmic derivatives:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{L}(f)&lt;/math&gt; !! Domain of definition
|-
| &lt;math&gt;c \in \R \setminus \{ 0 \}&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac 0c = 0&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;x^n&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{nx^{n-1}}{x^n} = \tfrac{n}{x}&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0 \}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\exp(x)}{\exp(x)}=1&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\tfrac 1x}{\ln(x)} = \tfrac{1}{x\ln(x)}&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\R^+ \setminus \{ 1\}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}=\cot(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ k \pi \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt; 
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{-\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}=-\tan(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2} + k \pi \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;   
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\tan(x)&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\tfrac{1}{\cos^2(x)}}{\tan(x)} = \tfrac{1}{\sin(x)\cos(x)}&lt;/math&gt; ||  &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ k\tfrac{\pi}{2} \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt; 
|}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Computing logarithmic derivatives
 |aufgabe=
Determine the logarithmic derivative (with domain of definition) of the following functions

# &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\sqrt{x}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g(x)=\cot(x)=\tfrac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h(x)=x^a=\exp(a\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;a\in \R&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:''' There is &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\tfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;. So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(f)(x) = \frac{f'(x)}{f(x)} = \frac{\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt x} = \frac{1}{2x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\sqrt{x} \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;, the domain of definition for our logarithmic derivative of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is equal to &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 2:''' The quotient rule yields

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=\tfrac{-\sin(x)\sin(x)-\cos(x)\cos(x)}{\sin^2(x)}=-\tfrac{\sin^2(x)+\cos^2(x)}{\sin^2(x)}=-\tfrac{1}{\sin^2(x)}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R \setminus \{ k\pi \mid k \in \Z \}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(g)(x) = \frac{g'(x)}{g(x)} = \frac{-\frac{1}{\sin^2(x)}}{\frac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}} = -\frac{1}{\sin(x)\cos(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;g(x)=\tfrac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)} \ne 0 \iff x \ne \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi \ (k \in \Z)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R \setminus \{ k\pi \mid k \in \Z \}&lt;/math&gt;, the domain of definition for our logarithmic derivative of &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is equal to &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ k\tfrac{\pi}{2} \mid k \in \Z \}&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 3:''' For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(h)(x) = [\ln(|h(x)|)]' = [\ln(\exp(a\ln(x)))]' = (a\ln(x))' = \frac{a}{x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;h(x)=\exp(a\ln(x)) \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;, the domain of definition for our logarithmic derivative of &lt;math&gt;L(h)&lt;/math&gt; is equal to &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

By direct computation we obtain the following rules for the logarithmic derivative:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Computation rules for logarithmic derivatives
 |satz=For two differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; without zeros, there is

# &lt;math&gt;L(f\cdot g) = L(f)+L(g)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(\tfrac 1f) = -L(f)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(\tfrac fg) = L(f)-L(g)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(f^n) = nL(f)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(\sqrt{f}) = \tfrac 12 L(f)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;f&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;

 |erklärung=
'''Note:''' The rules are analogous to the computation rules for the logarithm function.

 |beweis=
We will only prove rule 1 and rule 4, the other three we leave to you &quot;as an exercise&quot; (don't worry, there is a solution, here).

'''Rule 1:''' Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable and free of zeros, &lt;math&gt;f\cdot g&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable and free of zeros. Thus, the following applies

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(fg) = \frac{(fg)'}{fg} \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} \frac{f'g+fg'}{fg} = \frac{f'g}{fg}+\frac{fg'}{fg} = \frac{f'}{f} + \frac{g'}{g} = L(f)+L(g)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Rule 4:''' Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable and zero-free, &lt;math&gt;f^n&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable and zero-free for &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;. Further above we have already shown &lt;math&gt;(f^n)'=nf^{n-1}f'&lt;/math&gt; by the chain rule. So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(f^n) = \frac{(f^n)'}{f^n} = \frac{nf^{n-1}f'}{f^n} = n\frac{f'}{f} = nL(f)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Computation rules for logarithmic derivatives
 |aufgabe=
Prove rules 2, 3 and 5 of the previous theorem 

 |beweis=

'''Rule 2:''' Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable and zero-free, &lt;math&gt;\frac 1f&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable and zero-free. By the chain rule, &lt;math&gt;(\tfrac 1f)'=-\tfrac{1}{f^2}\cdot f'=-\tfrac{f'}{f^2}&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(\tfrac 1f) = \frac{(\tfrac 1f)'}{\tfrac 1f} = \frac{-\tfrac{f'}{f^2}}{\tfrac 1f} = -\frac{f'f}{f^2} = -\frac{f'}{f} = -L(f)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Rule 3:''' Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable and zero-free, &lt;math&gt;\tfrac fg&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable and zero-free. Using rules 1 and 2 we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(\tfrac fg) = L(f \cdot \tfrac 1g) \overset{\text{Rule 1}}{=} L(f) + L(\tfrac 1g) \overset{\text{Rule 2}}{=} L(f)-L(g)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Alternatively, the rule can be proved by using the quotient rule.

'''Rule 5:''' Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable and positive, &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{f}&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable and positive. With the chain rule, &lt;math&gt;(\sqrt f)'=\tfrac{1}{2 \sqrt f}\cdot f'=\tfrac{f'}{2\sqrt f}&lt;/math&gt; applies. Thus,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(\sqrt f) = \frac{(\sqrt f)'}{\sqrt f} = \frac{\tfrac{f'}{2\sqrt f}}{\sqrt f} = \frac{f'}{2\sqrt f \sqrt f} = \frac{f'}{2f} = \frac 12 L(f)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|The summation rule can still be generalized to zero-free and differentiable &lt;math&gt;f_1, \ldots , f_n&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math&gt;n \in \N)&lt;/math&gt; as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;L(f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n) = L(f_1)+ \ldots +L(f_n) \iff \frac{(f_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot f_n)'}{f_1\cdot \ldots \cdot f_n} = \frac{f_1'}{f_1} + \ldots + \frac{f_n'}{f_n}&lt;/math&gt;}}}}

Using those rules, we can now easily calculate derivatives. The transition to logarithmic derivatives does not usually require less computational effort, but it is much clearer than calculating with the usual rules, and therefore less susceptible to errors!

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives 1
 |beispiel=First we differentiate the following product function by means of the logarithmic derivation

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=xe^x\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

First we determine the domain of definition: there is &lt;math&gt;f_1(x)=x&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_2(x)=e^x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_3(x)=\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;. In order to be able to form the logarithmic derivative, &lt;math&gt;f_1,f_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_3&lt;/math&gt; must be zero-free. Because of &lt;math&gt;f_3&lt;/math&gt; we will choose &lt;math&gt;D=\R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2} + k \pi \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;.


Now take the logarithmic derivative of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;: There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{aligned} \underbrace{L(f(x))}_{\frac{f'(x)}{f(x)}} &amp;= L(f_1 \cdot f_2 \cdot f_3) \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{product}}{=}} L(f_1(x))+L(f_2(x))+L(f_3(x))\\
&amp;= \frac{f_1'(x)}{f_1(x)}+\frac{f_2'(x)}{f_2(x)}+\frac{f_3'(x)}{f_3(x)} = \frac{1}{x} + \frac{e^x}{e^x} + \frac{-\sin(x)}{\cos(x)} = \frac{1}{x} + 1 - \frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)} \end{aligned}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Finally, we multiply the equation by &lt;math&gt;f(x)=xe^x\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt; and obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \frac{1}{x} \cdot f(x) + 1 \cdot f(x) - \frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}\cdot f(x) = e^x\cos(x)+xe^x\cos(x)-xe^x\sin(x) = e^x(\cos(x)+x\cos(x)-x\sin(x))&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives 2
 |beispiel=Next, we differentiate the following quotient function:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\tilde f(x)=\frac{(x-1)^2}{x^2+1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Concerning the domain: The denominator is always different from zero. In order for &lt;math&gt;\tilde f&lt;/math&gt; to be free of zeros, the numerator must be unequal to zero. Therefore:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(x-1)^2 \ne 0 \iff x \ne 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

Hence, the domain of definition is &lt;math&gt;D=\R \setminus \{ 1\}&lt;/math&gt;.

With &lt;math&gt;f(x)=(x-1)^2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g(x)=x^2+1&lt;/math&gt; we have for the logarithmic derivative of &lt;math&gt;\tilde f&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\underbrace{L(\tilde f(x))}_{\frac{\tilde f'(x)}{\tilde f(x)}} = L(\tfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}) \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{quotient}}{=}} L(f(x))-L(g(x)) = \frac{f'(x)}{f(x)} - \frac{g'(x)}{g(x)} = \frac{2(x-1)}{(x-1)^2} - \frac{2x}{x^2+1} = \frac{2}{x-1} - \frac{2x}{x^2+1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Multiplication by &lt;math&gt;\tilde f(x)=\frac{(x-1)^2}{x^2+1}&lt;/math&gt; yields:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \tilde f'(x) &amp; = \frac{2}{x-1} \cdot \tilde f(x) - \frac{2x}{x^2+1}\cdot \tilde f(x) = \frac{2(x-1)}{x^2+1}-\frac{2x(x-1)^2}{(x^2+1)} = \frac{2(x-1)(x^2+1)-2x(x-1)^2}{(x^2+1)^2} \\
&amp; = \frac{2(x-1)[(x^2+1)-x(x-1)]}{(x^2+1)^2} = \frac{2(x-1)[x+1]}{(x^2+1)^2} = \frac{2(x^2-1)}{(x^2+1)^2}\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives 3
 |beispiel=Finally, we differentiate with the logarithmic derivative
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\hat f(x)=x^{\tfrac 1x} = \exp(\tfrac 1x \ln(x)) = \exp(\tfrac{\ln(x)}{x})&lt;/math&gt;}}

Concerning the domain: In order for &lt;math&gt;\hat f&lt;/math&gt; to be defined, &lt;math&gt;x&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; must hold. The function &lt;math&gt;\hat f&lt;/math&gt; is zero-free on all of &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;D=\R^+&lt;/math&gt;.

The logarithmic derivative of &lt;math&gt;\hat f&lt;/math&gt; is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\underbrace{L(\hat f(x))}_{=\frac{\hat f'(x)}{\hat f(x)}} = [\ln(f(x))]' = [\ln(\exp(\tfrac{\ln(x)}{x}))]' = [\tfrac{\ln(x)}{x}]' = \frac{\tfrac 1x \cdot x - \ln(x)\cdot 1}{x^2} = \frac{1-\ln(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Multiplication by &lt;math&gt;\hat f(x)=x^{\tfrac 1x}&lt;/math&gt; yields:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\hat f'(x) = x^{\tfrac 1x}(\tfrac{1-\ln(x)}{x^2}) = x^{\tfrac 1x-2}(1-\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives 
 |aufgabe=Using the logarithmic derivatives, differentiate the following functions on their domain of definition:

# &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\sin(x)\cos(x)\tan(x)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g(x)=\frac{\sqrt{x-1}}{(x+1)^2}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h(x)=x^{\sqrt{x}}&lt;/math&gt;

}}

== Generalized chain rule ==

Just like the sum and product rule, the chain rule can be generalized to the composition of more than two functions. For two differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;f_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_2&lt;/math&gt; the chain rule reads

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1\circ f_2)'(x) = (f_1'(f_2(x))\cdot f_2'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

If we have three functions &lt;math&gt;f_1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f_3&lt;/math&gt;, then by applying the rule twice we obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1 \circ f_2 \circ f_3)'(x) = (\underbrace{(f_1 \circ f_2)}_{=h} \circ f_3)'(x) = \underbrace{(f_1 \circ f_2)'(f_3(x))}_{=h'(f_3(x))} \cdot f_3'(x) = f_1'(f_2(f_3(x)))\cdot f_2'(f_3(x)) \cdot f_3'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

If we now take a closer look, we can see a law of formation: First the outermost function is differentiated and the two inner ones are inserted into the derivative function. Then the second function is differentiated and the innermost function is inserted, and the whole thing is multiplied by the first derivative. Finally, the innermost function is differentiated and multiplied. If we now generalize this to &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; functions, we get:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Generalized chain rule
 |satz=
Let &lt;math&gt;f_i : D_i \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable for all &lt;math&gt;i \in \{1, \ldots ,n\}&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;f_{i+1}(D_{i+1}) \subseteq D_i&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \in \{0, \ldots ,n-1\}&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f_1 \circ f_2 \circ \ldots \circ f_n : D_1 \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable, and its derivative at &lt;math&gt;x \in D_1&lt;/math&gt; is given by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1 \circ f_2 \circ \ldots \circ f_n)'(x)=f_1'(f_2(\ldots f_{n-1}(f_n(x))\ldots )) \cdot f_2'(f_3(\ldots f_{n-1}(f_n(x))\ldots ))\cdot \ldots \cdot f_{n-1}'(f_n(x)) \cdot f_n'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=We prove the theorem by induction over &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;:

'''Induction base:''' &lt;math&gt;n=1&lt;/math&gt;. There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1' = f_1'&lt;/math&gt;}}

&lt;math&gt;n=2&lt;/math&gt;. The chain rule yields

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1\circ f_2)'(x) = f_1'(f_2(x)) \cdot f_2'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}} 

'''Induction assumption:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1 \circ f_2 \circ \ldots \circ f_n)'(x)=f_1'(f_2(\ldots f_{n-1}(f_n(x))\ldots )) \cdot f_2'(f_3(\ldots f_{n-1}(f_n(x))\ldots ))\cdot \ldots \cdot f_{n-1}'(f_n(x)) \cdot f_n'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is assumed for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D_1&lt;/math&gt; and some &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;

'''Induction step:''' &lt;math&gt;n\to n+1&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt;x \in D_1&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;(f_1 \circ f_2 \circ \ldots \circ f_n \circ f_{n+1})'(x) \\
&amp; = (\underbrace{(f_1 \circ f_2 \circ \ldots \circ f_n)}_{=h}\circ f_{n+1})'(x) \\
&amp; = \underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{chain}}{=}} \underbrace{(f_1 \circ f_2 \circ \ldots \circ f_n)'(\overbrace{f_{n+1}(x)}^{\tilde x})}_{=h'(\tilde x)}\cdot f_{n+1}'(x) \\
&amp; = \underset{\text{assumption}}{\overset{\text{induction}}{=}} f_1'(f_2(\ldots f_{n-1}(f_{n}(\overbrace{f_{n+1}(x)}^{=\tilde x}))\ldots )) \cdot f_2'(f_3(\ldots f_{n-1}(f_{n}(\overbrace{f_{n+1}(x)}^{=\tilde x}))\ldots ))\cdot \ldots \cdot f_{n}'(\overbrace{f_{n+1}(x)}^{=\tilde x}) \cdot f_{n+1}'(x) 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

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In this chapter, we want to summarise the most important examples of derivatives. The [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Computing_derivatives|rules for derivatives]] will allow us for computing derivatives of composite functions.

== Table of important derivatives ==
In the following table &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;q \in \Z&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tilde n \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt; is given. We also define &lt;math&gt;a,b,c \in \R&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;a_k \in \R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;p \in\R^+&lt;/math&gt;.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!function term
!term of the derivative function
!domain of definition of the derivative
|-
| &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;x^n&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;nx^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;ax+b&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;ax^2+bx+c&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;2ax+b&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=0}^{\tilde n} a_k x^k&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^{\tilde n} a_k k x^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac 1x&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;-\frac{1}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;x^{-n} = \frac{1}{x^n}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;-\frac{n}{x^{n+1}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;x^{q}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;qx^{q-1}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{cases} \R &amp; q \in \Z_0^+ \\
\R \setminus \{ 0\} &amp; q \in \Z^- \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{x}&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sqrt[n]{x}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{n\sqrt[n]{x^{n-1}}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sqrt[n]{x^q}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{q}{n}\sqrt[n]{x^{q-n}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\exp(x)=e^x&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;p^x=\exp(x\ln p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\ln(p)\cdot p^x&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;x^a=\exp(a\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;ax^{a-1}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{cases} \R &amp; a \ge 0 \\
\R \setminus \{ 0\} &amp; a&lt;0 \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\ln|x|&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{x}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\log_p|x|=\frac{\ln |x|}{\ln p}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\ln(p)\cdot x}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;-\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\tan(x)=\frac{\sin x}{\cos x}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\cos^2(x)} = 1+\tan^2(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ \frac{\pi}{2}+k\pi | k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sec (x) = \frac{1}{\cos(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{\sin(x)}{\cos^2(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ \frac{\pi}{2}+k\pi | k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\csc (x) = \frac{1}{\sin(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;-\frac{\cos(x)}{\sin^2(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ k\pi | k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\cot(x)=\frac{\cos x}{\sin x}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;-\frac{1}{\sin^2(x)} = -1-\cot^2(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ k\pi | k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\arcsin(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;(-1,1)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\arccos(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;(-1,1)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\arctan(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{1+x^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\text{arcot}(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;-\frac{1}{1+x^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\sinh(x)=\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\cosh(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\cosh(x)=\frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sinh(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\tanh(x)=\frac{\sinh x}{\cosh x}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\cosh^2(x)} = 1-\tanh^2(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{arsinh}(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+1}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{arcosh}(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;(1,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{artanh}(x)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{1-x^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;(-1,1)&lt;/math&gt;
|}

== Examples for computing derivatives ==

Now we will calculate some examples of derivatives from the table above. Often it comes down to determining the differential quotient of the function, i.e. a limit value. But sometimes it is also useful to use the calculation rules from the chapter before. 

=== Constant functions ===

We start with some simple derivatives:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of a constant function
 |satz=
Every constant function &lt;math&gt;f \equiv c&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; with derivative &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.

 |beweis=
Let &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Then there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{f(x)-f(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{c-c}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{0}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} 0 = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Power functions with natural numbers as powers ===

Now we turn to the derivative of power functions with natural powers. First we will deal with a few special cases:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Derivative of the identity and the square function
 |beispiel=The functions 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=x&lt;/math&gt;}}

and

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g: \R \to \R, \ g(x)=x^2&lt;/math&gt;}}

are differentiable on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. Further there is for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{x-\tilde x}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} 1 = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

as well as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{x^2-\tilde x^2}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{(x+\tilde x)(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} (x + \tilde x) = 2\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the derivative of &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; we used the 3rd binomial formula &lt;math&gt;(x+y)(x-y)=x^2-y^2&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of a power function
 |aufgabe=
Compute the derivative of

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h: \R \to \R, \ h(x)=x^3&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |lösung=For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{x^3-\tilde x^3}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{(x^2+x\tilde x+\tilde x^2)(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} (x^2 + x\tilde x + \tilde x^2) = 3\tilde x^2&lt;/math&gt;}}

Instead of using the identity &lt;math&gt;x^3-\tilde x^3=(x^2+x\tilde x+\tilde x^2)(x-\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt;, we could also have calculated &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{x^3-\tilde x^3}{x-\tilde x}=x^2 + x\tilde x + \tilde x^2&lt;/math&gt; using polynomial division.
}}

Now we turn to the general case, i.e. the derivative of &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x^n&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of power functions
 |satz=
The power function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=x^n&lt;/math&gt;}}

is for &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; differentiable on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. For all &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=n\tilde x^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=
For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;, so there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{x^n-\tilde x^n}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} x^k\tilde x^{n-1-k} = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \tilde x^k\tilde x^{n-1-k} = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \tilde x^{n-1} = n\tilde x^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We used the geometric sum formula &lt;math&gt; \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} x^k\tilde x^{n-1-k} = \tfrac{x^n-\tilde x^n}{x-\tilde x}&lt;/math&gt; and the continuity of the polynomial function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} x^k\tilde x^{n-1-k}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

=== Polynomials and rational functions ===

Using the calculation rules for derivatives we can now calculate the derivatives of polynomial functions and rational functions:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of polynomial functions
 |satz=
Let

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;p : \R \to \R, \ p(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n a_k x^k&lt;/math&gt;}}

with &lt;math&gt;a_k\in \R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; be a polynomial function of degree &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; , and for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;p'(\tilde x) = \sum_{k=1}^n a_kk\tilde x^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=
Using the derivative rule for the multiple of a function &lt;math&gt;(\lambda f)'=\lambda f'&lt;/math&gt; , every single summand of the polynomial is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. With the summation rule we can derive every polynomial function term by term on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; and obtain for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;p'(\tilde x)=\sum_{k=1}^{n} a_kk\tilde x^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

with the derivative of the zeroth summand disappearing.

In particular, it follows for &lt;math&gt;n=1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;n=2&lt;/math&gt; that linear and quadratic functions are differentiable on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of rational functions
 |aufgabe=
Let

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;r(x)= \frac{\sum_{k=0}^n a_kx^k}{\sum_{l=0}^m b_l x^l}&lt;/math&gt;}}

with &lt;math&gt;a_k,b_l \in \R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;n,m \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt; a rational function defined on &lt;math&gt;D=\R \setminus \{ x \in \R : \sum_{l=0}^m b_l x^l \ne 0\}&lt;/math&gt;. Show that &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;, and calculate the derivative.
 |lösung=

Numerator and denominator of &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; are polynomials. Since the denominator is non-zero on &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt; and polynomials are differentiable, it follows from the quotient rule that &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;. 

Further there is for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x\in D&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;r'(\tilde x) = \frac{\left( \sum_{k=1}^n a_kk\tilde x^{k-1}\right) \cdot \left( \sum_{l=0}^m b_l \tilde x^l\right) - \left(\sum_{k=0}^n a_k\tilde x^k\right) \cdot \left(\sum_{l=1}^m b_l l\tilde x^{l-1}\right)}{\left( \sum_{l=0}^m b_l \tilde x^l \right)^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Power functions with integer powers ===

We can already differentiate power functions with natural powers. Now we investigate those with negative integer exponents.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Derivative of the hyperbolic function
 |beispiel=The power function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \setminus \{ 0\}, \ f(x) = x^{-1} = \frac 1x&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt; and there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\frac 1x-\frac{1}{\tilde x}}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\frac{\tilde x-x}{x\tilde x}}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\tilde x-x}{x\tilde x(x-\tilde x)} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{-(x-\tilde x)}{x\tilde x(x-\tilde x)} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{-1}{x\tilde x} = -\frac{1}{\tilde x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R \setminus \{0 \}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \tfrac{1}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt;
 |aufgabe=Prove that the power function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \setminus \{ 0\}, \ f(x) = x^{-2} = \frac{1}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt; and compute its derivative.

 |lösung=For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R \setminus \{0 \}&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\frac{1}{x^2}-\frac{1}{\tilde x^2}}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\frac{\tilde x^2-x^2}{x^2\tilde x^2}}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{(\tilde x-x)(\tilde x +x)}{x^2\tilde x^2(x-\tilde x)} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{-(x-\tilde x)(x+\tilde x)}{x^2\tilde x^2(x-\tilde x)} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{-(x+\tilde x)}{x^2\tilde x^2} = -\frac{2\tilde x}{\tilde x^4} = -\frac{2}{\tilde x^3}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

In the general case &lt;math&gt;x^{-n}=\tfrac{1}{x^n}&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the power function with negative integer powers
 |satz=The power function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \setminus \{ 0\}, \ f(x) = x^{-n} = \frac{1}{x^n}&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;, and for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R \setminus \{0 \}&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x)=-\frac{n}{x^{n-1}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R \setminus \{0 \}&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} f'(\tilde x) &amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\frac{1}{x^n}-\frac{1}{\tilde x^n}}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\frac{\tilde x^n-x^n}{x^n\tilde x^n}}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{1}{x^n\tilde x^n} \frac{\tilde x^n-x^n}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{1}{x^n\tilde x^n} \frac{-(\tilde x^n-x^n)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{1}{x^n\tilde x^n} \cdot \left( -\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} x^k \tilde x^{n-1-k}\right) \\
&amp; = \frac{1}{\tilde x^{2n}} \cdot \left( -\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \tilde x^{n-1}\right) = -\frac{1}{\tilde x^{2n}} \cdot n\tilde x^{n-1} = -\frac{n}{\tilde x^{n-1}}\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of the power function
 |aufgabe=
Prove &lt;math&gt;(\tfrac{1}{x^n})'=\tfrac{-n}{x^{n+1}}&lt;/math&gt; using the quotient rule
 |lösung=

For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt; there is by the quotient rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left( \frac{1}{\tilde x^n}\right)' = \frac{0 \cdot \tilde x^n - 1 \cdot n\tilde x^{n-1}}{(\tilde x^n)^2} = \frac{-n\tilde x^{n-1}}{\tilde x^{2n}} = \frac{-n}{\tilde x^{2n-(n-1)}} = \frac{-n}{\tilde x^{n+1}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Remark:''' Of course we can also apply the inverse rule directly, and thus get the same result

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left( \frac{1}{\tilde x^n}\right)' = -\frac{n\tilde x^{n-1}}{\tilde x^{2n}} = \frac{-n}{\tilde x^{n+1}}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

Let us look again at the derivatives rule in the last case, i.e. &lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x)=-\tfrac{n}{\tilde x^{n-1}}=-n\tilde x^{-n-1}&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;. If we put &lt;math&gt;k=-n \in \Z^-&lt;/math&gt;, we get &lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x)=k\tilde x^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;. The derivative rule is hence the same as for &lt;math&gt;x^n&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;. So we can summarize the two cases and get

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the power function with natural powers
 |satz=For &lt;math&gt;k \in \Z&lt;/math&gt; the power function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \setminus \{ 0\}, \ f(x) = x^k &lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R \setminus \{0 \}&lt;/math&gt; there is then

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x)=kx^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

In the case of &lt;math&gt;k \in \N&lt;/math&gt; it is even differentiable on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
 
=== Root functions ===

Now we investigate the derivative of root functions. We start again with the simplest case:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Derivative of the square root function
 |beispiel=The square root function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x) = \sqrt x&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt; and for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(\tilde x) &amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\sqrt x-\sqrt \tilde x}{x-\tilde x} \\[1em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\sqrt x-\sqrt \tilde x}{(\sqrt x)^2-(\sqrt \tilde x)^2} \\[1em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\sqrt x-\sqrt \tilde x}{(\sqrt x-\sqrt \tilde x)(\sqrt x + \sqrt \tilde x)} \\[1em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{1}{\sqrt x + \sqrt \tilde x} \\[1em]
&amp; = \frac{1}{2 \sqrt \tilde x}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |typ=Question
 |frage=
Why is the square root function in &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=0&lt;/math&gt; not differentiable, although it is defined and continuous there?

 |antwort=
For the differential quotient there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\sqrt x-\sqrt 0}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\sqrt x}{x} = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{\sqrt x} = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

So it does not exist. Hence, we have non-differentiability.
}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of the cubic root function
 |aufgabe=Compute the derivative of the cubic root function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x) = \sqrt[3] x&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |lösung=For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(\tilde x) &amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\sqrt[3]{x}-\sqrt[3]{\tilde x}}{x-\tilde x} \\[1em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to {\tilde x}} \frac{\sqrt[3]{x}-\sqrt[3]{\tilde x}}{(\sqrt[3] {x})^3-(\sqrt[3]{\tilde x})^3} \\[1em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\sqrt[3]{x}-\sqrt[3]{\tilde x}}{(\sqrt[3]{x}-\sqrt[3]{\tilde x})((\sqrt[3]{x})^2 + \sqrt[3]{x} \cdot \sqrt[3] {\tilde x} + (\sqrt[3] {\tilde x})^2)} \\[1em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to {\tilde x}} \frac{1}{(\sqrt[3]{x})^2 + \sqrt[3]{x} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\tilde x} + (\sqrt[3] {\tilde x})^2} \\[1em]
&amp; = \frac{1}{3 (\sqrt[3] {\tilde x})^2}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

Now let us consider the general case of the &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-th root function. Here there is

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-th root function
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;k \in \N, k&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;. Then the &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-th root function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x) = \sqrt[k] x&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;, and for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \frac{1}{k\sqrt[k]{x^{k-1}}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{aligned} f'(\tilde x) &amp;= \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\sqrt[k] x-\sqrt[k] \tilde x}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\sqrt[k] x-\sqrt[k] \tilde x}{(\sqrt[k] x)^k-(\sqrt[k] \tilde x)^k} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{1}{\frac{(\sqrt[k] x)^k-(\sqrt[k] \tilde x)^k}{\sqrt[k] x-\sqrt[k] \tilde x}} \\
&amp;= \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{1}{\sum_{l=0}^{k-1} (\sqrt[k]{x})^l(\sqrt[k]{\tilde x})^{k-1-l}} = \frac{1}{\sum_{l=0}^{k-1} (\sqrt[k]{\tilde x})^{k-1}} = \frac{1}{k(\sqrt[k]{\tilde x})^{k-1}} = \frac{1}{k\sqrt[k]{\tilde x^{k-1}}}\end{aligned}&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
}}

This can now be generalized

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the generalized root function
 |satz=For &lt;math&gt;q \in \N, q&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;p \in \Z&lt;/math&gt;, the generalized root function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x) = \sqrt[q] x^p&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;, and for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \frac{p}{q} \sqrt[q]{x^{p-q}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=Since on &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt; die functions &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x^p&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y \mapsto \sqrt[q]{y}&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable, the chain rule implies at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) =  \frac{1}{q\sqrt[q]{(\tilde x^p)^{q-1}}} \cdot p\tilde x^{p-1} = \frac pq \frac{\sqrt[q]{(\tilde x^{p-1})^q}}{\sqrt[q]{(\tilde x^p)^{q-1}}} = \frac pq \sqrt[q]{\frac{\tilde x^{pq-q}}{\tilde x^{pq-p}}} = \frac pq \sqrt[q]{\tilde x^{pq-q-pq+p}} = \frac pq \sqrt[q]{\tilde x^{p-q}}&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|For &lt;math&gt;p \in \Z&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;q \in \N&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;r=\tfrac pq \in \Q&lt;/math&gt; the power function with rational exponent was defined as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x^r = x^{\frac pq} = \sqrt[q]{x^p}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

So for &lt;math&gt;r \in \Q&lt;/math&gt; we also have the derivative rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(x^r)' = \frac pq \sqrt[q]{\tilde x^{p-q}} = \frac pq x^{\frac{p-q}{q}} = \frac pq x^{\frac{p}{q}-1} = rx^{r-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

=== The (generalized) exponential function and generalized power functions ===

In this section we prove that the derivative of the exponential function is again the exponential function. So we can determine the derivative of the generalized exponential and power function.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the exponential function
 |satz=The exponential function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f : \R \to \R, \ f(x)=\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, and for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \exp(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
 |lösungsweg=
For this derivative it is more useful to use the &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; method 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{f(\tilde x+h)-f(\tilde x)}{h}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Because in this case we know the limit value

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\exp(h)-1}{h} = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

Furthermore, we need the functional equation of the exponential function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\exp(x+y)=\exp(x)\exp(y)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} f'(\tilde x) &amp; =  \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{f(\tilde x+h)-f(\tilde x)}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\exp(\tilde x+h)-\exp(\tilde x)}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\exp(\tilde x)\exp(h)-\exp(\tilde x)}{h} \\
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0} \exp(\tilde x) \frac{\exp(h)-1}{h} = \exp(\tilde x) \cdot \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\exp(h)-1}{h} = \exp(\tilde x) \cdot 1 = \exp(\tilde x)\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
}}

Using the chain rule, the derivatives of the generalized exponential function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto a^x&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;a \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; and the generalized power function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x^r&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;r \in \R&lt;/math&gt; can be calculated:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the generalized exponential function
 |satz=For &lt;math&gt;a \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; the generalized exponential function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f : \R \to \R, \ f(x)=a^x=\exp(x\ln(a))&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, and for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \ln(a)a^\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
 |beweis=For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \exp(\tilde x\ln(a))\cdot \ln(a) = \ln(a)a^\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the generalized exponential function
 |satz=For &lt;math&gt;r \in \R&lt;/math&gt; the generalized exponential function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f : \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=x^r=\exp(\ln(x)r)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;, and for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) =r\tilde x^{r-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of the generalized exponential function

 |aufgabe=Prove that the derivative of the generalized power function at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;r\tilde x^{r-1}&lt;/math&gt;.

 |beweis=For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; the chain rule yields

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \exp(\ln(\tilde x)r)\cdot \frac r\tilde x = r \tilde x^{r} \frac 1\tilde x = r \tilde x^{r-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

===Logarithmic functions ===

Now we turn to the derivative of the natural and generalized logarithm function. Since the natural logarithm is the inverse of the exponential function, we can deduce its derivative directly from [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Derivative_-_inverse_function|rule for derivatives of the inverse function]]:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the natural logarithm function
 |satz=The natural logarithm function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g : \R^+ \to \R, \ g(x)=\ln x&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(y) = \frac 1y&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
 |beweis=For the exponential function &lt;math&gt;\exp : \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; there is: &lt;math&gt;f'=\exp&lt;/math&gt;. So the function is differentiable, and because of &lt;math&gt;f'&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; strictly monotonically increasing. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is surjective. The inverse function &lt;math&gt;f^{-1}=g&lt;/math&gt; is the (natural) logarithm function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f^{-1}: \R^+ \to \R, \ f^{-1}(x)=\ln x&lt;/math&gt;}}

From the theorem about the derivative of the inverse function we now have for every &lt;math&gt;y \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(y) = (f^{-1})'(y)=\frac{1}{f'(f^{-1}(y))}=\frac{1}{e^{\ln y}}=\frac{1}{y}&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
}}

The derivative can also be calculated directly using the differential quotient. If you want to try this, we recommend the corresponding [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Exercises:_Derivatives_1#task:Derivation of the natural logarithm function|exercise]].

Using the derivative of the natural logarithm function we can now immediately conclude

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the generalized logarithm function
 |satz=For &lt;math&gt;a \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; the generalized logarithm function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g : \R^+ \to \R, \ g(x)=\log_a(y) = \frac{\ln y}{\ln a}&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt;y \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(y) = \frac{1}{y\ln a}&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
 |beweis=From the derivative rule for the multiple of a function, we get that for all &lt;math&gt;y \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(y)=\frac{1}{\ln a} \frac{1}{y} = \frac{1}{y\ln a}&lt;/math&gt;}}

If the derivative of the natural logarithm is not available, we can calculate it using the theorem of the derivative of the inverse function.
}}

=== Trigonometric functions ===
==== Sine ====
&lt;section begin=&quot;Satz:Ableitung Sinus&quot; /&gt;{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the sine function
 |satz=
The sine function is differentiable. For all &lt;math&gt;\tilde x\in\R&lt;/math&gt; there is:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sin'(\tilde x)=\cos(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=
For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\sin'(\tilde x) &amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sin(\tilde x+h)-\sin(\tilde x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \sin(x+y)=\sin(x)\cos(y)+\cos(x)\sin(y) \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\sin(\tilde x)\cos(h)+\cos(\tilde x)\sin(h)-\sin(\tilde x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \sin(\tilde x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cos(h)-1}{h}}_{=0} + \cos(\tilde x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\sin(h)}{h}}}_{=1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \cos(\tilde x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}&lt;section end=&quot;Satz:Ableitung Sinus&quot; /&gt;

==== Cosine ====
&lt;section begin=&quot;Satz:Ableitung Kosinus&quot; /&gt;{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the cosine function
 |satz=
The cosine function is differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\cos'(\tilde x)=-\sin(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\cos'(\tilde x) &amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\cos(\tilde x+h)-\cos(\tilde x)}{h} \\[0.5em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \cos(x+y)=\cos(x)\cos(y)-\sin(x)\sin(y) \right.\\[0.5em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cos(\tilde x)\cos(h)-\sin(\tilde x)\sin(h)-\cos(\tilde x)}{h} \\[0.5em]
&amp; = \cos(\tilde x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cos(h)-1}{h}}_{=0} - \sin(\tilde x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\sin(h)}{h}}}_{=1} \\[0.5em]
&amp; = -\sin(\tilde x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}&lt;section end=&quot;Satz:Ableitung Kosinus&quot; /&gt;

==== Tangent ====
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the tangent function
 |satz=
The tangent function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\tan : D = \R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi \mid k \in \Z\} \to \R, \ \tan(x)=\frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;, and for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\tan'(\tilde x)=\frac{1}{\cos^2(\tilde x)}=1+\tan^2(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=
Since &lt;math&gt;\cos(x) \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;x \ne \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi&lt;/math&gt; , the function &lt;math&gt;\tan&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the quotient rule, and for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\tan'(\tilde x) = \frac{\cos(\tilde x)\cos(\tilde x)-\sin(\tilde x)(-\sin(\tilde x))}{\cos^2(\tilde x)} = \frac{\cos^2(\tilde x)+\sin^2(\tilde x)}{\cos^2(\tilde x)} \begin{cases} \underset{\text{Pythagoras}}{\overset{\text{trigonometric}}{=}} \frac{1}{\cos^2(\tilde x)} \\
= 1+\frac{\sin^2(\tilde x)}{\cos^2(\tilde x)} = 1+\tan^2(\tilde x) \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of the cotangent function
 |aufgabe=
The cotangent function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\cot : D = \R \setminus \{ k\pi \mid k \in \Z\} \to \R, \ \cot(x) = \frac{1}{\tan(x)} = \frac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;D&lt;/math&gt;, and for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\cot'(\tilde x)=-\frac{1}{\sin^2(\tilde x)}=-1-\cot^2(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |lösung=
Since &lt;math&gt;\sin(x) \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;x \ne k\pi&lt;/math&gt; , the function &lt;math&gt;\tan&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the quotient rule, and for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in D&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\cot'(\tilde x) = \left( \frac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)} \right)' = \frac{-\sin(\tilde x)\sin(\tilde x)-\cos(\tilde x)\cos(\tilde x)}{\sin^2(\tilde x)} = -\frac{\sin^2(\tilde x)+\cos^2(\tilde x)}{\sin^2(\tilde x)} \begin{cases} \underset{\text{Pythagoras}}{\overset{\text{trigonometric}}{=}} -\frac{1}{\sin^2(\tilde x)} \\
= -1-\frac{\cos^2(\tilde x)}{\sin^2(\tilde x)} = -1-\cot^2(\tilde x) \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Alternative solution:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\cot'(\tilde x) = \left( \frac{1}{\tan(x)} \right)' = -\frac{1+\tan^2(\tilde x)}{\tan^2(\tilde x)} \begin{cases} = -\frac{1+\frac{\sin^2(\tilde x)}{\cos^2(\tilde x)}}{\frac{\sin^2(\tilde x)}{\cos^2(\tilde x)}} = -\frac{\cos^2(\tilde x)+\sin^2(\tilde x)}{\sin^2(\tilde x)}\underset{\text{Pythagoras}}{\overset{\text{trigonometric}}{=}} -\frac{1}{\sin^2(\tilde x)} \\
= -\frac{1}{\tan^2(\tilde x)}-1 = -1-\cot^2(\tilde x) \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

The derivatives of secant and cosecant can be found in the corresponding exercise.

=== arc-functions ===

Using the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Derivative_-_inverse_function|rule for derivatives of the inverse function]] we can differentiate the arc-functions (which are inverses of sine, cosine, etc.)

==== arcsin and arccos ====

&lt;section begin=Ableitung_Arkussinus_und_-kosinus /&gt;
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the arcsin/arccos function
 |satz=
The inverse functions of the trigonometric functions &lt;math&gt;\arcsin&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\arccos&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\arcsin'(\tilde x) &amp; = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\tilde x^2}} \quad \text{ for all } \tilde x \in (-1,1), \\
\arccos'(\tilde x) &amp; = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\tilde x^2}} \quad \text{ for all } \tilde x \in (-1,1), \\
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |erklärung=
'''Note:''' &lt;math&gt;\arcsin&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\arccos&lt;/math&gt; are defined and continuous on &lt;math&gt;[-1,1]&lt;/math&gt; , but only differentiable on &lt;math&gt;(-1,1)&lt;/math&gt;.

|beweis='''Derivative of &lt;math&gt;\arcsin&lt;/math&gt;:'''

For the sine function &lt;math&gt;\sin : (-\tfrac{\pi}{2},\tfrac{\pi}{2}) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; there is: &lt;math&gt;\sin'=\cos&lt;/math&gt;. So the function is differentiable, and since &lt;math&gt;\cos(x)&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (-\tfrac{\pi}{2},\tfrac{\pi}{2})&lt;/math&gt;, it is strictly monotonically increasing on this interval. Further, &lt;math&gt;\sin((-\tfrac{\pi}{2},\tfrac{\pi}{2}))=(-1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;\sin : (-\tfrac{\pi}{2},\tfrac{\pi}{2}) \to (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt; is surjective. The inverse function is the arc sine function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\arcsin: (-1,1) \to (-\tfrac{\pi}{2},\tfrac{\pi}{2}) \to \R&lt;/math&gt;}}

From the theorem about the derivative of the inverse we now have for every  &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\arcsin'(\tilde x) = \frac{1}{\sin'(\arcsin(\tilde x))} = \frac{1}{\cos(\arcsin(\tilde x))} \underset{\text{Pythagoras}}{\overset{\text{trigonometric}}{=}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\sin^2(\arcsin(\tilde x))}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\tilde x^2}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Derivative of &lt;math&gt;\arccos&lt;/math&gt;:'''

For the cosine function &lt;math&gt;\cos : (0.\pi) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; there is: &lt;math&gt;\cos'=-\sin&lt;/math&gt;. So the function is differentiable, and because of &lt;math&gt;-\sin(x)|_{(0,\pi)}&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;, strictly monotonically decreasing. Further, &lt;math&gt;\cos((0,\pi))=(-1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;\cos : (0,\pi) \to (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt; is surjective. The inverse function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\arccos: (-1,1) \to (0,\pi) \to \R&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable according to the theorem about the derivative of the inverse function, and for every &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt; there is:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\arccos'(\tilde x) = \frac{1}{\cos'(\arccos(\tilde x))} = \frac{1}{-\sin(\arcsin(\tilde x))} \underset{\text{Pythagoras}}{\overset{\text{trigonometric}}{=}} -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\cos^2(\arccos(\tilde x))}} = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\tilde x^2}}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}&lt;section end=Ableitung_Arkussinus_und_-kosinus /&gt;

==== arctan and arccot ====

&lt;section begin=Ableitung_Arkustangens_und_-kotangens /&gt;
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of the arctan/ arccot function
 |satz=
The inverse functions of the trigonometric functions &lt;math&gt;\arctan&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\arccot&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable, and there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\arctan'(\tilde x) &amp; = \frac{1}{1+\tilde x^2} \quad \text{ for all } \tilde x \in \R \\
\arccot'(\tilde x) &amp; = -\frac{1}{1+\tilde x^2} \quad \text{ for all } \tilde x \in \R
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |erklärung=

  |beweis=For the tangent function &lt;math&gt;\tan|_{(-\tfrac{\pi}{2},\tfrac{\pi}{2})}&lt;/math&gt; there is: &lt;math&gt;\tan'=1+\tan^2&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. So the function is differentiable and strictly monotonically increasing. Further, &lt;math&gt;\tan((-\tfrac{\pi}{2},\tfrac{\pi}{2}))=\R&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;\tan : (-\tfrac{\pi}{2},\tfrac{\pi}{2}) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is surjective. The inverse function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\arccos: (-1,1) \to (0,\pi) \to \R&lt;/math&gt;}}

is hence differentiable, and now for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt; there is:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\arctan'(\tilde x) = \frac{1}{\tan'(\arctan(\tilde x))} = \frac{1}{1+\tan^2(\arctan(\tilde x))} = \frac{1}{1+\tilde x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}&lt;section end=Ableitung_Arkustangens_und_-kotangens /&gt;

=== Hyperbolic functions ===

And finally, we determine the derivatives of the hyperbolic functions &lt;math&gt;\sinh&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\cosh&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tanh&lt;/math&gt;:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Derivative of hyperbolic functions
 |satz=
The functions 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}\sinh: \R \to \R, \ \sinh(x)=\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2} \\
\cosh: \R \to \R, \ \cosh(x)=\frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2} \\
\tanh:\R \to \R, \ \tanh(x)=\frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

are differentiable, and there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\sinh'(x) &amp; = \cosh(x) \\
\cosh'(\tilde x) &amp; = \sinh(\tilde x) \\
\tanh'(\tilde x) &amp; = \frac{1}{\cosh^2(\tilde x)} = \tanh^2(\tilde x)-1 \\
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=
The derivatives follow directly from the calculation rules. We show only the derivative of &lt;math&gt;\sinh&lt;/math&gt;. The other two are left to you for practice.

According to the factor and difference rule &lt;math&gt;\sinh(x)=\tfrac 12 e^x - \tfrac 12 e^{-x}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, and there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sinh'(x)=\tfrac 12 e^x - \tfrac 12 e^{-x}(-1) = \tfrac 12 e^x + \tfrac 12 e^{-x} = \cosh(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of &lt;math&gt;\cosh&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tanh&lt;/math&gt;
 |aufgabe=
Prove that &lt;math&gt;\cosh&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tanh&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\cosh'=\sinh&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tanh'=\frac{1}{\cosh}=\tanh^2-1&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis='''Derivative of &lt;math&gt;\cosh&lt;/math&gt;:'''

According to the factor and sum rule, &lt;math&gt;\cosh(x)=\tfrac 12 e^x + \tfrac 12 e^{-x}&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; , and there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\cosh'(x)=\tfrac 12 e^x + \tfrac 12 e^{-x}(-1) = \tfrac 12 e^x - \tfrac 12 e^{-x} = \sinh(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Derivative of &lt;math&gt;\tanh&lt;/math&gt;:'''

&lt;math&gt;\tanh = \tfrac{\sinh}{\cosh}&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; by the quotient rule and there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\tanh'(x) = \frac{\cosh(x)\cosh(x)-\sinh(x)\sinh(x)}{\cosh^2(x)} = \frac{\cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x)}{\cosh^2(x)} \begin{cases} = \frac{1}{\cosh^2(x)} \\
= 1-\frac{\sinh^2(x)}{\cosh^2(x)} = 1-\tanh^2(x) \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

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As a final application of the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Mean_value_theorem|mean value theorem]], more precisely the second mean value theorem, we want to derive L'Hospital's rule. This is a practical way to determine the limit of a quotient by separately differentiating numerator and denominator. The rule is named after the French mathematician [[w:EN:Guillaume de l'Hôpital|Guillaume de l'Hôpital]], but was first derived by the Swiss mathematician [[w:EN:Johann Bernoulli|Johann Bernoulli]].

== L’Hospital's rule ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=L’Hospital's rule
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;\tilde x\in\R\cup\lbrace - \infty , \infty\rbrace&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;I:={(a,\tilde x)}&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;a&lt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;I:={(\tilde x,b)}&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;b&gt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;f,g:I\to \R&lt;/math&gt; be two differentiable functions where &lt;math&gt;g'(x)\neq 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x\in I&lt;/math&gt;. Further, suppose that the limit &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to \tilde x}{\tfrac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}}=:q&lt;/math&gt; exists and one of the following two statements is true:

# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to \tilde x}{f(x)}=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to \tilde x}{g(x)}=0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to \tilde x}{f(x)},\lim_{x\to \tilde x}{g(x)}\in\lbrace -\infty, \infty\rbrace&lt;/math&gt;.

Then, there is &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to \tilde x}{\tfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}}=q&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=We first look at the case with &lt;math&gt;\tilde x\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to \tilde x}{f(x)}=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to \tilde x}{g(x)}=0&lt;/math&gt; we can continue the functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; continuously. We obtain the functions &lt;math&gt;\hat f,\hat g:I\cup\lbrace\tilde x\rbrace\to\R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\hat f(x):=f(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\hat g(x):=g(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x\in I&lt;/math&gt;. Further we set &lt;math&gt;\hat f(\tilde x):=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\hat g(\tilde x):= 0&lt;/math&gt;.

We now look at any sequence &lt;math&gt;(x_n)_{n\in\N}&lt;/math&gt; which converges towards &lt;math&gt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;. Since the functions &lt;math&gt;\hat f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\hat g&lt;/math&gt; are continuous, we can apply the generalized mean value theorem. So there is a sequence &lt;math&gt;(z_n)_{n\in\N}&lt;/math&gt;, such that for all &lt;math&gt;n\in \N&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;z_n\in{(\tilde x,x_n)}&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;z_n\in{(x_n, \tilde x)}&lt;/math&gt; and 


{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \frac{f(x_n)}{g(x_n)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ f(x_n)=\hat f(x_n)\text{ and }  g(x_n)=\hat g(x_n) \text{ for all } n\in\N \text{, since } x_n\in I, \hat f(\tilde x)=0=\hat g(\tilde x) \right.} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{\hat f(x_n)-\hat f(\tilde x)}{\hat g(x_n)-\hat g(\tilde x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{generalized mean value theorem}  \right.} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{\hat f'(z_n)}{\hat g'(z_n)} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{f'(z_n)}{g'(z_n)} \\[0.3em]
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{n\to \infty}{\frac{f(x_n)}{g(x_n)}}  \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{n\to \infty}{\frac{f'(z_n)}{g'(z_n)}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{x\to \tilde x}{\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; q
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Since this does even hold for every arbitrary sequence &lt;math&gt;(x_n)_{n\in\N}&lt;/math&gt;, there is in total &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to \tilde x}{\tfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}}=q&lt;/math&gt;.

{{todo|case 2}}

Now let us consider the case &lt;math&gt;\tilde x\in\lbrace -\infty, \infty\rbrace&lt;/math&gt;. To do this, we define the auxiliary functions &lt;math&gt;\tilde f,\tilde g:J\to\R&lt;/math&gt; choosing a &lt;math&gt;c\in I&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;c&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=\infty&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;c&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x = -\infty&lt;/math&gt;. We set &lt;math&gt;J:={(0,\tfrac{1}{c})}&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;J:={(\tfrac{1}{c},0)}&lt;/math&gt;. For all &lt;math&gt;x\in J&lt;/math&gt; we set &lt;math&gt;\tilde f(x):=f(\tfrac{1}{x})&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tilde g(x):=g(\tfrac{1}{x})&lt;/math&gt;.

In the following, we consider only the case &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=\infty&lt;/math&gt;, because the proof for &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=-\infty&lt;/math&gt; is analogous. There is:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;\lim_{x\to\infty}{f(x)}=\lim_{x\to\infty}{\tilde f(\tfrac{1}{x})}=\lim_{x\to 0}{\tilde f(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp;\lim_{x\to\infty}{g(x)}=\lim_{x\to\infty}{\tilde g(\tfrac{1}{x})}=\lim_{x\to 0}{\tilde g(x)}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can therefore apply L'Hospital's rule for the case &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=0&lt;/math&gt;, which we have already proved. There is:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{x\to\infty}{f(x)}=\lim_{x\to 0}{\tilde f(x)}\text{ and } \lim_{x\to\infty}{g(x)}=\lim_{x\to 0}{\tilde g(x)} \right.} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{x\to 0}{\frac{\tilde f(x)}{\tilde g(x)}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{L’Hospital's rule} \right.} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{x\to 0}{\frac{\tilde f'(x)}{\tilde g'(x)}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{chain rule in enumerator and denominator, } \tilde f(x)=f(\tfrac{1}{x}), \tilde g(x)=g(\tfrac{1}{x}) \text{ for all } x \text{ with } \tfrac{1}{x}\in J  \right.} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{x\to 0}{\frac{ -f'(\tfrac{1}{x})x^2}{ -g'(\tfrac{1}{x})x^2}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{x\to 0}{\frac{ f'(\tfrac{1}{x})}{ g'(\tfrac{1}{x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp;\lim_{x\to\infty}{\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; q
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{todo|finish writing}}

== Examples and applications ==

=== Standard types &lt;math&gt;\tfrac 00&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pm \infty}{\pm \infty}&lt;/math&gt; ===

First, we will deal with the types where the rules can be applied directly.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital 1
 |beispiel=First, some commonly found application: find

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(x)}{x}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

There is &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0}\sin(x)=\lim_{x\to 0}x=0&lt;/math&gt;. In addition, &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g(x)=x&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable on &lt;math&gt;(0,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; , and there is &lt;math&gt;g'(0)=1 \ne 0&lt;/math&gt;. Since further

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\cos(x)}{1} = \frac{\cos(0)}{1} = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

exists, there is by L’Hospital's theorem

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(x)}{x}=1&lt;/math&gt;}}

In general, we do not write this down in such detail. We check the requirements in our heads and write down the result as follows:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(x)}{x} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\cos(x)}{1} = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|With the rule of L'Hospital the limit value &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \tfrac{\sin(x)}{x}&lt;/math&gt; can be calculated within &quot;one line&quot;. We would like to point out, however, that when applying the rule, we use the derivative

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sin'(x) = \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sin(x+h)-\sin(x)}{h} = \ldots = \sin(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cos(h)-1}{h}}_{=0} + \cos( x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\sin(h)}{h}}}_{=1} = \cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

It was therefore precisely this limit value that was needed to calculate it. Since we assume that the derivatives of the basic functions are known once they have been calculated, this is not a problem.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital
 |aufgabe=Determine the following limits:

# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x-1}{x}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+x)}{x}&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung='''Part 1:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x-1}{x} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x}{1} = e^0 = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+x)}{x} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\frac{1}{1+x}}{1} = \frac 11 = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital 2
 |beispiel=Next, we determine

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(x)}{x}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

There is &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty}\ln(x)=\infty = \lim_{x \to \infty} x&lt;/math&gt;. Since also the other conditions for the theorem of L'Hospital are fulfilled, there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(x)}{x} \ \overset{\text{L'H}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac 1x}{1} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac 1x = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

This limit value can be generalized for &lt;math&gt;\alpha &gt;0&lt;/math&gt; to

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(x)}{x^\alpha} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac 1x}{\alpha x^{\alpha -1}} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1}{\alpha x^\alpha} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital 2
 |aufgabe=Determine for &lt;math&gt;\alpha &gt;0&lt;/math&gt; the limit

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^{\alpha x}}{x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |lösung=There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty}  \frac{e^{\alpha x}}{x} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\alpha e^{\alpha x}}{1} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \alpha e^{\alpha x} = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

Sometimes it is also necessary to apply the rules of L'Hospital several times in a row before we reach the desired result.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital 3
 |beispiel=Next, we determine

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1-\cos(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

There is &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} 1-\cos(x) = 0 = \lim_{x \to 0} x^2&lt;/math&gt;. Using L’Hospital, we obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1-\cos(x)}{x^2} \ \overset{\text{L'H}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(x)}{2x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Now again, &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \sin(x) = 0 = \lim_{x \to 0} 2x&lt;/math&gt;. Using L’Hospital again, we finally obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(x)}{2x} \ \overset{\text{L'H}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\cos(x)}{2} = \frac 12&lt;/math&gt;}}

So all in all, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1-\cos(x)}{x^2} = \frac 12&lt;/math&gt;}} 

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital 3
 |aufgabe=Determine the limits

# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^x-x-1}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{\sin(x)-x}&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung='''Part 1:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^x-1-x}{x^2} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^x-1}{2x} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^x}{2} = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{\sin(x)-x} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{3x^2}{\cos(x)-1} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{6x}{-\sin(x)} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{6}{-\cos(x)} = \frac{6}{-1} = -6&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Type &lt;math&gt;0 \cdot (\pm \infty)&lt;/math&gt; ===

Here, the rules of L'Hospital are not directly applicable. The &quot;trick&quot; is therefore to create a fraction by forming reciprocal values, and thus to obtain a limit value in the standard form &lt;math&gt;\tfrac 00&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\pm \infty}{\pm \infty}&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital 4
 |beispiel=A standard example is the limit

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

There is &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \ln(x)=-\infty&lt;/math&gt;. We take the reciprocal value

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x\ln(x) = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\ln(x)}{\frac 1x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since there is &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \tfrac 1x=\infty&lt;/math&gt;, we can indeed apply L’Hospital and obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\ln(x)}{\frac 1x} \ \overset{\text{L'H}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\frac 1x}{-\frac{1}{x^2}} = \lim_{x \to 0+} -x = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Warnung|The following term shift

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x\ln(x) = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{x}{\frac{1}{\ln(x)}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

renders an expression &lt;math&gt;\tfrac 00&lt;/math&gt;. However, by applying the rule of L'Hospital,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{x}{\frac{1}{\ln(x)}} \overset{\text{L'H}}{=} \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{-\frac{1}{\ln(x)^2}\cdot \frac 1x} = \lim_{x \to 0+} -x\ln(x)^2&lt;/math&gt;}}

This expression is now again of the type &lt;math&gt;0\cdot \infty&lt;/math&gt;, but has a more complicated form than the original one. So the trick does not always lead to success!
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|For two arbitrary functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; with respective properties, the re-formulation trick reads:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to x_0} f(x)\cdot g(x) = \lim_{x \to x_0} \frac{f(x)}{\frac 1{g(x)}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

or 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to x_0} f(x)\cdot g(x) = \lim_{x \to x_0} \frac{g(x)}{\frac 1{f(x)}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Depending on which of the two forms is used, the limit value can then be calculated more easily.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital 4
 |aufgabe=Compute

# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^2\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x(\ln(x))^2&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to -\infty } xe^x&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung='''Part 1:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^2\ln(x) = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\ln(x)}{\frac{1}{x^2}} \ \underset{\text{L'H.}}{\overset{\frac{-\infty}{\infty}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\frac 1x}{-\frac{2}{x^3}} = \lim_{x \to 0+} -\frac 12 x^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x(\ln(x))^2 = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{(\ln(x))^2}{\frac{1}{x}} \ \underset{\text{L'H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{2\ln(x)\cdot \frac{1}{x}}{-\frac{1}{x^2}} = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{2\ln(x)}{-\frac{1}{x}} \ \underset{\text{L'H.}}{\overset{\frac{-\infty}{-\infty}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\frac 2x}{\frac{1}{x^2}} = \lim_{x \to 0+} 2x = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to -\infty} xe^x = \lim_{x \to -\infty} \frac{x}{\frac{1}{e^x}} = \lim_{x \to -\infty} \frac{x}{e^{-x}} \ \underset{\text{L'H.}}{\overset{\frac{-\infty}{\infty}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to -\infty} \frac{1}{-e^{-x}} = \lim_{x \to -\infty} -e^{x} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Type &lt;math&gt;\infty - \infty&lt;/math&gt; ===

Next, we will deal with differences of limit values, both of which converge improperly towards &lt;math&gt;\infty&lt;/math&gt;. These are often differences of fractional terms. By forming the principal denominator and grouping them into a fractional term, the expression can often be transformed such that the rules of L'Hospital are applicable.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital 5
 |beispiel=Consider the limit

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{\sin(x)}-\frac{1}{x}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

Here we have &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+}\tfrac{1}{\sin(x)} = \lim_{x\to 0}\tfrac 1x = \infty&lt;/math&gt;. So the limit value is of the described type &lt;math&gt;\infty -\infty&lt;/math&gt;. By forming the principal denominator we obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+}  \frac{1}{\sin(x)}-\frac{1}{x} = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{x-\sin(x)}{x\sin(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to 0+} x\sin(x)=0=\lim_{x \to 0+} x-\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt; we are able to apply L’Hospital and obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{x-\sin(x)}{x\sin(x)} \ \overset{\text{L'H.}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1-\cos(x)}{\sin(x)+x\cos(x)} \ \overset{\frac 00}{\underset{\text{L'H.}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)+\cos(x)-x\sin(x)} = \frac{0}{1+1-0} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|For two arbitrary functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; , the re-formulation trick reads:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to x_0} \frac 1{f(x)} - \frac 1{g(x)} = \lim_{x \to x_0} \frac{g(x)-f(x)}{f(x)g(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital 5
 |aufgabe=Determine

# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{e^x-1}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{1}{x-1}-\frac{1}{\ln(x)}&lt;/math&gt; 

 |lösung='''Part 1:''' There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{e^x-1} = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{e^x-1-x}{x(e^x-1)} \ \overset{\frac 00}{\underset{\text{L'H.}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{e^x-1}{e^x-1+xe^x} \ \overset{\frac 00}{\underset{\text{L'H.}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{e^x}{e^x+e^x+xe^x} = \frac{1}{1+1+0} = \frac 12&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' Here, we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \begin{aligned} &amp;\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{1}{x-1}-\frac{1}{\ln(x)} = \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{\ln(x)-x+1}{(x-1)\ln(x)} \ \overset{\frac 00}{\underset{\text{L'H.}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{\frac 1x-1}{\ln(x)+(x-1)\frac 1x} \\
&amp;= \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{\frac{1-x}{x}}{\frac{x\ln(x)+x-1}{x}} = \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{1-x}{x\ln(x)+x-1} \ \overset{\frac 00}{\underset{\text{L'H.}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{-1}{\ln(x)+1+1} = \frac{-1}{0+1+1} = -\frac 12 \end{aligned} &lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Types &lt;math&gt;0^{0}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;0^\infty&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\infty^0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;1^{\infty}&lt;/math&gt; ===

If one of the cases described occurs, we use the trick we have already used in the calculation of derivative of generalized power functions: We first write &lt;math&gt;f^g&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;\exp \circ (g\cdot \ln \circ f)&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;\exp&lt;/math&gt; is continuous on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, the limit can be &quot;pulled inside&quot;. The limit formed there is now very often of the kind &lt;math&gt;0 \cdot \pm \infty&lt;/math&gt; and can be calculated as described above with the rules of L'Hôspital.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital 6
 |beispiel=A common example is the limit

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^x&lt;/math&gt;}}

This is a limit of type &lt;math&gt;0^0&lt;/math&gt;. As described above we re-formulate it into

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^x = \lim_{x \to 0+} \exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt;}}

If we pull the limit into the exponential function, we get the limit value

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

This is of type &lt;math&gt;0 \cdot (-\infty)&lt;/math&gt;. Above we calculated it as follows

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x\ln(x) = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\ln(x)}{\frac 1x} \ \overset{\frac{-\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\frac 1x}{-\frac{1}{x^2}} = \lim_{x \to 0+} -x = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

Because of continuity of &lt;math&gt;\exp&lt;/math&gt; we hence get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^x = \lim_{x \to 0+} \exp(x\ln(x)) = \exp(\lim_{x \to 0+} x\ln(x)) = \exp(0) = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|The limit &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^x&lt;/math&gt; is the main reason for setting &lt;math&gt;0^0=1&lt;/math&gt; . It makes the function &lt;math&gt;f: \R_0^+ \to \R, \  f(x)=\begin{cases} x^x &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0, \\ 1 &amp; \text{ for } x=0\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt; continuous at zero.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|For two arbitrary functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; , the re-formulation trick reads:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to x_0} f(x)^{g(x)} = \lim_{x \to x_0} \exp[\ln (f(x))g(x)]&lt;/math&gt;}}}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital 6
 |aufgabe=Compute the following limits

# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} x^{\frac 1x}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^{\sin(x)}&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung='''Part 1:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} x^{\frac 1x} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp \left( \frac{\ln(x)}{x}\right) \ \underset{\text{continuous}}{\overset{\exp}{=}} \  \exp \left(\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(x)}{x}\right)  \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \ \exp \left( \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac 1x}{1} \right) = \exp \left( \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac 1x \right) = \exp(0)=1&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{x \to 0+} x^{\sin(x)} &amp; = \lim_{x \to 0+} \exp \left( \sin(x)\ln(x) \right) \ \underset{\text{continuous}}{\overset{\exp}{=}} \ \exp \left(\lim_{x \to 0+} \sin(x)\ln(x) \right) = \exp \left(\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\ln(x)}{\frac{1}{\sin(x)}} \right) \ \overset{\frac{-\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \ \exp \left( \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\frac 1x}{-\frac{1}{\sin^2(x)}\cdot \cos(x)} \right) \\
&amp;  = \exp \left( \lim_{x \to 0+} -\frac{\sin^2(x)}{x\cos(x)}\right) \ \overset{\frac{0}{0}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \  \exp \left( \lim_{x \to 0+} -\frac{2\sin(x)\cos(x)}{\cos(x)-x\sin(x)}\right) = \exp\left( \frac{0}{1-0} \right)=\exp(0)=1\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== Some warnings ==

However, it is not always useful to apply the rule of L'Hospital. In particular, it should not be applied if the conditions are not met. In this case, the hasty application of the rule may give a false result. We will discuss some warning examples to illustrate this.

=== L’Hospital proofs can get tedious - there are also other ways ===

==== Growth of exponential and logarithm functions ====

Let us consider the limit value

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^{\alpha x}}{x^k}&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;\alpha &gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;k \in \N&lt;/math&gt;}}

This is of the type &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\infty}{\infty}&lt;/math&gt; and L'Hospital is therefore applicable, which results in

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^{\alpha x}}{x^k} \overset{\text{L'H.}}{=} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\alpha e^{\alpha x}}{k x^{k-1}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The limit is now again of type &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\infty}{\infty}&lt;/math&gt;. Repeating the rule, we obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\alpha e^{\alpha x}}{k x^{k-1}} \overset{\text{L'H.}}{=} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\alpha^2 e^{\alpha x}}{k(k-1) x^{k-2}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

When applying the rule of L'Hospital, we see the following pattern: the enumerator remains the same except for the pre-factor, but this does not change the divergence behaviour towards &lt;math&gt;\infty&lt;/math&gt;. In the denominator, the power of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; decreases by one in every step. If we apply the rule of L'Hospital &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; times, we hence get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^{\alpha x}}{x^k} \overset{\text{L'H.}}{=} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\alpha e^{\alpha x}}{k x^{k-1}} \overset{\text{L'H.}}{=} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\alpha^2 e^{\alpha x}}{k(k-1) x^{k-2}} \overset{\text{L'H.}}{=} \ldots = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\alpha ^k e^{\alpha x}}{k!x^0} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \underbrace{\frac{\alpha^k}{k!}}_{\text{constant}} \underbrace{e^{\alpha x}}_{\to \infty} = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

But we could have achieved this result much faster and more elegantly. We have already shown above by ''only one'' application of L'Hospital

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty}  \frac{e^{\alpha x}}{x} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\alpha e^{\alpha x}}{1} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \alpha e^{\alpha x} = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

for all &lt;math&gt;\alpha &gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. So we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^{\alpha x}}{x^k} = \lim_{x \to \infty}\left(  \frac{e^{\frac{\alpha}{k} x}}{x} \right)^k = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

since &lt;math&gt;\tilde \alpha = \tfrac{\alpha}{k}&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|The limit value states that every exponential function grows faster than every power function, no matter how large the power is.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Limits via L’Hospital 7
 |aufgabe=Determine for &lt;math&gt;\alpha &gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;k \in \N&lt;/math&gt; the limit

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{(\ln(x))^k}{x^\alpha}&lt;/math&gt;}}

by

# &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-fold application of the rule of L'Hospital.
# One-fold application of the rule of L'Hospital and smart re-formulation.

 |lösung='''Part 1:''' The limit value is of type &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\infty}{\infty}&lt;/math&gt; and L'Hospital is applicable. There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{(\ln(x))^k}{x^\alpha} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{k (\ln(x))^{k-1}\cdot \frac 1x}{\alpha x^{\alpha -1}} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{k (\ln(x))^{k-1}}{\alpha x^{\alpha}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The limit value is again of the type &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\infty}{\infty}&lt;/math&gt;, the power in the numerator decreases by one, that in the denominator remains the same. After &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-fold application of L'Hospital we obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{(\ln(x))^k}{x^\alpha} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{k (\ln(x))^{k-1}}{\alpha x^{\alpha}} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{k(k-1) (\ln(x))^{k-2}}{\alpha^2 x^{\alpha}}  \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \ldots = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{k! (\ln(x))^{0}}{\alpha^k x^{\alpha}} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \underbrace{\frac{k! }{\alpha^k}}_{\text{constant}} \underbrace{\frac{1}{x^{\alpha}}}_{\to 0} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty}  \frac{\ln(x)}{x^\alpha} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac 1x}{\alpha*x^{\alpha-1}} = \lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{1}{\alpha*x^\alpha} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

for all &lt;math&gt;k \in \N&lt;/math&gt;. Hence

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{(\ln(x))^k}{x^\alpha} = \lim_{x \to \infty}\left(  \frac{\ln(x)}{x^{\frac{\alpha}{k}}} \right)^k = 0^k = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

As &lt;math&gt;\tilde \alpha = \tfrac{\alpha}{k}&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|The limit value says that the logarithmic function grows slower than any power function, no matter how small the power is.}}

==== Growth of polynomial functions ====

Let us now consider the following limit value of a rational function for &lt;math&gt;x \to \infty&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x^3-4x+1}{x^3-3x^2+2x-4}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Here we have, because of &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} x^3-4x+1 = \infty = \lim_{x \to \infty} x^3-3x^2+2x-4&lt;/math&gt; the type &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\infty}{\infty}&lt;/math&gt;, and by applying the rule of L'Hospital three times we obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x^3-4x+1}{x^3-3x^2+2x-4} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^2-4}{3x^2-6x+2} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{6x}{6x-6} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac 66 = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

Alternatively, the limit value can be calculated without L'Hospital by excluding and then shortening the highest power (&lt;math&gt;x^3&lt;/math&gt;):

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x^3-4x+1}{x^3-3x^2+2x-4} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x^3(1-\frac{4}{x^2}+\frac{1}{x^3})}{x^3(1-\frac{3}{x}+\frac{2}{x^2}-\frac{4}{x^3})} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1-\frac{4}{x^2}+\frac{1}{x^3}}{1-\frac{3}{x}+\frac{2}{x^2}-\frac{4}{x^3}} = \frac{1-0+0}{1-0+0-0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

If now in general &lt;math&gt;p(x)=x^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +a_1x^1+a_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;q(x)=x^n+b_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +b_1x^1+b_0&lt;/math&gt; are normalized polynomials, then there is again

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{p(x)}{q(x)} = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

If we want to show this with the rule of L'Hospital, we have to apply it a total of &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; times, and get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{p(x)}{q(x)} &amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +a_1x^1+a_0}{x^n+b_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +b_1x^1+b_0} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \underset{\text{L'H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}}  \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{nx^{n-1}+a_{n-1}(n-1)x^{n-2}+ \ldots +a_1}{nx^{n-1}+b_{n-1}(n-1)x^{n-2}+ \ldots +b_1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \underset{\text{L'H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}}  \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{n(n-1)x^{n-2}+a_{n-1}(n-1)(n-2)x^{n-3}+ \ldots +a_2}{n(n-1)x^{n-2}+b_{n-1}(n-1)(n-2)x^{n-3}+ \ldots +b_2} \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{L’Hospital } (n-2)\text{-fold} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \underset{\text{L'H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}}  \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{n(n-1)\cdot \ldots \cdot 2\cdot 1 \cdot x^{0}}{n(n-1)\cdot \ldots \cdot 2\cdot 1 \cdot x^{0}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{n!}{n!} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} 1 \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

To calculate the limit without L'Hospital, we can again factor out the highest power, i.e. &lt;math&gt;x^n&lt;/math&gt;, and then calculate the limit value:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{p(x)}{q(x)} &amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +a_1x^1+a_0}{x^n+b_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +b_1x^1+b_0} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x^n\cdot \left(1+\frac{a_{n-1}}{x}+ \ldots +\frac{a_1}{x^{n-1}}+\frac{a_0}{x^n}\right)}{x^n\cdot \left(1+\frac{b_{n-1}}{x}+ \ldots +\frac{b_1}{x^{n-1}}+\frac{b_0}{x^n}\right)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1+\overbrace{\frac{a_{n-1}}{x}}^{\to 0}+ \ldots +\overbrace{\frac{a_1}{x^{n-1}}}^{\to 0}+\overbrace{\frac{a_0}{x^n}}^{\to 0}}{1+\underbrace{\frac{b_{n-1}}{x}}_{\to 0}+ \ldots +\underbrace{\frac{b_1}{x^{n-1}}}_{\to 0}+\underbrace{\frac{b_0}{x^n}}_{\to 0}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{1+0+ \ldots +0+0}{1+0+ \ldots +0+0} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Limits of rational functions
 |aufgabe=Show for &lt;math&gt;a_n,b_m&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +a_1x^1+a_0}{b_mx^m+b_{m-1}x^{m-1}+ \ldots +b_1x^1+b_0} = \begin{cases} \infty &amp; \text{ if } n&gt;m , \\
\frac{a_n}{b_n} &amp; \text{ if } n=m, \\
0 &amp; \text{ if } n&lt;m\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |lösung=
 {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Fallunterscheidung
 |fall1=&lt;math&gt;n&gt;m&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis1='''1st way:''' without L’Hospital

We factor out the greatest power &lt;math&gt;x^n&lt;/math&gt;, and obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +a_1x^1+a_0}{b_mx^m+b_{m-1}x^{m-1}+ \ldots +b_1x^1+b_0} &amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x^n \cdot \left(a_n+a_{n-1}x^{-1}+ \ldots + a_1x^{1-n}+a_0x^{-n}\right)}{x^n\cdot \left( b_m x^{m-n} + b_{m-1}x^{m-n+1}+ \ldots + b_1x^{1-n} + b_0x^{-n}\right)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x^n \cdot \left(a_n+\frac{a_{n-1}}{x}+ \ldots +\frac{a_1}{x^{n-1}}+\frac{a_0}{x^n}\right)}{x^n\cdot \left(\frac{b_m}{x^{n-m}}+\frac{b_{m-1}}{x^{n-m-1}}+ \ldots +\frac{b_1}{x^{n-1}}+\frac{b_0}{x^n}\right)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{a_n+\overbrace{\frac{a_{n-1}}{x}}^{\to 0}+ \ldots +\overbrace{\frac{a_1}{x^{n-1}}}^{\to 0}+\overbrace{\frac{a_0}{x^n}}^{\to 0}}{\underbrace{\frac{b_m}{x^{n-m}}}_{\to 0}+\underbrace{\frac{b_{m-1}}{x^{n-m-1}}}_{\to 0}+ \ldots +\underbrace{\frac{b_1}{x^{n-1}}}_{\to 0}+\underbrace{\frac{b_0}{x^n}}_{\to 0}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{a_n+0+ \ldots +0+0}{0+0+ \ldots +0+0} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \overset{\frac{a_n}{0+}}{=} +\infty
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''2nd way:''' with L’Hospital

We apply the rule of L'Hospital &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; times, and get 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +a_1x^1+a_0}{b_mx^m+b_{m-1}x^{m-1}+ \ldots +b_1x^1+b_0} &amp; \underset{\text{L'H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}}  \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{a_nnx^{n-1}+a_{n-1}(n-1)x^{n-2}+ \ldots +a_1}{b_m m x^{m-1}+b_{m-1}(m-1)x^{m-2}+ \ldots +b_1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{L’Hospital } (m-1)\text{-fold} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{n(n-1)\cdot \ldots \cdot (n-m)x^{n-m}}{m!x^0} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \overset{\frac{+\infty}{n!}}{=} +\infty
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
 |fall2=&lt;math&gt;n=m&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis2='''1st way:''' without L’Hospital
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +a_1x^1+a_0}{b_nx^n+b_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +b_1x^1+b_0} &amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x^n\cdot \left( a_n+\frac{a_{n-1}}{x}+ \ldots +\frac{a_1}{x^{n-1}}+\frac{a_0}{x^n}\right)}{x^n\cdot \left( b_n+\frac{b_{n-1}}{x}+ \ldots +\frac{b_1}{x^{n-1}}+\frac{b_0}{x^n}\right)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{a_n+\frac{a_{n-1}}{x}+ \ldots +\frac{a_1}{x^{n-1}}+\frac{a_0}{x^n}}{b_n+\frac{b_{n-1}}{x}+ \ldots +\frac{b_1}{x^{n-1}}+\frac{b_0}{x^n}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{a_n+0+ \ldots +0+0}{b_n+0+ \ldots +0+0} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{a_n}{b_n}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''2nd way:''' with L’Hospital

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +a_1x^1+a_0}{b_nx^n+b_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +b_1x^1+b_0} &amp; \underset{\text{L'H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}}  \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{a_nnx^{n-1}+a_{n-1}(n-1)x^{n-2}+ \ldots +a_1}{b_n n x^{n-1}+b_{n-1}(n-1)x^{n-2}+ \ldots +b_1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{L’Hospital } (n-1)\text{-fold} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{n!a_nx^0}{n!b_nx^0} \\[0.3cm]
&amp; = \frac{a_n}{b_n}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

|fall3=&lt;math&gt;n&lt;m&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis3='''1st way:''' without L’Hospital

We factor out the greatest power &lt;math&gt;x^m&lt;/math&gt;, and obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +a_1x^1+a_0}{b_mx^m+b_{m-1}x^{m-1}+ \ldots +b_1x^1+b_0} &amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x^m\cdot \left(\frac{a_n}{x^{m-n}}+\frac{a_{n-1}}{x^{m-n-1}}+ \ldots +\frac{a_1}{x^{m-1}}+\frac{a_0}{x^m}\right)}{x^m\cdot \left( b_m+\frac{b_{m-1}}{x}+ \ldots +\frac{b_1}{x^{m-1}}+\frac{b_0}{x^m}\right)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac{a_n}{x^{m-n}}+\frac{a_{n-1}}{x^{m-n-1}}+ \ldots +\frac{a_1}{x^{m-1}}+\frac{a_0}{x^m}}{b_m+\frac{b_{m-1}}{x}+ \ldots +\frac{b_1}{x^{m-1}}+\frac{b_0}{x^m}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{0+0+ \ldots +0+0}{b_m+0+ \ldots +0+0} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''2nd way:''' with L’Hospital

We apply the rule of L'Hospital &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; times, and get 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+ \ldots +a_1x^1+a_0}{b_mx^m+b_{m-1}x^{m-1}+ \ldots +b_1x^1+b_0} &amp; \underset{\text{L'H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}}  \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{a_nnx^{n-1}+a_{n-1}(n-1)x^{n-2}+ \ldots +a_1}{b_m m x^{m-1}+b_{m-1}(m-1)x^{m-2}+ \ldots +b_1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{L’Hospital } (n-1)\text{-fold} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{n!x^0}{m(m-1)\cdot \ldots \cdot (m-n)x^{m-n}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \overset{\frac{n!}{\infty}}{=} 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}
}}

=== L’Hospital proof might fail ===

In this section we will present some examples of limit values where the rule of L'Hospital &quot;fails&quot;. This can happen because the rule of L'Hospital is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the existence of the limit value &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \tfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}&lt;/math&gt;.

==== infinite loops ====

Sometimes the rule of L'Hospital can go in an &quot;infinite loop&quot;. An example is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{e^x-e^{-x}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This limit is of the type &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\infty}{\infty}&lt;/math&gt;, and L'Hospital is applicable. If we do so, we will obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{e^x-e^{-x}} \ \overset{\text{L'H.}}{=} \ \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The resulting limit value is now again of the type &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\infty}{\infty}&lt;/math&gt;. If we look more closely, we see that the enumerator and denominator have been changed by the use of L'Hospital. If we now apply the rule again, the result is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}} \ \overset{\text{L'H.}}{=} \ \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{e^x-e^{-x}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The original limit value is therefore not changed. The rule of L'Hospital therefore does not help us with this limit value! The reason is that exponentials do not change under differentiation. However, there is a relatively simple way to reach the destination without L'Hospital:

If we factor out &lt;math&gt;e^x&lt;/math&gt; from the numerator and denominator, and then shorten it, we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{e^x-e^{-x}} = \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{e^x(1-e^{-2x})}{e^x(1+e^{-2x})} =  \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{1-e^{-2x}}{1+e^{-2x}} =  \frac{1-\lim_{x\to \infty}  e^{-2x}}{1+\lim_{x\to \infty} e^{-2x}} = \frac{1+0}{1-0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Limits without L’Hospital 1
 |aufgabe=Determine the limit

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+1}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

What is the problem in applying the rule of L'Hospital?
 |lösung=By factoring out &lt;math&gt;x^2&lt;/math&gt; in the denominator we obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+1}} = \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2\cdot \left( 1+\frac 1{x^2}\right)}} =  \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2} \cdot \sqrt{1+\frac 1{x^2}}} =  \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{x}{x \cdot \sqrt{1+\frac 1{x^2}}} = \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{1}{\underbrace{\sqrt{1+\frac 1{x^2}}}_{\to \sqrt{1+0}}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt 1} = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

The application of the rule of L'Hospital leads into an endless loop, because

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+1}} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H.}}{=}} \ \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{1}{\frac{2x}{2\sqrt{x^2+1}}} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\sqrt{x^2+1}}{x} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H.}}{=}} \ \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{\frac{2x}{2\sqrt{x^2+1}}}{1} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+1}} \ \overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{\underset{\text{L'H.}}{=}} \ \ldots&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

==== L’Hospital makes divergence worse ====

It may also happen that the use of L'Hospital actually &quot;makes the situation worse&quot;. In other words, a limit value that exists can be transformed by applying the rule into a limit value that no longer exists. Therefore, always note: From &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \tfrac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=c&lt;/math&gt; we get &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \tfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}=c&lt;/math&gt;, but not vice versa. In particular, the fact that &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \tfrac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}&lt;/math&gt; does not exist, does not imply that &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \tfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}&lt;/math&gt; does not exist. Let us look at

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2x+\sin(x)}{2x-\sin(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}


There is &lt;math&gt;2x\pm \sin(x)\ge 2x-1 \to \infty&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, we have a type &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{\infty}{\infty}&lt;/math&gt; . Application of L'Hospital now renders

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2x+\sin(x)}{2x-\sin(x)} \ \overset{\text{L'H.}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2+\cos(x)}{2-\cos(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Now we have a problem because this limit value does not exist. Let us look at the sequences &lt;math&gt;(x_n)_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; with 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x_n=n\pi&lt;/math&gt;}}

This certainly diverges to &lt;math&gt;\infty&lt;/math&gt;. However, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{2+\cos(x_n)}{2-\cos(x_n)} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n\pi+(-1)^{n+1}}{n\pi - (-1)^{n+1}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This limit value does not exist (not even improperly), since &lt;math&gt;(-1)^{n+1}&lt;/math&gt; diverges. This means that L'Hospital is inapplicable here too. That the original limit value does exist can be seen from the following conversion trick: Because of &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \tfrac{\sin(x)}{x}=0&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2x+\sin(x)}{2x-\sin(x)} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x(2+\frac{\sin(x)}{x})}{x(2-\frac{\sin(x)}{x})} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2+\frac{\sin(x)}{x}}{2-\frac{\sin(x)}{x}} = \frac{2+0}{2-0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Limits without L’Hospital 2
 |aufgabe=Determine

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^2\sin(\tfrac 1x)}{x+\sin(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

What is the problem in applying the rule of L'Hospital?
 |lösung=First there is with a simple re-formulation trick

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^2\sin(\tfrac 1x)}{x+\sin(x)} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x \cdot x \cdot\sin(\tfrac 1x)}{x+\sin(x)} =  \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x \cdot\sin(\tfrac 1x)}{\tfrac 1x \cdot (x+\sin(x))} =  \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x \cdot\sin(\tfrac 1x)}{\tfrac 1x \cdot (x+\sin(x))} =  \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x \cdot\sin(\tfrac 1x)}{1+\tfrac{\sin(x)}{x}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Further, on the one hand &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} x \cdot\sin(\tfrac 1x)=0&lt;/math&gt;, which follows directly from the estimation &lt;math&gt;0 \leq \left| x \cdot\sin(\tfrac 1x) \right| \leq |x| \overset{x \to 0}{\to} 0&lt;/math&gt;. On the other hand &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \tfrac{\sin(x)}{x}=1&lt;/math&gt;, which we have shown with the rule of L'Hospital above.

In total, we get 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^2\sin(\tfrac 1x)}{x+\sin(x)} =  \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\overbrace{x \cdot\sin(\tfrac 1x)}^{\to 0}}{1+\underbrace{\tfrac{\sin(x)}{x}}_{\to 1}} = \frac{0}{1+1} =0&lt;/math&gt;}}

If we apply the rule of L'Hospital, which is allowed since the limit value is of the type &lt;math&gt;\tfrac 00&lt;/math&gt;, we obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^2\sin(\tfrac 1x)}{x+\sin(x)} \underset{\text{L'H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2x\sin(\tfrac 1x)+x^2\cos(\tfrac 1x)\cdot (-\tfrac 1{x^2})}{1+\cos(x)} =  \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\overbrace{2x\sin(\tfrac 1x)}^{\to 0}-\overbrace{\cos(\tfrac 1x)}^{(*)}}{1+\underbrace{\cos(x)}_{\to 1}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This limit now diverges because the (&lt;math&gt;*&lt;/math&gt;) expression for &lt;math&gt;x \to 0&lt;/math&gt; diverges. Namely, for the null sequence &lt;math&gt;x_n=\frac{1}{n\pi}&lt;/math&gt; there is &lt;math&gt;\cos(\tfrac 1{x_n})=\cos(n\pi)=(-1)^{n+1}&lt;/math&gt;. So the application of L'Hospital was again unsuccessful! 
}}

=== L’Hospital may render a wrong result ===

This can happen whenever the rule is applied although the conditions ''not'' are met. An example is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \pi} \frac{\sin(x)}{x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Look carefully, in this case &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; converges towards &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt;, not &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;! Since enumerator and denominator are continuous in &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt;, there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \pi} \frac{\sin(x)}{x} = \frac{\sin(\pi )}{\pi} = \frac{0}{\pi} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

L'Hospital is ''not'' applicable in the case of &lt;math&gt;\frac{0}{\pi}&lt;/math&gt; . If you apply the rule anyway, you will get the ''false'' result

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \pi} \frac{\sin(x)}{x} \ {\color{Red}\overset{\text{false}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \pi} \frac{\cos(x)}{1} = \frac{\cos(\pi)}{1} = \frac{-1}{1} = -1&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore, you should always check first whether the rule of L'Hospital is applicable or whether it is even necessary at all.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Limits without 3
 |aufgabe=Determine the limits

# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0-} \frac{\cos(x)}{x}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^{\frac 1x}&lt;/math&gt;

What are the limits resulting from the incorrect application of the L'Hospital rule?
 |lösung=

'''Part 1:''' Inserting results in

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0-} \frac{\overbrace{\cos(x)}^{\to \cos(0)=1}}{\underbrace{x}_{\to 0-}} = -\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since the limit value is of the type &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{0}&lt;/math&gt;, L'Hospital is not applicable. If we apply the rule anyway, we get the false result

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0-} \frac{\cos(x)}{x} \ {\color{Red}\overset{\text{false}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0-} \frac{-\sin(x)}{1} = \frac{-\sin(0)}{1} = \frac{0}{1} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' Since the limit value is of the type &lt;math&gt;0^\infty&lt;/math&gt;, we first use our standard re-formulation trick

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^{\frac 1x} = \lim_{x \to 0+} e^{\ln(x) \cdot \frac 1x} = \lim_{x \to 0+} e^{\frac{\ln(x)}{x}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the expression in the exponent there is now &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\overbrace{\ln(x)}^{\to -\infty}}{\underbrace{x}_{\to 0+}} =-\infty&lt;/math&gt;. Because of &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to -\infty} e^x = 0&lt;/math&gt; the result is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^{\frac 1x} = \lim_{x \to 0+} e^{\frac{\ln(x)}{x}} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

In Exponent, L'Hospital is again not applicable. If we apply the rule anyway, we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\ln(x)}{x} \ {\color{Red}\overset{\text{false}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\frac 1x}{1} = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{x} = +\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

Because of &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} e^x = +\infty&lt;/math&gt; the  following false result follows

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^{\frac 1x} = \lim_{x \to 0+} e^{\frac{\ln(x)}{x}} \ {\color{Red}\overset{\text{false}}{=}} \  +\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== Implication: sufficient criterion for differentiability ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Criterion for differentiability
 |satz= Let &lt;math&gt;I \subseteq \R&lt;/math&gt; be an open interval and &lt;math&gt;a\in I&lt;/math&gt;. Further let &lt;math&gt;f:I \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be continuous in &lt;math&gt;I&lt;/math&gt; and differentiable in &lt;math&gt;I\setminus \{ a\}&lt;/math&gt;. In addition, let there be &lt;math&gt;\lim\limits_{x\to a}f'(x)=c&lt;/math&gt;. Then f is differentiable also at &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and there is &lt;math&gt;f'(a)=c&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis= We have to show:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(a)=\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} = c&lt;/math&gt;}}

Now is &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h\to 0} f(a+h)-f(a) \overset{f \text{ continuous}}{=} f(a)-f(a)=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h\to 0}h=0&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;\tilde f(h) = f(a+h)-f(a)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tilde g(h)= h&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable for &lt;math&gt;h \ne 0&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;\tilde g'(h)=1\ne 0&lt;/math&gt;. With the rule of L'Hospital we obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f'(a+h)}{1} \overset{\lim\limits_{x\to a}f'(x)=c}{=}c&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f'(a)=c&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Alternativer Beweis
 |titel=Criterion for differentiability
 |beweis=
We can also use the mean value theorem to show

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(a)=\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a} = c&lt;/math&gt;}}

Let for this be &lt;math&gt;(x_n)_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; a sequence in &lt;math&gt;I&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} x_n=a&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; according to the precondition for all &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; is continuous on &lt;math&gt;[a,x_n]&lt;/math&gt; (or &lt;math&gt;[x_n,a]&lt;/math&gt;) and differentiable on &lt;math&gt;(a,x_n)&lt;/math&gt; (or &lt;math&gt;(x_n,a)&lt;/math&gt;). According to the mean value theorem there is for all &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; a &lt;math&gt;\xi_n \in (a,x_n)&lt;/math&gt; (or &lt;math&gt;(x_n,a)&lt;/math&gt;) with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\frac{f(x_n)-f(a)}{x_n-a} = f'(\xi_n)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since now &lt;math&gt;x_n \to a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\xi_n \in [a,x_n] \iff a\le \xi_n \le x_n&lt;/math&gt; (or &lt;math&gt;\xi_n \in [x_n,a] \iff x_n\le \xi_n \le a&lt;/math&gt;), there is also &lt;math&gt;\xi_n \to a&lt;/math&gt;.  Because of &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} f'(x)=c&lt;/math&gt; it follows that &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} f'(\xi_n)=c&lt;/math&gt;. So we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{f(x_n)-f(a)}{x_n-a} = \lim_{n \to \infty} f'(\xi_n) = c&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;(x_n)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x_n\to a&lt;/math&gt; was arbitrary, we obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(a)=\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a} = c&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|A function that fulfils the criterion from the theorem is not only differentiable at the point &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;. Because of &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} f'(x) = c = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; the derivative function is even continuous in &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, the criterion is sufficient and ''not'' necessary for the differentiability in &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |typ=Question
 |frage=
Give an example of a differentiable function that does ''not'' satisfy the conditions of the theorem.

 |antwort=
We are looking for a differentiable function whose derivative is ''not'' continuous at one point. An example (among many) is the function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x) = \begin{cases}
x^2\sin(\tfrac 1x) &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0, \\
0 &amp; \text{ for } x=0.
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

It has at &lt;math&gt;a=0&lt;/math&gt; the derivative &lt;math&gt;f'(0)=0&lt;/math&gt;, but is not continuous there, as the limit 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0 \atop x \ne 0} f'(x) = \lim_{x \to 0 \atop x \ne 0} \left[ 2x\sin (\tfrac 1x) - \cos(\tfrac 1x)\right]&lt;/math&gt;}}

does ''not'' exist.
}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Differentiability of the Si-function
 |aufgabe=
Let 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=\begin{cases}
\frac{\sin(x)}{x} &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0, \\
1 &amp; \text{ for } x=0
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Show, without using the differential quotient, that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at zero and calculate the derivative &lt;math&gt;f'(0)&lt;/math&gt;.

 |lösung={{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Step 1
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero
 |beweisschritt=By L’Hospital there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(x)}{x} \underset{\text{l.H.}}{\overset{\tfrac 00}{=}} \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\cos(x)}{1} = 1 = f(0)&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero.}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Step 2
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Since &lt;math&gt;\sin&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;, the function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable there, by the quotient rule. Further there is for &lt;math&gt;x \ne 0&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \frac{\cos(x) \cdot x - \sin(x) \cdot 1}{x^2} = \frac{x\cos(x)- \sin(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Step 3
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at zero
 |beweisschritt=We use the criterion from the previous theorem. (Because of Step 1 and 2, it is applicable.) There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} f'(x) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x\cos(x)- \sin(x)}{x^2} \underset{\text{l.H.}}{\overset{\tfrac 00}{=}} \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\cos(x)-x\sin(x)- \cos(x)}{2x} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-x\sin(x)}{2x} \underset{\text{l.H.}}{\overset{\tfrac 00}{=}} \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-\sin(x)-x\cos(x)}{2} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

According to the criterion, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at zero with &lt;math&gt;f'(0)=0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}
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    <title>Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 1</title>
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== Computing derivatives with differential quotients ==

=== Exercises: derivative and differentiability ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Differentiable power function
 |aufgabe=Show that the power function &lt;math&gt;f: \R \setminus \{ 0\}, \ f(x)=x^{-2}=\tfrac{1}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at &lt;math&gt;\xi =-2&lt;/math&gt; and compute the derivative. What is the derivative of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; at any &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;?
 
 |lösung=The differential quotient of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;\xi=-2&lt;/math&gt; is given by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(-2) &amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(-2+h)-f(-2)}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{1}{(-2+h)^2} - \frac{1}{(-2)^2}}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{(-2)^2-(-2+h)^2}{(-2)^2\cdot (-2+h)^2}}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{4-(4-4h+h^2)}{4h(h^2-4h+4)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{4h-h^2}{4h^3-16h^2+16h}} = \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{4-h}{4h^2-16h+16}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{4-0}{0+0+16} = \frac{4}{16} = \frac 14
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at &lt;math&gt;\xi=-2&lt;/math&gt; , with derivative &lt;math&gt;f'(-2)=\tfrac 14&lt;/math&gt;. For a general &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(\tilde x) &amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(\tilde x+h)-f(\tilde x)}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{1}{(\tilde x+h)^2} - \frac{1}{\tilde x^2}}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{\tilde x^2-(\tilde x+h)^2}{\tilde x^2\cdot (\tilde x+h)^2}}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\tilde x^2-(\tilde x^2+2\tilde xh+h^2)}{\tilde x^2h(\tilde x^2+2\tilde xh+h^2)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{-2\tilde xh-h^2}{\tilde x^4h+2\tilde x^3h^2+\tilde x^2h^3}} = \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{-2\tilde x-h}{\tilde x^4+2\tilde x^3h+\tilde x^2h^2}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{-2\tilde x-0}{\tilde x^4+0+0} = -\frac{2}{\tilde x^3}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of a product function
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f : \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; defined by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=x(x-1)(x-2)\cdot \ldots \cdot (x-1000) = \prod_{k=0}^{1000} (x-k)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Determine &lt;math&gt;f'(0)&lt;/math&gt;.

 |lösung=
There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{aligned} &amp;f'(0) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\prod_{k=0}^{1000} (x-k)-0}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x \cdot \prod_{k=1}^{1000} (x-k)}{x} \\
&amp;= \lim_{x \to 0} \prod_{k=1}^{1000} (x-k) \overset{(*)}{=} \prod_{k=1}^{1000} (-k) = \underbrace{(-1)^{1000}}_{=1} \cdot \underbrace{\prod_{k=1}^{1000} k}_{=1000!} = 1000! \end{aligned} &lt;/math&gt;}}

For &lt;math&gt;(*)&lt;/math&gt; we have used that &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \prod_{k=1}^{1000} (x-k)&lt;/math&gt; is  continuous as a product of the continuous functions &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x-k&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;1 \le k \le 1000&lt;/math&gt;.

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of a function with case distinction
 |aufgabe=Check whether the following functions are differentiable at &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt;.

# &lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=\begin{cases}  
\cos(\tfrac 1x) &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0 \\
0 &amp; \text{ for } x=0 \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g: \R \to \R, \ g(x)=\begin{cases}  
x\cos(\tfrac 1x) &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0 \\
0 &amp; \text{ for } x=0\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=
'''Part 1:''' Since &lt;math&gt;\cos(\tfrac 1x )&lt;/math&gt;  oscillates very quickly between &lt;math&gt;-1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;-1&lt;/math&gt;, just like &lt;math&gt;\sin (\tfrac 1x)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;x \to 0&lt;/math&gt;, it is to be expected that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; is not continuous. For this purpose we consider the null sequences &lt;math&gt;(a_n)_{n \in \N}=(\tfrac{1}{2n\pi})_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(b_n)_{n \in \N}=(\tfrac{1}{(2n-1)\pi})_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt;. For these sequences

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(a_n) = \cos(2n\pi)=1&lt;/math&gt;}}

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(b_n) = \cos((2n-1)\pi)=-1&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} f(x)&lt;/math&gt; does not exist. According to the sequence criterion &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is therefore not continuous at zero and thus not differentiable.

'''Part 2:''' The function &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero by the sequence criterion, as &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} g(x)=0&lt;/math&gt;. So we can consider the differential quotient:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{g(x)-g(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x\cos(\tfrac 1x)-0}{x} = \lim_{x \to 0} \cos(\tfrac 1x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

In Part 1 we have shown that this limit value does not exist. Therefore &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is also not differentiable at zero.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Criterion for non-differentiability of a general function at zero
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f : (-1,1) \to \R&lt;/math&gt;. Show that: If &lt;math&gt;|f(x)| \ge |x|^\alpha&lt;/math&gt; for some &lt;math&gt;0&lt;\alpha &lt;1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f(0)=0&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is not differentiable at zero.

 |lösung=There is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left| \frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0} \right| = \frac{|f(x)|}{|x|} \overset{|f(x)| \ge |x|^\alpha}{\ge} \frac{|x|^\alpha}{|x|} = \frac{1}{|x|^{1-\alpha}} \overset{x\to 0}{\longrightarrow} \infty &lt;/math&gt; since &lt;math&gt;1-\alpha &gt;0&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f'(0) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0}&lt;/math&gt; does not exist.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Determining limits with the differential quotient
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;f: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable at &lt;math&gt;a\in D&lt;/math&gt;. Show that the following limits exist

# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h}=0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a-dh)}{h}=(c+d)f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;c,d \in \R&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \frac{xf(a)-af(x)}{x-a}= f(a) - a f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösungsweg=

Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;}}

In addition, from the exercises within the article [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Derivatives|&quot;derivatives&quot;]], we know that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a-h)-f(a)}{h}=-f'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

The idea is to transform the limits so that we can calculate them using the differential quotient.

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:''' Because &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; there is also &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h^2} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;. So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} h \cdot \frac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h^2} = \underbrace{\lim_{h \to 0} h}_{=0} \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h^2}}_{=f'(a)} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' With &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a-h)-f(a)}{h} = -f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; there is also &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a+ch)-f(a)}{ch} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a-dh)-f(a)}{dh} = -f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a-dh)}{h} &amp; = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a)-(f(a-dh)-f(a))}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a)}{h} - \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a-dh)-f(a)}{h} \\
&amp; = c \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a)}{ch}}_{=f'(a)} - d \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a-dh)-f(a)}{dh}}_{=-f'(a)}  = c f'(a) + d f'(a) = (c+d)f'(a)\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:''' Here we need the &quot;original&quot; differential quotient &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \tfrac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{x \to a} \frac{xf(a)-af(x)}{x-a} &amp; = \lim_{x \to a} \frac{xf(a)-af(a)-(af(x)-af(a))}{x-a} = \lim_{x \to a} \frac{xf(a)-af(a)}{x-a} - \lim_{x \to a} \frac{af(x)-af(a)}{x-a} \\
&amp; = \lim_{x \to a} \frac{(x-a)f(a)}{x-a} - \lim_{x \to a} \frac{a(f(x)-f(a))}{x-a}  = c \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{x \to a} f(a)}_{=f(a)} - a \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}}_{=f'(a)}  = f(a) - a f'(a)\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Implication of differentiability
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;. Further, let &lt;math&gt;(a_n)_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(b_n)_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; be sequences with &lt;math&gt;a_n &lt; \tilde x &lt; b_n&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, as well as &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} (a_n-b_n)=0&lt;/math&gt;. Show that then, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} = f'(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

''Additional question:'' Does the converse statement also hold? I.e. does the limit value &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} \tfrac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n}&lt;/math&gt; with sequences &lt;math&gt;(a_n)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(b_n)&lt;/math&gt; as above exist, so &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt; is equal to this limit?

 |erklärung='''Hint:''' Show first that &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n}=\tfrac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} + \tfrac{a_n-\tilde x}{a_n-b_n} \left(  \tfrac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} -  \tfrac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{b_n-\tilde x}\right)&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}\frac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} &amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)+f(\tilde x)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-b_n}+\frac{f(\tilde x)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} + \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-b_n} - \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} - \frac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-b_n} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} + \frac{(a_n-\tilde x-(a_n-b_n))(f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{(a_n-b_n)(a_n-\tilde x)} - \frac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-b_n} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} + \frac{b_n-\tilde x}{a_n-b_n} \cdot \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} - \frac{b_n-\tilde x}{a_n-b_n} \cdot \frac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{b_n-\tilde x} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \underbrace{\frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x}}_{\to f'(\tilde x)} + \underbrace{\frac{a_n-\tilde x}{a_n-b_n}}_{| \ldots | \le 1} \cdot \underbrace{\left( \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} -  \frac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{b_n-\tilde x}\right)}_{\to f'(\tilde x)-f'(\tilde x)=0}\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since now the product of a bounded sequence and a null sequence converges to zero, there is with the calculation rules for sequences

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} = f'(\tilde x)+0=f'(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

''Concerning the additional question:'' The converse is false. Let us consider the following function, which is not continuous at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=0&lt;/math&gt; (and therefore not differentiable):

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=\begin{cases} 1 &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0, \\
0 &amp; \text{ for } x=0\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Then, there is for all null sequences &lt;math&gt;(a_n)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(b_n)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;a_n &lt; 0 &lt; b_n&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1-1}{a_n-b_n} = \lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{0}{a_n-b_n} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}} 
}}

=== Exercises: examples for derivatives ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivatives of linear and quadratic functions
 |aufgabe=Determine (using the definition) the derivative of a linear function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=ax+b&lt;/math&gt;}}

and of a quadratic function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g: \R \to \R, \ g(x)=ax^2+bx+c&lt;/math&gt;}}

with &lt;math&gt;a,b,c \in \R&lt;/math&gt;.

 |lösung=
'''1. linear function:''' For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{f(x)-f(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax+b-(a\tilde x+b)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax+b-a\tilde x-b}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax-a\tilde x}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{a(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} a = a&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''2. quadratic function:''' For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} g'(\tilde x) &amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{g(x)-g(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax^2+bx+c-(a\tilde x^2+b\tilde x+c)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax^2+bx-a\tilde x^2-b\tilde x}{x-\tilde x} \\
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{a(x^2-\tilde x^2)+b(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{a(x+\tilde x)(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x}  + \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{b(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} a(x+\tilde x)  + \lim_{x \to \tilde x} b = 2a\tilde x+b\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of the logarithm function
 |aufgabe=Compute the derivative of the natural logarithm function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=\ln x&lt;/math&gt;}}

directly, using the differential quotient.

 |lösung=
'''1st way:'''

For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{f(x)-f(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\ln x-\ln \tilde x}{x-\tilde x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Now for &lt;math&gt;0&lt;x&lt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt; we have the inequality

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\tilde x} \le \frac{f(x)-f(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} \le \frac{1}{x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

If we swap the roles of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;, then there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{x} \le \frac{f(\tilde x)-f(x)}{\tilde x-x} \le \frac{1}{\tilde x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since the left and right-hand sides of the inequality for &lt;math&gt;x \to \tilde x&lt;/math&gt; converge towards &lt;math&gt;\frac 1\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;, the squeeze theorem implies

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\ln x-\ln \tilde x}{x-\tilde x} = \frac 1\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''2nd way:''' &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;-method

For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} f'(\tilde x) &amp; = \lim_{h \to \tilde 0} \frac{f(\tilde x+h)-f(\tilde x)}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\ln (\tilde x+h)-\ln(\tilde x)}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\ln (\tfrac{\tilde x+h}{\tilde x})}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\ln (1+\tfrac{h}{\tilde x})}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{1}{\tilde x}\frac{\ln (1+\tfrac{h}{\tilde x})}{\frac{h}{\tilde x}} \\
&amp; \overset{y=\frac{h}{\tilde x}}{=} \lim_{y \to 0} \frac{1}{\tilde x}\frac{\ln (1+y)}{y} = \frac{1}{\tilde x} \underbrace{\lim_{y \to 0} \frac{\ln (1+y)}{y}}_{=1} = \frac{1}{\tilde x} 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Computing the derivatives of hyperbolic functions &lt;math&gt;\sinh&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\cosh&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tanh&lt;/math&gt;
 |aufgabe=Determine die derivatives of the following functions using the differential quotient
# &lt;math&gt;\sinh:\R\to\R, \sinh (x):=\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\cosh:\R\to\R, \cosh (x):=\frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\tanh:\R\to\R, \tanh (x):=\frac{\sinh}{\cosh}&lt;/math&gt;
 |lösung=
'''Part 1:'''
Let &lt;math&gt;x\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Then, there is 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \sinh'(x)= \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x+h)-\sinh(x)}{h}
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\tfrac{e^{x+h}-e^{-(x+h)}}{2}-\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}}{h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)-e^{-x}(e^{-h}-1)}{2h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)}{2h}} - \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^{-x}(e^{-h}-1)}{2h}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{substitution (2nd limit) } \tilde h = -h \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)}{2h}} -  \lim_{\tilde h\to 0}{\frac{e^{-x}(e^{\tilde h}-1)}{-2\tilde h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{e^x}{2}\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^h-1)}{h}} +  \frac{e^{-x}}{2}\lim_{\tilde h\to 0}{\frac{(e^{\tilde h}-1)}{\tilde h}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^h-1)}{h}}=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \cosh (x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Alternative proof:'''
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\sinh'(x) &amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x+h)-\sinh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{addition theorem: } \sinh(x+y)=\sinh(x)\cosh(y)+\cosh(x)\sinh(y) \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\sinh(x)\cosh(h)+\cosh(x)\sinh(h)-\sinh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \sinh(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cosh(h)-1}{h}}_{=0} + \cosh(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\sinh(h)}{h}}}_{=1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \cosh(x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:'''
Let &lt;math&gt;x\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Then, there is 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \cosh'(x)=\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\cosh(x+h)-\cosh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\tfrac{e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)}}{2}-\tfrac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}}{h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)+e^{-x}(e^{-h}-1)}{2h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)}{2h}} + \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^{-x}(e^{-h}-1)}{2h}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{substitution (2nd limit) } \tilde h = -h \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)}{2h}} +  \lim_{\tilde h\to 0}{\frac{e^{-x}(e^{\tilde h}-1)}{-2\tilde h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{e^x}{2}\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^h-1)}{h}} -  \frac{e^{-x}}{2}\lim_{\tilde h\to 0}{\frac{(e^{\tilde h}-1)}{\tilde h}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^h-1)}{h}}=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \sinh (x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Alternative proof:'''
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\cosh'(x) &amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\cosh(x+h)-\cosh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{addition theorem: } \cosh(x+y)=\cosh(x)\cosh(y)+\sinh(x)\sinh(y) \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cosh(x)\cosh(h)+\sinh(x)\sinh(h)-\cosh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \cosh(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cosh(h)-1}{h}}_{=0} + \sinh(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\sinh(h)}{h}}}_{=1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \sinh(x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:'''
Let &lt;math&gt;x\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Then, there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\tanh(x)=\frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}=\frac{\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}}{\frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}} = \frac{2(e^x-e^{-x})}{2(e^x+e^{-x})} = \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \tanh'(x)=\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\tanh(x+h)-\tanh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\frac{e^{x+h}-e^{-(x+h)}}{e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)}}-\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}}}{h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^{x+h}-e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})-(e^x-e^{-x})(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^{x+h}e^x-e^{-x-h}e^x+e^{-x}e^{x+h}-e^{-x}e^{-x-h}-e^xe^{x+h}-e^xe^{-x-h}+e^{-x}e^{x+h}+e^{-x}e^{-x-h}}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{2e^{-x}e^{x+h}-2e^xe^{-x-h}}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{2e^h-2e^{-h}}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{2e^{-h}(e^{2h}-1)}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{2e^{-h} \cdot \frac{(e^{2h}-1)}{h} \cdot \frac{1}{(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{2e^{-h} \cdot 2\frac{(e^{2h}-1)}{2h} \cdot \frac{1}{(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}2e^{-h} \cdot \lim_{h\to 0} 2\frac{(e^{2h}-1)}{2h} \cdot \lim_{h\to 0}2e^{-h} \frac{1}{(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^{2h}-1)}{2h}}=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; 2e^0 \cdot 2 \cdot \frac{1}{(e^x+e^{-x})(e^x+e^{-x})} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{4}{(e^x+e^{-x})^2} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{1}{\left( \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2} \right)^2} \\[0.3em] 
=\ &amp; \frac{1}{\cosh^2(x)}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Alternative proof:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\tanh'(x) &amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\tanh(x+h)-\tanh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\frac{\sinh(x+h)}{\cosh(x+h)}-\frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\frac{\sinh(x+h)\cosh(x)-\sinh(x)\cosh(x+h)}{\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)}}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x+h)\cosh(x)-\sinh(x)\cosh(x+h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{addition theorems: } \sinh(x+y)=\sinh(x)\cosh(y)+\cosh(x)\sinh(y) \text{ and } \cosh(x+y)=\cosh(x)\cosh(y)+\sinh(x)\sinh(y)\right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{(\sinh(x)\cosh(h)+\cosh(x)\sinh(h))\cosh(x)-\sinh(x)(\cosh(x)\cosh(h)+\sinh(x)\sinh(h))}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)\cosh(x)\cosh(h)+\cosh^2(x)\sinh(h)-\sinh(x)\cosh(x)\cosh(h)-\sinh^2(x)\sinh(h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\cosh^2(x)\sinh(h)-\sinh^2(x)\sinh(h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{(\cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x))\sinh(h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x)=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(h)}{h} \cdot \frac{1}{\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(h)}{h}=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{1}{\cosh^2(x)}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

== Computation rules for derivatives ==

=== Applying the computation rules ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=derivatives of a power function
 |aufgabe=
Show by induction in &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, that the power function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f : \R \to \R, \ f(x)=x^n&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=nx^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis={{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Induction base
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;n=1&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt= If &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^1=x&lt;/math&gt;, then there is
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=1=1\cdot x^0&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Induction assumption
 |ziel=
 |beweisschritt= For &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^n&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=n\cdot x^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Induction step
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;n\to n+1&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt= Let &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^{n+1}=x \cdot x^n&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by induction assumption and the product rule. For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) \overset{\text{IV}}{=} 1\cdot x^n + x \cdot nx^{n-1} = x^n+nx^n = (n+1)x^n&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

}} 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivatives of secant and cosecant
 |aufgabe=
The functions &lt;math&gt;\sec&lt;/math&gt; (secant) and &lt;math&gt;\csc&lt;/math&gt; (cosecant) are defined as follows:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sec (x)=(\cos x)^{-1} = \frac{1}{\cos x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

as well as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\csc (x)=(\sin x)^{-1} = \frac{1}{\sin x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Determine their domain of definition and all derivatives.

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:''' secant

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\sec&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined &lt;math&gt;\iff&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\cos x \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\iff&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;x \ne \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\forall k \in \Z&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\Longrightarrow&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;D_1 = \R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' Since &lt;math&gt;\cos&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;D_1&lt;/math&gt; , there is with the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sec (x) = (-1)(\cos x)^{-2} \cdot (-\sin x) = \frac{\sin x}{\cos^2 x} = \sec x \cdot \tan x = \frac{\sec^2 x}{\csc x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' cosecant

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\csc&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined &lt;math&gt;\iff&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\sin x \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\iff&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;x \ne k\pi&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\forall k \in \Z&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\Longrightarrow&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;D_2 = \R \setminus \{ k\pi \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' Since &lt;math&gt;\sin&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;D_2&lt;/math&gt; , there is with the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\csc (x) = (-1)(\sin x)^{-2} \cdot (\cos x) = -\frac{\cos x}{\sin^2 x} = \csc x \cdot \cot x = -\frac{\csc^2 x}{\sec x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}} 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Computing derivatives
 |aufgabe=
Determine the domain of definition of the following functions, as well as their derivatives

# &lt;math&gt;f_1(x)=x^2e^{-x}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f_2(x)=\ln(\ln(\ln(x)))&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f_3(x)=\sin (x\cos (x^2))&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f_4(x)=\frac{1+x^2}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f_5(x)=x\cdot |x|&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is with the product rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1'(x) = 2xe^{-x} + x^2(-e^{-x}) = xe^{-x}(2-x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;(e,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;, as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\ln(\ln(x))&gt;0 \iff \ln(x)&gt;1 \iff x&gt;e&lt;/math&gt;}}

''Derivative:'' For &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; there is with the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_2'(x) = \frac{1}{\ln(\ln(x))} \cdot \frac{1}{\ln (x)} \cdot \frac 1x = \frac{1}{x\ln(x)\ln(\ln(x))}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is with the chain- and product rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_3'(x) = \cos (x\cos(x^2))[1\cdot \cos(x^2)+x(-\sin(x^2)\cdot 2x)] = \cos (x\cos(x^2))[\cos(x^2)-2x^2\sin(x^2)]&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 4:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;(-\infty,-1) \cup (1,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;, since there must be
# &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{x^2-1} \ne 0 \iff x^2 \ne 1 \iff x \ne \pm 1&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;x^2-1 &gt; 0 \iff x^2 &gt; 1 \iff |x| &gt; 1 \iff (x&lt;-1) \vee (x&gt;1)&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is with the quotient rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_4'(x) = \frac{2x\sqrt{x^2-1}-(1+x^2)\frac{2x}{2\sqrt{x^2-1}}}{x^2-1} = \frac{2x(x^2-1)-x(1+x^2)}{(x^2-1)^{\frac 32}} = \frac{x(2x^2-2-1-x^2)}{(x^2-1)^{\frac 32}} = \frac{x(x^2-3)}{(x^2-1)^{\frac 32}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 5:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' 

For &lt;math&gt;x&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; there is &lt;math&gt;f_5(x)=x^2&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\Longrightarrow&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;f_5'(x)=2x&lt;/math&gt;

For &lt;math&gt;x&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; there is &lt;math&gt;f_5(x)=-x^2&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\Longrightarrow&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;f_5'(x)=-2x&lt;/math&gt;

Further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{f_5(x)-f_5(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{x^2-0}{x} =\lim_{x \to 0+} x = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

as well as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0-} \frac{f_5(x)-f_5(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0-} \frac{-x^2-0}{x} =\lim_{x \to 0-} -x = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

So we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_5'(0) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f_5(x)-f_5(0)}{x-0} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

Concluding all three cases, we get for &lt;math&gt;x\in \R&lt;/math&gt;

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_5'(x)=2|x|&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=derivatives of exponential functions
 |aufgabe=
Determine the derivatives of the following functions on their domain of definition (&lt;math&gt;a&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;)

# &lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=x^{(x^x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g: \R^+ \to \R, \ g(x)=(x^x)^x&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h: \R^+ \to \R, \ h(x)=x^{(x^a)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;i: \R^+ \to \R, \ i(x)=x^{(a^x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;j: \R^+ \to \R, \ j(x)=a^{(x^x)}&lt;/math&gt;

 |erklärung= For the function &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; we may leave out the bracket, since in general &lt;math&gt;x^{x^x}=x^{(x^x)}&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined.

 |lösung=
'''Part 1:''' There is &lt;math&gt;g(x)=x^{(x^x)}=\exp(x^x\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;. The function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;(x^x)' = x^x(\ln(x)+1)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \exp(x^x\ln x) [x^x(\ln x+1)\cdot \ln x+x^x\cdot \tfrac 1x] = \exp(x\ln x) [x^x(\ln x+1)\ln(x)+\tfrac 1x)] = x^{x^x+x}(\ln^2 x+\ln x+\tfrac 1x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' There is &lt;math&gt;g(x)=(x^{x})^x=x^{x\cdot x} = x^{x^2} = \exp(x^2\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x) = \exp(x^2\ln x) [2x\ln x+x^2\cdot \tfrac 1x] = \exp(x^2\ln x) [2x\ln x+x] = \exp(x^2\ln x) [x(2\ln x+1)] = x^{x^2+1}(2\ln x+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:''' There is &lt;math&gt;h(x)=x^{(x^a)}=\exp(x^a\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x) = \exp(x^a\ln x) [ax^{a-1}\cdot \ln x+x^a\cdot \tfrac 1x] = \exp(x\ln x) [x^{a-1}(a\ln x+1)] = x^{x^a+a-1}(a\ln x+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 4:''' There is &lt;math&gt;i(x)=(x^{(a^x)}) = \exp(a^x\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;i'(x) = \exp(a^x\ln x) [a^x\ln a\ln x+a^x\cdot \tfrac 1x] = x^{(a^x)}a^x [\ln a\ln x+\tfrac 1x)]&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 5:''' There is &lt;math&gt;j(x)=a^{(x^x)}=\exp(x^x\ln a)&lt;/math&gt;. The function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;(x^x)' = x^x(\ln(x)+1)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;j&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;j'(x) = \exp(x^x\ln a) [x^x(\ln x+1)\cdot \ln a] = a^{(x^x)}x^x\ln a(\ln x+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Proof of sum formulas using the derivative
 |aufgabe=
Proofs by means of [[Math for Non-Geeks: Binomial theorem|binomial theorem (missing)]] that for all &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;:

* &lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^n k \binom{n}{k} = n2^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^n (-1)^{k-1} k \binom{n}{k} = 0&lt;/math&gt;
 |erklärung=
Use the binomial theorem and set &lt;math&gt;x=1&lt;/math&gt; . Then take the derivative on both sides.

 |beweis=For &lt;math&gt;x=1&lt;/math&gt; the binomial theorem reads

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum^n_{k=0} \binom nk y^k = (1+y)^n&lt;/math&gt;}}

for &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Now the left-hand side of the equation is a polynomial &lt;math&gt;f(y)&lt;/math&gt; and the right-hand side is a power function &lt;math&gt;g(y)&lt;/math&gt;. Both sides are therefore differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(y) = \sum^n_{k=0} \binom nk k y^{k-1} = \sum^n_{k=1} k \binom nk y^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(y) = n(1+y)^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;f \equiv g&lt;/math&gt; there is also &lt;math&gt;f' \equiv g'&lt;/math&gt;. So in particular

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(1)=g(1) \iff \sum^n_{k=1} k \binom nk = n2^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(-1)=g(-1) \iff \sum^n_{k=1} (-1)^{k-1} k \binom nk = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives
 |aufgabe=
Determine the logarithmic derivatives of the following functions

# &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\tfrac 1x&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g(x)=\sec(x)=\tfrac{1}{\sin(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h(x)=a^x=\exp(x\ln(a))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;a\in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h(x)=x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; 

 |lösung=
}}

=== Proof of computational laws ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Alternative proof of the product rule
 |aufgabe=
Prove that for differentiable &lt;math&gt;f,g : D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; the product rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(fg)' = f'g+g'f&lt;/math&gt;}}

holds - by using the chain rule.
 |erklärung=
'''Hint:''' There is: &lt;math&gt;fg=\tfrac 12((f+g)^2-f^2-g^2)&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis=
The function &lt;math&gt;g:\R \to \R, \ g(x)=x^2&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=2x&lt;/math&gt;}}

By der chain rule, we hence have that &lt;math&gt;g \circ f = f^2 : D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(g\circ f)'(x) = (g\circ f)'(x) \cdot f'(x) = 2f(x)f'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt;. Using the hint, we get with the factor- and sum rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}(fg)'(x) &amp; = (\tfrac 12((f+g)^2-f^2-g^2))'(x) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \tfrac 12 [(2(f(x)+g(x)))(f'(x)+g'(x))-2f(x)f'(x)-2g(x)g'(x)]\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \tfrac 12 [2f(x)f'(x)+2f(x)g'(x)+2g(x)f'(x)+2g(x)g'(x)-2f(x)f'(x)-2g(x)g'(x)]\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \tfrac 12 [2f(x)g'(x)+2g(x)f'(x)]\\[0.3em]
&amp; = f(x)g'(x)+g(x)f'(x)
\end{align}
&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Special case of the chain rule
 |aufgabe= Derive a general derivative formula for the following function:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1^{f_2}: (0, \infty ) \to \R, \ (f_1^{f_2})(x)=\exp(f_2(x)\ln(f_1(x)))&lt;/math&gt;}}

If &lt;math&gt;f_1,f_2:(0, \infty ) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable.
|lösung=
There is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1^{f_2}: (0,\infty)  \to \R, \ f_1(x)^{f_2(x)}=\exp(f_2(x)\cdot \ln(f_1(x))) = g(f(x))&lt;/math&gt;}}

with &lt;math&gt;g(x)=\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f(x)=f_2(x)\cdot \ln(f_1(x))&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt;. The function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the product rule with 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=f_2'(x)\ln(f_1(x))+f_2(x)\tfrac{f_1'(x)}{f_1(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

By the chain rule, also &lt;math&gt;f_1^{f_2}: (0,\infty ) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, and there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1^{f_2})'(x) = g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x) = \exp(f_2(x))\cdot [f_2'(x)\ln(f_1(x))+f_2(x)\tfrac{f_1'(x)}{f_1(x)}]=f_1(x)^{f_2(x)}[f_2'(x)\ln(f_1(x))+f_2(x)\tfrac{f_1'(x)}{f_1(x)}]&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Computational laws for logarithmic derivatives
 |satz=For two differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; without zeros there is

# &lt;math&gt;L(\sqrt[k]{f}) = \tfrac 1k L(f)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;k \in \N&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(f^\alpha ) = \alpha L(f)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;\alpha \in \R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(f+g) = L(f)+L(1+\tfrac fg)&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=
}}

{{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}}

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        <id>3167325</id>
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== Computing derivatives with differential quotients ==

=== Exercises: derivative and differentiability ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Differentiable power function
 |aufgabe=Show that the power function &lt;math&gt;f: \R \setminus \{ 0\}, \ f(x)=x^{-2}=\tfrac{1}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at &lt;math&gt;\xi =-2&lt;/math&gt; and compute the derivative. What is the derivative of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; at any &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;?
 
 |lösung=The differential quotient of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;\xi=-2&lt;/math&gt; is given by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(-2) &amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(-2+h)-f(-2)}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{1}{(-2+h)^2} - \frac{1}{(-2)^2}}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{(-2)^2-(-2+h)^2}{(-2)^2\cdot (-2+h)^2}}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{4-(4-4h+h^2)}{4h(h^2-4h+4)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{4h-h^2}{4h^3-16h^2+16h}} = \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{4-h}{4h^2-16h+16}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{4-0}{0+0+16} = \frac{4}{16} = \frac 14
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at &lt;math&gt;\xi=-2&lt;/math&gt; , with derivative &lt;math&gt;f'(-2)=\tfrac 14&lt;/math&gt;. For a general &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(\tilde x) &amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(\tilde x+h)-f(\tilde x)}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{1}{(\tilde x+h)^2} - \frac{1}{\tilde x^2}}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{\tilde x^2-(\tilde x+h)^2}{\tilde x^2\cdot (\tilde x+h)^2}}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\tilde x^2-(\tilde x^2+2\tilde xh+h^2)}{\tilde x^2h(\tilde x^2+2\tilde xh+h^2)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{-2\tilde xh-h^2}{\tilde x^4h+2\tilde x^3h^2+\tilde x^2h^3}} = \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{-2\tilde x-h}{\tilde x^4+2\tilde x^3h+\tilde x^2h^2}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{-2\tilde x-0}{\tilde x^4+0+0} = -\frac{2}{\tilde x^3}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of a product function
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f : \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; defined by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=x(x-1)(x-2)\cdot \ldots \cdot (x-1000) = \prod_{k=0}^{1000} (x-k)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Determine &lt;math&gt;f'(0)&lt;/math&gt;.

 |lösung=
There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{aligned} &amp;f'(0) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\prod_{k=0}^{1000} (x-k)-0}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x \cdot \prod_{k=1}^{1000} (x-k)}{x} \\
&amp;= \lim_{x \to 0} \prod_{k=1}^{1000} (x-k) \overset{(*)}{=} \prod_{k=1}^{1000} (-k) = \underbrace{(-1)^{1000}}_{=1} \cdot \underbrace{\prod_{k=1}^{1000} k}_{=1000!} = 1000! \end{aligned} &lt;/math&gt;}}

For &lt;math&gt;(*)&lt;/math&gt; we have used that &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \prod_{k=1}^{1000} (x-k)&lt;/math&gt; is  continuous as a product of the continuous functions &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x-k&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;1 \le k \le 1000&lt;/math&gt;.

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of a function with case distinction
 |aufgabe=Check whether the following functions are differentiable at &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt;.

# &lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=\begin{cases}  
\cos(\tfrac 1x) &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0 \\
0 &amp; \text{ for } x=0 \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g: \R \to \R, \ g(x)=\begin{cases}  
x\cos(\tfrac 1x) &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0 \\
0 &amp; \text{ for } x=0\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=
'''Part 1:''' Since &lt;math&gt;\cos(\tfrac 1x )&lt;/math&gt;  oscillates very quickly between &lt;math&gt;-1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;-1&lt;/math&gt;, just like &lt;math&gt;\sin (\tfrac 1x)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;x \to 0&lt;/math&gt;, it is to be expected that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; is not continuous. For this purpose we consider the null sequences &lt;math&gt;(a_n)_{n \in \N}=(\tfrac{1}{2n\pi})_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(b_n)_{n \in \N}=(\tfrac{1}{(2n-1)\pi})_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt;. For these sequences

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(a_n) = \cos(2n\pi)=1&lt;/math&gt;}}

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(b_n) = \cos((2n-1)\pi)=-1&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} f(x)&lt;/math&gt; does not exist. According to the sequence criterion &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is therefore not continuous at zero and thus not differentiable.

'''Part 2:''' The function &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero by the sequence criterion, as &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} g(x)=0&lt;/math&gt;. So we can consider the differential quotient:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{g(x)-g(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x\cos(\tfrac 1x)-0}{x} = \lim_{x \to 0} \cos(\tfrac 1x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

In Part 1 we have shown that this limit value does not exist. Therefore &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is also not differentiable at zero.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Criterion for non-differentiability of a general function at zero
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f : (-1,1) \to \R&lt;/math&gt;. Show that: If &lt;math&gt;|f(x)| \ge |x|^\alpha&lt;/math&gt; for some &lt;math&gt;0&lt;\alpha &lt;1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f(0)=0&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is not differentiable at zero.

 |lösung=There is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left| \frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0} \right| = \frac{|f(x)|}{|x|} \overset{|f(x)| \ge |x|^\alpha}{\ge} \frac{|x|^\alpha}{|x|} = \frac{1}{|x|^{1-\alpha}} \overset{x\to 0}{\longrightarrow} \infty &lt;/math&gt; since &lt;math&gt;1-\alpha &gt;0&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f'(0) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0}&lt;/math&gt; does not exist.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Determining limits with the differential quotient
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;f: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable at &lt;math&gt;a\in D&lt;/math&gt;. Show that the following limits exist

# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h}=0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a-dh)}{h}=(c+d)f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;c,d \in \R&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \frac{xf(a)-af(x)}{x-a}= f(a) - a f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösungsweg=

Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;}}

In addition, from the exercises within the article [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Derivatives|&quot;derivatives&quot;]], we know that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a-h)-f(a)}{h}=-f'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

The idea is to transform the limits so that we can calculate them using the differential quotient.

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:''' Because &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; there is also &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h^2} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;.

So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} h \cdot \frac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h^2} = \underbrace{\lim_{h \to 0} h}_{=0} \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h^2}}_{=f'(a)} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' With &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a-h)-f(a)}{h} = -f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; there is also &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a+ch)-f(a)}{ch} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a-dh)-f(a)}{dh} = -f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a-dh)}{h} &amp; = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a)-(f(a-dh)-f(a))}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a)}{h} - \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a-dh)-f(a)}{h} \\
&amp; = c \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a)}{ch}}_{=f'(a)} - d \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a-dh)-f(a)}{dh}}_{=-f'(a)}  = c f'(a) + d f'(a) = (c+d)f'(a)\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:''' Here we need the &quot;original&quot; differential quotient &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \tfrac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{x \to a} \frac{xf(a)-af(x)}{x-a} &amp; = \lim_{x \to a} \frac{xf(a)-af(a)-(af(x)-af(a))}{x-a} = \lim_{x \to a} \frac{xf(a)-af(a)}{x-a} - \lim_{x \to a} \frac{af(x)-af(a)}{x-a} \\
&amp; = \lim_{x \to a} \frac{(x-a)f(a)}{x-a} - \lim_{x \to a} \frac{a(f(x)-f(a))}{x-a}  = c \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{x \to a} f(a)}_{=f(a)} - a \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}}_{=f'(a)}  = f(a) - a f'(a)\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Implication of differentiability
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;. Further, let &lt;math&gt;(a_n)_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(b_n)_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; be sequences with &lt;math&gt;a_n &lt; \tilde x &lt; b_n&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, as well as &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} (a_n-b_n)=0&lt;/math&gt;. Show that then, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} = f'(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

''Additional question:'' Does the converse statement also hold? I.e. does the limit value &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} \tfrac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n}&lt;/math&gt; with sequences &lt;math&gt;(a_n)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(b_n)&lt;/math&gt; as above exist, so &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt; is equal to this limit?

 |erklärung='''Hint:''' Show first that &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n}=\tfrac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} + \tfrac{a_n-\tilde x}{a_n-b_n} \left(  \tfrac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} -  \tfrac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{b_n-\tilde x}\right)&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}\frac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} &amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)+f(\tilde x)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-b_n}+\frac{f(\tilde x)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} + \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-b_n} - \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} - \frac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-b_n} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} + \frac{(a_n-\tilde x-(a_n-b_n))(f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{(a_n-b_n)(a_n-\tilde x)} - \frac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-b_n} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} + \frac{b_n-\tilde x}{a_n-b_n} \cdot \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} - \frac{b_n-\tilde x}{a_n-b_n} \cdot \frac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{b_n-\tilde x} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \underbrace{\frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x}}_{\to f'(\tilde x)} + \underbrace{\frac{a_n-\tilde x}{a_n-b_n}}_{| \ldots | \le 1} \cdot \underbrace{\left( \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} -  \frac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{b_n-\tilde x}\right)}_{\to f'(\tilde x)-f'(\tilde x)=0}\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since now the product of a bounded sequence and a null sequence converges to zero, there is with the calculation rules for sequences

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} = f'(\tilde x)+0=f'(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

''Concerning the additional question:'' The converse is false. Let us consider the following function, which is not continuous at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=0&lt;/math&gt; (and therefore not differentiable):

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=\begin{cases} 1 &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0, \\
0 &amp; \text{ for } x=0\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Then, there is for all null sequences &lt;math&gt;(a_n)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(b_n)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;a_n &lt; 0 &lt; b_n&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1-1}{a_n-b_n} = \lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{0}{a_n-b_n} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}} 
}}

=== Exercises: examples for derivatives ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivatives of linear and quadratic functions
 |aufgabe=Determine (using the definition) the derivative of a linear function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=ax+b&lt;/math&gt;}}

and of a quadratic function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g: \R \to \R, \ g(x)=ax^2+bx+c&lt;/math&gt;}}

with &lt;math&gt;a,b,c \in \R&lt;/math&gt;.

 |lösung=
'''1. linear function:''' For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{f(x)-f(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax+b-(a\tilde x+b)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax+b-a\tilde x-b}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax-a\tilde x}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{a(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} a = a&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''2. quadratic function:''' For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} g'(\tilde x) &amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{g(x)-g(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax^2+bx+c-(a\tilde x^2+b\tilde x+c)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax^2+bx-a\tilde x^2-b\tilde x}{x-\tilde x} \\
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{a(x^2-\tilde x^2)+b(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{a(x+\tilde x)(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x}  + \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{b(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} a(x+\tilde x)  + \lim_{x \to \tilde x} b = 2a\tilde x+b\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of the logarithm function
 |aufgabe=Compute the derivative of the natural logarithm function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=\ln x&lt;/math&gt;}}

directly, using the differential quotient.

 |lösung=
'''1st way:'''

For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{f(x)-f(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\ln x-\ln \tilde x}{x-\tilde x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Now for &lt;math&gt;0&lt;x&lt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt; we have the inequality

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\tilde x} \le \frac{f(x)-f(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} \le \frac{1}{x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

If we swap the roles of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;, then there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{x} \le \frac{f(\tilde x)-f(x)}{\tilde x-x} \le \frac{1}{\tilde x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since the left and right-hand sides of the inequality for &lt;math&gt;x \to \tilde x&lt;/math&gt; converge towards &lt;math&gt;\frac 1\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;, the squeeze theorem implies

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\ln x-\ln \tilde x}{x-\tilde x} = \frac 1\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''2nd way:''' &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;-method

For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} f'(\tilde x) &amp; = \lim_{h \to \tilde 0} \frac{f(\tilde x+h)-f(\tilde x)}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\ln (\tilde x+h)-\ln(\tilde x)}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\ln (\tfrac{\tilde x+h}{\tilde x})}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\ln (1+\tfrac{h}{\tilde x})}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{1}{\tilde x}\frac{\ln (1+\tfrac{h}{\tilde x})}{\frac{h}{\tilde x}} \\
&amp; \overset{y=\frac{h}{\tilde x}}{=} \lim_{y \to 0} \frac{1}{\tilde x}\frac{\ln (1+y)}{y} = \frac{1}{\tilde x} \underbrace{\lim_{y \to 0} \frac{\ln (1+y)}{y}}_{=1} = \frac{1}{\tilde x} 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Computing the derivatives of hyperbolic functions &lt;math&gt;\sinh&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\cosh&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tanh&lt;/math&gt;
 |aufgabe=Determine die derivatives of the following functions using the differential quotient
# &lt;math&gt;\sinh:\R\to\R, \sinh (x):=\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\cosh:\R\to\R, \cosh (x):=\frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\tanh:\R\to\R, \tanh (x):=\frac{\sinh}{\cosh}&lt;/math&gt;
 |lösung=
'''Part 1:'''
Let &lt;math&gt;x\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Then, there is 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \sinh'(x)= \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x+h)-\sinh(x)}{h}
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\tfrac{e^{x+h}-e^{-(x+h)}}{2}-\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}}{h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)-e^{-x}(e^{-h}-1)}{2h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)}{2h}} - \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^{-x}(e^{-h}-1)}{2h}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{substitution (2nd limit) } \tilde h = -h \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)}{2h}} -  \lim_{\tilde h\to 0}{\frac{e^{-x}(e^{\tilde h}-1)}{-2\tilde h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{e^x}{2}\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^h-1)}{h}} +  \frac{e^{-x}}{2}\lim_{\tilde h\to 0}{\frac{(e^{\tilde h}-1)}{\tilde h}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^h-1)}{h}}=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \cosh (x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Alternative proof:'''
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\sinh'(x) &amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x+h)-\sinh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{addition theorem: } \sinh(x+y)=\sinh(x)\cosh(y)+\cosh(x)\sinh(y) \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\sinh(x)\cosh(h)+\cosh(x)\sinh(h)-\sinh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \sinh(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cosh(h)-1}{h}}_{=0} + \cosh(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\sinh(h)}{h}}}_{=1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \cosh(x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:'''
Let &lt;math&gt;x\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Then, there is 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \cosh'(x)=\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\cosh(x+h)-\cosh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\tfrac{e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)}}{2}-\tfrac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}}{h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)+e^{-x}(e^{-h}-1)}{2h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)}{2h}} + \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^{-x}(e^{-h}-1)}{2h}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{substitution (2nd limit) } \tilde h = -h \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)}{2h}} +  \lim_{\tilde h\to 0}{\frac{e^{-x}(e^{\tilde h}-1)}{-2\tilde h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{e^x}{2}\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^h-1)}{h}} -  \frac{e^{-x}}{2}\lim_{\tilde h\to 0}{\frac{(e^{\tilde h}-1)}{\tilde h}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^h-1)}{h}}=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \sinh (x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Alternative proof:'''
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\cosh'(x) &amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\cosh(x+h)-\cosh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{addition theorem: } \cosh(x+y)=\cosh(x)\cosh(y)+\sinh(x)\sinh(y) \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cosh(x)\cosh(h)+\sinh(x)\sinh(h)-\cosh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \cosh(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cosh(h)-1}{h}}_{=0} + \sinh(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\sinh(h)}{h}}}_{=1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \sinh(x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:'''
Let &lt;math&gt;x\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Then, there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\tanh(x)=\frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}=\frac{\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}}{\frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}} = \frac{2(e^x-e^{-x})}{2(e^x+e^{-x})} = \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \tanh'(x)=\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\tanh(x+h)-\tanh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\frac{e^{x+h}-e^{-(x+h)}}{e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)}}-\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}}}{h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^{x+h}-e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})-(e^x-e^{-x})(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^{x+h}e^x-e^{-x-h}e^x+e^{-x}e^{x+h}-e^{-x}e^{-x-h}-e^xe^{x+h}-e^xe^{-x-h}+e^{-x}e^{x+h}+e^{-x}e^{-x-h}}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{2e^{-x}e^{x+h}-2e^xe^{-x-h}}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{2e^h-2e^{-h}}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{2e^{-h}(e^{2h}-1)}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{2e^{-h} \cdot \frac{(e^{2h}-1)}{h} \cdot \frac{1}{(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{2e^{-h} \cdot 2\frac{(e^{2h}-1)}{2h} \cdot \frac{1}{(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}2e^{-h} \cdot \lim_{h\to 0} 2\frac{(e^{2h}-1)}{2h} \cdot \lim_{h\to 0}2e^{-h} \frac{1}{(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^{2h}-1)}{2h}}=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; 2e^0 \cdot 2 \cdot \frac{1}{(e^x+e^{-x})(e^x+e^{-x})} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{4}{(e^x+e^{-x})^2} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{1}{\left( \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2} \right)^2} \\[0.3em] 
=\ &amp; \frac{1}{\cosh^2(x)}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Alternative proof:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\tanh'(x) &amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\tanh(x+h)-\tanh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\frac{\sinh(x+h)}{\cosh(x+h)}-\frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\frac{\sinh(x+h)\cosh(x)-\sinh(x)\cosh(x+h)}{\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)}}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x+h)\cosh(x)-\sinh(x)\cosh(x+h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{addition theorems: } \sinh(x+y)=\sinh(x)\cosh(y)+\cosh(x)\sinh(y) \text{ and } \cosh(x+y)=\cosh(x)\cosh(y)+\sinh(x)\sinh(y)\right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{(\sinh(x)\cosh(h)+\cosh(x)\sinh(h))\cosh(x)-\sinh(x)(\cosh(x)\cosh(h)+\sinh(x)\sinh(h))}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)\cosh(x)\cosh(h)+\cosh^2(x)\sinh(h)-\sinh(x)\cosh(x)\cosh(h)-\sinh^2(x)\sinh(h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\cosh^2(x)\sinh(h)-\sinh^2(x)\sinh(h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{(\cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x))\sinh(h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x)=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(h)}{h} \cdot \frac{1}{\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(h)}{h}=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{1}{\cosh^2(x)}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

== Computation rules for derivatives ==

=== Applying the computation rules ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=derivatives of a power function
 |aufgabe=
Show by induction in &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, that the power function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f : \R \to \R, \ f(x)=x^n&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=nx^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis={{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Induction base
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;n=1&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt= If &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^1=x&lt;/math&gt;, then there is
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=1=1\cdot x^0&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Induction assumption
 |ziel=
 |beweisschritt= For &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^n&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=n\cdot x^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Induction step
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;n\to n+1&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt= Let &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^{n+1}=x \cdot x^n&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by induction assumption and the product rule. For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) \overset{\text{IV}}{=} 1\cdot x^n + x \cdot nx^{n-1} = x^n+nx^n = (n+1)x^n&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

}} 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivatives of secant and cosecant
 |aufgabe=
The functions &lt;math&gt;\sec&lt;/math&gt; (secant) and &lt;math&gt;\csc&lt;/math&gt; (cosecant) are defined as follows:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sec (x)=(\cos x)^{-1} = \frac{1}{\cos x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

as well as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\csc (x)=(\sin x)^{-1} = \frac{1}{\sin x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Determine their domain of definition and all derivatives.

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:''' secant

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\sec&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined &lt;math&gt;\iff&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\cos x \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\iff&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;x \ne \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\forall k \in \Z&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\Longrightarrow&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;D_1 = \R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' Since &lt;math&gt;\cos&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;D_1&lt;/math&gt; , there is with the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sec (x) = (-1)(\cos x)^{-2} \cdot (-\sin x) = \frac{\sin x}{\cos^2 x} = \sec x \cdot \tan x = \frac{\sec^2 x}{\csc x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' cosecant

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\csc&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined &lt;math&gt;\iff&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\sin x \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\iff&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;x \ne k\pi&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\forall k \in \Z&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\Longrightarrow&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;D_2 = \R \setminus \{ k\pi \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' Since &lt;math&gt;\sin&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;D_2&lt;/math&gt; , there is with the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\csc (x) = (-1)(\sin x)^{-2} \cdot (\cos x) = -\frac{\cos x}{\sin^2 x} = \csc x \cdot \cot x = -\frac{\csc^2 x}{\sec x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}} 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Computing derivatives
 |aufgabe=
Determine the domain of definition of the following functions, as well as their derivatives

# &lt;math&gt;f_1(x)=x^2e^{-x}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f_2(x)=\ln(\ln(\ln(x)))&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f_3(x)=\sin (x\cos (x^2))&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f_4(x)=\frac{1+x^2}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f_5(x)=x\cdot |x|&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is with the product rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1'(x) = 2xe^{-x} + x^2(-e^{-x}) = xe^{-x}(2-x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;(e,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;, as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\ln(\ln(x))&gt;0 \iff \ln(x)&gt;1 \iff x&gt;e&lt;/math&gt;}}

''Derivative:'' For &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; there is with the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_2'(x) = \frac{1}{\ln(\ln(x))} \cdot \frac{1}{\ln (x)} \cdot \frac 1x = \frac{1}{x\ln(x)\ln(\ln(x))}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is with the chain- and product rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_3'(x) = \cos (x\cos(x^2))[1\cdot \cos(x^2)+x(-\sin(x^2)\cdot 2x)] = \cos (x\cos(x^2))[\cos(x^2)-2x^2\sin(x^2)]&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 4:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;(-\infty,-1) \cup (1,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;, since there must be
# &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{x^2-1} \ne 0 \iff x^2 \ne 1 \iff x \ne \pm 1&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;x^2-1 &gt; 0 \iff x^2 &gt; 1 \iff |x| &gt; 1 \iff (x&lt;-1) \vee (x&gt;1)&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is with the quotient rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_4'(x) = \frac{2x\sqrt{x^2-1}-(1+x^2)\frac{2x}{2\sqrt{x^2-1}}}{x^2-1} = \frac{2x(x^2-1)-x(1+x^2)}{(x^2-1)^{\frac 32}} = \frac{x(2x^2-2-1-x^2)}{(x^2-1)^{\frac 32}} = \frac{x(x^2-3)}{(x^2-1)^{\frac 32}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 5:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' 

For &lt;math&gt;x&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; there is &lt;math&gt;f_5(x)=x^2&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\Longrightarrow&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;f_5'(x)=2x&lt;/math&gt;

For &lt;math&gt;x&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; there is &lt;math&gt;f_5(x)=-x^2&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\Longrightarrow&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;f_5'(x)=-2x&lt;/math&gt;

Further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{f_5(x)-f_5(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{x^2-0}{x} =\lim_{x \to 0+} x = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

as well as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0-} \frac{f_5(x)-f_5(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0-} \frac{-x^2-0}{x} =\lim_{x \to 0-} -x = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

So we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_5'(0) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f_5(x)-f_5(0)}{x-0} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

Concluding all three cases, we get for &lt;math&gt;x\in \R&lt;/math&gt;

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_5'(x)=2|x|&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=derivatives of exponential functions
 |aufgabe=
Determine the derivatives of the following functions on their domain of definition (&lt;math&gt;a&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;)

# &lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=x^{(x^x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g: \R^+ \to \R, \ g(x)=(x^x)^x&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h: \R^+ \to \R, \ h(x)=x^{(x^a)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;i: \R^+ \to \R, \ i(x)=x^{(a^x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;j: \R^+ \to \R, \ j(x)=a^{(x^x)}&lt;/math&gt;

 |erklärung= For the function &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; we may leave out the bracket, since in general &lt;math&gt;x^{x^x}=x^{(x^x)}&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined.

 |lösung=
'''Part 1:''' There is &lt;math&gt;g(x)=x^{(x^x)}=\exp(x^x\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;. The function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;(x^x)' = x^x(\ln(x)+1)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \exp(x^x\ln x) [x^x(\ln x+1)\cdot \ln x+x^x\cdot \tfrac 1x] = \exp(x\ln x) [x^x(\ln x+1)\ln(x)+\tfrac 1x)] = x^{x^x+x}(\ln^2 x+\ln x+\tfrac 1x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' There is &lt;math&gt;g(x)=(x^{x})^x=x^{x\cdot x} = x^{x^2} = \exp(x^2\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x) = \exp(x^2\ln x) [2x\ln x+x^2\cdot \tfrac 1x] = \exp(x^2\ln x) [2x\ln x+x] = \exp(x^2\ln x) [x(2\ln x+1)] = x^{x^2+1}(2\ln x+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:''' There is &lt;math&gt;h(x)=x^{(x^a)}=\exp(x^a\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x) = \exp(x^a\ln x) [ax^{a-1}\cdot \ln x+x^a\cdot \tfrac 1x] = \exp(x\ln x) [x^{a-1}(a\ln x+1)] = x^{x^a+a-1}(a\ln x+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 4:''' There is &lt;math&gt;i(x)=(x^{(a^x)}) = \exp(a^x\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;i'(x) = \exp(a^x\ln x) [a^x\ln a\ln x+a^x\cdot \tfrac 1x] = x^{(a^x)}a^x [\ln a\ln x+\tfrac 1x)]&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 5:''' There is &lt;math&gt;j(x)=a^{(x^x)}=\exp(x^x\ln a)&lt;/math&gt;. The function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;(x^x)' = x^x(\ln(x)+1)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;j&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;j'(x) = \exp(x^x\ln a) [x^x(\ln x+1)\cdot \ln a] = a^{(x^x)}x^x\ln a(\ln x+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Proof of sum formulas using the derivative
 |aufgabe=
Proofs by means of [[Math for Non-Geeks: Binomial theorem|binomial theorem (missing)]] that for all &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;:

* &lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^n k \binom{n}{k} = n2^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^n (-1)^{k-1} k \binom{n}{k} = 0&lt;/math&gt;
 |erklärung=
Use the binomial theorem and set &lt;math&gt;x=1&lt;/math&gt; . Then take the derivative on both sides.

 |beweis=For &lt;math&gt;x=1&lt;/math&gt; the binomial theorem reads

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum^n_{k=0} \binom nk y^k = (1+y)^n&lt;/math&gt;}}

for &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Now the left-hand side of the equation is a polynomial &lt;math&gt;f(y)&lt;/math&gt; and the right-hand side is a power function &lt;math&gt;g(y)&lt;/math&gt;. Both sides are therefore differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(y) = \sum^n_{k=0} \binom nk k y^{k-1} = \sum^n_{k=1} k \binom nk y^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(y) = n(1+y)^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;f \equiv g&lt;/math&gt; there is also &lt;math&gt;f' \equiv g'&lt;/math&gt;. So in particular

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(1)=g(1) \iff \sum^n_{k=1} k \binom nk = n2^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(-1)=g(-1) \iff \sum^n_{k=1} (-1)^{k-1} k \binom nk = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives
 |aufgabe=
Determine the logarithmic derivatives of the following functions

# &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\tfrac 1x&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g(x)=\sec(x)=\tfrac{1}{\sin(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h(x)=a^x=\exp(x\ln(a))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;a\in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h(x)=x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; 

 |lösung=
}}

=== Proof of computational laws ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Alternative proof of the product rule
 |aufgabe=
Prove that for differentiable &lt;math&gt;f,g : D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; the product rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(fg)' = f'g+g'f&lt;/math&gt;}}

holds - by using the chain rule.
 |erklärung=
'''Hint:''' There is: &lt;math&gt;fg=\tfrac 12((f+g)^2-f^2-g^2)&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis=
The function &lt;math&gt;g:\R \to \R, \ g(x)=x^2&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=2x&lt;/math&gt;}}

By der chain rule, we hence have that &lt;math&gt;g \circ f = f^2 : D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(g\circ f)'(x) = (g\circ f)'(x) \cdot f'(x) = 2f(x)f'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt;. Using the hint, we get with the factor- and sum rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}(fg)'(x) &amp; = (\tfrac 12((f+g)^2-f^2-g^2))'(x) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \tfrac 12 [(2(f(x)+g(x)))(f'(x)+g'(x))-2f(x)f'(x)-2g(x)g'(x)]\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \tfrac 12 [2f(x)f'(x)+2f(x)g'(x)+2g(x)f'(x)+2g(x)g'(x)-2f(x)f'(x)-2g(x)g'(x)]\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \tfrac 12 [2f(x)g'(x)+2g(x)f'(x)]\\[0.3em]
&amp; = f(x)g'(x)+g(x)f'(x)
\end{align}
&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Special case of the chain rule
 |aufgabe= Derive a general derivative formula for the following function:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1^{f_2}: (0, \infty ) \to \R, \ (f_1^{f_2})(x)=\exp(f_2(x)\ln(f_1(x)))&lt;/math&gt;}}

If &lt;math&gt;f_1,f_2:(0, \infty ) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable.
|lösung=
There is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1^{f_2}: (0,\infty)  \to \R, \ f_1(x)^{f_2(x)}=\exp(f_2(x)\cdot \ln(f_1(x))) = g(f(x))&lt;/math&gt;}}

with &lt;math&gt;g(x)=\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f(x)=f_2(x)\cdot \ln(f_1(x))&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt;. The function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the product rule with 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=f_2'(x)\ln(f_1(x))+f_2(x)\tfrac{f_1'(x)}{f_1(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

By the chain rule, also &lt;math&gt;f_1^{f_2}: (0,\infty ) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, and there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1^{f_2})'(x) = g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x) = \exp(f_2(x))\cdot [f_2'(x)\ln(f_1(x))+f_2(x)\tfrac{f_1'(x)}{f_1(x)}]=f_1(x)^{f_2(x)}[f_2'(x)\ln(f_1(x))+f_2(x)\tfrac{f_1'(x)}{f_1(x)}]&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Computational laws for logarithmic derivatives
 |satz=For two differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; without zeros there is

# &lt;math&gt;L(\sqrt[k]{f}) = \tfrac 1k L(f)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;k \in \N&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(f^\alpha ) = \alpha L(f)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;\alpha \in \R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(f+g) = L(f)+L(1+\tfrac fg)&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=
}}

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        <username>Sascha Lill 95</username>
        <id>3167325</id>
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== Computing derivatives with differential quotients ==

=== Exercises: derivative and differentiability ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Differentiable power function
 |aufgabe=Show that the power function &lt;math&gt;f: \R \setminus \{ 0\}, \ f(x)=x^{-2}=\tfrac{1}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at &lt;math&gt;\xi =-2&lt;/math&gt; and compute the derivative. What is the derivative of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; at any &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;?
 
 |lösung=The differential quotient of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;\xi=-2&lt;/math&gt; is given by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(-2) &amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(-2+h)-f(-2)}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{1}{(-2+h)^2} - \frac{1}{(-2)^2}}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{(-2)^2-(-2+h)^2}{(-2)^2\cdot (-2+h)^2}}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{4-(4-4h+h^2)}{4h(h^2-4h+4)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{4h-h^2}{4h^3-16h^2+16h}} = \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{4-h}{4h^2-16h+16}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{4-0}{0+0+16} = \frac{4}{16} = \frac 14
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at &lt;math&gt;\xi=-2&lt;/math&gt; , with derivative &lt;math&gt;f'(-2)=\tfrac 14&lt;/math&gt;. For a general &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(\tilde x) &amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(\tilde x+h)-f(\tilde x)}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{1}{(\tilde x+h)^2} - \frac{1}{\tilde x^2}}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{\tilde x^2-(\tilde x+h)^2}{\tilde x^2\cdot (\tilde x+h)^2}}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\tilde x^2-(\tilde x^2+2\tilde xh+h^2)}{\tilde x^2h(\tilde x^2+2\tilde xh+h^2)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{-2\tilde xh-h^2}{\tilde x^4h+2\tilde x^3h^2+\tilde x^2h^3}} = \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{-2\tilde x-h}{\tilde x^4+2\tilde x^3h+\tilde x^2h^2}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{-2\tilde x-0}{\tilde x^4+0+0} = -\frac{2}{\tilde x^3}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of a product function
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f : \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; defined by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=x(x-1)(x-2)\cdot \ldots \cdot (x-1000) = \prod_{k=0}^{1000} (x-k)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Determine &lt;math&gt;f'(0)&lt;/math&gt;.

 |lösung=
There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{aligned} &amp;f'(0) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\prod_{k=0}^{1000} (x-k)-0}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x \cdot \prod_{k=1}^{1000} (x-k)}{x} \\
&amp;= \lim_{x \to 0} \prod_{k=1}^{1000} (x-k) \overset{(*)}{=} \prod_{k=1}^{1000} (-k) = \underbrace{(-1)^{1000}}_{=1} \cdot \underbrace{\prod_{k=1}^{1000} k}_{=1000!} = 1000! \end{aligned} &lt;/math&gt;}}

For &lt;math&gt;(*)&lt;/math&gt; we have used that &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \prod_{k=1}^{1000} (x-k)&lt;/math&gt; is  continuous as a product of the continuous functions &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x-k&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;1 \le k \le 1000&lt;/math&gt;.

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of a function with case distinction
 |aufgabe=Check whether the following functions are differentiable at &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt;.

# &lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=\begin{cases}  
\cos(\tfrac 1x) &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0 \\
0 &amp; \text{ for } x=0 \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g: \R \to \R, \ g(x)=\begin{cases}  
x\cos(\tfrac 1x) &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0 \\
0 &amp; \text{ for } x=0\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=
'''Part 1:''' Since &lt;math&gt;\cos(\tfrac 1x )&lt;/math&gt;  oscillates very quickly between &lt;math&gt;-1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;-1&lt;/math&gt;, just like &lt;math&gt;\sin (\tfrac 1x)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;x \to 0&lt;/math&gt;, it is to be expected that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; is not continuous. For this purpose we consider the null sequences &lt;math&gt;(a_n)_{n \in \N}=(\tfrac{1}{2n\pi})_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(b_n)_{n \in \N}=(\tfrac{1}{(2n-1)\pi})_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt;. For these sequences

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(a_n) = \cos(2n\pi)=1&lt;/math&gt;}}

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(b_n) = \cos((2n-1)\pi)=-1&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} f(x)&lt;/math&gt; does not exist. According to the sequence criterion &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is therefore not continuous at zero and thus not differentiable.

'''Part 2:''' The function &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero by the sequence criterion, as &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} g(x)=0&lt;/math&gt;. So we can consider the differential quotient:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{g(x)-g(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x\cos(\tfrac 1x)-0}{x} = \lim_{x \to 0} \cos(\tfrac 1x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

In Part 1 we have shown that this limit value does not exist. Therefore &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is also not differentiable at zero.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Criterion for non-differentiability of a general function at zero
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f : (-1,1) \to \R&lt;/math&gt;. Show that: If &lt;math&gt;|f(x)| \ge |x|^\alpha&lt;/math&gt; for some &lt;math&gt;0&lt;\alpha &lt;1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f(0)=0&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is not differentiable at zero.

 |lösung=There is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left| \frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0} \right| = \frac{|f(x)|}{|x|} \overset{|f(x)| \ge |x|^\alpha}{\ge} \frac{|x|^\alpha}{|x|} = \frac{1}{|x|^{1-\alpha}} \overset{x\to 0}{\longrightarrow} \infty &lt;/math&gt; since &lt;math&gt;1-\alpha &gt;0&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f'(0) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0}&lt;/math&gt; does not exist.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Determining limits with the differential quotient
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;f: D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable at &lt;math&gt;a\in D&lt;/math&gt;. Show that the following limits exist

# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h}=0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a-dh)}{h}=(c+d)f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;c,d \in \R&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \frac{xf(a)-af(x)}{x-a}= f(a) - a f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösungsweg=

Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;}}

In addition, from the exercises within the article [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Derivatives|&quot;derivatives&quot;]], we know that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a-h)-f(a)}{h}=-f'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

The idea is to transform the limits so that we can calculate them using the differential quotient.

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:''' Because &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; there is also &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h^2} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;.

So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} h \cdot \frac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h^2} = \underbrace{\lim_{h \to 0} h}_{=0} \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+h^2)-f(a)}{h^2}}_{=f'(a)} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' With &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a-h)-f(a)}{h} = -f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; there is also &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a+ch)-f(a)}{ch} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{h \to 0} \tfrac{f(a-dh)-f(a)}{dh} = -f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a-dh)}{h} &amp; = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a)-(f(a-dh)-f(a))}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a)}{h} - \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a-dh)-f(a)}{h} \\
&amp; = c \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a+ch)-f(a)}{ch}}_{=f'(a)} - d \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a-dh)-f(a)}{dh}}_{=-f'(a)}  = c f'(a) + d f'(a) = (c+d)f'(a)\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:''' Here we need the &quot;original&quot; differential quotient &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to a} \tfrac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a} = f'(a)&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{x \to a} \frac{xf(a)-af(x)}{x-a} &amp; = \lim_{x \to a} \frac{xf(a)-af(a)-(af(x)-af(a))}{x-a} = \lim_{x \to a} \frac{xf(a)-af(a)}{x-a} - \lim_{x \to a} \frac{af(x)-af(a)}{x-a} \\
&amp; = \lim_{x \to a} \frac{(x-a)f(a)}{x-a} - \lim_{x \to a} \frac{a(f(x)-f(a))}{x-a}  = c \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{x \to a} f(a)}_{=f(a)} - a \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}}_{=f'(a)}  = f(a) - a f'(a)\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Implication of differentiability
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;. Further, let &lt;math&gt;(a_n)_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(b_n)_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; be sequences with &lt;math&gt;a_n &lt; \tilde x &lt; b_n&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, as well as &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} (a_n-b_n)=0&lt;/math&gt;. Show that then, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} = f'(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

''Additional question:'' Does the converse statement also hold? I.e. does the limit value &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} \tfrac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n}&lt;/math&gt; with sequences &lt;math&gt;(a_n)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(b_n)&lt;/math&gt; as above exist, so &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt; is equal to this limit?

 |erklärung='''Hint:''' Show first that &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n}=\tfrac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} + \tfrac{a_n-\tilde x}{a_n-b_n} \left(  \tfrac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} -  \tfrac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{b_n-\tilde x}\right)&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}\frac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} &amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)+f(\tilde x)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-b_n}+\frac{f(\tilde x)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} + \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-b_n} - \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} - \frac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-b_n} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} + \frac{(a_n-\tilde x-(a_n-b_n))(f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{(a_n-b_n)(a_n-\tilde x)} - \frac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-b_n} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} + \frac{b_n-\tilde x}{a_n-b_n} \cdot \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} - \frac{b_n-\tilde x}{a_n-b_n} \cdot \frac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{b_n-\tilde x} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \underbrace{\frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x}}_{\to f'(\tilde x)} + \underbrace{\frac{a_n-\tilde x}{a_n-b_n}}_{| \ldots | \le 1} \cdot \underbrace{\left( \frac{f(a_n)-f(\tilde x)}{a_n-\tilde x} -  \frac{f(b_n)-f(\tilde x)}{b_n-\tilde x}\right)}_{\to f'(\tilde x)-f'(\tilde x)=0}\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since now the product of a bounded sequence and a null sequence converges to zero, there is with the calculation rules for sequences

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} = f'(\tilde x)+0=f'(\tilde x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

''Concerning the additional question:'' The converse is false. Let us consider the following function, which is not continuous at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=0&lt;/math&gt; (and therefore not differentiable):

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=\begin{cases} 1 &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0, \\
0 &amp; \text{ for } x=0\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Then, there is for all null sequences &lt;math&gt;(a_n)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(b_n)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;a_n &lt; 0 &lt; b_n&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{f(a_n)-f(b_n)}{a_n-b_n} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1-1}{a_n-b_n} = \lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{0}{a_n-b_n} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}} 
}}

=== Exercises: examples for derivatives ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivatives of linear and quadratic functions
 |aufgabe=Determine (using the definition) the derivative of a linear function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=ax+b&lt;/math&gt;}}

and of a quadratic function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g: \R \to \R, \ g(x)=ax^2+bx+c&lt;/math&gt;}}

with &lt;math&gt;a,b,c \in \R&lt;/math&gt;.

 |lösung=
'''1. linear function:''' For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{f(x)-f(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax+b-(a\tilde x+b)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax+b-a\tilde x-b}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax-a\tilde x}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{a(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} a = a&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''2. quadratic function:''' For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} g'(\tilde x) &amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{g(x)-g(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax^2+bx+c-(a\tilde x^2+b\tilde x+c)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{ax^2+bx-a\tilde x^2-b\tilde x}{x-\tilde x} \\
&amp; = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{a(x^2-\tilde x^2)+b(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{a(x+\tilde x)(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x}  + \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{b(x-\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} a(x+\tilde x)  + \lim_{x \to \tilde x} b = 2a\tilde x+b\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivative of the logarithm function
 |aufgabe=Compute the derivative of the natural logarithm function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=\ln x&lt;/math&gt;}}

directly, using the differential quotient.

 |lösung=
'''1st way:'''

For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{f(x)-f(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\ln x-\ln \tilde x}{x-\tilde x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Now for &lt;math&gt;0&lt;x&lt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt; we have the inequality

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\tilde x} \le \frac{f(x)-f(\tilde x)}{x-\tilde x} \le \frac{1}{x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

If we swap the roles of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;, then there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{x} \le \frac{f(\tilde x)-f(x)}{\tilde x-x} \le \frac{1}{\tilde x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since the left and right-hand sides of the inequality for &lt;math&gt;x \to \tilde x&lt;/math&gt; converge towards &lt;math&gt;\frac 1\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;, the squeeze theorem implies

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x) = \lim_{x \to \tilde x} \frac{\ln x-\ln \tilde x}{x-\tilde x} = \frac 1\tilde x&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''2nd way:''' &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;-method

For &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} f'(\tilde x) &amp; = \lim_{h \to \tilde 0} \frac{f(\tilde x+h)-f(\tilde x)}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\ln (\tilde x+h)-\ln(\tilde x)}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\ln (\tfrac{\tilde x+h}{\tilde x})}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\ln (1+\tfrac{h}{\tilde x})}{h} = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{1}{\tilde x}\frac{\ln (1+\tfrac{h}{\tilde x})}{\frac{h}{\tilde x}} \\
&amp; \overset{y=\frac{h}{\tilde x}}{=} \lim_{y \to 0} \frac{1}{\tilde x}\frac{\ln (1+y)}{y} = \frac{1}{\tilde x} \underbrace{\lim_{y \to 0} \frac{\ln (1+y)}{y}}_{=1} = \frac{1}{\tilde x} 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Computing the derivatives of hyperbolic functions &lt;math&gt;\sinh&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\cosh&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\tanh&lt;/math&gt;
 |aufgabe=Determine die derivatives of the following functions using the differential quotient
# &lt;math&gt;\sinh:\R\to\R, \sinh (x):=\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\cosh:\R\to\R, \cosh (x):=\frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\tanh:\R\to\R, \tanh (x):=\frac{\sinh}{\cosh}&lt;/math&gt;
 |lösung=
'''Part 1:'''
Let &lt;math&gt;x\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Then, there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \sinh'(x)= \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x+h)-\sinh(x)}{h}
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\tfrac{e^{x+h}-e^{-(x+h)}}{2}-\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}}{h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)-e^{-x}(e^{-h}-1)}{2h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)}{2h}} - \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^{-x}(e^{-h}-1)}{2h}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{substitution (2nd limit) } \tilde h = -h \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)}{2h}} -  \lim_{\tilde h\to 0}{\frac{e^{-x}(e^{\tilde h}-1)}{-2\tilde h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{e^x}{2}\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^h-1)}{h}} +  \frac{e^{-x}}{2}\lim_{\tilde h\to 0}{\frac{(e^{\tilde h}-1)}{\tilde h}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^h-1)}{h}}=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \cosh (x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Alternative proof:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\sinh'(x) &amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x+h)-\sinh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{addition theorem: } \sinh(x+y)=\sinh(x)\cosh(y)+\cosh(x)\sinh(y) \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\sinh(x)\cosh(h)+\cosh(x)\sinh(h)-\sinh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \sinh(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cosh(h)-1}{h}}_{=0} + \cosh(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\sinh(h)}{h}}}_{=1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \cosh(x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:'''
Let &lt;math&gt;x\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Then, there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \cosh'(x)=\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\cosh(x+h)-\cosh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\tfrac{e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)}}{2}-\tfrac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}}{h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)+e^{-x}(e^{-h}-1)}{2h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)}{2h}} + \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^{-x}(e^{-h}-1)}{2h}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{substitution (2nd limit) } \tilde h = -h \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^x(e^h-1)}{2h}} +  \lim_{\tilde h\to 0}{\frac{e^{-x}(e^{\tilde h}-1)}{-2\tilde h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{e^x}{2}\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^h-1)}{h}} -  \frac{e^{-x}}{2}\lim_{\tilde h\to 0}{\frac{(e^{\tilde h}-1)}{\tilde h}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^h-1)}{h}}=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \sinh (x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Alternative proof:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\cosh'(x) &amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\cosh(x+h)-\cosh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{addition theorem: } \cosh(x+y)=\cosh(x)\cosh(y)+\sinh(x)\sinh(y) \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cosh(x)\cosh(h)+\sinh(x)\sinh(h)-\cosh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \cosh(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\cosh(h)-1}{h}}_{=0} + \sinh(x) \cdot \underbrace{\lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\sinh(h)}{h}}}_{=1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \sinh(x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:'''
Let &lt;math&gt;x\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Then, there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\tanh(x)=\frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}=\frac{\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}}{\frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}} = \frac{2(e^x-e^{-x})}{2(e^x+e^{-x})} = \frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \tanh'(x)=\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\tanh(x+h)-\tanh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{\frac{e^{x+h}-e^{-(x+h)}}{e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)}}-\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}}}{h}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^{x+h}-e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})-(e^x-e^{-x})(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{e^{x+h}e^x-e^{-x-h}e^x+e^{-x}e^{x+h}-e^{-x}e^{-x-h}-e^xe^{x+h}-e^xe^{-x-h}+e^{-x}e^{x+h}+e^{-x}e^{-x-h}}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{2e^{-x}e^{x+h}-2e^xe^{-x-h}}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{2e^h-2e^{-h}}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{2e^{-h}(e^{2h}-1)}{h(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{2e^{-h} \cdot \frac{(e^{2h}-1)}{h} \cdot \frac{1}{(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}{2e^{-h} \cdot 2\frac{(e^{2h}-1)}{2h} \cdot \frac{1}{(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})}} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \lim_{h\to 0}2e^{-h} \cdot \lim_{h\to 0} 2\frac{(e^{2h}-1)}{2h} \cdot \lim_{h\to 0}2e^{-h} \frac{1}{(e^{x+h}+e^{-(x+h)})(e^x+e^{-x})} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{h\to 0}{\frac{(e^{2h}-1)}{2h}}=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; 2e^0 \cdot 2 \cdot \frac{1}{(e^x+e^{-x})(e^x+e^{-x})} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{4}{(e^x+e^{-x})^2} \\[0.3em]
=\ &amp; \frac{1}{\left( \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2} \right)^2} \\[0.3em] 
=\ &amp; \frac{1}{\cosh^2(x)}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Alternative proof:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\tanh'(x) &amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\tanh(x+h)-\tanh(x)}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\frac{\sinh(x+h)}{\cosh(x+h)}-\frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\frac{\sinh(x+h)\cosh(x)-\sinh(x)\cosh(x+h)}{\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)}}{h} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x+h)\cosh(x)-\sinh(x)\cosh(x+h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \text{addition theorems: } \sinh(x+y)=\sinh(x)\cosh(y)+\cosh(x)\sinh(y) \text{ and } \cosh(x+y)=\cosh(x)\cosh(y)+\sinh(x)\sinh(y)\right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{(\sinh(x)\cosh(h)+\cosh(x)\sinh(h))\cosh(x)-\sinh(x)(\cosh(x)\cosh(h)+\sinh(x)\sinh(h))}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)\cosh(x)\cosh(h)+\cosh^2(x)\sinh(h)-\sinh(x)\cosh(x)\cosh(h)-\sinh^2(x)\sinh(h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\cosh^2(x)\sinh(h)-\sinh^2(x)\sinh(h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{(\cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x))\sinh(h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x)=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(h)}{h\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; =\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(h)}{h} \cdot \frac{1}{\cosh(x+h)\cosh(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \color{Gray}\left\downarrow\ \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sinh(h)}{h}=1 \right.\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{1}{\cosh^2(x)}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

== Computation rules for derivatives ==

=== Applying the computation rules ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=derivatives of a power function
 |aufgabe=
Show by induction in &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, that the power function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f : \R \to \R, \ f(x)=x^n&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=nx^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis={{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Induction base
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;n=1&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt= If &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^1=x&lt;/math&gt;, then there is
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=1=1\cdot x^0&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Induction assumption
 |ziel=
 |beweisschritt= For &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^n&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=n\cdot x^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Induction step
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;n\to n+1&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt= Let &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^{n+1}=x \cdot x^n&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by induction assumption and the product rule. For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) \overset{\text{IV}}{=} 1\cdot x^n + x \cdot nx^{n-1} = x^n+nx^n = (n+1)x^n&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

}} 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Derivatives of secant and cosecant
 |aufgabe=
The functions &lt;math&gt;\sec&lt;/math&gt; (secant) and &lt;math&gt;\csc&lt;/math&gt; (cosecant) are defined as follows:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sec (x)=(\cos x)^{-1} = \frac{1}{\cos x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

as well as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\csc (x)=(\sin x)^{-1} = \frac{1}{\sin x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Determine their domain of definition and all derivatives.

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:''' secant

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\sec&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined &lt;math&gt;\iff&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\cos x \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\iff&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;x \ne \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\forall k \in \Z&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\Longrightarrow&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;D_1 = \R \setminus \{ \tfrac{\pi}{2}+k\pi \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' Since &lt;math&gt;\cos&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;D_1&lt;/math&gt; , there is with the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sec (x) = (-1)(\cos x)^{-2} \cdot (-\sin x) = \frac{\sin x}{\cos^2 x} = \sec x \cdot \tan x = \frac{\sec^2 x}{\csc x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' cosecant

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\csc&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined &lt;math&gt;\iff&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\sin x \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\iff&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;x \ne k\pi&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\forall k \in \Z&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\Longrightarrow&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;D_2 = \R \setminus \{ k\pi \mid k \in \Z\}&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' Since &lt;math&gt;\sin&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;D_2&lt;/math&gt; , there is with the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\csc (x) = (-1)(\sin x)^{-2} \cdot (\cos x) = -\frac{\cos x}{\sin^2 x} = \csc x \cdot \cot x = -\frac{\csc^2 x}{\sec x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

}} 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Computing derivatives
 |aufgabe=
Determine the domain of definition of the following functions, as well as their derivatives

# &lt;math&gt;f_1(x)=x^2e^{-x}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f_2(x)=\ln(\ln(\ln(x)))&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f_3(x)=\sin (x\cos (x^2))&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f_4(x)=\frac{1+x^2}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f_5(x)=x\cdot |x|&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is with the product rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1'(x) = 2xe^{-x} + x^2(-e^{-x}) = xe^{-x}(2-x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;(e,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;, as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\ln(\ln(x))&gt;0 \iff \ln(x)&gt;1 \iff x&gt;e&lt;/math&gt;}}

''Derivative:'' For &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt; there is with the chain rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_2'(x) = \frac{1}{\ln(\ln(x))} \cdot \frac{1}{\ln (x)} \cdot \frac 1x = \frac{1}{x\ln(x)\ln(\ln(x))}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is with the chain- and product rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_3'(x) = \cos (x\cos(x^2))[1\cdot \cos(x^2)+x(-\sin(x^2)\cdot 2x)] = \cos (x\cos(x^2))[\cos(x^2)-2x^2\sin(x^2)]&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 4:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;(-\infty,-1) \cup (1,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;, since there must be
# &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{x^2-1} \ne 0 \iff x^2 \ne 1 \iff x \ne \pm 1&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;x^2-1 &gt; 0 \iff x^2 &gt; 1 \iff |x| &gt; 1 \iff (x&lt;-1) \vee (x&gt;1)&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' For &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; there is with the quotient rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_4'(x) = \frac{2x\sqrt{x^2-1}-(1+x^2)\frac{2x}{2\sqrt{x^2-1}}}{x^2-1} = \frac{2x(x^2-1)-x(1+x^2)}{(x^2-1)^{\frac 32}} = \frac{x(2x^2-2-1-x^2)}{(x^2-1)^{\frac 32}} = \frac{x(x^2-3)}{(x^2-1)^{\frac 32}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 5:'''

''domain of definition:'' &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;

''Derivative:'' 

For &lt;math&gt;x&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; there is &lt;math&gt;f_5(x)=x^2&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\Longrightarrow&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;f_5'(x)=2x&lt;/math&gt;

For &lt;math&gt;x&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; there is &lt;math&gt;f_5(x)=-x^2&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\Longrightarrow&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;f_5'(x)=-2x&lt;/math&gt;

Further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{f_5(x)-f_5(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{x^2-0}{x} =\lim_{x \to 0+} x = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

as well as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0-} \frac{f_5(x)-f_5(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0-} \frac{-x^2-0}{x} =\lim_{x \to 0-} -x = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

So we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_5'(0) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f_5(x)-f_5(0)}{x-0} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

Concluding all three cases, we get for &lt;math&gt;x\in \R&lt;/math&gt;

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_5'(x)=2|x|&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=derivatives of exponential functions
 |aufgabe=
Determine the derivatives of the following functions on their domain of definition (&lt;math&gt;a&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;)

# &lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=x^{(x^x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g: \R^+ \to \R, \ g(x)=(x^x)^x&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h: \R^+ \to \R, \ h(x)=x^{(x^a)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;i: \R^+ \to \R, \ i(x)=x^{(a^x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;j: \R^+ \to \R, \ j(x)=a^{(x^x)}&lt;/math&gt;

 |erklärung= For the function &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; we may leave out the bracket, since in general &lt;math&gt;x^{x^x}=x^{(x^x)}&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined.

 |lösung=
'''Part 1:''' There is &lt;math&gt;g(x)=x^{(x^x)}=\exp(x^x\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;. The function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;(x^x)' = x^x(\ln(x)+1)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \exp(x^x\ln x) [x^x(\ln x+1)\cdot \ln x+x^x\cdot \tfrac 1x] = \exp(x\ln x) [x^x(\ln x+1)\ln(x)+\tfrac 1x)] = x^{x^x+x}(\ln^2 x+\ln x+\tfrac 1x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:''' There is &lt;math&gt;g(x)=(x^{x})^x=x^{x\cdot x} = x^{x^2} = \exp(x^2\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x) = \exp(x^2\ln x) [2x\ln x+x^2\cdot \tfrac 1x] = \exp(x^2\ln x) [2x\ln x+x] = \exp(x^2\ln x) [x(2\ln x+1)] = x^{x^2+1}(2\ln x+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:''' There is &lt;math&gt;h(x)=x^{(x^a)}=\exp(x^a\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x) = \exp(x^a\ln x) [ax^{a-1}\cdot \ln x+x^a\cdot \tfrac 1x] = \exp(x\ln x) [x^{a-1}(a\ln x+1)] = x^{x^a+a-1}(a\ln x+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 4:''' There is &lt;math&gt;i(x)=(x^{(a^x)}) = \exp(a^x\ln x)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;i'(x) = \exp(a^x\ln x) [a^x\ln a\ln x+a^x\cdot \tfrac 1x] = x^{(a^x)}a^x [\ln a\ln x+\tfrac 1x)]&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 5:''' There is &lt;math&gt;j(x)=a^{(x^x)}=\exp(x^x\ln a)&lt;/math&gt;. The function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with &lt;math&gt;(x^x)' = x^x(\ln(x)+1)&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;j&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule and for &lt;math&gt;x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;j'(x) = \exp(x^x\ln a) [x^x(\ln x+1)\cdot \ln a] = a^{(x^x)}x^x\ln a(\ln x+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Proof of sum formulas using the derivative
 |aufgabe=
Proofs by means of [[Math for Non-Geeks: Binomial theorem|binomial theorem (missing)]] that for all &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;:

* &lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^n k \binom{n}{k} = n2^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\sum_{k=1}^n (-1)^{k-1} k \binom{n}{k} = 0&lt;/math&gt;
 |erklärung=
Use the binomial theorem and set &lt;math&gt;x=1&lt;/math&gt; . Then take the derivative on both sides.

 |beweis=For &lt;math&gt;x=1&lt;/math&gt; the binomial theorem reads

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum^n_{k=0} \binom nk y^k = (1+y)^n&lt;/math&gt;}}

for &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Now the left-hand side of the equation is a polynomial &lt;math&gt;f(y)&lt;/math&gt; and the right-hand side is a power function &lt;math&gt;g(y)&lt;/math&gt;. Both sides are therefore differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(y) = \sum^n_{k=0} \binom nk k y^{k-1} = \sum^n_{k=1} k \binom nk y^{k-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(y) = n(1+y)^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;f \equiv g&lt;/math&gt; there is also &lt;math&gt;f' \equiv g'&lt;/math&gt;. So in particular

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(1)=g(1) \iff \sum^n_{k=1} k \binom nk = n2^{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(-1)=g(-1) \iff \sum^n_{k=1} (-1)^{k-1} k \binom nk = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Logarithmic derivatives
 |aufgabe=
Determine the logarithmic derivatives of the following functions

# &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\tfrac 1x&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g(x)=\sec(x)=\tfrac{1}{\sin(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h(x)=a^x=\exp(x\ln(a))&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;a\in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;h(x)=x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; 

 |lösung=
}}

=== Proof of computational laws ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Alternative proof of the product rule
 |aufgabe=
Prove that for differentiable &lt;math&gt;f,g : D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; the product rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(fg)' = f'g+g'f&lt;/math&gt;}}

holds - by using the chain rule.
 |erklärung=
'''Hint:''' There is: &lt;math&gt;fg=\tfrac 12((f+g)^2-f^2-g^2)&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis=
The function &lt;math&gt;g:\R \to \R, \ g(x)=x^2&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=2x&lt;/math&gt;}}

By der chain rule, we hence have that &lt;math&gt;g \circ f = f^2 : D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(g\circ f)'(x) = (g\circ f)'(x) \cdot f'(x) = 2f(x)f'(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

for all &lt;math&gt;x \in D&lt;/math&gt;. Using the hint, we get with the factor- and sum rule

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}(fg)'(x) &amp; = (\tfrac 12((f+g)^2-f^2-g^2))'(x) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \tfrac 12 [(2(f(x)+g(x)))(f'(x)+g'(x))-2f(x)f'(x)-2g(x)g'(x)]\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \tfrac 12 [2f(x)f'(x)+2f(x)g'(x)+2g(x)f'(x)+2g(x)g'(x)-2f(x)f'(x)-2g(x)g'(x)]\\[0.3em]
&amp; = \tfrac 12 [2f(x)g'(x)+2g(x)f'(x)]\\[0.3em]
&amp; = f(x)g'(x)+g(x)f'(x)
\end{align}
&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Special case of the chain rule
 |aufgabe= Derive a general derivative formula for the following function:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1^{f_2}: (0, \infty ) \to \R, \ (f_1^{f_2})(x)=\exp(f_2(x)\ln(f_1(x)))&lt;/math&gt;}}

If &lt;math&gt;f_1,f_2:(0, \infty ) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable.
|lösung=
There is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f_1^{f_2}: (0,\infty)  \to \R, \ f_1(x)^{f_2(x)}=\exp(f_2(x)\cdot \ln(f_1(x))) = g(f(x))&lt;/math&gt;}}

with &lt;math&gt;g(x)=\exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f(x)=f_2(x)\cdot \ln(f_1(x))&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt;. The function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the product rule with 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=f_2'(x)\ln(f_1(x))+f_2(x)\tfrac{f_1'(x)}{f_1(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

By the chain rule, also &lt;math&gt;f_1^{f_2}: (0,\infty ) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, and there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f_1^{f_2})'(x) = g'(f(x))\cdot f'(x) = \exp(f_2(x))\cdot [f_2'(x)\ln(f_1(x))+f_2(x)\tfrac{f_1'(x)}{f_1(x)}]=f_1(x)^{f_2(x)}[f_2'(x)\ln(f_1(x))+f_2(x)\tfrac{f_1'(x)}{f_1(x)}]&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Computational laws for logarithmic derivatives
 |satz=For two differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; without zeros there is

# &lt;math&gt;L(\sqrt[k]{f}) = \tfrac 1k L(f)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;k \in \N&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(f^\alpha ) = \alpha L(f)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;\alpha \in \R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;L(f+g) = L(f)+L(1+\tfrac fg)&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=
}}

{{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}}

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    <title>Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 4</title>
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      <parentid>4619191</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T17:11:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sascha Lill 95</username>
        <id>3167325</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="47249" sha1="8azw4maxrjlnr0vvd3pkgemxasenoti" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}}

== Criterion for constancy ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Simple application
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;K&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\alpha &gt;1&lt;/math&gt;. For the function &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; we assume 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;|f(x)-f(y)| \le K|x-y|^\alpha&lt;/math&gt;}}

for all &lt;math&gt;x,y \in D&lt;/math&gt;. Show that then, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is constant.

 |lösung= By assumption there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0 \le \left| \frac{f(x)-f(y)}{x-y} \right| = \frac{|f(x)-f(y)|}{|x-y|} \le \frac{K|x-y|^\alpha}{|x-y|} = K|x-y|^{\alpha -1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Further there is &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to y} K|x-y|^{\alpha -1} = 0&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;\alpha -1&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. The squeeze theorem then yields

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to y} \left| \frac{f(x)-f(y)}{x-y} \right| = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

for all &lt;math&gt;y \in D&lt;/math&gt;. By the computation rule for limits we then get a zero differential quotient

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to y} \frac{f(x)-f(y)}{x-y} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

for all &lt;math&gt;y \in D&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is constant.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Proof of identities
 |aufgabe=
Show that 

# &lt;math&gt;\cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x)=1&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\arccos(x)+\arcsin(x)=\frac{\pi}{2}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt;

 |beweis=

'''Part 1:''' The function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f:\R \to \R, \ f(x)=\cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable by the chain- and difference rule with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=2\cosh(x)\sinh(x)-2\sinh(x)\cosh(x)=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f \equiv c&lt;/math&gt; is constant. Since further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(0)=\cosh(0)-\sinh(0)=1-0=1&lt;/math&gt;}}

we have &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x) = c = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 2:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g:(-1,1) \to \R, \ g(x)=\arcsin(x)+\arccos(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable according to the sum rule, since the arcus-functions are differentiable. Further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

Hence &lt;math&gt;g \equiv c&lt;/math&gt; is constant. Further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(0)=\arcsin(0)+\arccos(0)=0+\frac{\pi}{2}=\frac{\pi}{2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

since &lt;math&gt;\sin(0)=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cos(\tfrac{\pi}{2})=0&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;c=\tfrac{\pi}{2}&lt;/math&gt; establishing the assertion.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Logarithm representations of &lt;math&gt;\text{arcosh}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\text{artanh}&lt;/math&gt;
 |aufgabe=
Show that

# &lt;math&gt;\text{arcosh} (x) = \ln \left(x + \sqrt{x^2 - 1} \right)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;x&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\text{artanh} (x) = \frac 12 \ln \left( \frac{x+1}{x-1} \right)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;|x|&lt;1&lt;/math&gt;

 |beweis='''Part 1:'''

The function &lt;math&gt;f=\text{arcosh} : (1,\infty) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, see [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Examples_for_derivatives|examples for derivatives]], with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\text{arcosh}'(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

By the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Computing_derivatives|chain- and sum rule]] also &lt;math&gt;g : (1,\infty) \to \R, \ g(x)=\ln \left(x + \sqrt{x^2 - 1} \right)&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=\frac{1}{x+\sqrt{x^2-1}} \cdot \left( 1+\frac{2x}{2\sqrt{x^2-1}} \right) = \frac{1}{x+\sqrt{x^2-1}} \cdot \left( \frac{\sqrt{x^2-1}+x}{\sqrt{x^2-1}} \right) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So we get &lt;math&gt;f(x)=g(x)+c&lt;/math&gt;. But now,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(1)=\text{arcosh}(1)=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

since &lt;math&gt;\cosh(0)=1&lt;/math&gt;, and there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g(1)=\ln(1)=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;c=0&lt;/math&gt;, and hence &lt;math&gt;f=g&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 2:'''

&lt;math&gt;f=\text{artanh} : (-1,1) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, as well, with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\text{artanh}'(x)=\frac{1}{1-x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

By the factor-, chain- and quotient rule, also &lt;math&gt;g : (-1,1) \to \R, \ g(x)=\frac 12 \ln \left( \frac{x+1}{x-1} \right)&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=\frac 12 \frac{1}{\frac{x+1}{x-1}} \cdot \frac{1\cdot (x-1)-(x+1)\cdot 1}{(x-1)^2} = \frac 12 \frac{x-1}{x+1} \cdot \frac{-2}{(x-1)^2} = \frac{-1}{x^2-1} = \frac{1}{1-x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So we have &lt;math&gt;f(x)=g(x)+c&lt;/math&gt;. Since

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(0)=\text{artanh}(0)=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

by &lt;math&gt;\tanh(0)=0&lt;/math&gt;, as well as 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g(0)=\ln(1)=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

there is again &lt;math&gt;c=0&lt;/math&gt;, and hence &lt;math&gt;f=g&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Extension of the identity theorem
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f,g : [a,b] \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be twice differentiable with &lt;math&gt;f''=g''&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; differ only by a linear function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto cx+d&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;c,d \in \R&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=Because &lt;math&gt;f''=g''&lt;/math&gt; according to the identity theorem there is a &lt;math&gt;c \in \R&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\underbrace{g'(x)+c}_{=h'(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

if we now set &lt;math&gt;h:[a,b] \to \R, \ h(x)=g(x)+cx&lt;/math&gt;, then there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=g'(x)+c&lt;/math&gt;}}

the identity theorem again provides us with a &lt;math&gt;d \in \R&lt;/math&gt; such that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=h(x)+d=g(x)+cx+d&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=General solution of a differential equation
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f,g : \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable and &lt;math&gt;\omega \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Further let

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f' &amp; = \omega g \\
g' &amp; = -\omega f
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Show that:
# &lt;math&gt;f(x)=a\sin(\omega x)-b\cos(\omega x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g(x)=a\cos(\omega x)+b\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt; satisfy the differential equations.
# If two functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; satisfy the differential equations, then there is &lt;math&gt;f(x)=a\sin(\omega x)-b\cos(\omega x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g(x)=a\cos(\omega x)+b\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt;.
# Furthermore, if &lt;math&gt;\omega =1&lt;/math&gt; and there is &lt;math&gt;f(0)=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g(0)=1&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;f=\sin&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g=\cos&lt;/math&gt;.
 |explanation='''Hint for part 2: ''' Consider &lt;math&gt;h_1(x)=f(x)\sin(\omega x)+g(x)\cos(\omega x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;h_2(x)=f(x)\cos(\omega x)- g(x)\sin(\omega x)&lt;/math&gt; for functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; that satisfy the differential equations.

 |beweis='''Part 1:''' There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=a\omega \cos(\omega x)-b\omega (-\sin(\omega x)) = \omega (a\cos(\omega x)+b\sin(\omega x)) = \omega g(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

and

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=a\omega (-\sin(\omega x))+b\omega \cos(\omega x) = -\omega (a\sin(\omega x)-b\cos(\omega x)) = -\omega f(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; satisfy the differential equations.

'''Part 2:'''We define (as given in the hint) the auxiliary functions 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
h_1: \R \to \R, \ h_1(x) &amp; = f(x)\sin(\omega x)+g(x)\cos(\omega x) \\
h_2: \R \to \R, \ h_2(x) &amp; = f(x)\cos(\omega x)-g(x)\sin(\omega x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

These are differentiable by the product-, sum- and difference rule with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} h_1'(x) &amp; = \underbrace{f'(x)}_{=\omega g(x)}\sin(\omega x)+f(x)\omega \cos(\omega x)+\underbrace{g'(x)}_{=-\omega f(x)}\cos(\omega x)-g(x)\omega\sin(\omega x) \\
&amp; = \omega g(x)\sin(\omega x)+\omega f(x)\cos(\omega x)-\omega f(x)\cos(\omega x)-\omega g(x)\sin(\omega x) \\
&amp; = 0\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} h_2'(x) &amp; = \underbrace{f'(x)}_{=\omega g(x)}\cos(\omega x)-f(x)\omega \sin(\omega x)-\underbrace{g'(x)}_{=-\omega f(x)}\sin(\omega x)-g(x)\omega \cos(\omega x) \\
&amp; = \omega g(x)\cos(\omega x)-\omega f(x)\sin(\omega x)+\omega f(x)\sin(\omega x)-\omega g(x)\cos(\omega x) \\
&amp; = 0\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

by the criterion for constancy, there is now

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
h_1(x) &amp; =f(x)\sin(\omega x)+g(x)\cos(\omega x)=a \\
h_2(x) &amp; =f(x)\cos(\omega x)-g(x)\sin(\omega x)=b
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

with &lt;math&gt;a,b \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;\sin(\omega x)h_1(x)+\cos(\omega x)h_2(x) \\
&amp; = \sin(\omega x)[f(x)\sin(\omega x)+g(x)\cos(\omega x)]+\cos(\omega x)[f(x)\cos(\omega x)-g(x)\sin(\omega x)] = a\sin(\omega x)+b\cos(\omega x)\\
\iff &amp; f(x)\sin^2(\omega x)+g(x)\sin(\omega x)\cos(\omega x)+f(x)\cos^2(\omega x)-g(x)\sin(\omega x)\cos(\omega x) = a\sin(\omega x)+b\cos(\omega x)\\
\iff &amp; f(x)\underbrace{(\sin^2(\omega x)+\cos^2(\omega x))}_{=1} = a\sin(\omega x)+b\cos(\omega x) \\
&amp; \\
&amp;\cos(\omega x)h_1(x)-\sin(\omega x)h_2(x)\\
&amp; = \cos(\omega x)[f(x)\sin(\omega x)+g(x)\cos(\omega x)]-\sin(\omega x)[f(x)\cos(\omega x)-g(x)\sin(\omega x)] = a\cos(\omega x)-b\sin(\omega x)\\
\iff &amp; f(x)\sin(\omega x)\cos(\omega x)+g(x)\cos^2(\omega x)-f(x)\sin(\omega x)\cos(\omega x)+g(x)\sin^2(\omega x) = a\cos(\omega x)-b\sin(\omega x)\\
\iff &amp; g(x)\underbrace{(\cos^2(\omega x)+\sin^2(\omega x))}_{=1} = a\cos(\omega x)-b\sin(\omega x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

So &lt;math&gt;f(x) = a\sin(\omega x)+b\cos(\omega x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g(x) = a\cos(\omega x)-b\sin(\omega x)&lt;/math&gt;. 

'''Part 3:''' If further &lt;math&gt;\omega =1&lt;/math&gt; and

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} 
f(0) &amp; = a\sin(0)+b\cos(0)=a\cdot 0 + b\cdot 1 = b = 0 \\
g(0) &amp; = a\cos(0)-b\sin(0)=a\cdot 1 - b\cdot 0 = a = 1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

then

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} 
f(x) &amp; = 1\cdot \sin(x) + 0 \cdot \cos(x) = \sin(x) \\
g(x) &amp; = 1\cdot \cos(x) - 0 \cdot \sin(x) = \cos(x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|Since &lt;math&gt;f'' = (f')' = (\omega g)' = \omega g' = -\omega^2 f&lt;/math&gt; and analogously &lt;math&gt;g''=-\omega^2g&lt;/math&gt; both the functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; satisfy the differential equation &lt;math&gt;f''+\omega f=0&lt;/math&gt; (or &lt;math&gt;g''+\omega g=0&lt;/math&gt;).}}

== Monotonicity criterion ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Monotonicity of the exponential function
 |aufgabe=Show using the monotonicity criterion that:
# For all &lt;math&gt;x&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; there is &lt;math&gt;\ln(1+\tfrac 1x)-\tfrac{1}{x+1}&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=\left( 1+\tfrac 1x \right)^x&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing.

 |erklärung= '''Hint:''' use 1. in order to prove 2.

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:''' For the differentiable auxiliary function &lt;math&gt;h : \R^+ \to \R, \ h(x)=\ln \left( 1+\tfrac 1x\right) - \frac{1}{x+1}&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\frac{1}{1+\tfrac 1x} \cdot (-\tfrac{1}{x^2}) - \frac{-1}{(x+1)^2} = - \frac{\frac{1}{x^2}}{\frac{x+1}{x}} + \frac{1}{(x+1)^2} = - \frac{1}{x(x+1)} + \frac{1}{(x+1)^2} = \frac{-(x+1)-x}{x(x+1)^2} = -\frac{1}{x(x+1)^2} &lt; 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically decreasing by the monotonicity criterion. Further
[[File:Function ln(1+1x)-1(x+1).svg|thumb|Graph of the function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \ln(1+\tfrac 1x)-\tfrac{1}{x+1}&lt;/math&gt;]]

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} h(x) = \lim_{x\to 0+} \underbrace{\ln \left( 1+\tfrac 1x\right)}_{\to \infty} - \underbrace{\frac{1}{x+1}}_{\to 0} = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} h(x) = \lim_{x\to \infty} \underbrace{\ln \left( 1+\tfrac 1x\right)}_{\to \ln(1)=0} - \underbrace{\frac{1}{x+1}}_{\to 0} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is continuous and strictly monotonically decreasing, there must be &lt;math&gt;h(x)=\ln ( 1+\tfrac 1x) - \tfrac{1}{x+1} &gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 2:''' 

There is &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\left( 1+\tfrac 1x \right)^x = \exp \left( x \ln(1+\tfrac 1x) \right)&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;\exp&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing, the function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing, if and only if the &quot;inner function&quot; &lt;math&gt;g(x)=x \ln(1+\tfrac 1x)&lt;/math&gt; is. This function in turn is differentiable on all of &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt; by the product rule and there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=1 \cdot \ln(1+\tfrac 1x) + x \cdot \frac{1}{1+\frac 1x} \cdot (-\tfrac{1}{x^2}) = \ln(1+\tfrac 1x) - \frac{\frac 1x}{\frac{x+1}{x}} = \underbrace{\ln(1+\tfrac 1x) - \frac{1}{x+1}}_{=h(x) \text{ from 1.}} &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

By the monotonicity criterion, the function &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;, and hence also &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Condition for monotonicity of a cubic function
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;a,b,c,d \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Provide a condition for &lt;math&gt;a,b,c,d&lt;/math&gt; such that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d&lt;/math&gt;}}

is strictly monotonically increasing on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;.

 |erklärung='''Hint:''' Distinguish the cases &lt;math&gt;a=0&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;a&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;a&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=For &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; being strictly monotonically increasing on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, we need by the monotonicity criterion that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=3ax^2+2bx+c &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

holds for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Fallunterscheidung
 |fall1=&lt;math&gt;a=0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis1=Then &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=2bx+c&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; to be strictly monotonically increasing, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=2bx+c&gt;0 \iff 2bx &gt; -c&lt;/math&gt; must hold. For &lt;math&gt;b \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; this is never possible for any &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. 
 

However, if &lt;math&gt;b=0&lt;/math&gt;, then there is &lt;math&gt;f'(x)&gt;0 \iff c&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing for &lt;math&gt;a=b=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.
 |fall2=&lt;math&gt;a&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis2=
By completing the square, we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(x) &amp; = 3ax^2+2bx+c = 3a (x^2 + \tfrac{2b}{a}x ) + c \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 3a (x^2 + \tfrac{2b}{3a}x + (\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 - (\tfrac{b}{3a})^2) + c \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 3a (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 - \tfrac{b^2}{3a}+c \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 3a (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 - \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{3a} 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing whenever there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; 3a (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 - \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{3a} &gt;0 \\
\iff &amp; 3a (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 &gt; \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{3a} \\
\overset{3a&gt;0}{\iff} &amp; (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 &gt; \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{(3a)^2} \\
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This is satisfied for all &lt;math&gt;x\in \R&lt;/math&gt; if and only if the right-hand side &lt;math&gt; \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{(3a)^2}&lt;/math&gt; is negative. This in turn is exactly the case for

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;b^2-3ac&lt;0 \iff b^2 &lt; 3ac&lt;/math&gt;}}

Hence, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing for &lt;math&gt;a&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;3ac&gt;b^2&lt;/math&gt; .
 |fall3=&lt;math&gt;x &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis3=
Here, we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(x)&gt;0 \iff &amp; 3a (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 &gt; \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{3a} \\
\overset{3a&lt;0}{\iff} &amp; (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 &lt; \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{(3a)^2} 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

However, this is never fulfilled for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. So in this case &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is never strictly monotone increasing.
}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|Similarly, we can show that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically decreasing in the cases &lt;math&gt;a=b=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;, as well as for &lt;math&gt;a&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;3ac&gt;b^2&lt;/math&gt;.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Applying the monotonicity criterion
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;f:[0,1]\to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable with &lt;math&gt;f(0)=0&lt;/math&gt;. Further let &lt;math&gt;f'(x)\le \lambda f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for some (fixed) &lt;math&gt;\lambda &gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and all &lt;math&gt;x \in [0,1]&lt;/math&gt;. Show that there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)\le 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x\in [0,1]&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |erklärung=

''Hint:'' Consider the auxiliary function &lt;math&gt;h(x)=f(x)e^{-\lambda x}&lt;/math&gt;.

 |beweis=As stated in the hint we consider

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h : [0,1] \to \R, \ h(x)=f(x)e^{-\lambda x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

&lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable according to the product rule with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=f'(x)e^{-\lambda x}+f(x)e^{-\lambda x}(-\lambda ) = e^{-\lambda x}(f'(x)-\lambda f(x))&lt;/math&gt;}}

But now &lt;math&gt;e^{-\lambda x}&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and by assumption &lt;math&gt;f'(x)\le \lambda f(x) \iff f'(x)-\lambda f(x)\le 0&lt;/math&gt;. So there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)\le 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x\in [0,1]&lt;/math&gt;}}
by the monotonicity criterion, &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is monotonically decreasing. Since further there is &lt;math&gt;h(0)=f(0)e^0=f(0)=0&lt;/math&gt; we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h(x) \le h(0)=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in [0,1]&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore, we also have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x) = \underbrace{h(x)}_{\le 0}\underbrace{e^{\lambda x}}_{&gt;0} \le 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in [0,1]&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== Derivative and extrema ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Extrema of functions 1
 |aufgabe=
Investigate whether the following functions have local/global extrema. Determine and characterise these if they exist.

# &lt;math&gt;f: (0,\infty ) \to \R, \ f(x)=\tfrac{(\ln(x))^2}{x}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g: [\tfrac 12,\infty ) \to \R, \ g(x)=\tfrac{1}{\arctan(2x)}&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung='''Part 1:'''
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Part 1
 |ziel=Local extrema of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
&lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;(0,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; according to the quotient rule with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \frac{2\ln(x)\frac 1x \cdot x-(\ln(x))^2\cdot 1}{x^2} = \frac{\ln(x)(2-\ln(x))}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

According to the sufficient criterion for the existence of an extremum &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;, there must be &lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x)=0&lt;/math&gt;. Now

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \frac{\ln(x)(2-\ln(x))}{x^2} = 0 \iff \ln(x) = 0 \text{ or } \ln(x)=2 \iff x=1 \text{ or } x=e^2&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\hat x=e^2&lt;/math&gt; are the candidates for local extrema in &lt;math&gt;(0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt;. Now there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x) = \frac{\ln(x)(2-\ln(x))}{x^2} &gt; 0 \iff \ln(x)&gt;0 \text{ and } 2-\ln(x)&gt;0 \iff x&gt;1 \text{ and } x&lt;e^2&lt;/math&gt;}}

The case &lt;math&gt;\ln(x)&lt;0 \iff x&lt;1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;2-\ln(x)&lt;0 \iff x&gt;e^2&lt;/math&gt; is not possible. Thus &lt;math&gt;f'(x)&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; holds on &lt;math&gt;(1,e^2)&lt;/math&gt;.

Further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x) = \frac{\ln(x)(2-\ln(x))}{x^2} &lt; 0 \iff \begin{cases} \ln(x)&gt;0 \text{ and } 2-\ln(x)&lt;0 \iff x&gt;1 \text{ and } x&gt;e^2 \iff x&gt;e^2, &amp; \text{ or } \\
\ln(x)&lt;0 \text{ and } 2-\ln(x)&gt;0 \iff x&lt;1 \text{ and } x&lt;e^2 \iff x&lt;1 &amp;
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f'(x)&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; holds on &lt;math&gt;(0,1)&lt;/math&gt; and on &lt;math&gt;(e^2,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;.

By the sufficient criterion, &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=1&lt;/math&gt; is a (strict) local minimum and &lt;math&gt;\hat x=e^2&lt;/math&gt; is a (strict) local maximum of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Part 2
 |ziel=Global extrema of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
For global extrema we first have to determine the limits &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} f(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x)&lt;/math&gt;.

Since &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \ln(x)=-\infty&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \tfrac 1x = \infty&lt;/math&gt; there is
[[File:Function frac(ln(x)^2)(x).svg|thumb|Graph of the function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;]]
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{(\ln(x))^2}{x} = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is unbounded from above, and therefore has ''no'' local extremum. Further, for &lt;math&gt;x \to \infty&lt;/math&gt; every power of &lt;math&gt;\ln&lt;/math&gt; grows slower than &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;. Thus

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x) = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{(\ln(x))^2}{x} = 0+&lt;/math&gt;}}

(As numerator and denominator are positive.) Now &lt;math&gt;f(\tilde x)=f(1)=\tfrac{(\ln(1))^2}{1}=0&lt;/math&gt;. Thus &lt;math&gt;\tilde x = 1&lt;/math&gt; is a global minimum of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
'''Part 2:'''
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Part 1
 |ziel=Local extrema of &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
&lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;(\tfrac 12,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; by the chain rule with
[[File:Function arctan(2x).svg|thumb|Graph of the function &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;]]
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x) = \frac{-1}{(\arctan(2x))^2}\cdot \frac{1}{1+(2x)^2} \cdot 2 = -\frac{2}{(\arctan(2x))^2(1+4x^2))}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since now &lt;math&gt;(\arctan(2x))^2&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;1+4x^2&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; there is, &lt;math&gt;g'(x)&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;. By the necessary criterion for extrema, &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; has ''no'' local extrema on &lt;math&gt;(\tfrac 12, \infty)&lt;/math&gt;.

Since &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is continuous on &lt;math&gt;[\tfrac 12,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;, it follows from &lt;math&gt;g'(x)&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (\tfrac 12, \infty )&lt;/math&gt; that &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically decreasing on &lt;math&gt;[\tfrac 12,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; has a local maximum at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=\tfrac 12&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Part 2
 |ziel=Global extrema of &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Using the same argument as in part 1, it follows that &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=\tfrac 12&lt;/math&gt; is even a global maximum of &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Extrema of functions 2
 |aufgabe=
Investigate whether the following functions are continuous, differentiability and/or have local/global extrema:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=\begin{cases} x^x &amp; \text{ for } x&gt;0, \\ x+1 &amp; \text{ for } x\le 0 \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |lösung={{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Part 1
 |ziel=continuity and differentiability
 |beweisschritt='''Continuity:'''

On &lt;math&gt;(-\infty ,0)&lt;/math&gt; the function &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x+1&lt;/math&gt; is continuous as a polynomial. The function &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; is continuous on &lt;math&gt;(0,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; as a composition of the continuous functions &lt;math&gt;\exp&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\text{id}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\ln&lt;/math&gt;. At &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{x \to 0-} f(x) &amp; = \lim_{x \to 0-} x+1 = 0+1 = 1, \text{ and } \\[0.3em]
f(0) &amp; = 0+1 = 1\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

In addition, since &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x\ln(x)=0&lt;/math&gt; and by continuity of the exponential function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0+} x^x = \lim_{x \to 0+} \exp(x\ln(x)) = \exp(\lim_{x \to 0+} x\ln(x)) = \exp(0) = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero and hence on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; .

'''Differentiability:'''

On &lt;math&gt;(-\infty ,0)&lt;/math&gt; the function &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x+1&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable as a polynomial, with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=1&lt;/math&gt;}}  

On  &lt;math&gt;(0,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; the function &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule as it is a composition of differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;\exp&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\text{id}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\ln&lt;/math&gt;. There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\exp(x\ln(x))\cdot (1\cdot \ln(x)+x\cdot \frac 1x) = x^x (\ln(x)+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}

At &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; there is, according to L'Hospital's rule,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0}  = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{x^x-1}{x} \underset{\text{l.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{x^x(\ln(x)+1)}{1} \overset{\frac{-\infty}{1}}{=} -\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is ''not'' differentiable at zero.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Part 2
 |ziel=Local and global extrema
 |beweisschritt='''Local extrema:'''

On &lt;math&gt;(-\infty ,0)&lt;/math&gt; there is &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=1 \ne 0&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; cannot have local extrema there.

On &lt;math&gt;(0,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; however

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=x^x(\ln(x)+1) = \underbrace{\exp(x\ln(x))}_{\ne 0}(\ln(x)+1) = 0 \iff \ln(x)=-1 \iff x = e^{-1} = \frac 1e&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;\tilde x = \tfrac 1e&lt;/math&gt; is a candidate for a possible extremum. Further

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \underbrace{x^x}_{&gt;0} (\ln(x)+1) \begin{cases}
&gt;0 \iff \ln(x)+1&gt;0 \iff \ln(x)&gt;-1 \iff x &gt; \tfrac 1e, \\
&lt;0 \iff \ln(x)+1&lt;0 \iff \ln(x)&lt;-1 \iff x &lt; \tfrac 1e
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; has a strict local minimum in &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=\tfrac 1e&lt;/math&gt;. 

Now we still have to examine &lt;math&gt;\hat x=0&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is not differentiable there, our necessary and sufficient criteria are not applicable. However, there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=1&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (-\infty ,0)&lt;/math&gt;}}

and

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=x^x(\ln(x)+1)&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\tfrac 1e)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing on &lt;math&gt;(-\infty ,0)&lt;/math&gt;, and strictly monotonically decreasing on &lt;math&gt;(0,\tfrac 1e)&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero, it follows that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(0) &gt; f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (-\tfrac 1e,\tfrac 1e) \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; has a strict local maximum in &lt;math&gt;\hat x=0&lt;/math&gt; .

'''Global extrema:'''

There is
[[File:Expanded Function x^x.svg|thumb|Graph of the function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;]]
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to -\infty} f(x)= \lim_{x \to -\infty} x+1 = -\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}  

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x) = \lim_{x \to \infty} x^x = \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp(\underbrace{x\ln(x)}_{\to \infty}) = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is unbounded from above and below, and has ''no'' global extrema.
}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Extrema of functions 3
 |aufgabe=
Show that the function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=e^{3x}\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

has exactly two local extrema, and determine their type.
 |lösung=Candidates for the extreme values are obtained from our necessary condition

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)\underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{Prod.-}}{=}} 3e^{3x}\ln(x)+e^{3x}\frac 1x = \underbrace{\frac{3e^{3x}}{x}}_{&gt;0} (\underbrace{x\ln(x)+\frac 13}_{:=h(x)}) \overset{!}{=} 0&lt;/math&gt;}}
[[File:Function xlog(x)+0,33.svg|thumb|Graph of the auxiliary function &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;]]
Since the zeros of &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; cannot be calculated explicitly, we need to examine this function more closely. There is

# &lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\ln(x)+1 \begin{cases}
&gt;0 \iff x&gt;\tfrac 1e, \\
&lt;0 \iff x&lt;\tfrac 1e
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim\limits_{x\to 0} h(x)=\frac 13&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\lim\limits_{x\to \infty} h(x)=\infty&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;h(\tfrac 1e) = \underbrace{-\tfrac 1e}_{&lt;-\tfrac 13} +\tfrac 13 &lt; 0&lt;/math&gt;

Because of continuity and 2. &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; with the intermediate value theorem has (at least) two zeros &lt;math&gt;x_1 \in (0,\tfrac 1e)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x_2\in (\tfrac 1e,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;.

Because of 1., the function &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing on &lt;math&gt;(0,\tfrac 1e)&lt;/math&gt; and strictly monotonically decreasing on &lt;math&gt;(\tfrac 1e,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;. Thus &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is respectively injective on &lt;math&gt;(0,\tfrac 1e)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(\tfrac 1e,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; and thus has exactly the two zeros &lt;math&gt;x_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x_2&lt;/math&gt;.

For the derivative of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; we now have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\frac{3e^{3x}}{x}\cdot h(x) \ \begin{cases}
&gt; 0 &amp; \text{ for } x \in (0,x_1)\cup (x_2,\infty ), \\ &lt; 0 &amp; \text{ for } x \in (x_1,x_2).\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

According to our first sufficient criterion, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; has a strict local maximum at &lt;math&gt;x_1&lt;/math&gt; and a strict local minimum at &lt;math&gt;x_2&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

==Computing limits via L'Hospital==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=L'Hospital 1
 |aufgabe=Compute the following limits

# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\sin(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\sin(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(x^p+1)}{\ln(x^q)}&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;p,q \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1-\cos(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3-x^2}{\tan(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{3^x-2^x}{\tan(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x-1-x}{x(e^x-1)}&lt;/math&gt;
 
 |lösung='''Part 1:'''
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\cosh(x)}{1} = \frac{\cosh(0)}1 = \frac 11 = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:'''
 
L'Hospital's rule is not applicable here. However, the function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \tfrac{\sin(x)}{x}&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at the point &lt;math&gt;x=\tfrac{\pi}2&lt;/math&gt;, and therefore there is
 
 {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\sin(x)}{x^2} = \frac{\sin(\tfrac{\pi}2)}{\left( \tfrac{\pi}2 \right)^2} = \frac 1{\frac{\pi^2}4} = \frac 4{\pi^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
'''Part 3:'''
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\sin(x)}{x^2} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\overbrace{\cos(x)}^{\to \cos(0)=1}}{2x} \overset{\frac{1}{0+}}{=} +\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 4:'''

This limit value does not exist. First it can be decomposed into
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x^2} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x} \cdot \frac 1x&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the left-hand limit, there is now with Part 1:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0-} \underbrace{\frac{\sinh(x)}{x}}_{\to 1} \cdot \underbrace{\frac 1x}_{\to -\infty} = -\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

Analogously, however, for the right-hand limit:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \underbrace{\frac{\sinh(x)}{x}}_{\to 1} \cdot \underbrace{\frac 1x}_{\to +\infty} = +\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;\lim\limits_{x \to 0-} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x^2} \neq \lim\limits_{x \to 0+} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt;, and hence &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; does not exist.

'''Part 5:'''
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(x^p+1)}{\ln(x^q)} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{\dfrac{px^{p-1}}{x^p+1}}{\dfrac{qx^{q-1}}{x^q}} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{px^qx^{p-1}}{qx^{q-1}(x^p+1)} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{px^{q-1}x^p}{qx^{q-1}(x^p+1)} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac pq \cdot\dfrac{x^p}{x^p+1}  \ \underset{|:x^p}{\overset{|:x^p}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac pq \cdot\dfrac{1}{1+\underbrace{\frac{1}{x^p}}_{\to 0}} = \frac pq&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 6:'''

L'Hospital can be applied here, but it is useless:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\cosh(x)}{\sinh(x)}  \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)} = \ldots&lt;/math&gt;}}

Instead, it makes sense to use the definitions of &lt;math&gt;\sinh&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cosh&lt;/math&gt;, and then transform the quotient:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)} \ \overset{\text{Def.}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}}{\frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}}  = \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{2(e^x-e^{-x})}{2(e^x+e^{-x})} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}} \ \underset{|:e^x}{\overset{|:e^x}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{1-\overbrace{e^{-2x}}^{\to 0}}{1+\underbrace{e^{-2x}}_{\to 0}} = \frac{1-0}{1+0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 7:'''

L'Hospital cannot be applied here because the enumerator &lt;math&gt;1-\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;x\to \infty&lt;/math&gt; diverges (improperly). Instead, the fraction can be estimated as follows:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0 \leq \left| \frac{1-\cos(x)}{x^2} \right| = \frac{|1-\cos(x)|}{x^2} \underset{\text{inequality}}{\overset{\text{triangle}}{=}} \frac{1+\overbrace{|\cos(x)|}^{\leq 1}}{x^2} \leq \frac 2{x^2} \overset{x \to \infty}{\to} 0 &lt;/math&gt;}}

Using the squeeze theorem, it follows &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1-\cos(x)}{x^2} = 0&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 8:'''
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3-x^2}{\tan(x)} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{3x^2-2x}{1+\tan(x)^2} = \frac{3\cdot 0^2-2\cdot 0}{1+\tan(0)^2} = \frac 0{1+0} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 9:'''
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{3^x-2^x}{\tan(x)} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{3^x\ln(3)-2^x\ln(2)}{1+\tan(x)^2} = \frac{3^0\ln(3)-2^0\ln(2)}{1+\tan(0)^2} = \frac {\ln(3)-\ln(2)}{1+0} = \ln \left( \tfrac 32 \right)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 10:'''
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x-1-x}{x(e^x-1)} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x-1}{1\cdot (e^x-1)+xe^x} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \  \frac{e^x}{e^x+e^x+xe^x} = \frac{e^0}{e^0+e^0+0} = \frac 12&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=L'Hospital 2
 |aufgabe=Compute the following limits:
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^2\ln(x^2)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^2\ln(x)^2&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^{\alpha}\ln(x)^{k}&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;k \in \N,\alpha &gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 1-} \sin(\pi x)\ln(1-x)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 1} x^{\frac{1}{1-x}}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} n^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \cos(x)^{x-\frac{\pi}2}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} (1+\arctan(x))^{\frac{1}x}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x^2}-\frac{1}{\sin^2(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 1} \frac a{1-x^a}-\frac b{1-x^b}&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;a,b &gt;0&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:'''  {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to 0+}  x^2\ln(x^2) &amp;= \lim_{x \to 0}  x^2\cdot 2\ln(x)\\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{2\ln(x)}{\frac{1}{x^2}}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0+} 2\ln(x)=-\infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{x^2} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{\left(2\ln(x)\right)'}{\left(\frac{1}{x^2}\right)'} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{\frac{2}{x}}{-\frac{2}{x^3}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{-2x^3}{2x} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} (-x^2) \\[0.3em]
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt; }}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

'''Part 2:'''  {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to 0+}  x^2\ln(x)^2 &amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{\ln(x)^2}{\frac{1}{x^2}}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0+} \ln(x)^2=\infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{x^2} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{\left(\ln(x)^2\right)'}{\left(\frac{1}{x^2}\right)'} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{2\ln(x) \cdot \frac{1}{x}}{-\frac{2}{x^3}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{-2x^3\ln(x)}{2x} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} -x^2\ln(x) \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{-\ln(x)}{\frac{1}{x^2}}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0+} -\ln(x)=\infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{x^2} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{-\frac 1x}{-\frac{2}{x^3}}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} (\frac 12 x^2) \\[0.3em]
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt; }}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

'''Part 3:'''  {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to 0+} x^{\alpha}\ln(x)^{k} &amp;\overset{0\cdot (\pm \infty)}{=}\lim_{x\to 0} \frac{\ln(x)^k}{\frac{1}{x^{\alpha}}}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0+} \ln(x)^k=\pm \infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{x^{\alpha}} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{k\cdot \ln(x)^{k-1}\cdot  \frac 1x}{-\alpha\frac{1}{x^{\alpha +1}}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{k\cdot \ln(x)^{k-1}}{\frac{-\alpha}{x^{\alpha}}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0+} k\cdot \ln(x)^{k-1}=\pm \infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{-\alpha}{x^{\alpha}} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{k(k-1)\cdot \ln(x)^{k-2}\cdot  \frac 1x}{\frac{-\alpha\cdot (-\alpha)}{x^{\alpha +1}}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{k(k-1)\cdot \ln(x)^{k-2}}{\frac{(-1)^2\alpha^2}{x^{\alpha}}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0+} k(k-1)\cdot \ln(x)^{k-2}=\pm \infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{(-1)^2\alpha^2}{x^{\alpha}} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital further } (k-2)\text{ times} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{k(k-1)\cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot \ln(x)^{0}}{\frac{(-1)^k\alpha^k}{x^{\alpha}}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{k! \cdot 1}{\frac{(-1)^k\alpha^k}{x^{\alpha}}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ k!=\text{constant and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{(-1)^k\alpha^k}{x^{\alpha}} = \infty \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;=0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt; }}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

'''Part 4:'''  {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to 1-} \sin(\pi x)\ln(1-x) &amp;= \lim_{x \to 1-} \frac{\ln(1-x)}{\frac{1}{\sin(\pi x)}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 1-} \ln(1-x)=-\infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 1-} \frac{1}{\sin(\pi x)} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1-} \frac{\left(\ln(1-x)\right)'}{\left(\frac{1}{\sin(\pi x)}\right)'} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1-} \frac{\frac{-1}{1-x}}{\frac{\pi \cos(\pi x)}{\sin (\pi x)^2}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1-} \frac{-\sin (\pi x)^2}{\pi(1-x)\cos(\pi x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 1-} -\sin (\pi x)^2=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 1-} \pi(1-x)\cos(\pi x) = 0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1-} \frac{-2\pi \sin(\pi x)\cos(\pi x)}{-\pi\cos(\pi x)-\pi^2(1-x)\sin(\pi x)}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \frac{-2\pi \overbrace{\sin(\pi)}^{=0}\cos(\pi)}{-\pi\underbrace{\cos(\pi)}_{=-1}-\pi^2 \cdot 0 \cdot \sin(\pi)} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \frac 0{\pi} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt; }}

'''Part 5:''' {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to 1} x^{\frac{1}{1-x}} &amp; \overset{1^{\pm \infty}}{=} \lim_{x \to 1} \exp\left(\frac{\ln(x)}{1-x} \right)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the expression in the exponent there is now

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{x \to 1}\frac{\ln(x)}{1-x}  \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 1} \ln(x)=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 1} 1-x = 0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{\left(\ln(x)\right)'}{\left(1-x\right)'}  \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{\frac{1}{x}}{-1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x\to 1} -\frac{1}{x} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = -1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

By continuity of &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;x=-1&lt;/math&gt; we now get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to 1} x^{\frac{1}{1-x}} &amp; = \lim_{x \to 1} \exp\left(\frac{\ln(x)}{1-x} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{\ln(x)}{1-x} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(-1\right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac 1e
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 6:''' First we have: If the limit &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} x^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}}&lt;/math&gt; exists, then the sequence limit &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} n^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}}&lt;/math&gt; also exists.

Further:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} x^{\frac{1}{\sqrt x}}\  \overset{{\infty}^{0}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp \left(\frac{\ln(x)}{\sqrt{x}}\right)&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the expression in the exponent there is now

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{\ln(x)}{\sqrt x} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to \infty} \ln(x)=\infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to \infty} \sqrt x = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{\left(\ln(x)\right)'}{\left(\sqrt x\right)'}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{\frac{1}{x}}{\frac{1}{2\sqrt x}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{2\sqrt x}{x} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{2}{\sqrt x} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

By continuity of &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; we now get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \infty} x^{\frac{1}{\sqrt x}} &amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp\left(\frac{\ln(x)}{\sqrt x} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(x)}{\sqrt x} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(0\right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

And now, we also have &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} n^{\frac{1}{\sqrt n}} =1&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 7:''' {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \cos(x)^{x-\frac{\pi}2}\  \overset{{0}^{0}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \exp \left(\ln(\cos(x))(x-\frac{\pi}2)\right) = \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \exp \left(\frac{\ln(\cos(x))}{\frac{1}{x-\frac{\pi}2}}\right)&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the expression in the exponent there is now

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-}\frac{\ln(\cos(x))}{\frac{1}{x-\frac{\pi}2}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \ln(\underbrace{\cos(x)}_{\to 0+})= -\infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \frac{1}{x-\frac{\pi}2} = -\infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \frac{\pi}2-} \frac{\left(\ln(\cos(x))\right)'}{\left(\frac 1{x-\frac{\pi}2}\right)'}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \frac{\pi}2-} \frac{\frac{-\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}}{-\frac 1{(x-\frac{\pi}2)^2}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \frac{\pi}2-} \frac{\sin(x)(x-\frac{\pi}2)^2}{\cos(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \sin(x)(x-\frac{\pi}2)^2= 0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-}\cos(x) = 0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \frac{\pi}2-} \frac{\cos(x)(x-\frac{\pi}2)^2+2\sin(x)(x-\frac{\pi}2)}{-\sin(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \frac{0+0}{-1} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

By continuity of &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; we now get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \cos(x)^{(x-\frac{\pi}2)} &amp; = \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \exp\left(\frac{\ln(\cos(x))}{\frac 1{x-\frac{\pi}2}} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \frac{\ln(\cos(x))}{\frac 1{x-\frac{\pi}2}} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(0\right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 8:''' {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \arctan(x)^{\frac 1x}\  \overset{{\infty}^{0}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp \left(\ln(\arctan(x))\cdot \frac 1x\right) = \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp \left(\frac{\ln(\arctan(x))}{x}\right)&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the expression in the exponent there is now

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(\arctan(x))}{x} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to \infty} \ln(\underbrace{\arctan(x)}_{\to \infty})= \infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to \infty} x = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{\left(\ln(\arctan(x))\right)'}{\left(x\right)'}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{\frac{1}{\arctan(x)(1+x^2)}}{1} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{1}{\arctan(x)(1+x^2)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to \infty} \arctan(x)(1+x^2)= \infty \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

By continuity of &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; we now get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \infty} \arctan(x)^{\frac 1x} &amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp\left(\frac{\ln(\arctan(x))}{x} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(\arctan(x))}{x} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(0\right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 9:''' {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x^2}-\frac{1}{\sin^2(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x^2}= \infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1}{\sin^2(x)} = \infty \rightarrow \text{ Type }\infty - \infty \rightarrow \text{re-formulate} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0} \frac{\sin^2(x)-x^2}{x^2\sin^2(x)}  \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} \sin^2(x)-x^2=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0} x^2\sin^2(x)=0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0} \frac{2\sin(x)\cos(x)-2x}{2x\sin^2(x)+2x^2\sin(x)\cos(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} 2\sin(x)\cos(x)-2x=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0} 2x\sin^2(x)+2x^2\sin(x)\cos(x)=0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0} \frac{2\cos^2(x)-2\sin^2(x)-2}{2\sin^2(x)+\underbrace{4x\sin(x)\cos(x)+4x\sin(x)\cos(x)}_{=8x\sin(x)\cos(x)}+2x^2\cos^2(x)-2x^2\sin^2(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} 2\cos^2(x)-2\sin^2(x)-2=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0} 2\sin^2(x)+8x\sin(x)\cos(x)+2x^2\cos^2(x)-2x^2\sin^2(x)=0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-4\cos(x)\sin(x)-4\sin(x)\cos(x)}{4\sin(x)\cos(x)+8\sin(x)\cos(x)+8x\cos^2(x)-8x\sin^2(x)+4x\cos^2(x)-4x^2\cos(x)\sin(x)-4x\sin^2(x)-4x^2\sin(x)\cos(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-8\sin(x)\cos(x)}{12\sin(x)\cos(x)+12x\cos^2(x)-12x\sin^2(x)-12x^2\sin(x)\cos(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} -8\sin(x)\cos(x)=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0} 12\sin(x)\cos(x)+12x\cos^2(x)-12x\sin^2(x)-12x^2\sin(x)\cos(x)=0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-8\cos^2(x)+8\sin^2(x)}{12\cos^2(x)-12\sin^2(x)+12\cos^2(x)-24x\cos(x)\sin(x)-12\sin^2(x)-24x\sin(x)\cos(x)-12x\sin(x)\cos(x)-12x^2\cos^2(x)+12x^2\sin^2(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-8\cos^2(x)+8\sin^2(x)}{24\cos^2(x)-24\sin^2(x)-60x\sin(x)\cos(x)-12x^2\cos^2(x)+12x^2\sin^2(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} -8\cos^2(x)=-8 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0} 24\cos^2(x)=24 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{-8}{24} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = -\frac 13
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

'''Part 10:''' {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{a}{1-x^a}-\frac{b}{1-x^b} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{a}{1-x^a}= \pm \infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{b}{1-x^b} = \pm \infty \rightarrow \text{ Type }\pm \infty \pm \infty \rightarrow \text{re-formulate} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{a(1-x^b)-b(1-x^a)}{(1-x^a)(1-x^b)}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{a-ax^b-b+bx^a}{1-x^a-x^b+x^{a+b}}  \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 1} a-ax^b-b+bx^a=a-a-b+b=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 1} 1-x^a-x^b+x^{a+b}=1-1-1+1=0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{-abx^{b-1}+abx^{a-1}}{-ax^{a-1}-bx^{b-1}+(a+b)x^{a+b-1}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 1} -abx^{b-1}+abx^{a-1}=-ab+ab=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 1} -ax^{a-1}-bx^{b-1}+(a+b)x^{a+b-1}=-a-a+(a+b)=0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{-ab(b-1)x^{b-2}+ab(a-1)x^{a-2}}{-a(a-1)x^{a-2}-b(b-1)x^{b-2}+(a+b)(a+b-1)x^{a+b-2}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{-ab(b-1)+ab(a-1)}{-a(a-1)-b(b-1)+(a+b)(a+b-1)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{-ab^2+ab+a^2b-ab}{-a^2+a-b^2+b+a^2+ab-a+ab+b^2-b} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{-ab^2+a^2b}{2ab} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{ab(a-b)}{2ab} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{a-b}{2} 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Differentiability at a point
 |aufgabe=
Let 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: (-1,\infty ) \to \R, \ f(x)=\begin{cases}
\frac{\ln(1+x)}{x} &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0, \\
1 &amp; \text{ for } x=0
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

# Show that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero.
# Show that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;  and compute the derivative.
# Determine by 1. and 2. the derivative &lt;math&gt;f'(0)&lt;/math&gt;.

 |lösung='''Part 1:''' By L'Hospital there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+x)}{x} \underset{\text{l.H.}}{\overset{\tfrac 00}{=}} \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\frac{1}{1+x}}{1} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{1+x} = 1 = f(0)&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero.

'''Part 2:''' Since &lt;math&gt;\ln&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto 1+x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;  , the quotient rule yields that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable. Further, there is for &lt;math&gt;x \ne 0&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \frac{\frac{1}{1+x} \cdot x - \ln(1+x) \cdot 1}{x^2} = \frac{\frac{x-(1+x)\ln(1+x)}{1+x}}{x^2} = \frac{x-(1+x)\ln(1+x)}{(1+x)x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:''' We use the criterion from the theorem above. There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} f'(x) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x-(1+x)\ln(1+x)}{(1+x)x^2} \underset{\text{l.H.}}{\overset{\tfrac 00}{=}} \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1-[\ln(1+x)+1]}{x^2+2x(1+x)} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-\ln(1+x)}{3x^2+2x} \underset{\text{l.H.}}{\overset{\tfrac 00}{=}} \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-\frac{1}{1+x}}{6x+2} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-1}{(1+x)(6x+2)} = - \frac 12&lt;/math&gt;}}

Using the criterion, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at zero with &lt;math&gt;f'(0)=-\tfrac 12&lt;/math&gt;.

}}

{{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}}

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      <timestamp>2026-04-27T17:14:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sascha Lill 95</username>
        <id>3167325</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="47302" sha1="7uuwzmc2jyzyhrypq37nu88fg5pnw2l" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}}

== Criterion for constancy ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Simple application
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;K&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\alpha &gt;1&lt;/math&gt;. For the function &lt;math&gt;f:D \to \R&lt;/math&gt; we assume 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;|f(x)-f(y)| \le K|x-y|^\alpha&lt;/math&gt;}}

for all &lt;math&gt;x,y \in D&lt;/math&gt;. Show that then, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is constant.

 |lösung= By assumption there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0 \le \left| \frac{f(x)-f(y)}{x-y} \right| = \frac{|f(x)-f(y)|}{|x-y|} \le \frac{K|x-y|^\alpha}{|x-y|} = K|x-y|^{\alpha -1}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Further there is &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to y} K|x-y|^{\alpha -1} = 0&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;\alpha -1&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. The squeeze theorem then yields

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to y} \left| \frac{f(x)-f(y)}{x-y} \right| = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

for all &lt;math&gt;y \in D&lt;/math&gt;. By the computation rule for limits we then get a zero differential quotient

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to y} \frac{f(x)-f(y)}{x-y} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

for all &lt;math&gt;y \in D&lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is constant.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Proof of identities
 |aufgabe=
Show that 

# &lt;math&gt;\cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x)=1&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\arccos(x)+\arcsin(x)=\frac{\pi}{2}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (-1,1)&lt;/math&gt;

 |beweis=

'''Part 1:''' The function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f:\R \to \R, \ f(x)=\cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable by the chain- and difference rule with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=2\cosh(x)\sinh(x)-2\sinh(x)\cosh(x)=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f \equiv c&lt;/math&gt; is constant. Since further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(0)=\cosh(0)-\sinh(0)=1-0=1&lt;/math&gt;}}

we have &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\cosh^2(x)-\sinh^2(x) = c = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 2:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g:(-1,1) \to \R, \ g(x)=\arcsin(x)+\arccos(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is differentiable according to the sum rule, since the arcus-functions are differentiable. Further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

Hence &lt;math&gt;g \equiv c&lt;/math&gt; is constant. Further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(0)=\arcsin(0)+\arccos(0)=0+\frac{\pi}{2}=\frac{\pi}{2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

since &lt;math&gt;\sin(0)=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cos(\tfrac{\pi}{2})=0&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;c=\tfrac{\pi}{2}&lt;/math&gt; establishing the assertion.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Logarithm representations of &lt;math&gt;\text{arcosh}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\text{artanh}&lt;/math&gt;
 |aufgabe=
Show that

# &lt;math&gt;\text{arcosh} (x) = \ln \left(x + \sqrt{x^2 - 1} \right)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;x&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\text{artanh} (x) = \frac 12 \ln \left( \frac{x+1}{x-1} \right)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;|x|&lt;1&lt;/math&gt;

 |beweis='''Part 1:'''

The function &lt;math&gt;f=\text{arcosh} : (1,\infty) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, see [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Examples_for_derivatives|examples for derivatives]], with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\text{arcosh}'(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

By the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Computing_derivatives|chain- and sum rule]] also &lt;math&gt;g : (1,\infty) \to \R, \ g(x)=\ln \left(x + \sqrt{x^2 - 1} \right)&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=\frac{1}{x+\sqrt{x^2-1}} \cdot \left( 1+\frac{2x}{2\sqrt{x^2-1}} \right) = \frac{1}{x+\sqrt{x^2-1}} \cdot \left( \frac{\sqrt{x^2-1}+x}{\sqrt{x^2-1}} \right) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So we get &lt;math&gt;f(x)=g(x)+c&lt;/math&gt;. But now,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(1)=\text{arcosh}(1)=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

since &lt;math&gt;\cosh(0)=1&lt;/math&gt;, and there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g(1)=\ln(1)=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;c=0&lt;/math&gt;, and hence &lt;math&gt;f=g&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 2:'''

&lt;math&gt;f=\text{artanh} : (-1,1) \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable, as well, with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\text{artanh}'(x)=\frac{1}{1-x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

By the factor-, chain- and quotient rule, also &lt;math&gt;g : (-1,1) \to \R, \ g(x)=\frac 12 \ln \left( \frac{x+1}{x-1} \right)&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=\frac 12 \frac{1}{\frac{x+1}{x-1}} \cdot \frac{1\cdot (x-1)-(x+1)\cdot 1}{(x-1)^2} = \frac 12 \frac{x-1}{x+1} \cdot \frac{-2}{(x-1)^2} = \frac{-1}{x^2-1} = \frac{1}{1-x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So we have &lt;math&gt;f(x)=g(x)+c&lt;/math&gt;. Since

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(0)=\text{artanh}(0)=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

by &lt;math&gt;\tanh(0)=0&lt;/math&gt;, as well as 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g(0)=\ln(1)=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

there is again &lt;math&gt;c=0&lt;/math&gt;, and hence &lt;math&gt;f=g&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Extension of the identity theorem
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f,g : [a,b] \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be twice differentiable with &lt;math&gt;f''=g''&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; differ only by a linear function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto cx+d&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;c,d \in \R&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=Because &lt;math&gt;f''=g''&lt;/math&gt; according to the identity theorem there is a &lt;math&gt;c \in \R&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\underbrace{g'(x)+c}_{=h'(x)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

if we now set &lt;math&gt;h:[a,b] \to \R, \ h(x)=g(x)+cx&lt;/math&gt;, then there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=g'(x)+c&lt;/math&gt;}}

the identity theorem again provides us with a &lt;math&gt;d \in \R&lt;/math&gt; such that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)=h(x)+d=g(x)+cx+d&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=General solution of a differential equation
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f,g : \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable and &lt;math&gt;\omega \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Further let

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f' &amp; = \omega g \\
g' &amp; = -\omega f
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Show that:
# &lt;math&gt;f(x)=a\sin(\omega x)-b\cos(\omega x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g(x)=a\cos(\omega x)+b\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt; satisfy the differential equations.
# If two functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; satisfy the differential equations, then there is &lt;math&gt;f(x)=a\sin(\omega x)-b\cos(\omega x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g(x)=a\cos(\omega x)+b\sin(x)&lt;/math&gt;.
# Furthermore, if &lt;math&gt;\omega =1&lt;/math&gt; and there is &lt;math&gt;f(0)=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g(0)=1&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;f=\sin&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g=\cos&lt;/math&gt;.
 |explanation='''Hint for part 2: ''' Consider &lt;math&gt;h_1(x)=f(x)\sin(\omega x)+g(x)\cos(\omega x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;h_2(x)=f(x)\cos(\omega x)- g(x)\sin(\omega x)&lt;/math&gt; for functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; that satisfy the differential equations.

 |beweis='''Part 1:''' There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=a\omega \cos(\omega x)-b\omega (-\sin(\omega x)) = \omega (a\cos(\omega x)+b\sin(\omega x)) = \omega g(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

and

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=a\omega (-\sin(\omega x))+b\omega \cos(\omega x) = -\omega (a\sin(\omega x)-b\cos(\omega x)) = -\omega f(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; satisfy the differential equations.

'''Part 2:'''We define (as given in the hint) the auxiliary functions 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
h_1: \R \to \R, \ h_1(x) &amp; = f(x)\sin(\omega x)+g(x)\cos(\omega x) \\
h_2: \R \to \R, \ h_2(x) &amp; = f(x)\cos(\omega x)-g(x)\sin(\omega x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

These are differentiable by the product-, sum- and difference rule with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} h_1'(x) &amp; = \underbrace{f'(x)}_{=\omega g(x)}\sin(\omega x)+f(x)\omega \cos(\omega x)+\underbrace{g'(x)}_{=-\omega f(x)}\cos(\omega x)-g(x)\omega\sin(\omega x) \\
&amp; = \omega g(x)\sin(\omega x)+\omega f(x)\cos(\omega x)-\omega f(x)\cos(\omega x)-\omega g(x)\sin(\omega x) \\
&amp; = 0\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} h_2'(x) &amp; = \underbrace{f'(x)}_{=\omega g(x)}\cos(\omega x)-f(x)\omega \sin(\omega x)-\underbrace{g'(x)}_{=-\omega f(x)}\sin(\omega x)-g(x)\omega \cos(\omega x) \\
&amp; = \omega g(x)\cos(\omega x)-\omega f(x)\sin(\omega x)+\omega f(x)\sin(\omega x)-\omega g(x)\cos(\omega x) \\
&amp; = 0\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

by the criterion for constancy, there is now

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
h_1(x) &amp; =f(x)\sin(\omega x)+g(x)\cos(\omega x)=a \\
h_2(x) &amp; =f(x)\cos(\omega x)-g(x)\sin(\omega x)=b
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

with &lt;math&gt;a,b \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;\sin(\omega x)h_1(x)+\cos(\omega x)h_2(x) \\
&amp; = \sin(\omega x)[f(x)\sin(\omega x)+g(x)\cos(\omega x)]+\cos(\omega x)[f(x)\cos(\omega x)-g(x)\sin(\omega x)] = a\sin(\omega x)+b\cos(\omega x)\\
\iff &amp; f(x)\sin^2(\omega x)+g(x)\sin(\omega x)\cos(\omega x)+f(x)\cos^2(\omega x)-g(x)\sin(\omega x)\cos(\omega x) = a\sin(\omega x)+b\cos(\omega x)\\
\iff &amp; f(x)\underbrace{(\sin^2(\omega x)+\cos^2(\omega x))}_{=1} = a\sin(\omega x)+b\cos(\omega x) \\
&amp; \\
&amp;\cos(\omega x)h_1(x)-\sin(\omega x)h_2(x)\\
&amp; = \cos(\omega x)[f(x)\sin(\omega x)+g(x)\cos(\omega x)]-\sin(\omega x)[f(x)\cos(\omega x)-g(x)\sin(\omega x)] = a\cos(\omega x)-b\sin(\omega x)\\
\iff &amp; f(x)\sin(\omega x)\cos(\omega x)+g(x)\cos^2(\omega x)-f(x)\sin(\omega x)\cos(\omega x)+g(x)\sin^2(\omega x) = a\cos(\omega x)-b\sin(\omega x)\\
\iff &amp; g(x)\underbrace{(\cos^2(\omega x)+\sin^2(\omega x))}_{=1} = a\cos(\omega x)-b\sin(\omega x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

So &lt;math&gt;f(x) = a\sin(\omega x)+b\cos(\omega x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g(x) = a\cos(\omega x)-b\sin(\omega x)&lt;/math&gt;. 

'''Part 3:''' If further &lt;math&gt;\omega =1&lt;/math&gt; and

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} 
f(0) &amp; = a\sin(0)+b\cos(0)=a\cdot 0 + b\cdot 1 = b = 0 \\
g(0) &amp; = a\cos(0)-b\sin(0)=a\cdot 1 - b\cdot 0 = a = 1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

then

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} 
f(x) &amp; = 1\cdot \sin(x) + 0 \cdot \cos(x) = \sin(x) \\
g(x) &amp; = 1\cdot \cos(x) - 0 \cdot \sin(x) = \cos(x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|Since &lt;math&gt;f'' = (f')' = (\omega g)' = \omega g' = -\omega^2 f&lt;/math&gt; and analogously &lt;math&gt;g''=-\omega^2g&lt;/math&gt; both the functions &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; satisfy the differential equation &lt;math&gt;f''+\omega f=0&lt;/math&gt; (or &lt;math&gt;g''+\omega g=0&lt;/math&gt;).}}

== Monotonicity criterion ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Monotonicity of the exponential function
 |aufgabe=Show using the monotonicity criterion that:
# For all &lt;math&gt;x&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; there is &lt;math&gt;\ln(1+\tfrac 1x)-\tfrac{1}{x+1}&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=\left( 1+\tfrac 1x \right)^x&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing.

 |erklärung= '''Hint:''' use 1. in order to prove 2.

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:''' For the differentiable auxiliary function &lt;math&gt;h : \R^+ \to \R, \ h(x)=\ln \left( 1+\tfrac 1x\right) - \frac{1}{x+1}&lt;/math&gt; there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\frac{1}{1+\tfrac 1x} \cdot (-\tfrac{1}{x^2}) - \frac{-1}{(x+1)^2} = - \frac{\frac{1}{x^2}}{\frac{x+1}{x}} + \frac{1}{(x+1)^2} = - \frac{1}{x(x+1)} + \frac{1}{(x+1)^2} = \frac{-(x+1)-x}{x(x+1)^2} = -\frac{1}{x(x+1)^2} &lt; 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically decreasing by the monotonicity criterion. Further
[[File:Function ln(1+1x)-1(x+1).svg|thumb|Graph of the function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \ln(1+\tfrac 1x)-\tfrac{1}{x+1}&lt;/math&gt;]]

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} h(x) = \lim_{x\to 0+} \underbrace{\ln \left( 1+\tfrac 1x\right)}_{\to \infty} - \underbrace{\frac{1}{x+1}}_{\to 0} = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} h(x) = \lim_{x\to \infty} \underbrace{\ln \left( 1+\tfrac 1x\right)}_{\to \ln(1)=0} - \underbrace{\frac{1}{x+1}}_{\to 0} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is continuous and strictly monotonically decreasing, there must be &lt;math&gt;h(x)=\ln ( 1+\tfrac 1x) - \tfrac{1}{x+1} &gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 2:''' 

There is &lt;math&gt;f(x)=\left( 1+\tfrac 1x \right)^x = \exp \left( x \ln(1+\tfrac 1x) \right)&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;\exp&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing, the function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing, if and only if the &quot;inner function&quot; &lt;math&gt;g(x)=x \ln(1+\tfrac 1x)&lt;/math&gt; is. This function in turn is differentiable on all of &lt;math&gt;\R^+&lt;/math&gt; by the product rule and there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x)=1 \cdot \ln(1+\tfrac 1x) + x \cdot \frac{1}{1+\frac 1x} \cdot (-\tfrac{1}{x^2}) = \ln(1+\tfrac 1x) - \frac{\frac 1x}{\frac{x+1}{x}} = \underbrace{\ln(1+\tfrac 1x) - \frac{1}{x+1}}_{=h(x) \text{ from 1.}} &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

By the monotonicity criterion, the function &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;, and hence also &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Condition for monotonicity of a cubic function
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;a,b,c,d \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Provide a condition for &lt;math&gt;a,b,c,d&lt;/math&gt; such that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d&lt;/math&gt;}}

is strictly monotonically increasing on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;.

 |erklärung='''Hint:''' Distinguish the cases &lt;math&gt;a=0&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;a&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;a&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=For &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; being strictly monotonically increasing on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, we need by the monotonicity criterion that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=3ax^2+2bx+c &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

holds for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Fallunterscheidung
 |fall1=&lt;math&gt;a=0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis1=Then &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=2bx+c&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; to be strictly monotonically increasing, &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=2bx+c&gt;0 \iff 2bx &gt; -c&lt;/math&gt; must hold. For &lt;math&gt;b \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; this is never possible for any &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. 
 

However, if &lt;math&gt;b=0&lt;/math&gt;, then there is &lt;math&gt;f'(x)&gt;0 \iff c&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing for &lt;math&gt;a=b=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.
 |fall2=&lt;math&gt;a&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis2=
By completing the square, we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(x) &amp; = 3ax^2+2bx+c = 3a (x^2 + \tfrac{2b}{a}x ) + c \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 3a (x^2 + \tfrac{2b}{3a}x + (\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 - (\tfrac{b}{3a})^2) + c \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 3a (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 - \tfrac{b^2}{3a}+c \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 3a (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 - \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{3a} 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing whenever there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; 3a (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 - \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{3a} &gt;0 \\
\iff &amp; 3a (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 &gt; \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{3a} \\
\overset{3a&gt;0}{\iff} &amp; (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 &gt; \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{(3a)^2} \\
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This is satisfied for all &lt;math&gt;x\in \R&lt;/math&gt; if and only if the right-hand side &lt;math&gt; \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{(3a)^2}&lt;/math&gt; is negative. This in turn is exactly the case for

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;b^2-3ac&lt;0 \iff b^2 &lt; 3ac&lt;/math&gt;}}

Hence, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing for &lt;math&gt;a&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;3ac&gt;b^2&lt;/math&gt; .
 |fall3=&lt;math&gt;x &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweis3=
Here, we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f'(x)&gt;0 \iff &amp; 3a (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 &gt; \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{3a} \\
\overset{3a&lt;0}{\iff} &amp; (x+\tfrac{b}{3a})^2 &lt; \tfrac{b^2-3ac}{(3a)^2} 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

However, this is never fulfilled for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. So in this case &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is never strictly monotone increasing.
}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|Similarly, we can show that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically decreasing in the cases &lt;math&gt;a=b=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;, as well as for &lt;math&gt;a&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;3ac&gt;b^2&lt;/math&gt;.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Applying the monotonicity criterion
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;f:[0,1]\to \R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable with &lt;math&gt;f(0)=0&lt;/math&gt;. Further let &lt;math&gt;f'(x)\le \lambda f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for some (fixed) &lt;math&gt;\lambda &gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and all &lt;math&gt;x \in [0,1]&lt;/math&gt;. Show that there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x)\le 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x\in [0,1]&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |erklärung=

''Hint:'' Consider the auxiliary function &lt;math&gt;h(x)=f(x)e^{-\lambda x}&lt;/math&gt;.

 |beweis=As stated in the hint we consider

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h : [0,1] \to \R, \ h(x)=f(x)e^{-\lambda x}&lt;/math&gt;}}

&lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable according to the product rule with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)=f'(x)e^{-\lambda x}+f(x)e^{-\lambda x}(-\lambda ) = e^{-\lambda x}(f'(x)-\lambda f(x))&lt;/math&gt;}}

But now &lt;math&gt;e^{-\lambda x}&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and by assumption &lt;math&gt;f'(x)\le \lambda f(x) \iff f'(x)-\lambda f(x)\le 0&lt;/math&gt;. So there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h'(x)\le 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x\in [0,1]&lt;/math&gt;}}
by the monotonicity criterion, &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is monotonically decreasing. Since further there is &lt;math&gt;h(0)=f(0)e^0=f(0)=0&lt;/math&gt; we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;h(x) \le h(0)=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in [0,1]&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore, we also have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x) = \underbrace{h(x)}_{\le 0}\underbrace{e^{\lambda x}}_{&gt;0} \le 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in [0,1]&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== Derivative and extrema ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Extrema of functions 1
 |aufgabe=
Investigate whether the following functions have local/global extrema. Determine and characterise these if they exist.

# &lt;math&gt;f: (0,\infty ) \to \R, \ f(x)=\tfrac{(\ln(x))^2}{x}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;g: [\tfrac 12,\infty ) \to \R, \ g(x)=\tfrac{1}{\arctan(2x)}&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung='''Part 1:'''
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Part 1
 |ziel=Local extrema of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
&lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;(0,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; according to the quotient rule with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \frac{2\ln(x)\frac 1x \cdot x-(\ln(x))^2\cdot 1}{x^2} = \frac{\ln(x)(2-\ln(x))}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

According to the sufficient criterion for the existence of an extremum &lt;math&gt;\tilde x \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;, there must be &lt;math&gt;f'(\tilde x)=0&lt;/math&gt;. Now

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \frac{\ln(x)(2-\ln(x))}{x^2} = 0 \iff \ln(x) = 0 \text{ or } \ln(x)=2 \iff x=1 \text{ or } x=e^2&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\hat x=e^2&lt;/math&gt; are the candidates for local extrema in &lt;math&gt;(0,\infty)&lt;/math&gt;. Now there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x) = \frac{\ln(x)(2-\ln(x))}{x^2} &gt; 0 \iff \ln(x)&gt;0 \text{ and } 2-\ln(x)&gt;0 \iff x&gt;1 \text{ and } x&lt;e^2&lt;/math&gt;}}

The case &lt;math&gt;\ln(x)&lt;0 \iff x&lt;1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;2-\ln(x)&lt;0 \iff x&gt;e^2&lt;/math&gt; is not possible. Thus &lt;math&gt;f'(x)&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; holds on &lt;math&gt;(1,e^2)&lt;/math&gt;.

Further there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(x) = \frac{\ln(x)(2-\ln(x))}{x^2} &lt; 0 \iff \begin{cases} \ln(x)&gt;0 \text{ and } 2-\ln(x)&lt;0 \iff x&gt;1 \text{ and } x&gt;e^2 \iff x&gt;e^2, &amp; \text{ or } \\
\ln(x)&lt;0 \text{ and } 2-\ln(x)&gt;0 \iff x&lt;1 \text{ and } x&lt;e^2 \iff x&lt;1 &amp;
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f'(x)&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; holds on &lt;math&gt;(0,1)&lt;/math&gt; and on &lt;math&gt;(e^2,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;.

By the sufficient criterion, &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=1&lt;/math&gt; is a (strict) local minimum and &lt;math&gt;\hat x=e^2&lt;/math&gt; is a (strict) local maximum of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Part 2
 |ziel=Global extrema of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
For global extrema we first have to determine the limits &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} f(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x)&lt;/math&gt;.

Since &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \ln(x)=-\infty&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \tfrac 1x = \infty&lt;/math&gt; there is
[[File:Function frac(ln(x)^2)(x).svg|thumb|Graph of the function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;]]
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{(\ln(x))^2}{x} = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is unbounded from above, and therefore has ''no'' local extremum. Further, for &lt;math&gt;x \to \infty&lt;/math&gt; every power of &lt;math&gt;\ln&lt;/math&gt; grows slower than &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;. Thus

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x) = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{(\ln(x))^2}{x} = 0+&lt;/math&gt;}}

(As numerator and denominator are positive.) Now &lt;math&gt;f(\tilde x)=f(1)=\tfrac{(\ln(1))^2}{1}=0&lt;/math&gt;. Thus &lt;math&gt;\tilde x = 1&lt;/math&gt; is a global minimum of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
'''Part 2:'''
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Part 1
 |ziel=Local extrema of &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
&lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;(\tfrac 12,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; by the chain rule with
[[File:Function arctan(2x).svg|thumb|Graph of the function &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;]]
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g'(x) = \frac{-1}{(\arctan(2x))^2}\cdot \frac{1}{1+(2x)^2} \cdot 2 = -\frac{2}{(\arctan(2x))^2(1+4x^2))}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since now &lt;math&gt;(\arctan(2x))^2&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;1+4x^2&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; there is, &lt;math&gt;g'(x)&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;. By the necessary criterion for extrema, &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; has ''no'' local extrema on &lt;math&gt;(\tfrac 12, \infty)&lt;/math&gt;.

Since &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is continuous on &lt;math&gt;[\tfrac 12,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;, it follows from &lt;math&gt;g'(x)&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (\tfrac 12, \infty )&lt;/math&gt; that &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically decreasing on &lt;math&gt;[\tfrac 12,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; has a local maximum at &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=\tfrac 12&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Part 2
 |ziel=Global extrema of &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Using the same argument as in part 1, it follows that &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=\tfrac 12&lt;/math&gt; is even a global maximum of &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Extrema of functions 2
 |aufgabe=
Investigate whether the following functions are continuous, differentiability and/or have local/global extrema:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R, \ f(x)=\begin{cases} x^x &amp; \text{ for } x&gt;0, \\ x+1 &amp; \text{ for } x\le 0 \end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |lösung={{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Part 1
 |ziel=continuity and differentiability
 |beweisschritt='''Continuity:'''

On &lt;math&gt;(-\infty ,0)&lt;/math&gt; the function &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x+1&lt;/math&gt; is continuous as a polynomial. The function &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; is continuous on &lt;math&gt;(0,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; as a composition of the continuous functions &lt;math&gt;\exp&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\text{id}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\ln&lt;/math&gt;. At &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \lim_{x \to 0-} f(x) &amp; = \lim_{x \to 0-} x+1 = 0+1 = 1, \text{ and } \\[0.3em]
f(0) &amp; = 0+1 = 1\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

In addition, since &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x\ln(x)=0&lt;/math&gt; and by continuity of the exponential function 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0+} x^x = \lim_{x \to 0+} \exp(x\ln(x)) = \exp(\lim_{x \to 0+} x\ln(x)) = \exp(0) = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero and hence on all of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; .

'''Differentiability:'''

On &lt;math&gt;(-\infty ,0)&lt;/math&gt; the function &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x+1&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable as a polynomial, with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=1&lt;/math&gt;}}  

On  &lt;math&gt;(0,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; the function &lt;math&gt;f(x)=x^x=\exp(x\ln(x))&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable by the chain- and product rule as it is a composition of differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;\exp&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\text{id}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\ln&lt;/math&gt;. There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\exp(x\ln(x))\cdot (1\cdot \ln(x)+x\cdot \frac 1x) = x^x (\ln(x)+1)&lt;/math&gt;}}

At &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; there is, according to L'Hospital's rule,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0}  = \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{x^x-1}{x} \underset{\text{l.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{x^x(\ln(x)+1)}{1} \overset{\frac{-\infty}{1}}{=} -\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is ''not'' differentiable at zero.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |name=Part 2
 |ziel=Local and global extrema
 |beweisschritt='''Local extrema:'''

On &lt;math&gt;(-\infty ,0)&lt;/math&gt; there is &lt;math&gt;f'(x)=1 \ne 0&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; cannot have local extrema there.

On &lt;math&gt;(0,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; however

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=x^x(\ln(x)+1) = \underbrace{\exp(x\ln(x))}_{\ne 0}(\ln(x)+1) = 0 \iff \ln(x)=-1 \iff x = e^{-1} = \frac 1e&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;\tilde x = \tfrac 1e&lt;/math&gt; is a candidate for a possible extremum. Further

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \underbrace{x^x}_{&gt;0} (\ln(x)+1) \begin{cases}
&gt;0 \iff \ln(x)+1&gt;0 \iff \ln(x)&gt;-1 \iff x &gt; \tfrac 1e, \\
&lt;0 \iff \ln(x)+1&lt;0 \iff \ln(x)&lt;-1 \iff x &lt; \tfrac 1e
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; has a strict local minimum in &lt;math&gt;\tilde x=\tfrac 1e&lt;/math&gt;. 

Now we still have to examine &lt;math&gt;\hat x=0&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is not differentiable there, our necessary and sufficient criteria are not applicable. However, there is 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=1&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (-\infty ,0)&lt;/math&gt;}}

and

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=x^x(\ln(x)+1)&lt;0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (0,\tfrac 1e)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing on &lt;math&gt;(-\infty ,0)&lt;/math&gt;, and strictly monotonically decreasing on &lt;math&gt;(0,\tfrac 1e)&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero, it follows that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(0) &gt; f(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in (-\tfrac 1e,\tfrac 1e) \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; has a strict local maximum in &lt;math&gt;\hat x=0&lt;/math&gt; .

'''Global extrema:'''

There is
[[File:Expanded Function x^x.svg|thumb|Graph of the function &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;]]
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to -\infty} f(x)= \lim_{x \to -\infty} x+1 = -\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}  

and 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x) = \lim_{x \to \infty} x^x = \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp(\underbrace{x\ln(x)}_{\to \infty}) = \infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is unbounded from above and below, and has ''no'' global extrema.
}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Extrema of functions 3
 |aufgabe=
Show that the function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: \R^+ \to \R, \ f(x)=e^{3x}\ln(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}

has exactly two local extrema, and determine their type.
 |lösung=Candidates for the extreme values are obtained from our necessary condition

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)\underset{\text{rule}}{\overset{\text{Prod.-}}{=}} 3e^{3x}\ln(x)+e^{3x}\frac 1x = \underbrace{\frac{3e^{3x}}{x}}_{&gt;0} (\underbrace{x\ln(x)+\frac 13}_{:=h(x)}) \overset{!}{=} 0&lt;/math&gt;}}
[[File:Function xlog(x)+0,33.svg|thumb|Graph of the auxiliary function &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;]]
Since the zeros of &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; cannot be calculated explicitly, we need to examine this function more closely. There is

# &lt;math&gt;h'(x)=\ln(x)+1 \begin{cases}
&gt;0 \iff x&gt;\tfrac 1e, \\
&lt;0 \iff x&lt;\tfrac 1e
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim\limits_{x\to 0} h(x)=\frac 13&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\lim\limits_{x\to \infty} h(x)=\infty&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;h(\tfrac 1e) = \underbrace{-\tfrac 1e}_{&lt;-\tfrac 13} +\tfrac 13 &lt; 0&lt;/math&gt;

Because of continuity and 2. &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; with the intermediate value theorem has (at least) two zeros &lt;math&gt;x_1 \in (0,\tfrac 1e)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x_2\in (\tfrac 1e,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;.

Because of 1., the function &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is strictly monotonically increasing on &lt;math&gt;(0,\tfrac 1e)&lt;/math&gt; and strictly monotonically decreasing on &lt;math&gt;(\tfrac 1e,\infty )&lt;/math&gt;. Thus &lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is respectively injective on &lt;math&gt;(0,\tfrac 1e)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(\tfrac 1e,\infty )&lt;/math&gt; and thus has exactly the two zeros &lt;math&gt;x_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x_2&lt;/math&gt;.

For the derivative of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; we now have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x)=\frac{3e^{3x}}{x}\cdot h(x) \ \begin{cases}
&gt; 0 &amp; \text{ for } x \in (0,x_1)\cup (x_2,\infty ), \\ &lt; 0 &amp; \text{ for } x \in (x_1,x_2).\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

According to our first sufficient criterion, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; has a strict local maximum at &lt;math&gt;x_1&lt;/math&gt; and a strict local minimum at &lt;math&gt;x_2&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

==Computing limits via L'Hospital==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=L'Hospital 1
 |aufgabe=Compute the following limits

# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\sin(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\sin(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(x^p+1)}{\ln(x^q)}&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;p,q \in \R^+&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1-\cos(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3-x^2}{\tan(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{3^x-2^x}{\tan(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x-1-x}{x(e^x-1)}&lt;/math&gt;
 
 |lösung='''Part 1:'''
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\cosh(x)}{1} = \frac{\cosh(0)}1 = \frac 11 = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 2:'''
 
L'Hospital's rule is not applicable here. However, the function &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \tfrac{\sin(x)}{x}&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at the point &lt;math&gt;x=\tfrac{\pi}2&lt;/math&gt;, and therefore there is
 
 {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\sin(x)}{x^2} = \frac{\sin(\tfrac{\pi}2)}{\left( \tfrac{\pi}2 \right)^2} = \frac 1{\frac{\pi^2}4} = \frac 4{\pi^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}
 
'''Part 3:'''
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\sin(x)}{x^2} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{\overbrace{\cos(x)}^{\to \cos(0)=1}}{2x} \overset{\frac{1}{0+}}{=} +\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 4:'''

This limit value does not exist. First it can be decomposed into
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x^2} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x} \cdot \frac 1x&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the left-hand limit, there is now with Part 1:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0-} \underbrace{\frac{\sinh(x)}{x}}_{\to 1} \cdot \underbrace{\frac 1x}_{\to -\infty} = -\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

Analogously, however, for the right-hand limit:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} \underbrace{\frac{\sinh(x)}{x}}_{\to 1} \cdot \underbrace{\frac 1x}_{\to +\infty} = +\infty&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;\lim\limits_{x \to 0-} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x^2} \neq \lim\limits_{x \to 0+} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt;, and hence &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x\to 0} \frac{\sinh(x)}{x^2}&lt;/math&gt; does not exist.

'''Part 5:'''
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(x^p+1)}{\ln(x^q)} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{\dfrac{px^{p-1}}{x^p+1}}{\dfrac{qx^{q-1}}{x^q}} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{px^qx^{p-1}}{qx^{q-1}(x^p+1)} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{px^{q-1}x^p}{qx^{q-1}(x^p+1)} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac pq \cdot\dfrac{x^p}{x^p+1}  \ \underset{|:x^p}{\overset{|:x^p}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac pq \cdot\dfrac{1}{1+\underbrace{\frac{1}{x^p}}_{\to 0}} = \frac pq&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 6:'''

L'Hospital can be applied here, but it is useless:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\cosh(x)}{\sinh(x)}  \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac{\infty}{\infty}}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)} = \ldots&lt;/math&gt;}}

Instead, it makes sense to use the definitions of &lt;math&gt;\sinh&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cosh&lt;/math&gt;, and then transform the quotient:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)} \ \overset{\text{Def.}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{2}}{\frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{2}}  = \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{2(e^x-e^{-x})}{2(e^x+e^{-x})} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}} \ \underset{|:e^x}{\overset{|:e^x}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \dfrac{1-\overbrace{e^{-2x}}^{\to 0}}{1+\underbrace{e^{-2x}}_{\to 0}} = \frac{1-0}{1+0} = 1&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 7:'''

L'Hospital cannot be applied here because the enumerator &lt;math&gt;1-\cos(x)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;x\to \infty&lt;/math&gt; diverges (improperly). Instead, the fraction can be estimated as follows:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0 \leq \left| \frac{1-\cos(x)}{x^2} \right| = \frac{|1-\cos(x)|}{x^2} \underset{\text{inequality}}{\overset{\text{triangle}}{=}} \frac{1+\overbrace{|\cos(x)|}^{\leq 1}}{x^2} \leq \frac 2{x^2} \overset{x \to \infty}{\to} 0 &lt;/math&gt;}}

Using the squeeze theorem, it follows &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1-\cos(x)}{x^2} = 0&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 8:'''
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3-x^2}{\tan(x)} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{3x^2-2x}{1+\tan(x)^2} = \frac{3\cdot 0^2-2\cdot 0}{1+\tan(0)^2} = \frac 0{1+0} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 9:'''
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{3^x-2^x}{\tan(x)} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{3^x\ln(3)-2^x\ln(2)}{1+\tan(x)^2} = \frac{3^0\ln(3)-2^0\ln(2)}{1+\tan(0)^2} = \frac {\ln(3)-\ln(2)}{1+0} = \ln \left( \tfrac 32 \right)&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 10:'''
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x-1-x}{x(e^x-1)} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x-1}{1\cdot (e^x-1)+xe^x} \ \underset{\text{L.H.}}{\overset{\frac 00}{=}} \  \frac{e^x}{e^x+e^x+xe^x} = \frac{e^0}{e^0+e^0+0} = \frac 12&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=L'Hospital 2
 |aufgabe=Compute the following limits:
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^2\ln(x^2)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^2\ln(x)^2&lt;/math&gt; 
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0+} x^{\alpha}\ln(x)^{k}&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;k \in \N,\alpha &gt;0&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 1-} \sin(\pi x)\ln(1-x)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 1} x^{\frac{1}{1-x}}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} n^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \cos(x)^{x-\frac{\pi}2}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} (1+\arctan(x))^{\frac{1}x}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x^2}-\frac{1}{\sin^2(x)}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 1} \frac a{1-x^a}-\frac b{1-x^b}&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;a,b &gt;0&lt;/math&gt;

 |lösung=

'''Part 1:'''  

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to 0+}  x^2\ln(x^2) &amp;= \lim_{x \to 0}  x^2\cdot 2\ln(x)\\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{2\ln(x)}{\frac{1}{x^2}}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0+} 2\ln(x)=-\infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{x^2} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{\left(2\ln(x)\right)'}{\left(\frac{1}{x^2}\right)'} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{\frac{2}{x}}{-\frac{2}{x^3}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{-2x^3}{2x} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} (-x^2) \\[0.3em]
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt; }}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

'''Part 2:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to 0+}  x^2\ln(x)^2 &amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{\ln(x)^2}{\frac{1}{x^2}}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0+} \ln(x)^2=\infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{x^2} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{\left(\ln(x)^2\right)'}{\left(\frac{1}{x^2}\right)'} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{2\ln(x) \cdot \frac{1}{x}}{-\frac{2}{x^3}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{-2x^3\ln(x)}{2x} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} -x^2\ln(x) \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{-\ln(x)}{\frac{1}{x^2}}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0+} -\ln(x)=\infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{x^2} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{-\frac 1x}{-\frac{2}{x^3}}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} (\frac 12 x^2) \\[0.3em]
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt; }}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

'''Part 3:'''  

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to 0+} x^{\alpha}\ln(x)^{k} &amp;\overset{0\cdot (\pm \infty)}{=}\lim_{x\to 0} \frac{\ln(x)^k}{\frac{1}{x^{\alpha}}}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0+} \ln(x)^k=\pm \infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{1}{x^{\alpha}} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{k\cdot \ln(x)^{k-1}\cdot  \frac 1x}{-\alpha\frac{1}{x^{\alpha +1}}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{k\cdot \ln(x)^{k-1}}{\frac{-\alpha}{x^{\alpha}}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0+} k\cdot \ln(x)^{k-1}=\pm \infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{-\alpha}{x^{\alpha}} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{k(k-1)\cdot \ln(x)^{k-2}\cdot  \frac 1x}{\frac{-\alpha\cdot (-\alpha)}{x^{\alpha +1}}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{k(k-1)\cdot \ln(x)^{k-2}}{\frac{(-1)^2\alpha^2}{x^{\alpha}}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0+} k(k-1)\cdot \ln(x)^{k-2}=\pm \infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{(-1)^2\alpha^2}{x^{\alpha}} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital further } (k-2)\text{ times} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{k(k-1)\cdot 2 \cdot 1 \cdot \ln(x)^{0}}{\frac{(-1)^k\alpha^k}{x^{\alpha}}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0+} \frac{k! \cdot 1}{\frac{(-1)^k\alpha^k}{x^{\alpha}}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ k!=\text{constant and } \lim_{x \to 0+} \frac{(-1)^k\alpha^k}{x^{\alpha}} = \infty \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;=0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt; }}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

'''Part 4:'''  

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to 1-} \sin(\pi x)\ln(1-x) &amp;= \lim_{x \to 1-} \frac{\ln(1-x)}{\frac{1}{\sin(\pi x)}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 1-} \ln(1-x)=-\infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 1-} \frac{1}{\sin(\pi x)} = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1-} \frac{\left(\ln(1-x)\right)'}{\left(\frac{1}{\sin(\pi x)}\right)'} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1-} \frac{\frac{-1}{1-x}}{\frac{\pi \cos(\pi x)}{\sin (\pi x)^2}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1-} \frac{-\sin (\pi x)^2}{\pi(1-x)\cos(\pi x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 1-} -\sin (\pi x)^2=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 1-} \pi(1-x)\cos(\pi x) = 0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1-} \frac{-2\pi \sin(\pi x)\cos(\pi x)}{-\pi\cos(\pi x)-\pi^2(1-x)\sin(\pi x)}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \frac{-2\pi \overbrace{\sin(\pi)}^{=0}\cos(\pi)}{-\pi\underbrace{\cos(\pi)}_{=-1}-\pi^2 \cdot 0 \cdot \sin(\pi)} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \frac 0{\pi} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt; }}

'''Part 5:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to 1} x^{\frac{1}{1-x}} &amp; \overset{1^{\pm \infty}}{=} \lim_{x \to 1} \exp\left(\frac{\ln(x)}{1-x} \right)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the expression in the exponent there is now

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{x \to 1}\frac{\ln(x)}{1-x}  \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 1} \ln(x)=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 1} 1-x = 0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{\left(\ln(x)\right)'}{\left(1-x\right)'}  \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{\frac{1}{x}}{-1} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x\to 1} -\frac{1}{x} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = -1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

By continuity of &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;x=-1&lt;/math&gt; we now get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to 1} x^{\frac{1}{1-x}} &amp; = \lim_{x \to 1} \exp\left(\frac{\ln(x)}{1-x} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{\ln(x)}{1-x} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(-1\right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac 1e
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 6:''' First we have: If the limit &lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} x^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}}&lt;/math&gt; exists, then the sequence limit &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} n^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}}&lt;/math&gt; also exists.

Further:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} x^{\frac{1}{\sqrt x}}\  \overset{{\infty}^{0}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp \left(\frac{\ln(x)}{\sqrt{x}}\right)&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the expression in the exponent there is now

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{\ln(x)}{\sqrt x} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to \infty} \ln(x)=\infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to \infty} \sqrt x = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{\left(\ln(x)\right)'}{\left(\sqrt x\right)'}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{\frac{1}{x}}{\frac{1}{2\sqrt x}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{2\sqrt x}{x} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{2}{\sqrt x} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

By continuity of &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; we now get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \infty} x^{\frac{1}{\sqrt x}} &amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp\left(\frac{\ln(x)}{\sqrt x} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(x)}{\sqrt x} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(0\right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

And now, we also have &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty} n^{\frac{1}{\sqrt n}} =1&lt;/math&gt;.

'''Part 7:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \cos(x)^{x-\frac{\pi}2}\  \overset{{0}^{0}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \exp \left(\ln(\cos(x))(x-\frac{\pi}2)\right) = \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \exp \left(\frac{\ln(\cos(x))}{\frac{1}{x-\frac{\pi}2}}\right)&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the expression in the exponent there is now

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-}\frac{\ln(\cos(x))}{\frac{1}{x-\frac{\pi}2}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \ln(\underbrace{\cos(x)}_{\to 0+})= -\infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \frac{1}{x-\frac{\pi}2} = -\infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \frac{\pi}2-} \frac{\left(\ln(\cos(x))\right)'}{\left(\frac 1{x-\frac{\pi}2}\right)'}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \frac{\pi}2-} \frac{\frac{-\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}}{-\frac 1{(x-\frac{\pi}2)^2}} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \frac{\pi}2-} \frac{\sin(x)(x-\frac{\pi}2)^2}{\cos(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \sin(x)(x-\frac{\pi}2)^2= 0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-}\cos(x) = 0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \frac{\pi}2-} \frac{\cos(x)(x-\frac{\pi}2)^2+2\sin(x)(x-\frac{\pi}2)}{-\sin(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \frac{0+0}{-1} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

By continuity of &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; we now get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \cos(x)^{(x-\frac{\pi}2)} &amp; = \lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \exp\left(\frac{\ln(\cos(x))}{\frac 1{x-\frac{\pi}2}} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(\lim_{x \to \frac{\pi}2-} \frac{\ln(\cos(x))}{\frac 1{x-\frac{\pi}2}} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(0\right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 8:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to \infty} \arctan(x)^{\frac 1x}\  \overset{{\infty}^{0}}{=} \ \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp \left(\ln(\arctan(x))\cdot \frac 1x\right) = \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp \left(\frac{\ln(\arctan(x))}{x}\right)&lt;/math&gt;}}

For the expression in the exponent there is now

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(\arctan(x))}{x} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to \infty} \ln(\underbrace{\arctan(x)}_{\to \infty})= \infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to \infty} x = \infty \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{\left(\ln(\arctan(x))\right)'}{\left(x\right)'}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{\frac{1}{\arctan(x)(1+x^2)}}{1} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to \infty} \frac{1}{\arctan(x)(1+x^2)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to \infty} \arctan(x)(1+x^2)= \infty \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

By continuity of &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto \exp(x)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt; we now get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lim_{x \to \infty} \arctan(x)^{\frac 1x} &amp; = \lim_{x \to \infty} \exp\left(\frac{\ln(\arctan(x))}{x} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(\arctan(x))}{x} \right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \exp\left(0\right) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 1
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 9:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x^2}-\frac{1}{\sin^2(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x^2}= \infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1}{\sin^2(x)} = \infty \rightarrow \text{ Type }\infty - \infty \rightarrow \text{re-formulate} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0} \frac{\sin^2(x)-x^2}{x^2\sin^2(x)}  \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} \sin^2(x)-x^2=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0} x^2\sin^2(x)=0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0} \frac{2\sin(x)\cos(x)-2x}{2x\sin^2(x)+2x^2\sin(x)\cos(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} 2\sin(x)\cos(x)-2x=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0} 2x\sin^2(x)+2x^2\sin(x)\cos(x)=0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 0} \frac{2\cos^2(x)-2\sin^2(x)-2}{2\sin^2(x)+\underbrace{4x\sin(x)\cos(x)+4x\sin(x)\cos(x)}_{=8x\sin(x)\cos(x)}+2x^2\cos^2(x)-2x^2\sin^2(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} 2\cos^2(x)-2\sin^2(x)-2=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0} 2\sin^2(x)+8x\sin(x)\cos(x)+2x^2\cos^2(x)-2x^2\sin^2(x)=0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-4\cos(x)\sin(x)-4\sin(x)\cos(x)}{4\sin(x)\cos(x)+8\sin(x)\cos(x)+8x\cos^2(x)-8x\sin^2(x)+4x\cos^2(x)-4x^2\cos(x)\sin(x)-4x\sin^2(x)-4x^2\sin(x)\cos(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-8\sin(x)\cos(x)}{12\sin(x)\cos(x)+12x\cos^2(x)-12x\sin^2(x)-12x^2\sin(x)\cos(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} -8\sin(x)\cos(x)=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0} 12\sin(x)\cos(x)+12x\cos^2(x)-12x\sin^2(x)-12x^2\sin(x)\cos(x)=0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-8\cos^2(x)+8\sin^2(x)}{12\cos^2(x)-12\sin^2(x)+12\cos^2(x)-24x\cos(x)\sin(x)-12\sin^2(x)-24x\sin(x)\cos(x)-12x\sin(x)\cos(x)-12x^2\cos^2(x)+12x^2\sin^2(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-8\cos^2(x)+8\sin^2(x)}{24\cos^2(x)-24\sin^2(x)-60x\sin(x)\cos(x)-12x^2\cos^2(x)+12x^2\sin^2(x)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} -8\cos^2(x)=-8 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 0} 24\cos^2(x)=24 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{-8}{24} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = -\frac 13
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.

'''Part 10:''' 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{a}{1-x^a}-\frac{b}{1-x^b} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{a}{1-x^a}= \pm \infty \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{b}{1-x^b} = \pm \infty \rightarrow \text{ Type }\pm \infty \pm \infty \rightarrow \text{re-formulate} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{a(1-x^b)-b(1-x^a)}{(1-x^a)(1-x^b)}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{a-ax^b-b+bx^a}{1-x^a-x^b+x^{a+b}}  \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 1} a-ax^b-b+bx^a=a-a-b+b=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 1} 1-x^a-x^b+x^{a+b}=1-1-1+1=0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{-abx^{b-1}+abx^{a-1}}{-ax^{a-1}-bx^{b-1}+(a+b)x^{a+b-1}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; \quad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \lim_{x \to 1} -abx^{b-1}+abx^{a-1}=-ab+ab=0 \text{ and } \lim_{x \to 1} -ax^{a-1}-bx^{b-1}+(a+b)x^{a+b-1}=-a-a+(a+b)=0 \rightarrow \text{L'Hospital} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lim_{x\to 1} \frac{-ab(b-1)x^{b-2}+ab(a-1)x^{a-2}}{-a(a-1)x^{a-2}-b(b-1)x^{b-2}+(a+b)(a+b-1)x^{a+b-2}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{-ab(b-1)+ab(a-1)}{-a(a-1)-b(b-1)+(a+b)(a+b-1)} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{-ab^2+ab+a^2b-ab}{-a^2+a-b^2+b+a^2+ab-a+ab+b^2-b} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{-ab^2+a^2b}{2ab} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{ab(a-b)}{2ab} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \frac{a-b}{2} 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and since the limit exists, the application of L'Hospital is justified.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Differentiability at a point
 |aufgabe=
Let 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f: (-1,\infty ) \to \R, \ f(x)=\begin{cases}
\frac{\ln(1+x)}{x} &amp; \text{ for } x \ne 0, \\
1 &amp; \text{ for } x=0
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

# Show that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero.
# Show that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;  and compute the derivative.
# Determine by 1. and 2. the derivative &lt;math&gt;f'(0)&lt;/math&gt;.

 |lösung='''Part 1:''' By L'Hospital there is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lim_{x \to 0} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+x)}{x} \underset{\text{l.H.}}{\overset{\tfrac 00}{=}} \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\frac{1}{1+x}}{1} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{1+x} = 1 = f(0)&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is continuous at zero.

'''Part 2:''' Since &lt;math&gt;\ln&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto 1+x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto x&lt;/math&gt; are differentiable on &lt;math&gt;\R \setminus \{ 0\}&lt;/math&gt;  , the quotient rule yields that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable. Further, there is for &lt;math&gt;x \ne 0&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f'(x) = \frac{\frac{1}{1+x} \cdot x - \ln(1+x) \cdot 1}{x^2} = \frac{\frac{x-(1+x)\ln(1+x)}{1+x}}{x^2} = \frac{x-(1+x)\ln(1+x)}{(1+x)x^2}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''Part 3:''' We use the criterion from the theorem above. There is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \begin{aligned} &amp;\lim_{x \to 0} f'(x) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x-(1+x)\ln(1+x)}{(1+x)x^2} \underset{\text{l.H.}}{\overset{\tfrac 00}{=}} \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1-[\ln(1+x)+1]}{x^2+2x(1+x)} \\
&amp;= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-\ln(1+x)}{3x^2+2x} \underset{\text{l.H.}}{\overset{\tfrac 00}{=}} \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-\frac{1}{1+x}}{6x+2} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{-1}{(1+x)(6x+2)} = - \frac 12 \end{aligned}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Using the criterion, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable at zero with &lt;math&gt;f'(0)=-\tfrac 12&lt;/math&gt;.

}}

{{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}}

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    <title>Math for Non-Geeks/Field as a vector space</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-27T17:17:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sascha Lill 95</username>
        <id>3167325</id>
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      <text bytes="9027" sha1="75y9g1pwjwm2z4sokv76d1yob40jyhq" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}}

Let &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; be a field. We now consider &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; as a vector space over itself.

== Introduction ==
From school, we already know the vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; over the field &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. The vectors in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; have the form &lt;math&gt;(x,y,z)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x,y,z\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. We can consider the vectors in a 3-dimensional coordinate system. Since &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space, we can add and scale vectors.

We also know the vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. The vectors in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; have the form &lt;math&gt;(x,y)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x,y\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. We can get &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; by deleting one of the coordinates &lt;math&gt;x,y,z&lt;/math&gt; (e.g., the last one). Illustratively, we then go from the 3-dimensional coordinate system to the &lt;math&gt;xy&lt;/math&gt; plane. So when omitting a coordinate from &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;, the vector space structure is conserved. What happens if we delete another coordinate?

For example, if we omit the second coordinate of &lt;math&gt;(x,y)&lt;/math&gt;, only &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; remains, and we get an element in &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. Illustratively, we thus go from the &lt;math&gt;xy&lt;/math&gt; plane to the &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; axis. Again, when deleting a coordinate, the vector space structure should not be broken. 

We can add and scale the elements in &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; (just like vectors), because for all &lt;math&gt;x,y\in\R&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;x+y\in\R&lt;/math&gt; and for all &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in\R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x\in\R&lt;/math&gt; it holds that &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot x\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. 
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;300&quot; heights=&quot;300&quot;&gt;
File:Number line with addition of 1 and 2.svg|Addition of the vectors &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; on the real line
File:Number line with multiplication.svg|Scalar multiplication of the vector &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; with the scalar &lt;math&gt;1.5&lt;/math&gt; on the real line
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Now our field &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; should be an &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space.
Visually, this vector space is the number line. 

We can apply this idea to an arbitrary field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;, since also in an arbitrary &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; we can add elements and multiply them by scalars in &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, we conjecture that &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space.

== Definition of the vector space structure ==

Let &lt;math&gt;(K, +, \cdot)&lt;/math&gt; be a field.
Then we can define an addition and a scalar multiplication.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=Vector space structure on &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;
 |definition=
We define an addition &lt;math&gt;\boxplus \colon K \times K \to K&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(a, b) \mapsto a \boxplus b := a + b.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Similarly, we define a scalar multiplication &lt;math&gt;\boxdot \colon K \times K \to K&lt;/math&gt; via

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\lambda, a) \mapsto \lambda \boxdot a := \lambda \cdot a.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== The field is a vector space over itself ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Satz
 |titel=&lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space 
 |satz=&lt;math&gt;(K, \boxplus, \boxdot)&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space .
 |lösungsweg=We proceed as in the article [[Math for Non-Geeks: Proofs for vector spaces|Proofs for vector spaces]].
 |beweis=So now we have to establish the eight [[Math for Non-Geeks: Vector space|Vector space axioms]].

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Associativity of addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x, y, z \in K&lt;/math&gt;.

Then:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} 
(x \boxplus y) \boxplus z &amp;= \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (x + y) \boxplus z \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (x + y) + z \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {associativity of addition in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= x + (y + z) \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= x \boxplus (y \boxplus z).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This shows the associativity of the addition.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Commutativity of addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x, y \in K&lt;/math&gt;.

Then:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} 
x \boxplus y &amp;= \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= x + y \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {commutativity of the addition in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= y + x \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= y \boxplus x.
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This shows the commutativity of the addition.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Neutral element of addition
 |beweisschritt=We now have to show that there is a neutral element &lt;math&gt;0_{\boxplus} \in K&lt;/math&gt; with respect to &lt;math&gt;\boxplus&lt;/math&gt;, that is, &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus 0_{\boxplus} = x&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in K&lt;/math&gt;. It is natural to use the zero element of the field &lt;math&gt;0_\boxplus := 0_K&lt;/math&gt; as the neutral element.

Let &lt;math&gt;x \in K&lt;/math&gt;.
Then:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x \boxplus 0_{\boxplus} = x + 0_\boxplus = x + 0_K = x.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, we have shown that &lt;math&gt;0_\boxplus = 0_K \in K&lt;/math&gt; is the neutral element of the addition.
In the following we will therefore simply write &lt;math&gt;0_K&lt;/math&gt; for the neutral element.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Inverse with respect to addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x \in K&lt;/math&gt;.
We have to show that there is a &lt;math&gt;y \in K&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = 0_K&lt;/math&gt; .

It is natural to choose &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; as the inverse in &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; with respect to &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;, i.e., we choose &lt;math&gt;y := -x&lt;/math&gt;

Then:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = x + y = x + (-x) = 0_K.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, we have shown that for any &lt;math&gt;x \in K&lt;/math&gt; there is a &lt;math&gt;y \in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = 0_K&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Scalar distributive law
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x \in K&lt;/math&gt;.

Then:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(\lambda + \mu) \boxdot x &amp;= \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda + \mu) \cdot x \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {distributive law in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \cdot x + \mu \cdot x \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot x) \boxplus (\mu \cdot x)  \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \boxdot x) \boxplus (\mu \boxdot x).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, the scalar distributive law is shown.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Vectorial distributive law
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x, y \in K&lt;/math&gt;.

Then:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lambda \boxdot (x \boxplus y) &amp;= \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (x + y) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \cdot (x + y) \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {distributive law in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \cdot x + \lambda \cdot y \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot x) \boxplus (\lambda \cdot y) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {Definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \boxdot x) \boxplus (\lambda \boxdot y).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, the vectorial distributive law is shown.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Associativity of multiplication
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x \in K&lt;/math&gt;.

Then:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(\lambda \cdot \mu) \boxdot x &amp;= \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot \mu) \cdot x \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {associative law for multiplication in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \cdot (\mu \cdot x) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (\mu \cdot x) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (\mu \boxdot x).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This shows the associative law for multiplication.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Unitary law
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x \in K&lt;/math&gt;.

Then: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;1_K \boxdot x = 1_K \cdot x = x.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, we have shown the unitary law.
}}

With this we have established all eight vector space axioms and thus &lt;math&gt;(K, \boxplus, \boxdot)&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; vector space.
}}
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The coordinate space is the vector space of &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;-tuples &lt;math&gt; (x_1,...,x_n) &lt;/math&gt; with entries &lt;math&gt; x_k \in K &lt;/math&gt; in a field &lt;math&gt; K &lt;/math&gt;, equipped with componentwise addition and scalar multiplication.
An example is the vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; known from school, with vectors &lt;math&gt; (x_1, x_2, x_3) &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; K = \R &lt;/math&gt;.

== Derivation ==
In mathematics, one often uses existing structures to define new and more general ones.
As we have already seen in [[Math for Non-Geeks: Introduction: Vector space|introduction to vector space]], we can extend from the vector spaces &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; over the real numbers &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; to more general vector spaces &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt; for every natural number &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;. For this, we recall how the addition of two vectors and the scalar multiplication between a vector and a scalar works in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;: We have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\x_2\\x_3\end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix}y_1\\y_2\\y_3\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}x_1+y_1\\x_2+y_2\\x_3+y_3\end{pmatrix}\in \R^3 \quad\text{and}\quad\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\x_2\end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix}y_1\\y_2\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}x_1+y_1\\x_2+y_2\end{pmatrix}\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt;}}

In other words, the addition and scalar multiplication are defined ''component-wise''. That is, we perform the addition and the scalar multiplication in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; by adding in each component and multiplying in each component with the scalar, respectively. In the same way, we can define an addition and a scalar multiplication if our vectors do not consist of two or three but of &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; real numbers. That is, on the set

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\R^n = \{(x_1, \dots ,x_n) \mid x_i \in \R \text{ for all } 1 \leq i \leq n\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

we define a component-wise vector addition and a scalar multiplication:

For the vector addition we use the real number addition and for the scalar multiplication the real number multiplication. Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, \dots , x_n)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y = (y_1, \dots ,y_n)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt; x_i, y_i \in \R&lt;/math&gt;, then the vector addition is defined by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; x + y = (x_1 + y_1, \dots ,x_n + y_n)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Let &lt;math&gt; x \in \R^n&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; \alpha \in \R&lt;/math&gt;, then the scalar multiplication is defined by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \alpha \cdot  x = (\alpha \cdot x_1, \dots, \alpha \cdot x_n)&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can now easily verify that &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt; with this vector addition and scalar multiplication is a vector space over the field &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;.

Thus, we have transferred the known structure of the real numbers &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; and the vector spaces &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; to the vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^n &lt;/math&gt;. We also refer to &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;dfn&gt;coordinate space of dimension &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; over &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/dfn&gt;.

=== Simple generalization ===

If we look again at the definition of the vector space structure on &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt;, we have used only multiplication and addition on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. But now, '''any field''' &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; admits a multiplication and addition. Thus, the above construction also provides us with a way to define a '''coordinate space over arbitrary fields'''. This coordinate space is defined by taking the set

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;K^n = \{(x_1, \dots, x_n)| x_i \in K\text{ for all } 1 \leq i \leq n\} &lt;/math&gt;}}

and equipping it with an addition and a scalar multiplication. For this, we copy the definition of above and define it component-wise. That means, we use in every component the addition and multiplication of &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; to define the addition and scalar multiplication on &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt;.

== Definition: coordinate space ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=The set &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt;
 |definition=Let &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; be a field.
We define

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;K^n := \left\{\, (x_1, \dots, x_n) \,\bigg\vert\, x_i \in K \text{ for all } 1 \leq i \leq n \,\right\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We denote the elements of this set as &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;-tuples with entries in &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Examples for tuples
 |beispiel=As an example, &lt;math&gt;(5, 7)&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;-tuple with entries in &lt;math&gt;\Q&lt;/math&gt; (we also just say tuple or pair instead of &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;-tuple).

&lt;math&gt;\left(\pi, 12, \sqrt{31}\right)&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt;-tuple with entries in &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; (we also say triple instead of &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt;-tuple).
}}

Now, we equip the set &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt; with an addition and a scalar multiplication.


{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=vector space operations on &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt;
 |definition=The addition &lt;math&gt;\boxplus\colon K^n \times K^n \to K^n&lt;/math&gt; is defined by
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(x_1, \dots, x_n) \boxplus (y_1, \dots, y_n) := (x_1 + y_1, \cdots, x_n + y_n).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Similarly, we define the scalar multiplication &lt;math&gt;\boxdot\colon K \times K^n \to K^n&lt;/math&gt; by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;
\lambda \boxdot (x_1, \dots ,x_n) := (\lambda \cdot x_1, \dots, \lambda \cdot x_n).
&lt;/math&gt;}}

We call &lt;math&gt;(K^n,\boxplus,\boxdot)&lt;/math&gt; '''coordinate space'''.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Hinweis|We have so far taken a tuple to be a ''row vector''. That means, we have written &lt;math&gt;(x_1,\dots,x_n)&lt;/math&gt; for an element in &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt;. Just as well, instead of writing the elements as one row with &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; columns, we could also write them as one ''column'' with &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; entries. Then an element in &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt; would look like this:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\\vdots\\x_n\end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This other representation '' does NOT change'' the properties of &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt; as vector space. If we take the vector &lt;math&gt;x \in K^n&lt;/math&gt; to be a row with &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; columns, then &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; is called a ''row vector''. If we take &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; in turn as a column with &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; rows as a ''column vector''.

It will prove useful for [[Math_for_Non-Geeks:_Introduction:_Matrices|matrices]] to write the vectors in &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt; as column vectors. Therefore, from now on, we will work with ''column vectors''. However, the notation of a column vector in a line is not very space-saving. Therefore, we introduce the following notation: Instead of

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x = \begin{pmatrix}x_1\\\vdots\\x_n\end{pmatrix}\in K^n&lt;/math&gt;}}

we write the vector as &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, \dots, x_n)^T\in K&lt;/math&gt;. The symbol &lt;math&gt;^T&lt;/math&gt; means that this vector is '''transposed''', i.e. the row vector is transformed into a column vector. This transposition is the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks:_Definition_of_a_matrix#Transposed_matrix|same as for matrices]]
}}

== Coordinate spaces are vector spaces{{Anchor|vector spaceaxiome}} ==

In the article [[Math for Non-Geeks: Introduction: Vector space|introduction to the vector space]] we used the above construction first over &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; and then over arbitrary fields to derive the vector space axioms. Moreover, field satisfies similar properties as vector space, and we have used the former very directly to define addition and scalar multiplication on the coordinate space. Therefore, we can conjecture that the definition of &lt;math&gt;\boxplus&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\boxdot&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt; defines a vector space structure, as well. And this is indeed true, as we will verify now.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Satz
 |titel=&lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space 
 |satz=&lt;math&gt;(K^n, \boxplus, \boxdot)&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space.
 |lösungsweg=We proceed as in the article &quot;[[Math for Non-Geeks: Proofs for vector spaces|Proofs for vector spaces]]&quot;, where the eight vector space axioms were checked, one by the other.

The definitions of &lt;math&gt;\boxplus, \boxdot&lt;/math&gt; are chosen by copying the operations &lt;math&gt;+, \cdot&lt;/math&gt; in the field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; &quot;in a natural (component-wise) way to the vector space &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt;.&quot;
We show that the vector space axioms follow directly from the corresponding field axioms.
So we have to show in every step that the definitions of &lt;math&gt;\boxplus&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\boxdot&lt;/math&gt; induce the known properties of &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cdot&lt;/math&gt; in the field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;.
 |proof=We will check the eight [[Math for Non-Geeks: Vector space|vector space axioms]].}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Associativity of addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T, y = (y_1, \cdots, y_n)^T, z = (z_1, \cdots, z_n)^T \in K^n&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} 
(x \boxplus y) \boxplus z &amp;=((x_1, \cdots , x_n)^T \boxplus (y_1, \cdots , y_n)^T) \boxplus (z_1, \cdots, z_n)^T  \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (x_1 + y_1, \cdots , x_n + y_n)^T \boxplus (z_1, \cdots, z_n)^T \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= ((x_1 + y_1) + z_1, \cdots, (x_n + y_n) + z_n)^T \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {associativity of addition in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (x_1 + (y_1 + z_1), \cdots, x_n + (y_n + z_n))^T \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T \boxplus (y_1 + z_1, \cdots, y_n + z_n)^T = x \boxplus (y \boxplus z).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This shows the associativity of addition.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Commutativity of addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T, y = (y_1, \cdots, y_n)^T \in K^n&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} 
x \boxplus y &amp;= (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T \boxplus (y_1, \cdots, y_n)^T \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (x_1 + y_1, \cdots, x_n + y_n)^T \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {commutativity of addition in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (y_1 + x_1, \cdots, y_n + x_n)^T \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (y_1, \cdots, y_n)^T \boxplus (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T = y \boxplus x.
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This shows the commutativity of addition.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Neutral element of addition
 |beweisschritt=We still need to show that there is a neutral element &lt;math&gt;0_{K^n}\in K^n&lt;/math&gt; for which we have that
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x \boxplus 0_{K^n} = x\text{ for all }x \in K^n&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since we trace all properties back to the corresponding properties in &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;, here we use the neutral element of addition &lt;math&gt;0 \in K&lt;/math&gt; to construct the neutral element of addition &lt;math&gt;0_{K^n} \in K^n&lt;/math&gt;. That means, we set

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0_{K^n} = (\underbrace{0, 0, \cdots , 0}_{n})^T.&lt;/math&gt;}} 

Is this neutral element of addition really neutral? For this, we have to check &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus 0_{K^n} = x&lt;/math&gt;:
Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T\in K^n&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x \boxplus 0_{K^n} = (x_1 + 0, \cdots , x_n + 0)^T = (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T = x.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, we have shown that &lt;math&gt;0_{K^n} \in K^n&lt;/math&gt; is the neutral element of addition.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Inverse with respect to addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T\in K^n&lt;/math&gt;.

We need to show that there exists a &lt;math&gt;y \in K^n&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = 0_{K^n}&lt;/math&gt;.
Let us reduce this problem to the properties of arithmetic operations in &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;. In &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; we have that if &lt;math&gt;a, b \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;a+b = 0&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;b = -a&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, for &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; we choose the &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; tuple &lt;math&gt;(-x_1, \cdots, -x_n)^T&lt;/math&gt; as the potential inverse. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = (x_1 + (-x_1), \cdots, x_n + (-x_n))^T = (\underbrace{0, \cdots , 0}_{n})^T = 0_{K^n}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, we have shown that for any &lt;math&gt;x \in K^n&lt;/math&gt; there exists a &lt;math&gt;y \in K^n&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = 0_{K^n}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Scalar distributive law
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, \cdots , x_n)^T \in K^n &lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(\lambda + \mu) \boxdot x &amp;= (\lambda + \mu) \boxdot(x_1, \cdots , x_n)^T \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= ((\lambda + \mu)\cdot x_1, \cdots , (\lambda + \mu) \cdot x_n)^T \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {distributive law in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot x_1 + \mu \cdot x_1, \cdots, \lambda \cdot x_n + \mu \cdot x_n)^T \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot x_1, \cdots , \lambda \cdot x_n)^T \boxplus (\mu \cdot x_1, \cdots, \mu \cdot x_n)^T  \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \boxdot (x_1, \cdots , x_n)^T) \boxplus (\mu \boxdot (x_1, \cdots , x_n)^T) \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \boxdot x) \boxplus (\mu \boxdot x).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, the scalar distributive law is also shown.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Vectorial distributive law
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T, y = (y_1, \cdots, y_n)^T \in K^n&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lambda \boxdot (x \boxplus y) &amp;= \lambda \boxdot ((x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T \boxplus (y_1, \cdots ,y_n)^T) \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (x_1 + y_1, \cdots, x_n + y_n)^T \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot (x_1 + y_1), \cdots, \lambda \cdot (x_n + y_n))^T \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {distributive law in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot x_1 + \lambda \cdot y_1, \cdots, \lambda \cdot x_n + \lambda \cdot y_n)^T \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot x_1, \cdots, \lambda \cdot x_n)^T \boxplus (\lambda \cdot y_1, \cdots, \lambda \cdot y_n)^T \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \boxdot (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T) \boxplus (\lambda \boxdot (y_1, \cdots, y_n)^T) \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \boxdot x) \boxplus (\lambda \boxdot y).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This establishes the vectorial distributive law.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Associativity of multiplication
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T \in K^n&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(\lambda \cdot \mu) \boxdot x &amp;= (\lambda \cdot \mu) \boxdot (x_1, \cdots , x_n)^T \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= ((\lambda \cdot \mu) \cdot x_1, \cdots , (\lambda \cdot \mu) \cdot x_n)^T \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {associativity of multiplication in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot (\mu \cdot x_1), \cdots , \lambda \cdot (\mu \cdot x_n))^T \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (\mu \cdot x_1, \cdots, \mu \cdot x_n)^T) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (\mu \boxdot (x_1, \cdots , x_n)^T) \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (\mu \boxdot x).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This shows the associative law for multiplication.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=unitarity law
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T \in K^n&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;1_K \boxdot x = 1_K \boxdot (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T = (1_K \cdot x_1, \cdots, 1_K \cdot x_n)^T = (x_1, \cdots, x_n)^T = x.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, we have also shown the unitary law.
}}

Thus, we have shown all eight vector space axioms and hence &lt;math&gt;(K^n, \boxplus, \boxdot)&lt;/math&gt; is indeed a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space.
}}

== Relation to the field being a vector space ==

We have already seen that &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; is [[Math for Non-Geeks: Field as a vector space|a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space]]. This is a special case of the coordinate spaces &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt;, because it is &lt;math&gt;K^1 = K&lt;/math&gt;. Here we take the vectors &lt;math&gt;(x)\in K^1&lt;/math&gt; to be elements of the field. We then write instead of the &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;-tuple &lt;math&gt;(x)&lt;/math&gt; only &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;, instead of &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; only &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; and instead of &lt;math&gt;(0)&lt;/math&gt; only &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.

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The sequence space is a vector space consisting of infinitely long tuples &lt;math&gt;(x_1,x_2,x_3,\ldots)&lt;/math&gt;. The operations on the sequence space are ''component-wise'' addition and scalar multiplication.

== Motivation ==

We have already learned about the [[Math for Non-Geeks: Coordinate spaces|coordinate spaces &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt;]] for a field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; as an example for vector spaces. Here, each element consists of &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; distinct, that is, finitely many, entries from &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;. For example, &lt;math&gt;(1, 4, 2, -1)&lt;/math&gt; is an element of &lt;math&gt;\R^4&lt;/math&gt;. We can also consider infinite tuples. For example, &lt;math&gt;(1,4,9,16,\dots) = (n^2)_{n \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; is such an &quot;infinite tuple&quot;. A better name for infinite tuples is &quot;sequence&quot;. If &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; is the field of real or complex numbers, these are exactly the already known [[Math for Non-Geeks: Sequences|sequences]] from calculus.

How do we define the vector space operations on the sequences? On &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt; we have defined the operations component-wise. We already know that we can also add and scale sequences component-wise. Therefore, we can also define addition and scalar multiplication on infinite sequences over arbitrary fields. This leads us to the conjecture that the set of all sequences with entries in &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; should form a vector space. We call it the '''sequence space''' over &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;.

We will first define the sequence space precisely and then prove that it is indeed a vector space. Then, in the section [[Math for Non-Geeks: Sequence spaces#Unterräume des Folgenraums|Subspaces of the sequence space]], we will consider examples of subspaces of the sequence spaces over the real and complex numbers, which are important for advanced calculus.

== Notation ==

Let &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; be a field.

We always write &lt;math&gt;(x_i)_i&lt;/math&gt; instead of &lt;math&gt;(x_i)_{i \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; in this article for sequences with elements from &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;.

== Definition of a sequence space ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=The sequence space as a set
 |definition=We define the set
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\omega := \left\{\, (x_i)_i \,\bigg\vert\, x_i \in K \text{ for all } i \in \N \,\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
We call it the set of all sequences over &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;, or the '''sequence space''' over &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

In analogy to the [[Math for Non-Geeks: Coordinate spaces|coordinate space]], we can also define an addition and a scalar multiplication on &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt;:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Vector space operations on &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt;
 |definition=The addition &lt;math&gt;\boxplus\colon \omega \times \omega \to \omega&lt;/math&gt; is defined by
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(x_i)_i \boxplus (y_i)_i := (x_i + y_i)_i.
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Similarly, we define scalar multiplication &lt;math&gt;\boxdot\colon K \times \omega \to \omega&lt;/math&gt; by
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;
\lambda \boxdot (x_i)_i = (\lambda \cdot x_i)_i.
&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== The sequence space is a vector space ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=&lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space 
 |satz=&lt;math&gt;(\omega, \boxplus, \boxdot)&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space.
 |lösungsweg=We proceed as in the article [[Math for Non-Geeks: Proofs for vector spaces#Der Polynomraum ist ein Vektorraum|Proofs for vector spaces]]. Because the sequence space is defined similarly to the coordinate space, we use the same strategy as for the proof that the [[Math for Non-Geeks: Coordinate spaces#Anchor:Vektorraumaxiome|coordinate Space is a vector space]].
 |beweis=We have to check the eight [[Math for Non-Geeks: Vector space#Definition eines Vektorraums|vector space axioms]].

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Associativity of addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i, y = (y_i)_i, z = (z_i)_i \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;. Then:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} 
(x \boxplus y) \boxplus z &amp;=((x_i)_i \boxplus (y_i)_i) \boxplus (z_i)_i \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (x_i + y_i)_i \boxplus (z_i)_i \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= ((x_i + y_i) + z_i)_i \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {associativity of the addition in } K\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (x_i + (y_i + z_i))_i \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (x_i)_i \boxplus (y_i + z_i)_i = x \boxplus (y \boxplus z).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This shows the associativity of the addition.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Commutativity of addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i, y = (y_i)_i \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;. Then:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} 
x \boxplus y &amp;= (x_i)_i \boxplus (y_i)_i \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (x_i + y_i)_i \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {commutativity of the addition } K\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (y_i + x_i)_i \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (y_i)_i \boxplus (x_i)_i = y \boxplus x. 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This establishes the commutativity of the addition.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Neutral element of addition
 |beweisschritt=We now have to show that there is a neutral element &lt;math&gt;0_\omega \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;, that is, &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus 0_\omega = x&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;. Since we trace all properties back to the properties in &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;, we choose
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0_\omega = (0)_i = (0_K, 0_K, \ldots)&lt;/math&gt;}} 
as an approach for the neutral element.

Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i\in \omega&lt;/math&gt;. Then:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x \boxplus 0_\omega = (x_i + 0)_i = (x_i)_i = x.&lt;/math&gt;}}
Thus, we have shown that &lt;math&gt;0_\omega \in \omega&lt;/math&gt; is the neutral element of addition.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Inverse with respect to addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i\in \omega&lt;/math&gt;.
We need to show that there is a &lt;math&gt;y \in \omega&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = 0_\omega&lt;/math&gt; . As with the neutral element of addition, we use the corresponding counterpart from &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; as a starting point. That is, we choose for &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; the sequence &lt;math&gt;(-x_i)_i&lt;/math&gt;. Then
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = (x_i)_i \boxplus (-x_i)_i = (x_i + (-x_i))_i = (0)_i = 0_\omega.&lt;/math&gt;}}
Thus, we have shown that for any &lt;math&gt;x \in \omega&lt;/math&gt; there is a &lt;math&gt;y \in \omega&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = 0_\omega&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Scalar distributive law
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;. Then:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(\lambda + \mu) \boxdot x &amp;= (\lambda + \mu) \boxdot(x_i)_i \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= ((\lambda + \mu)\cdot x_i)_i \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {distributive law in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot x_i + \mu \cdot x_i)_i \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot x_i)_i \boxplus (\mu \cdot x_i)_i \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \boxdot (x_i)_i) \boxplus (\mu \boxdot (x_i)_i) \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \boxdot x) \boxplus (\mu \boxdot x).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, the scalar distributive law is shown.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Vector Distributive Law
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i, y = (y_i)_i \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;. Then:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lambda \boxdot (x \boxplus y) &amp;= \lambda \boxdot ((x_i)_i \boxplus (y_i)_i) \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (x_i + y_i)_i \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot (x_i + y_i))_i \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {distributive law in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot x_i + \lambda \cdot y_i)_i \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot x_i)_i \boxplus (\lambda \cdot y_i)_i \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \boxdot (x_i)_i) \boxplus (\lambda \boxdot (y_i)_i) \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \boxdot x) \boxplus (\lambda \boxdot y).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, the vectorial distributive law is shown.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Associativity with respect to multiplication
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;. Then:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(\lambda \cdot \mu) \boxdot x &amp;= (\lambda \cdot \mu) \boxdot (x_i)_i \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= ((\lambda \cdot \mu) \cdot x_i)_i \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {Associative law for multiplication in } K\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot (\mu \cdot x_i))_i \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (\mu \cdot x_i)_i \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (\mu \boxdot (x_i)_i) \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (\mu \boxdot x).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This establishes the associative law for multiplication.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Existence of a unit
 |beweisschritt= Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;. Then:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;1_K \boxdot x = 1_K \boxdot (x_i)_i = (1_K \cdot x_i)_i = (x_i)_i = x.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, we have shown the unitary law.
}}

Thus, we have established all eight vector space axioms and &lt;math&gt;(\omega, \boxplus, \boxdot)&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; vector space.
}}

== Subspaces of the sequence space ==
The sequence space has some frequently used subspaces. Most of these subspaces can be defined only over the fields &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\C&lt;/math&gt;. They have many applications in functional analysis, where they are part of an important class of examples. In the field of linear algebra over arbitrary fields, the space of sequences with finite support serves as an example in many places. It is the simplest example of an [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dimension|infinite-dimensional]] vector space and thus can be used as a good example where statements cease to hold, as the vector space if &quot;too large&quot;.

=== The subspace of sequences with finite support {{Anchor|Folgen mit endlichem Träger}} ===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Set of sequences with finite support
 |definition=We define

&lt;math&gt;c_{00} := \left\{\, (x_i)_i \in \omega \,\bigg\vert\, \text{there is an } i_0 \in \N, \text{ such that } x_i = 0 \text{ for all } i \geq i_0 \,\right\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=The sequences with finite support form a subspace
 |satz=&lt;math&gt;c_{00} \subseteq \omega&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace.
 |beweis=We check the [[Math for Non-Geeks: Subspace#Anchor:Kriterium|three subspace criteria]].
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;0_\omega \in c_{00}&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=The zero element of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt; is the sequence which is constant &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, for &lt;math&gt; i_0=1&lt;/math&gt;, for all &lt;math&gt; i\geq i_0&lt;/math&gt;, it holds that &lt;math&gt;x_i=0&lt;/math&gt;, viz. &lt;math&gt;0_\omega \in c_{00}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c_{00}&lt;/math&gt; is closed under addition.
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i, y = (y_i)_i \in c_{00}&lt;/math&gt;. 
By assumption, there exist &lt;math&gt; i_1,i_2 in \N &lt;/math&gt; with the property that &lt;math&gt; x_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i\geq i_1 &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; y_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i\geq i_2 &lt;/math&gt;. We set &lt;math&gt; i_0=\operatorname{max}(i_1,i_2) &lt;/math&gt;. Then, for all &lt;math&gt;i\geq i_0&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt;(x \boxplus y)_i = x_i + y_i = 0 + 0 = 0&lt;/math&gt;.
This shows  &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y \in c_{00}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c_{00}&lt;/math&gt; is closed under scalar multiplication.
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i \in c_{00}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;. 
By assumption, there exists &lt;math&gt;i_0 \in \N&lt;/math&gt; with the property that &lt;math&gt;x_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i\geq i_0&lt;/math&gt;.
Then for all &lt;math&gt; i\geq i_0 &lt;/math&gt;, it holds that &lt;math&gt; (\lambda\boxdot x)_i = \lambda\cdot x_i = \lambda\cdot 0 = 0&lt;/math&gt;.
Hence &lt;math&gt;\lambda\boxdot x \in c_{00}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
Thus, we have shown that &lt;math&gt;c_{00}&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

For example, the notation &lt;math&gt;c_{00}&lt;/math&gt; for the space of sequences with finite support can be derived like this: This vector space is a subspace of the [[#Aufgabe:Vektorraum der Nullfolgen|space of zero sequences]] over the fields &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;\C&lt;/math&gt;. The latter subspace is usually denoted by &lt;math&gt;c_0&lt;/math&gt;. The &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; stands for convergence, and the &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; for the fact that we put only zero sequences of the convergent sequences into the vector space. When talking about convergence, the condition that the sequence eventually becomes &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; is of course significantly stronger than the condition to converge against &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, the space of sequences with finite support &lt;math&gt;c_{00}&lt;/math&gt; gets an additional zero into the index.

=== Subspaces from calculus ===
In the following, we assume that &lt;math&gt;K \in \{\,\R, \Complex\,\}&lt;/math&gt;.

{{Anchor|UnterraumBeschrFolgen}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Vector space of bounded sequences
 |aufgabe=
The subset
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\ell^\infty := \left\{\, (x_i)_i \in \omega \,\bigg\vert\, \sup_{i \in \N}|x_i| &lt; \infty \,\right\} \subseteq \omega&lt;/math&gt;}}
is a subspace of the sequence space. The space &lt;math&gt;\ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt; is called ''vector space of bounded sequences''.
 |lösung=We check the [[Math for Non-Geeks: Subspace#Anchor:Kriterium|three subspace criteria]].
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;0_\omega \in \ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=The zero element of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt; is the sequence which is constant &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. This is of course bounded (e.g. by &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;) and thus lies in &lt;math&gt;\ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt; is closed under addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i, y = (y_i)_i \in \ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = (x_i + y_i)_i&lt;/math&gt;.
From the triangle inequality &lt;math&gt;|x_i + y_i| \leq |x_i| + |y_i|&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \in \N&lt;/math&gt; we obtain 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}\sup_{i \in \N} |x_i + y_i| \leq \sup_{i \in \N}\,(|x_i| + |y_i|) \leq \underbrace{\sup_{i \in \N} |x_i|}_{&lt;\infty} + \underbrace{\sup_{i \in \N} |y_i|}_{&lt;\infty} &lt; \infty.\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
Thus &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y \in \ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt; is closed under scalar multiplication.
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i \in \ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;\lambda \boxdot x = (\lambda \cdot x_i)_i&lt;/math&gt;.
Since &lt;math&gt;|\lambda \cdot x_i| = |\lambda| \cdot |x_i|&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \in \N&lt;/math&gt; we obtain 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}\sup_{i \in \N} |\lambda \cdot x_i| = \sup_{i \in \N} \, (|\lambda| \cdot |x_i|) = |\lambda| \cdot \underbrace{\sup_{i \in \N} |x_i|}_{&lt;\infty} &lt; \infty.\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
Hence &lt;math&gt;\lambda \boxdot x \in \ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
Thus, we have shown that &lt;math&gt;\ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Vector space of convergent sequences
 |aufgabe=
The subset
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;c := \left\{\, (x_i)_i \in \omega \,\bigg\vert\, \lim_{i \to \infty} x_i \text{ exists}\,\right\}\subseteq \omega&lt;/math&gt;}}
is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt;. It is called ''vector space of convergent sequences''.
 |lösung=We check the [[Math for Non-Geeks: Subspace#Anchor:Kriterium|three subspace criteria]].
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;0_\omega \in c&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=The zero element of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt; is the sequence which is constant &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. This obviously converges to &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and thus lies in &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is closed under addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i, y = (y_i)_i \in c&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = (x_i + y_i)_i&lt;/math&gt;.
We have &lt;math&gt;\lim_{i\to\infty}(x \boxplus y)_i = \lim_{i\to\infty}(x_i + y_i) = \lim_{i\to\infty}x_i + \lim_{i\to\infty}y_i&lt;/math&gt;.
The two limits on the right-hand side exist by assumption, so the limit on the left-hand side exists.
In particular, &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y&lt;/math&gt; converges, so it is true that &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y \in c&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is closed under scalar multiplication.
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i \in c&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;\lambda \boxdot x = (\lambda \cdot x_i)_i&lt;/math&gt;.
We have &lt;math&gt;\lim_{i\to\infty} (\lambda\boxdot x)_i = \lim_{i\to\infty}(\lambda\cdot x_i) = \lambda\lim_{i\to\infty} x_i&lt;/math&gt;.
The two limits on the right-hand side exist by assumption, so the limit on the left-hand side also exists.
Hence &lt;math&gt;\lambda \boxdot x \in c&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
Thus, we have shown that &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Vector space of zero sequences
 |aufgabe=
The subset
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;c_0 := \left\{\, (x_i)_i \in \omega \,\bigg\vert\, \lim_{i \to \infty} x_i = 0 \,\right\}\subseteq\omega&lt;/math&gt;}}
is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt;. This subspace is called ''vector space of zero sequences''.
 |lösung=We check the [[Math for Non-Geeks: Subspace#Anchor:Kriterium|three subspace criteria]].
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;0_\omega \in c_0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=The zero element of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt; is the sequence which is constant &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. This naturally converges to &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; and thus lies in &lt;math&gt;c_0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c_0&lt;/math&gt; is closed under addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i, y = (y_i)_i \in c_0&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = (x_i + y_i)_i&lt;/math&gt;.
We have &lt;math&gt;\lim_{i\to\infty}(x \boxplus y)_i = \lim_{i\to\infty}(x_i + y_i) = \lim_{i\to\infty}x_i + \lim_{i\to\infty}y_i
= 0 + 0 = 0 &lt;/math&gt;.
Consequently, &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y&lt;/math&gt; converges to &lt;math&gt; 0 &lt;/math&gt;. Thus &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y \in c_0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c_0&lt;/math&gt; is closed under scalar multiplication
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i \in c_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;\lambda \boxdot x = (\lambda \cdot x_i)_i&lt;/math&gt;.
We have &lt;math&gt;\lim_{i\to\infty} (\lambda\boxdot x)_i = \lim_{i\to\infty}(\lambda\cdot x_i) = \lambda\cdot\lim_{i\to\infty} x_i
= \lambda\cdot0 = 0 &lt;/math&gt;.
Hence &lt;math&gt;\lambda \boxdot x \in c_0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
Thus, we have shown that the space of zero sequences &lt;math&gt;c_0&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Vector space of absolutely summable sequences
 |aufgabe=
The subset
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\ell^1 := \left\{\, (x_i)_i \in \omega \,\bigg\vert\, \sum_{i = 1}^\infty |x_i| &lt; \infty \,\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt;. It is called the ''vector space of absolutely summable sequences''.
 |lösung=We check the [[Math for Non-Geeks: Subspace#Anchor:Kriterium|three subspace criteria]].
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;0_\omega \in \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=The zero element of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt; is the sequence which is constant &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. For this sequence &lt;math&gt;\sum_{i = 1}^\infty |0| = 0 &lt;\infty&lt;/math&gt; holds. So &lt;math&gt;0_{\omega} \in \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\ell^1&lt;/math&gt; is closed under addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i, y = (y_i)_i \in \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y = (x_i + y_i)_i&lt;/math&gt;.
Because of the triangle inequality &lt;math&gt;|x_i + y_i| \leq |x_i| + |y_i|&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \in \N&lt;/math&gt; we obtain 
&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i = 1}^\infty |x_i + y_i| \leq \sum_{i = 1}^\infty(|x_i| + |y_i|)&lt;/math&gt;. With the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Computation rules for series#Satz:Summenregel für Reihen|sum rule for series]] we get &lt;math&gt;\sum_{i = 1}^\infty(|x_i| + |y_i|)  = \sum_{i = 1}^\infty|x_i| + \sum_{i = 1}^\infty|y_i| &lt; \infty &lt;/math&gt;.
Hence &lt;math&gt;x \boxplus y \in \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\ell^1&lt;/math&gt; is closed under scalar multiplication
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i \in \ell^1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;\lambda \boxdot x = (\lambda \cdot x_i)_i&lt;/math&gt;.
Since &lt;math&gt;|\lambda \cdot x_i| = |\lambda| \cdot |x_i|&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \in \N&lt;/math&gt; it follows that
&lt;math&gt; \sum_{i = 1}^\infty\lambda \cdot x_i| = \sum_{i = 1}^\infty(|\lambda| \cdot |x_i|) = |\lambda| \cdot \sum_{i = 1}^\infty|x_i| &lt; \infty &lt;/math&gt;.
Hence &lt;math&gt;\lambda \boxdot x \in \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
Thus, we have shown that &lt;math&gt;\ell^1&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

=== Relationships between the subspaces ===
We have now learned about some subspaces of the sequence space for &lt;math&gt;K\in \{\R, \C\}&lt;/math&gt;. This raises the question of what relations exist between them. Most of the conditions we used to construct the subspaces are conditions from calculus. Fortunately, there are already results in calculus that describe implications between the individual conditions. If we translate these implications into the world of sets and vector spaces, we get the following result:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Inclusions between the subspaces
 |aufgabe=It is true that &lt;math&gt;c_{00} \subsetneq \ell^1 \subsetneq c_0 \subsetneq c \subsetneq \ell^\infty \subsetneq \omega&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=
We will now show the four inclusions one after the other. Thereby we also prove that in each case no equality is valid.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c_{00} \subsetneq \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c_{00} \subseteq \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i \in c_{00}&lt;/math&gt;.
By [[#Anchor:Folgen mit endlichem Träger|definition]] there exists some &lt;math&gt;i_0 \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;x_i = 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \geq i_0&lt;/math&gt;.
Thus &lt;math&gt;\sum_{i = 1}^\infty |x_i| = \sum_{i = 1}^{i_0} |x_i| &lt; \infty&lt;/math&gt;
and we obtain &lt;math&gt;x \in \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;. 
This shows &lt;math&gt;c_{00} \subseteq \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c_{00} \neq \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Consider the sequence &lt;math&gt;x = \left(\frac{1}{2^i}\right)_{i \in \N} \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;.
We have &lt;math&gt;x \in \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;\sum_{i = 1}^\infty \left| \frac{1}{2^i} \right| = 1 &lt; \infty&lt;/math&gt;.
But &lt;math&gt;x \notin c_{00}&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{i} \neq 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \in \N&lt;/math&gt;.
This shows &lt;math&gt;c_{00} \neq \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\ell^1 \subsetneq c_0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\ell^1 \subseteq c_0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;x = (x_i)_i \in \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;.
This means, &lt;math&gt;\sum_{i = 1}^\infty |x_i| &lt; \infty&lt;/math&gt;.
Then, by means of the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Term_test#Trivialkriterium|term test]], we have that &lt;math&gt;\lim_{i \to \infty} |x_i| = 0&lt;/math&gt;.
That is, &lt;math&gt;\lim_{i \to \infty} x_i = 0&lt;/math&gt; and thus &lt;math&gt;x \in c_0&lt;/math&gt;. 
This shows &lt;math&gt;\ell^1 \subseteq c_0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\ell^1 \neq c_0&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Consider the sequence &lt;math&gt;x = \left(\frac{1}{i}\right)_{i \in \N} \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;.
We have &lt;math&gt;x \in c_0&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;\lim_{i \to \infty} \frac{1}{i} = 0 &lt; \infty&lt;/math&gt;.
But &lt;math&gt;x \notin \ell^1&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;\sum_{i = 1}^\infty \left| \frac{1}{i} \right|&lt;/math&gt; diverges by means of the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Harmonic_series#Divergenz der harmonischen Reihe|theorem on the divergence of the harmonic series]].
This shows &lt;math&gt;\ell_1 \neq c_0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c_0 \subsetneq c&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c_0 \subseteq c&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=This is clear since every sequence converging to zero converges.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c_0 \neq c&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Consider the sequence &lt;math&gt;x = (1)_i = (1, 1, \dots) \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;.
We have &lt;math&gt;x \in c&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;\lim_{i \to \infty}1 = 1&lt;/math&gt;.
But &lt;math&gt;x \notin c_0&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;\lim_{i \to \infty}1 = 1 \neq 0&lt;/math&gt;.
This shows &lt;math&gt;c_0 \neq c&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c \subsetneq \ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c \subseteq \ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=From calculus we know, [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Unbounded_sequences_diverge|that every convergent sequence is bounded]]. So the inclusion holds true.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;c \neq \ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Consider the sequence &lt;math&gt;x = \left((-1)^i\right)_{i \in \N} \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;.
We have &lt;math&gt;x \in \ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;\left|(-1)^i\right| = 1&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \in \N&lt;/math&gt;.
But &lt;math&gt;x \notin c&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;\lim_{i \to \infty}(-1)^i&lt;/math&gt; does not exist.
This shows &lt;math&gt;c \neq \ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\ell^\infty \subsetneq \omega&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\ell^\infty \subseteq \omega&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=We already know this because &lt;math&gt;\ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\omega&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\ell^\infty \neq \omega&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Consider the sequence &lt;math&gt;x = (n)_{n \in \N} \in \omega&lt;/math&gt;.
We have &lt;math&gt;x \notin \ell^\infty&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;\lim_{n \to \infty}n = \infty&lt;/math&gt;.
This shows &lt;math&gt;\ell^\infty \neq \omega&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

}}
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In this article we consider the space of functions, that is, the vector space of all maps &lt;math&gt;f \colon X \to V&lt;/math&gt; of a set &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; into a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

== Definition of function spaces ==

Let &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; be a field, &lt;math&gt;(V, +_V, \cdot_V)&lt;/math&gt; a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; some set.

Then we can define the set of maps of &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=Set of maps from &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;
 |definition=We denote the set of all maps from &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; by &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{Fun}(X, V)&lt;/math&gt;. This means formally &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{Fun}(X, V) := \{f\,\vert\,f \colon X \to V\,\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Hinweis
 |For this definition we have not yet used that &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space. It is sufficient if &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is just any set.
}}

On this set we define an addition and a scalar multiplication:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=Vector space operations on &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{Fun}(X, V)&lt;/math&gt;
 |definition=The addition &lt;math&gt;\boxplus \colon \operatorname{Fun}(X, V) \times \operatorname{Fun}(X, V) \to \operatorname{Fun}(X, V)&lt;/math&gt; is defined by
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(f \boxplus g)(x) := f(x) +_V g(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}
for all &lt;math&gt;f, g \in \operatorname{Fun}(X, V)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt;.

Similarly, we define the scalar multiplication &lt;math&gt;\boxdot \colon K \times \operatorname{Fun}(X, V) \to \operatorname{Fun}(X, V)&lt;/math&gt; by
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(\lambda \boxdot f)(x) := \lambda \cdot_V f(x)&lt;/math&gt;}}
for all &lt;math&gt;f \in \operatorname{Fun}(X, V), \lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Hinweis
 |&lt;math&gt;f \boxplus g&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \boxdot f&lt;/math&gt; as in the definition above are in fact maps &lt;math&gt;X \to V&lt;/math&gt; again, since we have specified them on every element &lt;math&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; (and &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is closed under &lt;math&gt;+_V&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cdot_V&lt;/math&gt;).
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Hinweis
 |For the definition we only need that &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space. &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; can actually be an arbitrary set (i.e. without an algebraic structure).
}}

== The function space is a vector space ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Satz
 |titel=&lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space 
 |satz=&lt;math&gt;(\operatorname{Fun}(X,V), \boxplus, \boxdot)&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space.
 |lösungsweg=We proceed as in the article [[Math for Non-Geeks: Proofs for vector spaces|proofs for vector spaces]].
 |beweis=We establish the eight [[Math for Non-Geeks: Vector space|vector space axioms]]. In the following, we consider &lt;math&gt; x \in X &lt;/math&gt;. 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Associativity of addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;f, g, h \in \operatorname{Fun}(X,V) &lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em] 
((f \boxplus g) \boxplus h)(x) &amp;=(f \boxplus g)(x) +_V h(x) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (f(x) +_V g(x)) +_V h(x) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {associativity of addition in } V\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= f(x) +_V (g(x) +_V h(x)) \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= f(x) +_V (g \boxplus h)(x) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (f \boxplus (g \boxplus h))(x) \\ [0.3em]
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This shows the associativity of addition.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Commutativity of addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;f, g \in \operatorname{Fun}(X,V)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.}\\ [0.3em] 
(f \boxplus g)(x) &amp;= f(x) +_V g(x) \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {commutativity of addition in } V\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= g(x) +_V f(x) \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.}\\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (g \boxplus f)(x) \\[0.3em]
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This shows the commutativity of addition.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Neutral element of addition
 |beweisschritt=We now need to show that there is a neutral element &lt;math&gt; 0_{Fun} \in \operatorname{Fun}(X,V) &lt;/math&gt; exists.
 
That is, &lt;math&gt;(f \boxplus 0_{Fun})(x) = f(x)&lt;/math&gt; should hold for all &lt;math&gt;f \in \operatorname{Fun}(X,V)&lt;/math&gt;. 
It is obvious that the zero mapping &lt;math&gt; 0_{Fun}\colon X \to V\ ; x \mapsto 0_V &lt;/math&gt; has this property.

Let &lt;math&gt;f \in \operatorname{Fun}(X,V)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right. } \\ [0.3em] 
(f \boxplus 0_{Fun})(x) &amp;= f(x) +_V 0_{Fun}(x) \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } 0_{Fun}\right. } \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= f(x) +_V 0_V \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{neutral element of addition in }V\right. } \\[0.3em]
&amp;= f(x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This shows that &lt;math&gt; \operatorname{Fun}(X,V) &lt;/math&gt; has a neutral element with respect to addition. 
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Inverse with respect to addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;f \in \operatorname{Fun}(X,V) &lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt; f \colon X \to V ; x \mapsto f(x)&lt;/math&gt;.
We need to show that there exists a &lt;math&gt; g \in Abb(X,V)&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt; (f \boxplus g)(x) = 0_{Fun}(x) &lt;/math&gt; holds.
Since &lt;math&gt; (V,+_V,\cdot_V) &lt;/math&gt; is a vector space, there exists an inverse &lt;math&gt; -x &lt;/math&gt; with respect to &quot;&lt;math&gt; +_V &lt;/math&gt;&quot; with &lt;math&gt; x +_V (-x) = 0_V &lt;/math&gt; for every &lt;math&gt; x \in V &lt;/math&gt;. We now show that &lt;math&gt; g \colon X \to V , x \mapsto -f(x) &lt;/math&gt; is the inverse of &lt;math&gt; f &lt;/math&gt;. We have that: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text {definition of } \boxplus\right. } \\ [0.3em]
(f \boxplus g)(x) &amp;= f(x) +_V g(x) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text {definition of } g\right. } \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= f(x) +_V (-f(x)) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text {inverse map in V w.r.to } +_V\right. } \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= 0_V \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } 0_{Fun}\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= 0_{Fun}(x)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Furthermore, &lt;math&gt; g \in \operatorname{Fun}(X,V) &lt;/math&gt; is uniquely determined by the well-definiteness of &lt;math&gt; f &lt;/math&gt; and the uniqueness of the inverse in &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt;. 
Thus, we have shown that for any &lt;math&gt;f \in \operatorname{Fun}(X,V)&lt;/math&gt; there exists a &lt;math&gt;g \in \operatorname{Fun}(X,V)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt; (f \boxplus g)(x) = 0_{Fun} &lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=scalar distributive law
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f \in \operatorname{Fun}(X,V)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
(\lambda +_K \mu) \boxdot f(x) &amp;= (\lambda +_K \mu) \cdot_V f(x) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {distributive law in } V\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot_V f(x)) +_V (\mu \cdot_V f(x)) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= ((\lambda \cdot_V f) \boxplus (\mu \cdot_V f))(x) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= ((\lambda \boxdot f) \boxplus (\mu \boxdot f))(x) \\ [0.3em]
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, the scalar distributive law is established.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Vectorial distributive law
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; f,g \in Fun(X,V)&lt;/math&gt;.

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em] 
 \lambda \boxdot (f \boxplus g)(x) &amp;= \lambda \boxdot (f(x) +_V g(x))  \\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \cdot_V (f(x) +_V g(x)) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {distributive law in } V\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot_V f(x)) +_V (\lambda \cdot_V g(x)) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \boxdot f)(x) +_V (\lambda \boxdot g)(x) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxplus\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= ((\lambda \boxdot f) \boxplus (\lambda \boxdot g))(x) \\ [0.3em]
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, the vector distributive law is also established. 
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Associativity of multiplication
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f \in \operatorname{Fun}(X,V)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
((\lambda \cdot_K \mu) \boxdot f)(x) &amp;= (\lambda \cdot_K \mu) \cdot_V f(x) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {associativity of multiplication in } V\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \cdot_V ( \mu \cdot_V f(x)) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \cdot_V ( \mu \boxdot f)(x) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of } \boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \boxdot (\mu \boxdot f))(x) \\ [0.3em]
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This establishes the associative law for multiplication.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=unitarity law
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;f \in \operatorname{Fun}(X,V)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {definition of }\boxdot\right.} \\ [0.3em]
(1_K \boxdot f)(x) &amp;= 1_K \cdot_V f(x) \\ [0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text {neutral element of scalar multiplication in } V\right.} \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= f(x).\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, we have shown the unitary law.
}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Hinweis
 |Some people include the completeness of addition and of scalar multiplication also within the vector space axioms. In our case, they follow from the fact that &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is itself a &lt;math&gt; K &lt;/math&gt;-vector space. We considered this in the hint after defining the operations.

It must also hold that &lt;math&gt; \operatorname{Fun}(X,V) &lt;/math&gt; is non-empty. This follows directly from the existence of a neutral element with respect to addition.
}}

== The set of differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;f:(0,1)\to\R&lt;/math&gt; an &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space ==
In the previous section we showed that the set of all maps of a set &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; into a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is again a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space. We now consider the special case &lt;math&gt;X=(0, 1) \subseteq \R&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;K=\R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;V=\R&lt;/math&gt;. We already know that &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; [[Math for Non-Geeks: Field as a vector space|is a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space]]. Hence, we know so far that the set of maps &lt;math&gt;f:(0,1)\to\R&lt;/math&gt; is an &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space.

We now consider the set of differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;f:(0,1)\to\R&lt;/math&gt;, which is denoted &lt;math&gt;\mathcal D((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt; (as &quot;differentiable&quot;).


{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Satz
 |satz=The set of differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;f:(0,1)\to\R&lt;/math&gt; forms an &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space.
 |beweis=The set of differentiable functions &lt;math&gt;f:(0,1)\to\R&lt;/math&gt; is a subset of the set of maps &lt;math&gt;f:(0,1)\to\R&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;\mathcal D((0,1),\R)\subseteq \operatorname{Fun}((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt;. To show that &lt;math&gt;\mathcal D((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt; also forms an &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space, it suffices to show that &lt;math&gt;\mathcal D((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt; is an &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-subspace of &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{Fun}((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt;. 
To do this, we need to establish the 3 [[Math for Non-Geeks: Subspace|subspace axioms]].

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\mathcal D((0,1),\R)\neq \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
The function &lt;math&gt;f:(0,1)\to\R,x\mapsto 0&lt;/math&gt; is differentiable. So: &lt;math&gt;\mathcal D((0,1),\R)\neq\emptyset&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=For all &lt;math&gt;f,g\in\mathcal D((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt;f+g\in\mathcal D((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;f,g:(0,1)\to\R&lt;/math&gt; be differentiable, i.e. &lt;math&gt;f,g\in\mathcal D((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt;. We have shown [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Composition_of_continuous_functions|in Analysis I]] that the function &lt;math&gt;f+g:\R\to\R,x\mapsto f(x)+g(x)&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable. Consequently, we have that &lt;math&gt;f+g\in\mathcal D((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=For all &lt;math&gt;f\in\mathcal D((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt; and for all &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in\R&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot f\in\mathcal D((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;f\in\mathcal D((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. We have shown [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Composition_of_continuous_functions|in Analysis I]] that the map &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot f:(0,1)\to\R, x\mapsto \lambda\cdot f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is also differentiable. Thus, we have that &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot f\in \mathcal D((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
Thus, we have shown that &lt;math&gt;\mathcal D((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt; is an &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-subspace of &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{Fun}((0,1),\R)&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}

== Relation to the sequence space ==
We have already seen that the set of sequences over &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; [[Math for Non-Geeks: Sequence spaces|forms a vector space with respect to coordinate-wise operations]].
So a sequence &lt;math&gt;(a_n)_n&lt;/math&gt; with entries in &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; can be seen as a function &lt;math&gt;\N \to K, n \mapsto a_n&lt;/math&gt;.
In this sense, the '''sequence space is a special case of the function space''' &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{Fun}(X,V)&lt;/math&gt; by setting &lt;math&gt;X := \N&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;V := K&lt;/math&gt;.


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In this article we consider the ''subspace'' of a vector space. The subspace is a subset of the vector space, which itself is a vector space. 

A subset &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; of the vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; can be identified as a subspace (i.e., it is again a vector space) if and only if the following three properties are satisfied:
*&lt;math&gt;0_V \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
*For all &lt;math&gt;v, u \in U&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt;v + u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
*For all &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and for all &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
This equivalence is called the subspace criterion. If one of them toes not hold, then we do not have a subspace.

== Motivation ==
As we have already seen in connection with general algebraic structures like [[Math for Non-Geeks/Group|groups]] or [[Math for Non-Geeks/Field|fields]], ''sub-structures'' (like sub-groups or sub-fields) play a major role in mathematics. To repeat: Substructures are (small) subsets of a (large) original structure, which allow for the same computations as the original sets. For example, considering the algebraic structure &quot;group&quot;, a subgroup is a subset of a group, which is itself a group. For instance, the set of integer numbers with addition &lt;math&gt;(\Z,+)&lt;/math&gt; can be seen as a subgroup of the set of rational numbers &lt;math&gt;(\Q,+)&lt;/math&gt;, which is again a subgroup of the real numbers &lt;math&gt;(\R,+)&lt;/math&gt;. In the same way, for the algebraic structure &quot;field&quot;, a subfield is a subset of a field, which itself is a field.

In linear algebra, we consider a new algebraic structure: the &quot;vector space&quot;. As before, we can study the corresponding substructure: a sub-vector space, or simply '''subspace is a subset of a vector space, which is again a vector space'''.

== Definition of a subspace ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=subspace
 |definition=Let &lt;math&gt;(V, +, \cdot)&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space. Consider a subset &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; with the constrained operations &lt;math&gt;+_U: U \times U \to U, (u_1, u_2) \mapsto u_1 + u_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cdot_U: K \times U \to U, (\lambda, u) \mapsto \lambda \cdot u&lt;/math&gt;. Then, this subset is called a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math&gt;(U, +_U, \cdot_U)&lt;/math&gt; is itself a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|In this definition, often a little detail is taken for granted: One needs that the constrained operations &lt;math&gt;+_U\colon U\times U \to U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cdot_U\colon K\times U\to U&lt;/math&gt; have again values only in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. That is, for a subspace &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; it is required that for &lt;math&gt;u_1, u_2 \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; also &lt;math&gt;u_1 + u_2 \in U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot u_1 \in U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; hold. This does not hold for any vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, see the
[[#Anchor:Gegenbeispiel_Ganzzahlige_vectors|Example below]].}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis| You might recall the notion of a [[Math for Non-Geeks/group#anchor:subgroup|subgroup]]. We can also think of every vector space &lt;math&gt;(V, +, \cdot)&lt;/math&gt; as an Abelian group &lt;math&gt;(V, +)&lt;/math&gt;. Now if &lt;math&gt;(U, +_U, \cdot_U)&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;(V, +, \cdot)&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;(U, +_U)&lt;/math&gt; forms a subgroup of &lt;math&gt;(V, +)&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

== Subspace criterion {{Anchor|Kriterium}}==
=== Derivation of the criterion ===

How do we find out if a subset &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace?
For &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; to be a vector space, all [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space|vector space axioms]] for &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; must be fulfilled.
Let's first use an example to see how this works.

==== Checking the vector space axioms for an example ====

We consider the subset &lt;math&gt;U = \{ (x, 2x)^T \,\mid\, x \in \R \}&lt;/math&gt; of the &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. Visually this subset is a line.
We want to find out,
whether &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.
So by definition, we need to show that the set &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; together with the operations &lt;math&gt;+_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cdot_U&lt;/math&gt; satisfy all [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space|vector space axioms]]. We proceed as in the article [[Math for Non-Geeks/Proofs for vector spaces|Proofs for vector spaces]].
That means, we prove that the vector addition and the scalar multiplication are well-defined and that eight axioms hold.

First we have to show that the two operations are well-defined. The crucial point here is whether we really &quot;land in the subspace again&quot; under addition and scalar multiplication. More precisely, the addition &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is a map &lt;math&gt;V \times V \to V&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;(u,v)\mapsto u+v&lt;/math&gt;. Our new addition arises by first restricting the domain of definition &lt;math&gt;V \times V&lt;/math&gt; to the subset &lt;math&gt;U \times U&lt;/math&gt;. We get a map &lt;math&gt;+'\colon U \times U \to V&lt;/math&gt;. So the range of values remains the same for now. However, to make the set &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; a vector space, we need a map &lt;math&gt;+'\colon U \times U \to U&lt;/math&gt;, so after addition, we &quot;land again in the subspace&quot;. So, is the image of &lt;math&gt;+'&lt;/math&gt; contained in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;? What we would like to show is:
{{Important|For all &lt;math&gt;u, u' \in U&lt;/math&gt; we have that also &lt;math&gt;u + u' \in U&lt;/math&gt;.}}
This property is also called ''completeness under addition''.

Analogously one can derive a criterion for the well-definedness of the scalar multiplication:
{{Important|For all &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; we have that also &lt;math&gt;\lambda u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.}}

This property is called ''completeness under scalar multiplication''.

We now check both properties in our concrete example:

First, the addition. Let &lt;math&gt;u, u' be \in U&lt;/math&gt;. That is, &lt;math&gt;x, y \in \R&lt;/math&gt; exist such that &lt;math&gt;u = (x, 2x)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u' = (y, 2y)^T&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;u + u' = (x + y, 2(x + y))^T&lt;/math&gt;. If we set &lt;math&gt;z := x + y&lt;/math&gt;, we have that &lt;math&gt;u + u' = (z, 2z)^T&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;u + u' \in U&lt;/math&gt;.

Now the scalar multiplication. Let &lt;math&gt;u = (x, 2x)^T \in U&lt;/math&gt; as we just did, and let &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;. Then we have &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot u = (\lambda x, 2 \lambda x)^T&lt;/math&gt;. If we set &lt;math&gt;z := \lambda x&lt;/math&gt;, we have that &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot u = (z, 2z)^T&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot u' \in U&lt;/math&gt;.

Hence, the completeness under addition and scalar multiplication are indeed valid. So the vector space operations are well-defined. We note that here we have worked very concretely with the definition of the set &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. More specifically, we have used that every element of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is of the form &lt;math&gt;(x, 2x)^T&lt;/math&gt;.

Now we check the eight vector space axioms.

First, the four axioms for addition:

Associative law of addition: Let &lt;math&gt;u, v, w \in U&lt;/math&gt;. We must show that &lt;math&gt;u +_U (v +_U w) = (u +_U v) +_U w&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;+_U&lt;/math&gt; is the constrained version of &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;, we must show &lt;math&gt;u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w&lt;/math&gt;. This follows from the associative law for the vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Note that since &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;, we also have &lt;math&gt;u, v, w \in V&lt;/math&gt;, so the relations in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; are indeed valid.

The commutative law for addition in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; can be traced back to the commutative law in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

Existence of a neutral element: We must show that an element &lt;math&gt;0_{_U} \in U&lt;/math&gt; exists such that &lt;math&gt;0_{_U} +_U u = u +_U 0_{_U} = u&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space, it contains a zero vector with &lt;math&gt;0 + v = v + 0 = v&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, this holds for all &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt;. Since addition in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is only the restriction of addition in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, it suffices to show,
That &lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt;. For then, we can set &lt;math&gt;0_{_U} = 0&lt;/math&gt;. The element &lt;math&gt;0 \in V = \R^2&lt;/math&gt; is more precisely the vector &lt;math&gt;(0, 0)^T&lt;/math&gt;. This can be written as &lt;math&gt;(0, 2 \cdot 0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and thus lies in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. So there is indeed a neutral element of addition within &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.

Existence of additive inverse in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;:
Let &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt;. We must show that there exists a &lt;math&gt;u' \in U&lt;/math&gt;,
such that &lt;math&gt;u +_U u' = 0&lt;/math&gt;. We know that &lt;math&gt;u + (-u) = 0&lt;/math&gt; holds in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. So if we can show &lt;math&gt;-u \in U&lt;/math&gt;, we are done: then we can choose &lt;math&gt;u' = -u&lt;/math&gt;.
We know that &lt;math&gt;-u = (-1) \cdot u \in U&lt;/math&gt; holds. Furthermore, we have already shown that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is complete under scalar multiplication, so indeed &lt;math&gt;-u\in U&lt;/math&gt; follows.

The four axioms of scalar multiplication can also be traced back to the corresponding properties of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. This works similarly to the first two axioms of addition. We use that all relevant equations hold analogously in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; if one expresses the operations in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; by those in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; So we indeed have a subspace.

In order to show that the operations &lt;math&gt;+_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cdot_U&lt;/math&gt; are well-defined, we needed to establish the properties of completeness formulated above. For this we have worked closely with the definition of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, for the third axiom of addition, we had to show that the neutral element of addition in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is also an element of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. Again, we worked concretely with the definition of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. The axiom for the existence of the inverse with respect to addition could be traced back to the completeness of scalar multiplication. For all other axioms we could use that the analogous axioms in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; hold.

So, in total, we actually '''only''' needed to show '''three things''':
* The completeness of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; with respect to addition.
* The completeness of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; with respect to scalar multiplication
* &lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt;

For these we had to work with the definition of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. The above arguments that these three properties suffice should be true for every vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and all subsets &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. So, in the general case, it should be enough to prove these three properties (and it actually is).

But first, we demonstrate that the three rules are necessary. That is, we show that none of the three rules can be omitted. For this we give subsets of &lt;math&gt;V = \R^2&lt;/math&gt;, each of which violates exactly one of the three rules and is indeed not a subspace.

==== Counterexample: The empty set ====

We first consider the empty set &lt;math&gt;U = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;.
This is of course a subset of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.

Let us check completeness with respect to of addition, &lt;math&gt;\forall u, u' \in U: u + u' \in U&lt;/math&gt;, it is satisfied. This is because [[Math for Non-Geeks/Empty_set_and_Allclass|all statements about the empty set (missing)]] trivially always hold.
In the same way, the completeness of scalar multiplication is satisfied.

However, the third rule is violated: &lt;math&gt;0 \notin U&lt;/math&gt;. That is simply because the empty set contains by definition no elements.
The property &lt;math&gt;0 \notin U&lt;/math&gt; cannot be derived in general from the completeness of addition and of scalar multiplication.

Now, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is not a vector space, because &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; contains no element, in particular no neutral element of addition. Accordingly, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; cannot be a subspace. Be aware that the property &lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt; cannot in general be derived from the completeness properties and must be, in principle, separately checked. (However, this step is often seen as obvious)

==== Counterexample: Vectors with integer entries{{Anchor|Gegenbeispiel_Ganzzahlige_vectors}} ==== 
Our second example shows that scalar multiplication is actually needed: take the set of integer vectors &lt;math&gt;U:=\Z^2&lt;/math&gt;. If we identify the vectors with points in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;, we get some kind of &quot;lattice&quot;:

[[File:Z2 in Ebene.svg|500px|center|&lt;math&gt;\Z^2&lt;/math&gt; as a subset &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;]]

This set is obviously a subset of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; and again the question arises whether it is a subspace. In contrast to the first example now the zero vector &lt;math&gt;0=(0,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; is contained in &lt;math&gt;U=\Z^2&lt;/math&gt;. All other axioms of vector addition are also valid. The sum of two vectors from &lt;math&gt;\Z^2&lt;/math&gt; is again in &lt;math&gt;\Z^2&lt;/math&gt;. 

Nevertheless, the &lt;math&gt;\Z^2&lt;/math&gt; is not a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;, because &lt;math&gt;\Z^2&lt;/math&gt; is ''not'' complete with respect to scalar multiplication. For instance, &lt;math&gt;v=(1,0)^T\in \Z^2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\lambda = \frac{1}{2}\in\R&lt;/math&gt;, but &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\lambda\cdot v = \left(\frac{1}{2},0\right)^T&lt;/math&gt; is not contained in &lt;math&gt;\Z^2&lt;/math&gt;. Thus &lt;math&gt;\Z^2&lt;/math&gt; does not satisfy all vector space axioms and is therefore not a subspace.

The completeness with respect to scalar multiplication can also ''not'' be derived from the other two properties. If we want to prove that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, we must always show that for every &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and for every scalar &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in K&lt;/math&gt;, we also have &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.

==== Counterexample: A cross of coordinate axes {{Anchor|Gegenbeispiel Achsenkreuz}}==== 
We have already seen in both examples of above that every subspace contains the zero vector and is closed under scalar multiplication. Finally, we want to look at a third and last example, which satisfies the above two conditions, but still does not satisfy all vector space axioms. For this we choose the ''axis cross'', the set formed by union of the two lines through the origin &lt;math&gt;G :=\{ (0,t)^T: t\in\R\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;H:=\{ (t,0)^T: t\in\R\}&lt;/math&gt;. So we consider the subset &lt;math&gt;U:=G\cup H\subseteq \R^2&lt;/math&gt;. Illustrated in the plane as points, the set looks like an infinite &quot;cross&quot;:

[[File:Kreuz in Ebene.svg|500px|center|The axis cross]]

Is &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; a subspace? Obviously, the zero vector &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; is contained in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. Moreover, we have that for any &lt;math&gt;v\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in \R&lt;/math&gt; that also &lt;math&gt;\lambda v&lt;/math&gt; is an element of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. Thus &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is complete under scalar multiplication. Nevertheless, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is not a subspace. To see this, we choose the vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1 = (1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v_2 = (0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have &lt;math&gt;v_1,v_2 \in U&lt;/math&gt;, but for the sum we have that &lt;math&gt;v_1 + v_2 = (1,1)^T \notin U&lt;/math&gt;. 

So the completeness under the vector space addition can ''not'' be derived from the other properties. That means we always have to check the completeness under the vector space addition to prove that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace.

=== Statement and proof of the criterion {{Anchor|subspacekriterium}}===

We considered an example that a subset &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace if it satisfies the following three properties:
*completeness with respect to addition,
*completeness with respect to scalar multiplication, and.
*&lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
We have seen examples of subsets &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; where one of these properties was not satisfied in each case and which also do not form a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. So we assume that these three properties are necessary and sufficient for a subset to be a subspace. This is the theorem of the subspace criterion, which we will now prove.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=subspace criterion
 |satz=
A subset &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; of a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; with vector addition &lt;math&gt;+:V\times V \to V&lt;/math&gt; and scalar multiplication &lt;math&gt;\cdot : K \times V \to V&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace exactly if the following three conditions hold:

#&lt;math&gt;0_V \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
#For all &lt;math&gt;v, u \in U&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt;v + u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
#For all &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and for all &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.

In other words: A subset of a vector space is a subspace if it contains the zero element and is complete with respect to vector addition and scalar multiplication.

 |beweis=
The theorem contains an ''if and only if&quot;'', which means that we have to show ''two implications''. One direction is: Every subspace satisfies conditions 1, 2 and 3. The other direction can be formulated as follows: Any subset of the vector space that satisfies conditions 1, 2 and 3 must be a subspace. 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Every subspace satisfies the conditions 1, 2 and 3.
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; be any subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then by definition , &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is also a vector space. Thus, for &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; all axioms from the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space|definition of a vector space]] hold.

In particular, this also means that the operations &lt;math&gt;+: U \times U \to U &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cdot : K \times U \to U&lt;/math&gt; restricted to &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; are well-defined. But this is only another formulation of the conditions 2) and 3).  

Moreover, since U together with &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; forms an Abelian group, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; contains the neutral element &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt;. That is, it we also have that condition 1 holds.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=If conditions 1, 2 and 3 are satisfied, the subset must be a subspace.
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be a subset of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; for which the three conditions hold. We need to show that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space. To do this, we show that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; satisfies ''all'' properties from the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space|definition of a vector space]].

From condition 1, it follows that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a non-empty set. From conditions 2 and 3 we can deduce that the of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; restricted links &lt;math&gt;+ : U \times U \to U &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cdot : K \times U \to U&lt;/math&gt; are well-defined. So we have a non-empty set &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; with an operation &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; (vector addition) and an operation &lt;math&gt;\cdot&lt;/math&gt; (scalar multiplication). 

Now we have to prove that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; together with &lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt; forms an Abelian group and the axioms of scalar multiplication hold. We may use that &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space. From this, by &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; we can conclude:


*''associative law:'' For all &lt;math&gt;v,w,z\in U&lt;/math&gt; we have that: &lt;math&gt;v + (w + z) = (v + w) + z&lt;/math&gt;
*''commutative law:'' For all &lt;math&gt;v,w\in U&lt;/math&gt; we have that: &lt;math&gt;v + w = w + v&lt;/math&gt; 
*''scalar distributive law:'' For all &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; and all &lt;math&gt;v \in U &lt;/math&gt; we have that: &lt;math&gt;(\lambda + \mu) \cdot v = (\lambda \cdot v) + (\mu \cdot v)&lt;/math&gt;
*''vectorial distributive law:'' For all &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; and all &lt;math&gt;v,w \in U&lt;/math&gt; we have that: &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot (v + w) = (\lambda \cdot v) + (\lambda \cdot w)&lt;/math&gt;     
*''associative law for scalars:'' For all &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; and all &lt;math&gt;v \in U &lt;/math&gt; we have that: &lt;math&gt;(\lambda \cdot \mu) \cdot v = \lambda \cdot (\mu \cdot v)&lt;/math&gt;
*''Neutral element of scalar multiplication:'' For all &lt;math&gt;v \in U&lt;/math&gt; and for &lt;math&gt;1 \in K&lt;/math&gt; (the neutral element of multiplication in &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;) we have that: &lt;math&gt;1 \cdot v = v&lt;/math&gt;. The 1 is also called ''neutral element of scalar multiplication''.

It remains to establish the axioms ''existence of a neutral element'' and ''existence of an inverse element''. The former is given by condition 1. So it suffices to show that for every &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; there exists a &lt;math&gt;\tilde u \in U&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;u + \tilde u = 0_V&lt;/math&gt;. But now, for any &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; condition 3 implies

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;-u=(-1) \cdot u \in U&lt;/math&gt;}} 

So &lt;math&gt;\tilde u := (-1)\cdot u&lt;/math&gt; is the inverse element to &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; and contained in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.
}}}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|Instead of &lt;math&gt;0_V\in U&lt;/math&gt; in some mathematical texts also &lt;math&gt;U \neq \emptyset&lt;/math&gt; is required. Both requirements are equivalent (if one adds the other two conditions 2 and 3): If there is a &lt;math&gt;v\in U&lt;/math&gt;, then because of the completeness of scalar multiplication also &lt;math&gt;0_V = 0_K \cdot v&lt;/math&gt; must be contained in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|Another equivalent formulation of the criterion is:

A non-empty subset &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace if for any two vectors &lt;math&gt; u,v\in U&lt;/math&gt; also every linear combination &lt;math&gt; \lambda u+\mu v&lt;/math&gt;, with an arbitrary &lt;math&gt; \lambda,\mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt; U&lt;/math&gt;.

It is easy to convince ourselves of the equivalence of both formulations:

Since &lt;math&gt; U&lt;/math&gt; is not empty, there exists some &lt;math&gt; u\in U&lt;/math&gt;, and therefore also &lt;math&gt; 0_K\cdot u+0_K\cdot u=0_V&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt; U&lt;/math&gt; (point 1).
With &lt;math&gt; u&lt;/math&gt; also &lt;math&gt; \lambda\cdot u=\lambda\cdot u+0_K\cdot 0_V&lt;/math&gt; is contained in &lt;math&gt; U&lt;/math&gt; (point 3). Finally, with &lt;math&gt; u,v\in U&lt;/math&gt;, we also have that &lt;math&gt; u+v=1_K\cdot u+1_K\cdot v&lt;/math&gt; is in &lt;math&gt; U&lt;/math&gt; (point 2).

Conversely, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is not empty by 1. Further, if it contains some elements &lt;math&gt; u&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;, then by means of 3, also &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot u&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\mu \cdot v&lt;/math&gt; must lie in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and from 2 we finally get &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot u+\mu \cdot v\in U&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

== How to prove that a set is a subspace {{Anchor|Beweise UVR}}==

=== General proof structure ===
Before we examine the procedure in more detail with an example, it is useful to understand the general proof structure. How can we show that a set &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;? We can use the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Anchor: criterion|subspace criterion]] that we just established. In order for us to use the criterion we must first check the preconditions. The theorem requires that &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;. Then, to show that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, we need to check the three properties from the criterion. So, in total, we need to show the following four statements:
#&lt;math&gt;U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;
#&lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
#For all &lt;math&gt;v, u \in U&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt;v + u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
#For all &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and for all &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|We can also replace the second statement &quot;&lt;math&gt;0\in U&lt;/math&gt;&quot; by &quot;&lt;math&gt;U\neq\emptyset&lt;/math&gt;&quot;. If we add the conditions 3. and 4. the two statements are equivalent.}}
What do proofs of these statements look like? The proof structure of these statements looks like this:
{{#invoke:list|ordered
 |Proof of &quot;&lt;math&gt;U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;&quot;:
 Let &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have that &lt;math&gt;u\in V&lt;/math&gt;, since ...
 |Proof of &quot;&lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt;&quot;: Let &lt;math&gt;0\in V&lt;/math&gt; be the zero vector. Then, we have that &lt;math&gt;0\in U&lt;/math&gt;, since ... 
 |Proof of &quot;&lt;math&gt;\forall \ v, u \in U:\ v + u \in U&lt;/math&gt;&quot;: Let &lt;math&gt;u,v\in U&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. We have that ... and hence &lt;math&gt;u+v\in U&lt;/math&gt;. 
 |Proof of &quot;&lt;math&gt;\forall \ u \in U\ \forall \lambda \in K:\ \lambda \cdot u \in U&lt;/math&gt;&quot;: Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Since ... we know that &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot u\in U&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

=== Finding a proof idea {{Anchor|Example Gerade}}===
We consider an easy example problem, in order to get an idea for the proof:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;u\in\R^2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U:=\{\lambda\cdot u | \ \lambda\in\R\}&lt;/math&gt;. Show that: &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of the &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
We want to apply the subspace criterion to &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. To do this, we check the premises of the theorem according to the above scheme.
*&lt;math&gt;U\subseteq \R^2&lt;/math&gt;: let &lt;math&gt;v\in U&lt;/math&gt;. By definition of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, there is some &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v=\lambda\cdot u&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space, it follows that &lt;math&gt;v=\lambda\cdot u\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt;.
*&lt;math&gt;0\in U&lt;/math&gt;: We have seen in &quot;[[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space:_properties|Vector space: properties]]&quot; that for every vector &lt;math&gt;v\in\R^2&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;0\cdot v=0&lt;/math&gt;. So we have that also &lt;math&gt;0\cdot u=0&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we get &lt;math&gt;0\cdot U&lt;/math&gt;.
*completeness of addition: Let &lt;math&gt;v,w\in U&lt;/math&gt;. By definition of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, there exist &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu\in \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v=\lambda\cdot u&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w=\mu\cdot u&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;v,w\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt;, we can add them: &lt;math&gt;v+w=\lambda\cdot u+\mu\cdot u=(\lambda+\mu)\cdot u&lt;/math&gt;. Because of &lt;math&gt;\lambda+\mu\in \R&lt;/math&gt; we finally obtain &lt;math&gt;v+w\in U&lt;/math&gt;.
*completeness of scalar multiplication: Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;\mu\in \R&lt;/math&gt;. By definition of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; there is a &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v=\lambda\cdot u&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;v\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt; we can multiply it with &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt;: &lt;math&gt;\mu\cdot v=\mu\cdot (\lambda\cdot u)=(\mu\cdot \lambda)\cdot u&lt;/math&gt;. Because of &lt;math&gt;\mu\cdot\lambda\in \R&lt;/math&gt; it follows that &lt;math&gt;\mu\cdot v\in U&lt;/math&gt;.
This shows that all conditions hold, so by the subspace criterion, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is indeed a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Writing down the proof ===
Now we write down the proof, by generalizing the simple example to &quot;any vector space&quot;:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |titel=
 |beweis=
We check the premises of the theorem according to the above scheme.
*&lt;math&gt;U\subseteq \R^2&lt;/math&gt;: let &lt;math&gt;v\in U&lt;/math&gt;. Then there exists a &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v=\lambda\cdot u&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, &lt;math&gt;v\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt;.
*&lt;math&gt;0\in U&lt;/math&gt;: because of &lt;math&gt;0\cdot u=0&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;0\in U&lt;/math&gt;.
*completeness of addition: let &lt;math&gt;v,w\in U&lt;/math&gt;.  Then there exist &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu\in \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v=\lambda\cdot u&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w=\mu\cdot u&lt;/math&gt;. We calculate: &lt;math&gt;v+w=\lambda\cdot u+\mu\cdot u=(\lambda+\mu)\cdot u\in U&lt;/math&gt;. 
*completeness of scalar multiplication: let &lt;math&gt;v\in U&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;\mu\in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Then there is a &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v=\lambda\cdot u&lt;/math&gt;. We calculate &lt;math&gt;\mu\cdot v=\mu\cdot (\lambda\cdot u)=(\mu\cdot \lambda)\cdot u\in U&lt;/math&gt;. 
This shows that all the preconditions hold. So it follows from the subspace criterion that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.
 }}

== Examples and counterexamples for subspaces ==
=== Examples {{Anchor|Beispiele_UVR}} ===
In the following, we will look at first examples to consolidate our idea of subspaces and to avoid misinterpretations. We will also use the subspace criterion.

==== Trivial subspaces ====

In every &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, there are tow &quot;trivial subspaces&quot;:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Trivial subspaces
 |beispiel=
Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space. First, the zero vector space &lt;math&gt;\{0_{_V}\}&lt;/math&gt; is always a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. This is a vector space and since &lt;math&gt;0_{_V}\in V&lt;/math&gt;, we also have &lt;math&gt;\{0_{_V}\} \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;. 

On the other hand, the complete vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is also a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Finally, we have that &lt;math&gt;V\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space. 

Since &lt;math&gt;\{0_{_V}\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; are ''always'' subspaces for every vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, they are called ''trivial subspaces''.
}}

the following example with &lt;math&gt;V=\R&lt;/math&gt; shows that sometimes, only the ''trivial'' subspaces are subspaces:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=subspaces of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;
 |beispiel=
&lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; as an &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space has only the trivial subspaces &lt;math&gt;\lbrace 0 \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, as one can easily verify:

Let &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq\R&lt;/math&gt; be a subspace with &lt;math&gt;U\ne \{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. We want to show &lt;math&gt;U = \R&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U\ne \{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, there exists a real number &lt;math&gt;0\neq u \in U&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is complete under scalar multiplication, we have that for all &lt;math&gt;a\in \R&lt;/math&gt; it holds that &lt;math&gt;a=\frac{a}{u}\cdot u\in U&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, &lt;math&gt;U=\R&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Warnung|Although &lt;math&gt;\Q&lt;/math&gt; is a subfield of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, the set &lt;math&gt;\Q&lt;/math&gt; is not a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. For instance, for &lt;math&gt;\tfrac 12 \in \Q&lt;/math&gt; we have that the scalar multiple &lt;math&gt; \pi \cdot \tfrac 12 \notin \Q&lt;/math&gt;.}}

==== Line through the origin ====
In this example, we consider a straight line &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; that passes through the origin. 
Let the equation of the line be given by &lt;math&gt;y=2x&lt;/math&gt;.
So we can write down the straight line as a set of points:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} x\\y\end{pmatrix}\in\R^2\bigg|y=2x\right\}=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} x\\y\end{pmatrix}\in\R^2\bigg|2x-y=0\right\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=
 |aufgabe=Show that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of the &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |titel=
 |beweis=We want to use the subspace criterion above. Because of &lt;math&gt;0=2\cdot 0&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt;(0, 0)^T\in U&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;(x, y)^T, (x', y')^T\in U&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;y=2x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y'=2x'&lt;/math&gt;. From this we obtain &lt;math&gt;y+y'=2(x+x')&lt;/math&gt; and hence &lt;math&gt;(x, y)^T+(x', y')^T=(x+x', y+y')^T\in U&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;(x, y)^T\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;y=2x&lt;/math&gt; we have that also &lt;math&gt;\lambda y=2\lambda x&lt;/math&gt; and hence &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot(x, y)^T=(\lambda x, \lambda y)^T\in U&lt;/math&gt;. So we have shown that all the conditions of the subspace criterion are satisfied. Thus, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Alternativer Beweis|beweis=We can also see in another way that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace. To do this, we consider the characterization of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;
	U=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} x\\y\end{pmatrix}\in\R^2\bigg|y=2x\right\}=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\bigg|x\in\R\right\}=\left\{x\cdot\begin{pmatrix} 1\\2\end{pmatrix}\bigg|x\in \R\right\}.
&lt;/math&gt;}}
Now we recall the section &quot;[[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Anchor: Example Gerade|How to prove that a set is a subspace]]&quot;, where we saw that such subsets form subspaces. These subsets were of the form &lt;math&gt;U:=\{x\cdot u | x\in\R\}&lt;/math&gt; with some &lt;math&gt;u\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt;. In this example &lt;math&gt;u=(1, 2)^T&lt;/math&gt;.}}

==== A subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; ====
In the following exercise we consider a plane in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; which passes through &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. We show that this plane always forms a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=plane within &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;U = \left\{ (u_1, u_2, u_3)^T \in \R^3 \mid u_1 - u_2 - u_3 = 0 \right\}\subseteq \R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Show that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. 
 |beweis=
For the proof we have to show that the subspace criterion is satisfied. We divide this proof into three steps: 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
We have that &lt;math&gt;0 = (0,0,0)^T \in U&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;0 - 0 - 0 = 0 &lt;/math&gt;.  
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is complete with respect to addition 
 |beweisschritt=
Consider two vectors &lt;math&gt;a = (a_1, a_2, a_3)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b = (b_1, b_2, b_3)^T&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. By definition of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, we have that  &lt;math&gt;a_1 - a_2 - a_3 = 0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b_1 - b_2 - b_3 = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Now, under addition,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;a + b = \begin{pmatrix} a_1 + b_1 \\ a_2 + b_2 \\ a_3 + b_3 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; (a_1 + b_1) - (a_2 + b_2) - (a_3 + b_3) \\[0.3em]
=&amp;  \underbrace{a_1 - a_2 - a_3}_{=0} + \underbrace{b_1 - b_2 - b_3}_{=0} = 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Hence &lt;math&gt;a + b \in U&lt;/math&gt;, which establishes completeness of addition. 
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;  is complete with respect to scalar multiplication 
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in \R&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;a = (a_1, a_2, a_3)^T \in U&lt;/math&gt;. So we have that &lt;math&gt;a_1-a_2-a_3=0&lt;/math&gt;. Consequently,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot a = \lambda \cdot \begin{pmatrix} a_1 \\ a_2 \\ a_3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \lambda \cdot a_1 \\ \lambda \cdot a_2 \\ \lambda \cdot a_3 \end{pmatrix} &lt;/math&gt;}}

So we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lambda \cdot a_1 - \lambda \cdot a_2 - \lambda \cdot a_3 &amp; = \lambda \cdot (\underbrace{a_1 - a_2 - a_3}_{=0}) \\[0.3em]
&amp; = \lambda \cdot 0 = 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot a \in U&lt;/math&gt; and hence, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is also complete under scalar multiplication. 
}}

We have proved the conditions of the subspace criterion and thus shown that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace.
}}

====A subspace of the polynomials====

Let us now turn to a slightly more abstract example, namely the polynomial vector space. We show that the subset of polynomials of degree less or equal &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=polynomials of degree &lt;math&gt;\leq n&lt;/math&gt;
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;n \in \N_0&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;K[X]_{\leq n} := \lbrace f \in K[X] \big| \operatorname{deg}(f) \leq n \rbrace \subseteq K[X]&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of the vector space of polynomials &lt;math&gt;K[X]&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=We must show that the three conditions of the subspace criterion hold:
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;0 \in K[X]_{\leq n}&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=We have &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{deg}(0) = -\infty \leq n&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;0 \in K[X]_{\leq n}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;K[X]_{\leq n}&lt;/math&gt; is complete with respect to addition
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;f,g \in K[X]_{\leq n}&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{deg}(f) \leq n, \operatorname{deg}(g) \leq n&lt;/math&gt;.
Thus, we can find &lt;math&gt;f_i, g_i \in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0 \leq i \leq n&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;f = \sum_{i = 0}^n f_i x^i&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g = \sum_{i=0}^n g_i x^i&lt;/math&gt; holds. 
So we arrive at &lt;math&gt;f + g = \sum_{i = 0}^n (f_i + g_i)x^i&lt;/math&gt;, which means that the degree &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{deg}(f + g) \leq n&lt;/math&gt;. So indeed, &lt;math&gt;f + g \in K[X]_{\leq n}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;K[X]_{\leq n}&lt;/math&gt; is complete with respect to scalar multiplication
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;f \in K[X]_{\leq n}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{deg}(f) \leq n&lt;/math&gt;.
Thus, we can find &lt;math&gt;f_i \in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0 \leq i \leq n&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;f = \sum_{i = 0}^n f_i x^i&lt;/math&gt; holds. 
So we arrive at &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot f = \sum_{i = 0}^n (\lambda f_i)x^i&lt;/math&gt;, which implies for our degree that &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{deg}(\lambda \cdot f) \leq n&lt;/math&gt;. So indeed, &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot f \in K[X]_{\leq n}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

Now all three subspace criteria are fulfilled, and hence, &lt;math&gt;K[X]_{\leq n} \subseteq K[X]&lt;/math&gt; is indeed a subspace.

}}

===Counterexamples===
We have already seen above three examples for subsets of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; which do not form a subspace. For a better understanding, we now also consider counterexamples for other vector spaces.

==== Line that does NOT pass through the origin ====

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel= 
 |beispiel=We have considered this straight line in the examples:  {{Math|&lt;math&gt;U=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} x\\y\end{pmatrix}\in\R^2\bigg|2x-y=0\right\},&lt;/math&gt;}}
which describes a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.
Now we displace it up by distance one and get the following set:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;G:=\left\{ \begin{pmatrix} x\\y\end{pmatrix}\in\R^2 \bigg| 2x-y+1=0\right\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
[[File:Not a subspace of R2.svg|center|The sets U and G]]
}}

==== Bounded subset of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;====
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=
 |beispiel=We consider the &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Let 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;W:= \{(x,y,z)^T \in \R^3\mid x^2+y^2+z^2 \leq 5\}\subseteq \R^3.&lt;/math&gt;}}
&lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is not a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. This is because &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is not closed under scalar multiplication. We know &lt;math&gt;(1,0,0)^T\in W&lt;/math&gt;. But &lt;math&gt;3\cdot (1,0,0)^T=(3,0,0)^T\notin W&lt;/math&gt;, because &lt;math&gt;3^2+0^2+0^2=9&gt;5&lt;/math&gt;.

Alternatively, we can show that &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is not complete with respect to addition. For example, &lt;math&gt;(2,0,0)^T\in W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(0,2,0)^T\in W&lt;/math&gt;, but &lt;math&gt;(2,0,0)^T+(0,2,0)^T=(2,2,0)^T\notin W&lt;/math&gt; because &lt;math&gt;2^2+2^2=8&gt;5&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
==== Graph of a non-linear function ====
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=
 |beispiel=Now, consider the &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Let
 {{Math|&lt;math&gt;G = \{(x,y,xy)^T\in \R^3\mid x,y\in\R\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
The set &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is not a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;, because it is not complete with respect to addition. To see this, we consider the two elements &lt;math&gt;(1,1,1)^T,(2,0,0)^T\in G&lt;/math&gt;.
Then, we have &lt;math&gt;(1,1,1)^T+(2,0,0)^T=(3,1,1)^T \notin G&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;3\cdot 1=3\neq 1&lt;/math&gt;. Intuitively, the set &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; fails to be a subspace, because it is a &quot;curved surface&quot; and not a plain one through the origin.
}}

==== polynomials with degree &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; is not a subspace ====
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=
 |beispiel=As a more abstract example, consider now the polynomial vector space &lt;math&gt;K[X]&lt;/math&gt; for any field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;. Let
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;M= \{p\in K[X]\mid \deg(p)= 5\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We show that &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; does not form a subspace of &lt;math&gt;K[X]&lt;/math&gt; since it is not complete with respect to addition. To see this, consider the two elements &lt;math&gt;X^5+1,-X^5\in M&lt;/math&gt;.
Then, we have &lt;math&gt;X^5+1-X^5=1 \notin M&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;\deg(1)=0\neq 5&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

== Other criteria for subspaces ==
We will now learn about three criteria that make proofs easier in many cases. For this we will anticipate and use the notion of a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear_map|linear map]].

=== Kernel of a linear map ===
In the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Anchor:Beispiele_UVR|examples]] for subspaces, we considered the following sets:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}U_1&amp;=\left\{ \begin{pmatrix} x\\y\end{pmatrix} \in \R^2 \bigg|\, 2x-y=0\right\}\subseteq \R^2, \\[0.5em]
U_2&amp;=\left\{ \begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}\in \R^3 \bigg|\, a-b-c=0 \right\}\subseteq \R^3
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We proved above that &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;, respectively. The two sets are defined according to the same principle. The subspaces contain all vectors that satisfy certain conditions. The conditions are
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}2x-y=0 \text{ and } a-b-c=0\end{align}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
These look very similar. Both conditions tell us that some expression in &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; or in &lt;math&gt;a,b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; should be zero. This expression is linear in &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;a,b,c&lt;/math&gt;, respectively. That is, both formulas can also be written down as [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear map|linear maps]]:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
f&amp;\colon \R^2\to \R;\quad (x,y)^T\mapsto 2x-y \\[0.5em]
g&amp;\colon \R^3\to \R;\quad (a,b,c)^T\mapsto a-b-c
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

With these, we can rewrite our subspaces as 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U_1&amp;=\left\{ \begin{pmatrix} x\\y\end{pmatrix} \in \R^2 \bigg|\, f\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\end{pmatrix}=0\right\}\subseteq \R^2, \\[0.5em]
U_2&amp;=\left\{ \begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}\in \R^3 \bigg|\, g\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=0 \right\}\subseteq \R^3
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt;, as well as &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt;, is [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Kernel_of_a_linear_map|the kernel]] of a linear map. One can show, in general, that the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Kernel_of_a_linear_map#Anchor:subspace|kernel of a linear map]] is always a subspace.

=== Image of a linear map ===

Just as with the kernel, we can show in general that the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Image_of_a_linear_map#Anchor:subspace|image of a linear map]] is always a subspace. This sometimes allows us to find simpler proofs that a given set is a subspace.

{{Anchor|Polynomraum}}{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Linear map on the polynomials of degree smaller or equal to 1
 |beispiel=
We consider an example of a linear map of &lt;math&gt;V:=\R[X]_{\leq 1}&lt;/math&gt;, defined on the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction: Vector space#Anchor:Polynomstrukturen|vector space of real polynomials]] of degree smaller or equal to 1 and mapping into &lt;math&gt; \R^3&lt;/math&gt;. 

We define a map that assigns to a polynomial in vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; the vector of its function values at positions &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt;. So we define the linear map &lt;math&gt; f:V\to \R^3&lt;/math&gt; by 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(p)=\begin{pmatrix}p(0)\\p(2)\\p(4)\end{pmatrix} &lt;/math&gt;}}
We recall how the addition and scalar multiplication of polynomials is defined: For two polynomials &lt;math&gt; p_1,p_2\in V&lt;/math&gt; the sum &lt;math&gt; p_1+p_2&lt;/math&gt; is defined via &lt;math&gt;(p_1+p_2)(x)=p_1(x)+p_2(x)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; x &lt;/math&gt;. For a scalar &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in\R&lt;/math&gt; and a polynomial &lt;math&gt;p\in V&lt;/math&gt; the scalar multiplication &lt;math&gt; \lambda\cdot p&lt;/math&gt; is given by &lt;math&gt; (\lambda\cdot p)(x)=\lambda\cdot p(x)&lt;/math&gt;.

First, we prove that &lt;math&gt; f&lt;/math&gt; is indeed a linear map. For this we have to prove the additivity and the homogeneity. So we choose &lt;math&gt; p_1,p_2\in V&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; \lambda\in \R&lt;/math&gt;.

'''additivity:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \begin{align}f(p_1+p_2)&amp;
=\begin{pmatrix} (p_1+p_2)(0)\\(p_1+p_2)(2)\\(p_1+p_2)(4)\end{pmatrix}
=\begin{pmatrix} p_1(0)+p_2(0)\\p_1(2)+p_2(2)\\p_1(3)+p_2(4)\end{pmatrix}\\[0.3em]
&amp;=\begin{pmatrix}p_1(0)\\p_1(2)\\p_1(4) \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}p_2(0)\\p_2(2)\\p_2(4) \end{pmatrix}
=f(p_1)+f(p_2).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''homogeneity:'''

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; 
\begin{align} f(\lambda p) &amp;= \begin{pmatrix}(\lambda p)(0)\\(\lambda p)(2)\\(\lambda p)(4) \end{pmatrix}= \begin{pmatrix} \lambda \cdot p(0)\\\lambda\cdot  p(2)\\ \lambda\cdot  p(4) \end{pmatrix}= \lambda\cdot \begin{pmatrix}p(0)\\p(2)\\p(4) \end{pmatrix}=\lambda \cdot f(p).\end{align}
&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, we know that &lt;math&gt; U=\{(p(0),p(2),p(4))^T\mid p\in V\}&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt; \R^3&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}

If we look at the calculation again, we realize that the &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;-values &lt;math&gt;0,2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;4&lt;/math&gt; did not matter at all. We could have chosen other ones, as well. 
The proof goes the same way for the statement: 

Let &lt;math&gt; r,s,t\in \R&lt;/math&gt; (and these numbers may or may not be different). The map &lt;math&gt; f:V\to \R^3&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt; f(p)=(p(r),p(s),p(t))^T&lt;/math&gt; is linear and the image of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.

We know that &lt;math&gt;U= f(V)\subseteq\R^3&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace. We also find an explicit representation for &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;: a polynomial &lt;math&gt; p\in V&lt;/math&gt; has the form &lt;math&gt; p(x)=ax+b&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Moreover, &lt;math&gt; p(0)=b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; p(2)=2a+b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; p(4)=4a+b&lt;/math&gt;.

The subspace &lt;math&gt; U&lt;/math&gt; thus has the form

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; U=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}b\\2a+b\\4a+b\end{pmatrix}\Bigg| a,b\in \R \right\}=\left\{a\cdot\begin{pmatrix} 0\\2\\4\end{pmatrix}+b\cdot \begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}\Bigg| a,b\in \R \right\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

So it is a plane in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Span of vectors ===

We will later prove a general theorem that every [[Math for Non-Geeks/Span|product]] of a subset &lt;math&gt;M\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

This allows us to shorten one of the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Anchor: Example Gerade|proofs above]]:

We proved above that for &lt;math&gt;u\in\R^2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U:=\{\lambda\cdot u | \ \lambda\in\R\}&lt;/math&gt; the set &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of the &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.

The set &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is exactly the span of the set &lt;math&gt;M=\{u\}&lt;/math&gt; in the vector space &lt;math&gt;V=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. The span of &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; is exactly all linear combinations of elements from &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;. In our case, these are even the multiples of &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.

== Exercises ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=A subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;?
 |aufgabe=Is &lt;math&gt;U=\left\{x=\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\x_2 \end{pmatrix}\mid x_1^2=x_2^2\right\}&lt;/math&gt; a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;?
 |lösungsweg=The equation &lt;math&gt;x_1^2=x_2^2&lt;/math&gt; is equivalent to &lt;math&gt;x_1=x_2 \vee x_1=-x_2&lt;/math&gt;. These equations are the diagonals in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This set is just a &quot;45-degree-rotated&quot; version of the axis cross in [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Anchor:Gegenbeispiel Achsenkreuz|this example]] and hence NOT a subspace. Again, the set is complete with respect to scalar multiplication, but not complete with respect to addition. We may take a vector from each of the first and second bisectors to find a counterexample.
 |lösung=The set &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is not a subspace, because &lt;math&gt;u_1=(1, 1)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2=(-1, 1)^T&lt;/math&gt; are in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.
But &lt;math&gt;u_1+u_2=(0, 2)^T&lt;/math&gt; is not in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=A subspace of&lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;? (Teil II)
 |aufgabe=Is  &lt;math&gt;U=\left\{x=\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\x_2 \end{pmatrix}\mid x_1^3=x_2^3\right\}&lt;/math&gt; a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;?
 |lösungsweg=After the last exercise we are somewhat warned that powers can be critical in the conditions, as they &quot;curve surfaces&quot;. But &lt;math&gt;x_1^3=x_2^3&lt;/math&gt; is equivalent for real numbers to &lt;math&gt;x_1 = x_2&lt;/math&gt; (our surface is flat), and all elements of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; are thus the multiples of the vector &lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}1\\1 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=&lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.
Since &lt;math&gt;x_1^3=x_2^3 \iff x_1=x_2&lt;/math&gt;  we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U=\left\{x=\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\x_2 \end{pmatrix}\mid x_1=x_2\right\}=\left\{t\cdot \begin{pmatrix}1\\1 \end{pmatrix}, t\in \R \right\}.&lt;/math&gt;}} 
According to a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Anchor:Example Gerade|Example from above]], &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=A subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;?
 |aufgabe=Is &lt;math&gt;U=\left\{x=\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\x_2\\x_3 \end{pmatrix}\in\R^3\bigg| x=\alpha \cdot\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\\3 \end{pmatrix}+\beta \cdot\begin{pmatrix}2\\3\\1 \end{pmatrix},\alpha,  \beta \in \R, x_2=0\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V=\R^3&lt;/math&gt;?
 |lösungsweg=We check the subspace criterion, as described above in [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Anchor:Beweise UVR|this example]].
 |lösung= Since we consider a subset of &lt;math&gt;V=\R^3&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;.

The zero vector &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; satisfies both conditions: For &lt;math&gt;\alpha=\beta=0&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;x=0 \cdot\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\\3 \end{pmatrix}+0 \cdot\begin{pmatrix}2\\3\\1 \end{pmatrix}=0&lt;/math&gt;, and the second component of the zero vector is zero. So &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is not empty.

Now we have to show that for &lt;math&gt;u,v\in U&lt;/math&gt; also &lt;math&gt;u+v\in U&lt;/math&gt; holds. To do this, we again check both conditions separately.

If &lt;math&gt;u=\alpha_1 \cdot(1, 2, 3)^T+\beta_1\cdot (2, 3, 1)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v=\alpha_2 \cdot(1, 2, 3)^T+\beta_2 \cdot(2, 3, 1)^T&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;u+v=(\alpha_1+\alpha_2) \cdot(1, 2, 3)^T+(\beta_1+\beta_2)\cdot (2, 3, 1)^T&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;u+v&lt;/math&gt; again has the required form.

If the second components of &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; are zero, then this is also true for the second component of &lt;math&gt;u+v&lt;/math&gt;.

Now the last thing we have to prove is that with &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in \R&lt;/math&gt; we also have &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot u\in U&lt;/math&gt;.

We see that &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot u=(\lambda\cdot \alpha_1)\cdot (1, 2, 3)^T +(\lambda\cdot\beta_1)\cdot (2, 3, 1)^T&lt;/math&gt;, so it has again the required form. With &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; the second component of &lt;math&gt;\lambda \cdot u&lt;/math&gt; is also zero.

Thus &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is indeed a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Lösung
 |titel=A subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;? (Alternative solution)
 |lösung=Later we have more methods available and can perform the subspace proof with more abstract methods.

We see that &lt;math&gt;U=U_1\cap U_2&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; is the span of &lt;math&gt;(1, 2, 3)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(2, 3, 1)^T&lt;/math&gt;. The span is always a subspace. 

&lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is the kernel of the linear map &lt;math&gt;f:\R^3\to R&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;f((x_1, x_2, x_3)^T)=x_2&lt;/math&gt;. The kernel of a linear map is also always a subspace.

In [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Union_and_intersection_of_vector_spaces|the next section]] we prove that the intersection of two subspaces is again a subspace, so we can identify that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=A subspace of &lt;math&gt;K^3&lt;/math&gt;?
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; be any field and &lt;math&gt;V = K^3&lt;/math&gt;.
Let &lt;math&gt;c \in K&lt;/math&gt;.
We define &lt;math&gt;U = \{\, (x_1, x_2, x_3) \in K^3 \,\vert\, x_1 + x_2 + x_3 = c \,\}&lt;/math&gt;.
What conditions must &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; satisfy for &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; to be a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;?
 |lösung=We first assume that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
Then &lt;math&gt;(0, 0, 0) \in U&lt;/math&gt; must hold.
But according to the definition of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt;0 + 0 + 0 = c&lt;/math&gt;.
So we know that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; can be a vector space only if &lt;math&gt;c = 0&lt;/math&gt;.

We now want to check whether &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is indeed a subspace in the case &lt;math&gt;c = 0&lt;/math&gt;.
For this, we use the subspace criterion and assume &lt;math&gt;c = 0&lt;/math&gt;:

For &lt;math&gt;(x_1, x_2, x_3) = (0, 0, 0)&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt;x_1 + x_2 + x_3 = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 = c&lt;/math&gt;.
Hence, &lt;math&gt;0_V \in U&lt;/math&gt;.

If &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, x_2, x_3)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y = (y_1, y_2, y_3)&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;,
then we have that &lt;math&gt;x_1 + x_2 + x_3 = c = 0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y_1 + y_2 + y_3 = c = 0&lt;/math&gt;.
Thus,&lt;math&gt;(x_1 + y_1) + (x_2 + y_2) + (x_3 + y_3) = 0&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;x + y \in U&lt;/math&gt;.

If &lt;math&gt;x = (x_1, x_2, x_3) \in U&lt;/math&gt;,
then we have that &lt;math&gt;x_1 + x_2 + x_3 = c = 0&lt;/math&gt;.
For every  &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; we have that also &lt;math&gt;\lambda x_1 + \lambda x_2 + \lambda x_3 = \lambda(x_1 + x_2 + x_3) = 0&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;\lambda x \in U&lt;/math&gt;.

Thus, the conditions of the subspace criterion hold and &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;c = 0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

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In this article, we define the sum of two subspaces. This sum will again be a subspace, containing the two initial subspaces. We can think of the sum as a structure-preserving union.

== What is the sum of subspaces? ==
Consider two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Now we want to combine these subspaces into a larger subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. A first approach could be to consider &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. However, we have already seen in the article [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union_and_intersection_of_vector_spaces|union and intersection of vector spaces]] that the union is generally not a subspace.

Why is that the case? For &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, the vector &lt;math&gt;u+w&lt;/math&gt; is not always in &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;, as you can see from [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union_and_intersection_of_vector_spaces#Example:Coordinate axis cross is not a subspace|this example]].
[[File:Union-of-lines-in-real-space.svg|center|300px|Union of two lines in two-dimensional space]]
In order to solve the problem, we add all sums of the form &lt;math&gt;u+w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; to the union of the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. That means, we consider &lt;math&gt;U\cup W\cup \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. This expression still seems very complicated, but we can simplify it to &lt;math&gt;\{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage= Why is &lt;math&gt;U\cup W\cup \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\} = \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;?
 |antwort= Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspace, the vector &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; is contained in both subspaces. Therefore, the following applies to all&lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; : 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;w = w + 0 \in \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
Therefore, &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. Analogously, we get &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
We call this set the ''sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;'' because it consists of the sums of vectors from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Later we will show that this is a subspace.

== Definition ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Sum of two subspaces
 |definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then we define the ''sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;'' as
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W:=\{u+w\in V\mid u\in U, w\in W\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== The sum is a subspace ==
We still have to prove that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace|subspace]]. 
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=The sum is a subspace
 |satz=The sum {{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W:=\{u+w\in V\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;}} is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösungsweg=
We need to check the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Anchor:Kriterium|subspace criterion]]. To do so, we utilise the fact that all vectors &lt;math&gt;v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;. We can then trace the conditions of the subspace criterion back to the respective properties of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces, we have &lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;0 \in W&lt;/math&gt;.
Thus, &lt;math&gt;0 = 0 + 0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is closed with respect to addition
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;x, y \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
We must show that &lt;math&gt;x + y \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. According to the definition of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;, there exist &lt;math&gt;u_1,u_2 \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w_1,w_2 \in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;x = u_1 + w_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y = u_2 + w_2&lt;/math&gt;.
We know that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces and therefore closed with respect to addition. Hence,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x+ y = (u_1 + w_1) + (u_2+ w_2) = \underbrace{(u_1 + u_2)}_{\in U} + \underbrace{(w_1 + w_2)}_{\in W} \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is closed with respect to scalar multiplication
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;.
We must show that &lt;math&gt;\lambda v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
According to the definition of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;, there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are closed with respect to scalar multiplication, we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lambda v = \lambda (u + w) = \underbrace{\lambda u}_{\in U} + \underbrace{\lambda w}_{\in W} \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}
}}

== Examples  ==
=== Sum of two lines in R2 {{Anchor|Beispiel_2d_Geraden}}===
[[File:Lines-in-2d-real-plane.svg|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We consider the following two lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\text{ and }W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
So &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;-axis and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. What is the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;?

Using the definition &lt;math&gt;U+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt; we can calculate a convenient set description for &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}y\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x+y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid x, y\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can write each vector in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;(x+y,y)^T&lt;/math&gt; with matching &lt;math&gt;x,y\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Specifically, for each vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b)^T\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt; we can find scalars &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y\in\R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(a,b)=(x+y,y)&lt;/math&gt;, namely &lt;math&gt;x:=a-b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y:=b&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt; holds.

Intuitively, you can immediately see that &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This is because &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;, which contains the straight lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The only subspaces of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; are the null space, lines that run through the origin and &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. As the straight lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; do not coincide but are different, &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; cannot be a line. Therefore, we must have &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of two lines in R3 ===
[[File:Lines-in-3d-real-space.png|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Consider the following lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} \text{ and } W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3x\\0\\5x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
Here &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the line in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)&lt;/math&gt;. We want to determine the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} +\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R\right\} \\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{x\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}+ y\begin{pmatrix}3\\0\\5\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is the plane that is spanned by the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)^T&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of two planes in R3 {{Anchor|Summe_3d_Ebenen}}===
[[File:Plane-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The planes &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Consider the following two planes:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U_1=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}2x\\x\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\text{ and } W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x\\-y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The planes are not equal. We can see this, for example, from the fact that the vector &lt;math&gt;(2,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt;, but not in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, the two planes should intuitively span the entire space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. So we can initially assume that &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. 

We now try to prove this assumption. To do so, we have to show that each vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in\R^3&lt;/math&gt; lies in the sum &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U_1, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. We must therefore find vectors &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;u\in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T=u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in U_1+W&lt;/math&gt; applies. Here we can use the definitions of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;: Each vector &lt;math&gt;u\in U_1&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;(2x_1,x_1,y_1)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1\in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Similarly, each vector &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;(0,2x_2,-y_2)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. So we want to find numbers &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt; for the vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in \R^3&lt;/math&gt; satisfying
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1\\x_1\\y_1 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x_2\\-y_2\end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We can re-write this as
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1+0\\x_1+2x_2\\y_1-y_2 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1\\x_1+2x_2\\y_1-y_2 \end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
How can we choose &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt; such that the above equation is satisfied? For instance,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x_1&amp;:=\tfrac 12 a \\
y_1&amp;:= c\\
x_2&amp;:= \tfrac 12 b-\tfrac 14a\\
y_2&amp;:=0 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
will do this job.

To summarise, the following applies to any vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in \R^3&lt;/math&gt;: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\underbrace{\begin{pmatrix}2\left(\tfrac 12 a\right)\\\tfrac 12 a\\c \end{pmatrix}}_{\in U_1}+\underbrace{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2\left(\tfrac 12 b-\tfrac 14a\right)\\-0\end{pmatrix}}_{\in W}\in U_1+W&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore, &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\R^3&lt;/math&gt; indeed holds, i.e. the two planes together span the entire &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Absorption property of the sum ===
[[File:Plane-curve-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The line &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; and the plane &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We have already looked at a few examples of sums in the space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Now let's look at another example in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Let
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U_2=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} 0\\ x\\2x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\\
&amp;\text{and}\\
&amp;W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\y\\z \end{pmatrix}\mid y,z\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
Then &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and through the point &lt;math&gt;(0,1,2)&lt;/math&gt;. The subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;y,z&lt;/math&gt;-plane. 

What is the sum of the subspaces &lt;math&gt;U_2+W&lt;/math&gt;? The line &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; lies in the &lt;math&gt;y,z&lt;/math&gt;-plane, i.e. in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The sum is intuitively the subspace consisting of &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is already contained in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, the sum should simply be &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U_2+W=W&lt;/math&gt;. This is indeed the case, as the exercise below shows.

Intuitively, this should also apply more generally: Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of an arbitrary vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, then the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; should simply result in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. This is called the ''absorption property'', as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is absorbed by &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; when taking the sum. We prove it in the following exercise. 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Absorption property of the sum
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Whenever &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, then it follows that &lt;math&gt;U+W=W&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=We assume that &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt; applies and prove that &lt;math&gt;U+W=W&lt;/math&gt;. To show this equality, we prove the two inclusions &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;. 
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;W\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;w=\underbrace{0}_{\in U}+\underbrace{w}_{\in W}\in U+W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then there are vectors &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;u\in W&lt;/math&gt;. We know that &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace and therefore closed under addition. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;u,w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we get &lt;math&gt;v=u+w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|
From the absorption property, we conclude &lt;math&gt;U+U=U&lt;/math&gt; for any subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. This is because every subspace is contained within itself, i.e., &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq U&lt;/math&gt;.}}

== Alternative definitions == 
=== Using the intersection ===
We have constructed a subspace &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, which contains the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Since we have included only &quot;necessary&quot; vectors in our construction of &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt;, this sum &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt; should be the smallest subspace that contains both &lt;math&gt; U &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; W &lt;/math&gt;.

We can also describe the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; differently: 
We first consider all subspaces that contain &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and then take the intersection of these subspaces. This intersection still contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and is also a subspace, since the intersection of any number of subspaces is again a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union and intersection of vector spaces#Anchor:Durchschnitt von Untervektorraeumen|subspace]]. Intuitively, there should be no smaller subspace with this property. Thus, we also obtain the smallest subspace that contains both &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.
According to these considerations, it should therefore be the case that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is equal to the intersection of all subspaces containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. We now want to prove this:
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Definition of the sum over the intersection of subspaces
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt; S := \bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z\atop Z \text{ subspace}} Z &lt;/math&gt; gilt: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; S = U + W &lt;/math&gt;}}
   |beweis=We prove the two inclusions &lt;math&gt;S\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;S\supseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\subseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=It is sufficient to show that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. Then it follows from the definition of &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; that
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;S = \bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z \atop Z\text{ subspace}} Z\subseteq U+W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We first show that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is contained in &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; being contained in &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; will follow analogously.
So let &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
Since &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, &lt;math&gt;0 \in W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;u= u + 0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\supseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
We must show that every subspace &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that contains both &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; must also contain &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

Let &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; be such a subspace. Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;.

In particular, &lt;math&gt;u, w \in Z&lt;/math&gt; applies. Since &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, &lt;math&gt;v = u + w \in Z&lt;/math&gt; holds.

We have thus shown: &lt;math&gt;U+W \subseteq Z&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}
This renders us the two alternative definitions:
    
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Definition of the sum of subspaces via the intersection
 |definition=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given by
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W=\bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z\atop Z \text{ subspace}} Z.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Using the span ===
We can describe the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;U \cup W&lt;/math&gt; in yet a third way. In the article [[Math for Non-Geeks/Span#Anchor:Spann als kleinster UVR|&quot;span&quot;]], we saw that for a given subset &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, the span of &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. So it must also be equal to the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Definition via the span
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; U + W=\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt;}}
 |beweis=We show the two inclusions &lt;math&gt; U + W\subseteq\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; U + W\supseteq\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\subseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
Then there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;. Because the span of &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt; consists of linear combinations of vectors from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, we indeed have &lt;math&gt;v=u+w\in\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\supseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=[[Math for Non-Geeks/Span#Anchor:Spann als kleinster UVR|we have seen that]] &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;, we finally obtain &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

== Dimension formula {{Anchor|Dimensionsformel}} == 
Now that we know what the sum of two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is, we can ask ourselves how large the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is. The sum of subspaces is the vector space analogue of the union of sets. For two sets &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;, the union &lt;math&gt;X\cup Y&lt;/math&gt; has a maximum of &lt;math&gt;|X| + |Y|&lt;/math&gt; elements. If &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; share elements, i.e. have a non-empty intersection, then &lt;math&gt;X\cup Y&lt;/math&gt; has fewer than &lt;math&gt;|X|+|Y|&lt;/math&gt; elements, because we count the elements from &lt;math&gt;X \cap Y&lt;/math&gt; twice. This gives us the formula
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;|X\cup Y| + |X \cap Y| = |X| + |Y|.&lt;/math&gt;}}
In order to transfer this formula to vector spaces, we need the correct concept of the size of a vector space, i.e. the analogue for the cardinality of a set for vector spaces. This is exactly the idea of the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dimension|dimension]] of a vector space. Therefore, if an analogue formula holds for vector spaces, the following should be true:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) + \dim(U \cap W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
If &lt;math&gt;\dim(U\cap W)&lt;/math&gt; is finite, we can convert this formula to a formula for &lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)&lt;/math&gt;, namely
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}

Before we prove our assumption, we will test it with a few examples:

[[File:Lines-in-2d-real-plane.svg|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Let us reconsider the two lines [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces#Anchor:Beispiel_2d_Geraden|from the example above]]:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\text{ and }W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
We have already calculated above that &lt;math&gt;U + W = \R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This fits our assumption: &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; is two-dimensional, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are one-dimensional and the intersection &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt; is zero-dimensional.

[[File:Plane-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The planes &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Let us look again at the [[#Anchor:Summe_3d_Ebenen|example above]] with the two planes:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U_1=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}2x\\x\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\text{ and } W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x\\-y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
We have already calculated above that &lt;math&gt;U_1 + W = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; and the figure shows that &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; intersect in a straight line. This means that the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1 + W&lt;/math&gt; is three, the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are both two and the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is just one. So the dimension formula also holds in this case.

As a final example, we consider the subspace &lt;math&gt;U = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; and
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;W = \left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\\x\end{pmatrix}; x \in \R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
The subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a line through the origin, i.e. &lt;math&gt;\dim(W) = 1&lt;/math&gt; and we have &lt;math&gt;\dim(U) = \dim(\R^3= = 3&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, the [[#Exercise:Absorption property of the sum|Absorption property of the sum]] tells us that &lt;math&gt;U + W = U = \R^3&lt;/math&gt;. For the same reason, we have &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = W&lt;/math&gt;. Thus,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+ W) = 3 = 3 + 1 - 1 = \dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U \cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
So the dimension formula is also valid in this case.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Dimension formula
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a finite-dimensional &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
 {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
 |lösungsweg=
The motivation for our formula comes from the world of finite sets. Therefore, we would also like to trace the proof back to the case of (finite) sets. The structure of a vector space can be reduced to its [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|basis]], which is indeed a finite set. The cardinality of a basis is exactly the dimension of the vector space, so we can trace the dimension formula back to a statement about the cardinality of (finite) basis sets. To do so, we have to choose suitable bases &lt;math&gt;B_U, B_W, B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; for which &lt;math&gt;B_U \cap B_W = B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt;. In this case, we obtain from the number-of-elements-formula for sets that &lt;math&gt;B_U \cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; has the desired size. Then we just have to prove that &lt;math&gt;B_U \cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U + W&lt;/math&gt;. We do this by reducing everything to the fact that &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; are already bases of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

To construct the desired bases &lt;math&gt;B_U, B_W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt;, we use the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Anchor:Basisergänzungssatz|basis completion theorem]]. With this we can extend a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; to one of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and one of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

 |beweis=Let now &lt;math&gt;n=\dim(U), m=\dim(W)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;k=\dim(U\cap W)&lt;/math&gt;. Then there is a basis &lt;math&gt;\{v_1,\ldots , v_k\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;. We can extend it to a basis &lt;math&gt;B_U := \{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, u_{k+1},\ldots , u_n\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, as well as to a basis &lt;math&gt;B_W := \{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, w_{k+1},\ldots , w_m\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

We now show that &lt;math&gt;B:=\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, u_{k+1},\ldots , u_n, w_{k+1},\ldots , w_m\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system
 |beweisschritt=
Since according to [[#Satz:Definition durch den Spann|the previous theorem]] we have &lt;math&gt; U+W = \operatorname{span}(U \cup W) = \operatorname{span}(B_U \cup B_W) = \operatorname{span}(B) &lt;/math&gt; , we know that &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i, \beta_j,\gamma_l \in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;i\in\{1,\ldots k\}, j\in\{k+1,\ldots , n\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;l\in\{k+1,\ldots , m\}&lt;/math&gt; such that 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j + \sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l=0.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We can re-write this as
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\underbrace{\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j}_{\in U} =\underbrace{ -\sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l}_{\in W}\in U\cap W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
Since &lt;math&gt;\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;, we can write the above element as a linear combination of these basis vectors:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j=\sum_{i=1}^k \alpha'_i v_i&lt;/math&gt;}}
This is equivalent to
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k(\alpha_i - \alpha')_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j =0&lt;/math&gt;}}
Since &lt;math&gt; B_U=\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k,u_{k+1},\ldots ,u_n\} &lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt; U &lt;/math&gt;, it follows that &lt;math&gt; \beta_j = 0 &lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; j = k+1, \ldots ,n &lt;/math&gt; and thus we get &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i - \alpha'_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i=1,\ldots ,k&lt;/math&gt;. 

Plugging  &lt;math&gt;\beta_j=0&lt;/math&gt; into our first equation, we then get
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i + \sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l=0.&lt;/math&gt;}}
This is a linear combination of the basis vectors from &lt;math&gt; B_W &lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt; \alpha_i = 0 &lt;/math&gt; must also apply for all &lt;math&gt; i= 1, \ldots , k &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; \gamma_l = 0 &lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; l = k+1, \ldots , m &lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent.
}}
Since &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; , we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=|B|=k+(n-k)+(m-k)=n+m-k= |B_U| + |B_W| - |\{v_1, \ldots , v_k\}| = \dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Warnung|The formula from the above theorem cannot be used for infinite-dimensional vector spaces. The reason is that there is no unique, meaningful way to subtract infinity from infinity. To illustrate this problem, consider the sets &lt;math&gt;U = \{0, 1, 2, \dots\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W = \{1,2,\dots\}&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;U\cap W = W&lt;/math&gt; and thus &lt;math&gt;|U| + |W| - |U\cap W| = \infty + \infty - \infty&lt;/math&gt;, which makes mathematically no sense. The same can happen with vector spaces: For example, we can consider &lt;math&gt;U = k[X]&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W = \{f\in k[X]\mid \deg f \ge 1\}&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V = k[X]&lt;/math&gt;. Again, &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = W&lt;/math&gt; and we have &lt;math&gt;\dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U\cap W) = \infty + \infty - \infty&lt;/math&gt;.

However, if we move the term with the intersection to the other side of the equation, then the formula makes sense also for infinite-dimensional vector spaces. This means that for any subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) + \dim(U \cap W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
For this formula to also make sense in infinite dimensions, we require &lt;math&gt;\infty + \infty = \infty&lt;/math&gt;, which is a mathematically meaningful and true statement.
}}
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In this article, we define the sum of two subspaces. This sum will again be a subspace, containing the two initial subspaces. We can think of the sum as a structure-preserving union.

== What is the sum of subspaces? ==
Consider two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Now we want to combine these subspaces into a larger subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. A first approach could be to consider &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. However, we have already seen in the article [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union_and_intersection_of_vector_spaces|union and intersection of vector spaces]] that the union is generally not a subspace.

Why is that the case? For &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, the vector &lt;math&gt;u+w&lt;/math&gt; is not always in &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;, as you can see from [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union_and_intersection_of_vector_spaces#Example:Coordinate axis cross is not a subspace|this example]].
[[File:Union-of-lines-in-real-space.svg|center|300px|Union of two lines in two-dimensional space]]
In order to solve the problem, we add all sums of the form &lt;math&gt;u+w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; to the union of the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. That means, we consider &lt;math&gt;U\cup W\cup \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. This expression still seems very complicated, but we can simplify it to &lt;math&gt;\{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage= Why is &lt;math&gt;U\cup W\cup \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\} = \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;?
 |antwort= Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspace, the vector &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; is contained in both subspaces. Therefore, the following applies to all&lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; : 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;w = w + 0 \in \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
Therefore, &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. Analogously, we get &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
We call this set the ''sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;'' because it consists of the sums of vectors from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Later we will show that this is a subspace.

== Definition ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Sum of two subspaces
 |definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then we define the ''sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;'' as
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W:=\{u+w\in V\mid u\in U, w\in W\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== The sum is a subspace ==
We still have to prove that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace|subspace]]. 
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=The sum is a subspace
 |satz=The sum {{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W:=\{u+w\in V\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;}} is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösungsweg=
We need to check the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Anchor:Kriterium|subspace criterion]]. To do so, we utilise the fact that all vectors &lt;math&gt;v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;. We can then trace the conditions of the subspace criterion back to the respective properties of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces, we have &lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;0 \in W&lt;/math&gt;.
Thus, &lt;math&gt;0 = 0 + 0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is closed with respect to addition
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;x, y \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
We must show that &lt;math&gt;x + y \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. According to the definition of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;, there exist &lt;math&gt;u_1,u_2 \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w_1,w_2 \in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;x = u_1 + w_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y = u_2 + w_2&lt;/math&gt;.
We know that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces and therefore closed with respect to addition. Hence,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x+ y = (u_1 + w_1) + (u_2+ w_2) = \underbrace{(u_1 + u_2)}_{\in U} + \underbrace{(w_1 + w_2)}_{\in W} \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is closed with respect to scalar multiplication
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;.
We must show that &lt;math&gt;\lambda v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
According to the definition of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;, there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are closed with respect to scalar multiplication, we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lambda v = \lambda (u + w) = \underbrace{\lambda u}_{\in U} + \underbrace{\lambda w}_{\in W} \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}
}}

== Examples  ==
=== Sum of two lines in R2 {{Anchor|Beispiel_2d_Geraden}}===
[[File:Lines-in-2d-real-plane.svg|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We consider the following two lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\text{ and }W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
So &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;-axis and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. What is the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;?

Using the definition &lt;math&gt;U+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt; we can calculate a convenient set description for &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}y\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x+y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid x, y\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can write each vector in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;(x+y,y)^T&lt;/math&gt; with matching &lt;math&gt;x,y\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Specifically, for each vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b)^T\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt; we can find scalars &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y\in\R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(a,b)=(x+y,y)&lt;/math&gt;, namely &lt;math&gt;x:=a-b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y:=b&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt; holds.

Intuitively, you can immediately see that &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This is because &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;, which contains the straight lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The only subspaces of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; are the null space, lines that run through the origin and &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. As the straight lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; do not coincide but are different, &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; cannot be a line. Therefore, we must have &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of two lines in R3 ===
[[File:Lines-in-3d-real-space.png|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Consider the following lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} \text{ and } W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3x\\0\\5x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Here &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the line in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)&lt;/math&gt;. We want to determine the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} +\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R\right\} \\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{x\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}+ y\begin{pmatrix}3\\0\\5\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is the plane that is spanned by the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)^T&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of two planes in R3 {{Anchor|Summe_3d_Ebenen}}===
[[File:Plane-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The planes &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Consider the following two planes:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U_1=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}2x\\x\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\text{ and } W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x\\-y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The planes are not equal. We can see this, for example, from the fact that the vector &lt;math&gt;(2,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt;, but not in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, the two planes should intuitively span the entire space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. So we can initially assume that &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. 

We now try to prove this assumption. To do so, we have to show that each vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in\R^3&lt;/math&gt; lies in the sum &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U_1, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. We must therefore find vectors &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;u\in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T=u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in U_1+W&lt;/math&gt; applies. Here we can use the definitions of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;: Each vector &lt;math&gt;u\in U_1&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;(2x_1,x_1,y_1)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1\in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Similarly, each vector &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;(0,2x_2,-y_2)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. So we want to find numbers &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt; for the vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in \R^3&lt;/math&gt; satisfying
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1\\x_1\\y_1 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x_2\\-y_2\end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We can re-write this as
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1+0\\x_1+2x_2\\y_1-y_2 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1\\x_1+2x_2\\y_1-y_2 \end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
How can we choose &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt; such that the above equation is satisfied? For instance,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x_1&amp;:=\tfrac 12 a \\
y_1&amp;:= c\\
x_2&amp;:= \tfrac 12 b-\tfrac 14a\\
y_2&amp;:=0 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
will do this job.

To summarise, the following applies to any vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in \R^3&lt;/math&gt;: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\underbrace{\begin{pmatrix}2\left(\tfrac 12 a\right)\\\tfrac 12 a\\c \end{pmatrix}}_{\in U_1}+\underbrace{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2\left(\tfrac 12 b-\tfrac 14a\right)\\-0\end{pmatrix}}_{\in W}\in U_1+W&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore, &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\R^3&lt;/math&gt; indeed holds, i.e. the two planes together span the entire &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Absorption property of the sum ===
[[File:Plane-curve-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The line &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; and the plane &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We have already looked at a few examples of sums in the space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Now let's look at another example in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Let
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U_2=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} 0\\ x\\2x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\\
&amp;\text{and}\\
&amp;W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\y\\z \end{pmatrix}\mid y,z\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
Then &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and through the point &lt;math&gt;(0,1,2)&lt;/math&gt;. The subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;y,z&lt;/math&gt;-plane. 

What is the sum of the subspaces &lt;math&gt;U_2+W&lt;/math&gt;? The line &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; lies in the &lt;math&gt;y,z&lt;/math&gt;-plane, i.e. in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The sum is intuitively the subspace consisting of &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is already contained in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, the sum should simply be &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U_2+W=W&lt;/math&gt;. This is indeed the case, as the exercise below shows.

Intuitively, this should also apply more generally: Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of an arbitrary vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, then the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; should simply result in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. This is called the ''absorption property'', as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is absorbed by &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; when taking the sum. We prove it in the following exercise. 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Absorption property of the sum
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Whenever &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, then it follows that &lt;math&gt;U+W=W&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=We assume that &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt; applies and prove that &lt;math&gt;U+W=W&lt;/math&gt;. To show this equality, we prove the two inclusions &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;. 
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;W\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;w=\underbrace{0}_{\in U}+\underbrace{w}_{\in W}\in U+W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then there are vectors &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;u\in W&lt;/math&gt;. We know that &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace and therefore closed under addition. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;u,w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we get &lt;math&gt;v=u+w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|
From the absorption property, we conclude &lt;math&gt;U+U=U&lt;/math&gt; for any subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. This is because every subspace is contained within itself, i.e., &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq U&lt;/math&gt;.}}

== Alternative definitions == 
=== Using the intersection ===
We have constructed a subspace &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, which contains the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Since we have included only &quot;necessary&quot; vectors in our construction of &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt;, this sum &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt; should be the smallest subspace that contains both &lt;math&gt; U &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; W &lt;/math&gt;.

We can also describe the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; differently: 
We first consider all subspaces that contain &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and then take the intersection of these subspaces. This intersection still contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and is also a subspace, since the intersection of any number of subspaces is again a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union and intersection of vector spaces#Anchor:Durchschnitt von Untervektorraeumen|subspace]]. Intuitively, there should be no smaller subspace with this property. Thus, we also obtain the smallest subspace that contains both &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.
According to these considerations, it should therefore be the case that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is equal to the intersection of all subspaces containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. We now want to prove this:
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Definition of the sum over the intersection of subspaces
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt; S := \bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z\atop Z \text{ subspace}} Z &lt;/math&gt; gilt: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; S = U + W &lt;/math&gt;}}
   |beweis=We prove the two inclusions &lt;math&gt;S\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;S\supseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\subseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=It is sufficient to show that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. Then it follows from the definition of &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; that
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;S = \bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z \atop Z\text{ subspace}} Z\subseteq U+W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We first show that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is contained in &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; being contained in &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; will follow analogously.
So let &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
Since &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, &lt;math&gt;0 \in W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;u= u + 0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\supseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
We must show that every subspace &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that contains both &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; must also contain &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

Let &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; be such a subspace. Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;.

In particular, &lt;math&gt;u, w \in Z&lt;/math&gt; applies. Since &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, &lt;math&gt;v = u + w \in Z&lt;/math&gt; holds.

We have thus shown: &lt;math&gt;U+W \subseteq Z&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}
This renders us the two alternative definitions:
    
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Definition of the sum of subspaces via the intersection
 |definition=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given by
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W=\bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z\atop Z \text{ subspace}} Z.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Using the span ===
We can describe the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;U \cup W&lt;/math&gt; in yet a third way. In the article [[Math for Non-Geeks/Span#Anchor:Spann als kleinster UVR|&quot;span&quot;]], we saw that for a given subset &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, the span of &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. So it must also be equal to the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Definition via the span
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; U + W=\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt;}}
 |beweis=We show the two inclusions &lt;math&gt; U + W\subseteq\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; U + W\supseteq\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\subseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
Then there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;. Because the span of &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt; consists of linear combinations of vectors from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, we indeed have &lt;math&gt;v=u+w\in\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\supseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=[[Math for Non-Geeks/Span#Anchor:Spann als kleinster UVR|we have seen that]] &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;, we finally obtain &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

== Dimension formula {{Anchor|Dimensionsformel}} == 
Now that we know what the sum of two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is, we can ask ourselves how large the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is. The sum of subspaces is the vector space analogue of the union of sets. For two sets &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;, the union &lt;math&gt;X\cup Y&lt;/math&gt; has a maximum of &lt;math&gt;|X| + |Y|&lt;/math&gt; elements. If &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; share elements, i.e. have a non-empty intersection, then &lt;math&gt;X\cup Y&lt;/math&gt; has fewer than &lt;math&gt;|X|+|Y|&lt;/math&gt; elements, because we count the elements from &lt;math&gt;X \cap Y&lt;/math&gt; twice. This gives us the formula
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;|X\cup Y| + |X \cap Y| = |X| + |Y|.&lt;/math&gt;}}
In order to transfer this formula to vector spaces, we need the correct concept of the size of a vector space, i.e. the analogue for the cardinality of a set for vector spaces. This is exactly the idea of the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dimension|dimension]] of a vector space. Therefore, if an analogue formula holds for vector spaces, the following should be true:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) + \dim(U \cap W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
If &lt;math&gt;\dim(U\cap W)&lt;/math&gt; is finite, we can convert this formula to a formula for &lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)&lt;/math&gt;, namely
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}

Before we prove our assumption, we will test it with a few examples:

[[File:Lines-in-2d-real-plane.svg|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Let us reconsider the two lines [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces#Anchor:Beispiel_2d_Geraden|from the example above]]:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\text{ and }W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
We have already calculated above that &lt;math&gt;U + W = \R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This fits our assumption: &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; is two-dimensional, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are one-dimensional and the intersection &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt; is zero-dimensional.

[[File:Plane-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The planes &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Let us look again at the [[#Anchor:Summe_3d_Ebenen|example above]] with the two planes:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U_1=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}2x\\x\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\text{ and } W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x\\-y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
We have already calculated above that &lt;math&gt;U_1 + W = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; and the figure shows that &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; intersect in a straight line. This means that the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1 + W&lt;/math&gt; is three, the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are both two and the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is just one. So the dimension formula also holds in this case.

As a final example, we consider the subspace &lt;math&gt;U = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; and
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;W = \left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\\x\end{pmatrix}; x \in \R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
The subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a line through the origin, i.e. &lt;math&gt;\dim(W) = 1&lt;/math&gt; and we have &lt;math&gt;\dim(U) = \dim(\R^3= = 3&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, the [[#Exercise:Absorption property of the sum|Absorption property of the sum]] tells us that &lt;math&gt;U + W = U = \R^3&lt;/math&gt;. For the same reason, we have &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = W&lt;/math&gt;. Thus,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+ W) = 3 = 3 + 1 - 1 = \dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U \cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
So the dimension formula is also valid in this case.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Dimension formula
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a finite-dimensional &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
 {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
 |lösungsweg=
The motivation for our formula comes from the world of finite sets. Therefore, we would also like to trace the proof back to the case of (finite) sets. The structure of a vector space can be reduced to its [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|basis]], which is indeed a finite set. The cardinality of a basis is exactly the dimension of the vector space, so we can trace the dimension formula back to a statement about the cardinality of (finite) basis sets. To do so, we have to choose suitable bases &lt;math&gt;B_U, B_W, B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; for which &lt;math&gt;B_U \cap B_W = B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt;. In this case, we obtain from the number-of-elements-formula for sets that &lt;math&gt;B_U \cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; has the desired size. Then we just have to prove that &lt;math&gt;B_U \cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U + W&lt;/math&gt;. We do this by reducing everything to the fact that &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; are already bases of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

To construct the desired bases &lt;math&gt;B_U, B_W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt;, we use the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Anchor:Basisergänzungssatz|basis completion theorem]]. With this we can extend a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; to one of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and one of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

 |beweis=Let now &lt;math&gt;n=\dim(U), m=\dim(W)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;k=\dim(U\cap W)&lt;/math&gt;. Then there is a basis &lt;math&gt;\{v_1,\ldots , v_k\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;. We can extend it to a basis &lt;math&gt;B_U := \{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, u_{k+1},\ldots , u_n\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, as well as to a basis &lt;math&gt;B_W := \{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, w_{k+1},\ldots , w_m\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

We now show that &lt;math&gt;B:=\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, u_{k+1},\ldots , u_n, w_{k+1},\ldots , w_m\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system
 |beweisschritt=
Since according to [[#Satz:Definition durch den Spann|the previous theorem]] we have &lt;math&gt; U+W = \operatorname{span}(U \cup W) = \operatorname{span}(B_U \cup B_W) = \operatorname{span}(B) &lt;/math&gt; , we know that &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i, \beta_j,\gamma_l \in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;i\in\{1,\ldots k\}, j\in\{k+1,\ldots , n\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;l\in\{k+1,\ldots , m\}&lt;/math&gt; such that 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j + \sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l=0.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We can re-write this as
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\underbrace{\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j}_{\in U} =\underbrace{ -\sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l}_{\in W}\in U\cap W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
Since &lt;math&gt;\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;, we can write the above element as a linear combination of these basis vectors:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j=\sum_{i=1}^k \alpha'_i v_i&lt;/math&gt;}}
This is equivalent to
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k(\alpha_i - \alpha')_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j =0&lt;/math&gt;}}
Since &lt;math&gt; B_U=\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k,u_{k+1},\ldots ,u_n\} &lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt; U &lt;/math&gt;, it follows that &lt;math&gt; \beta_j = 0 &lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; j = k+1, \ldots ,n &lt;/math&gt; and thus we get &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i - \alpha'_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i=1,\ldots ,k&lt;/math&gt;. 

Plugging  &lt;math&gt;\beta_j=0&lt;/math&gt; into our first equation, we then get
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i + \sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l=0.&lt;/math&gt;}}
This is a linear combination of the basis vectors from &lt;math&gt; B_W &lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt; \alpha_i = 0 &lt;/math&gt; must also apply for all &lt;math&gt; i= 1, \ldots , k &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; \gamma_l = 0 &lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; l = k+1, \ldots , m &lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent.
}}
Since &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; , we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=|B|=k+(n-k)+(m-k)=n+m-k= |B_U| + |B_W| - |\{v_1, \ldots , v_k\}| = \dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Warnung|The formula from the above theorem cannot be used for infinite-dimensional vector spaces. The reason is that there is no unique, meaningful way to subtract infinity from infinity. To illustrate this problem, consider the sets &lt;math&gt;U = \{0, 1, 2, \dots\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W = \{1,2,\dots\}&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;U\cap W = W&lt;/math&gt; and thus &lt;math&gt;|U| + |W| - |U\cap W| = \infty + \infty - \infty&lt;/math&gt;, which makes mathematically no sense. The same can happen with vector spaces: For example, we can consider &lt;math&gt;U = k[X]&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W = \{f\in k[X]\mid \deg f \ge 1\}&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V = k[X]&lt;/math&gt;. Again, &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = W&lt;/math&gt; and we have &lt;math&gt;\dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U\cap W) = \infty + \infty - \infty&lt;/math&gt;.

However, if we move the term with the intersection to the other side of the equation, then the formula makes sense also for infinite-dimensional vector spaces. This means that for any subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) + \dim(U \cap W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
For this formula to also make sense in infinite dimensions, we require &lt;math&gt;\infty + \infty = \infty&lt;/math&gt;, which is a mathematically meaningful and true statement.
}}
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In this article, we define the sum of two subspaces. This sum will again be a subspace, containing the two initial subspaces. We can think of the sum as a structure-preserving union.

== What is the sum of subspaces? ==
Consider two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Now we want to combine these subspaces into a larger subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. A first approach could be to consider &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. However, we have already seen in the article [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union_and_intersection_of_vector_spaces|union and intersection of vector spaces]] that the union is generally not a subspace.

Why is that the case? For &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, the vector &lt;math&gt;u+w&lt;/math&gt; is not always in &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;, as you can see from [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union_and_intersection_of_vector_spaces#Example:Coordinate axis cross is not a subspace|this example]].
[[File:Union-of-lines-in-real-space.svg|center|300px|Union of two lines in two-dimensional space]]
In order to solve the problem, we add all sums of the form &lt;math&gt;u+w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; to the union of the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. That means, we consider &lt;math&gt;U\cup W\cup \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. This expression still seems very complicated, but we can simplify it to &lt;math&gt;\{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage= Why is &lt;math&gt;U\cup W\cup \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\} = \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;?
 |antwort= Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspace, the vector &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; is contained in both subspaces. Therefore, the following applies to all&lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; : 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;w = w + 0 \in \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
Therefore, &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. Analogously, we get &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
We call this set the ''sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;'' because it consists of the sums of vectors from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Later we will show that this is a subspace.

== Definition ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Sum of two subspaces
 |definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then we define the ''sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;'' as
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W:=\{u+w\in V\mid u\in U, w\in W\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== The sum is a subspace ==
We still have to prove that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace|subspace]]. 
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=The sum is a subspace
 |satz=The sum {{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W:=\{u+w\in V\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;}} is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösungsweg=
We need to check the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Anchor:Kriterium|subspace criterion]]. To do so, we utilise the fact that all vectors &lt;math&gt;v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;. We can then trace the conditions of the subspace criterion back to the respective properties of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces, we have &lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;0 \in W&lt;/math&gt;.
Thus, &lt;math&gt;0 = 0 + 0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is closed with respect to addition
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;x, y \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
We must show that &lt;math&gt;x + y \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. According to the definition of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;, there exist &lt;math&gt;u_1,u_2 \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w_1,w_2 \in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;x = u_1 + w_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y = u_2 + w_2&lt;/math&gt;.
We know that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces and therefore closed with respect to addition. Hence,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x+ y = (u_1 + w_1) + (u_2+ w_2) = \underbrace{(u_1 + u_2)}_{\in U} + \underbrace{(w_1 + w_2)}_{\in W} \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is closed with respect to scalar multiplication
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;.
We must show that &lt;math&gt;\lambda v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
According to the definition of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;, there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are closed with respect to scalar multiplication, we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lambda v = \lambda (u + w) = \underbrace{\lambda u}_{\in U} + \underbrace{\lambda w}_{\in W} \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}
}}

== Examples  ==
=== Sum of two lines in R2 {{Anchor|Beispiel_2d_Geraden}}===
[[File:Lines-in-2d-real-plane.svg|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We consider the following two lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\text{ and }W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
So &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;-axis and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. What is the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;?

Using the definition &lt;math&gt;U+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt; we can calculate a convenient set description for &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}y\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x+y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid x, y\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can write each vector in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;(x+y,y)^T&lt;/math&gt; with matching &lt;math&gt;x,y\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Specifically, for each vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b)^T\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt; we can find scalars &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y\in\R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(a,b)=(x+y,y)&lt;/math&gt;, namely &lt;math&gt;x:=a-b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y:=b&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt; holds.

Intuitively, you can immediately see that &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This is because &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;, which contains the straight lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The only subspaces of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; are the null space, lines that run through the origin and &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. As the straight lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; do not coincide but are different, &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; cannot be a line. Therefore, we must have &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of two lines in R3 ===
[[File:Lines-in-3d-real-space.png|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Consider the following lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} \text{ and } W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3x\\0\\5x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Here &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the line in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)&lt;/math&gt;. We want to determine the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} +\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R\right\} \\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{x\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}+ y\begin{pmatrix}3\\0\\5\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is the plane that is spanned by the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)^T&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of two planes in R3 {{Anchor|Summe_3d_Ebenen}}===
[[File:Plane-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The planes &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Consider the following two planes:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U_1=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}2x\\x\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\text{ and } W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x\\-y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The planes are not equal. We can see this, for example, from the fact that the vector &lt;math&gt;(2,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt;, but not in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, the two planes should intuitively span the entire space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. So we can initially assume that &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. 

We now try to prove this assumption. To do so, we have to show that each vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in\R^3&lt;/math&gt; lies in the sum &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U_1, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. We must therefore find vectors &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;u\in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T=u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in U_1+W&lt;/math&gt; applies. Here we can use the definitions of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;: Each vector &lt;math&gt;u\in U_1&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;(2x_1,x_1,y_1)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1\in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Similarly, each vector &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;(0,2x_2,-y_2)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. So we want to find numbers &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt; for the vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in \R^3&lt;/math&gt; satisfying

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1\\x_1\\y_1 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x_2\\-y_2\end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can re-write this as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1+0\\x_1+2x_2\\y_1-y_2 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1\\x_1+2x_2\\y_1-y_2 \end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

How can we choose &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt; such that the above equation is satisfied? For instance,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x_1&amp;:=\tfrac 12 a \\
y_1&amp;:= c\\
x_2&amp;:= \tfrac 12 b-\tfrac 14a\\
y_2&amp;:=0 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

will do this job.

To summarise, the following applies to any vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in \R^3&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\underbrace{\begin{pmatrix}2\left(\tfrac 12 a\right)\\\tfrac 12 a\\c \end{pmatrix}}_{\in U_1}+\underbrace{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2\left(\tfrac 12 b-\tfrac 14a\right)\\-0\end{pmatrix}}_{\in W}\in U_1+W&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore, &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\R^3&lt;/math&gt; indeed holds, i.e. the two planes together span the entire &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Absorption property of the sum ===
[[File:Plane-curve-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The line &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; and the plane &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We have already looked at a few examples of sums in the space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Now let's look at another example in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Let
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U_2=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} 0\\ x\\2x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\\
&amp;\text{and}\\
&amp;W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\y\\z \end{pmatrix}\mid y,z\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
Then &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and through the point &lt;math&gt;(0,1,2)&lt;/math&gt;. The subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;y,z&lt;/math&gt;-plane. 

What is the sum of the subspaces &lt;math&gt;U_2+W&lt;/math&gt;? The line &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; lies in the &lt;math&gt;y,z&lt;/math&gt;-plane, i.e. in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The sum is intuitively the subspace consisting of &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is already contained in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, the sum should simply be &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U_2+W=W&lt;/math&gt;. This is indeed the case, as the exercise below shows.

Intuitively, this should also apply more generally: Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of an arbitrary vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, then the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; should simply result in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. This is called the ''absorption property'', as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is absorbed by &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; when taking the sum. We prove it in the following exercise. 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Absorption property of the sum
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Whenever &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, then it follows that &lt;math&gt;U+W=W&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=We assume that &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt; applies and prove that &lt;math&gt;U+W=W&lt;/math&gt;. To show this equality, we prove the two inclusions &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;. 
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;W\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;w=\underbrace{0}_{\in U}+\underbrace{w}_{\in W}\in U+W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then there are vectors &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;u\in W&lt;/math&gt;. We know that &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace and therefore closed under addition. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;u,w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we get &lt;math&gt;v=u+w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|
From the absorption property, we conclude &lt;math&gt;U+U=U&lt;/math&gt; for any subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. This is because every subspace is contained within itself, i.e., &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq U&lt;/math&gt;.}}

== Alternative definitions == 
=== Using the intersection ===
We have constructed a subspace &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, which contains the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Since we have included only &quot;necessary&quot; vectors in our construction of &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt;, this sum &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt; should be the smallest subspace that contains both &lt;math&gt; U &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; W &lt;/math&gt;.

We can also describe the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; differently: 
We first consider all subspaces that contain &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and then take the intersection of these subspaces. This intersection still contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and is also a subspace, since the intersection of any number of subspaces is again a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union and intersection of vector spaces#Anchor:Durchschnitt von Untervektorraeumen|subspace]]. Intuitively, there should be no smaller subspace with this property. Thus, we also obtain the smallest subspace that contains both &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.
According to these considerations, it should therefore be the case that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is equal to the intersection of all subspaces containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. We now want to prove this:
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Definition of the sum over the intersection of subspaces
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt; S := \bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z\atop Z \text{ subspace}} Z &lt;/math&gt; gilt: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; S = U + W &lt;/math&gt;}}
   |beweis=We prove the two inclusions &lt;math&gt;S\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;S\supseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\subseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=It is sufficient to show that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. Then it follows from the definition of &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; that
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;S = \bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z \atop Z\text{ subspace}} Z\subseteq U+W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We first show that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is contained in &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; being contained in &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; will follow analogously.
So let &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
Since &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, &lt;math&gt;0 \in W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;u= u + 0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\supseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
We must show that every subspace &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that contains both &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; must also contain &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

Let &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; be such a subspace. Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;.

In particular, &lt;math&gt;u, w \in Z&lt;/math&gt; applies. Since &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, &lt;math&gt;v = u + w \in Z&lt;/math&gt; holds.

We have thus shown: &lt;math&gt;U+W \subseteq Z&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}
This renders us the two alternative definitions:
    
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Definition of the sum of subspaces via the intersection
 |definition=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given by
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W=\bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z\atop Z \text{ subspace}} Z.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Using the span ===
We can describe the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;U \cup W&lt;/math&gt; in yet a third way. In the article [[Math for Non-Geeks/Span#Anchor:Spann als kleinster UVR|&quot;span&quot;]], we saw that for a given subset &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, the span of &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. So it must also be equal to the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Definition via the span
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; U + W=\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt;}}
 |beweis=We show the two inclusions &lt;math&gt; U + W\subseteq\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; U + W\supseteq\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\subseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
Then there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;. Because the span of &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt; consists of linear combinations of vectors from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, we indeed have &lt;math&gt;v=u+w\in\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\supseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=[[Math for Non-Geeks/Span#Anchor:Spann als kleinster UVR|we have seen that]] &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;, we finally obtain &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

== Dimension formula {{Anchor|Dimensionsformel}} == 
Now that we know what the sum of two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is, we can ask ourselves how large the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is. The sum of subspaces is the vector space analogue of the union of sets. For two sets &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;, the union &lt;math&gt;X\cup Y&lt;/math&gt; has a maximum of &lt;math&gt;|X| + |Y|&lt;/math&gt; elements. If &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; share elements, i.e. have a non-empty intersection, then &lt;math&gt;X\cup Y&lt;/math&gt; has fewer than &lt;math&gt;|X|+|Y|&lt;/math&gt; elements, because we count the elements from &lt;math&gt;X \cap Y&lt;/math&gt; twice. This gives us the formula
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;|X\cup Y| + |X \cap Y| = |X| + |Y|.&lt;/math&gt;}}
In order to transfer this formula to vector spaces, we need the correct concept of the size of a vector space, i.e. the analogue for the cardinality of a set for vector spaces. This is exactly the idea of the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dimension|dimension]] of a vector space. Therefore, if an analogue formula holds for vector spaces, the following should be true:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) + \dim(U \cap W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
If &lt;math&gt;\dim(U\cap W)&lt;/math&gt; is finite, we can convert this formula to a formula for &lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)&lt;/math&gt;, namely
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}

Before we prove our assumption, we will test it with a few examples:

[[File:Lines-in-2d-real-plane.svg|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Let us reconsider the two lines [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces#Anchor:Beispiel_2d_Geraden|from the example above]]:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\text{ and }W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
We have already calculated above that &lt;math&gt;U + W = \R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This fits our assumption: &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; is two-dimensional, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are one-dimensional and the intersection &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt; is zero-dimensional.

[[File:Plane-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The planes &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Let us look again at the [[#Anchor:Summe_3d_Ebenen|example above]] with the two planes:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U_1=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}2x\\x\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\text{ and } W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x\\-y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
We have already calculated above that &lt;math&gt;U_1 + W = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; and the figure shows that &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; intersect in a straight line. This means that the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1 + W&lt;/math&gt; is three, the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are both two and the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is just one. So the dimension formula also holds in this case.

As a final example, we consider the subspace &lt;math&gt;U = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; and
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;W = \left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\\x\end{pmatrix}; x \in \R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
The subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a line through the origin, i.e. &lt;math&gt;\dim(W) = 1&lt;/math&gt; and we have &lt;math&gt;\dim(U) = \dim(\R^3= = 3&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, the [[#Exercise:Absorption property of the sum|Absorption property of the sum]] tells us that &lt;math&gt;U + W = U = \R^3&lt;/math&gt;. For the same reason, we have &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = W&lt;/math&gt;. Thus,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+ W) = 3 = 3 + 1 - 1 = \dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U \cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
So the dimension formula is also valid in this case.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Dimension formula
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a finite-dimensional &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
 {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
 |lösungsweg=
The motivation for our formula comes from the world of finite sets. Therefore, we would also like to trace the proof back to the case of (finite) sets. The structure of a vector space can be reduced to its [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|basis]], which is indeed a finite set. The cardinality of a basis is exactly the dimension of the vector space, so we can trace the dimension formula back to a statement about the cardinality of (finite) basis sets. To do so, we have to choose suitable bases &lt;math&gt;B_U, B_W, B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; for which &lt;math&gt;B_U \cap B_W = B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt;. In this case, we obtain from the number-of-elements-formula for sets that &lt;math&gt;B_U \cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; has the desired size. Then we just have to prove that &lt;math&gt;B_U \cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U + W&lt;/math&gt;. We do this by reducing everything to the fact that &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; are already bases of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

To construct the desired bases &lt;math&gt;B_U, B_W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt;, we use the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Anchor:Basisergänzungssatz|basis completion theorem]]. With this we can extend a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; to one of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and one of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

 |beweis=Let now &lt;math&gt;n=\dim(U), m=\dim(W)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;k=\dim(U\cap W)&lt;/math&gt;. Then there is a basis &lt;math&gt;\{v_1,\ldots , v_k\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;. We can extend it to a basis &lt;math&gt;B_U := \{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, u_{k+1},\ldots , u_n\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, as well as to a basis &lt;math&gt;B_W := \{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, w_{k+1},\ldots , w_m\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

We now show that &lt;math&gt;B:=\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, u_{k+1},\ldots , u_n, w_{k+1},\ldots , w_m\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system
 |beweisschritt=
Since according to [[#Satz:Definition durch den Spann|the previous theorem]] we have &lt;math&gt; U+W = \operatorname{span}(U \cup W) = \operatorname{span}(B_U \cup B_W) = \operatorname{span}(B) &lt;/math&gt; , we know that &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i, \beta_j,\gamma_l \in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;i\in\{1,\ldots k\}, j\in\{k+1,\ldots , n\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;l\in\{k+1,\ldots , m\}&lt;/math&gt; such that 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j + \sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l=0.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We can re-write this as
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\underbrace{\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j}_{\in U} =\underbrace{ -\sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l}_{\in W}\in U\cap W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
Since &lt;math&gt;\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;, we can write the above element as a linear combination of these basis vectors:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j=\sum_{i=1}^k \alpha'_i v_i&lt;/math&gt;}}
This is equivalent to
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k(\alpha_i - \alpha')_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j =0&lt;/math&gt;}}
Since &lt;math&gt; B_U=\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k,u_{k+1},\ldots ,u_n\} &lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt; U &lt;/math&gt;, it follows that &lt;math&gt; \beta_j = 0 &lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; j = k+1, \ldots ,n &lt;/math&gt; and thus we get &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i - \alpha'_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i=1,\ldots ,k&lt;/math&gt;. 

Plugging  &lt;math&gt;\beta_j=0&lt;/math&gt; into our first equation, we then get
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i + \sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l=0.&lt;/math&gt;}}
This is a linear combination of the basis vectors from &lt;math&gt; B_W &lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt; \alpha_i = 0 &lt;/math&gt; must also apply for all &lt;math&gt; i= 1, \ldots , k &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; \gamma_l = 0 &lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; l = k+1, \ldots , m &lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent.
}}
Since &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; , we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=|B|=k+(n-k)+(m-k)=n+m-k= |B_U| + |B_W| - |\{v_1, \ldots , v_k\}| = \dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Warnung|The formula from the above theorem cannot be used for infinite-dimensional vector spaces. The reason is that there is no unique, meaningful way to subtract infinity from infinity. To illustrate this problem, consider the sets &lt;math&gt;U = \{0, 1, 2, \dots\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W = \{1,2,\dots\}&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;U\cap W = W&lt;/math&gt; and thus &lt;math&gt;|U| + |W| - |U\cap W| = \infty + \infty - \infty&lt;/math&gt;, which makes mathematically no sense. The same can happen with vector spaces: For example, we can consider &lt;math&gt;U = k[X]&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W = \{f\in k[X]\mid \deg f \ge 1\}&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V = k[X]&lt;/math&gt;. Again, &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = W&lt;/math&gt; and we have &lt;math&gt;\dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U\cap W) = \infty + \infty - \infty&lt;/math&gt;.

However, if we move the term with the intersection to the other side of the equation, then the formula makes sense also for infinite-dimensional vector spaces. This means that for any subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) + \dim(U \cap W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
For this formula to also make sense in infinite dimensions, we require &lt;math&gt;\infty + \infty = \infty&lt;/math&gt;, which is a mathematically meaningful and true statement.
}}
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In this article, we define the sum of two subspaces. This sum will again be a subspace, containing the two initial subspaces. We can think of the sum as a structure-preserving union.

== What is the sum of subspaces? ==
Consider two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Now we want to combine these subspaces into a larger subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. A first approach could be to consider &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. However, we have already seen in the article [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union_and_intersection_of_vector_spaces|union and intersection of vector spaces]] that the union is generally not a subspace.

Why is that the case? For &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, the vector &lt;math&gt;u+w&lt;/math&gt; is not always in &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;, as you can see from [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union_and_intersection_of_vector_spaces#Example:Coordinate axis cross is not a subspace|this example]].
[[File:Union-of-lines-in-real-space.svg|center|300px|Union of two lines in two-dimensional space]]
In order to solve the problem, we add all sums of the form &lt;math&gt;u+w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; to the union of the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. That means, we consider &lt;math&gt;U\cup W\cup \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. This expression still seems very complicated, but we can simplify it to &lt;math&gt;\{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage= Why is &lt;math&gt;U\cup W\cup \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\} = \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;?
 |antwort= Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspace, the vector &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; is contained in both subspaces. Therefore, the following applies to all&lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; : 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;w = w + 0 \in \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
Therefore, &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. Analogously, we get &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
We call this set the ''sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;'' because it consists of the sums of vectors from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Later we will show that this is a subspace.

== Definition ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Sum of two subspaces
 |definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then we define the ''sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;'' as
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W:=\{u+w\in V\mid u\in U, w\in W\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== The sum is a subspace ==
We still have to prove that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace|subspace]]. 
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=The sum is a subspace
 |satz=The sum {{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W:=\{u+w\in V\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;}} is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösungsweg=
We need to check the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Anchor:Kriterium|subspace criterion]]. To do so, we utilise the fact that all vectors &lt;math&gt;v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;. We can then trace the conditions of the subspace criterion back to the respective properties of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces, we have &lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;0 \in W&lt;/math&gt;.
Thus, &lt;math&gt;0 = 0 + 0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is closed with respect to addition
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;x, y \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
We must show that &lt;math&gt;x + y \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. According to the definition of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;, there exist &lt;math&gt;u_1,u_2 \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w_1,w_2 \in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;x = u_1 + w_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y = u_2 + w_2&lt;/math&gt;.
We know that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces and therefore closed with respect to addition. Hence,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x+ y = (u_1 + w_1) + (u_2+ w_2) = \underbrace{(u_1 + u_2)}_{\in U} + \underbrace{(w_1 + w_2)}_{\in W} \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is closed with respect to scalar multiplication
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;.
We must show that &lt;math&gt;\lambda v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
According to the definition of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;, there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are closed with respect to scalar multiplication, we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lambda v = \lambda (u + w) = \underbrace{\lambda u}_{\in U} + \underbrace{\lambda w}_{\in W} \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}
}}

== Examples  ==
=== Sum of two lines in R2 {{Anchor|Beispiel_2d_Geraden}}===
[[File:Lines-in-2d-real-plane.svg|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We consider the following two lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\text{ and }W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
So &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;-axis and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. What is the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;?

Using the definition &lt;math&gt;U+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt; we can calculate a convenient set description for &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}y\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x+y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid x, y\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can write each vector in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;(x+y,y)^T&lt;/math&gt; with matching &lt;math&gt;x,y\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Specifically, for each vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b)^T\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt; we can find scalars &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y\in\R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(a,b)=(x+y,y)&lt;/math&gt;, namely &lt;math&gt;x:=a-b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y:=b&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt; holds.

Intuitively, you can immediately see that &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This is because &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;, which contains the straight lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The only subspaces of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; are the null space, lines that run through the origin and &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. As the straight lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; do not coincide but are different, &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; cannot be a line. Therefore, we must have &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of two lines in R3 ===
[[File:Lines-in-3d-real-space.png|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Consider the following lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} \text{ and } W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3x\\0\\5x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Here &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the line in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)&lt;/math&gt;. We want to determine the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} +\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R\right\} \\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{x\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}+ y\begin{pmatrix}3\\0\\5\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is the plane that is spanned by the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)^T&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of two planes in R3 {{Anchor|Summe_3d_Ebenen}}===
[[File:Plane-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The planes &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Consider the following two planes:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U_1=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}2x\\x\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\text{ and } W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x\\-y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The planes are not equal. We can see this, for example, from the fact that the vector &lt;math&gt;(2,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt;, but not in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, the two planes should intuitively span the entire space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. So we can initially assume that &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. 

We now try to prove this assumption. To do so, we have to show that each vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in\R^3&lt;/math&gt; lies in the sum &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U_1, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. We must therefore find vectors &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;u\in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T=u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in U_1+W&lt;/math&gt; applies. Here we can use the definitions of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;: Each vector &lt;math&gt;u\in U_1&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;(2x_1,x_1,y_1)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1\in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Similarly, each vector &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;(0,2x_2,-y_2)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. So we want to find numbers &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt; for the vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in \R^3&lt;/math&gt; satisfying

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1\\x_1\\y_1 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x_2\\-y_2\end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can re-write this as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1+0\\x_1+2x_2\\y_1-y_2 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1\\x_1+2x_2\\y_1-y_2 \end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

How can we choose &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt; such that the above equation is satisfied? For instance,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x_1&amp;:=\tfrac 12 a \\
y_1&amp;:= c\\
x_2&amp;:= \tfrac 12 b-\tfrac 14a\\
y_2&amp;:=0 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

will do this job.

To summarise, the following applies to any vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in \R^3&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\underbrace{\begin{pmatrix}2\left(\tfrac 12 a\right)\\\tfrac 12 a\\c \end{pmatrix}}_{\in U_1}+\underbrace{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2\left(\tfrac 12 b-\tfrac 14a\right)\\-0\end{pmatrix}}_{\in W}\in U_1+W&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore, &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\R^3&lt;/math&gt; indeed holds, i.e. the two planes together span the entire &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Absorption property of the sum ===
[[File:Plane-curve-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The line &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; and the plane &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We have already looked at a few examples of sums in the space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Now let's look at another example in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Let

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U_2=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} 0\\ x\\2x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\\
&amp;\text{and}\\
&amp;W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\y\\z \end{pmatrix}\mid y,z\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Then &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and through the point &lt;math&gt;(0,1,2)&lt;/math&gt;. The subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;y,z&lt;/math&gt;-plane. 

What is the sum of the subspaces &lt;math&gt;U_2+W&lt;/math&gt;? The line &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; lies in the &lt;math&gt;y,z&lt;/math&gt;-plane, i.e. in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The sum is intuitively the subspace consisting of &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is already contained in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, the sum should simply be &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U_2+W=W&lt;/math&gt;. This is indeed the case, as the exercise below shows.

Intuitively, this should also apply more generally: Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of an arbitrary vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, then the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; should simply result in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. This is called the ''absorption property'', as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is absorbed by &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; when taking the sum. We prove it in the following exercise. 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Absorption property of the sum
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Whenever &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, then it follows that &lt;math&gt;U+W=W&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=We assume that &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt; applies and prove that &lt;math&gt;U+W=W&lt;/math&gt;. To show this equality, we prove the two inclusions &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;. 
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;W\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;w=\underbrace{0}_{\in U}+\underbrace{w}_{\in W}\in U+W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then there are vectors &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;u\in W&lt;/math&gt;. We know that &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace and therefore closed under addition. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;u,w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we get &lt;math&gt;v=u+w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|
From the absorption property, we conclude &lt;math&gt;U+U=U&lt;/math&gt; for any subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. This is because every subspace is contained within itself, i.e., &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq U&lt;/math&gt;.}}

== Alternative definitions == 
=== Using the intersection ===
We have constructed a subspace &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, which contains the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Since we have included only &quot;necessary&quot; vectors in our construction of &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt;, this sum &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt; should be the smallest subspace that contains both &lt;math&gt; U &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; W &lt;/math&gt;.

We can also describe the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; differently: 
We first consider all subspaces that contain &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and then take the intersection of these subspaces. This intersection still contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and is also a subspace, since the intersection of any number of subspaces is again a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union and intersection of vector spaces#Anchor:Durchschnitt von Untervektorraeumen|subspace]]. Intuitively, there should be no smaller subspace with this property. Thus, we also obtain the smallest subspace that contains both &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.
According to these considerations, it should therefore be the case that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is equal to the intersection of all subspaces containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. We now want to prove this:
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Definition of the sum over the intersection of subspaces
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt; S := \bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z\atop Z \text{ subspace}} Z &lt;/math&gt; gilt: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; S = U + W &lt;/math&gt;}}
   |beweis=We prove the two inclusions &lt;math&gt;S\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;S\supseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\subseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=It is sufficient to show that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. Then it follows from the definition of &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; that
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;S = \bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z \atop Z\text{ subspace}} Z\subseteq U+W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We first show that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is contained in &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; being contained in &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; will follow analogously.
So let &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
Since &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, &lt;math&gt;0 \in W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;u= u + 0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\supseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
We must show that every subspace &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that contains both &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; must also contain &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

Let &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; be such a subspace. Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;.

In particular, &lt;math&gt;u, w \in Z&lt;/math&gt; applies. Since &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, &lt;math&gt;v = u + w \in Z&lt;/math&gt; holds.

We have thus shown: &lt;math&gt;U+W \subseteq Z&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}
This renders us the two alternative definitions:
    
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Definition of the sum of subspaces via the intersection
 |definition=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given by
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W=\bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z\atop Z \text{ subspace}} Z.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Using the span ===
We can describe the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;U \cup W&lt;/math&gt; in yet a third way. In the article [[Math for Non-Geeks/Span#Anchor:Spann als kleinster UVR|&quot;span&quot;]], we saw that for a given subset &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, the span of &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. So it must also be equal to the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Definition via the span
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; U + W=\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt;}}
 |beweis=We show the two inclusions &lt;math&gt; U + W\subseteq\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; U + W\supseteq\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\subseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
Then there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;. Because the span of &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt; consists of linear combinations of vectors from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, we indeed have &lt;math&gt;v=u+w\in\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\supseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=[[Math for Non-Geeks/Span#Anchor:Spann als kleinster UVR|we have seen that]] &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;, we finally obtain &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

== Dimension formula {{Anchor|Dimensionsformel}} == 
Now that we know what the sum of two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is, we can ask ourselves how large the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is. The sum of subspaces is the vector space analogue of the union of sets. For two sets &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;, the union &lt;math&gt;X\cup Y&lt;/math&gt; has a maximum of &lt;math&gt;|X| + |Y|&lt;/math&gt; elements. If &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; share elements, i.e. have a non-empty intersection, then &lt;math&gt;X\cup Y&lt;/math&gt; has fewer than &lt;math&gt;|X|+|Y|&lt;/math&gt; elements, because we count the elements from &lt;math&gt;X \cap Y&lt;/math&gt; twice. This gives us the formula
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;|X\cup Y| + |X \cap Y| = |X| + |Y|.&lt;/math&gt;}}
In order to transfer this formula to vector spaces, we need the correct concept of the size of a vector space, i.e. the analogue for the cardinality of a set for vector spaces. This is exactly the idea of the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dimension|dimension]] of a vector space. Therefore, if an analogue formula holds for vector spaces, the following should be true:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) + \dim(U \cap W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
If &lt;math&gt;\dim(U\cap W)&lt;/math&gt; is finite, we can convert this formula to a formula for &lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)&lt;/math&gt;, namely
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}

Before we prove our assumption, we will test it with a few examples:

[[File:Lines-in-2d-real-plane.svg|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Let us reconsider the two lines [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces#Anchor:Beispiel_2d_Geraden|from the example above]]:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\text{ and }W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
We have already calculated above that &lt;math&gt;U + W = \R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This fits our assumption: &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; is two-dimensional, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are one-dimensional and the intersection &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt; is zero-dimensional.

[[File:Plane-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The planes &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Let us look again at the [[#Anchor:Summe_3d_Ebenen|example above]] with the two planes:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U_1=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}2x\\x\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\text{ and } W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x\\-y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
We have already calculated above that &lt;math&gt;U_1 + W = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; and the figure shows that &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; intersect in a straight line. This means that the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1 + W&lt;/math&gt; is three, the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are both two and the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is just one. So the dimension formula also holds in this case.

As a final example, we consider the subspace &lt;math&gt;U = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; and
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;W = \left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\\x\end{pmatrix}; x \in \R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
The subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a line through the origin, i.e. &lt;math&gt;\dim(W) = 1&lt;/math&gt; and we have &lt;math&gt;\dim(U) = \dim(\R^3= = 3&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, the [[#Exercise:Absorption property of the sum|Absorption property of the sum]] tells us that &lt;math&gt;U + W = U = \R^3&lt;/math&gt;. For the same reason, we have &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = W&lt;/math&gt;. Thus,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+ W) = 3 = 3 + 1 - 1 = \dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U \cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
So the dimension formula is also valid in this case.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Dimension formula
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a finite-dimensional &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
 {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
 |lösungsweg=
The motivation for our formula comes from the world of finite sets. Therefore, we would also like to trace the proof back to the case of (finite) sets. The structure of a vector space can be reduced to its [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|basis]], which is indeed a finite set. The cardinality of a basis is exactly the dimension of the vector space, so we can trace the dimension formula back to a statement about the cardinality of (finite) basis sets. To do so, we have to choose suitable bases &lt;math&gt;B_U, B_W, B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; for which &lt;math&gt;B_U \cap B_W = B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt;. In this case, we obtain from the number-of-elements-formula for sets that &lt;math&gt;B_U \cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; has the desired size. Then we just have to prove that &lt;math&gt;B_U \cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U + W&lt;/math&gt;. We do this by reducing everything to the fact that &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; are already bases of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

To construct the desired bases &lt;math&gt;B_U, B_W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt;, we use the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Anchor:Basisergänzungssatz|basis completion theorem]]. With this we can extend a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; to one of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and one of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

 |beweis=Let now &lt;math&gt;n=\dim(U), m=\dim(W)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;k=\dim(U\cap W)&lt;/math&gt;. Then there is a basis &lt;math&gt;\{v_1,\ldots , v_k\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;. We can extend it to a basis &lt;math&gt;B_U := \{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, u_{k+1},\ldots , u_n\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, as well as to a basis &lt;math&gt;B_W := \{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, w_{k+1},\ldots , w_m\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

We now show that &lt;math&gt;B:=\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, u_{k+1},\ldots , u_n, w_{k+1},\ldots , w_m\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system
 |beweisschritt=
Since according to [[#Satz:Definition durch den Spann|the previous theorem]] we have &lt;math&gt; U+W = \operatorname{span}(U \cup W) = \operatorname{span}(B_U \cup B_W) = \operatorname{span}(B) &lt;/math&gt; , we know that &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i, \beta_j,\gamma_l \in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;i\in\{1,\ldots k\}, j\in\{k+1,\ldots , n\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;l\in\{k+1,\ldots , m\}&lt;/math&gt; such that 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j + \sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l=0.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We can re-write this as
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\underbrace{\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j}_{\in U} =\underbrace{ -\sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l}_{\in W}\in U\cap W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
Since &lt;math&gt;\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;, we can write the above element as a linear combination of these basis vectors:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j=\sum_{i=1}^k \alpha'_i v_i&lt;/math&gt;}}
This is equivalent to
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k(\alpha_i - \alpha')_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j =0&lt;/math&gt;}}
Since &lt;math&gt; B_U=\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k,u_{k+1},\ldots ,u_n\} &lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt; U &lt;/math&gt;, it follows that &lt;math&gt; \beta_j = 0 &lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; j = k+1, \ldots ,n &lt;/math&gt; and thus we get &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i - \alpha'_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i=1,\ldots ,k&lt;/math&gt;. 

Plugging  &lt;math&gt;\beta_j=0&lt;/math&gt; into our first equation, we then get
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i + \sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l=0.&lt;/math&gt;}}
This is a linear combination of the basis vectors from &lt;math&gt; B_W &lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt; \alpha_i = 0 &lt;/math&gt; must also apply for all &lt;math&gt; i= 1, \ldots , k &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; \gamma_l = 0 &lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; l = k+1, \ldots , m &lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent.
}}
Since &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; , we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=|B|=k+(n-k)+(m-k)=n+m-k= |B_U| + |B_W| - |\{v_1, \ldots , v_k\}| = \dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Warnung|The formula from the above theorem cannot be used for infinite-dimensional vector spaces. The reason is that there is no unique, meaningful way to subtract infinity from infinity. To illustrate this problem, consider the sets &lt;math&gt;U = \{0, 1, 2, \dots\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W = \{1,2,\dots\}&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;U\cap W = W&lt;/math&gt; and thus &lt;math&gt;|U| + |W| - |U\cap W| = \infty + \infty - \infty&lt;/math&gt;, which makes mathematically no sense. The same can happen with vector spaces: For example, we can consider &lt;math&gt;U = k[X]&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W = \{f\in k[X]\mid \deg f \ge 1\}&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V = k[X]&lt;/math&gt;. Again, &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = W&lt;/math&gt; and we have &lt;math&gt;\dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U\cap W) = \infty + \infty - \infty&lt;/math&gt;.

However, if we move the term with the intersection to the other side of the equation, then the formula makes sense also for infinite-dimensional vector spaces. This means that for any subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) + \dim(U \cap W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
For this formula to also make sense in infinite dimensions, we require &lt;math&gt;\infty + \infty = \infty&lt;/math&gt;, which is a mathematically meaningful and true statement.
}}
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In this article, we define the sum of two subspaces. This sum will again be a subspace, containing the two initial subspaces. We can think of the sum as a structure-preserving union.

== What is the sum of subspaces? ==
Consider two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Now we want to combine these subspaces into a larger subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. A first approach could be to consider &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. However, we have already seen in the article [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union_and_intersection_of_vector_spaces|union and intersection of vector spaces]] that the union is generally not a subspace.

Why is that the case? For &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, the vector &lt;math&gt;u+w&lt;/math&gt; is not always in &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;, as you can see from [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union_and_intersection_of_vector_spaces#Example:Coordinate axis cross is not a subspace|this example]].
[[File:Union-of-lines-in-real-space.svg|center|300px|Union of two lines in two-dimensional space]]
In order to solve the problem, we add all sums of the form &lt;math&gt;u+w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; to the union of the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. That means, we consider &lt;math&gt;U\cup W\cup \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. This expression still seems very complicated, but we can simplify it to &lt;math&gt;\{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage= Why is &lt;math&gt;U\cup W\cup \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\} = \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;?
 |antwort= Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspace, the vector &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; is contained in both subspaces. Therefore, the following applies to all&lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; : 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;w = w + 0 \in \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
Therefore, &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. Analogously, we get &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq \{u+w\mid u\in U , w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
We call this set the ''sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;'' because it consists of the sums of vectors from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Later we will show that this is a subspace.

== Definition ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Sum of two subspaces
 |definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then we define the ''sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;'' as
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W:=\{u+w\in V\mid u\in U, w\in W\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

== The sum is a subspace ==
We still have to prove that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace|subspace]]. 
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=The sum is a subspace
 |satz=The sum {{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W:=\{u+w\in V\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;}} is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösungsweg=
We need to check the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Anchor:Kriterium|subspace criterion]]. To do so, we utilise the fact that all vectors &lt;math&gt;v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;. We can then trace the conditions of the subspace criterion back to the respective properties of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces, we have &lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;0 \in W&lt;/math&gt;.
Thus, &lt;math&gt;0 = 0 + 0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is closed with respect to addition
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;x, y \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
We must show that &lt;math&gt;x + y \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. According to the definition of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;, there exist &lt;math&gt;u_1,u_2 \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w_1,w_2 \in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;x = u_1 + w_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y = u_2 + w_2&lt;/math&gt;.
We know that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces and therefore closed with respect to addition. Hence,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;x+ y = (u_1 + w_1) + (u_2+ w_2) = \underbrace{(u_1 + u_2)}_{\in U} + \underbrace{(w_1 + w_2)}_{\in W} \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is closed with respect to scalar multiplication
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;.
We must show that &lt;math&gt;\lambda v \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
According to the definition of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;, there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are closed with respect to scalar multiplication, we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lambda v = \lambda (u + w) = \underbrace{\lambda u}_{\in U} + \underbrace{\lambda w}_{\in W} \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}
}}

== Examples  ==
=== Sum of two lines in R2 {{Anchor|Beispiel_2d_Geraden}}===
[[File:Lines-in-2d-real-plane.svg|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We consider the following two lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\text{ and }W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
So &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;-axis and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. What is the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;?

Using the definition &lt;math&gt;U+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt; we can calculate a convenient set description for &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}y\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x+y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid x, y\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can write each vector in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;(x+y,y)^T&lt;/math&gt; with matching &lt;math&gt;x,y\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Specifically, for each vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b)^T\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt; we can find scalars &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y\in\R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(a,b)=(x+y,y)&lt;/math&gt;, namely &lt;math&gt;x:=a-b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y:=b&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt; holds.

Intuitively, you can immediately see that &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This is because &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;, which contains the straight lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The only subspaces of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; are the null space, lines that run through the origin and &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. As the straight lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; do not coincide but are different, &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; cannot be a line. Therefore, we must have &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of two lines in R3 ===
[[File:Lines-in-3d-real-space.png|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Consider the following lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} \text{ and } W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3x\\0\\5x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Here &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the line in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)&lt;/math&gt;. We want to determine the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} +\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R\right\} \\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{x\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}+ y\begin{pmatrix}3\\0\\5\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is the plane that is spanned by the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)^T&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of two planes in R3 {{Anchor|Summe_3d_Ebenen}}===
[[File:Plane-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The planes &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Consider the following two planes:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U_1=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}2x\\x\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\text{ and } W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x\\-y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The planes are not equal. We can see this, for example, from the fact that the vector &lt;math&gt;(2,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt;, but not in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, the two planes should intuitively span the entire space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. So we can initially assume that &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. 

We now try to prove this assumption. To do so, we have to show that each vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in\R^3&lt;/math&gt; lies in the sum &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U_1, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt;. We must therefore find vectors &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;u\in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T=u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in U_1+W&lt;/math&gt; applies. Here we can use the definitions of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;: Each vector &lt;math&gt;u\in U_1&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;(2x_1,x_1,y_1)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1\in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Similarly, each vector &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;(0,2x_2,-y_2)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. So we want to find numbers &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt; for the vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in \R^3&lt;/math&gt; satisfying

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1\\x_1\\y_1 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x_2\\-y_2\end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can re-write this as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1+0\\x_1+2x_2\\y_1-y_2 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2x_1\\x_1+2x_2\\y_1-y_2 \end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

How can we choose &lt;math&gt;x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2\in\R&lt;/math&gt; such that the above equation is satisfied? For instance,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x_1&amp;:=\tfrac 12 a \\
y_1&amp;:= c\\
x_2&amp;:= \tfrac 12 b-\tfrac 14a\\
y_2&amp;:=0 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

will do this job.

To summarise, the following applies to any vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in \R^3&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{pmatrix}=\underbrace{\begin{pmatrix}2\left(\tfrac 12 a\right)\\\tfrac 12 a\\c \end{pmatrix}}_{\in U_1}+\underbrace{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2\left(\tfrac 12 b-\tfrac 14a\right)\\-0\end{pmatrix}}_{\in W}\in U_1+W&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore, &lt;math&gt;U_1+W=\R^3&lt;/math&gt; indeed holds, i.e. the two planes together span the entire &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Absorption property of the sum ===
[[File:Plane-curve-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The line &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; and the plane &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We have already looked at a few examples of sums in the space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Now let's look at another example in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Let

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U_2=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} 0\\ x\\2x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\\
&amp;\text{and}\\
&amp;W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\y\\z \end{pmatrix}\mid y,z\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Then &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and through the point &lt;math&gt;(0,1,2)&lt;/math&gt;. The subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;y,z&lt;/math&gt;-plane. 

What is the sum of the subspaces &lt;math&gt;U_2+W&lt;/math&gt;? The line &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; lies in the &lt;math&gt;y,z&lt;/math&gt;-plane, i.e. in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The sum is intuitively the subspace consisting of &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is already contained in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, the sum should simply be &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U_2+W=W&lt;/math&gt;. This is indeed the case, as the exercise below shows.

Intuitively, this should also apply more generally: Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of an arbitrary vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, then the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; should simply result in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. This is called the ''absorption property'', as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is absorbed by &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; when taking the sum. We prove it in the following exercise. 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Absorption property of the sum
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Whenever &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, then it follows that &lt;math&gt;U+W=W&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=We assume that &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt; applies and prove that &lt;math&gt;U+W=W&lt;/math&gt;. To show this equality, we prove the two inclusions &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;. 
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;W\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;w=\underbrace{0}_{\in U}+\underbrace{w}_{\in W}\in U+W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then there are vectors &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;u\in W&lt;/math&gt;. We know that &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace and therefore closed under addition. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;u,w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we get &lt;math&gt;v=u+w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|
From the absorption property, we conclude &lt;math&gt;U+U=U&lt;/math&gt; for any subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. This is because every subspace is contained within itself, i.e., &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq U&lt;/math&gt;.}}

== Alternative definitions == 
=== Using the intersection ===
We have constructed a subspace &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, which contains the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Since we have included only &quot;necessary&quot; vectors in our construction of &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt;, this sum &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt; should be the smallest subspace that contains both &lt;math&gt; U &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; W &lt;/math&gt;.

We can also describe the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; differently: 
We first consider all subspaces that contain &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and then take the intersection of these subspaces. This intersection still contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and is also a subspace, since the intersection of any number of subspaces is again a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union and intersection of vector spaces#Anchor:Durchschnitt von Untervektorraeumen|subspace]]. Intuitively, there should be no smaller subspace with this property. Thus, we also obtain the smallest subspace that contains both &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.
According to these considerations, it should therefore be the case that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is equal to the intersection of all subspaces containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. We now want to prove this:
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Definition of the sum over the intersection of subspaces
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt; S := \bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z\atop Z \text{ subspace}} Z &lt;/math&gt; gilt: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; S = U + W &lt;/math&gt;}}
   |beweis=We prove the two inclusions &lt;math&gt;S\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;S\supseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\subseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=It is sufficient to show that &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. Then it follows from the definition of &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; that
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;S = \bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z \atop Z\text{ subspace}} Z\subseteq U+W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We first show that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is contained in &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; being contained in &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; will follow analogously.
So let &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
Since &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, &lt;math&gt;0 \in W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;u= u + 0 \in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\supseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
We must show that every subspace &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that contains both &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; must also contain &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

Let &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; be such a subspace. Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Then there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;.

In particular, &lt;math&gt;u, w \in Z&lt;/math&gt; applies. Since &lt;math&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, &lt;math&gt;v = u + w \in Z&lt;/math&gt; holds.

We have thus shown: &lt;math&gt;U+W \subseteq Z&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}
This renders us the two alternative definitions:
    
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Definition of the sum of subspaces via the intersection
 |definition=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is given by
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W=\bigcap_{U \cup W \subseteq Z\atop Z \text{ subspace}} Z.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Using the span ===
We can describe the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;U \cup W&lt;/math&gt; in yet a third way. In the article [[Math for Non-Geeks/Span#Anchor:Spann als kleinster UVR|&quot;span&quot;]], we saw that for a given subset &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, the span of &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace containing &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. So it must also be equal to the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Definition via the span
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; U + W=\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt;}}
 |beweis=We show the two inclusions &lt;math&gt; U + W\subseteq\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; U + W\supseteq\operatorname{span}(U\cup W) &lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\subseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;v\in U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
Then there exist &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v = u + w&lt;/math&gt;. Because the span of &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt; consists of linear combinations of vectors from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, we indeed have &lt;math&gt;v=u+w\in\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\supseteq&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=[[Math for Non-Geeks/Span#Anchor:Spann als kleinster UVR|we have seen that]] &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that contains &lt;math&gt;U\cup W&lt;/math&gt;, we finally obtain &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(U\cup W)\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

== Dimension formula {{Anchor|Dimensionsformel}} == 
Now that we know what the sum of two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is, we can ask ourselves how large the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is. The sum of subspaces is the vector space analogue of the union of sets. For two sets &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;, the union &lt;math&gt;X\cup Y&lt;/math&gt; has a maximum of &lt;math&gt;|X| + |Y|&lt;/math&gt; elements. If &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; share elements, i.e. have a non-empty intersection, then &lt;math&gt;X\cup Y&lt;/math&gt; has fewer than &lt;math&gt;|X|+|Y|&lt;/math&gt; elements, because we count the elements from &lt;math&gt;X \cap Y&lt;/math&gt; twice. This gives us the formula
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;|X\cup Y| + |X \cap Y| = |X| + |Y|.&lt;/math&gt;}}
In order to transfer this formula to vector spaces, we need the correct concept of the size of a vector space, i.e. the analogue for the cardinality of a set for vector spaces. This is exactly the idea of the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dimension|dimension]] of a vector space. Therefore, if an analogue formula holds for vector spaces, the following should be true:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) + \dim(U \cap W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
If &lt;math&gt;\dim(U\cap W)&lt;/math&gt; is finite, we can convert this formula to a formula for &lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)&lt;/math&gt;, namely
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}

Before we prove our assumption, we will test it with a few examples:

[[File:Lines-in-2d-real-plane.svg|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Let us reconsider the two lines [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces#Anchor:Beispiel_2d_Geraden|from the example above]]:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\text{ and }W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We have already calculated above that &lt;math&gt;U + W = \R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This fits our assumption: &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; is two-dimensional, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are one-dimensional and the intersection &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt; is zero-dimensional.

[[File:Plane-intersection-in-r3.png|thumb|The planes &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
Let us look again at the [[#Anchor:Summe_3d_Ebenen|example above]] with the two planes:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U_1=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}2x\\x\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\text{ and } W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x\\-y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We have already calculated above that &lt;math&gt;U_1 + W = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; and the figure shows that &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; intersect in a straight line. This means that the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1 + W&lt;/math&gt; is three, the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are both two and the dimension of &lt;math&gt;U_1\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is just one. So the dimension formula also holds in this case.

As a final example, we consider the subspace &lt;math&gt;U = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V = \R^3&lt;/math&gt; and
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;W = \left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\\x\end{pmatrix}; x \in \R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a line through the origin, i.e. &lt;math&gt;\dim(W) = 1&lt;/math&gt; and we have &lt;math&gt;\dim(U) = \dim(\R^3= = 3&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq W&lt;/math&gt;, the [[#Exercise:Absorption property of the sum|Absorption property of the sum]] tells us that &lt;math&gt;U + W = U = \R^3&lt;/math&gt;. For the same reason, we have &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = W&lt;/math&gt;. Thus,
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+ W) = 3 = 3 + 1 - 1 = \dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U \cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
So the dimension formula is also valid in this case.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Dimension formula
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a finite-dimensional &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space, as well as &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; two subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then,
 {{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}
 |lösungsweg=
The motivation for our formula comes from the world of finite sets. Therefore, we would also like to trace the proof back to the case of (finite) sets. The structure of a vector space can be reduced to its [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|basis]], which is indeed a finite set. The cardinality of a basis is exactly the dimension of the vector space, so we can trace the dimension formula back to a statement about the cardinality of (finite) basis sets. To do so, we have to choose suitable bases &lt;math&gt;B_U, B_W, B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; for which &lt;math&gt;B_U \cap B_W = B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt;. In this case, we obtain from the number-of-elements-formula for sets that &lt;math&gt;B_U \cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; has the desired size. Then we just have to prove that &lt;math&gt;B_U \cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U + W&lt;/math&gt;. We do this by reducing everything to the fact that &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; are already bases of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

To construct the desired bases &lt;math&gt;B_U, B_W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_{U\cap W}&lt;/math&gt;, we use the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Anchor:Basisergänzungssatz|basis completion theorem]]. With this we can extend a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; to one of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and one of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

 |beweis=Let now &lt;math&gt;n=\dim(U), m=\dim(W)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;k=\dim(U\cap W)&lt;/math&gt;. Then there is a basis &lt;math&gt;\{v_1,\ldots , v_k\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;. We can extend it to a basis &lt;math&gt;B_U := \{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, u_{k+1},\ldots , u_n\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, as well as to a basis &lt;math&gt;B_W := \{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, w_{k+1},\ldots , w_m\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

We now show that &lt;math&gt;B:=\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k, u_{k+1},\ldots , u_n, w_{k+1},\ldots , w_m\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system
 |beweisschritt=
Since according to [[#Satz:Definition durch den Spann|the previous theorem]] we have &lt;math&gt; U+W = \operatorname{span}(U \cup W) = \operatorname{span}(B_U \cup B_W) = \operatorname{span}(B) &lt;/math&gt; , we know that &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt; U+W &lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i, \beta_j,\gamma_l \in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;i\in\{1,\ldots k\}, j\in\{k+1,\ldots , n\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;l\in\{k+1,\ldots , m\}&lt;/math&gt; such that 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j + \sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l=0.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can re-write this as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\underbrace{\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j}_{\in U} =\underbrace{ -\sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l}_{\in W}\in U\cap W.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;, we can write the above element as a linear combination of these basis vectors:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j=\sum_{i=1}^k \alpha'_i v_i&lt;/math&gt;}}

This is equivalent to

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k(\alpha_i - \alpha')_i v_i+\sum_{j=k+1}^n \beta_j u_j =0&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt; B_U=\{v_1,\ldots ,v_k,u_{k+1},\ldots ,u_n\} &lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt; U &lt;/math&gt;, it follows that &lt;math&gt; \beta_j = 0 &lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; j = k+1, \ldots ,n &lt;/math&gt; and thus we get &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i - \alpha'_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i=1,\ldots ,k&lt;/math&gt;. 

Plugging  &lt;math&gt;\beta_j=0&lt;/math&gt; into our first equation, we then get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k\alpha_i v_i + \sum_{l=k+1}^m\gamma_l w_l=0.&lt;/math&gt;}}

This is a linear combination of the basis vectors from &lt;math&gt; B_W &lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt; \alpha_i = 0 &lt;/math&gt; must also apply for all &lt;math&gt; i= 1, \ldots , k &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; \gamma_l = 0 &lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; l = k+1, \ldots , m &lt;/math&gt;. Hence &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent.
}}
Since &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; , we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \begin{aligned} \dim(U+W)&amp;=|B|=k+(n-k)+(m-k)=n+m-k = |B_U| + |B_W| - |\{v_1, \ldots , v_k\}| \\
&amp;= \dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W). \end{aligned}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Warnung|The formula from the above theorem cannot be used for infinite-dimensional vector spaces. The reason is that there is no unique, meaningful way to subtract infinity from infinity. To illustrate this problem, consider the sets &lt;math&gt;U = \{0, 1, 2, \dots\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W = \{1,2,\dots\}&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;U\cap W = W&lt;/math&gt; and thus &lt;math&gt;|U| + |W| - |U\cap W| = \infty + \infty - \infty&lt;/math&gt;, which makes mathematically no sense. The same can happen with vector spaces: For example, we can consider &lt;math&gt;U = k[X]&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W = \{f\in k[X]\mid \deg f \ge 1\}&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V = k[X]&lt;/math&gt;. Again, &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = W&lt;/math&gt; and we have &lt;math&gt;\dim(U) + \dim(W) - \dim(U\cap W) = \infty + \infty - \infty&lt;/math&gt;.

However, if we move the term with the intersection to the other side of the equation, then the formula makes sense also for infinite-dimensional vector spaces. This means that for any subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W) + \dim(U \cap W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}}

For this formula to also make sense in infinite dimensions, we require &lt;math&gt;\infty + \infty = \infty&lt;/math&gt;, which is a mathematically meaningful and true statement.
}}
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== Derivation and definition ==
We have already learned about [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum_of_subspaces|sums of two subspaces]]. If &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are two subspaces, then the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is again a subspace &lt;math&gt;Z=U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
So for each vector &lt;math&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; we may find two vectors &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Now the question arises: Are there several ways to write &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; as such a combination?

The answer is yes, there can be several possibilities. As an example, let's look at the vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. This space can be viewed as the sum of the &lt;math&gt;xy&lt;/math&gt;-plane and the &lt;math&gt;yz&lt;/math&gt;-plane. This means that if &lt;math&gt;v \in \R^3&lt;/math&gt;, then there are actually several ways to represent &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; as the sum of vectors from the &lt;math&gt;xy&lt;/math&gt;-plane and the &lt;math&gt;yz&lt;/math&gt;-plane. For the vector &lt;math&gt;(2,3,5)&lt;/math&gt;, for example, we have &lt;math&gt;(2,3,5)=(2,2,0)+(0,1,5)=(2,1,0)+(0,2,5)&lt;/math&gt;.

Such representations are therefore generally not unique. We now want to find a criterion for uniqueness.

Suppose we have two different representations of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v=u^\prime+w^\prime&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u\neq u^\prime&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\neq w^\prime&lt;/math&gt; (if one of them is the same, then so is the other). In particular, we know that &lt;math&gt;u-u^\prime\neq 0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w-w^\prime\neq 0&lt;/math&gt;. If we now rearrange the equation &lt;math&gt;u+w=v=u^\prime+w^\prime&lt;/math&gt;, we get &lt;math&gt;\underbrace{u - u^\prime}_{\in U} = \underbrace{w^\prime - w}_{\in W}&lt;/math&gt;. Because the left-hand side is in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and the right-hand side is in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, this is an element in &lt;math&gt;U \cap W&lt;/math&gt; which is not a zero vector at the same time. So &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is not just &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. (The zero vector is in the intersection because &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are both subspaces).
This means that if the representation is not unique, then the intersection &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; does not only contain the zero vector. 

Conversely, if the intersection is not &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, we do not have a unique representation: Let &lt;math&gt;v \in U \cap W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v\neq 0&lt;/math&gt;. Then there are two representations of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;, namely &lt;math&gt;v = v + 0 = 0 + v&lt;/math&gt; (on the one hand &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u=v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w=0&lt;/math&gt; and on the other hand &lt;math&gt;v=u^\prime+w^\prime&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u^\prime=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w^\prime=v&lt;/math&gt;). Because of &lt;math&gt;v \neq 0&lt;/math&gt;, these representations are different from each other.

We can therefore conclude an equivalence: The intersection &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is exactly &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt; if the representation of all vectors in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is unique.

In this case, we give the sum a special name: We call the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, in the case &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, the '''direct sum''' of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and write &lt;math&gt;U \oplus W = U + W&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
|titel=Direct sum
|definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. We call the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; ''direct'' if &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt; holds. The subspace &lt;math&gt;Z=U+W&lt;/math&gt; is called the ''direct sum'' of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and we write &lt;math&gt;Z=U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

== Examples ==
=== Sum of two lines in R2 {{Anchor|Beispiel_2d_Geraden}}===
[[File:Lines-in-2d-real-plane.svg|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We consider the following two lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\text{ and }W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;-axis and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. Their sum is &lt;math&gt;U+W = \R^2&lt;/math&gt;

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage= Why do wa have &lt;math&gt;U + W = \R^2&lt;/math&gt;?
 |antwort=By the definition &lt;math&gt;U+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt; we can describe the set &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}y\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x+y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid x, y\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can write each vector in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;(x+y,y)^T&lt;/math&gt; with matching &lt;math&gt;x,y\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Specifically, for each vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b)^T\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt; we can find scalars &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y\in\R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(a,b)=(x+y,y)&lt;/math&gt;, namely &lt;math&gt;x:=a-b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y:=b&lt;/math&gt;. We conclude &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.

Intuitively, you can immediately see that &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This is because &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;, which contains the lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The only subspaces of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; are the null space, lines that run through the origin and &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. As the lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; do not coincide but are different, &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; cannot be a line. Therefore, we must have &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

Let us now investigate whether this sum is direct. To do so, we need to determine &lt;math&gt;U \cap W&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;v = (x,y)^T \in U \cap W&lt;/math&gt;, then we know the following: Because &lt;math&gt;v \in U&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;y = 0&lt;/math&gt;. And because &lt;math&gt;v \in W&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;x = y&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore &lt;math&gt;x = y = 0&lt;/math&gt; and we get &lt;math&gt;v = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;U \cap W&lt;/math&gt; also contains &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;, we get &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. This means that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is direct, and we can write &lt;math&gt;U \oplus W&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of two lines in R3 ===
[[File:Lines-in-3d-real-space.png|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We have the following lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} \text{ and } W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3x\\0\\5x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Then &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a line in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a line that runs through the origin and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)&lt;/math&gt;. The sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a plane spanned by the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)^T&lt;/math&gt;, i.e.

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W =\left\{x\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}+ y\begin{pmatrix}3\\0\\5\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage= Why is this the sum?
 |antwort=
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} +\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R\right\} \\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{x\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}+ y\begin{pmatrix}3\\0\\5\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a plane that is spanned by the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)^T&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

Also here, we want to determine whether the sum is direct. To do so, we consider a vector &lt;math&gt;v = (x,y,z)^T \in U \cap W&lt;/math&gt;. Then, because &lt;math&gt;v \in U&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;x = y = 2z&lt;/math&gt;. And because &lt;math&gt;v \in W&lt;/math&gt;, we obtain &lt;math&gt;y = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;x = z = y = 0&lt;/math&gt; and the sum is direct. This means that we can write &lt;math&gt;U \oplus W&lt;/math&gt;.
==== Sum of a line and a plane in R3 ====
[[File:Plane-curve-intersection-in-r3-point.png|thumb|The line &lt;math&gt;U_3&lt;/math&gt; and the plane &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]

We consider the subspaces &lt;math&gt;U_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U_3&amp;=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} x\\x\\x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}=\operatorname{span}\left\{ \begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}\\[0.5em]
W&amp;=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}\mid y,z\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The subspace &lt;math&gt;U_3&lt;/math&gt; is the line through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1,1)&lt;/math&gt;, while &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; represents the y-z-plane. Together, &lt;math&gt;U_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; span the entire &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U_3 + W = \R^3&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage=Why is the sum of &lt;math&gt;U_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; the entire space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;?
 |antwort=Since &lt;math&gt;U_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;, the sum &lt;math&gt;U_3 + W&lt;/math&gt; is also a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. We still have to show that &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; is contained in &lt;math&gt;U_3+W&lt;/math&gt;. To do so, we prove that any vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T \in \R^3&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;U_3 + W&lt;/math&gt;. To accomplish this, we show that there is a &lt;math&gt;u \in U_3&lt;/math&gt; and a &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T = u + w&lt;/math&gt;.

We choose &lt;math&gt;u := (a,a,a)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w := (0,b-a,c-a)^T&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;u + w = (a,a,a)^T + (0,b-a,c-a)^T = (a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt;. In addition, &lt;math&gt;u \in U_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; apply.

Therefore, the entire &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; is contained in &lt;math&gt;U_3 + W&lt;/math&gt;. Thus &lt;math&gt;\R^3=U_3+W&lt;/math&gt;.}}

One may now ask whether the sum &lt;math&gt;U_3 + W&lt;/math&gt; is direct. To check this, we need to analyze the intersection &lt;math&gt;U_3 \cap W&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;U_3\cap W&lt;/math&gt; only contains the zero vector &lt;math&gt;(0,0,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;, then the sum is direct.

Let &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt; be a vector in &lt;math&gt;U_3 \cap W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T \in U_3&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;a = b = c&lt;/math&gt;. Consequently, we can write &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;(a,a,a)^T&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;(a,a,a)^T \in W&lt;/math&gt;, which implies &lt;math&gt;a = 0&lt;/math&gt;. We have therefore shown that &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T = (0,0,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;.

It follows that &lt;math&gt;U_3 \cap W = \{(0,0,0)^T\}&lt;/math&gt;. Since the intersection only contains the zero vector, the sum &lt;math&gt;U_3 + W&lt;/math&gt; is direct. Therefore, we can conclude &lt;math&gt;\R^3 = U_3 \oplus W&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of even and odd polynomials === 

We will now look at an example of a direct sum in the vector space of real polynomials &lt;math&gt;\R[x]&lt;/math&gt;. Let us consider the following subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;\R[x]&lt;/math&gt;: &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; consists of all odd polynomials over &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, while &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the space of the even polynomials over &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. In formulas, this is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U&amp;=\left\{\sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^{2i+1}\mid n\in\N,\, a_i\in\R \right\}=\operatorname{span}\{x,x^3,x^5,\ldots\}\\
W&amp;=\left\{ \sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^{2i}\mid n\in\N,\, a_i\in\R\right\}=\operatorname{span}\{1,x^2,x^4,\ldots\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The odd polynomials &lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^{2i+1}&lt;/math&gt; only contain monomials with odd exponents, while the even polynomials &lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^{2i}&lt;/math&gt; only contain monomials with even exponents. For example, &lt;math&gt;3x^{18}+19x^{12}-x^4+8x^2&lt;/math&gt; is an even polynomial, while &lt;math&gt;x^{10}-x&lt;/math&gt; is neither even nor odd. We now show that the even and odd polynomials together generate the entire polynomial space &lt;math&gt;\R[x]&lt;/math&gt;. Expressed in formulas: &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R[x]&lt;/math&gt;.

To show this, we need to prove that every polynomial in &lt;math&gt;\R[x]&lt;/math&gt; can be written as the sum of an odd and an even polynomial. To do so, we consider any polynomial &lt;math&gt;p = \sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^i&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;\R[x]&lt;/math&gt;. We must write &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; as the sum of an even and an odd polynomial.

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;
p=\sum_{i=0}^n a_ix^i=\underbrace{\sum_{i=0}^{\lfloor\frac{n-1}2\rfloor} a_{2i+1}x^{2i+1}}_{\in U}+\underbrace{\sum_{i=0}^{\lfloor\frac n2\rfloor} a_{2i}x^{2i}}_{\in W}
&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore, &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is contained in the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

Now we want to check whether the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is direct. That is, we need to check whether the intersection of the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; only contains the zero vector, i.e. the zero polynomial. Let &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; be a polynomial in the intersection &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; lies both in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. We can write &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^i&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; only consists of odd monomials. Therefore, the prefactors of the even monomials must be equal to &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;a_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all even &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; only consists of even monomials. So &lt;math&gt;a_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all odd &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;. This means that all coefficients &lt;math&gt;a_i&lt;/math&gt; are equal to zero and &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is therefore the zero polynomial. Thus &lt;math&gt;U\cap W = {0}&lt;/math&gt;, and the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is direct.

We have seen that &lt;math&gt;\R[x]=U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;. In other words, the polynomial space &lt;math&gt;\R[x]&lt;/math&gt; can be written as the direct sum of the subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the subspace of odd polynomials and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the subspace of even polynomials.

== Counterexamples ==
=== Two planes in R3 ===
[[File:Planes-intersect-in-r3.png|thumb|The planes &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]

We consider the following two planes:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}2x\\x\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\text{ and } W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x\\-y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The two planes together span all of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. However, the sum is not direct, as the intersection is a line and therefore does not only contain the zero vector. That is, &lt;math&gt;U\cap W\neq \{(0,0,0)^T\}&lt;/math&gt;.

We want to check this mathematically. This requires looking for a vector in the intersection of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; which is not zero. We consider a vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt; that lies in the intersection &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;. Because this vector lies in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;x,y\in\R&lt;/math&gt; so &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T=(2x,x,y)^T&lt;/math&gt;. In addition, there must be &lt;math&gt;v,w\in\R&lt;/math&gt; so &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T=(0,2v,-w)^T&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in W&lt;/math&gt;. 

We now look for suitable values for &lt;math&gt;x,y,v,w&lt;/math&gt; to fulfill both conditions. From &lt;math&gt;a=2x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;a=0&lt;/math&gt;, we get &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;2v=b=x&lt;/math&gt;, we also have &lt;math&gt;v=0&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;b=0&lt;/math&gt; results from &lt;math&gt;b=x&lt;/math&gt;. Finally, we conclude &lt;math&gt;y=c=-w&lt;/math&gt;. 

One possible solution is &lt;math&gt;x=v=0&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;y=1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w=-1&lt;/math&gt;. The vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T=(0,0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; therefore lies in the intersection of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, &lt;math&gt;U\cap W\neq\{(0,0,0)^T\}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Various polynomials in polynomial space ===
Let &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; be a field.
We consider two subspaces in the polynomial space &lt;math&gt;K[X]&lt;/math&gt;: Let &lt;math&gt;U = \{f \in K[X]\mid \deg f \le 2\}&lt;/math&gt; be the space of polynomials of degree less or equal to two, and let
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;V = \{f = a_0 + a_1 X + \dots a_n X^n\mid a_0 + \dots + a_n = 0\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
be the space of polynomials whose sum of coefficients is &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. We want to investigate whether the sum &lt;math&gt;U + V&lt;/math&gt; is direct. To find this out, we need to decide whether &lt;math&gt;U \cap V = 0&lt;/math&gt;.

An element &lt;math&gt;f \in U \cap V&lt;/math&gt; is a polynomial &lt;math&gt;f = a_0 + a_1X + \dots + a_n X^n&lt;/math&gt;, which has a maximum degree of &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; and for which &lt;math&gt;a_0 + \dots, a_n = 0&lt;/math&gt; applies. Because the polynomial has degree two, we have &lt;math&gt;a_3 = \dots = a_n = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, we get &lt;math&gt;a_0 + a_1 + a_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;. This means &lt;math&gt;U \cap V&lt;/math&gt; consists of all polynomials &lt;math&gt;f = a_0 + a_1X + a_2 X^2&lt;/math&gt; for which &lt;math&gt;a_0 + a_1 + a_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we can find a non-zero element of &lt;math&gt;U \cap V&lt;/math&gt; if we use the equation
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;a_0 + a_1 + a_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}
with non-trivial &lt;math&gt;a_0, a_1, a_2&lt;/math&gt;. One possibility for this is &lt;math&gt;a_0 = 1, a_1 = -1, a_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;f = 1 - X \in U \cap V&lt;/math&gt;. So the intersection of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is not zero, and the sum &lt;math&gt;U + V&lt;/math&gt; is therefore not direct.

== Unique decomposition of vectors ==
We have already considered in the derivation that the decomposition of vectors is unique for the direct sum. We will prove this result here rigorously.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Equivalent characterizations of the direct sum
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;U_1, U_2&lt;/math&gt; be subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
Then the following statements are equivalent:

{{#invoke:list|ordered
 |The sum of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is direct
(that is, &lt;math&gt;U_1 + U_2 = U_1 \oplus U_2&lt;/math&gt;).
 |&lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; have trivial intersection
(that is, &lt;math&gt;U_1 \cap U_2 = \{ 0 \}&lt;/math&gt; is the trivial subspace).
 |The representation of all elements of &lt;math&gt;U_1 + U_2&lt;/math&gt; is unique
(that is, if &lt;math&gt;u = u_1 + u_2 = u_1' +u_2'&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u_1, u_1'\in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2, u_2' \in U_2&lt;/math&gt;, then we already have &lt;math&gt;u_1 = u_1'&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2 = u_2'&lt;/math&gt;).
 |The representation of the zero is unique
(that is, if &lt;math&gt;u_1 + u_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u_1 \in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2 \in U_2&lt;/math&gt;, then we already have &lt;math&gt;0 = u_1 = u_2&lt;/math&gt;).

}}

 |beweis= The definition of the inner direct sum is just &lt;math&gt;1 \iff 2&lt;/math&gt;.
We now show the implications &lt;math&gt;2 \implies 3 \implies 4 \implies 2&lt;/math&gt;.
The statement then readily follows.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;2 \implies 3&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;u \in U_1 + U_2&lt;/math&gt;.
We must prove that &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; can be written uniquely as the sum of two elements of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt;.

Let &lt;math&gt;u_1, u_1' \in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2, u_2' \in U_2&lt;/math&gt; with the property that &lt;math&gt;u_1 + u_2 = u = u_1' + u_2'&lt;/math&gt;. In order to prove uniqueness, we must show that these two representations of &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; are equal. &quot;Equal&quot; means that &lt;math&gt;u_1 = u_1'&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2 = u_2'&lt;/math&gt;.

Because &lt;math&gt;u_1 + u_2 = u_1' + u_2'&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;u_1 - u_1' = u_2' - u_2&lt;/math&gt;. This element lies in &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; (because of the representation on the left of &quot;&lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt;&quot;) and in &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; (because of the representation on the right of &quot;&lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt;&quot;).
So &lt;math&gt;u_1 + u_2 = u_1' + u_2'&lt;/math&gt; lies in the intersection &lt;math&gt;U_1 \cap U_2&lt;/math&gt;. According to the prerequisite, &lt;math&gt;U_1 \cap U_2 = \{ 0 \}&lt;/math&gt;. This means &lt;math&gt;0 = u_1 - u_1' = u_2' - u_2&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;u_1 = u_1'&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2 = u_2'&lt;/math&gt;. This is exactly what we wanted to show.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;3 \implies 4&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;u_1 \in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2 \in U_2&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u_1 + u_2 = 0 \in U_1 + U_2&lt;/math&gt;.
This is a representation of &lt;math&gt;0 \in U_1 + U_2&lt;/math&gt;.

On the other hand, &lt;math&gt;0 = 0 + 0 \in U_1 + U_2&lt;/math&gt; is also a representation of &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.

Since representations are unique according to the requirements, we conclude &lt;math&gt;u_1 = 0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;4 \implies 2&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;u \in U_1 \cap U_2&lt;/math&gt;.
Then, of course, &lt;math&gt;u \in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u \in U_2&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, for each element &lt;math&gt;x \in U_2&lt;/math&gt; also its additive inverse element must be in this space, i.e., &lt;math&gt;-x \in U_2&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;-u \in U_2&lt;/math&gt;.

This gives us &lt;math&gt;\underbrace{u}_{\in U_1} + \underbrace{(-u)}_{\in U_2} = 0 = \underbrace{0}_{\in U_1} + \underbrace{0}_{\in U_2}&lt;/math&gt;. From the uniqueness of the representation of the zero, we conclude &lt;math&gt;u = 0&lt;/math&gt;. The intersection is therefore trivial, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U_1\cap U_2=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}


}}

==Inner direct sum and disjoint union of sets==
We can imagine the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces|sum of two subspaces]] as a structure-preserving union: Forming the sum is &quot;structure-preserving&quot; because the result is again a subspace. This means that the vector space structure is preserved when forming the sum. We can also think of this construction as a union because the sum contains both subspaces. The subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subsets of the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. The sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace that contains the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Just as you can form unions with sets, the sums of subspaces also work in the same way. 

The direct sum is a special case of the sum of subspaces. This means that every direct sum is also a structure-preserving union. &quot;Being direct&quot; is a property of a sum of subspaces. We now want to see whether there is a property of the union of sets that corresponds to the directness of a sum.

Direct sums are characterized by the fact that the decomposition of the vectors in the sum is unique. If we have a vector &lt;math&gt;v\in U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, then the vectors &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; are unique. For a union &lt;math&gt;X \cup Y&lt;/math&gt; of sets &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;, each element &lt;math&gt;a \in X \cup Y&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; or in &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;. The element can also lie in both, which means that we generally do not clearly know where they lie. We cannot assign &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; unambiguously if &lt;math&gt;a \in X \cap Y&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. in the intersection. This means that the assignment of elements &lt;math&gt;a \in X\cup Y&lt;/math&gt; is unique if &lt;math&gt;X \cap Y&lt;/math&gt; is empty. In fact, this criterion corresponds exactly to the criterion for a sum to be direct: We want &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, which is the smallest possible vector space, so the intersection contains nothing more from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; (except the zero, which it must contain anyway as a vector space). This is exactly the definition of a disjoint union. In other words, the direct sum of subspaces intuitively corresponds to the disjoint union of sets.

== Basis and dimension ==
We have seen that the direct sum is a special case of a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum_of_subspaces|sum of subspaces]]. So we can transfer everything we know about the vector space sum to the direct sum. 
[[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum_of_subspaces#Satz:Dimensionsformel|We have already seen]] that the union of bases of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. This means if &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and if &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;B_U\cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are finite dimensional, we can use the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum_of_subspaces#Anchor:Dimensionsformel|dimension formula]]. 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}} 

If the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is direct, i.e. if &lt;math&gt;U+W=U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;, then we even have &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;\dim(\{0\})=0&lt;/math&gt;, the following sum formula applies in the finite-dimensional case:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)-\underbrace{\dim(U\cap W)}_{=0}=\dim(U)+\dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}} 
So the dimension of the sum space &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is exactly the sum of the dimensions &lt;math&gt;\dim(U)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\dim(W)&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and if &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, then we can conclude 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)=|B_U|+|B_W|.&lt;/math&gt;}}
Since &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, the union of the bases of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is disjoint, i.e. &lt;math&gt;B_U\uplus B_W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, we get &lt;math&gt;|B_U|+|B_W|=|B_U\cup B_W|&lt;/math&gt;. 
Because &lt;math&gt;B_U\cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; and because &lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=|B_U\cup B_W|&lt;/math&gt;, we conclude that &lt;math&gt;B_U\cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. 

We have thus seen that in finite dimensions, the union of the bases of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;. This also applies in general:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Basis of the direct sum
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Assume that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is direct, that is, we can write &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; be a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; a basis of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Then the union of &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; is disjoint and &lt;math&gt;B_U\cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=We have already seen that &lt;math&gt;B_U\cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, we only have to show that the union &lt;math&gt;B_U\uplus B_W&lt;/math&gt; is disjoint and linearly independent.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B_U\uplus B_W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Suppose we have &lt;math&gt;v \in B_U \cap B_W&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;v \in U \cap W =\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;v=0&lt;/math&gt;. However, this is a contradiction to &lt;math&gt;v \in B_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v \in B_W&lt;/math&gt;, as a basis cannot contain the zero vector. Therefore, there can be no &lt;math&gt;v \in B_U \cap B_W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;B_U \cap B_W = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B_U\cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent
 |beweisschritt=
Let
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0=\sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i u_i + \sum_{j=1}^{m} \beta_j w_j&lt;/math&gt;}}
for any &lt;math&gt;n,m \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;u_i \in B_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w_j \in B_W&lt;/math&gt; pairwise different, as well as &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i, \beta_j \in K&lt;/math&gt;. We must show that all &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\beta_j&lt;/math&gt; are equal to &lt;math&gt; 0 &lt;/math&gt;. This corresponds exactly to the definition of the linear independence of &lt;math&gt;B_U \cup B_W&lt;/math&gt;.

From
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0=\sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i u_i + \sum_{j=1}^{m} \beta_i w_i&lt;/math&gt;}}
we conclude
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i u_i = \sum_{j=1}^{m} -\beta_j w_j.&lt;/math&gt;}}
This term is in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; (as a linear combination of elements in &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt;) as well as in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; (as a linear combination of elements in &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt;). Since &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt; is a direct sum, we obtain
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i u_i = 0 = \sum_{j=1}^{m} -\beta_j w_j.&lt;/math&gt;}}
From the linear independence of &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; we conclude &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i = 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt; and from the linear independence of &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; we conclude &lt;math&gt;\beta_j =0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;j&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}
From this theorem, we may immediately conclude that 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U \oplus W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}}

== Exercises ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;K=\Z/3\Z&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;V=K^3&lt;/math&gt;. Consider the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U=\operatorname{span}\{(1,1,0)\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W=\operatorname{span}\{(0,2,2),(0,0,1)\}&lt;/math&gt;. Show that &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt; and determine &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; so that &lt;math&gt;(2,0,2)=u+w&lt;/math&gt; holds.

 |lösung=
To show &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt;, we need to prove two things: First, that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is direct, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. Secondly, we must show that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; equals &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U+W=V&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Because &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; contain the zero vector as subspaces, &lt;math&gt;\{0\}\subseteq U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is obvious. For the proof of the reverse inclusion, let &lt;math&gt;v\in U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Then
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v=\lambda \begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}=\mu_1\begin{pmatrix}0\\2\\2\end{pmatrix}+\mu_2\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;}}
for certain &lt;math&gt;\lambda,\mu_1,\mu_2\in K&lt;/math&gt;. From the first line of the vectors we get &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot1=\mu_1\cdot0+\mu_2\cdot0=0&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;\lambda=0&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math&gt;v=0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W=V&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
By definition, &lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;. The two vectors that span &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are obviously linearly independent, so &lt;math&gt;\dim(W)=2&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;\dim(U)=1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\dim(V)=\dim(K^3)=3&lt;/math&gt;. The [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces#Satz:Dimensionsformel|dimension formula for subspaces]] then renders
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W)=1+2-0=3=\dim(V).&lt;/math&gt;}}
The dimensions of the subspaces are therefore equal and &lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; follows from &lt;math&gt;U+W=V&lt;/math&gt;.

Alternatively, you could prove the equality by showing that every &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; can be written as the sum of a &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and a &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
We want to write &lt;math&gt;v=(2,0,2)&lt;/math&gt; as the sum of a vector in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and a vector in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. That means, we are looking for &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\lambda_3\in K=\Z/3\Z&lt;/math&gt; with
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}2\\0\\2\end{pmatrix}=\lambda_1 \begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}+\lambda_2\begin{pmatrix}0\\2\\2\end{pmatrix}+\lambda_3\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We may write this as a linear system:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
2&amp;=\lambda1\\
0&amp;=\lambda_1+2\lambda_2\\
2&amp;=2\lambda_2+\lambda_3
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
From the first line we conclude &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=2\in\Z/3\Z&lt;/math&gt;. Plugging this into the second line gives &lt;math&gt;\lambda_2=-2=2\in\Z/3\Z&lt;/math&gt;. Again plugging this into the third line finally yields &lt;math&gt;\lambda_3=1\in\Z/3\Z&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt; holds with
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;u=2\cdot\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2\\2\\0\end{pmatrix}\in U\quad\quad\text{and}\quad\quad w=2\cdot\begin{pmatrix}0\\2\\2\end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}\in W.&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

For the following two exercises, you should know what a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear_map#Definition:Lineare Abbildung|linear map]] is.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Gruppenaufgabe
 |titel=Self-inverse linear maps and subspaces
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and &lt;math&gt;f\colon V\to V&lt;/math&gt; a linear map.

 |teilaufgabe1=Show that the subsets &lt;math&gt;U=\{v\in V\mid v=f(v)\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W=\{v\in V\mid f(v)=-v\}&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |teilaufgabe2=Let additionally &lt;math&gt;f\circ f=\operatorname{id}_V&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{id}_V&lt;/math&gt; denotes the identity map on &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. (A linear mapping with this property is called ''self-inverse''.) Show that then &lt;math&gt;V=U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt; holds for the two subspaces from the first exercise part.
 
 |teilaufgabe1-lösung=
We use the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Satz:Untervektorraumkriterium|subspace criterion]] and show that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are non-empty subsets of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that are closed under linear combinations. We only provide the proof for &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The proof for &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; works in the same way, you just have to replace all equations of the form &quot;&lt;math&gt;f(v)=-v&lt;/math&gt;&quot; with &quot;&lt;math&gt;f(v)=v&lt;/math&gt;&quot;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
This holds by definition of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is nonempty.
 |beweisschritt=
Since &lt;math&gt;f(0_V)=0_V=-0_V&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;0_V\in W&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is nonempty.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is closed under linear combinations.
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;u,v\in W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda, mu\in \R&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Then
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;f(\lambda \cdot u+\mu\cdot v)\\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\  \text{linearity of } f \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;=\lambda \cdot f(u)+\mu\cdot f(v)\\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ u,v\in W \text{and definition of } W\right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda\cdot (-u)+\mu\cdot(-v)\\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\  \text{distributive law} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= -(\lambda\cdot u+\mu\cdot v),\\[0.3em]
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
So the linear combination &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot u+\mu\cdot v&lt;/math&gt; also lies in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
 |teilaufgabe2-lösung=
In order to show &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt;, we need to prove two things: First, that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is direct, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. Secondly, we must show that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; equals &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. that every vector &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; can be written as the sum of a vector &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and a vector &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Because &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; contain the zero vector as subspaces, &lt;math&gt;\{0\}\subseteq U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is obvious. For the proof of the reverse inclusion, let &lt;math&gt;v\in U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Then
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v\overset{v\in U}{=}f(v)\overset{v\in W}{=}-v,&lt;/math&gt;}}
i.e., &lt;math&gt;2\cdot v=0&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;v=0&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;v\in U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; was arbitrary, we have thus shown that &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W=V&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Because &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subsets of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; is obvious. For the reverse inclusion, let &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Then the following then applies:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v = \frac12 v + \frac12 v+ \frac12 f(v) -\frac12 f(v) = \underbrace{\frac12 (v+f(v))}_{=:u} + \underbrace{\frac12 (-f(v)+v)}_{=:w}=u+ w.&lt;/math&gt;}}
Because &lt;math&gt;f\circ f=\operatorname{id}_V&lt;/math&gt;, it follows from the linearity of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; that
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(u)=f(\frac12(v+f(v)))=\frac12(f(v)+f(f(v)))=\frac12(f(v)+\operatorname{id}_V(v))=\frac12(f(v)+v)=u.&lt;/math&gt;}}
So &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt;. Analogously, one shows &lt;math&gt;\frac12 w\in W&lt;/math&gt;:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(w)=f(\frac12(v-f(v)))=\frac12(f(v)-f(f(v)))=\frac12(f(v)-v)=-w.&lt;/math&gt;}}
So &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is a sum of a vector from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and a vector from &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; was arbitrary, we conclude &lt;math&gt;V\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt; .
}}
}}

For this exercise, you need to know what the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Kernel of a linear map#Definition:Kern einer linearen Abbildung|kernel]] and the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Image of a linear map#Definition:Bild einer linearen Abbildung|image]] of a linear map are.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Idempotent mappings
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f\colon V \to V&lt;/math&gt; be a linear map with &lt;math&gt;f \circ f = f&lt;/math&gt;. (A linear map with this property is called ''idempotent'' or ''a projection''). Show: &lt;math&gt;V = \operatorname{im}(f) \oplus \operatorname{ker}(f)&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=We show that &lt;math&gt;V = \operatorname{im}(f) + \operatorname{ker}(f)&lt;/math&gt; und &lt;math&gt;\{0\} = \operatorname{im}(f) \cap \operatorname{ker}(f)&lt;/math&gt;. By definition of the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Inner direct sum#Definition:Direkte Summe|direct sum]] , the sum of &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{ker}(f) + \operatorname{im}(f)&lt;/math&gt; is therefore indeed direct.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;V = \operatorname{im}(f) + \operatorname{ker}(f)&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Since both the kernel and the image of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, we immediately get &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{ker}(f)+\operatorname{im}(f)\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;. Let us now show the reverse inclusion &lt;math&gt;V\subseteq\ker(f)+\operatorname{im}(f)&lt;/math&gt;.

Let &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. From the condition &lt;math&gt;f=f\circ f&lt;/math&gt;, we get &lt;math&gt;f(v) = f(f(v))&lt;/math&gt;, or in other words &lt;math&gt;f(v) - f(f(v)) = 0&lt;/math&gt;.
Due to the linearity of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, we conclude &lt;math&gt;f(v - f(v)) = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, the element &lt;math&gt;v - f(v)&lt;/math&gt; lies in the kernel of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;f(v)&lt;/math&gt; lies in the image of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; by definition. Thus
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v = v - f(v) + f(v) = \underbrace{(v -f(v))}_{\in\ker(f)} + \underbrace{f(v)}_{\in\operatorname{im}(f)}&lt;/math&gt;}}
is the sum of an element from &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{ker}(f)&lt;/math&gt; and an element from &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{im}(f)&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is in &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{im}(f) + \operatorname{ker}(f)&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; was arbitrary, we have shown &lt;math&gt;V\subseteq\ker(f)+\operatorname{im}(f)&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\operatorname{ker}(f) \cap \operatorname{im}(f)=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Because &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; contain the zero vector as subspaces, &lt;math&gt;\{0\}\subseteq U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is obvious. For the proof of the reverse inclusion, let &lt;math&gt;v\in \ker(f)\cap\operatorname{im}(f)&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Then &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is an element of the kernel of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f(v)=0&lt;/math&gt; applies. Because &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is also in the image of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, there is a &lt;math&gt;w\in V&lt;/math&gt; so that &lt;math&gt;v=f(w)&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;f=f\circ f&lt;/math&gt;, we have 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0=f(v)=f(f(w))=f(w)=v.&lt;/math&gt;}}
Since &lt;math&gt;v\in\ker(f)\cap\operatorname{im}(f)&lt;/math&gt; was arbitrary, we have thus shown &lt;math&gt;\ker(f)\cap\operatorname{im}(f)=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

In &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; we can illustrate the statement from the previous exercise:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Projektions in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;
 |beispiel=
Let &lt;math&gt;f\colon\R^2\to\R^2&lt;/math&gt; be &lt;math&gt;(x,y)\mapsto (x,x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is linear. In addition, &lt;math&gt;f\circ f=f&lt;/math&gt; applies: For each vector &lt;math&gt;(x,y)\in\R^2&lt;/math&gt;, we have
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(f(x,y))=f(x,x)=(x,x)=f(x,y).&lt;/math&gt;}}
The map &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is therefore a projection. Clearly, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; projects vectors in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; along the &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;-axis onto the first angle bisector &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}\{(1,1)\}&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{im}(f)=\operatorname{span}\{(1,1)\}&lt;/math&gt;. Further, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; maps the &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;-axis to the zero vector, i.e. &lt;math&gt;\ker(f)=\operatorname{span}\{(0,1)\}&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, we indeed have &lt;math&gt;\R^2=\operatorname{im}(f)\oplus\ker(f)&lt;/math&gt; as proven in the exercise.

}}

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      <timestamp>2026-04-27T17:36:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sascha Lill 95</username>
        <id>3167325</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>adjust equation format</comment>
      <origin>4632783</origin>
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      <text bytes="38869" sha1="8c9rh6ob37eek5ax8fs9adn2aeqr8n0" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}}
== Derivation and definition ==
We have already learned about [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum_of_subspaces|sums of two subspaces]]. If &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are two subspaces, then the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is again a subspace &lt;math&gt;Z=U+W&lt;/math&gt;.
So for each vector &lt;math&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; we may find two vectors &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Now the question arises: Are there several ways to write &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; as such a combination?

The answer is yes, there can be several possibilities. As an example, let's look at the vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. This space can be viewed as the sum of the &lt;math&gt;xy&lt;/math&gt;-plane and the &lt;math&gt;yz&lt;/math&gt;-plane. This means that if &lt;math&gt;v \in \R^3&lt;/math&gt;, then there are actually several ways to represent &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; as the sum of vectors from the &lt;math&gt;xy&lt;/math&gt;-plane and the &lt;math&gt;yz&lt;/math&gt;-plane. For the vector &lt;math&gt;(2,3,5)&lt;/math&gt;, for example, we have &lt;math&gt;(2,3,5)=(2,2,0)+(0,1,5)=(2,1,0)+(0,2,5)&lt;/math&gt;.

Such representations are therefore generally not unique. We now want to find a criterion for uniqueness.

Suppose we have two different representations of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v=u^\prime+w^\prime&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u\neq u^\prime&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\neq w^\prime&lt;/math&gt; (if one of them is the same, then so is the other). In particular, we know that &lt;math&gt;u-u^\prime\neq 0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w-w^\prime\neq 0&lt;/math&gt;. If we now rearrange the equation &lt;math&gt;u+w=v=u^\prime+w^\prime&lt;/math&gt;, we get &lt;math&gt;\underbrace{u - u^\prime}_{\in U} = \underbrace{w^\prime - w}_{\in W}&lt;/math&gt;. Because the left-hand side is in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and the right-hand side is in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, this is an element in &lt;math&gt;U \cap W&lt;/math&gt; which is not a zero vector at the same time. So &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is not just &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. (The zero vector is in the intersection because &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are both subspaces).
This means that if the representation is not unique, then the intersection &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; does not only contain the zero vector. 

Conversely, if the intersection is not &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, we do not have a unique representation: Let &lt;math&gt;v \in U \cap W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v\neq 0&lt;/math&gt;. Then there are two representations of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;, namely &lt;math&gt;v = v + 0 = 0 + v&lt;/math&gt; (on the one hand &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u=v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w=0&lt;/math&gt; and on the other hand &lt;math&gt;v=u^\prime+w^\prime&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u^\prime=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w^\prime=v&lt;/math&gt;). Because of &lt;math&gt;v \neq 0&lt;/math&gt;, these representations are different from each other.

We can therefore conclude an equivalence: The intersection &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is exactly &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt; if the representation of all vectors in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is unique.

In this case, we give the sum a special name: We call the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, in the case &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, the '''direct sum''' of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and write &lt;math&gt;U \oplus W = U + W&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
|titel=Direct sum
|definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. We call the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; ''direct'' if &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt; holds. The subspace &lt;math&gt;Z=U+W&lt;/math&gt; is called the ''direct sum'' of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and we write &lt;math&gt;Z=U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

== Examples ==
=== Sum of two lines in R2 {{Anchor|Beispiel_2d_Geraden}}===
[[File:Lines-in-2d-real-plane.svg|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We consider the following two lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\text{ and }W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;-axis and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the line that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. Their sum is &lt;math&gt;U+W = \R^2&lt;/math&gt;

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage= Why do wa have &lt;math&gt;U + W = \R^2&lt;/math&gt;?
 |antwort=By the definition &lt;math&gt;U+W=\{u+w\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt; we can describe the set &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}+\left\{\begin{pmatrix}y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\0 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}y\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R \right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x+y\\y \end{pmatrix}\mid x, y\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can write each vector in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;(x+y,y)^T&lt;/math&gt; with matching &lt;math&gt;x,y\in\R&lt;/math&gt;. Specifically, for each vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b)^T\in \R^2&lt;/math&gt; we can find scalars &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y\in\R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;(a,b)=(x+y,y)&lt;/math&gt;, namely &lt;math&gt;x:=a-b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y:=b&lt;/math&gt;. We conclude &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.

Intuitively, you can immediately see that &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. This is because &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;, which contains the lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The only subspaces of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; are the null space, lines that run through the origin and &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. As the lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; do not coincide but are different, &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; cannot be a line. Therefore, we must have &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R^2&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

Let us now investigate whether this sum is direct. To do so, we need to determine &lt;math&gt;U \cap W&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;v = (x,y)^T \in U \cap W&lt;/math&gt;, then we know the following: Because &lt;math&gt;v \in U&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;y = 0&lt;/math&gt;. And because &lt;math&gt;v \in W&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;x = y&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore &lt;math&gt;x = y = 0&lt;/math&gt; and we get &lt;math&gt;v = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;U \cap W&lt;/math&gt; also contains &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;, we get &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. This means that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is direct, and we can write &lt;math&gt;U \oplus W&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of two lines in R3 ===
[[File:Lines-in-3d-real-space.png|thumb|The lines &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]
We have the following lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} \text{ and } W:=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3x\\0\\5x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Then &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a line in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; that runs through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a line that runs through the origin and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)&lt;/math&gt;. The sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a plane spanned by the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)^T&lt;/math&gt;, i.e.

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U+W =\left\{x\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}+ y\begin{pmatrix}3\\0\\5\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage= Why is this the sum?
 |antwort=
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;U+W\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R\right\} +\left\{\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid y\in\R\right\} \\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}x\\x\\2x\end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}3y\\0\\5y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\\[0.3em]
=&amp;\left\{x\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}+ y\begin{pmatrix}3\\0\\5\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is a plane that is spanned by the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,2)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(3,0,5)^T&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

Also here, we want to determine whether the sum is direct. To do so, we consider a vector &lt;math&gt;v = (x,y,z)^T \in U \cap W&lt;/math&gt;. Then, because &lt;math&gt;v \in U&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;x = y = 2z&lt;/math&gt;. And because &lt;math&gt;v \in W&lt;/math&gt;, we obtain &lt;math&gt;y = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;x = z = y = 0&lt;/math&gt; and the sum is direct. This means that we can write &lt;math&gt;U \oplus W&lt;/math&gt;.
==== Sum of a line and a plane in R3 ====
[[File:Plane-curve-intersection-in-r3-point.png|thumb|The line &lt;math&gt;U_3&lt;/math&gt; and the plane &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]

We consider the subspaces &lt;math&gt;U_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U_3&amp;=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} x\\x\\x\end{pmatrix}\mid x\in\R \right\}=\operatorname{span}\left\{ \begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}\\[0.5em]
W&amp;=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}\mid y,z\in\R \right\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The subspace &lt;math&gt;U_3&lt;/math&gt; is the line through the origin and the point &lt;math&gt;(1,1,1)&lt;/math&gt;, while &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; represents the y-z-plane. Together, &lt;math&gt;U_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; span the entire &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U_3 + W = \R^3&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage=Why is the sum of &lt;math&gt;U_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; the entire space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;?
 |antwort=Since &lt;math&gt;U_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;, the sum &lt;math&gt;U_3 + W&lt;/math&gt; is also a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. We still have to show that &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; is contained in &lt;math&gt;U_3+W&lt;/math&gt;. To do so, we prove that any vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T \in \R^3&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;U_3 + W&lt;/math&gt;. To accomplish this, we show that there is a &lt;math&gt;u \in U_3&lt;/math&gt; and a &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T = u + w&lt;/math&gt;.

We choose &lt;math&gt;u := (a,a,a)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w := (0,b-a,c-a)^T&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;u + w = (a,a,a)^T + (0,b-a,c-a)^T = (a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt;. In addition, &lt;math&gt;u \in U_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; apply.

Therefore, the entire &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; is contained in &lt;math&gt;U_3 + W&lt;/math&gt;. Thus &lt;math&gt;\R^3=U_3+W&lt;/math&gt;.}}

One may now ask whether the sum &lt;math&gt;U_3 + W&lt;/math&gt; is direct. To check this, we need to analyze the intersection &lt;math&gt;U_3 \cap W&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;U_3\cap W&lt;/math&gt; only contains the zero vector &lt;math&gt;(0,0,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;, then the sum is direct.

Let &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt; be a vector in &lt;math&gt;U_3 \cap W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T \in U_3&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;a = b = c&lt;/math&gt;. Consequently, we can write &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;(a,a,a)^T&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;(a,a,a)^T \in W&lt;/math&gt;, which implies &lt;math&gt;a = 0&lt;/math&gt;. We have therefore shown that &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T = (0,0,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;.

It follows that &lt;math&gt;U_3 \cap W = \{(0,0,0)^T\}&lt;/math&gt;. Since the intersection only contains the zero vector, the sum &lt;math&gt;U_3 + W&lt;/math&gt; is direct. Therefore, we can conclude &lt;math&gt;\R^3 = U_3 \oplus W&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Sum of even and odd polynomials === 

We will now look at an example of a direct sum in the vector space of real polynomials &lt;math&gt;\R[x]&lt;/math&gt;. Let us consider the following subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;\R[x]&lt;/math&gt;: &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; consists of all odd polynomials over &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, while &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the space of the even polynomials over &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. In formulas, this is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U&amp;=\left\{\sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^{2i+1}\mid n\in\N,\, a_i\in\R \right\}=\operatorname{span}\{x,x^3,x^5,\ldots\}\\
W&amp;=\left\{ \sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^{2i}\mid n\in\N,\, a_i\in\R\right\}=\operatorname{span}\{1,x^2,x^4,\ldots\}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The odd polynomials &lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^{2i+1}&lt;/math&gt; only contain monomials with odd exponents, while the even polynomials &lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^{2i}&lt;/math&gt; only contain monomials with even exponents. For example, &lt;math&gt;3x^{18}+19x^{12}-x^4+8x^2&lt;/math&gt; is an even polynomial, while &lt;math&gt;x^{10}-x&lt;/math&gt; is neither even nor odd. We now show that the even and odd polynomials together generate the entire polynomial space &lt;math&gt;\R[x]&lt;/math&gt;. Expressed in formulas: &lt;math&gt;U+W=\R[x]&lt;/math&gt;.

To show this, we need to prove that every polynomial in &lt;math&gt;\R[x]&lt;/math&gt; can be written as the sum of an odd and an even polynomial. To do so, we consider any polynomial &lt;math&gt;p = \sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^i&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;\R[x]&lt;/math&gt;. We must write &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; as the sum of an even and an odd polynomial.

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;
p=\sum_{i=0}^n a_ix^i=\underbrace{\sum_{i=0}^{\lfloor\frac{n-1}2\rfloor} a_{2i+1}x^{2i+1}}_{\in U}+\underbrace{\sum_{i=0}^{\lfloor\frac n2\rfloor} a_{2i}x^{2i}}_{\in W}
&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore, &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is contained in the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;.

Now we want to check whether the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is direct. That is, we need to check whether the intersection of the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; only contains the zero vector, i.e. the zero polynomial. Let &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; be a polynomial in the intersection &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; lies both in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. We can write &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^i&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; only consists of odd monomials. Therefore, the prefactors of the even monomials must be equal to &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;a_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all even &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; only consists of even monomials. So &lt;math&gt;a_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all odd &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;. This means that all coefficients &lt;math&gt;a_i&lt;/math&gt; are equal to zero and &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is therefore the zero polynomial. Thus &lt;math&gt;U\cap W = {0}&lt;/math&gt;, and the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is direct.

We have seen that &lt;math&gt;\R[x]=U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;. In other words, the polynomial space &lt;math&gt;\R[x]&lt;/math&gt; can be written as the direct sum of the subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is the subspace of odd polynomials and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is the subspace of even polynomials.

== Counterexamples ==
=== Two planes in R3 ===
[[File:Planes-intersect-in-r3.png|thumb|The planes &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;]]

We consider the following two planes:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}2x\\x\\y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}\text{ and } W=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\2x\\-y\end{pmatrix}\mid x,y\in\R\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The two planes together span all of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. However, the sum is not direct, as the intersection is a line and therefore does not only contain the zero vector. That is, &lt;math&gt;U\cap W\neq \{(0,0,0)^T\}&lt;/math&gt;.

We want to check this mathematically. This requires looking for a vector in the intersection of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; which is not zero. We consider a vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T&lt;/math&gt; that lies in the intersection &lt;math&gt;U\cap W&lt;/math&gt;. Because this vector lies in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;x,y\in\R&lt;/math&gt; so &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T=(2x,x,y)^T&lt;/math&gt;. In addition, there must be &lt;math&gt;v,w\in\R&lt;/math&gt; so &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T=(0,2v,-w)^T&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T\in W&lt;/math&gt;. 

We now look for suitable values for &lt;math&gt;x,y,v,w&lt;/math&gt; to fulfill both conditions. From &lt;math&gt;a=2x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;a=0&lt;/math&gt;, we get &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;2v=b=x&lt;/math&gt;, we also have &lt;math&gt;v=0&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;b=0&lt;/math&gt; results from &lt;math&gt;b=x&lt;/math&gt;. Finally, we conclude &lt;math&gt;y=c=-w&lt;/math&gt;. 

One possible solution is &lt;math&gt;x=v=0&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;y=1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w=-1&lt;/math&gt;. The vector &lt;math&gt;(a,b,c)^T=(0,0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; therefore lies in the intersection of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, &lt;math&gt;U\cap W\neq\{(0,0,0)^T\}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Various polynomials in polynomial space ===
Let &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; be a field.
We consider two subspaces in the polynomial space &lt;math&gt;K[X]&lt;/math&gt;: Let &lt;math&gt;U = \{f \in K[X]\mid \deg f \le 2\}&lt;/math&gt; be the space of polynomials of degree less or equal to two, and let
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;V = \{f = a_0 + a_1 X + \dots a_n X^n\mid a_0 + \dots + a_n = 0\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
be the space of polynomials whose sum of coefficients is &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. We want to investigate whether the sum &lt;math&gt;U + V&lt;/math&gt; is direct. To find this out, we need to decide whether &lt;math&gt;U \cap V = 0&lt;/math&gt;.

An element &lt;math&gt;f \in U \cap V&lt;/math&gt; is a polynomial &lt;math&gt;f = a_0 + a_1X + \dots + a_n X^n&lt;/math&gt;, which has a maximum degree of &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt; and for which &lt;math&gt;a_0 + \dots, a_n = 0&lt;/math&gt; applies. Because the polynomial has degree two, we have &lt;math&gt;a_3 = \dots = a_n = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, we get &lt;math&gt;a_0 + a_1 + a_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;. This means &lt;math&gt;U \cap V&lt;/math&gt; consists of all polynomials &lt;math&gt;f = a_0 + a_1X + a_2 X^2&lt;/math&gt; for which &lt;math&gt;a_0 + a_1 + a_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we can find a non-zero element of &lt;math&gt;U \cap V&lt;/math&gt; if we use the equation
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;a_0 + a_1 + a_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}
with non-trivial &lt;math&gt;a_0, a_1, a_2&lt;/math&gt;. One possibility for this is &lt;math&gt;a_0 = 1, a_1 = -1, a_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;f = 1 - X \in U \cap V&lt;/math&gt;. So the intersection of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is not zero, and the sum &lt;math&gt;U + V&lt;/math&gt; is therefore not direct.

== Unique decomposition of vectors ==
We have already considered in the derivation that the decomposition of vectors is unique for the direct sum. We will prove this result here rigorously.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Equivalent characterizations of the direct sum
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;U_1, U_2&lt;/math&gt; be subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
Then the following statements are equivalent:

{{#invoke:list|ordered
 |The sum of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is direct
(that is, &lt;math&gt;U_1 + U_2 = U_1 \oplus U_2&lt;/math&gt;).
 |&lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; have trivial intersection
(that is, &lt;math&gt;U_1 \cap U_2 = \{ 0 \}&lt;/math&gt; is the trivial subspace).
 |The representation of all elements of &lt;math&gt;U_1 + U_2&lt;/math&gt; is unique
(that is, if &lt;math&gt;u = u_1 + u_2 = u_1' +u_2'&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u_1, u_1'\in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2, u_2' \in U_2&lt;/math&gt;, then we already have &lt;math&gt;u_1 = u_1'&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2 = u_2'&lt;/math&gt;).
 |The representation of the zero is unique
(that is, if &lt;math&gt;u_1 + u_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u_1 \in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2 \in U_2&lt;/math&gt;, then we already have &lt;math&gt;0 = u_1 = u_2&lt;/math&gt;).

}}

 |beweis= The definition of the inner direct sum is just &lt;math&gt;1 \iff 2&lt;/math&gt;.
We now show the implications &lt;math&gt;2 \implies 3 \implies 4 \implies 2&lt;/math&gt;.
The statement then readily follows.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;2 \implies 3&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;u \in U_1 + U_2&lt;/math&gt;.
We must prove that &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; can be written uniquely as the sum of two elements of &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt;.

Let &lt;math&gt;u_1, u_1' \in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2, u_2' \in U_2&lt;/math&gt; with the property that &lt;math&gt;u_1 + u_2 = u = u_1' + u_2'&lt;/math&gt;. In order to prove uniqueness, we must show that these two representations of &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; are equal. &quot;Equal&quot; means that &lt;math&gt;u_1 = u_1'&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2 = u_2'&lt;/math&gt;.

Because &lt;math&gt;u_1 + u_2 = u_1' + u_2'&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;u_1 - u_1' = u_2' - u_2&lt;/math&gt;. This element lies in &lt;math&gt;U_1&lt;/math&gt; (because of the representation on the left of &quot;&lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt;&quot;) and in &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; (because of the representation on the right of &quot;&lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt;&quot;).
So &lt;math&gt;u_1 + u_2 = u_1' + u_2'&lt;/math&gt; lies in the intersection &lt;math&gt;U_1 \cap U_2&lt;/math&gt;. According to the prerequisite, &lt;math&gt;U_1 \cap U_2 = \{ 0 \}&lt;/math&gt;. This means &lt;math&gt;0 = u_1 - u_1' = u_2' - u_2&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;u_1 = u_1'&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2 = u_2'&lt;/math&gt;. This is exactly what we wanted to show.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;3 \implies 4&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;u_1 \in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2 \in U_2&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;u_1 + u_2 = 0 \in U_1 + U_2&lt;/math&gt;.
This is a representation of &lt;math&gt;0 \in U_1 + U_2&lt;/math&gt;.

On the other hand, &lt;math&gt;0 = 0 + 0 \in U_1 + U_2&lt;/math&gt; is also a representation of &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.

Since representations are unique according to the requirements, we conclude &lt;math&gt;u_1 = 0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;4 \implies 2&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;u \in U_1 \cap U_2&lt;/math&gt;.
Then, of course, &lt;math&gt;u \in U_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u \in U_2&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U_2&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, for each element &lt;math&gt;x \in U_2&lt;/math&gt; also its additive inverse element must be in this space, i.e., &lt;math&gt;-x \in U_2&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;-u \in U_2&lt;/math&gt;.

This gives us &lt;math&gt;\underbrace{u}_{\in U_1} + \underbrace{(-u)}_{\in U_2} = 0 = \underbrace{0}_{\in U_1} + \underbrace{0}_{\in U_2}&lt;/math&gt;. From the uniqueness of the representation of the zero, we conclude &lt;math&gt;u = 0&lt;/math&gt;. The intersection is therefore trivial, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U_1\cap U_2=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}


}}

==Inner direct sum and disjoint union of sets==
We can imagine the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces|sum of two subspaces]] as a structure-preserving union: Forming the sum is &quot;structure-preserving&quot; because the result is again a subspace. This means that the vector space structure is preserved when forming the sum. We can also think of this construction as a union because the sum contains both subspaces. The subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subsets of the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. The sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is the smallest subspace that contains the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Just as you can form unions with sets, the sums of subspaces also work in the same way. 

The direct sum is a special case of the sum of subspaces. This means that every direct sum is also a structure-preserving union. &quot;Being direct&quot; is a property of a sum of subspaces. We now want to see whether there is a property of the union of sets that corresponds to the directness of a sum.

Direct sums are characterized by the fact that the decomposition of the vectors in the sum is unique. If we have a vector &lt;math&gt;v\in U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, then the vectors &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; are unique. For a union &lt;math&gt;X \cup Y&lt;/math&gt; of sets &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;, each element &lt;math&gt;a \in X \cup Y&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; or in &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;. The element can also lie in both, which means that we generally do not clearly know where they lie. We cannot assign &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; unambiguously if &lt;math&gt;a \in X \cap Y&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. in the intersection. This means that the assignment of elements &lt;math&gt;a \in X\cup Y&lt;/math&gt; is unique if &lt;math&gt;X \cap Y&lt;/math&gt; is empty. In fact, this criterion corresponds exactly to the criterion for a sum to be direct: We want &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, which is the smallest possible vector space, so the intersection contains nothing more from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; (except the zero, which it must contain anyway as a vector space). This is exactly the definition of a disjoint union. In other words, the direct sum of subspaces intuitively corresponds to the disjoint union of sets.

== Basis and dimension ==
We have seen that the direct sum is a special case of a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum_of_subspaces|sum of subspaces]]. So we can transfer everything we know about the vector space sum to the direct sum. 
[[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum_of_subspaces#Satz:Dimensionsformel|We have already seen]] that the union of bases of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. This means if &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and if &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;B_U\cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are finite dimensional, we can use the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum_of_subspaces#Anchor:Dimensionsformel|dimension formula]]. 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}} 

If the sum &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is direct, i.e. if &lt;math&gt;U+W=U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;, then we even have &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;\dim(\{0\})=0&lt;/math&gt;, the following sum formula applies in the finite-dimensional case:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)-\underbrace{\dim(U\cap W)}_{=0}=\dim(U)+\dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}} 
So the dimension of the sum space &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; is exactly the sum of the dimensions &lt;math&gt;\dim(U)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\dim(W)&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and if &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, then we can conclude 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)=|B_U|+|B_W|.&lt;/math&gt;}}
Since &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, the union of the bases of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is disjoint, i.e. &lt;math&gt;B_U\uplus B_W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, we get &lt;math&gt;|B_U|+|B_W|=|B_U\cup B_W|&lt;/math&gt;. 
Because &lt;math&gt;B_U\cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt; and because &lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=|B_U\cup B_W|&lt;/math&gt;, we conclude that &lt;math&gt;B_U\cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. 

We have thus seen that in finite dimensions, the union of the bases of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;. This also applies in general:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Basis of the direct sum
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be two subspaces of a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Assume that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is direct, that is, we can write &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; be a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; a basis of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Then the union of &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; is disjoint and &lt;math&gt;B_U\cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=We have already seen that &lt;math&gt;B_U\cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is a generating system of &lt;math&gt;U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, we only have to show that the union &lt;math&gt;B_U\uplus B_W&lt;/math&gt; is disjoint and linearly independent.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B_U\uplus B_W&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Suppose we have &lt;math&gt;v \in B_U \cap B_W&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;v \in U \cap W =\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;v=0&lt;/math&gt;. However, this is a contradiction to &lt;math&gt;v \in B_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v \in B_W&lt;/math&gt;, as a basis cannot contain the zero vector. Therefore, there can be no &lt;math&gt;v \in B_U \cap B_W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;B_U \cap B_W = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;B_U\cup B_W&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent
 |beweisschritt=
Let
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0=\sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i u_i + \sum_{j=1}^{m} \beta_j w_j&lt;/math&gt;}}
for any &lt;math&gt;n,m \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;u_i \in B_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w_j \in B_W&lt;/math&gt; pairwise different, as well as &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i, \beta_j \in K&lt;/math&gt;. We must show that all &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\beta_j&lt;/math&gt; are equal to &lt;math&gt; 0 &lt;/math&gt;. This corresponds exactly to the definition of the linear independence of &lt;math&gt;B_U \cup B_W&lt;/math&gt;.

From
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0=\sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i u_i + \sum_{j=1}^{m} \beta_i w_i&lt;/math&gt;}}
we conclude
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i u_i = \sum_{j=1}^{m} -\beta_j w_j.&lt;/math&gt;}}
This term is in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; (as a linear combination of elements in &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt;) as well as in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; (as a linear combination of elements in &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt;). Since &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt; is a direct sum, we obtain
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i u_i = 0 = \sum_{j=1}^{m} -\beta_j w_j.&lt;/math&gt;}}
From the linear independence of &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; we conclude &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i = 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt; and from the linear independence of &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; we conclude &lt;math&gt;\beta_j =0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;j&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}
From this theorem, we may immediately conclude that 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U \oplus W) = \dim(U) + \dim(W).&lt;/math&gt;}}

== Exercises ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;K=\Z/3\Z&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;V=K^3&lt;/math&gt;. Consider the two subspaces &lt;math&gt;U=\operatorname{span}\{(1,1,0)\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W=\operatorname{span}\{(0,2,2),(0,0,1)\}&lt;/math&gt;. Show that &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt; and determine &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; so that &lt;math&gt;(2,0,2)=u+w&lt;/math&gt; holds.

 |lösung=
To show &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt;, we need to prove two things: First, that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is direct, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. Secondly, we must show that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; equals &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U+W=V&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Because &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; contain the zero vector as subspaces, &lt;math&gt;\{0\}\subseteq U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is obvious. For the proof of the reverse inclusion, let &lt;math&gt;v\in U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Then

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v=\lambda \begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}=\mu_1\begin{pmatrix}0\\2\\2\end{pmatrix}+\mu_2\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;}}

for certain &lt;math&gt;\lambda,\mu_1,\mu_2\in K&lt;/math&gt;. From the first line of the vectors we get &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot1=\mu_1\cdot0+\mu_2\cdot0=0&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;\lambda=0&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math&gt;v=0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W=V&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
By definition, &lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;. The two vectors that span &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are obviously linearly independent, so &lt;math&gt;\dim(W)=2&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;\dim(U)=1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\dim(V)=\dim(K^3)=3&lt;/math&gt;. The [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces#Satz:Dimensionsformel|dimension formula for subspaces]] then renders

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W)=\dim(U)+\dim(W)-\dim(U\cap W)=1+2-0=3=\dim(V).&lt;/math&gt;}}

The dimensions of the subspaces are therefore equal and &lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; follows from &lt;math&gt;U+W=V&lt;/math&gt;.

Alternatively, you could prove the equality by showing that every &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; can be written as the sum of a &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and a &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
We want to write &lt;math&gt;v=(2,0,2)&lt;/math&gt; as the sum of a vector in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and a vector in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. That means, we are looking for &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\lambda_3\in K=\Z/3\Z&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}2\\0\\2\end{pmatrix}=\lambda_1 \begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}+\lambda_2\begin{pmatrix}0\\2\\2\end{pmatrix}+\lambda_3\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We may write this as a linear system:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
2&amp;=\lambda1\\
0&amp;=\lambda_1+2\lambda_2\\
2&amp;=2\lambda_2+\lambda_3
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

From the first line we conclude &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=2\in\Z/3\Z&lt;/math&gt;. Plugging this into the second line gives &lt;math&gt;\lambda_2=-2=2\in\Z/3\Z&lt;/math&gt;. Again plugging this into the third line finally yields &lt;math&gt;\lambda_3=1\in\Z/3\Z&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt; holds with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;u=2\cdot\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}2\\2\\0\end{pmatrix}\in U\quad\quad\text{and}\quad\quad w=2\cdot\begin{pmatrix}0\\2\\2\end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\2\end{pmatrix}\in W.&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

For the following two exercises, you should know what a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear_map#Definition:Lineare Abbildung|linear map]] is.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Gruppenaufgabe
 |titel=Self-inverse linear maps and subspaces
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and &lt;math&gt;f\colon V\to V&lt;/math&gt; a linear map.

 |teilaufgabe1=Show that the subsets &lt;math&gt;U=\{v\in V\mid v=f(v)\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W=\{v\in V\mid f(v)=-v\}&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |teilaufgabe2=Let additionally &lt;math&gt;f\circ f=\operatorname{id}_V&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{id}_V&lt;/math&gt; denotes the identity map on &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. (A linear mapping with this property is called ''self-inverse''.) Show that then &lt;math&gt;V=U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt; holds for the two subspaces from the first exercise part.
 
 |teilaufgabe1-lösung=
We use the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace#Satz:Untervektorraumkriterium|subspace criterion]] and show that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are non-empty subsets of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that are closed under linear combinations. We only provide the proof for &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. The proof for &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; works in the same way, you just have to replace all equations of the form &quot;&lt;math&gt;f(v)=-v&lt;/math&gt;&quot; with &quot;&lt;math&gt;f(v)=v&lt;/math&gt;&quot;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
This holds by definition of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is nonempty.
 |beweisschritt=
Since &lt;math&gt;f(0_V)=0_V=-0_V&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;0_V\in W&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is nonempty.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is closed under linear combinations.
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;u,v\in W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda, mu\in \R&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Then

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;f(\lambda \cdot u+\mu\cdot v)\\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\  \text{linearity of } f \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;=\lambda \cdot f(u)+\mu\cdot f(v)\\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ u,v\in W \text{and definition of } W\right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda\cdot (-u)+\mu\cdot(-v)\\[0.3em]
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\  \text{distributive law} \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= -(\lambda\cdot u+\mu\cdot v),\\[0.3em]
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So the linear combination &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot u+\mu\cdot v&lt;/math&gt; also lies in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
 |teilaufgabe2-lösung=
In order to show &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt;, we need to prove two things: First, that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is direct, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. Secondly, we must show that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; equals &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. that every vector &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; can be written as the sum of a vector &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and a vector &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Because &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; contain the zero vector as subspaces, &lt;math&gt;\{0\}\subseteq U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is obvious. For the proof of the reverse inclusion, let &lt;math&gt;v\in U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Then

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v\overset{v\in U}{=}f(v)\overset{v\in W}{=}-v,&lt;/math&gt;}}

i.e., &lt;math&gt;2\cdot v=0&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;v=0&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;v\in U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; was arbitrary, we have thus shown that &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;U+W=V&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Because &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are subsets of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;U+W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; is obvious. For the reverse inclusion, let &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Then the following then applies:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v = \frac12 v + \frac12 v+ \frac12 f(v) -\frac12 f(v) = \underbrace{\frac12 (v+f(v))}_{=:u} + \underbrace{\frac12 (-f(v)+v)}_{=:w}=u+ w.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Because &lt;math&gt;f\circ f=\operatorname{id}_V&lt;/math&gt;, it follows from the linearity of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(u)=f(\frac12(v+f(v)))=\frac12(f(v)+f(f(v)))=\frac12(f(v)+\operatorname{id}_V(v))=\frac12(f(v)+v)=u.&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt;. Analogously, one shows &lt;math&gt;\frac12 w\in W&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(w)=f(\frac12(v-f(v)))=\frac12(f(v)-f(f(v)))=\frac12(f(v)-v)=-w.&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is a sum of a vector from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and a vector from &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; was arbitrary, we conclude &lt;math&gt;V\subseteq U+W&lt;/math&gt; .
}}
}}

For this exercise, you need to know what the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Kernel of a linear map#Definition:Kern einer linearen Abbildung|kernel]] and the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Image of a linear map#Definition:Bild einer linearen Abbildung|image]] of a linear map are.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Idempotent mappings
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;f\colon V \to V&lt;/math&gt; be a linear map with &lt;math&gt;f \circ f = f&lt;/math&gt;. (A linear map with this property is called ''idempotent'' or ''a projection''). Show: &lt;math&gt;V = \operatorname{im}(f) \oplus \operatorname{ker}(f)&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=We show that &lt;math&gt;V = \operatorname{im}(f) + \operatorname{ker}(f)&lt;/math&gt; und &lt;math&gt;\{0\} = \operatorname{im}(f) \cap \operatorname{ker}(f)&lt;/math&gt;. By definition of the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Inner direct sum#Definition:Direkte Summe|direct sum]] , the sum of &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{ker}(f) + \operatorname{im}(f)&lt;/math&gt; is therefore indeed direct.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;V = \operatorname{im}(f) + \operatorname{ker}(f)&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Since both the kernel and the image of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; are subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, we immediately get &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{ker}(f)+\operatorname{im}(f)\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;. Let us now show the reverse inclusion &lt;math&gt;V\subseteq\ker(f)+\operatorname{im}(f)&lt;/math&gt;.

Let &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. From the condition &lt;math&gt;f=f\circ f&lt;/math&gt;, we get &lt;math&gt;f(v) = f(f(v))&lt;/math&gt;, or in other words &lt;math&gt;f(v) - f(f(v)) = 0&lt;/math&gt;.
Due to the linearity of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, we conclude &lt;math&gt;f(v - f(v)) = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, the element &lt;math&gt;v - f(v)&lt;/math&gt; lies in the kernel of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt;f(v)&lt;/math&gt; lies in the image of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; by definition. Thus

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v = v - f(v) + f(v) = \underbrace{(v -f(v))}_{\in\ker(f)} + \underbrace{f(v)}_{\in\operatorname{im}(f)}&lt;/math&gt;}}

is the sum of an element from &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{ker}(f)&lt;/math&gt; and an element from &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{im}(f)&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is in &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{im}(f) + \operatorname{ker}(f)&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; was arbitrary, we have shown &lt;math&gt;V\subseteq\ker(f)+\operatorname{im}(f)&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\operatorname{ker}(f) \cap \operatorname{im}(f)=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=Because &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; contain the zero vector as subspaces, &lt;math&gt;\{0\}\subseteq U\cap W&lt;/math&gt; is obvious. For the proof of the reverse inclusion, let &lt;math&gt;v\in \ker(f)\cap\operatorname{im}(f)&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Then &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is an element of the kernel of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f(v)=0&lt;/math&gt; applies. Because &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is also in the image of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, there is a &lt;math&gt;w\in V&lt;/math&gt; so that &lt;math&gt;v=f(w)&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;f=f\circ f&lt;/math&gt;, we have 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0=f(v)=f(f(w))=f(w)=v.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;v\in\ker(f)\cap\operatorname{im}(f)&lt;/math&gt; was arbitrary, we have thus shown &lt;math&gt;\ker(f)\cap\operatorname{im}(f)=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

In &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; we can illustrate the statement from the previous exercise:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Projektions in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;
 |beispiel=
Let &lt;math&gt;f\colon\R^2\to\R^2&lt;/math&gt; be &lt;math&gt;(x,y)\mapsto (x,x)&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is linear. In addition, &lt;math&gt;f\circ f=f&lt;/math&gt; applies: For each vector &lt;math&gt;(x,y)\in\R^2&lt;/math&gt;, we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(f(x,y))=f(x,x)=(x,x)=f(x,y).&lt;/math&gt;}}

The map &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is therefore a projection. Clearly, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; projects vectors in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; along the &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;-axis onto the first angle bisector &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}\{(1,1)\}&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{im}(f)=\operatorname{span}\{(1,1)\}&lt;/math&gt;. Further, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; maps the &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;-axis to the zero vector, i.e. &lt;math&gt;\ker(f)=\operatorname{span}\{(0,1)\}&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, we indeed have &lt;math&gt;\R^2=\operatorname{im}(f)\oplus\ker(f)&lt;/math&gt; as proven in the exercise.

}}

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    <title>Math for Non-Geeks/Complements of vector spaces</title>
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== Introduction ==
We consider a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; with some subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Can we then find a subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that complements &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;? &quot;That is, if we add &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, we would like to get all of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. But at the same time, what we add shall not already have been in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.

We have already seen earlier [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces|how to add two vector spaces]], and in this context we would like &lt;math&gt;U + W = V&lt;/math&gt; to hold. Further, &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; shall not contain anything from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. We have already learned about this concept in the article on [[Math for Non-Geeks/Inner direct sum|inner direct sum]]: We want &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; to form an ''inner direct'' sum. So &lt;math&gt;U \oplus W = V&lt;/math&gt; should apply. 

To summarize, we are looking for a subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; for which &lt;math&gt;U \oplus W = V&lt;/math&gt; holds. If &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is written as a direct sum of subspaces, this is also called a ''decomposition'' of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. This is because we decompose &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; into &quot;smaller&quot; parts using the direct sum.

== Definition ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Complement
 |definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; be a field and &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; vector space. Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; be a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then a ''complement'' &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is defined as a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W = V&lt;/math&gt; holds. This means &lt;math&gt;U + W = V&lt;/math&gt; holds, and this sum is an inner direct sum.
}}

== Existence and Uniqueness ==
=== Existence {{Anchor|Komplement_Existenz}} ===
Suppose we have given &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and a subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. How do we find a subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; so that &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt; holds? For example, let &lt;math&gt;V=\R^2&lt;/math&gt; and let the subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; be the diagonal line through the origin with slope 1. According to the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Inner direct sum#Satz:Basis der direkten Summe|theorem on the basis of a direct sum]], the following applies: If &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt; holds, then a basis &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; together with a basis &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; will form a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. So we first choose a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|basis]] &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;: For example, we can choose
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;B_U=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
According to the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Satz:Basisergänzungssatz|basis completion theorem]], we can add a vector from &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; to a basis &lt;math&gt;B_V&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; by adding a vector that does not lie on the line &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;B_V=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix},\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
If we define &lt;math&gt;B_W=B_V\setminus B_U&lt;/math&gt; as the set of newly added basis vectors and &lt;math&gt;W=\operatorname{span}(B_W)&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;V=U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt; should hold. In our example, we obtain the &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;-axis for &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;W=\operatorname{span}\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}
We can see that the sum is direct because the intersection of the two lines is the set &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, while togwther, they span the entire vector space.

We may even prove that this kind of construction always provides a complement of a given subspace of a vector space via the basis completion theorem:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Complements always exist
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space over a field &lt;math&gt; K&lt;/math&gt;. Let further &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be a subspace. Then there is a subspace &lt;math&gt;W \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;U \oplus W = V&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösungsweg=
We know from the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Inner direct sum#Satz:Basis der direkten Summe|theorem about the basis of a direct sum]] that a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; together with a basis of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; must result in a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; are given, we first choose a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Satz:Basisergänzungssatz|add]] this to a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. The span of the newly added basis vectors is then a candidate for the required subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. We only have to check that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is direct and results in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=In this proof, we will use [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|bases]].
These will be defined later in this series, but they are unavoidable here.
There is no circular reasoning because we have not used complements in the articles on bases. 

Let &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be a subspace. We choose a basis &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. According to the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Satz:Basisergänzungssatz|basis completion theorem]], we can add &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; to a basis &lt;math&gt;B'&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
Let then &lt;math&gt;W = \operatorname{span}(B \setminus B')&lt;/math&gt;. This is by definition a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

&lt;math&gt;U + W = V&lt;/math&gt; holds, since &lt;math&gt;U \cup W&lt;/math&gt; already contains the basis &lt;math&gt;B'&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

It remains to show that &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;x \in U \cap W&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has representations as a linear combination of vectors in &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; on the one hand, and of vectors in &lt;math&gt;B' \setminus B&lt;/math&gt; on the other. However, since &lt;math&gt;B' = B \uplus (B' \setminus B)&lt;/math&gt; forms a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and is therefore linearly independent, only &lt;math&gt;x = 0&lt;/math&gt; remains as an option.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Warnung|Complements always exist in our setting. However, in your further studies, it may happen that the term &quot;complement&quot; is defined somewhat differently, e.g. in functional analysis. Then there are examples of subspaces that have no complement.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|Strictly speaking, we have only shown the existence of complements for finite-dimensional &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, because we have only proved the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Satz:Basisergänzungssatz|basis completion theorem]] in the finite-dimensional case. However, there is a [https://mathepedia.de/Basisergaenzung.html more general version] of the basis completion theorem that works for all vector spaces. This can be used to prove the above theorem in exactly the same way and obtain the existence of complements in infinite-dimensional vector spaces as well.}}

=== Complements are not unique {{Anchor|Komplemente_Nicht-Eindeutigkeit}} ===
Is the complement &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; from the last section unique? To define the complement, we used the basis addition theorem. Now we know that [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Anchor:Nichteindeutig|bases are in general not unique]]. Therefore, we could also complete a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; to another basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, which would lead to another subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; as the complement. We will now try this out using an example:

Let's look at the example from the last section again: We consider &lt;math&gt;V = \R^2&lt;/math&gt; and the first angle bisector &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. We already know that
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;B_U = \left\{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and that we can add &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; to a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; by adding the vector &lt;math&gt;(0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;. We have thus seen that &lt;math&gt;W = \operatorname{span}\{(0,1)^T\}&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Another vector that is not in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;(1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;. This means that we can also add &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; to the basis
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
and therefore, &lt;math&gt;W' = \operatorname{span}\{(1,0)^T\}&lt;/math&gt; is also a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. We have thus found two complements: &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W'&lt;/math&gt;. These vector spaces are the coordinate axes of &lt;math&gt;V = \R^2&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math&gt;W \ne W'&lt;/math&gt; holds. This means that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; has ''no'' unique complement in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and complements are not unique.

== Examples and exercises ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Trivial complements
 |beispiel=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space.
We always have &lt;math&gt;0 \oplus V = V&lt;/math&gt;.
Therefore, &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

The construction from the proof of the [[#Satz:Komplemente existieren immer|theorem on the existence of complements]] also works in this case: If &lt;math&gt;U=V&lt;/math&gt;, then we do not need to add any vectors to the basis &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;W=\operatorname{span}(\emptyset)=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt; is a complement, because the span of the empty set is the null space. It works in the same way in the case &lt;math&gt;U=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;: Then &lt;math&gt;B_U=\emptyset&lt;/math&gt; and we may complete it to a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Complement of a plane in space
 |beispiel=We consider the plane &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, which is spanned by the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(0,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;, i.e.

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U=\operatorname{span}\left\{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Our aim is to find a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. We can proceed similarly to the theorem on the existence of complements. First, we choose a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, then we complement it to a basis of the entire &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. The two vectors that span &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, namely &lt;math&gt;(1,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(0,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;, are already linearly independent. Therefore, they already form a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. To construct a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, we only need one more vector, because &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt;-dimensional vector space. We therefore require a vector that is linearly independent of the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(0,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;. For instance, we may choose the vector &lt;math&gt;(1,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;. It is easy to check that the three vectors are indeed linearly independent.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage=Are the three vectors really linearly independent?
 |antwort=
Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\lambda_3\in\R&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\0\end{pmatrix}=\lambda_1\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix} +\lambda_2 \begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}+\lambda_3\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We have to show that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=\lambda_2=\lambda_3=0&lt;/math&gt; has to hold. If we look at the vectors line by line, we get a system of equations with three equations:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
0 &amp;= \lambda_1+\lambda_3\\
0 &amp;= \lambda_1+\lambda_2+\lambda_3\\
0&amp;= \lambda_2+\lambda_3
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

From the first and third equation, we deduce &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=-\lambda_3=\lambda_2&lt;/math&gt;. Substituting this into the second equation, we obtain &lt;math&gt;0=\lambda_1 + \lambda_1-\lambda_1&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=0&lt;/math&gt; and therefore also &lt;math&gt;\lambda_2=\lambda_3=0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
The three vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,0)^T, (0,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; and (1,1,1) therefore form a basis of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. The new vector &lt;math&gt;(1,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; spans a possible complement &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;W:=\operatorname{span}\left\{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}} 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Decomposition of polynomials
 |beispiel=
We consider the vector space &lt;math&gt;V = K[X]&lt;/math&gt; of the polynomials over &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;U = \{f \in K[X] \mid f(0) = 0\}&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. We want to find a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

We can also write the condition that &lt;math&gt;f(0) = 0&lt;/math&gt; differently: We can write &lt;math&gt;f = a_nX^n + \dots a_1X + a_0&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f(0) = a_0&lt;/math&gt; and such a polynomial &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math&gt;a_0 = 0&lt;/math&gt;. In order to construct a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, we must therefore find enough polynomials with &lt;math&gt;a_0\ne 0&lt;/math&gt;. One such polynomial is the constant polynomial &lt;math&gt;f = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

Have we already found enough polynomials with &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; to have a complement? To answer this question, we may check whether &lt;math&gt;U + \operatorname{span}\{f\} = V&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;g = b_nX^n + \dots + b_1X + b_0 \in V&lt;/math&gt; be an arbitrary polynomial. Then &lt;math&gt;g_1 = b_0&lt;/math&gt; is contained in the span of &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;. Again, &lt;math&gt;g_2 = g - g_1&lt;/math&gt; is a polynomial with &lt;math&gt;g_2(0) = 0&lt;/math&gt;. This means &lt;math&gt; g= g_1 + g_2&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt; g_1 \in \operatorname{span}\{f\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g_2 \in U&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;U + \operatorname{span}\{f\} = V&lt;/math&gt;.

Furthermore, this sum is direct because we know that &lt;math&gt;f \not\in U&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we have found a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. The subspace &lt;math&gt;W = \operatorname{span}\{f\}&lt;/math&gt; is exactly the subspace of constant polynomials. That means, we have just proved that every polynomial &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; can be decomposed into a polynomial &lt;math&gt;f_0&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(0) = 0&lt;/math&gt; and a constant polynomial. The constant part is sometimes also called the &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;-intercept.

Of course, we could also have generated a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; using any other polynomial &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;g(0) \ne 0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Uniqueness of complements
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space. Show that a subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; has a unique complement in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; if and only if either &lt;math&gt;U = 0&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;U = V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\Rightarrow&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
 Let &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be a subspace with &lt;math&gt;\{0\}\subsetneq U\subsetneq V&lt;/math&gt;. Note that this implies in particular &lt;math&gt;\dim(V)\geq2&lt;/math&gt;. (The only subspaces of a one-dimensional vector space are &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt; and the space itself). Let &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. We show that &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is not unique by constructing another complement &lt;math&gt;W' \neq W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.

Neither &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt; nor &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq U&lt;/math&gt; applies: In the first case, &lt;math&gt;U+W=W&lt;/math&gt;, but this cannot be all of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, as otherwise &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=U\neq\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. In the second case, &lt;math&gt;U+W=U\neq V&lt;/math&gt; would also be true. It therefore follows from the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union and intersection of vector spaces#Satz:Vereinigung-von-Unterräumen|theorem on the union of subspaces]] that &lt;math&gt;U\cup W\subsetneq V&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, there exist vectors in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that lie neither in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; nor in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Choose such a vector &lt;math&gt;w\in V\setminus(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is not in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent of all vectors in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is not in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is also linearly independent of all vectors in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.

Now, choose a basis of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, replace one of the basis vectors with &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; and define &lt;math&gt;W'&lt;/math&gt; as the span of the new basis. Because &lt;math&gt;w\in W'&lt;/math&gt; but &lt;math&gt;w\notin W&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;W'\neq W&lt;/math&gt;. In addition, &lt;math&gt;W'&lt;/math&gt; is also a complement to &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;: To show &lt;math&gt;W'\cap U=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, let &lt;math&gt;v\in W'\cap U&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Let &lt;math&gt;B_{W'}=\{w_1,\ldots,w_k\}&lt;/math&gt; be the basis over which we have defined &lt;math&gt;W'&lt;/math&gt;. By construction, each of the vectors in &lt;math&gt;B_{W'}&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent of all vectors in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;B_U=\{u_1,\ldots,u_s\}&lt;/math&gt; be a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. Then the following applies

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v=\sum_{i=1}^k\lambda_i w_i=\sum_{j=1}^s\mu_j u_j&lt;/math&gt;}}

for certain &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i,\mu_j\in K&lt;/math&gt;. Rearranging the equation results in

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0=\sum_{i=1}^k\lambda_i w_i+\sum_{j=1}^s(-\mu_j) u_j&lt;/math&gt;}}

and because the &lt;math&gt;w_i,u_j&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent, &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i=-\mu_j=0&lt;/math&gt; follows for all &lt;math&gt;i,j&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;v=0&lt;/math&gt; and the sum is direct. The sum results in the whole &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, because by construction we have &lt;math&gt;\dim(W')=\dim(W)&lt;/math&gt;: Using the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces#Satz:Dimensionsformel|dimension formula for subspaces]], we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W')=\dim(U)+\dim(W')-\underbrace{\dim(U\cap W')}_{=0}=\dim(U)+\dim(W)=\dim(V),&lt;/math&gt;}}

where the last equality holds because &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U+W'\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;, and the dimensions are equal, we must therefore have &lt;math&gt;U+W'=V&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\Leftarrow&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Suppose &lt;math&gt;U=0&lt;/math&gt;. We know that &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be another subspace with &lt;math&gt;\{0\}\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt;. Since the sum of the two subspaces in particular results in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, we get &lt;math&gt;V=W+\{0\}=W&lt;/math&gt;.

Assuming &lt;math&gt;U=V&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be another subspace with &lt;math&gt;V\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt;. Because the sum is direct, we have in particular &lt;math&gt;W \cap V = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. However, since &lt;math&gt;W \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;, we conclude &lt;math&gt;W\cap V = W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}

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== Introduction ==
We consider a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; with some subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Can we then find a subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that complements &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;? &quot;That is, if we add &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, we would like to get all of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. But at the same time, what we add shall not already have been in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.

We have already seen earlier [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces|how to add two vector spaces]], and in this context we would like &lt;math&gt;U + W = V&lt;/math&gt; to hold. Further, &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; shall not contain anything from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. We have already learned about this concept in the article on [[Math for Non-Geeks/Inner direct sum|inner direct sum]]: We want &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; to form an ''inner direct'' sum. So &lt;math&gt;U \oplus W = V&lt;/math&gt; should apply. 

To summarize, we are looking for a subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; for which &lt;math&gt;U \oplus W = V&lt;/math&gt; holds. If &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is written as a direct sum of subspaces, this is also called a ''decomposition'' of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. This is because we decompose &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; into &quot;smaller&quot; parts using the direct sum.

== Definition ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Complement
 |definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; be a field and &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; vector space. Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; be a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then a ''complement'' &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is defined as a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W = V&lt;/math&gt; holds. This means &lt;math&gt;U + W = V&lt;/math&gt; holds, and this sum is an inner direct sum.
}}

== Existence and Uniqueness ==
=== Existence {{Anchor|Komplement_Existenz}} ===
Suppose we have given &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and a subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. How do we find a subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; so that &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt; holds? For example, let &lt;math&gt;V=\R^2&lt;/math&gt; and let the subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; be the diagonal line through the origin with slope 1. According to the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Inner direct sum#Satz:Basis der direkten Summe|theorem on the basis of a direct sum]], the following applies: If &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt; holds, then a basis &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; together with a basis &lt;math&gt;B_W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; will form a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. So we first choose a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|basis]] &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;: For example, we can choose

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;B_U=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

According to the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Satz:Basisergänzungssatz|basis completion theorem]], we can add a vector from &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; to a basis &lt;math&gt;B_V&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; by adding a vector that does not lie on the line &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;B_V=\left\{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix},\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

If we define &lt;math&gt;B_W=B_V\setminus B_U&lt;/math&gt; as the set of newly added basis vectors and &lt;math&gt;W=\operatorname{span}(B_W)&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;V=U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt; should hold. In our example, we obtain the &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;-axis for &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;W=\operatorname{span}\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We can see that the sum is direct because the intersection of the two lines is the set &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, while together, they span the entire vector space.

We may even prove that this kind of construction always provides a complement of a given subspace of a vector space via the basis completion theorem:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Complements always exist
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space over a field &lt;math&gt; K&lt;/math&gt;. Let further &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be a subspace. Then there is a subspace &lt;math&gt;W \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;U \oplus W = V&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösungsweg=
We know from the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Inner direct sum#Satz:Basis der direkten Summe|theorem about the basis of a direct sum]] that a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; together with a basis of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; must result in a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; are given, we first choose a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Satz:Basisergänzungssatz|add]] this to a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. The span of the newly added basis vectors is then a candidate for the required subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. We only have to check that the sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is direct and results in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=In this proof, we will use [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|bases]].
These will be defined later in this series, but they are unavoidable here.
There is no circular reasoning because we have not used complements in the articles on bases. 

Let &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be a subspace. We choose a basis &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. According to the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Satz:Basisergänzungssatz|basis completion theorem]], we can add &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; to a basis &lt;math&gt;B'&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
Let then &lt;math&gt;W = \operatorname{span}(B \setminus B')&lt;/math&gt;. This is by definition a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

&lt;math&gt;U + W = V&lt;/math&gt; holds, since &lt;math&gt;U \cup W&lt;/math&gt; already contains the basis &lt;math&gt;B'&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

It remains to show that &lt;math&gt;U \cap W = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;x \in U \cap W&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has representations as a linear combination of vectors in &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; on the one hand, and of vectors in &lt;math&gt;B' \setminus B&lt;/math&gt; on the other. However, since &lt;math&gt;B' = B \uplus (B' \setminus B)&lt;/math&gt; forms a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and is therefore linearly independent, only &lt;math&gt;x = 0&lt;/math&gt; remains as an option.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Warnung|Complements always exist in our setting. However, in your further studies, it may happen that the term &quot;complement&quot; is defined somewhat differently, e.g. in functional analysis. Then there are examples of subspaces that have no complement.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|Strictly speaking, we have only shown the existence of complements for finite-dimensional &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, because we have only proved the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Satz:Basisergänzungssatz|basis completion theorem]] in the finite-dimensional case. However, there is a [https://mathepedia.de/Basisergaenzung.html more general version] of the basis completion theorem that works for all vector spaces. This can be used to prove the above theorem in exactly the same way and obtain the existence of complements in infinite-dimensional vector spaces as well.}}

=== Complements are not unique {{Anchor|Komplemente_Nicht-Eindeutigkeit}} ===
Is the complement &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; from the last section unique? To define the complement, we used the basis addition theorem. Now we know that [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis#Anchor:Nichteindeutig|bases are in general not unique]]. Therefore, we could also complete a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; to another basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, which would lead to another subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; as the complement. We will now try this out using an example:

Let's look at the example from the last section again: We consider &lt;math&gt;V = \R^2&lt;/math&gt; and the first angle bisector &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. We already know that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;B_U = \left\{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and that we can add &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; to a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; by adding the vector &lt;math&gt;(0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;. We have thus seen that &lt;math&gt;W = \operatorname{span}\{(0,1)^T\}&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Another vector that is not in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;(1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;. This means that we can also add &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; to the basis

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left\{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

and therefore, &lt;math&gt;W' = \operatorname{span}\{(1,0)^T\}&lt;/math&gt; is also a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. We have thus found two complements: &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W'&lt;/math&gt;. These vector spaces are the coordinate axes of &lt;math&gt;V = \R^2&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math&gt;W \ne W'&lt;/math&gt; holds. This means that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; has ''no'' unique complement in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and complements are not unique.

== Examples and exercises ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Trivial complements
 |beispiel=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space.
We always have &lt;math&gt;0 \oplus V = V&lt;/math&gt;.
Therefore, &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

The construction from the proof of the [[#Satz:Komplemente existieren immer|theorem on the existence of complements]] also works in this case: If &lt;math&gt;U=V&lt;/math&gt;, then we do not need to add any vectors to the basis &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;W=\operatorname{span}(\emptyset)=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt; is a complement, because the span of the empty set is the null space. It works in the same way in the case &lt;math&gt;U=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;: Then &lt;math&gt;B_U=\emptyset&lt;/math&gt; and we may complete it to a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Complement of a plane in space
 |beispiel=We consider the plane &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, which is spanned by the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(0,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;, i.e.

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U=\operatorname{span}\left\{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Our aim is to find a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. We can proceed similarly to the theorem on the existence of complements. First, we choose a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, then we complement it to a basis of the entire &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. The two vectors that span &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, namely &lt;math&gt;(1,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(0,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;, are already linearly independent. Therefore, they already form a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. To construct a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, we only need one more vector, because &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt;-dimensional vector space. We therefore require a vector that is linearly independent of the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(0,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;. For instance, we may choose the vector &lt;math&gt;(1,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;. It is easy to check that the three vectors are indeed linearly independent.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |frage=Are the three vectors really linearly independent?
 |antwort=
Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\lambda_3\in\R&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\0\end{pmatrix}=\lambda_1\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\0\end{pmatrix} +\lambda_2 \begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}+\lambda_3\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We have to show that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=\lambda_2=\lambda_3=0&lt;/math&gt; has to hold. If we look at the vectors line by line, we get a system of equations with three equations:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
0 &amp;= \lambda_1+\lambda_3\\
0 &amp;= \lambda_1+\lambda_2+\lambda_3\\
0&amp;= \lambda_2+\lambda_3
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

From the first and third equation, we deduce &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=-\lambda_3=\lambda_2&lt;/math&gt;. Substituting this into the second equation, we obtain &lt;math&gt;0=\lambda_1 + \lambda_1-\lambda_1&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=0&lt;/math&gt; and therefore also &lt;math&gt;\lambda_2=\lambda_3=0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
The three vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,0)^T, (0,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; and (1,1,1) therefore form a basis of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. The new vector &lt;math&gt;(1,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; spans a possible complement &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;W:=\operatorname{span}\left\{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}} 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Decomposition of polynomials
 |beispiel=
We consider the vector space &lt;math&gt;V = K[X]&lt;/math&gt; of the polynomials over &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;U = \{f \in K[X] \mid f(0) = 0\}&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. We want to find a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

We can also write the condition that &lt;math&gt;f(0) = 0&lt;/math&gt; differently: We can write &lt;math&gt;f = a_nX^n + \dots a_1X + a_0&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;f(0) = a_0&lt;/math&gt; and such a polynomial &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; lies in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math&gt;a_0 = 0&lt;/math&gt;. In order to construct a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, we must therefore find enough polynomials with &lt;math&gt;a_0\ne 0&lt;/math&gt;. One such polynomial is the constant polynomial &lt;math&gt;f = 1&lt;/math&gt;.

Have we already found enough polynomials with &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; to have a complement? To answer this question, we may check whether &lt;math&gt;U + \operatorname{span}\{f\} = V&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;g = b_nX^n + \dots + b_1X + b_0 \in V&lt;/math&gt; be an arbitrary polynomial. Then &lt;math&gt;g_1 = b_0&lt;/math&gt; is contained in the span of &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;. Again, &lt;math&gt;g_2 = g - g_1&lt;/math&gt; is a polynomial with &lt;math&gt;g_2(0) = 0&lt;/math&gt;. This means &lt;math&gt; g= g_1 + g_2&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt; g_1 \in \operatorname{span}\{f\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g_2 \in U&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;U + \operatorname{span}\{f\} = V&lt;/math&gt;.

Furthermore, this sum is direct because we know that &lt;math&gt;f \not\in U&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we have found a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. The subspace &lt;math&gt;W = \operatorname{span}\{f\}&lt;/math&gt; is exactly the subspace of constant polynomials. That means, we have just proved that every polynomial &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; can be decomposed into a polynomial &lt;math&gt;f_0&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(0) = 0&lt;/math&gt; and a constant polynomial. The constant part is sometimes also called the &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;-intercept.

Of course, we could also have generated a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; using any other polynomial &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;g(0) \ne 0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Uniqueness of complements
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space. Show that a subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; has a unique complement in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; if and only if either &lt;math&gt;U = 0&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;U = V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösung=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\Rightarrow&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
 Let &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be a subspace with &lt;math&gt;\{0\}\subsetneq U\subsetneq V&lt;/math&gt;. Note that this implies in particular &lt;math&gt;\dim(V)\geq2&lt;/math&gt;. (The only subspaces of a one-dimensional vector space are &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt; and the space itself). Let &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. We show that &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is not unique by constructing another complement &lt;math&gt;W' \neq W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.

Neither &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq W&lt;/math&gt; nor &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq U&lt;/math&gt; applies: In the first case, &lt;math&gt;U+W=W&lt;/math&gt;, but this cannot be all of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, as otherwise &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=U\neq\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. In the second case, &lt;math&gt;U+W=U\neq V&lt;/math&gt; would also be true. It therefore follows from the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union and intersection of vector spaces#Satz:Vereinigung-von-Unterräumen|theorem on the union of subspaces]] that &lt;math&gt;U\cup W\subsetneq V&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, there exist vectors in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that lie neither in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; nor in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Choose such a vector &lt;math&gt;w\in V\setminus(U\cup W)&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is not in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent of all vectors in &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. Because &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is not in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is also linearly independent of all vectors in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.

Now, choose a basis of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, replace one of the basis vectors with &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; and define &lt;math&gt;W'&lt;/math&gt; as the span of the new basis. Because &lt;math&gt;w\in W'&lt;/math&gt; but &lt;math&gt;w\notin W&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;W'\neq W&lt;/math&gt;. In addition, &lt;math&gt;W'&lt;/math&gt; is also a complement to &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;: To show &lt;math&gt;W'\cap U=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, let &lt;math&gt;v\in W'\cap U&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. Let &lt;math&gt;B_{W'}=\{w_1,\ldots,w_k\}&lt;/math&gt; be the basis over which we have defined &lt;math&gt;W'&lt;/math&gt;. By construction, each of the vectors in &lt;math&gt;B_{W'}&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent of all vectors in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;B_U=\{u_1,\ldots,u_s\}&lt;/math&gt; be a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. Then the following applies

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v=\sum_{i=1}^k\lambda_i w_i=\sum_{j=1}^s\mu_j u_j&lt;/math&gt;}}

for certain &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i,\mu_j\in K&lt;/math&gt;. Rearranging the equation results in

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0=\sum_{i=1}^k\lambda_i w_i+\sum_{j=1}^s(-\mu_j) u_j&lt;/math&gt;}}

and because the &lt;math&gt;w_i,u_j&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent, &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i=-\mu_j=0&lt;/math&gt; follows for all &lt;math&gt;i,j&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;v=0&lt;/math&gt; and the sum is direct. The sum results in the whole &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, because by construction we have &lt;math&gt;\dim(W')=\dim(W)&lt;/math&gt;: Using the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces#Satz:Dimensionsformel|dimension formula for subspaces]], we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\dim(U+W')=\dim(U)+\dim(W')-\underbrace{\dim(U\cap W')}_{=0}=\dim(U)+\dim(W)=\dim(V),&lt;/math&gt;}}

where the last equality holds because &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U+W'\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;, and the dimensions are equal, we must therefore have &lt;math&gt;U+W'=V&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;\Leftarrow&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Suppose &lt;math&gt;U=0&lt;/math&gt;. We know that &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be another subspace with &lt;math&gt;\{0\}\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt;. Since the sum of the two subspaces in particular results in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, we get &lt;math&gt;V=W+\{0\}=W&lt;/math&gt;.

Assuming &lt;math&gt;U=V&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be another subspace with &lt;math&gt;V\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt;. Because the sum is direct, we have in particular &lt;math&gt;W \cap V = \{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. However, since &lt;math&gt;W \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;, we conclude &lt;math&gt;W\cap V = W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
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== Derivation: coset or affine subspace ==
=== Lines in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; {{Anchor|Geraden im \R^2}}=== 
You probably already know the concept of a straight line. But how do we describe a line in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt; mathematically? You know from school that you can parameterise straight lines by &lt;math&gt;v + tu&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;v,u \in \mathbb{R}^2, u \ne 0&lt;/math&gt; are two fixed vectors and &lt;math&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; takes all values in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;. That is, all points on the straight line form the set &lt;math&gt;G := \{v + tu \mid t \in \mathbb{R}\}&lt;/math&gt;. Geometrically described, this is the (infinitely long) line running through &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; in the direction of &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt;.

[[File:Vectors-on-affine-line.svg|thumb|An affine line is described by the support vector v and the direction vector u.]]

In general, a line does not pass through the origin &lt;math&gt;(0,0)&lt;/math&gt;. Thus &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is not a subspace of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt;, since by definition every [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace|subspace]] contains the origin. However, the  line &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is a displaced version of the line &lt;math&gt;U := \{tu \mid t \in \mathbb{R}\}&lt;/math&gt; by the vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;. Here &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a line passing through the origin. This is a subspace because it contains the origin and is closed under addition and scalar multiplication. That is, every straight line is given by the choice of a (one-dimensional) subspace &lt;math&gt;U \subset \mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt; and a vector &lt;math&gt;v \in \mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt;. This justifies the notation &lt;math&gt;G = v + U&lt;/math&gt;. This notation can also be formalised:

For a subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; consider a vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;v+W&lt;/math&gt; be by &lt;math&gt;v+W := \{v + w \mid w \in W \}&lt;/math&gt;. Then the following applies for the sets &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; defined above, that &lt;math&gt;G =\{v + tu \mid t \in \mathbb{R}\}=\{ v+ w\mid w\in U\}= v + U&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Planes in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; ===
Let's increase the dimension and consider &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^3&lt;/math&gt;. We can describe a line in analogy to the set &lt;math&gt;G := \{v + tu \mid t \in \mathbb{R}\}&lt;/math&gt; with vectors &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u\in\R^3, u \ne 0&lt;/math&gt;. This is a displaced version of a line through the origin by a vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;. So formally again, any line is of the form &lt;math&gt;v + U&lt;/math&gt; for a vector &lt;math&gt;v\in\R^3&lt;/math&gt; and a one-dimensional subspace &lt;math&gt;U \subset \mathbb{R}^3&lt;/math&gt;.

What about the planes in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^3&lt;/math&gt;? We parameterise them by &lt;math&gt;v + t_1u_1 + t_2u_2&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;v, u_1, u_2 \in \mathbb{R}^3&lt;/math&gt; are fixed vectors and &lt;math&gt; t_1, t_2&lt;/math&gt; pass through all values in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;. The vectors &lt;math&gt;u_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;u_2&lt;/math&gt; must not be scalar multiples of each other - otherwise we would get a line. All points on the plane form the set &lt;math&gt;E := \{v + t_1u_1 + t_2u_2 \mid t_1, t_2 \in \mathbb{R}\}&lt;/math&gt;. As in the case of lines, the plane &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt; is generally not a subspace, since the origin need not lie in &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt;.  However, the plane is a displaced version of the subspace &lt;math&gt; U := \{t_1u_1 + t_2u_2 \mid t_1, t_2 \in \mathbb{R}\}&lt;/math&gt; by the vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;. It is therefore analogously true that every plane is given by a two-dimensional subspace and a vector, i.e. that &lt;math&gt;E = v + U&lt;/math&gt;.
[[File:Vectors-on-affine-plane.png|thumb|An affine plane is described by the support vector v and the direction vectors u_1 and u_2.]]

=== Lines in &lt;math&gt;(\Z/5\Z)^2&lt;/math&gt; ===
We can also look at certain straight lines in a more complicated space: We consider the &lt;math&gt;\Z/5\Z&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;(\Z/5\Z)^2&lt;/math&gt;. In the article [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector_space#Anchor:Richtungen-komplizierter-VR|vector space]] we have already seen that we can think of this vector space as regular points on a [[w:torus|torus]]. Now, what is a &quot;straight line&quot; on this torus?
We have seen in the previous two sections how we can describe straight lines in the vector spaces &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;: There a straight line is the same as a set &lt;math&gt;G = \{v + tu \mid t \in \R\}&lt;/math&gt; with a support vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and a direction vector &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt;. In other words, it is the set &lt;math&gt;G = v+U&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;U = \{tu\mid u \in \R\}&lt;/math&gt; is a one-dimensional subspace.
We can transfer this construction to &lt;math&gt;(\Z/5\Z)^2&lt;/math&gt;, that is, we can consider a straight line as &lt;math&gt;G = v + U&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a one-dimensional subspace of &lt;math&gt;(\Z/5\Z)^2&lt;/math&gt;. That is, &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is of the form &lt;math&gt;G = \{v + tu \mid t \in \Z/5\Z\}&lt;/math&gt;. We can visualise this set on a torus:
[[File:Affine-line-over-finite-filed-on-torus.png|center|500px|points of an affine line in (Z/5Z)^2 on a torus]]
The points appear to lie on a line. If we connect the points each in the shortest way, we get a closed line that feels like a straight line on the torus.
[[File:Affine-line-over-finite-filed-on-torus-connected.png|center|500px|Points of an affine straight line in (Z/5Z)^2 on a torus, connected by a line]]
Thus, displaced one-dimensional subspaces also correspond to straight lines here.

We consider another example of a straight line in &lt;math&gt;(\Z/5\Z)^2&lt;/math&gt;. Consider the one-dimensional subspace &lt;math&gt;U := \{n(1,1) \mid n \in \mathbb{Z}/5\mathbb{Z}\}&lt;/math&gt;. We shift this by the vector &lt;math&gt;(2,0)\in (\Z/5\Z)^2&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we obtain the line &lt;math&gt;G := (2,0) + U&lt;/math&gt;. Here, a line consists of only five vectors. In our case &lt;math&gt;G = \{(2,0), (3,1), (4,2), (0,3), (1,4)\}&lt;/math&gt;.

We have characterised geometric objects (e.g. lines and planes) as displaced subspaces in various vector spaces. Let's give them a name.

== Definition: coset or affine subspace ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Affine subspace or coset
|definition= Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and
&lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;U
\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;. Further, let &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt;. Then, the set &lt;math&gt;v + U := \{v+u \mid u \in U\}&lt;/math&gt; is called the ''affine subspace'' or ''coset'' obtained by translating &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; by the vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

== Derivation: set of cosets of a subspace ==
We have defined cosets as displaced subspaces. Consider the following example of a displaced subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; by two different vectors &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v'&lt;/math&gt;: 
[[File:V+U=v'+U.svg|center|400px|Different displacements of a subspace leading to the same affine subspace]]
In the example above, we see that different displacements of a subspace can lead to the same affine subspace. So we ask ourselves the following question:

When are two shifted subspaces &lt;math&gt;v +U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v' + U'&lt;/math&gt; the same?

Let us first imagine the whole thing in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt;, where both shifted subspaces are lines. If they are equal, they have the same slope. This characterises the lines passing through the origin &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U'&lt;/math&gt;. It follows that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U'&lt;/math&gt; must be equal. 

Let us now consider the question for general vector spaces. So let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space, &lt;math&gt;U,U' \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be subspaces of vectors, &lt;math&gt;v, v' \in V&lt;/math&gt; be vectors, and let &lt;math&gt;v + U = v' + U'&lt;/math&gt; be sets. We would like to first conclude (as in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt;) that &lt;math&gt;U = U'&lt;/math&gt;. To do this, it would be nice to get &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;v + U&lt;/math&gt;. This is done by taking all vectors of &lt;math&gt;v + U&lt;/math&gt; and subtracting &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; , which indeed gives us &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; . Hence, we can write &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; as:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
U &amp;= \{w - v\mid w \in v+U\} \\
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ v+ U = v' + U' \right.} \\
&amp;= \{ w- v\mid w \in v'+U'\} \\
&amp; {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ w\in v'+U' \iff \exist u'\in U': w=v'+u' \right.} \\
&amp;= \{v' + u' - v \mid u'\in U'\} \\
&amp;= (v'-v) + U'
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, we have &lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt;. The above equation thus implies &lt;math&gt;0 \in (v'-v) + U'&lt;/math&gt;, i.e., there is a &lt;math&gt;u' \in U'&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;(v'-v) + u' = 0&lt;/math&gt;, i.e., &lt;math&gt;v' - v = -u'&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, &lt;math&gt;v' - v \in U'&lt;/math&gt;. 

More generally, for each subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and vector &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;w+W = W&lt;/math&gt;. The reason is that each &lt;math&gt;w' \in W&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math&gt;w' = w + (w' - w)&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;w'-w\in W&lt;/math&gt; , we have &lt;math&gt;w'\in w+W&lt;/math&gt;. Geometrically, you can also imagine the whole thing like this: If you move the subspace &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; in a direction in which it already lies, it is mapped onto itself.

Back to our original question: Since &lt;math&gt;v' - v \in U'&lt;/math&gt; , we know that &lt;math&gt;(v' -v) + U' = U'&lt;/math&gt;. So all in all we get the desired &lt;math&gt;U = U'&lt;/math&gt;. On the way we have also seen that &lt;math&gt;v' - v \in U' = U&lt;/math&gt; is also a necessary criterion for &lt;math&gt;v + U = v' + U'&lt;/math&gt;.

Are these criteria also sufficient? Yes: Suppose we have &lt;math&gt;v, v' \in V&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U,U' \subset V&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;U = U'&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v' - v \in U' = U&lt;/math&gt; . Then &lt;math&gt;U = U' = (v' - v) + U'&lt;/math&gt; and hence, by adding &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; on both sides, we have &lt;math&gt;v + U = v' + U'&lt;/math&gt;.

Let us summarise: Two shifted subspaces &lt;math&gt;v+ U, v' + U'&lt;/math&gt; are equal exactly if the (non-shifted) subspaces are equal, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U = U'&lt;/math&gt;, and the difference of the shifts lie in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; , i.e., &lt;math&gt;v-v' \in U&lt;/math&gt;.

Given a subspace, we can now find out whether two displacements by &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;v'&lt;/math&gt; give the same affine subspace. We can thus construct a kind of &quot;new equality&quot; by considering &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v'&lt;/math&gt; to be &quot;equal&quot; if they produce the same affine subspace. Such new equalities behave reasonably if they are equivalence relations. 

Recall the definition of an [[Math for Non-Geeks/Equivalence relation|equivalence relation]].
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Equivalence relation
 |definition=
An equivalence relation is a homogeneous binary relation on a basic set that has the following properties:

* reflexive
* symmetric
* transitive}}

Two elements that are in relation with respect to an equivalence relation are called ''equivalent''. If two elements &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; are equivalent to each other with respect to an equivalence relation &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt;, one often writes &lt;math&gt;x\sim_R y&lt;/math&gt; or simply &lt;math&gt;x\sim y&lt;/math&gt;.

To formally write down the &quot;new equality&quot; mentioned above, we define a relation &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; given by &lt;math&gt;v\sim v' :\iff v+U=v'+U \iff v-v'\in U&lt;/math&gt;. Intuitively, our relation should be an equivalence relation, since it says when two shifted subspaces are equal. We now check this formally:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=&lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; is an equivalence relation
 |satz=The relation &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; defined by &lt;math&gt;v\sim w \iff v-w \in U&lt;/math&gt; is an equivalence relation. This means that the relation is reflexive, symmetrical and transitive.
 |lösungsweg=
To show the assertion, we need to verify the three axioms of an equivalence relation: reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity. For reflexivity, we have to show for all &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt; that &lt;math&gt;v\sim v&lt;/math&gt; is satisfied. By definition of &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; we must show that &lt;math&gt;v - v \in U&lt;/math&gt;. Now &lt;math&gt;v - v = 0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace. Therefore &lt;math&gt;v-v = 0 \in U&lt;/math&gt; and hence reflexivity holds.

For transitivity and symmetry we proceed in the same way: we insert the definition and infer the desired property from the fact that &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace.
 |beweis=

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=''Reflexivity''
 |beweisschritt=
Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, we have &lt;math&gt;0 \in U&lt;/math&gt;. For an arbitrary vector &lt;math&gt; v \in V &lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;0 = v - v \in U&lt;/math&gt;. By definition of the relation, it follows that &lt;math&gt;v \sim v&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; v \in V &lt;/math&gt;.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=''Symmetry''
 |beweisschritt=
We want to show that from &lt;math&gt;v \sim w&lt;/math&gt; we can infer &lt;math&gt;w \sim v&lt;/math&gt; . So let &lt;math&gt;v \sim w&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, &lt;math&gt;v-w \in U&lt;/math&gt;. As &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; must be closed under taking inverses. So &lt;math&gt; -(v-w) \in U&lt;/math&gt;. But this is equivalent to &lt;math&gt;w-v \in U&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, &lt;math&gt;w \sim v&lt;/math&gt;. }}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=''Transitivity''
 |beweisschritt=
Finally, we need to show that from &lt;math&gt;v \sim w&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \sim z&lt;/math&gt; we get &lt;math&gt;v \sim z&lt;/math&gt;. So let &lt;math&gt;v \sim w&lt;/math&gt;, i.e., &lt;math&gt;v-w \in U&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;w \sim z&lt;/math&gt;, i.e., &lt;math&gt;w-z \in U&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; must be closed under addition. So in particular &lt;math&gt;(v-w) + (w-z) \in U&lt;/math&gt;. As &lt;math&gt;v-w+w-z = v-z&lt;/math&gt; we also have&lt;math&gt;v-z \in U&lt;/math&gt; and hence &lt;math&gt;v \sim z&lt;/math&gt;. }}
}}

We can now consider the equivalence classes of this relation, that is, to &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt; we consider the set &lt;math&gt;[v] := \{w \in V \mid v\sim w\}&lt;/math&gt;. So the set&lt;math&gt; [v]&lt;/math&gt; consists of all vectors &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt;, that displace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; to the same affine subspace &lt;math&gt;v + U&lt;/math&gt;.
How else can we characterise these equivalence classes? We have

&lt;math&gt;[v] = \{w \in V \mid v\sim w\} = \{w \in V \mid v - w \in U\} = \{v + u \mid u \in U\} = v+U&lt;/math&gt;

That is, the equivalence classes of our relation are precisely the coset classes.

Just as we can look at an equivalence relation and its equivalence classes, we can also construct a space in which the &quot;new equality&quot; of the equivalence relation becomes a real equality. This is the set of equivalence classes to which we now want to give a special name.

== Definition: set of cosets of a subspace ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Set of cosets of a subspace
 |definition= Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-verctor space and &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;. Further, let &lt;math&gt;v,w \in V&lt;/math&gt;. Define &lt;math&gt;v\sim w:\iff v-w\in U&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;\sim &lt;/math&gt; is an equivalence relation on &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and the
Equivalence class of an element &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; is the set &lt;math&gt;v +U&lt;/math&gt;. We call this the ''coset'' generated by &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; with respect to &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.

We define 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;V/U:=\{ v+U\mid v\in V\} &lt;/math&gt;}}
to be the ''set of cosets'' of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.
}}


We have defined the set of cosets &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; as the set of equivalence classes according to &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt;. In the last section we saw that the equivalence class generated by &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt; is given exactly by the affine subspace &lt;math&gt;v + U&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, an equivalence class with respect to &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; is the same as a displaced version of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. This provides two equivalent views of the set &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;: on the one hand, &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; is the set of equivalence classes with respect to &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt;; on the other hand, it is the set of displaced versions of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|
Depending on which of the two interpretations of the elements of &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; one uses, one uses different names for the elements &lt;math&gt;v+U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;. If one uses the equivalence relation to divide the elements of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; into different sets, one speaks of cosets. If, on the other hand, one considers a displacement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, one speaks of an affine subspace.
}}

== Examples for cosets ==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Physics: Change of potential energy
 |beispiel=
We consider the three-dimensional space with a gravitational field on it, with a positive gravitational constant &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;.As coordinates, we use &lt;math&gt;x_1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;x_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x_3&lt;/math&gt;. Such a space can be, for example, the room where you are reading this article. We put our origin at some point on your table, so we define the potential energy at that point as 0. From that point, you can move an object to different points, assigning to each of those destinations points the potential energy of a point particle we move there, which depends only on its height above the table. We can also take it to mean that we want to assign to each movement from the origin its change in potential energy. Let the table in our consideration be within the &lt;math&gt;x_1&lt;/math&gt;-&lt;math&gt;x_2&lt;/math&gt;- plane. The potential energy of a particle or the change of the potential energy by a movement from the origin to &lt;math&gt;(x_1,x_2,x_3)^T&lt;/math&gt; is thus: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;E_{pot} = m \cdot g \cdot x_3&lt;/math&gt;}}

We want to classify the possible rectilinear displacements from the origin based on their change in potential energy, and call two displacements equivalent if their change in the potential energy of a point particle matches. We want to group displacements into one ''class'' that change the potential energy in the same way. The mass, as well as the gravitational constant, are given for our point particle. Therefore, two displacements under consideration have the same potential energy if they have the same change in height. The displacements are therefore in the same class if their &lt;math&gt;x_3&lt;/math&gt;-value matches. 

Let us now abstract our illustrative example. Our space is the &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. Mathematically, displacements from the origin are described by ''vectors''. Displacements that cause the same change in potential energy for a point particle move it from the origin in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; to the same plane parallel to the &lt;math&gt;x_1&lt;/math&gt;-&lt;math&gt;x_2&lt;/math&gt; plane, since exactly the point particles on this plane have the same potential energy. For a given change in potential energy, we can choose any of the vectors causing such a change as ''representatives''.

In the chapter on ''subspaces'' we have already seen that the &lt;math&gt;x_1&lt;/math&gt;-&lt;math&gt;x_2&lt;/math&gt;-plane is a subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. In our physical example, we saw that planes shifted along the &lt;math&gt;x_3&lt;/math&gt;- axis were equivalence classes with respect to the change of potential energy. These classes are also called ''cosets''.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Finance: Change in the balance of two accounts
 |beispiel=
Let us assume that each person always has exactly two bank accounts. Now we want to know how much money each person has in total. So we are interested in the sum of all the money each person has in their bank accounts. We look at the two bank accounts that Anna has. In these she has saved amounts of &lt;math&gt;A_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;A_2&lt;/math&gt; respectively. So the total money saved by Anna is &lt;math&gt; A_1 + A_2 &lt;/math&gt;.

Let us now consider two people, Emma and Fritz. Emma has on her accounts &lt;math&gt;  E = (E_1,E_2)^T &lt;/math&gt;. Fritz has on his accounts &lt;math&gt; F = (F_1,F_2)^T&lt;/math&gt;. Emma and Fritz therefore have exactly the same amount of money if &lt;math&gt;E_1 +E_2 = F_1 + F_2&lt;/math&gt;. We call the pairs of accounts &lt;math&gt;(E_1,E_2)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(F_1,F_2)^T&lt;/math&gt; equivalent if there is the same amount of money on them, i.e. if &lt;math&gt;E_1 + E_2 = F_1 + F_2&lt;/math&gt;.

With this definition, the following pairs of accounts are equivalent, for example:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
    \begin{pmatrix}700 \\ 300\end{pmatrix}
    \text{ and }
    \begin{pmatrix} 900 \\  100 \end{pmatrix}.
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The reason is &lt;math&gt; 700 + 300 = 1000 = 900 + 100 &lt;/math&gt;.

The two accounts of Emma and Fritz are therefore equivalent if &lt;math&gt;E_1 + E_2 - (F_1 + F_2) = 0&lt;/math&gt;, i.e., &lt;math&gt;E_1 -F_1 + E_2 - F_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;. We define the difference of the vectors &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
    \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y\end{pmatrix} := \begin{pmatrix}E_1 - F_1 \\ E_2 - F_2\end{pmatrix}.
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The vectors &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; are equivalent if and only if &lt;math&gt;x+y=0&lt;/math&gt;. 

In other words, the sum of the funds from two accounts is given by the following linear map:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
    f\begin{pmatrix}x \\ y\end{pmatrix} = x + y
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, the kernel of &lt;math&gt; f &lt;/math&gt; is the set of pairs of accounts whose sum is zero. So two pairs of accounts are equivalent if they differ only by a vector of &lt;math&gt;\ker(f)&lt;/math&gt;. We can further transform the kernel of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
    \ker(f)
    = \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} x\\y\end{pmatrix} \bigg| x + y = 0  \right\}
    = \left\{\begin{pmatrix} a \\ - a\end{pmatrix} \bigg| a \in \R \right\}
    = \operatorname{span}\left(\left\{ \begin{pmatrix}1 \\-1\end{pmatrix}\right\}\right).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The equivalence classes with respect to the sum of the account balances are thus exactly the coset classes modulo the subspace &lt;math&gt;U:=\operatorname{span}\left(\left\{ (1,-1)^T\right\}\right)&lt;/math&gt;.
All cosets are of the form

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
    \begin{pmatrix}a \\ 0\end{pmatrix}
    +U
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

with &lt;math&gt;a\in\R&lt;/math&gt;.

We can also think of it like this: We want to look at the summed balance of the two accounts. In the process of summation, information on the single accounts is lost. We still know how much money a person has in total, but no longer how the money is distributed between the two accounts.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Two switches for one light source
 |beispiel=
We consider the following scenario: A hallway has two light switches, both of which are to control the ceiling lamp. For this purpose, one can use a [[w:Multiway switching|multiway switching]]. We want to model the behaviour of this circuit using vector spaces.
[[File:Lichtschalter Giverny.jpg|thumb|A light switch that points upwards.]]

We start with the light switches. Every light switch has two states: it points either up or down. So we can model it with &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{F}_2 = \Z/2\Z&lt;/math&gt;. The &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; stands for the light switch in the upper position and the &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; for the light switch in the lower position. When you flip the light switch, the state changes from &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; or from &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; – depending on the current position of the light switch. This change of state corresponds to the mathematical operation &lt;math&gt;+1&lt;/math&gt; within the field &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{F}_2&lt;/math&gt;.

Now that we know how to model a light switch and the flipping of a light switch, we process all the input data of the multiway switching: these are the two light switches. We have four states, as each light switch has the state up (&lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;) and down (&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;). Thus &lt;math&gt;\mathbb F_2^2&lt;/math&gt; is a suitable vector space for modelling the states. The state of the first light switch is given by the first component and the state of the second one by the second component. In this modelling, flipping the first light switch then corresponds to &lt;math&gt;+(1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and flipping the second light switch corresponds to &lt;math&gt;+(0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;. If both light switches are in the upper position (this corresponds to &lt;math&gt;(0,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;) and we flip the first light switch, we arrive in the state &lt;math&gt;(0,0)^T + (1,0)^T = (1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;.

In order to extract the information from this model whether the lamp is on or off, we must first understand this circumstance with the multiway switching. The toggle switch allows us freedom at this point: We can build it in such a way that both switches have to be in the same position for the lamp to be on. We can also build it such that the lamp is on when the two switches are in different positions. For this example, we consider the case where the lamp is on exactly when both switches are in ''different'' positions. Thus, we identify the states &lt;math&gt;(1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; with a lamp being on. We identify the other states &lt;math&gt;(0,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; with a switched-off lamp. The latter form a subspace &lt;math&gt;U := \{(0,0)^T, (1,1)^T\}\subseteq \mathbb{F}_2^2&lt;/math&gt;. If we shift this by &lt;math&gt;(1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;(0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;, we get the states of a switched-on lamp &lt;math&gt;(1,0)^T + U&lt;/math&gt;.
These are all cosets of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb F_2^2&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we can summarise the alternating switch situation as follows: Given a switch state &lt;math&gt;v \in \mathbb F_2^2&lt;/math&gt;, we get the information whether the lamp is on by determining the coset generated by &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;\mathbb F_2^2/U&lt;/math&gt;. If this is &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, the lamp is off. If it is &lt;math&gt;(1,0)^T + U&lt;/math&gt;, the lamp is on.

With this understanding of the lamp state, we can also describe the influence that flipping a switch has. Each of the operations &lt;math&gt;+(1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;+(0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; affects the lamp states &lt;math&gt;\mathbb F_2^2/U&lt;/math&gt; by changing the state of the lamp. If the lamp is in the off state &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and the second switch is flipped with &lt;math&gt;+(0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;, it is then in the on state &lt;math&gt;(0,1)^T+U = (1,0)^T + U&lt;/math&gt;. If the first switch is now flipped, the lamp changes back to the switched-off state. Mathematically, this is represented by &lt;math&gt;(1,0)^T + ((0,1)^T + U)) = (1,1)^T + U = U&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

== Properties of equivalence classes applied to cosets ==
We have seen [[#Anchor:Geraden im \R^2|above]] that cosets of a one-dimensional subspace in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; are parallel straight lines. We can also explain this by characterising cosets as equivalence classes: Two equivalence classes, as sets, are either equal or disjoint. For us, this means that two cosets, i.e. two straight lines, are either equal or that they have no point of intersection. The latter means that they are parallel.

Furthermore, we know about equivalence classes that they cover the whole space, i.e. the union of all equivalence classes results in the whole set. From this we conclude that the union of all cosets (in our case parallel straight lines) gives the whole &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;. We can therefore ''decompose'' the vector space into the cosets - like leaves. This decomposition is also called a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Equivalence relation#Anchor:Partition|partition]]. So the cosets partition the vector space. In our example, this means that we can decompose the &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; into displaced versions of an origin line &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. This is illustrated in the following picture:

[[File:R2_mit_Untervektorraum_und_vielen_Nebenklassen.svg|center|300px|V=\R ^2 is partitioned by a line]]

Both points mentioned also work in general (not only in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;), since we have not used any property of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; in any of our arguments. It is therefore true for a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and a subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; that:
{{Important|&lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is the union of the cosets &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and any two cosets are disjoint.}}

== Outlook ==
Cosets occur when [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Linear_systems_and_matrices|solving systems of linear equations]]: The solutions of the associated homogeneous system of equations &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; form a subspace. If the linear system of equations has a solution, the solutions form an affine subspace with respect to &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.

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In this article, we consider the ''quotient space'' &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; of a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; with respect to a subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. The quotient space &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space in which we can do computations as in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, up to an addition of arbitrary terms from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.

== Introduction == 
===Computations with solutions of a linear system===
We consider the matrix

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 \\ -1 &amp; -1 &amp; 1\end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We now want to solve the linear system of equations &lt;math&gt;Ax = b&lt;/math&gt; for different vectors &lt;math&gt;b \in \R^2&lt;/math&gt;. For example, taking &lt;math&gt;b_1 = (3,-7)^T&lt;/math&gt;, we get a solution &lt;math&gt;x_1 = (1,2,-4)^T&lt;/math&gt; and for &lt;math&gt;b_2 = (1,2)^T&lt;/math&gt;, we get a solution &lt;math&gt;x_2 = (2,0,3)^T&lt;/math&gt;. That is, &lt;math&gt;Ax_1 = b_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;Ax_2 = b_2&lt;/math&gt; hold. What is then the solution for &lt;math&gt;Ax = b_1+b_2&lt;/math&gt;? To find this out, we can use linearity of &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;: We just have to add our previous solutions together, since &lt;math&gt;A(x_1 + x_2) = Ax_1 + Ax_2 = b_1 + b_2&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, a solution to &lt;math&gt;Ax = b_1+b_2&lt;/math&gt; is given by &lt;math&gt;x_1 + x_2 = (3,2,-1)^T&lt;/math&gt;.

The solution to the above system of equations is not unique. For instance, the system &lt;math&gt;Ax = b_1&lt;/math&gt; is also solved by &lt;math&gt;x_1' = (2,1,-4)^T&lt;/math&gt; and the system &lt;math&gt;Ax = b_2&lt;/math&gt; is also solved by &lt;math&gt;x_2' = (-1,3,3)^T&lt;/math&gt;. The solutions &lt;math&gt;x_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x_1'&lt;/math&gt;, as well as &lt;math&gt;x_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x_2'&lt;/math&gt; differ from each other. Their differences are &lt;math&gt;x_1 = x_1' + (-1,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x_2 = x_2' + (3,-3,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;. Both &lt;math&gt;(-1,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(3,-3,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; are solutions to the (homogeneous) linear system &lt;math&gt;Ax = 0&lt;/math&gt;. That is, they lie in the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Kernel_of_a_linear_map|kernel]] of &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;.
This &quot;kernel property&quot; is true in general: if &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x'&lt;/math&gt; are two different solutions of &lt;math&gt;Ax = b&lt;/math&gt;, they differ exactly by an element in the kernel of &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;, because &lt;math&gt;A(x-x') = Ax-Ax' = b - b = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Since the kernel of &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; is important, we give it the separate name &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in the following.
Conversely, whenever we have two solutions &lt;math&gt;x_1+x_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x_1'+x_2'&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;Ax = b_1 + b_2&lt;/math&gt;, then their difference &lt;math&gt;(x_1+x_2) - (x_1'+x_2')&lt;/math&gt; is in the kernel &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. So once a single solution is found, then the kernel can be used to find all solutions to the system. Put differently, we can consider two vectors whose difference is in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; as equivalent, since if one vector solves &lt;math&gt;Ax = b&lt;/math&gt;, then the other also does.

For scalar multiplication by &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in \R&lt;/math&gt;, we can use linearity of &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; again: We have a solution &lt;math&gt;x_1&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;Ax = b_1&lt;/math&gt; and we want to solve &lt;math&gt;Ax = \lambda b_1&lt;/math&gt; without recalculating. Again, we can obtain a solution by using our already determined solution &lt;math&gt;x_1&lt;/math&gt;: We have &lt;math&gt;A(\lambda x_1) = \lambda(Ax_1) = \lambda b_1&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;\lambda x_1&lt;/math&gt; is a solution to &lt;math&gt;Ax = \lambda b_1&lt;/math&gt;. For the second solution &lt;math&gt;x_1'&lt;/math&gt; this also works: &lt;math&gt;x = \lambda x_1'&lt;/math&gt; is a solution of &lt;math&gt;Ax=\lambda b&lt;/math&gt;. Again, the difference of both (equivalent) solutions &lt;math&gt;\lambda x_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda x_1'&lt;/math&gt; is in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. So we can scale solutions of linear systems to find solutions to scaled systems. While scaling, the differences stay in &lt;math&gt;\ker(A)=U&lt;/math&gt;, so both solutions stay equivalent.
A different way to say that two vectors are equivalent is to say that they are ''the same modulo &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;'' whenever they differ only by some vector in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. For example, the solutions &lt;math&gt;x_1+x_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;x_1'+x_2'&lt;/math&gt; of the system of equations &lt;math&gt;Ax=b_1+b_2&lt;/math&gt; are equal modulo &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;(x_1+x_2) - (x_1'+x_2') \in U&lt;/math&gt;. When calculating with solutions of systems of linear equations, we therefore calculate modulo &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.


=== Construction of the quotient space ===
In the example, we made calculations in a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, but only looked at the results up to differences in a subspace &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. That is, we considered two vectors &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v'&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; as equivalent, whenever &lt;math&gt;v-v'\in U&lt;/math&gt;. To formalise these &quot;calculations up to some element in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;&quot;, we identify vectors which using an [[Math for Non-Geeks/Equivalence relation|equivalence relation]] &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; that is defined by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v\sim v'\quad :\iff \quad v -v' \in U.&lt;/math&gt;}}

This is exactly the relation we used to define [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cosets of a subspace#Definition:Menge der Nebenklassen eines Unterraums|cosets of a subspace]]. In this article, we have also checked that &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; is an equivalence relation. Mathematically, the set of all equivalence classes is denoted by &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;.

We will now show that on &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;, we can define a natural vector space structure. To do so, we introduce an addition &lt;math&gt;\boxplus&lt;/math&gt; and a scalar multiplication &lt;math&gt;\boxdot&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;: For &lt;math&gt;v+U, w+U \in V/U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; we define

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(v+U) \boxplus (w + U) &amp;:= (v+w) + U\\
\lambda \boxdot (v+U) &amp; := (\lambda \cdot v) + U
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

These definitions make use of [[Math for Non-Geeks/Equivalence relation#Anchor:Äquivalenzklasse|representatives]]. That is, we took one element from each involved coset to define &lt;math&gt;\boxplus&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\boxdot&lt;/math&gt;. However, we still have to show that the definitions are independent of the chosen representative.

That is, we must show that this definition is independent of the choice of representative and thus makes sense. We give this proof [[Math for Non-Geeks/Quotient space#Satz:Wohldefiniertheit der Operationen im Quotientenraum|further below]].
The property that a mathematical definition makes sense is also called ''well-definedness''.

We also need to show that &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space with this addition and scalar multiplication, which we will do [[Math for Non-Geeks/Quotient space#Aufgabe:Nachweis der Vektorraumaxiome im Faktorraum|below]].

== Definition ==
In the previous section, we considered what a vector space &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; might look like, in which we can calculate modulo &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.
The elements of &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; are the cosets &lt;math&gt;v+U&lt;/math&gt;. We want to define the vector space structure using the representatives. [[#Anchor:Wohldefiniertheit|Further below]] , we then show that the definition makes mathematical sense, that is, the vector space structure is proven to be ''well--defined''.

To distinguish addition and scalar multiplication on &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; from that on &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, we refer to the operations on &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; as &quot;&lt;math&gt;\boxplus&lt;/math&gt;&quot; and &quot;&lt;math&gt;\boxdot&lt;/math&gt;&quot; in this article. Other articles and sources mostly use &quot;&lt;math&gt;+&lt;/math&gt;&quot; and &quot;&lt;math&gt;\cdot&lt;/math&gt;&quot; for the vector space operations.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Quotient space
 |definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;V/U = \{v + U\mid v \in V\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

being the set of [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cosets of a subspace|cosets]] of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Further, let &lt;math&gt;v,w be \in V&lt;/math&gt;. 

We define the ''addition'' in &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; by:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;\boxplus: (V/U\times V/U)\to V/U\\
&amp;(v+U)\boxplus (w+U):= (v+w)+U. 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}} 

Analogously, we define ''scalar multiplication'' on &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; as:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;\boxdot: (K\times V/U)\to V/U\\
&amp;\lambda \boxdot (v+U):= (\lambda \cdot v)+U. 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}} 
}}
=== Explanation of the definition ===
A short explanation concerning the brackets appearing in &lt;math&gt;(v+U)\boxplus (w+U):= (v+w)+U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \boxdot (v+U):= (\lambda \cdot v)+U&lt;/math&gt;: To define the addition &lt;math&gt;\boxplus&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;, we need two vectors from &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;. Vectors in &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; are cosets, so &lt;math&gt;(v+U)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(w+U)&lt;/math&gt; denote cosets given by &lt;math&gt;v,w\in V&lt;/math&gt;. The expression &lt;math&gt;(v+w)+U&lt;/math&gt; is also a coset, namely the one associated with &lt;math&gt;v+w&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;{\color{OliveGreen}\underbrace{ {\color{Blue}\underbrace{v+U}_{\text{coset}}} \boxplus {\color{Blue}\underbrace{w+U}_{\text{coset}}}}_{\text{addition in }V/U} } = {\color{Blue} \underbrace{{\color{OliveGreen} \underbrace{(v+w)}_{\text{addition in } V} } +U}_{\text{coset}}}
&lt;/math&gt;}}

The scalar multiplication works similarly: For a scalar &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in K&lt;/math&gt; and a coset &lt;math&gt;v+U&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; we want to define &lt;math&gt;\lambda\boxdot (v+U)&lt;/math&gt;. For this we first calculate the scalar product &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot v&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and then turn to the associated coset &lt;math&gt;(\lambda\cdot v)+U&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;
{\color{OliveGreen}\underbrace{
\lambda\boxdot {\color{Blue}\underbrace{(v+U)}_{\text{coset}}}}_{\text{scalar multiplication in } V/U }}
= 
{\color{Blue}\underbrace{ {\color{OliveGreen} \underbrace{(\lambda \cdot v)}_{\text{scalar multiplication in }V} }+U}_{\text{coset}}  }
&lt;/math&gt;}}

So we first execute the addition or scalar multiplication of the representatives in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and then turn to the coset to get the addition or scalar multiplication on &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;. Mathematically, we also say that the vector space structure on &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; &quot;induces&quot; the structure on &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Well-defined operations in the quotient space {{Anchor|Wohldefiniertheit}} ===
We want to check whether the operations of &lt;math&gt;\boxplus&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\boxdot&lt;/math&gt; are independent of the choice of representatives - that is, ''they are well-defined''.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Well-defined operations in the quotient space
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq
V&lt;/math&gt; a subspace of vectors.
Then addition and scalar multiplication on &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; are well-defined.
 |beweis=
For well-definedness, we need to show the following:
If in the definition, we plug in different representatives of the coset(s) on the left-hand side, we end up with the same coset on the right-hand side.
Mathematically, we have to show :
* For &lt;math&gt;\boxplus&lt;/math&gt;: If &lt;math&gt;v + U = v' + U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w + U = w' + U&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;(v + w) + U = (v' + w') + U&lt;/math&gt;.
* For &lt;math&gt;\boxdot&lt;/math&gt;: If &lt;math&gt;v + U = v' + U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;(\lambda\cdot v) + U = (\lambda\cdot v') + U&lt;/math&gt;.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Well-defined addition
 |beweisschritt= By definition of a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cosets of a subspace|coset]] we have to show that &lt;math&gt;(v+w) - (v' + w') \in U&lt;/math&gt; holds.
Since &lt;math&gt;(v+w)-(v'+w') = v+w-v'-w' = (v-v') + (w-w')&lt;/math&gt;, this is equivalent to &lt;math&gt;(v-v') + (w-w') \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
Now &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v'&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w'&lt;/math&gt; each represent the same coset modulo &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.
Thus, &lt;math&gt;v-v', w-w' \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, it follows that &lt;math&gt;(v-v') + (w-w') \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
So the addition &lt;math&gt;\boxplus&lt;/math&gt; is indeed independent of the choice of representatives.

}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Well-defined scalar multiplication
 |beweisschritt=Well-definedness of the scalar multiplication &lt;math&gt;\boxdot&lt;/math&gt; can be seen in same way:
In the above notation, we have to show that &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot v - \lambda\cdot v' = \lambda\cdot (v-v') \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
Since &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v'&lt;/math&gt; represent the same coset modulo &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;v-v' \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
And since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace, we also have &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot(v-v') \in U&lt;/math&gt;.
So the scalar multiplication &lt;math&gt;\boxdot&lt;/math&gt; is also independent of the choice of representative.
}}
}}

===Establishing the vector space axioms===

We show that the quotient space is again a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space by taking the axioms valid for &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and inferring those axioms of &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, taking quotient spaces is a way to generate new vector spaces from an existing &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space, just like taking subspaces.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Proof of the vector space axioms in quotient space
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; a subspace of it, then &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; with the operations &lt;math&gt;\boxplus&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\boxdot&lt;/math&gt; defined above is also a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space
 |lösung=
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Establishing properties of a commutative additive group (also called an [[w: EN: Abelian group|Abelian group]]).
 |beweisschritt=
We first consider the properties of addition. For this let &lt;math&gt;v,w,z \in V&lt;/math&gt;.

'''1. Associativity:''' 

We trace back the associativity to associativity in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} 
(v+U)\boxplus ((w+U) \boxplus (z+U)) &amp;=(v+U) \boxplus ((w+z)+U) \\ [0.3em]
&amp;= (v+(w+z))+U  \\[0.3em]
&amp;\quad{\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{associativity in the vector space } V \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= ((v+w)+z)+U \\[0.3em]
&amp;= ((v+w)+U) \boxplus (z+U) \\[0.3em]
&amp;= ((v+U) \boxplus (w+U)) \boxplus (z+U)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}


'''2. Commutativity'''

We also trace commutativity back to commutativity in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(v+U) \boxplus (w+U) &amp;=(v+w)+U \\[0.3em]
&amp;\quad{\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{commutativity in the vector space }V \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= (w+v)+U \\[0.3em]
&amp;= (w+U) \boxplus (v+U)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}


'''3. Existence of a neutral element'''

Since we are considering displacements of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, the coset &lt;math&gt;0+U&lt;/math&gt; should be the neutral element with respect to addition. We can verify this by using that &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; is the neutral element in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(v+U) \boxplus (0 + U) =(v+0)+U = v+U&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''4. Existence of an inverse'''

We consider the coset &lt;math&gt;v+U&lt;/math&gt;. For the inverse &lt;math&gt;v'+U&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;v+U&lt;/math&gt;, we need that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(v+U) \boxplus (v'+U)= 0+U.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, the addition of an element with its inverse indeed yields the neutral element &lt;math&gt;0+U&lt;/math&gt;. 

We also trace the inverse of &lt;math&gt;v+U&lt;/math&gt; back to inverse in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; be a representative of &lt;math&gt;v+U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(-v)&lt;/math&gt; its inverse in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;(v+U)\boxplus ((-v)+U)=(v-v)+U = 0+U.&lt;/math&gt;}}
Thus, the element inverse to &lt;math&gt;v+U&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;-v+U&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Distributive laws
 |beweisschritt=
'''1. Scalar Distributive Law'''

Multiplication of a vector (in a quotient space, i.e., the vector is a coset) with a sum of scalars yields: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(\lambda + \mu) \boxdot (v+U) &amp;= ((\lambda +\mu)\cdot v)+U \\[0.3em]
&amp;\quad{\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{distributive law in the vector space } V \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot v +\mu \cdot v)+U\\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda v +U \boxplus \mu v+U \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (v+U) \boxplus \mu \boxdot (v+U)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

'''2. Vector Distributive Law'''

Likewise, we can show that the distributive law also holds for the multiplication of a scalar with the sum of two vectors (i.e., with two cosets in the quotient space): 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\lambda  \boxdot (v+U \boxplus w+U) &amp;= \lambda  \boxdot (v+w)+U \\[0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot (v+w))+U \\[0.3em]
&amp;\quad{\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{distributive law in the vector space } V \right.} \\[0.3em]
&amp;= (\lambda v + \lambda w)+U \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda v+U \boxplus \lambda w+U \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda \boxdot (v+U) \boxplus \lambda \boxdot (w+U)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
|ziel=Properties of scalar multiplication
|beweisschritt=
We now show that the scalar multiplication of cosets also satisfies the corresponding vector space axioms. Again, we trace back properties in the quotient space back to the corresponding properties in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. To this end, let &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v,
w \in V&lt;/math&gt;. Then the following axioms hold: 

'''1. Associative law for scalars'''

The scalar multiplication is associative, since

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(\lambda  \cdot \mu) \boxdot (v+U) &amp;= ((\lambda \cdot \mu) \cdot v)+U\\
&amp;\quad{\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{associative law in the vector space } V \right.}\\
&amp;= (\lambda \cdot (\mu) \cdot v))+U\\
&amp;=\lambda \boxdot  ((\mu v)+U)\\
&amp;=\lambda \boxdot (\mu \boxdot (v+U))
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}


'''2. Neutral element of scalar multiplication'''

We want to prove that &lt;math&gt;1 \in K&lt;/math&gt; is also the neutral element for &lt;math&gt;\boxdot&lt;/math&gt;. 
That is, &lt;math&gt;1 \boxdot (v+U)=v+U&lt;/math&gt; must hold. Since 1 is neutral in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and since &lt;math&gt;1\boxdot v = v&lt;/math&gt;, we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;1 \boxdot (v+U) =(1 \cdot v) + U =v+U&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;1 \in K&lt;/math&gt; is the
neutral element of scalar multiplication and &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; is indeed a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space.
}}}}

== Examples ==
=== Satellite images ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
  |titel=Satellite images
  |beispiel=
[[File:New York City (7558468802).jpg|thumb|Skyline of New York]]
[[File:New_York_satellite_map.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of New York]]

We imagine that we are standing on a vantage point in New York City from which we are looking at the skyline. In this situation, we will see the city in three dimensions. So objects (e.g. skyscrapers) can be identified with vectors in &lt;math&gt;V = \R^3&lt;/math&gt;. However, there are also situations where we want to look at the city in only two dimensions, for instance, when taking a virtual tour using a map or a satellite image of New York.

If we want to create a map or a satellite image, we need to &quot;project&quot; information from three dimensions into two dimensions. This process can mathematically be described by a reduction to some quotient space &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;.

For example, let us take a look at the edge of a skyscraper. On the oblique image, we see that an edge reaches about 600 feet up into the air. However, on the satellite image, the edge is just displayed as a dot. So all points (= vectors) on the edge are identified with this one dot. The dot is then a coset in &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;. The vector space &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is given by the (1-dimensional) &lt;math&gt;x_3&lt;/math&gt;-axis, since after adding a vector on the &lt;math&gt;x_3&lt;/math&gt;-axis (i.e., shifting a point up or down), we end up at the same dot on the satellite image. The space &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; contains all dots, i.e., it corresponds to the (2-dimensional) map.

}}

=== Example in finite vector space ===
Now, we turn to a more abstract mathematical example, that will involve some donuts.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Quotient space in &lt;math&gt;(\Z / 3\Z)^2&lt;/math&gt;
 |beispiel=
In the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space#Anchor:Richtungen-komplizierter-VR|vector space article]], we considered the abstract mathematical set &lt;math&gt;(\Z/5\Z)^2&lt;/math&gt;, which can be seen as lattice points on a [[w: EN: Torus|torus]] (= surface of a donut). Using the same method, we can think of &lt;math&gt;(\Z/3\Z)^2&lt;/math&gt; as 9 lattice points on a torus as well:

We obtain a torus from a square by stretching gluing the edges as follows:
[[File:Torus from rectangle.gif|thumb|Gluing a square to a torus]]
[[File:Ebene zu Torus verkleben 01.png|center|500px|Forming a torus from a plane]]
In other words, the surface of a donut is the same as a square, where, if you walk out on one edge, you immediately enter it at the opposite side.
Thus we may visualize &lt;math&gt;(\Z / 3\Z)^2&lt;/math&gt; as follows: On the torus, we draw nine points in lattice form. We then get the following picture:
[[File:Visualisierung von F3^2 auf Torus.png|center|500px|Visualization of a two-dimensional vector space over a field with three elements on a torus]]

The subspace &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq (\Z / 3\Z)^2&lt;/math&gt; generated by &lt;math&gt;(1, 1)^T&lt;/math&gt;, corresponds to a discrete straight line. We put this line through the above points.
[[File:Unterraum von F3^2 aufgespannt durch (1,1) auf Torus.svg|center|Visualization of a subspace in F3^2 on a torus]]
We now have points lying on two different sides directly next to our line. Some points are lying directly to the right of the line; that is, they are displaced from the straight line by &lt;math&gt;+(1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;. Some other points lie directly to the left of our line; that is, they are displaced by &lt;math&gt;-(1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;. In the picture it looks like this:
[[File:Nebenklasse von (1,1) in F3^2 auf Torus.svg|center|Visualization of the cosets of a subspace in F3^2 on a torus]]
The vector space &lt;math&gt;(\Z / 3\Z)^2&lt;/math&gt; also allows for &quot;adding the points on the donut&quot;: Here, we get the following relations:

# If we add a point on the left and a point on the right of the line, we get a point on the line: For example, &lt;math&gt;{\color{Red}(0,1)^T} + {\color{Blue}(1,0)^T} = {\color{Purple}(1,1)^T}&lt;/math&gt;.
# If we add two points on the left of the line, we get a point on the right: For example, we have &lt;math&gt;{\color{Red}(0,1)^T} + {\color{Red}(2,0)^T} = {\color{Blue}(2,1)^T}&lt;/math&gt;.
# If we add two points on the right of the line, we get a point on the left: For example, &lt;math&gt;{\color{Blue}(0,2)^T} + {\color{Blue}(1,0)^T} = {\color{Red}(1,2)^T}&lt;/math&gt;.

If we form the quotient space &lt;math&gt;(\Z / 3\Z)^2/U&lt;/math&gt; (with 3 cosets), we see that two points have the same position with respect to the line (on/left/right) if they are in the same coset. Each coset then consists of 3 points. Furthermore, our addition relations above just represent the addition on the quotient space &lt;math&gt;(\Z / 3\Z)^2/U&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

== Relationship between quotient space and complement ==
In the quotient space &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; we calculate with vectors in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; up to arbitrary modifications from &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. We know another construction that can be interpreted similarly: The [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Complements_of_vector_spaces|complement]]. A complement of a subspace &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace &lt;math&gt;W\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V&lt;/math&gt;. Here &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt; denotes the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Inner_direct_sum|inner direct sum]] of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, that is, &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=U+W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. A vector &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; can then be decomposed uniquely as &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;. But the complement itself is then [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Inner_direct_sum#Nichteindeutigkeit_von_Komplementen|not unique]]! There can be different subspaces &lt;math&gt;W,W'\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;, with &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=V=U\oplus W'&lt;/math&gt;. 

For the quotient space, we &quot;forget&quot; the part of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; that is in &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; by identifying &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; with the coset &lt;math&gt;v+U&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;V\to V/U, \quad v\mapsto v+U&lt;/math&gt;}}

If &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v=u+w&lt;/math&gt; for distinct &lt;math&gt;u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt;, then we can analogously forget the &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;-part by mapping &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; to the &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;-part, called &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;V=U\oplus W\to W, \quad v=u+w\mapsto w&lt;/math&gt;}}

Apparently &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; and the complement &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; are similar. Can we identify the two vector spaces &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, i.e., are they [[Math for Non-Geeks/Isomorphisms|isomorphic]]? Yes, they are, as we prove in the following theorem. 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Isomorphism between complement and quotient space
 |anker=Isomorphismus vom Komplement und Faktorraum
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then the projection &lt;math&gt;f\colon W\to V/U; w\mapsto w + U&lt;/math&gt; is a linear isomorphism between &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and the quotient space &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=
We want to show that &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is linear, i.e., compatible with addition and scalar multiplication, and bijective.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Linearity of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Since &lt;math&gt;W \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace and scalar multiplication and addition is defined on representatives, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with addition and scalar multiplication. That is, for &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v, w \in W&lt;/math&gt;, we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(v + w) = (v+w) + U = (v+U) \boxplus (w+U) = f(v) \boxplus f(w)&lt;/math&gt;}}

and

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(\lambda\cdot v) = (\lambda\cdot v) + U = \lambda \boxdot (v + U) = \lambda \boxdot f(v).&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Surjectivity of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;v + U \in V/U&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, we find &lt;math&gt;u \in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v = u+w&lt;/math&gt;. Then 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f(w) = w + U \overset{(*)}{=} (w + u) + U = v+U,&lt;/math&gt;}}

where we used in &lt;math&gt;(*)&lt;/math&gt; that &lt;math&gt;(w+u)-w=u\in U&lt;/math&gt; and thus &lt;math&gt;w+U=(w+u)+U&lt;/math&gt; holds. So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is surjective.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Injectivity of &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
We show &lt;math&gt;\ker(f)=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;w\in\ker(f)&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(w)=0+U&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;w+U=f(w)=0+U&lt;/math&gt; holds. Thus &lt;math&gt;w=w-0\in U&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; is a complement of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;. Further, &lt;math&gt;w\in U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w\in W&lt;/math&gt; implies &lt;math&gt;w\in U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;w=0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
}}
We have seen that &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; is isomorphic to any complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. So it should also behave like a complement, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U\oplus V/U=V&lt;/math&gt; should hold. But be careful: Because &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt; is not a subspace of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, we cannot form the inner direct sum with &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;.
However, we can still consider the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Outer_direct_sum|''outer'' direct sum]] of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;U\oplus V/U=\{(u,v+U)\mid u\in U, v+U\in V/U\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This may not be equal to &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, but it may be isomorphic to &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. And we will show that it indeed is isomorphic.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=&lt;math&gt;U\oplus V/U\cong V&lt;/math&gt;
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; be a subspace of a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;U\oplus V/U\cong V&lt;/math&gt; holds. 
 |beweis= 
Let &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; be a complement of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math&gt;U\cap W=\{0\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U+W=V&lt;/math&gt;. From the [[#Satz:Isomorphismus vom Komplement und Faktorraum|previous theorem]] we know that the function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;f\colon W\to V/U,\quad w\mapsto w+U&lt;/math&gt;}}

is an isomorphism. We use this to show that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;g\colon U\oplus W\to U\oplus V/U,\quad (u,w)\mapsto (u,w+U)&lt;/math&gt;}}

is an isomorphism, where &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W=\{(u,w)\mid u\in U, w\in W\}&lt;/math&gt; denotes the ''outer'' direct sum.
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is linear
 |beweisschritt= We have &lt;math&gt;g(u,w)=(\operatorname{id}_U(u),f(w))&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;(u,w)\in U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;. It follows directly that &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is linear, since addition and scalar multiplication on &lt;math&gt;U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt; are defined component-wise and as &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{id}_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; are linear.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=&lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is bijective
 |beweisschritt= This also follows from &lt;math&gt;g(u,w)=(\operatorname{id}_U(u),f(w))&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;(u,w)\in U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;, since the identity &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{id}_U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; are bijective.
}}
Thus, we have &lt;math&gt;U\oplus V/U\cong U\oplus W&lt;/math&gt;. By '''this theorem''', the inner direct sum of the subspaces &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; is isomorphic to their outer direct sum. So &lt;math&gt;V=U\oplus_I W\cong U \oplus W\cong U\oplus V/U&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;U\oplus_I W&lt;/math&gt; denotes the inner direct sum of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;.

}}

== Exercises ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=The projection is linear
 |aufgabe=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and &lt;math&gt;U\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; a subspace. Show that the canonical projection.

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\pi\colon V\to V/U,\quad v\mapsto v+U&lt;/math&gt;}}

is linear.
 |lösung=
Let &lt;math&gt;v,w\in V&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda\in K&lt;/math&gt; be arbitrary. We again write &lt;math&gt;\boxplus&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\boxdot&lt;/math&gt; for the vector space structure on &lt;math&gt;V/U&lt;/math&gt;. We then have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  &amp; \pi(\lambda v+w) \\[0.3em]
  &amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text{definition of }\pi   \right.} \\[0.3em]
= &amp; (\lambda v+w)+U \\[0.3em]
  &amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{definition of }\boxplus \right.} \\[0.3em]
= &amp; ((\lambda v)+U)\boxplus (w+U)\\[0.3em]
  &amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{definition of }\boxdot  \right.} \\[0.3em]
= &amp; (\lambda \boxdot (v+U)) \boxplus (w+U)\\[0.3em]
  &amp; {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{definition of }\pi  \right.} \\[0.3em]
= &amp; (\lambda \boxdot \pi(v)) \boxplus \pi(w).
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; is linear.
}}

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The main property of vectors is that one can take '''linear combinations''' with them. In this chapter you will learn exactly what this is.  

==Motivation of the term linear combination==
=== Paths on a map ===
Let's look at the following map:

[[File:Schatzkarte.svg|center|500px|Treasure Map with path drawn]]


Our goal is to make it from our starting point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; to the end point &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;. Of course, there are an infinite number of ways to do this. If we want to get from &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; by the shortest route, we walk along the straight line connecting the two points. Another possibility is to walk three steps westwards from the starting point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; until we reach the level of the end point &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; and then walk two steps northwards in the direction of &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;.

If &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is the standard vector towards the west (&quot;vector = marching direction + distance&quot;, &quot;standard&quot; means that the distance is 1) and &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; is the standard vector towards the north, then &lt;math&gt;\vec {AB}&lt;/math&gt; can be represented by the following weighted sum of &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\vec {AB} = 3w + 2n&lt;/math&gt;}}

===Decomposing forces ===

In the following, we will look at an example from physics. Consider the illustration with a ball on an inclined plane. We assume that the ball does not encounter any relevant friction.  

[[File:Ball on inclined plane.svg|center|400px|Ball on an inclined plane]]

The gravitational force acting on our ball is perpendicular to the horizontal (it points down). However, the ball cannot simply fall downwards through the inclined plane. The plane prevents it from doing so. For this reason, we have to decompose the weight force &lt;math&gt;\vec{F_G}&lt;/math&gt; into two parts: one part is perpendicular to the inclined plane and gets countered by the plane itself (normal force  &lt;math&gt;\vec{F_{N}}&lt;/math&gt;) and one part is parallel to the inclined plane (downward force &lt;math&gt;\vec{F_H}&lt;/math&gt;). The force &lt;math&gt;\vec{F_H}&lt;/math&gt; accelerates the ball. Both components have to add up to &lt;math&gt;\vec{F_G}&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\vec{F_G} &amp; = \vec{F_H} + \vec{F_{N}} \\[0.3em]
&amp; = 1\cdot \vec{F_H} + 1\cdot \vec{F_{N}}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The weight force is thus a simply weighted sum of two components.

=== Decomposing a vector within a plane ===

Consider any vector &lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = (v_x,v_y)^T&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v_x, v_y \in \R&lt;/math&gt; in the plane. We can then represent each such vector as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\vec{v} = v_x \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1\\0 \end{pmatrix} + v_y \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This shows that we can interpret any vector of &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; as a weighted sum of the two standard (normalized) vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;(0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt;.

==Definition of the linear combination==

We have seen that in many examples we can represent vectors as a sum of other vectors with prefactors. We want to generalise our observation and call these sums ''linear combinations'':


{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=Linear combination
 |definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be an &lt;math&gt;F&lt;/math&gt;-vector space with &lt;math&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; a field. Each sum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha_1v_1 + ... + \alpha_n v_n = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_iv_i&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v_1, ..., v_n \in V &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\alpha_1, ..., \alpha_n \in F&lt;/math&gt; is called a ''linear combination''. If the vector &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt; can be written as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v = \alpha_1v_1 + ... + \alpha_nv_n = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_iv_i&lt;/math&gt;, then we say that &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is a linear combination of the vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1, ..., v_n&lt;/math&gt; with ''coefficients'' &lt;math&gt;\alpha_1, ..., \alpha_n&lt;/math&gt; . 
}}

== Examples ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Linear combination
 |beispiel=
The vector &lt;math&gt;(-2,7,3)^T \in \R^3&lt;/math&gt; can be written as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 7 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix} = -2 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + 7 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 0\end{pmatrix} + 3 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;}}

In other words, the vector &lt;math&gt;(-2,7,3)^T&lt;/math&gt; is a linear combination of the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,0,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;(0,1,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(0,0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; with coefficients &lt;math&gt;-2&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;7&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; 3&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Calculation of centre of gravity
 |beispiel=
Let us now consider another typical example from physics. The figure shows three particles in &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; with masses &lt;math&gt;m_1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;m_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;m_3&lt;/math&gt;, which can be described by the respective position vectors &lt;math&gt;\vec{x_1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\vec{x_2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\vec{x_3}&lt;/math&gt;:

[[File:Modeling of three bodys with three vectors.svg|center|300px|Three masses in space whose positions are described by three vectors.]]

What is their centre of gravity? The total mass is &lt;math&gt;M = m_1 + m_2 + m_3&lt;/math&gt;. Then the centre of gravity vector &lt;math&gt;\vec{S}&lt;/math&gt; of the system can be determined from the three mass particles by a linear combination: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\vec{S} = \frac{m_1}{M} \cdot \vec{x_1} + \frac{m_2}{M} \cdot \vec{x_2} + \frac{m_3}{M} \cdot \vec{x_3} &lt;/math&gt;}}

The vector &lt;math&gt;\vec{S}&lt;/math&gt; is a ''weighted sum'' of the individual location vectors &lt;math&gt;\vec{x_1}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\vec{x_2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\vec{x_3}&lt;/math&gt; and thus a ''linear combination'' of these vectors.
}}

== System of equations as linear combination ==

We consider the following (arbitrarily chosen) system of equations 

{{Math| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
2x + 4y - 8z &amp;= 6 \\
-x + 9y + 3z &amp;= 1 \\
5x + 2y - 4z &amp;= 3
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Such a system of equations can be rewritten using vectors and scalars as:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix} 2 \\-1 \\ 5 \end{pmatrix} \cdot x + \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\9 \\2 \end{pmatrix}\cdot y + \begin{pmatrix} -8 \\ 3 \\ -4 \end{pmatrix} \cdot z = \begin{pmatrix} 6 \\1 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;}}


This notation makes it clear that solving a system of equations basically amounts to determining the correct coefficients &lt;math&gt;x, y, z &lt;/math&gt; of a linear combination.

== Linear combination as a standard form ==
We want to show that we can take the linear combination as a kind of standard form for arbitrary combinations of vectors. Any succession of operations such as stretching and addition of vectors can be seen as a linear combination. For this purpose, we consider as examples two arbitrary vectors &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; as well as the scalars &lt;math&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\beta&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\lambda&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;mu&lt;/math&gt;. Let us take the following conjunction of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\beta \cdot (\alpha(v + \mu w) + \lambda v)&lt;/math&gt;}}

By applying the vector space axioms step by step, we can transform the above conjunction into a linear combination:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp;  \mathcal \beta (\alpha (v + \mu w) + \lambda v) \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{distributive law for vectors }  \right.} \\[0.3em]
=&amp; \beta (\alpha v + \alpha (\mu w)) + \lambda v) \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text{associative law for scalars } \right.} \\[0.3em]
=&amp; \beta (\alpha v + (\alpha \mu) w) + \lambda v) \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\  \text{distributive law for vectors }\right.} \\[0.3em]
=&amp; \beta (\alpha v) + \beta (\alpha \mu) w + \beta (\lambda v) \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{associative law for scalars } \right.} \\[0.3em]
=&amp; (\beta \alpha) v + (\beta \alpha \mu) w + (\beta \lambda) v \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{commutative law } \right.} \\[0.3em]
=&amp; (\beta \alpha) v + (\beta \lambda) v + (\beta \alpha \mu) w \\[0.3em]
&amp;  \quad{\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{distributive law for scalars } \right.} \\[0.3em]
=&amp; (\beta \alpha + \beta \lambda) v + \beta \alpha \mu w
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

At the end of the transformation we get a linear combination of the vectors &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt;. We have noted in each case which vector space axioms were used in the respective steps. With this example, it is easy to see that this procedure can be applied to all combinations of vectors. Thus, the linear combination is a kind of standard form for arbitrary links of vectors.

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== Motivation {{Anchor|lineare_Unabhängigkeit_Dimension}}==
=== Basic motivation ===
Maybe, you learned about vectors in school, where they were drawn as arrows in the plane or in space. Both a plane and space are vector spaces. But how do they differ? 

A spontaneous answer could be: &quot;The plane is two-dimensional, and the space is three-dimensional&quot;. But this brings us immediately to further questions:

* What is the ''dimension'' of a vector space? 
* How can we define it? 

In the definition of the vector space the term &quot;dimension&quot; does not occur...


=== Intuition of a dimension ===
[[File:Sphere filled blue.svg|thumb|A sphere is a three-dimensional object]]
The term &quot;dimension&quot; describes in how many independent directions geometric objects can be extended in a space. The objects can also move in just as many independent directions in space (&quot;degrees of freedom of motion&quot;).

The plane has two dimensions - the width and the length. It is ''flat'', no object of the plane can reach out of it &quot;into height&quot;. A sphere as a three-dimensional object cannot be part of the plane. In contrast, the space with length, width and height has three dimensions. A sphere can thus be part of space.

We summarize: The dimension intuitively corresponds to the number of independent directions into which a geometric object can expand or move. So, for the definition of dimension, we need to answer the following questions:

* What is a direction in a vector space?
* When are two directions independent?
* How can the number of independent directions be determined?

== Derivation of the Definition ==
{{Anchor|Richtung}}
=== What is a direction within a vector space? === 
Let's take the vector space of the plane as an example. We can represent a direction with an arrow:

[[File:פירוק וקטור לרכיביו 01.svg|center|250px|Arrow that highlights one direction in the plane]]

Now, an arrow is nothing but a vector. So with the help of vectors, directions can be represented. Here we must not use the zero vector. As an arrow of length zero, it has no direction. We can generalize this to arbitrary vector spaces:

{{important|Every vector not equal to the zero vector represents a direction in a vector space.}}

The direction in which the vector points is &lt;math&gt;\alpha \cdot v: \alpha \in\R\}&lt;/math&gt;, that is, the span &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{span}(\{v\})&lt;/math&gt; of the vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;. To this span belong all extensions &lt;math&gt;\alpha v&lt;/math&gt; of the direction vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and thus describes the straight line, which is spanned by &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;:

[[File:Vector 01.svg|center|250px|A straight line described by the vector v]]

=== From the line to the plane ===
To get from the straight line to the plane, we need not only one vector but several, more precisely at least two vectors (&lt;math&gt;v,w&lt;/math&gt;). This is intuitively obvious, because a plane can be spanned unambiguously only with two vectors. Therefore, we need a further, linearly independent vector. What does &quot;independent&quot; mean in this case? First, we notice that the new vector must not be the zero vector. This vector does not give any direction. Furthermore, the new vector must also not be a multiple of the original vector, i.e. &lt;math&gt;w\neq \alpha v&lt;/math&gt; . This also holds for reflections of straight line vectors, represented by multiplication with a negative factor.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;300&quot; heights=&quot;300&quot;&gt;
File:Streckung eines Vektors um einen positiven Faktor.svg|The vector &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is a stretched version of the vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; with a positive stretching factor. This vector &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is not pointing in a direction independent of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; .
File:Streckung eines Vektors um einen negativen Faktor.svg|The vector &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is a stretched version of the vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; with a positive stretching factor (which includes a reflection). This vector &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is not pointing in a direction independent of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;.
File:Linear unabhängige Vektoren im R^2.svg|The direction of &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is independent of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;. Both vectors together span a plane.
&lt;/gallery&gt;


We conclude: The new vector &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is independent of the direction vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; exactly when the latter is not on the straight line. So we need &lt;math&gt;w\neq \alpha v&lt;/math&gt; for all real numbers &lt;math&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, the new vector must not be in the span of the other one. The two spans have only the zero point as intersection.

=== From the plane to space ===
We have just seen that we can characterize a plane by two independent vectors. Now we want to go from the plane to space. Here, we also have to add an independent direction. But what is a direction independent of the plane?

The new vector must not be the zero vector, because this vector does not indicate a direction. The new vector must also not lie in the plane, because in that case, no new direction would be described. Only if the new vector does not lie in the plane, it will point in a new, independent direction:

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;300&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
File:Wektory sumr.svg|The vector &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; lies in the plane spanned by &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; does not point into a direction spanned by &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;.
File:Paralelepípedo determinado por tres vectores.svg|The vector &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; does not lie in the plane spanned by &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; . All three vectors span the entire space, which means that &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; points into a direction independent of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; .
&lt;/gallery&gt;

How can we formulate this insight mathematically? Let &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; be the two direction vectors spanning the plane. This plane is then equal to the set &lt;math&gt;\{\alpha v + \beta w : \alpha,\beta\in \R\}&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, the plane is the set of all sums &lt;math&gt;\alpha v + \beta w&lt;/math&gt; for real numbers &lt;math&gt;\alpha,\beta\in \R&lt;/math&gt;. In order for the new vector &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; not to be in the plane, it must be &lt;math&gt;u\neq \alpha v + \beta w&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;\alpha,\beta\in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; in independent of &lt;ma

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |typ=Question
 |frage=We had first required that the new vector &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; must not be the zero vector. Why is it sufficient that &lt;math&gt;u\neq \alpha v + \beta w&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;\alpha,\beta\in\R&lt;/math&gt;? And why does this imply &lt;math&gt;u\neq0&lt;/math&gt; ?
 |antwort=
For &lt;math&gt;\alpha=\beta=0&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;\alpha v+\beta w=0&lt;/math&gt;. Since also for &lt;math&gt;\alpha=\beta=0&lt;/math&gt; the new vector &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; shall not be equal to &lt;math&gt;\alpha v+\beta w&lt;/math&gt; , we have &lt;math&gt;u\neq 0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage
 |typ=Question
 |frage=Is it sufficient that &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; is no multiple of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; ?
 |antwort=
No, take for example &lt;math&gt;u=\tfrac 12v+\tfrac 12w&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is independent of &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; , then &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; is neither a stretched version of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; , nor one of &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt;. However, this vector lies in the plane spanned by &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; , so it does not point into a direction independent of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

=== A first criterion for linear independence ===
Let's summarize: To describe a straight line we needed a vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; not being the zero vector. In the transition from the straight line to the plane, we had to add a vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; independent of &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt;. Independence of &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; means that &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; does not lie in the line described by &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; . So we need to have &lt;math&gt;w\neq \alpha v&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;\alpha \in \R&lt;/math&gt;.

In the second step, we added a new direction &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; to the plane, which is independent of the two vectors  &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt;. Here independence manifests itself in the fact that &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; is not in the plane spanned by &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; . Hence, we need &lt;math&gt;u\neq \alpha v + \beta w&lt;/math&gt; for all real numbers &lt;math&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\beta&lt;/math&gt;. We can generalise this to an arbitrary number of vectors (but it is not so easy to visualize anymore):

{{Important|The vector &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is independent of the vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1,v_2\ldots v_n&lt;/math&gt;, if &lt;math&gt;w\neq \lambda_1 v_1 + \lambda_2 v_2 + \ldots + \lambda_n v_n&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\ldots \lambda_n \in \R&lt;/math&gt;.}}

In the above description, the sum &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1 v_1 + \lambda_2 v_2 + \ldots + \lambda_n v_n&lt;/math&gt; appears. Such a sum is called ''linear combination'' of the vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;v_n&lt;/math&gt; . We may also say that &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent if &lt;math&gt;w \notin \operatorname{span}\{v_1, ..., v_n\}&lt;/math&gt;. The description can be changed to:

{{Important|The vector &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; is independent of the vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1,v_2\ldots v_n&lt;/math&gt;, if &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; cannot be written as a linear combination of the vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;v_n&lt;/math&gt;.}}

Here we have clarified when a vector is independent of other vectors. Is this sufficient to describe the independence of vectors?! Take the following three vectors &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as an example:

[[File:Wektory sumr.svg|center|300px|Three vectors lying in one plane]]

Since no vector is a multiple of another vector, the three vectors, seen in pairs, point in independent directions. For example &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is independent of &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;is independent of &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;. So the three vectors are not independent of each other because they all lie in one plane. We have &lt;math&gt;c = a + b&lt;/math&gt; and so &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is independent of &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;. Accordingly, we have to impose linear independence between &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;:

* &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is independent of &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;: We have &lt;math&gt;a \neq \beta b + \gamma c&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;\beta,\gamma \in \R&lt;/math&gt;.
* &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; is independent of &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;: We have &lt;math&gt;b \neq \alpha a + \gamma c&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;\alpha,\gamma \in \R&lt;/math&gt;.
* &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is independent of &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;: We have &lt;math&gt;c \neq \alpha a + \beta b&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;\alpha,\beta \in \R&lt;/math&gt;.

It should be emphasised at this point that it is necessary to require all three conditions. If we were to waive the last two conditions, the first requirement would guarantee that the vector &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent of the vectors &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, but it is not clear from this requirement that &lt;math&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent of each other. This does not have to be fulfilled, which would mean that the three vectors would again not be linearly independent of each other. 

Therefore, none of the three vectors must be able to be represented as a linear combination of the other two vectors. Otherwise, at least one of the vectors is dependent on the other vectors. We can generalise this to any number of vectors:


{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |definition=
Some vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;v_n&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent if none of the vectors can be written as a linear combination of the other vectors. This means that the following must apply:

* &lt;math&gt;v_1\neq \lambda_2 v_2 + \lambda_3 v_3 + \dots + \lambda_n v_n&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;\lambda_2, \lambda_3, \ldots \lambda_n\in \R&lt;/math&gt;.
* &lt;math&gt;v_2\neq \lambda_1 v_1 + \lambda_3 v_3 + \dots + \lambda_n v_n&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1, \lambda_3, \ldots \lambda_n\in \R&lt;/math&gt;.
* ...
* &lt;math&gt;v_n\neq \lambda_1 v_1 + \lambda_2 v_2 + \dots + \lambda_{n-1} v_{n-1}&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots \lambda_{n-1}\in \R&lt;/math&gt;.

So &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;v_n&lt;/math&gt;  are linearly independent, if &lt;math&gt;v_i\neq\sum_{j\neq i} \lambda_j v_j&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i\in\{1,2,\ldots,n\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda_j\in\R&lt;/math&gt;.
|titel=Second criterion for linear independence 
 }}

=== From the first criterion to the formal definition ===

With our first criterion, which we found above, we have already found a suitable definition for linear independence of vectors. In the following, we will try to find a more concise equivalent criterion, with which we can examine the linear independence of vectors more easily.

Vectors are independent if no vector can be represented as a linear combination of the other vectors. From this we will derive another criterion for linear independence, which is less computationally demanding. Let us take vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;v_2&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;v_n&lt;/math&gt; from a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; that are not independent. So there is one vector that can be represented by the others. Let &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; be this vector. There are thus stretching factors (scalars) &lt;math&gt;\lambda_2&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;\lambda_n&lt;/math&gt;, such that
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v_1 = \lambda_2 v_2 + \lambda_3 v_3 + \dots + \lambda_n v_n&lt;/math&gt;}}
We can transform this equation by computing &lt;math&gt;-v_1&lt;/math&gt; on both sides (&lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt; is the zero vector of the vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;):
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0_V =-v_1 + \lambda_2 v_2 + \lambda_3 v_3 + \dots + \lambda_n v_n&lt;/math&gt;}}
This is a so-called ''nontrivial linear combination of the zero vector''. A nontrivial linear combination of the zero vector is a linear combination with the result &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt; where at least one coefficient is not equal to &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=\lambda_2=\dots=\lambda_n=0&lt;/math&gt; we would trivially &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1 v_1 + \lambda_2 v_2 + \lambda_3 v_3 + \dots + \lambda_n v_n = 0_V&lt;/math&gt;. This is the so-called ''trivial linear combination of the zero vector'', where all coefficients are equal to &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. You can always form this trivial linear combination, no matter which vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;v_n&lt;/math&gt; you choose. So it does not carry information. If &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;v_n&lt;/math&gt; are dependent, there is at least one non-trivial linear combination of the zero vector (as we saw above) in addition to the trivial linear combination. So:

{{Important|If &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;v_n&lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent, then the zero vector can be represented by at least one non-trivial linear combination of &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;v_n&lt;/math&gt;.}}

In other words:
{{important|&lt;math&gt;v_1,\dots,v_n &lt;/math&gt; linearly dependent &lt;math&gt;\implies&lt;/math&gt; There exists a non-trivial linear combination of &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt; using &lt;math&gt;v_1,\dots,v_n&lt;/math&gt;}}
Now we can apply the principle of contraposition: &lt;math&gt;A\implies B&lt;/math&gt; holds if and only if &lt;math&gt;\neg B \implies \neg A&lt;/math&gt;. So:

{{important|There is no non-trivial linear combination of &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt; using &lt;math&gt;v_1,\dots,v_n \implies v_1,\dots,v_n&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent}}

With this we have found a criterion for linear independence. If the zero vector can only be represented trivially by a linear combination of &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;v_n&lt;/math&gt;, then these vectors are linearly independent. However, this criterion can also be used as a definition of linear independence. To do this, we need to show the converse direction of the above implication. If there is a non-trivial linear combination of the zero vector, then the vectors under consideration are linearly dependent.

So let &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;v_n&lt;/math&gt; be vectors for which there exists a non-trivial linear combination of the zero vector. This means, there are coefficients (scalars) &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;\lambda_n&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1 v_1 + \dots + \lambda_n v_n=0_V&lt;/math&gt; where at least one of the coefficients &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;\lambda_n&lt;/math&gt; is not &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i&lt;/math&gt; be this coefficient. Then

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0_V = \lambda_1 v_1 + \lambda_2 v_2 + \dots +\lambda_i v_i + \dots + \lambda_n v_n&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i \neq 0&lt;/math&gt; we can multiply both sides by &lt;math&gt;-\lambda_i^{-1} = -\tfrac 1{\lambda_i}&lt;/math&gt; . Then,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0_V = -\frac{\lambda_1}{\lambda_i} v_1 -\frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_i} v_2 - \dots - v_i - \dots - \frac{\lambda_n}{\lambda_i} v_n&lt;/math&gt;}}

On both sides we can now add &lt;math&gt;v_i&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v_i = -\frac{\lambda_1}{\lambda_i} v_1 -\frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_i} v_2 - \dots -\frac{\lambda_{i-1}}{\lambda_i} v_{i-1}-\frac{\lambda_{i+1}}{\lambda_i} v_{i+1} - \dots - \frac{\lambda_n}{\lambda_i} v_n&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus &lt;math&gt;v_i&lt;/math&gt; can be represented as a linear combination of the other vectors and hence the vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;v_n&lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent. This proves that the following definition of linear independence is equivalent to the first one:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Second criterion for linear independence 
 |definition=
The vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1,\ldots , v_n&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent if the only linear combination of them resulting in the zero vector is the trivial linear combination, i.e. if we have &lt;math&gt;\alpha_1,\ldots ,\alpha_n\in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0_V=\sum_{i=1}^n\alpha_iv_i&lt;/math&gt;, the &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i=0&lt;/math&gt; must hold for all &lt;math&gt;i\in\{1,\ldots, n\}&lt;/math&gt;.

If there is at least one non-trivial linear combination of the zero vector, the considered vectors are linearly dependent. }}

=== Definition of a family ===

We have talked above about several vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1,\ldots , v_n&lt;/math&gt; being linearly independent. But what is this &quot;collection&quot; of vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1,\ldots , v_n&lt;/math&gt; from a mathematical point of view? We already know the notion of a ''set''. So it is obvious to understand &lt;math&gt;M = \{v_1,\ldots , v_n\}&lt;/math&gt; also as a set. Does this view intuitively fit linear independence? Actually, it turns out problematic, if we have two equal vectors &lt;math&gt;v, v&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v \neq 0&lt;/math&gt;. Both point in the same direction and span ''no'' two independent directions. Thus, they are intuitively linearly dependent. And indeed, one can be written as a linear combination of the other as &lt;math&gt;v = 1 \cdot v&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, the vectors &lt;math&gt;v, v&lt;/math&gt; are also strictly mathematically linearly dependent. However, a set may ''only contain different elements''. That is, the set containing &lt;math&gt; v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; v&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;M =\{v,v\}= \{v\}&lt;/math&gt;. So the ''set'' &lt;math&gt; M&lt;/math&gt; contains only one element and ''does not capture duplications of vectors''.

So we need a new mathematical term that also captures duplications. This is the concept of ''family'':


{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=family
 |definition=
A family &lt;math&gt;(a_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt; of elements from a set &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; consists of an index set &lt;math&gt;I&lt;/math&gt;, such that every index &lt;math&gt;i\in I&lt;/math&gt; gets assigned an element &lt;math&gt;a_i\in A&lt;/math&gt;.

If  &lt;math&gt;I&lt;/math&gt; a finite set, we call it a ''finite family''.

If &lt;math&gt;I\subseteq J&lt;/math&gt;, then one calls &lt;math&gt;(a_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt; a ''sub-family'' of &lt;math&gt;(a_i)_{i\in J}&lt;/math&gt;. Conversely, &lt;math&gt;(a_i)_{i\in J}&lt;/math&gt; is then called a ''super-family'' of &lt;math&gt;(a_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

Formally, a family can be seen as a mapping of the index set &lt;math&gt;I&lt;/math&gt; into the set &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;. In contrast to sets, elements may occur more than once in families, namely if they belong to different indices.

If the set &lt;math&gt; I&lt;/math&gt; is countable, the elements of the family can be numbered: &lt;math&gt;(a_1, a_2, \ldots)&lt;/math&gt;. However, the index set &lt;math&gt;I&lt;/math&gt; may also be uncountable, e.g. &lt;math&gt;I = \R&lt;/math&gt;. In this case &lt;math&gt;(a_i)_{i\in \R}&lt;/math&gt; ''cannot'' be written as a sequence &lt;math&gt;(a_1, a_2, \ldots)&lt;/math&gt;. The term ''family'' thus contains all ''sequences'', and includes even larger &quot;collections&quot; of mathematical objects.

So when we say ''the vectors &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent'' we can express it by saying that the family &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in\lbrace1,2\rbrace}&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;v_1=v_2=v&lt;/math&gt; is linearly dependent.

Often one writes (with slight abuse of notation) &lt;math&gt;(a_i)\subseteq A&lt;/math&gt; if the &lt;math&gt;a_i&lt;/math&gt; are elements of &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; and it is clear from the context what the index set &lt;math&gt;I&lt;/math&gt; looks like. Similarly, &lt;math&gt;a\in (a_i)&lt;/math&gt; means that there is an &lt;math&gt;i\in I&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;a_i=a&lt;/math&gt;.

With this we can rewrite the second definition of linear independence:


{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Second criterion for linear independence, new version 
 |definition=
The family &lt;math&gt;(v_1,\ldots , v_n)&lt;/math&gt; of vectors is linearly independent if the only linear combination representing the zero vector is the trivial linear combination, i.e. if &lt;math&gt;\alpha_1,\ldots ,\alpha_n\in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;0_V=\sum_{i=1}^n\alpha_i v_i&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i\in\{1,\ldots, n\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

==General definition of linear independence ==
===Motivation===
We have learned above two definitions for the fact that ''finitely'' many vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1,\dots ,v_n \in V&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent:

# A somewhat unwieldy: vectors are independent if no vector &lt;math&gt;v_k&lt;/math&gt; can be written as a linear combination of the others. So &lt;math&gt;v_k = \lambda_1 v_1 + \ldots + \lambda_{k-1} v_{k-1} + \lambda_{k+1} v_{k+1} + \ldots + \lambda_n v_n&lt;/math&gt; must not occur.
# A somewhat more compact one: The zero vector &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt; can only be represented as a trivial linear combination. So &lt;math&gt;0_V = \lambda_1 v_1 + \ldots + \lambda_n v_n&lt;/math&gt; implies &lt;math&gt; \lambda_1 = \ldots = \lambda_n = 0&lt;/math&gt;.


So far we have only considered finitely many vectors. What happens with ''infinitely'' many vectors? Can there even be an infinite number of linearly independent vectors? We would need a vector space that has infinitely many linearly independent directions. We know intuitively that the vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; has at most two and the &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; at most three independent directions. So we need a much &quot;bigger&quot; vector space to get infinitely many independent directions. So we consider a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; where every vector has infinitely many coordinates: &lt;math&gt;v = (x_1, x_2, \ldots)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;x_1, x_2, \ldots \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. Accordingly, &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; corresponds to a real sequence &lt;math&gt;(x_i)_{i \in \N}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; is the sequences vector space, or [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sequence spaces|sequence space]].

In &lt;math&gt;\R^d&lt;/math&gt; we have the linearly independent unit vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,0, \dots, 0), (0,1, \dots, 0), \dots, (0, \dots, 0, 1)&lt;/math&gt;. We can continue this construction and obtain for &lt;math&gt;i \in \N&lt;/math&gt; the vectors &lt;math&gt;e_i = (0,\dots, 0,1,0, \ldots)&lt;/math&gt; with the &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; at the &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;-th place and otherwise &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.

The infinitely many vectors &lt;math&gt;e_1, e_2, \ldots&lt;/math&gt; form a family &lt;math&gt;(e_i)_{i\in\N}&lt;/math&gt;. This family intuitively represents &quot;infinitely many different directions&quot; in &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and is thus intuitively linearly independent. So it makes sense to define linear independence for infinitely many vectors in such a way that &lt;math&gt;(e_i)_{i\in\N}&lt;/math&gt; is a linearly independent family. The &quot;somewhat unwieldy definition 1.&quot; above would be suitable for this in principle: We could simply copy it and say &quot;a family of vectors &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in\N}&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent if no &lt;math&gt;v_i&lt;/math&gt; can be written as a linear combination of the others&quot;. In fact, in &lt;math&gt;(e_i)_{i\in\N}&lt;/math&gt; none of the &lt;math&gt;e_i&lt;/math&gt; can be written as a linear combination of the other vectors. Therefore, the definition already makes sense at this point. However, there are infinitely many &lt;math&gt;e_i&lt;/math&gt; and thus ''infinitely many conditions''!

We prefer to consider the &quot;somewhat more compact definition 2.&quot;: &quot;Vectors &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in\N}&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent if &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt; can only be represented by the trivial linear combination.&quot; What does this formulation mean explicitly in this example? We are given a linear combination of &lt;math&gt;0_V \in V&lt;/math&gt;. Linear combinations are finite, that is, we have ''finitely many'' vectors &lt;math&gt;e_{i_1}, \dots, e_{i_n}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n\in \R&lt;/math&gt; such that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0_V = \lambda_1 e_{i_1}+ \dots+\lambda_n e_{i_n}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We now have to show that all &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i = 0&lt;/math&gt;, since then the linear combination of &lt;math&gt;0_V\in V&lt;/math&gt; above is trivial. This works in exactly the same way as in &lt;math&gt;\R^d&lt;/math&gt;, except that here we have to compare infinitely many entries.

What do we have to do now to get a general definition for general families and general vector spaces? The &quot;somewhat more compact definition 2.&quot; carries over almost literally: &quot;A family &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt; of vectors is linearly independent if &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt; can only be represented by the trivial linear combination.&quot; For the written out implication, we can make use of our language of families: We replace the double indices by the word &quot;sub-family&quot;.


===Definition===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
 |titel=Linear dependence and independence of vectors
 |definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; be a field, &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; a family of vectors from &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

&lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt; is called ''linearly independent'', if for every finite sub-family &lt;math&gt;(v_j)_{j\in J}&lt;/math&gt; and all &lt;math&gt;\lambda_j \in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;j \in J&lt;/math&gt; the following holds:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{j\in J} \lambda_j v_j = 0_V \implies \lambda_j=0\text{ for all }j\in J&lt;/math&gt;}}
A family &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; is called ''linearly dependent'', if it is not linearly independent.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Warnung|Linear combinations of elements of a set always consist of finitely many summands, even if the set is infinite.

E.g. the family &lt;math&gt;(e^x,1,x,x^2,\ldots)&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent in the vector space &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{Fun}(\R,\R)&lt;/math&gt;, although &lt;math&gt; e^x=\sum_{k=0}^\infty \dfrac{x^k}{k!}&lt;/math&gt;. This is because the exponential function is not a ''finite'' linear combination of the monomials.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|You may often find the term &quot;linearly independent set&quot; instead of &quot;linearly independent family&quot;. We have already considered above that it makes more sense to use families here, because unlike sets, families also cover duplications of elements. From every set &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; one can construct the family &lt;math&gt;(m)_{m\in M}&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, the term &quot;linearly (in)dependent&quot; carries over to sets. Linearly independent families do not contain a vector twice.  Families without double elements correspond to sets via the above construction. If we want to have a family of linearly independent vectors (e.g. in the preconditions of a set), we can also ask for a set of linearly independent vectors. If we want to test whether a family of vectors is linearly independent, we cannot first convert it into a set. Because there, doublings disappear and cause linear dependence.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|The definition of linear (in)dependence refers to subfamilies of a vector space. These may contain vectors several times and may even be uncountable.

For finite families, we alternatively talk about the elements, i.e. the statement &quot;The family &lt;math&gt;( v_1, v_2,\ldots v_n) &lt;/math&gt; is linearly (in)dependent&quot; becomes &quot;&lt;math&gt; v_1, v_2,\ldots v_n &lt;/math&gt; are linearly (in)dependent&quot;. }}

== Implications of the definition ==
=== Re-formulating the definition for finite sub-families {{Anchor|Umformulierung der Definition für endliche Teilfamilien}}===
We have a [[#Definition:Lineare Abhängigkeit and Unabhängigkeit of Vektoren|definition of linear independence]] for arbitrary subfamilies of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Does this agree with our [[#Definition:Zweites criterion für Lineare Unabhängigkeit, Neufassung|old definition]] for finite subfamilies? Intuitively, they should agree for finite subfamilies, since we derived the general definition from our old definition. The following theorem actually proves this: 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Linear independence for finitely many vectors
 |satz=
#The vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1,\ldots,v_n\in V&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent if and only if &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1 v_1+\cdots +\lambda_n v_n=0_V&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1,\ldots ,\lambda_n\in K&lt;/math&gt; implies &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=\cdots =\lambda_n=0&lt;/math&gt;.
#The vectors  &lt;math&gt;v_1,\ldots,v_n\in V&lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent if and only if there are &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;\lambda_n&lt;/math&gt; not all equal to &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; , such that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1 v_1+\cdots \lambda_n v_n=0_V&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=We first prove the first statement. We have to establish an [[Math for Non-Geeks/Junctor#Anchor:Äquivalenz|equivalence]]. 

Let &lt;math&gt;(v_1,\ldots ,v_n)&lt;/math&gt; be linearly independent. By the [[#Definition:Lineare Abhängigkeit and Unabhängigkeit of Vektoren|definition of linear independence]] we obtain that for every finite sub-family &lt;math&gt;(v_j)_{j\in J}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;(v_1,\ldots ,v_n)&lt;/math&gt; and for all scalars &lt;math&gt;\lambda_j\in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;j\in J&lt;/math&gt; we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{j\in J}\lambda_j\cdot v_j=0_V\ \implies \ \lambda_j=0 \text{ for all } j\in J&lt;/math&gt;}}

&lt;math&gt;(v_1,\ldots ,v_n)&lt;/math&gt; is a finite sub-family of itself. Therefore, for all &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_n\in K&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1 v_1+\cdots +\lambda_n v_n=0_V&lt;/math&gt;, we get that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}&lt;/math&gt;. 

Conversely, assume that for all &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1,\ldots ,\lambda_n\in K&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1 v_1+\cdots +\lambda_n v_n=0_V&lt;/math&gt; it follows that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=\cdots =\lambda_n=0&lt;/math&gt;. We would like to show that &lt;math&gt;(v_1,\ldots ,v_n)&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent. So let &lt;math&gt;(v_j)_{j\in J}&lt;/math&gt; be a finite sub-family of &lt;math&gt;(v_1,\ldots,v_n)&lt;/math&gt;. That means &lt;math&gt;J\subseteq \{1,\ldots,n\}&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda_j\in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;j\in J&lt;/math&gt; be scalars with 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{j\in J}\lambda_j\cdot v_j=0_V.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We extend this sum so that it covers all &lt;math&gt;i\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}&lt;/math&gt;. This is done by defining &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i:=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i\in J\setminus\{1,\ldots,n\}&lt;/math&gt;. Then 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
0_V&amp;=\sum_{j\in J}\lambda_j\cdot v_j \\[0.3em]
&amp; \ { \color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ \text{add } 0_V \right.}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;=\sum_{j\in J}\lambda_j\cdot v_j+ 0_V \\[0.3em]
&amp; \ { \color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ 0_V=\sum_{i\in J\setminus \{1,\ldots ,n\}}0\cdot v_i\right.}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;=\sum_{j\in J}\lambda_j\cdot v_j +\sum_{i\in J\setminus \{1,\ldots ,n\}}0\cdot v_i \\[0.3em]
&amp; \ { \color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ 0=\lambda_i\right.}  \\[0.3em]
&amp;=\sum_{j\in J}\lambda_j\cdot v_j +\sum_{i\in J\setminus \{1,\ldots ,n\}}\lambda_i\cdot v_i \\[0.3em]
&amp;=\sum_{k\in\{1,\ldots , n\}}\lambda_k\cdot v_k. 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

It follows from our premise that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=\ldots =\lambda_n=0&lt;/math&gt; and hence &lt;math&gt;\lambda_j=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;j\in J&lt;/math&gt;. 
So &lt;math&gt;(v_1,\ldots ,v_n)&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent. 

The second statement is exactly the logical contraposition of the first. For we have shown &lt;math&gt;A\iff B&lt;/math&gt; with the two statements 
:: &lt;math&gt;A=&lt;/math&gt;&quot;&lt;math&gt;(v_1,\ldots,v_n)&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent&quot;

:: &lt;math&gt;B=&lt;/math&gt; &quot;&lt;math&gt;\forall\lambda_1,\ldots ,\lambda_n\in K:\lambda_1 v_1+\cdots +\lambda_n v_n=0_V\implies \lambda_1=\cdots =\lambda_n=0&lt;/math&gt;&quot;}}
The second point is the statement &lt;math&gt;\neg A\iff \neg B&lt;/math&gt;. But this is equivalent to &lt;math&gt;A\iff B&lt;/math&gt; and thus equivalent to the first statement.

=== Reducing the definition to finite sub-families ===
We have defined linear independence for any family &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt; of vectors, so also for infinitely many vectors. But in the [[#Definition:Lineare Abhängigkeit and Unabhängigkeit of Vektoren|definition]] we only need to show a statement for finite subfamilies &lt;math&gt;(v_j)_{j\in J}&lt;/math&gt;: For all &lt;math&gt;\lambda_j\in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;j \in J&lt;/math&gt; we need the following:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{j\in J} \lambda_j v_j = 0_V \implies \lambda_j=0\text{ for all }j\in J&lt;/math&gt;}} 

In the [[#Satz:Lineare Unabhängigkeit bei endlich vielen Vektoren|previous theorem]] we have seen that this statement is exactly linear independence of &lt;math&gt;(v_j)_{j\in J}&lt;/math&gt;. 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Criterion with finitely many sub-families
 |satz=
# A family &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent if and only if every finite sub-family &lt;math&gt;(v_j)_{j\in J}&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent. 
# A family &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; is linearly dependent if and only if it contains a finite linearly dependent sub-family &lt;math&gt;(v_j)_{j\in J}&lt;/math&gt;.
 |beweis=
First we prove the first statement. We have to establish an [[Math for Non-Geeks/Junctor#Anchor:Äquivalenz|equivalence]]. 
Let &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt; be a linearly independent family of vectors from &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. We show that every finite sub-family of &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent. 

Let for this &lt;math&gt;(v_j)_{j\in J}&lt;/math&gt; be a finite sub-family of &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt;. From our [[#Definition:Lineare Abhängigkeit and Unabhängigkeit of Vektoren|definition of linear independence]] it follows that for all scalars &lt;math&gt;\lambda_j\in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;j\in J&lt;/math&gt; the following holds:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{j\in J}\lambda_j\cdot v_j=0_V\ \implies \ \lambda_j=0 \text{ for all } j\in J&lt;/math&gt;}}
Using the [[#Anchor:Umformulierung der Definition für endliche Teilfamilien|previous theorem]] , we get that &lt;math&gt;(v_j)_{j\in J}&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent. 

Conversely, let every finite subfamily of &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt; be linearly independent. We show that &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt;. Let for this &lt;math&gt;(v_j)_{j\in J}&lt;/math&gt; a finite subfamily of &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt;. We want to show that for all scalars &lt;math&gt;\lambda_j\in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;j\in J&lt;/math&gt; the following holds:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{j\in J}\lambda_j\cdot v_j=0_V\ \implies \ \lambda_j=0 \text{ for all } j\in J&lt;/math&gt;}}
According to our premise, &lt;math&gt;(v_j)_{j\in J}&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent. So it follows again with the [[#Anchor:Umformulierung der Definition für endliche Teilfamilien|previous theorem]] that for all scalars &lt;math&gt;\lambda_j\in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;j\in J&lt;/math&gt; 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{j\in J}\lambda_j\cdot v_j=0_V\ \implies \ \lambda_j=0 \text{ for all } j\in J&lt;/math&gt;}}

holds. 

The second statement is exactly the logical contraposition of the first. For we have shown &lt;math&gt;A\iff B&lt;/math&gt; with the two statements 
:: &lt;math&gt;A=&lt;/math&gt;&quot;&lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent&quot;

:: &lt;math&gt;B=&lt;/math&gt; &quot;every finite sub-family of &lt;math&gt;(v_i)_{i\in I}&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent&quot;}}
The second point is the statement &lt;math&gt;\neg A\iff \neg B&lt;/math&gt;. But this is equivalent to &lt;math&gt;A\iff B&lt;/math&gt; and thus equivalent to the first statement.


=== Overview ===
The following properties can be derived from the definition of linear independence with a few proof steps. Let &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; be a field and &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space:

# Every sub-family of a family of linearly independent vectors is linearly independent. Conversely, every super-family of a family of linearly dependent vectors is again linearly dependent.
# Let &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt; be a single vector. Then &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent if and only if &lt;math&gt;v \neq 0_V&lt;/math&gt;. So &quot;almost always&quot;. Conversely, every family (no matter how large) is linearly dependent as soon as it contains the zero vector.
# Let &lt;math&gt;v,\,w \in V&lt;/math&gt;. The vectors &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; w&lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent if and only if there is a &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; with the property &lt;math&gt;w = \lambda \cdot v&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;v=\lambda\cdot w&lt;/math&gt;.
# If a family of vectors is linearly dependent, one of them can be represented as a linear combination of the others.

=== Sub-families of linear independent vectors are linearly independent ===

A linearly independent family remains linearly independent if you take away vectors. Linear dependence, on the other hand, is preserved if you add more vectors. Intuitively, the addition of vectors tends to &quot;destroy&quot; linear independence and cannot be restored by adding more vectors.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |satz=
#Every sub-family of a family of linearly independent vectors is again linearly independent.
#Every super-family of a family of linearly dependent vectors is again linearly dependent.

 |beweis=We start with the first statement. Let &lt;math&gt;B\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be a family of linearly independent vectors from &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;A\subseteq B&lt;/math&gt; any sub-family of &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt;v_1, \dots, v_k \in A&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_k\in K&lt;/math&gt; with  

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; 0_V=\lambda_1 v_1 + \dots + \lambda_k v_k .&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;A\subseteq B&lt;/math&gt; , the vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1, \dots, v_k&lt;/math&gt; are also in &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;. And as &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent, we have that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1=\lambda_2=\ldots =\lambda_k=0&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent. 

From this we deduce the second statement. Let  &lt;math&gt;A\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; a family of linearly dependent vectors from &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; any super-family of &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;. Assume that &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent. Then, we have with the previous statement that also &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;, as a sub-family of &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;, is linearly independent. But this is a contradiction because &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; is linearly dependent. 
}}

=== Families including the zero vector are linearly independent ===

When is a family with exactly one vector linearly independent? This question is easy to answer: whenever this vector is ''not'' the zero vector. Conversely, every family with the zero vector is linearly dependent. Including the one that contains only the zero vector itself.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Families including the zero vector are linearly independent
 |satz=
# The zero vector is linearly dependent.
# If &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; is linearly dependent, then &lt;math&gt;v=0_V&lt;/math&gt;.
# A family of vectors containing the zero vector is always linearly dependent.

 |beweis=
# We have that &lt;math&gt;1_K \cdot 0_V=0_V&lt;/math&gt;. There is therefore a non-trivial linear combination of the vector &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt;, which has &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt; as a result. Hence, &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent.
# If &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt; is linearly dependent, then there are &lt;math&gt;\lambda\neq 0\in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot v=0_V&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;\lambda\neq 0&lt;/math&gt;, there is a multiplicative inverse &lt;math&gt;\lambda^{-1}\in K&lt;/math&gt;. Multiplying the equation &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot v=0_V&lt;/math&gt; by &lt;math&gt;\lambda^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; we get &lt;math&gt;v= \lambda^{-1} \lambda v=\lambda^{-1}0_V=0_V&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; must be the zero vector &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt;.
# This assertion follows simply from 1. and the theorem about the linear dependence of superfamilies of linearly dependent families.
}}

=== Two vectors are linearly dependent if one is a stretched version of the other ===

When is a family with two vectors linearly independent? We can answer the question by saying when the opposite is the case. So when are two vectors linearly dependent? Linear dependence of two vectors holds if and only if both &quot;lie on a straight line&quot;, i.e. one vector is a stretched version of the other.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;v,\,w \in V&lt;/math&gt;. The vectors &lt;math&gt;v &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; w&lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent if and only if there is a &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;w = \lambda \cdot v&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;v=\lambda\cdot w&lt;/math&gt;.

 |beweis=
We need to prove the following two implications: 
{{#invoke:list|ordered
 |&lt;math&gt;\exists \ \lambda\in K:\ w = \lambda \cdot v \implies v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; w &lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent
 |&lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; w &lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent &lt;math&gt;\implies \exists\ \lambda\in K:\ w = \lambda \cdot v&lt;/math&gt;
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=First implication
 |beweisschritt=If one of the two vectors is the zero vector, then according to the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Linear_independence#Satz:Familie with Nullvektor ist linear abhängig|previous theorem]], &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent. So let &lt;math&gt;v \neq 0_V&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; w \neq 0_V&lt;/math&gt;. Further, let &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in K&lt;/math&gt; be chosen such that &lt;math&gt;w = \lambda \cdot v&lt;/math&gt;. This is w.l.o.g. possible, because if it cannot be done, we swap the labels of the two vectors. So we use &lt;math&gt; v&lt;/math&gt; instead of &lt;math&gt; w&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; w&lt;/math&gt; instead of &lt;math&gt; v&lt;/math&gt;. According to the premise, there must exist a &lt;math&gt; \lambda\in K&lt;/math&gt;, such that the equation with the new labels holds. 

Now we have that &lt;math&gt;1 \cdot w + (-\lambda) \cdot v = 0_V&lt;/math&gt;. So we have the zero vector represented as a non-trivial linear combination. This means that &lt;math&gt; v &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; w &lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Second implication
 |beweisschritt=Let &lt;math&gt;v &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; be linearly dependent. Then, by definition, there is a non-trivial linear combination of the zero vector. Thus, there exist &lt;math&gt;\alpha, \beta \in K&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; \beta&lt;/math&gt; are both non-zero and the equation &lt;math&gt;\alpha \cdot v + \beta \cdot w = 0_V&lt;/math&gt; holds. We consider the case where &lt;math&gt;\beta \neq 0_K&lt;/math&gt;. Then, from the equation &lt;math&gt;\beta \cdot w = - \alpha \cdot v&lt;/math&gt; we conclude

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\beta \cdot w &amp;= -\alpha \cdot v&amp;&amp;  \\[0.3em]
&amp; \ { \color{OliveGreen} \downarrow \text{multiply both sides with } \beta^{-1} }  \\[0.3em]
w &amp;=\,\beta ^{-1} \cdot (-\alpha \cdot v) &amp;&amp; \\[0.3em]
&amp; \ { \color{OliveGreen} \downarrow \text{associative law of scalar multiplication} } \\[0.3em]
&amp;=\, -(\beta^{-1}\alpha) \cdot v &amp;&amp; \\[0.3em]
&amp; \ { \color{OliveGreen} \downarrow \text{set }{\lambda \colon = -(\beta^{-1}\alpha) } }\\[0.3em]
&amp;=\, \lambda \cdot v
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

However, if &lt;math&gt;\beta=0_K&lt;/math&gt; , then we need to have &lt;math&gt; \alpha\neq 0_K&lt;/math&gt;. Analogously to the calculation above you can then get &lt;math&gt; v=\lambda\cdot w&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt; \lambda=-(\alpha^{-1}\beta)&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}
{{Anchor|Linearkombination-linearabhängigeVektoren}}

=== With linear dependence, one vector is a linear combination of the others ===

For finitely many vectors, we started with the definition that vectors are linearly dependent if one of the vectors can be written as a linear combination of the others ([[#Definition:Erstes criterion für lineare Unabhängigkeit|first definition]]). We have already seen that this definition is equivalent to the null vector being able to be written as a linear combination of the vectors ([[#Definition:Zweites criterion für Lineare Unabhängigkeit|second definition]]). For the [[#Definition:Zweites criterion für Lineare Unabhängigkeit, Neufassung|general definition]] with possibly infinitely many vectors, we have used the version with the zero vector (the second) as our definition. And one can indeed show that even in the general case the first definition is equivalent to it:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |satz=
Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and let &lt;math&gt;v_1, v_2, \ldots , v_n, w \in V&lt;/math&gt; be linearly dependent vectors, but &lt;math&gt; (v_1, v_2, \ldots , v_n) &lt;/math&gt; being linearly independent. Then, there exist &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \ldots , \lambda_n \in K&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;w = \sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i v_i&lt;/math&gt;.
 |lösungsweg=Because of the linear dependence of &lt;math&gt;v_1, v_2, \ldots , v_n, w&lt;/math&gt; there exist &lt;math&gt;\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \ldots , \alpha_n, \mu \in K &lt;/math&gt; not equal to &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; , such that &lt;math&gt; \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i v_i + \mu w = 0&lt;/math&gt;. We want to write &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; as a linear combination of the &lt;math&gt;v_i&lt;/math&gt; . That means, we want to solve the equation &lt;math&gt; \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i v_i + \mu w = 0&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; . We can transform this equation into

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu w = - \left(\sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i v_i\right).&lt;/math&gt;}}

Now we want to divide by &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt;. This only works if &lt;math&gt;\mu\neq 0&lt;/math&gt;. 
So we show that the case &lt;math&gt;\mu =0&lt;/math&gt; cannot occur. Suppose &lt;math&gt;\mu =0&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0_V = \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i v_i.&lt;/math&gt;}}

We know that &lt;math&gt;v_1,v_2,\dots ,v_n&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent. So all &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i&lt;/math&gt; are equal to &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, all &lt;math&gt;\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\ldots ,\alpha_n,\mu&lt;/math&gt; are equal to &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. That is a contradiction. Therefore &lt;math&gt;\mu=0&lt;/math&gt; cannot occur. 
|beweis=
Since &lt;math&gt;v_1, v_2, \ldots , v_n, w \in V&lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent, there exist &lt;math&gt;\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \ldots , \alpha_n, \mu \in K &lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt; \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i v_i + \mu w = 0&lt;/math&gt;, where not all &lt;math&gt;\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \ldots , \alpha_n&lt;/math&gt; are equal &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; . Hence,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu w = - \left(\sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i v_i\right)&lt;/math&gt;}}

We first show &lt;math&gt;\mu\neq 0&lt;/math&gt;. Assume that &lt;math&gt;\mu = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we would have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0_V = \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i v_i + 0 \cdot w = \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i v_i.&lt;/math&gt;}}

By linear independence of &lt;math&gt;v_i&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i = 0_K&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \in \{1, \dots, n\}&lt;/math&gt;. But this is not possible, since &lt;math&gt;\alpha_i, \mu&lt;/math&gt; are not all equal to 0. So we have &lt;math&gt;\mu\neq 0&lt;/math&gt;. We can hence divide by &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; and the linear combination we are looking for is

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;w= - \left(\sum_{i=1}^n \frac {\alpha_i} {\mu} v_i\right) = \sum_{i=1}^n \left (- \frac {\alpha_i} {\mu} \right) v_i&lt;/math&gt;}}

now set &lt;math&gt; \lambda_i := \left (- \frac {\alpha_i} {\mu} \right)&lt;/math&gt;. Then, &lt;math&gt;w = \sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i v_i&lt;/math&gt; , which is what we wanted to show.
}}

==Linear independence and unique linear combinations {{Anchor|Lineare_Unabhängigkeit_und_eindeutige_Linearkombinationen}}==
In this section, we will take a closer look at the connection between ''linear independence'' and ''linear combinations''. To do this, we recall what it means that the vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1,\ldots,v_n&lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent or independent. Suppose the vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1,\ldots,v_n&lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent. From our definition of linear independence, we know that there must then be a non-trivial zero representation, since at least one scalar &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i \neq 0&lt;/math&gt; for some &lt;math&gt;1 \leq i \leq n&lt;/math&gt;. We illustrate this with the following example


{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Linear independence and non-trivial representation of 0
 |beispiel=
Let us consider the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,0,0)^T, \left(1,1,\tfrac{1}{2}\right)^T, (0,2,1)^T \in \R^3&lt;/math&gt;. These are linearly dependent, since 

{{Math| &lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ \frac{1}{2} \end{pmatrix} = 1 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 2 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;}}

By transforming this equation we obtain a representation of the zero vector:

{{Math| &lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = 1 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} - 1 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ \frac{1}{2} \end{pmatrix} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 2 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;}}

In addition to this representation, there is also the so-called trivial representation of the zero vector, in which every pre-factor is equal to zero: 

{{Math| &lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = 0 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + 0 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ \frac{1}{2} \end{pmatrix} + 0 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 2 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Because of the linear dependence, the zero vector can be represented in two ways via a linear combination.
}}

Regardless of whether the considered family of vectors is linearly independent or not, there is always the trivial zero representation, in which all scalars &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1, ..., \lambda_n&lt;/math&gt; have the value &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;: 

{{Math| &lt;math&gt;0 = 0 \cdot v_1 + ... + 0 \cdot v_n&lt;/math&gt;}}

In case of linear dependence of the vectors, the representation of the zero is no longer unambiguous. We can summarise our results so far in a theorem and generalise them: 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Linear independence and unique linear combination
 |satz=
Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space and &lt;math&gt;M\subseteq V&lt;/math&gt;.

All linear combinations of vectors from &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; are unique &lt;math&gt; \iff M &lt;/math&gt; linearly independent.

 |beweis=
We show the contraposition: 

There is a linear combination of vectors from &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; that is not unique &lt;math&gt; \iff M&lt;/math&gt; is linearly dependent.

&quot;&lt;math&gt;\implies&lt;/math&gt;&quot; We assume there was a &lt;math&gt;v\in V&lt;/math&gt;, such that at least two different representations of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; are possible using vectors from &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;:

Let &lt;math&gt;v = \lambda_1 v_1 + \ldots + \lambda_nv_n&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1, ..., \lambda_n \in K&lt;/math&gt; and 
&lt;math&gt;v = \mu_1v_1 + \ldots + \mu_nv_m&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\mu_1, ..., \mu_v \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;v_1,\ldots,v_n\in M&lt;/math&gt;.
Subtraction of the two equations gives 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0_V = (\lambda_1 - \mu_1)\cdot v_1 + \ldots + (\lambda_n - \mu_n)\cdot v_n&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since the representations of &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; are different, there is at least one factor &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i - \mu_i\neq 0&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;1 \leq i \leq n&lt;/math&gt;. Hence, the vectors &lt;math&gt;v_1, ..., v_n&lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent by definition and thus &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; is also linearly dependent.

&quot;&lt;math&gt;\Longleftarrow&lt;/math&gt;&quot; If &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent, then &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; contains a linearly independent subset &lt;math&gt; v_1 \ldots, v_n &lt;/math&gt;. 

Then, apart from the trivial representation of zero &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt;, there is at least one more: because of the linear dependence, there are factors &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i&lt;/math&gt; that are not all zero, with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lambda_1v_1 + \ldots + \lambda_nv_n=0_V&lt;/math&gt;}}

So we have shown that there are then two representations of &lt;math&gt;0_V&lt;/math&gt; as linear combinations of these vectors. Thus, linear combinations are not unique.
}}

== Exercises ==
=== Exercise 1 ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Linear independence
 |aufgabe=
Show that the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1,1,0)^T,\, (0,1,0)^T,\, (0,1,1)^T \in \R^3&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent.

 |lösung=
We have to show that the zero vector can only be represented trivially by the given vectors. This means that the following equation with the real numbers &lt;math&gt;\rho_1, \rho_2, \rho_3 \in \R&lt;/math&gt; only has the solutions &lt;math&gt;\rho_1 = \rho_2 = \rho_3 = 0&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\rho_1 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1\\ 1\\0 \end{pmatrix} + \rho_2 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0\\ 1\\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + \rho_3 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0\\ 1\\ 1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0\\ 0\\ 0 \end{pmatrix} &lt;/math&gt;}}

This implies:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
&amp; \rho_1 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1\\ 1\\0 \end{pmatrix} + \rho_2 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0\\ 1\\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + \rho_3 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0\\ 1\\ 1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0\\ 0\\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \\[0.3em]
&amp;\quad{ \color{OliveGreen} \left \downarrow\ \text{scalar multiplication} \right.}\\[0.3em]
\implies&amp; \begin{pmatrix} \rho_1\\ \rho_1\\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 0\\ \rho_2\\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix}0 \\ \rho_3 \\ \rho_3\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0\\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \\[0.3em]
&amp;\quad{ \color{OliveGreen} \left \downarrow\ \text{vector addition} \right. }\\[0.3em]
\implies&amp; \begin{pmatrix} \rho_1\\ \rho_1 + \rho_2 + \rho_3\\ \rho_3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0\\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Now, two column vectors are equal if every component is equal. So the following equations must hold:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho_1 &amp; = 0 \\
\rho_1 + \rho_2 + \rho_3 &amp;= 0 \\
\rho_3 &amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We hence have &lt;math&gt;\rho_1=\rho_3=0&lt;/math&gt;. Plugging this into &lt;math&gt;\rho_1 + \rho_2 + \rho_3 = 0&lt;/math&gt; , we obtain &lt;math&gt;\rho_2=0&lt;/math&gt;. With this we have shown that from the equation &lt;math&gt;\rho_1\cdot (1,1,0)^T + \rho_2\cdot (0,1,0)^T + \rho_3\cdot (0,1,1)^T = (0,0,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; we get that all coefficients &lt;math&gt;\rho_1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\rho_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\rho_3&lt;/math&gt; are equal to &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, the three vectors are linearly independent.
}}

=== Exercise 2 ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Linear dependence
 |aufgabe=
Show that the following set &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; of four vectors is linearly dependent:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;M=\left\{\begin{pmatrix} 1\\0\\0 \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 0\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 0\\0\\1 \end{pmatrix} , \begin{pmatrix} 1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix} \right\}&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |lösung=
By definition, the vectors &lt;math&gt;(1, 0, 0)^T, (0,1,0)^T, (0,0,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;(1,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; are linearly dependent if and only if we can find a nontrivial linear combination of zero. Such a combination is for example given by

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \begin{pmatrix} 1\\0\\0 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 0\\1\\0\end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 0\\0\\1 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix} = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

Therefore, the vectors are linearly dependent.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Lösung
 |titel=Lineare dependence, alternative
 |lösung=
Vectors are linearly dependent if one of them can be represented as a linear combination of the other ones. Now the vector &lt;math&gt;(1,1,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; can be represented as a linear combination of the others:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \begin{pmatrix} 1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1\\0\\0 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 0\\1\\0\end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 0\\0\\1 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, the vectors are linearly dependent.
}}

=== Exercise 3 ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel= Trigonometrical polynomials
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;f: \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;f(x) = f(x + 2\pi)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. That means, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a &lt;math&gt;2\pi&lt;/math&gt;-periodic function. We consider the set &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{Abb}_{2\pi}(\R,\R)&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;2\pi&lt;/math&gt;-periodic functions.
These form an &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space.

Are the functions &lt;math&gt;\cos(0\cdot x), \cos(1\cdot x), \cos(2\cdot x) &lt;/math&gt; linearly independent?

 |lösungsweg=
We investigate how to write the zero function as a linear combination of the three functions. To do this, we determine the values of &lt;math&gt; \lambda_1,\lambda_2,\lambda_3 &lt;/math&gt; in the equation &lt;math&gt; \lambda_{1}\cos(0) + \lambda_{2}\cos(x) + \lambda_{3}\cos(2x) = 0 &lt;/math&gt;. We can do this by inserting three different values for &lt;math&gt; x &lt;/math&gt; and then solving the resulting system of equations.

Values for which we explicitly know the exact values of the cosine are suitable for this - for example &lt;math&gt;0, \frac{\pi}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt;. For those, we know
&lt;math&gt;\cos(0)=\cos(2\pi)=1, \cos\left(\dfrac{\pi}{2}\right)=0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\cos(\pi)=-1&lt;/math&gt;.

 |lösung=
Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \lambda_3 \in \R&lt;/math&gt;, such that

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lambda_1\cos(0\cdot x) + \lambda_2\cos(1\cdot x) + \lambda_3\cos(2\cdot(x)) = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

for all &lt;math&gt;x \in \R&lt;/math&gt; . We would like to establish &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1 = \lambda_2 = \lambda_3 = 0&lt;/math&gt; . Plugging in for &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; the values
&lt;math&gt;0, \frac{\pi}{2}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; , we obtain the following system of equations for &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x = \frac{\pi}{2} &amp;:&amp;\lambda_{1} - \lambda_{3} &amp;= 0  \\[0.3em]
x = \pi &amp;:&amp;\lambda_{1} - \lambda_{2} + \lambda_{3} &amp;= 0  \\[0.3em]
x = 0 &amp;:&amp; \lambda_{1} + \lambda_{2} + \lambda_{3} &amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

The system of equations can now be solved in different ways. We transform the first equation and get &lt;math&gt;\lambda_{1} = \lambda_{3}&lt;/math&gt;. We can substitute this into the second equation and get &lt;math&gt;\lambda_{1} - \lambda_{2} + \lambda_{1} = 0 &lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt; 2\lambda_{1} = \lambda_{2} &lt;/math&gt;. If we now substitute our results into the third equation, we have &lt;math&gt; \lambda_{1} + 2\lambda_{1} + \lambda_{1} = 0&lt;/math&gt;. This is equivalent to &lt;math&gt;\lambda_{1} = 0&lt;/math&gt; . From the other equations, we conclude &lt;math&gt; \lambda_{2} = \lambda_{3} = 0 &lt;/math&gt;.

Thus, we have uniquely determined the coefficients &lt;math&gt; \lambda_1,\lambda_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda_3 &lt;/math&gt;. That is, there is no non-trivial linear combination of the &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. The functions are therefore linearly independent.
}}

=== Exercise 4 ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Linear (in-)dependence?
 |aufgabe=
Prove or disprove the following statement: 

Let &lt;math&gt;u,v,w \in \R^3&lt;/math&gt;. The set &lt;math&gt;\{u,v,w\}&lt;/math&gt; is linearly dependent if and only if each of the vectors is a linear combination of the other two.

 |lösungsweg=
For the set to be linearly dependent, it is sufficient if two of the three vectors are multiples of each other, while the third can be linearly independent of the two. With this consideration we can construct a counterexample.

 |lösung=
The statement is not correct. We consider the set

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\left\{\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}\right\} &lt;/math&gt;}}

Then we can represent the zero vector as a non-trivial linear combination of the three vectors:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = -2\cdot\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + 0\cdot\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, the set is linearly dependent. However, the vector &lt;math&gt; \left(0, 0 , 1\right)^{T}&lt;/math&gt; is not a linear combination of the other two.
}}

=== Exercise 5 ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Linearly independent vectors in &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt;
 |aufgabe=
Prove: Within the vector space &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;-tuples over the field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; , the vectors &lt;math&gt;e_1 = (1,0,0,\ldots,0)^T&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;e_2 = (0,1,0,\ldots,0)^T&lt;/math&gt; up to &lt;math&gt;e_n: = (0,0,0,\ldots,1)^T&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent.

 |lösung=
We have to show that we can uniquely represent the zero vector as a linear combination of the vectors &lt;math&gt;e_1, ..., e_n&lt;/math&gt;. So let us consider the linear combination of the vectors with &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i \in K&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;1 \leq i \leq n&lt;/math&gt;. We need to have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ \vdots \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}  \overset{!}{= } \lambda_1 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ \vdots \\ 0\end{pmatrix} + \lambda_2 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ \vdots \\ 0\end{pmatrix}+ ... + \lambda_n \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ \vdots \\ 1\end{pmatrix} &lt;/math&gt;}}

We can interpret this as a linear system of equations as

{{Math| &lt;math&gt; \begin{align} 0 &amp;= \lambda_1 \\ 0 &amp;= \lambda_2 \\ &amp;\vdots \\ 0 &amp;= \lambda_n \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, we have shown that the &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i&lt;/math&gt; are uniquely determined and &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;. After defining the linear independence, we have shown that the vectors are linearly independent.
}}

=== Exercise 6 ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Linearly independent vectors and endomorphisms
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; be a field and &lt;math&gt;F: V \to V &lt;/math&gt; an endomorphism of the &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt; v \in V &lt;/math&gt;, such that for a fixed natural number &lt;math&gt; n &lt;/math&gt;, we have:
&lt;math&gt; F^i(v)\neq 0&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt; i=1,...,n&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; F^{n+1}(v)=0&lt;/math&gt;.
Here, &lt;math&gt;F^i(v)=F(F(...(F(v))...))&lt;/math&gt; means that the &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;-fold application of &lt;math&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; onto the vector &lt;math&gt; v &lt;/math&gt;.
Prove that then the vectors &lt;math&gt; v,F(v),...,F^n(v)&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent.
 |lösungsweg=
We need to show that for &lt;math&gt;\lambda_0, \dots, \lambda_n \in K&lt;/math&gt; with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lambda_0v + \lambda_1F(v) + \dots + \lambda_nF^n(v) = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

we already have &lt;math&gt;\lambda_0 = \dots = \lambda_n = 0&lt;/math&gt; . We can try to get the individual &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i&lt;/math&gt; from this equation: We know that &lt;math&gt;F^{n+1}(v) = 0&lt;/math&gt; . If we now apply &lt;math&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; to this equation, we get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}0 = F(0) &amp;= F(\lambda_0v + \lambda_1F(v) + \dots + \lambda_nF^n(v))\\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda_0F(v) + \lambda_1F^2(v) + \dots + \lambda_nF^{n+1}(v)\\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda_0F(v) + \lambda_1F^2(v) + \dots + \lambda_{n-1}F^n(v).\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

We have thus eliminated one summand. With this we have reduced our problem to a case with &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; summands. That is, by proceeding with induction, we can now infer the statement.
 |lösung=
We perform an induction over &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; to iterate the idea of reducing the number of vectors one-by-one.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Vollständige Induktion
 |aussageform=
If &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;F^i(v) \neq 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \le n&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;F^{n+1}(v) = 0&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;v, F(v), \dots, F^n(v)&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent.

 |induktionsanfang=
We need to show that &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;F(v)&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent, if &lt;math&gt;F^2(v) = 0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;F(v) \neq 0&lt;/math&gt; hold. That means we have to show that for &lt;math&gt;\lambda, \mu \in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\lambda\cdot v + \mu \cdot F(v) = 0&lt;/math&gt; we already have &lt;math&gt;\lambda = \mu = 0&lt;/math&gt; . Now,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
0 = F(0) &amp;= F(\lambda\cdot v + \mu \cdot F(v))\\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda\cdot F(v) + \mu \cdot F^2(v)\\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda\cdot F(v)\\[0.3em]
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;F(v) \neq 0&lt;/math&gt; , we have &lt;math&gt;\lambda = 0&lt;/math&gt;. So by choice of &lt;math&gt;\lambda&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt;, we also have &lt;math&gt;\mu\cdot F(v) = 0&lt;/math&gt;. With the same argument, we now have &lt;math&gt;\mu = 0&lt;/math&gt;.

 |induktionsvoraussetzung=
If &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;F^i(v) \neq 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \le n&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;F^{n+1}(v) = 0&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;v, F(v), \dots, F^n(v)&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent.

 |induktionsbehauptung=
If &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;F^i(v) \neq 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i \le n+1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;F^{n+2}(v) = 0&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;v, F(v), \dots, F^{n+1}(v)&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent.

 |beweis_induktionsschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda_0, \dots, \lambda_{n+1} \in K&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_0\cdot v + \lambda_1\cdot F(v) + \dots + \lambda_{n+1}\cdot F^{n+1}(v) = 0&lt;/math&gt; . Then,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
0 = F(0) &amp;= F(\lambda_0\cdot v + \lambda_1\cdot F(v) + \dots + \lambda_{n+1}\cdot F^{n+1}(v))\\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda_0\cdot F(v) + \lambda_1\cdot F^2(v) + \dots + \lambda_{n+1}\cdot F^{n+2}(v)\\[0.3em]
&amp;= \lambda_0\cdot F(v) + \dots + \lambda_{n}\cdot F^{n+1}(v)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Applying the induction assumption to &lt;math&gt;F(v)&lt;/math&gt; , we get that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_0 = \dots = \lambda_n = 0&lt;/math&gt; . Hence, &lt;math&gt;\lambda_{n+1}F^{n+1}(v) = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;F^{n+1}(v) \neq 0&lt;/math&gt; , we also have &lt;math&gt;\lambda_{n+1} = 0&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;v, F(v), \dots, F^{n+1}(v)&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent.
}}
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We prove the exchange theorem to show well-definedness of the term &quot;dimension&quot; later.

== Motivation == 

In this article we will discuss the exchange lemma and Steinitz's exchange theorem. These state how a given [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|basis]] of a vector space can be converted into another one by cleverly replacing some of the old basis vectors with new vector space elements. This is especially useful when you want to construct a basis that contains certain previously fixed vectors. Another consequence of the replacement theorem is the fact that [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear independence|linearly independent sets]] have a lower or equal cardinality than bases. This result is essential for the definition of the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dimension|dimension]] of a vector space. We first prove the exchange lemma and then Steinitz's theorem.

==Exchange lemma==
===The exchange lemma===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Exchange lemma
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space over a field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; B = \left\{b_1,\, b_2,\, \ldots , b_n\right\}&lt;/math&gt; a Basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Further, let &lt;math&gt;w \in V&lt;/math&gt; which can be written as a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear combinations|linear combination]] &lt;math&gt;w=\sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i b_i&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1,\ldots , \lambda_n\in K&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;k \in \lbrace 1,\ldots , n \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_k\neq 0&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;B' = \left\{b_1,\, \ldots , b_{k-1}, \, w,\, b_{k+1},\, \ldots , b_n\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is also a Basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

 |beweis=

Let &lt;math&gt;B'=\left\{b_1,\, \ldots , b_{k-1}, \, w,\, b_{k+1},\, \ldots , b_n\right\}&lt;/math&gt; be the set where &lt;math&gt;b_k&lt;/math&gt; has been replaced by &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; . We need to prove that &lt;math&gt; B'&lt;/math&gt; is a basis, as well. For this, we show that &lt;math&gt;B'&lt;/math&gt; is a [[Math for Non-Geeks/Generators|generator]] of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear independence|linearly independent]].
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=''&lt;math&gt; B'&lt;/math&gt; is a generator''
 |beweisschritt=
We know&lt;math&gt;w = \sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i b_i &lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i \in K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;b_i \in B&lt;/math&gt;.  According to the above assumption, &lt;math&gt;\lambda_k \neq 0 &lt;/math&gt; and therefore it has an inverse in &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;.
Thus, we may transform:   

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
w =&amp; \sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i b_i = \sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n \lambda_i b_i + \lambda_k b_k \\
[0.3em] \iff \ &amp; \lambda_k b_k = w - \sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n \lambda_i b_i \\
[0.3em] \iff \ &amp; b_k = \dfrac{1} {\lambda_k} w - \sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n \dfrac {\lambda_i} {\lambda_k} b_i
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

Because &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, we may find for every vector &lt;math&gt;v \in V&lt;/math&gt; some scalars &lt;math&gt;\mu_i \in K&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt; v = \sum_{i=1}^n \mu_i b_i&lt;/math&gt;. We now plug in the above result for &lt;math&gt;b_k&lt;/math&gt; and obtain:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
v &amp;= \mu_k b_k+\sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n  \mu_i b_i \\[0.3em]
&amp;= \mu_k \left (\dfrac{1} {\lambda_k} w - \sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n \dfrac {\lambda_i} {\lambda_k} b_i\right) + \sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n \mu_i b_i \\[0.3em]
&amp;=  \dfrac{\mu_k} {\lambda_k} w - \sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n \mu_k \dfrac {\lambda_i} {\lambda_k} b_i + \sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n \mu_i b_i  \\[0.3em]
&amp;=  \dfrac{\mu_k} {\lambda_k} w + \sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n (\mu_i - \mu_k \dfrac {\lambda_i} {\lambda_k}) b_i 
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;}}

So the vector &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; has been represented as a linear combination of &lt;math&gt;B^*=\left\{b_1,\, b_2, \, \ldots , b_{k-1}, \, w,\, b_{k+1},\, \ldots , b_n\right\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B'&lt;/math&gt; is indeed a generator of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=''&lt;math&gt;B'&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent''
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;\beta,\mu_1,\ldots ,\mu_{k-1},\mu_{k+1}, \ldots, \mu_n\in K&lt;/math&gt;, such that  &lt;math&gt; \beta w + \sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n \mu_i b_i = 0&lt;/math&gt;. We replace &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; by its representation as a linear combination of the basis elements &lt;math&gt;b_i&lt;/math&gt; and obtain:

&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
0=\beta w + \sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n \mu_i b_i=\beta \cdot \left(\sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i b_i\right) + \sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n \mu_i b_i = \beta \lambda_k b_k + \sum_{i=1\atop i \neq k}^n (\beta \lambda_i + \mu_i) b_i
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

Since &lt;math&gt;B = \lbrace b_1, \cdots ,b_n \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent, we have that &lt;math&gt;\beta \lambda_k = 0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\beta \lambda_l + \mu_l = 0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;l \neq k&lt;/math&gt;.

From &lt;math&gt;\beta \lambda_k = 0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda_k \neq 0&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;\beta = 0&lt;/math&gt;. 
But this also implies &lt;math&gt;\mu_l =0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;l \neq k &lt;/math&gt;.
Hence, &lt;math&gt;B'=\left\{b_1,\, \ldots , b_{k-1}, \, w,\, b_{k+1},\, \ldots , b_n\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent which finishes the proof.
}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|
The converse of the exchange lemma also holds true (without proof, here):

Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space over a field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; B = \left\{b_1,\, b_2,\, \ldots , b_n\right\}&lt;/math&gt; be a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Further, let &lt;math&gt;w \in V&lt;/math&gt; with the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear combinations|linear combination]] &lt;math&gt;w=\sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i b_i&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1,\ldots , \lambda_n\in K&lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt;k \in \lbrace 1,\ldots , n \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;B' = \left\{b_1,\, \ldots , b_{k-1}, \, w,\, b_{k+1}, \, \ldots , b_n\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is also a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, then we already have that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_k\neq 0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

Next, we prove a slight modification of the exchange lemma. It shows that the lemma is &quot;almost always&quot; applicable. We only assume that the new basis vector &lt;math&gt; w &lt;/math&gt; is not the zero vector:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Exchange lemma version 2
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a vector space over a field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B = \left\{b_1,\, \ldots , b_n\right\}&lt;/math&gt; a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Further, let &lt;math&gt;0 \neq w \in V&lt;/math&gt;. Then there is an index &lt;math&gt;k \in \lbrace 1, \ldots , n \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;B^* = \left\{b_1,\, \ldots , b_{k-1}, \, w,\, b_{k+1},\, \ldots , b_n\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is also a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;

We can thus exchange &lt;math&gt;b_k&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt;.
 
 |beweis=
We write &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; as a linear combination of vectors from &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;. Let also &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1 \, \ldots \, \lambda_n \in K&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;w = \sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i b_i &lt;/math&gt;.

Since &lt;math&gt;w \neq 0&lt;/math&gt;, at least one of the scalars &lt;math&gt;\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_n&lt;/math&gt; must be non-zero. Indeed, if we had &lt;math&gt;\lambda_k=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt;w=0&lt;/math&gt; would also have to hold. So let &lt;math&gt;k\in\{ 1,\ldots n\}&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;\lambda_k\neq 0&lt;/math&gt;. With this &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; the condition from the upper version of the exchange lemma is fulfilled.
}}

=== Application of the exchange lemma ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |beispiel= Let &lt;math&gt;E:=\{e_1, e_2, e_3\}&lt;/math&gt; be the canonical basis of &lt;math&gt; \R^3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt; w:=(1,1,0)^T &lt;/math&gt;.
We show that &lt;math&gt;\{w, e_2, e_3\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. 
According to the exchange lemma, we can replace the vector &lt;math&gt;e_1&lt;/math&gt; by &lt;math&gt;w&lt;/math&gt; if for the (unique) linear combination &lt;math&gt;w=\sum_{i=1}^3 \lambda_i e_i&lt;/math&gt; we have that: &lt;math&gt; \lambda_1 \neq 0&lt;/math&gt;.

We recognise that: &lt;math&gt; w = \begin{pmatrix} 1\\1\\0 \end{pmatrix} = \underbrace{1}_{\lambda_1 \neq 0} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 1\\0\\0 \end{pmatrix} + \underbrace{1}_{\lambda_2} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0\\1\\0 \end{pmatrix} + \underbrace{0}_{\lambda_3} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 0\\0\\1 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;

Thus, it follows from the exchange lemma that &lt;math&gt;\{w, e_2, e_3\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. 

But we also see from this discussion that we cannot use the exchange lemma to show that &lt;math&gt;\{e_1, e_2, w\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis: In the linear combination of &lt;math&gt;w=\sum_{i=1}^3 \lambda_i e_i&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math&gt;\lambda_3=0&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, we cannot apply the exchange lemma here.

We even have that &lt;math&gt;\{e_1, e_2, w\}&lt;/math&gt; ''is really not'' a basis of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;:
&lt;math&gt;w = e_1 + e_2&lt;/math&gt;, so the vectors are linearly dependent, so in particular they are not a basis.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Basis completion by substitution in a known basis
 |beispiel=
We want to complete the two vectors 
&lt;math&gt;v_1 = (1,1,2)^T, \, v_2 = (0,1,1)^T \in \R^3&lt;/math&gt;
to a basis &lt;math&gt;\{ v_1, \, v_2, \, v_3 \}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.

First we should check whether the two vectors are linearly independent, but this is easy to see because for 
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align} \alpha_1 \cdot \begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix} + \alpha_2 \cdot \begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\1\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}\alpha_1\\ {\alpha_1 + \alpha_2}\\ {2 \alpha_1 + \alpha_2}\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\0\end{pmatrix} \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
 
there must be &lt;math&gt;\alpha_1 = 0&lt;/math&gt;, which then means that &lt;math&gt;\alpha_2 = 0&lt;/math&gt; as well.

We now want to exchange &lt;math&gt;v_1, \, v_2&lt;/math&gt; for two basis vectors of a known basis of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; using the exchange lemma. For the &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; we simply take the canonical basis 
&lt;math&gt;E = \lbrace e_1 = (1,0,0)^T,\, e_2 = (0,1,0)^T, \, e_3 = (0,0,1)^T \rbrace&lt;/math&gt;.
By repeatedly applying the exchange lemma, the vectors are exchanged one after the other. Here we proceed as follows:

The vector &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; is represented as a linear combination of the vectors &lt;math&gt;\{e_1, e_2, e_3\}&lt;/math&gt;.

&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}v_1 = \begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix} = \beta_1 \cdot \begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\0\end{pmatrix} + \beta_2 \cdot \begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\0\end{pmatrix} + \beta_3 \cdot \begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix} = 1 \cdot \begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\0\end{pmatrix} + 1 \cdot \begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\0\end{pmatrix} + 2 \cdot \begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix} = 1\cdot  e_1 + 1\cdot e_2 + 2\cdot e_3. \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

According to the exchange lemma, we can exchange any basis vector &lt;math&gt;e_i&lt;/math&gt;, since for every &lt;math&gt;1 \leqslant i \leqslant 3&lt;/math&gt; the associated scalars are &lt;math&gt;\beta_i \neq 0&lt;/math&gt;.

So, for example, if we exchange &lt;math&gt;e_2&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt;, then we get that &lt;math&gt;\{e_1, v_1, e_3\}&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.
We now repeat the above procedure for &lt;math&gt;v_2&lt;/math&gt; with the basis &lt;math&gt;\{e_1, v_1, e_3\}&lt;/math&gt;.
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}v_2 = \begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\1\end{pmatrix} = (-1)\cdot \begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\0\end{pmatrix} + 1\cdot \begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\2\end{pmatrix} + (-1) \cdot \begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix} = (-1)\cdot e_1 + 1 \cdot v_1 + (-1) \cdot e_3. \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

Again, we may exchange any of the vectors &lt;math&gt;\{e_1, v_1, e_3\}&lt;/math&gt;, but exchanging &lt;math&gt;v_1&lt;/math&gt; is not purposeful, so we exchange &lt;math&gt;e_3&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, the vectors &lt;math&gt;\{e_1, v_1, v_2\}&lt;/math&gt; form a basis of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;. So in total we have completed the linearly independent vectors &lt;math&gt;\{v_1, v_2\}&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;e_1&lt;/math&gt; to a basis of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

== Steinitz's exchange theorem ==
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Steinitz's theorem
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;B = \lbrace b_1,\, \ldots , b_n \rbrace&lt;/math&gt;
be an &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;-element basis of the &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and let 
&lt;math&gt;W = \lbrace w_1,\ldots, w_k \rbrace \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-element set of linearly independent vectors.
Then, we have that &lt;math&gt; k \leq n &lt;/math&gt; and there is a certain choice of &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; vectors from the basis &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; that can be replaced by the vectors
&lt;math&gt; w_1, \ldots , w_k &lt;/math&gt;
such that the replacement results in a new basis &lt;math&gt;B^*&lt;/math&gt; of the &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

More precisely, after renumbering the indices (if necessary) we can write 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;B^* = \lbrace w_1, \ldots , w_k, \, b_{k+1}, \ldots , b_n \rbrace&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |titel=Steinitz's theorem
 |beweis=We prove the theorem by [[Math for Non-Geeks/Mathematical induction|induction]] over k. 
 
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Induction base &lt;math&gt;k=1&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;\lbrace b_1, \ldots, b_n \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; be a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;w_1&lt;/math&gt; be linearly independent, i.e. &lt;math&gt;w_1 \neq 0&lt;/math&gt;, then it follows with above exchange lemma, that &lt;math&gt;\lbrace b_1, \ldots , b_{m-1},w_1, b_{m+1}, \ldots , b_n\rbrace&lt;/math&gt; for a given &lt;math&gt; m \in \lbrace 1, \ldots, n \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

Now we rename &lt;math&gt;b_1 &lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt; b_m &lt;/math&gt;. 
It then follows that &lt;math&gt; \lbrace w_1,b_2, \ldots, b_n \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; is a basis. This is the base case of our induction.
}}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
 |ziel=Induction step &lt;math&gt;k \rightarrow k+1&lt;/math&gt;
 |beweisschritt=
Let &lt;math&gt;\lbrace w_1, \ldots , w_k , w_{k+1} \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; be linearly independent. By the induction assumption, we have that &lt;math&gt; k \leq n&lt;/math&gt;, from which we want to infer &lt;math&gt; k+1 \leq n&lt;/math&gt;. Suppose there was &lt;math&gt; n &lt;k+1&lt;/math&gt;. Then since &lt;math&gt; k \leq n&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;n \leq k&lt;/math&gt; we have that &lt;math&gt; k=n&lt;/math&gt;. As &lt;math&gt;\lbrace w_1,\ldots,w_k\rbrace&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent and &lt;math&gt;k=n&lt;/math&gt;, we can replace &lt;math&gt; b_1,\ldots, b_n&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt; w_1,\ldots,w_k&lt;/math&gt; by induction assumption. So we get that &lt;math&gt; w_1,\ldots,w_k \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

We can also represent &lt;math&gt; w_{k+1} &lt;/math&gt; as a linear combination in &lt;math&gt; \lbrace w_1, \ldots ,w_k \rbrace&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math&gt; \lambda_1,\ldots, \lambda_k \in K &lt;/math&gt;, with &lt;math&gt;w_{k+1} = \sum_{i=1}^k \lambda_i w_i &lt;/math&gt;.  Then we have:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^k \lambda_i w_i  + (-1)w_{k+1}=0&lt;/math&gt;}}

But this is a contradiction to the linear independence of &lt;math&gt; \lbrace w_1,\ldots, w_{k+1} \rbrace &lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt; k+1 \leq n &lt;/math&gt; must also hold true.

It remains to show that after any renaming of &lt;math&gt;b_1,\ldots, b_n&lt;/math&gt;
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \lbrace w_1, \ldots, w_{k+1}, b_{k+2}, \ldots, b_n \rbrace &lt;/math&gt;}}

is a basis of &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt;. By induction assumption, &lt;math&gt; \lbrace w_1, \ldots, w_k, b_{k+1}, \ldots, b_n \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt;. In this case, the indices of &lt;math&gt; b_1, \ldots, b_n &lt;/math&gt; may have been interchanged. We write &lt;math&gt; w_{k+1} &lt;/math&gt; as a linear combination of &lt;math&gt; \lbrace w_1, \ldots, w_k, b_{k+1}, \ldots, b_n \rbrace &lt;/math&gt;. 

Let for this &lt;math&gt; \lambda_1, \ldots, \lambda_n \in K &lt;/math&gt;, with &lt;math&gt;w_{k+1} = \sum_{i = 1}^k \lambda_i w_i + \sum_{j=k+1}^n \lambda_j b_j&lt;/math&gt;. Note that these are not necessarily the same &lt;math&gt; \lambda_i&lt;/math&gt; as before. Suppose there was &lt;math&gt; \lambda_j=0&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt; j \in \lbrace k+1,\ldots, n \rbrace &lt;/math&gt;. Then
{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \sum_{i=1}^k \lambda_i w_i + (-1)w_{k+1} =0 &lt;/math&gt;}}

would hold, which would be a contradiction to the linear independence of &lt;math&gt; \lbrace w_1,\ldots, w_{k+1} \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; . So, let &lt;math&gt; j \in \lbrace k+1, \ldots, n \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt; \lambda_j \neq 0 &lt;/math&gt;. By the exchange lemma, &lt;math&gt; \lbrace w_1, \ldots, w_k, b_{k+1}, \ldots, b_{j-1}, w_{k+1}, b_{j+1}, \ldots, b_n \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt;. 

Finally, we rename &lt;math&gt; b_{k+1} &lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt; b_j &lt;/math&gt;.
Then &lt;math&gt; \lbrace w_1, \ldots, w_{k+1}, b_{k+2}, \ldots, b_n \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt;, which concludes the proof.
}}
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In this article we define the dimension of a vector space and show some elementary properties like the dimension formula.

==Motivation==

In this article we define the notion of a dimension of a vector space. It would be nice to do it in a way that common vector spaces like &lt;math&gt;\R,\R^2,\R^3,...&lt;/math&gt; have the &quot;obvious dimensions&quot; &lt;math&gt;1, 2, 3,...&lt;/math&gt; .
The vector space &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt; has a basis with &lt;math&gt;3&lt;/math&gt; elements, for example the standard basis &lt;math&gt;B_3 = \lbrace e_1, e_2, e_3 \rbrace&lt;/math&gt;.

Similarly, for any field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;, we want the vector space &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt; to have dimension &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}_K(K^n) = n&lt;/math&gt;. Again, with the standard basis &lt;math&gt;B_n = \lbrace e_1, ..., e_n \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; we find a basis with exactly &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; vectors.

This suggests defining the dimension of a vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; as the number of vectors of a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.
At this point, it is not yet clear that every basis has the same cardinality. We will prove this in the following.

==Definition of the dimension==

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition
|titel=Dimension of a vector space
|definition=Let &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt; K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and let &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; be a basis of &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; is finite, we define the dimension of &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt; by
&lt;math&gt; \mathrm{dim}_K(V):=\mathrm{dim}(V):=|B| &lt;/math&gt;. (We usually omit the specification of the field if this is obvious from the context). In this case, we say that &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt; is finite dimensional. If &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; is infinite instead, we say that &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt; is infinite-dimensional and write &lt;math&gt; \mathrm{dim}(V)=\infty &lt;/math&gt;.
}}

From this definition it is not clear that the dimension is independent of the choice of the basis of our vector space. For example, it could happen that a vector space has different bases with different numbers of elements. This does actually never happen, as the next theorem shows:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Well-definedness of the dimension
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt; K &lt;/math&gt;-vector space and &lt;math&gt; B,B' &lt;/math&gt; two bases of &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt;. If &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; is finite, then &lt;math&gt; B' &lt;/math&gt; is also finite, and we have that &lt;math&gt; |B|=|B'| &lt;/math&gt;.
 }}
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweis
 |titel=Uniqueness of the dimension
 |beweis=Let &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; be finite. Suppose that the basis &lt;math&gt; B'&lt;/math&gt; was infinite. Then, we could choose any &lt;math&gt;|B|+1&lt;/math&gt;-elementary subset &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;B'&lt;/math&gt;. Note that &lt;math&gt; W&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent, as it is a subset of the linearly independent set &lt;math&gt;B'&lt;/math&gt;. This contradicts Steinitz's exchange theorem because of &lt;math&gt;|B|&lt;|W|&lt;/math&gt;. Thus &lt;math&gt;B'&lt;/math&gt; is finite. It remains to show the equality of cardinalities. Since &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent and &lt;math&gt;B'&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;, it follows from Steinitz's exchange theorem that &lt;math&gt;|B| \leq |B'|&lt;/math&gt;. Analogously, we can prove &lt;math&gt;|B'| \leq |B|&lt;/math&gt;. This establishes the theorem.
}}

==Examples of dimensions==

===Dimension of &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt;===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
|beispiel=In this example we want to verify that the dimension of &lt;math&gt;K^n&lt;/math&gt; is indeed &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;. A possible basis would be the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|canonical basis]]:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;B = \lbrace \underbrace {(1,0,\ldots,0)^T}_{n\text{ components}},\, \underbrace{(0,1,\ldots,0)^T}_{n\text{ components}},\, \cdots ,\,\underbrace{(0,0,\ldots,1)^T}_{n\text{ components}} \rbrace&lt;/math&gt;}}

This basis is finite, and we have that &lt;math&gt;|B|=n&lt;/math&gt;. We get &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}_K(K^n)=n&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

===Dimension of a polynomial space===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
|beispiel=The polynomial space &lt;math&gt;K[x]&lt;/math&gt; over a field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; is defined as

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;
K[x]:= \left\lbrace \sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^i \, \bigg| \, n \in \N, a_i \in K \, \, \forall i \in \lbrace 0, \ldots, n \rbrace \right\rbrace,
&lt;/math&gt;}}

with coefficient-wise addition and scalar multiplication. From this we see that &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x^n | n \in \N \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; is a generator of &lt;math&gt; K[x] &lt;/math&gt;. Since the vector space identifications operate coefficient-wise, this set is also linearly independent. From &lt;math&gt;\big|\lbrace x^n | n \in \N \rbrace\big|= \infty&lt;/math&gt; we finally get &lt;math&gt; \mathrm{dim}_K(K[x])= \infty &lt;/math&gt;.
}}

===Dimension of &lt;math&gt;\Complex&lt;/math&gt; as an &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
|beispiel=We would like to determine the dimension of the complex numbers, understood as an &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;-vector space. Each complex number &lt;math&gt; z \in \Complex&lt;/math&gt; can be written uniquely as &lt;math&gt;z = a + b \cdot i&lt;/math&gt;, with &lt;math&gt; a,b \in \R&lt;/math&gt;. From this we see that &lt;math&gt; \lbrace 1, i \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;\Complex&lt;/math&gt; over &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. So &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}_{\R}(\Complex)=2&lt;/math&gt;, i.e., as a real vector space, &lt;math&gt;\Complex&lt;/math&gt; is 2-dimensions. (Note that as a complex vector space, &lt;math&gt;\Complex&lt;/math&gt; is 1-dimensional).
}}

===Dimension of the null space===

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
|beispiel=For every field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;, the (&quot;trivial&quot;) null space &lt;math&gt;\{0\}&lt;/math&gt; is a vector space. To determine its dimension, we need to find a basis. As we have already seen in the article on the null space, the null space is generated by the empty set. Furthermore, &lt;math&gt; \emptyset &lt;/math&gt; is linearly independent by definition and therefore a basis of the null space. Thus, we have &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}_K(\{0\})=| \emptyset |=0&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

==Properties of the dimension==

We now prove some properties of the &quot;dimension&quot; notion:
{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |satz= Let &lt;math&gt; V&lt;/math&gt; be a finite-dimensional &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and &lt;math&gt;U \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; a subspace. Then we have that:
#&lt;math&gt; \mathrm{dim}(U) \leq \mathrm{dim}(V) &lt;/math&gt;.
#If &lt;math&gt; \mathrm{dim}(U)=\mathrm{dim}(V) &lt;/math&gt;, then &lt;math&gt; U=V &lt;/math&gt; follows.

 |beweis=
Let &lt;math&gt; B_U&lt;/math&gt; be a basis of &lt;math&gt; U&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;B_U&lt;/math&gt; is a linearly independent subset of &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, according to the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|basis completion theorem]], there exists a basis &lt;math&gt; B_V &lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt;, with &lt;math&gt; B_U \subseteq B_V &lt;/math&gt;. It follows immediately that &lt;math&gt; |B_U| \leq |B_V| &lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}(U) \leq \mathrm{dim}(V)&lt;/math&gt;. Now, if in addition &lt;math&gt; \mathrm{dim}(U)=\mathrm{dim}(V) &lt;/math&gt; is assumed, then we have that &lt;math&gt; |B_U| = |B_V| &lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt; B_V &lt;/math&gt; is finite, we get &lt;math&gt; B_U=B_V &lt;/math&gt;. So we can conclude &lt;math&gt;U=\operatorname{span}(B_U)=\operatorname{span}(B_V)=V&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

In order to show that it is important to assume &lt;math&gt; V &lt;/math&gt; to be finite-dimensional, consider an example of an infinite-dimensional vector space that has a proper infinite-dimensional subspace:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel
|beispiel=Let &lt;math&gt;V = K[x]&lt;/math&gt; be the polynomial space over a field &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U : = \left\lbrace \sum_{i=1}^n a_i x^i \, \bigg| \, n \in \N, a_i \in K \, \, \forall i \in \lbrace 0, \ldots, n \rbrace \right\rbrace&lt;/math&gt; the subspace of polynomials without a constant term. One can easily show (as above) that &lt;math&gt;B = \left\lbrace x^i \, \bigg| \, i \in \N_&gt;0 \right\rbrace&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;. Thus, we see &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}(U) = \infty = \mathrm{dim}(V)&lt;/math&gt;. But &lt;math&gt;U \subsetneq V&lt;/math&gt;, since the constant polynomial is &lt;math&gt;1 \in V \setminus U&lt;/math&gt;. 
}}

==Dimension formula==
===Proof of the dimension formula===

The following dimensional formula gives how to calculate the dimension of the sum of two finite dimensional subspaces &lt;math&gt;U,\, W \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; of a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |titel=Dimension formula
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and let &lt;math&gt;U,W \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be finite-dimensional subspaces. Then, we have:
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\operatorname{dim}(U + W) = \operatorname{dim} (U) + \operatorname{dim} (W) -\operatorname{dim}(U \cap W)&lt;/math&gt;}}
 |beweis=Since &lt;math&gt;U, V&lt;/math&gt; are finite dimensional, the spaces &lt;math&gt;U+V, U \cap V&lt;/math&gt; are also finite dimensional. Set &lt;math&gt;n:=\operatorname{dim}(U\cap W)&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{dim}(U), \operatorname{dim}(W)\geq n&lt;/math&gt;. So there are some &lt;math&gt; k,m \in \N&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{dim}(U)=n+k&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{dim}(W)=n+m&lt;/math&gt;. Furthermore, let &lt;math&gt;\lbrace b_1, \ldots, b_n \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; be a basis of &lt;math&gt;U \cap W&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;U \cap W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, according to the basis completion theorem there exist vectors &lt;math&gt;u_1, \ldots, u_k \in U&lt;/math&gt; and vectors &lt;math&gt;w_1,\, \ldots , w_m \in W&lt;/math&gt; , such that &lt;math&gt;\lbrace b_1, \, \ldots , b_n, \, u_1, \ldots , u_k \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lbrace b_1, \ldots , b_n, \, w_1, \ldots w_m \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;. 

We now show that &lt;math&gt; B := \lbrace b_1, \ldots , b_n, u_1, \ldots u_k, \, w_1, \ldots w_m \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; is a basis of &lt;math&gt;U + W&lt;/math&gt;. 


{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
|ziel=First, we show that &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a generator. 
|beweisschritt=To do this, we show that any vector &lt;math&gt;a \in U + W&lt;/math&gt; can be represented as a linear combination of elements from &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;. 

So let &lt;math&gt;a \in U + W&lt;/math&gt;. Then there are some &lt;math&gt;u \in U, \, w \in W&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;a = u + w&lt;/math&gt;. Since &lt;math&gt;u&lt;/math&gt; is a linear combination of the basis &lt;math&gt;\lbrace b_1, \ldots, b_n, \, u_1, \ldots, u_k \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, we have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;u = \sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i b_i + \sum_{j=1}^k \mu_j u_j\text{ for suitable }\lambda_i, \mu_j \in K&lt;/math&gt;}}

And &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is a linear combination of the basis &lt;math&gt;\lbrace b_1, \ldots, b_n, \, w_1, \ldots, w_m \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt;, so

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;w = \sum_{i=1}^n \rho_i b_i + \sum_{j=1}^m \sigma_j w_j \text{ for }\rho_i, \sigma_j \in K&lt;/math&gt;}} 

Thus,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;a = \sum_{i=1}^n (\lambda _i + \rho_i) b_i + \sum_{j=1}^k \mu_j u_j + \sum_{l=1}^m \sigma_l w_l.&lt;/math&gt;}} 

So &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; is linear combination of &lt;math&gt;\lbrace b_1,\ldots , b_n, \,u_1, \ldots , u_k, \,w_1, \ldots , w_m \rbrace&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; a generator of &lt;math&gt;U + W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt
|ziel=Now we show the linear independence of &lt;math&gt; B&lt;/math&gt;.
|beweisschritt=

Let &lt;math&gt;\lambda_i, \mu_j, \rho_l \in K&lt;/math&gt;, with

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i b_i + \sum_{j=1}^k \mu_j u_j + \sum_{l=1}^m \rho_l w_l = 0&lt;/math&gt;}}

We have to show that &lt;math&gt; \lambda_i=\mu_j=\rho_l=0 &lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math&gt;i,j,k &lt;/math&gt;. Let for this &lt;math&gt;v = \sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i b_i + \sum_{j=1}^k \mu_j u_j&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have &lt;math&gt;v \in U&lt;/math&gt; and because of the above condition. 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v= - \sum_{l=1}^m \rho_l w_l.&lt;/math&gt;}}

So also &lt;math&gt;v \in W&lt;/math&gt; , i.e., &lt;math&gt;v \in U \cap W&lt;/math&gt; .

Thus &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; can be represented as a linear combination of the basis &lt;math&gt;\{b_1,\ldots , b_n\}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math&gt;U \cap W&lt;/math&gt; and there exist &lt;math&gt;\sigma_1, \ldots , \sigma_n \in K&lt;/math&gt; such that 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;v = \sum_{i=1}^n \sigma_i b_i.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Now, we further have

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;0 = v- v = \sum_{i=1}^n (\lambda_i - \sigma_i) b_i + \sum_{j=1}^k \mu_j u_j.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;\{b_1, \ldots , b_n, \, u_1, \ldots , u_k\}&lt;/math&gt; is a Basis of &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt;, it is linearly independent and

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lambda_1 = \sigma_1,\ldots , \lambda_n = \sigma_n \text{ and } \mu_1 = \ldots = \mu_k = 0.&lt;/math&gt;}}

So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i b_i + \sum_{l=1}^m \rho_l v_l = 0.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;\{b_1, \ldots , b_n, \, w_1, \ldots , w_m\}&lt;/math&gt; is a Basis of &lt;math&gt;W&lt;/math&gt; and hence the vectors are linearly independent, we have that 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\lambda_1 =\ldots \, = \lambda _n = 0 \text { and } \rho_1 = \ldots = \rho_m = 0.&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus all coefficients are zero and the vectors &lt;math&gt;\{b_1, \ldots, b_n, \, u_1, \ldots , u_k, \, w_1, \ldots , w_m\}&lt;/math&gt; are linearly independent. &lt;math&gt; B&lt;/math&gt; is therefore actually a basis.
}}

Now, we have that
* &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{dim}(U + W)=|B|= n + k + m&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{dim}(U \cap W) = n&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{dim}(U) = n + k&lt;/math&gt; 
* &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{dim}(W)= n + m&lt;/math&gt;

So: 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\operatorname{dim}(U + W) = n+k+m= (n+k)+(n+m)-n=\operatorname{dim}(U) + \operatorname{dim}(V) - \operatorname{dim}(U\cap W).&lt;/math&gt;}}

This is the claim to be proven.
}}

Next, we consider a conclusion of the dimension formula that makes a statement about the [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces|sum of subspaces (missing)]]. Visually, this means that the complement of a subspace in terms of dimension is the missing &quot;remainder&quot;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz
 |satz=Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a finite-dimensional &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and let &lt;math&gt;U,W \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be subspaces, with &lt;math&gt; U \oplus W =V&lt;/math&gt;. Then, we have:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\operatorname{dim}(V)=\operatorname{dim}(U)+\operatorname{dim}(W)&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=First, because of &lt;math&gt;U,W \subseteq V &lt;/math&gt;, both subspaces are finite-dimensional. Using the dimensional formula, we conclude

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\operatorname{dim}(V)=\operatorname{dim}(U+W)=\operatorname{dim}(U)+\operatorname{dim}(W)-\operatorname{dim}(U \cap W)=\operatorname{dim}(U)+\operatorname{dim}(W)-\operatorname{dim}(\{0\}).&lt;/math&gt;}}

As shown in the example above, we have that &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}(\{0\})=0&lt;/math&gt; and get

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\operatorname{dim}(V)=\operatorname{dim}(U)+\operatorname{dim}(W)&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

===Exercises: Dimension formula=== 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Dimension formula
 |aufgabe=
Let &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; be a &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt;-vector space and let &lt;math&gt;U, W \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; be subspaces of &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt;. Further, let &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}(U) = 3&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}(W) = 5&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}(V) = 7&lt;/math&gt;. What dimension can &lt;math&gt;U \cap W&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;U + W &lt;/math&gt; have? 
|lösungsweg=Bound &lt;math&gt; \mathrm{dim}(U \cap W)&lt;/math&gt; from above and apply the dimension formula.
|lösung=
We have the dimensional formula 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}(U+W)   = \mathrm{dim}(U) + \mathrm{dim}(W) - \mathrm{dim}(U \cap W)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Further, we have that &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}(U \cap W) \leq \mathrm{dim}(U) = 3&lt;/math&gt;, since &lt;math&gt;U \cap W&lt;/math&gt; is a subspace of &lt;math&gt; U &lt;/math&gt;. So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}(U+W)   = \mathrm{dim}(U) + \mathrm{dim}(W) - \mathrm{dim}(U \cap W)=8-\mathrm{dim}(U \cap W) \geq 8-3 =5&lt;/math&gt;}}

Since &lt;math&gt;U + W \subseteq V&lt;/math&gt; holds, we also have that &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}(U+W) \leq 7&lt;/math&gt;. Both results together yield

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{dim}(U+W) \in \lbrace 5,6,7 \rbrace&lt;/math&gt;}}

From the dimensional formula we now conclude

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \mathrm{dim}(U \cap W) = \mathrm{dim}(U) + \mathrm{dim}(W) - \mathrm{dim}(U+W) = 3 + 5 - \mathrm{dim}(U+W) \in \lbrace 1,2,3 \rbrace&lt;/math&gt;}}

In total, we obtain:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \mathrm{dim}(U \cap W) \in \{1,2,3\} \, \text{und} \, \mathrm{dim}(U+W) \in \{5,6,7\}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe
 |titel=Dimension formula
 |aufgabe=
Consider the &lt;math&gt; \Q &lt;/math&gt;-vector space &lt;math&gt;V:= \Q^4 &lt;/math&gt; and the subspaces &lt;math&gt;U := \operatorname{span}( \{ (2,1,0,0)^T, (1,-1,0,0)^T \} )&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;W := \operatorname{span}( \{ (1,0,1,0)^T, (0,1,0,1)^T \} )&lt;/math&gt;. Show that &lt;math&gt; V=U \oplus W&lt;/math&gt; holds.

|lösung=
We first show &lt;math&gt; U \cap W = \{ 0 \}&lt;/math&gt;. Let for this be &lt;math&gt;v \in U \cap W&lt;/math&gt;. Then there exist &lt;math&gt; \alpha, \beta, \lambda, \mu \in \Q&lt;/math&gt; with 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; v= \begin{pmatrix} 2\alpha + \beta \\ \alpha - \beta \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} \lambda \\ \mu \\ \lambda \\ \mu \end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;}}

It follows that &lt;math&gt; \lambda= \mu =0 &lt;/math&gt; and hence &lt;math&gt; v=0 &lt;/math&gt;. So we have that &lt;math&gt; U \cap W = \{ 0 \}&lt;/math&gt;. 

From the dimension formula we now obtain

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \mathrm{dim}(U+W)=\mathrm{dim}(U)+\mathrm{dim}(W)-\mathrm{dim}(U \cap W) = 2+2-0=4=\mathrm{dim}(V).&lt;/math&gt;}}

Using the theorem above about properties of the dimension, it follows that &lt;math&gt;V=U+W&lt;/math&gt;. Together we get &lt;math&gt;V=U \oplus W&lt;/math&gt;.
}}
 

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== Extensive quantities ==
&quot;Measuring&quot; in the sense of measure theory means ''quantify'': What is asked is not &quot;what value has ...?&quot;, &quot;how fast/hot/bright is ...?&quot;, but &quot;how much of ...?&quot;, &quot;how big/heavy/numerous is ...?&quot;. So we are interested in quantities that change with the size of the underlying system: doubling the system doubles the quantity. In physics, quantities with this property are called ''extensive quantities''. An example is mass: if we join two systems of boxes &lt;math&gt;K_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;K_2&lt;/math&gt; with mass &lt;math&gt;m_1&lt;/math&gt;and &lt;math&gt;m_2&lt;/math&gt;, the resulting system &lt;math&gt;K&lt;/math&gt; has the larger mass &lt;math&gt;m_1+m_2&lt;/math&gt;. By contrast, quantities that do not change with the size of the underlying system are also called ''intensive''. For example, temperature is an intensive quantity: pouring two liquids of one temperature together does result in the same temperature, and not the sum of the temperatures.

So whenever we ''quantify'' something in measure theory, we are measuring an extensive quantity. Other examples of such quantities are:
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Extensive quantities
 |beispiel=
* geometric volumes: the length of a distance, the area of a plane or surface, the volume of a geometrical object, ... even volumes of objects of non-integer dimension are conceivable (fractals).
* the energy contained in a physical system
* the amount of matter (how many atoms?)
* the electric charge on a field
* but also: the probability of events. If more possible results of a random experiment belong to an event, then the probability that the event occurs increases.
}}
So we can understand the measure theory as a mathematical theory of measuring extensive quantities.

== Volume-measuring functions ==
How can we grasp the measuring of such quantities mathematically? Obviously, by measuring a quantity, an assignment is described: A certain object (geometric body, event, accumulation of things) gets assigned exactly one &quot;volume&quot;. Thus, the measuring of a quantity can be described by a function. The domain of definition of this function contains the ''objects'' to be measured. These can be understood as ''subsets'' of a huge set &lt;math&gt;\Omega&lt;/math&gt;. For example, (physical) objects. such as cubes, cuboids, spheres, cones, etc. can be seen as subsets of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Geometric objects as subsets of &lt;math&gt;\R^3&lt;/math&gt;
 |beispiel=
For example, cuboids can be described by sets of the form &lt;math&gt;[a_1,b_1]\times[a_2,b_2]\times[a_3,b_3]\subseteq\R^3&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;a_i,b_i \in\R&lt;/math&gt;. It is often more clever to use half-open intervals of the form &lt;math&gt;(a_i,b_i]&lt;/math&gt; instead of closed intervals: The &quot;half-open cuboids&quot; formed from these can be joined disjointly and without gaps.

A sphere with center at the origin and radius &lt;math&gt;r&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; is represented by the set &lt;math&gt;\{x\in\R^3: \|x\|\leq r\}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

Likewise, one can consider subsets of &lt;math&gt;\N&lt;/math&gt; when measuring an extensive quantity counting objects. So the domain of definition will be a ''set system'' &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}\subseteq\mathcal{P}(\Omega)&lt;/math&gt; of subsets of a large basic set &lt;math&gt;\Omega&lt;/math&gt; (to be determined more precisely in each case) and the function will be a ''function on sets''. The function values correspond to the volumes assigned to these sets and are scalars in &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. For now, let us call such a function a ''volume-measuring function''. 

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=Volume-measuring function
 |definition=
We formalize the measurement of an extensive quantity via a function on a system &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; of subsets of a basic set &lt;math&gt;\Omega&lt;/math&gt; with values in &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. Such a function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu:\mathcal{P}(\Omega)\supseteq\mathcal{C}\rightarrow \R,&lt;/math&gt;}}

that describes the measurement of an extensive quantity, is called a ''volume-measuring function'' (on &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;).
}}

From a mathematical point of view, a volume-measuring function is nothing more than a function on sets with values in &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;. We investigate which further properties a volume-measuring function should have in order to be able to describe the measurement of an extensive quantity in a meaningful way.

== Which properties shall a volume-measuring function have? ==
=== Non-negativity ===
It makes intuitive sense to require non-negativity of volume-measuring functions. After all, how should a negative volume be interpreted? Admittedly, there are situations in which one also allows negative numbers as values of a volume-measuring function (''signed measures''). One example is the measurement of a total charge, which is composed of positive and negative parts. Sometimes the range of values is generalized even further, so that also complex numbers can appear as function values (''complex measures'') or certain linear mappings (''spectral measures''). However, all these cases arise as generalizations from the non-negative real situation, so we will restrict ourselves to the real case at the being. Moreover, ''infinity'' should also be allowed as a function value in certain cases: For instance, the geometric volume of &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt; should be infinite. So we require: a volume-measuring function maps to &lt;math&gt;[0,\infty]:=\R^+_0\cup\{\infty\}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Monotonicity ===
Volume-measuring functions are intended to formalize the measurement of extensive quantities. Extensive quantities are characterized by the fact that they increase with increasing size of the underlying system. For example, when determining the number of atoms in a sample of matter, one should count more atoms after adding a certain amount of the matter. This property should also be found in volume-measuring functions: enlarging a geometric object makes it gain more volume. Mathematically, this can be described by the term monotonicity of a function on sets:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=Monotonic functions on sets
 |definition=
A function &lt;math&gt;\mu:\mathcal{P}(\Omega)\supseteq\mathcal{C}\rightarrow\R&lt;/math&gt; is called ''monotonic'', if for all sets &lt;math&gt;A,B\in\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;A\subseteq B&lt;/math&gt; , we have that &lt;math&gt;\mu(A)\leq\mu(B)&lt;/math&gt; .
}}

We will demand a volume-measuring function to be monotonic: larger sets have larger volumes.


=== Sub-additivity ===
[[File:Set almost covering.svg|thumb|300px|The sets &lt;math&gt;A_1,\dots,A_7&lt;/math&gt; cover the rectangle &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;.]]
[[File:MengenÜberdeckung.png|thumb|300px|&lt;math&gt;B_1,B_2,B_3&lt;/math&gt; cover &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;.]]

The monotonicity of the volume-measuring function guarantees that the value for a given set &lt;math&gt;A\in\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; is always less than or equal to the value for any superset &lt;math&gt;B\in\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;. But is this also true if the superset &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a union of several sets? Intuitively, this should be the case: If a set &lt;math&gt;A\in\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; is covered by sets &lt;math&gt;A_1,A_2,\dots,A_n\in\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;, then the volume-measuring function evaluated on &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; should in no case yield a value larger than for the sum of the contents of the covering sets.

Mathematically expressed: for a volume-measuring function &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; and sets &lt;math&gt;A,A_1,\dots,A_n\in\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; it should hold that:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;A\subseteq\bigcup_{i=1}^nA_i\implies\mu(A)\leq\sum_{i=1}^n\mu(A_i).&lt;/math&gt;}}

In particular, this property should be satisfied if the union of the covering sets &lt;math&gt;A_1,\dots, A_n&lt;/math&gt; itself is no longer in the domain of definition &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;. But this property is not yet expressed by the monotonicity!

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=
 |beispiel=
 Consider the base set &lt;math&gt;\Omega=\{1,2,3,4\}&lt;/math&gt; and the set system &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}=\{ \{1,2\},\{2,3,4\},\{1,2,3\} \}\subseteq\mathcal{P}(\Omega)&lt;/math&gt;. Let the function &lt;math&gt;\mu:\mathcal{C}\rightarrow[0,\infty]&lt;/math&gt; be defined by &lt;math&gt;\mu(\{1,2\})=\mu(\{2,3,4\})=1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\mu(\{1,2,3\})=3&lt;/math&gt;. Obviously, &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; is monotonic. However, monotonicity no longer holds for finite covers! We have &lt;math&gt;\{1,2,3\}\subseteq(\{1,2\}\cup\{2,3,4\})&lt;/math&gt;, but &lt;math&gt;\mu(\{1,2,3\})=3&gt;1+1=\mu(\{1,2\})+\mu(\{2,3,4\}).&lt;/math&gt;
}}

Thus, the property of functions on sets that monotonicity is preserved even in the case of finite covers has to be required ''additionally''. We call it sub-additivity:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=(finite) sub-additive function on sets
 |definition=
A function &lt;math&gt;\mu:\mathcal{P}(\Omega)\supseteq\mathcal{C}\rightarrow\R&lt;/math&gt; is called ''(finitely) subadditive'' if for all &lt;math&gt;n\in\N&lt;/math&gt; and arbitrary sets &lt;math&gt;A,A_1,\dots,A_n\in\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; it holds that:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;A\subseteq\bigcup_{i=1}^nA_i\implies\mu(A)\leq\sum_{i=1}^n\mu(A_i).&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

If the covering of the set &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; consists of only one set &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;, this property corresponds exactly to monotonicity. So we can take sub-additivity as a generalization of monotonicity and replace the requirement of monotonicity of volume-measuring functions by this generalized version: ''measuring functions must be sub-additive''.

=== Additivity ===
The properties of monotonicity or more generally of sub-additivity required so far make only an &quot;approximate&quot; statement: the function values of a sub-additive function on sets may be above the &quot;real&quot; value. As an example:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Sub-additivity for outer approximations
 |beispiel=
Let &lt;math&gt;\Omega=\{1,2\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}=\{\{1\},\{2\},\{1,2\}\}\subseteq\mathcal{P}(\Omega)&lt;/math&gt;. The function &lt;math&gt;\mu:\mathcal{C}\rightarrow[0,\infty]&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\mu(\{1\})=\mu(\{2\})=1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\mu(\{1,2\})=42&lt;/math&gt;  is obviously sub-additive. However, the function value of the quantity &lt;math&gt;\{1,2\}&lt;/math&gt; is only an upper bound for the exact value: To be expected would be &lt;math&gt;\mu(\{1,2\})=\mu(\{1\})+\mu(\{2\})=2&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

[[File:Set covering.svg|thumb|300px|Disjoint union with &lt;math&gt;n=7&lt;/math&gt;]]

Obviously, for a volume-measuring function to be &quot;exact&quot;, this property must be additionally required: If a set &lt;math&gt;A\in\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; is exactly covered by finitely many, ''pairwise disjoint'' sets &lt;math&gt;A_1,\dots,A_n&lt;/math&gt;, then the function value of the volume-measuring function evaluated at &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; is said to be equal to the sum of the function values for the individual &lt;math&gt;A_i&lt;/math&gt;.

It is hence important whether the sets within a union are pairwise disjoint. To make explicit the pairwise disjointness within a union, we introduce a new notation:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=Disjoint union
 |definition=
A union of sets &lt;math&gt;A_1,A_2, \dots&lt;/math&gt; is called ''disjoint'' if the &lt;math&gt;A_i&lt;/math&gt; are pairwise disjoint, and we write

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;A_1\uplus A_2 \quad\text{or}\quad\biguplus_{i=1}^n A_i&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}

The above formulated condition of &quot;exactness&quot; of a function on sets is called (finite) additivity: for an exact covering of a set, decomposition and reassembly does not change its volume:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=(finite) additive function on sets
 |definition=
A function &lt;math&gt;\mu:\mathcal{P}(\Omega)\supseteq\mathcal{C}\rightarrow\R&lt;/math&gt; is called ''(finitely) additive'' if for all &lt;math&gt;n\in\N&lt;/math&gt; and all pairwise disjoint sets &lt;math&gt;A_1,\dots,A_n\in\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\biguplus_{i=1}^n A_i \in\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; it holds that:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu\left(\biguplus_{i=1}^n A_i\right)=\sum_{i=1}^n\mu(A_i)&lt;/math&gt;.}}
}}

We fix this desirable property of a volume-measuring function to be exact by demanding: ''volume-measuring functions must be additive''.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Warnung|In the definition of additivity, we imposed the restrictive condition that the union of &lt;math&gt;A_i&lt;/math&gt; also lies in the set system &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;, so that the left-hand side of the equation makes sense. This was not necessary the case for sub-additivity, because it was only a matter of covering (and not decomposing) a set.}}

It is important to note that due to this limiting condition, the additivity is even more dependent on the domain of definition &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; (i.e., a set system), than the sub-additivity. In particular, the additivity of a function on sets does ''not'' in general follow from its sub-additivity or monotonicity. A counter-example is a function on sets, whose domain of definition &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; does not contain disjoint sets:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=An additive, but non-monotone function on sets
 |beispiel=
Let &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}=\{\{1\},\{1,2\}\}&lt;/math&gt; be a set system and &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; a function on sets with &lt;math&gt;\mu(\{1\})=42&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\mu(\{1,2\})=1&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; is additive, but not sub-additive, not even monotonic.
}}

However, we will see later that additivity implies sub-additivity if the domain of definition &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; has &quot;a sufficiently good structure&quot;.

Last, the additivity of volume-measuring functions makes it desirable that &lt;math&gt;\mu(\emptyset)=0&lt;/math&gt; holds: Because of additivity, &lt;math&gt;\mu(\emptyset)=\mu(\emptyset\uplus\emptyset)=\mu(\emptyset)+\mu(\emptyset)&lt;/math&gt; must hold, and this condition is only satisfiable for &lt;math&gt;\mu(\emptyset)=0&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;\mu(\emptyset)=\infty&lt;/math&gt;. If now &lt;math&gt;\mu(\emptyset)=\infty&lt;/math&gt;, then due to monotonicity &lt;math&gt;\mu(A)=\infty&lt;/math&gt; would have to hold for all sets &lt;math&gt;A\in\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;. To exclude this pathological case, one additionally demands: ''For volume-measuring functions, &lt;math&gt;\mu(\emptyset)=0&lt;/math&gt; must hold''.

=== Conclusion ===
Let us recap the properties that a volume-measuring function should have in order to meaningfully describe the measurement of an extensive quantity:
* Such a function should map to &lt;math&gt;[0,\infty]&lt;/math&gt;. In most cases, this makes sense. But we can still generalize to further extended ranges of values.
* It should be sub-additive. We derived sub-additivity as an improved form of monotonicity that is preserved even in the presence of finite covers. In particular, any sub-additive function on sets is also monotonic. The monotonicity itself reflects the characteristic property of extensive quantities to grow with increasing size of the system under consideration.
* It should be additive. Additivity corresponds to the property of a volume-measuring function to be &quot;exact&quot; and to be compatible with decomposing measured objects into finitely many parts and reassembling them.
* It should assign the value zero to the empty set. This makes intuitive sense and also serves to exclude the case that the volume-measuring function is constantly infinite.

== Rings: the domain of definition ==
In the considerations about additivity a difficulty has already appeared: Whether a set function is additive also depends on its domain of definition. The more sets are contained in the definition range, the more set combinations we have to check for additivity, so it gets more difficult. After all, how large can a system &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; containing subsets of &lt;math&gt;\Omega&lt;/math&gt; be made(as the domain of definition of a volume-measuring function) without destroying its additivity? Indeed, the answer is not generally &quot;the power set &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{P}(\Omega)&lt;/math&gt;&quot; (which would be the largest possible set system). We have to stop before! An example where this happens is the elementary geometric volume on the &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt;:

=== The volume problem ===
The goal is to define an additive set function that describes the elementary geometric volume in &lt;math&gt;\R^p&lt;/math&gt;. The problem of defining this function on all of &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{P}(\R^p)&lt;/math&gt; is also called the ''volume problem''. And it will turn out to be unsolvable!

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=The volume problem
 |definition=
We are looking for a &quot;content function&quot; &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{P}(\R^n)&lt;/math&gt; defined on the power set &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt; &lt;math&gt;\mu:\mathcal{P}(\R^n)\rightarrow[0,\infty]&lt;/math&gt; with the following properties:
* finite additivity
* motion invariance: for any ''motion'' &lt;math&gt;\beta:\R^n\rightarrow\R^n&lt;/math&gt; and for all &lt;math&gt;A\subseteq\R^n&lt;/math&gt; it holds that &lt;math&gt;\mu(\beta(A))=\mu(A)&lt;/math&gt;. (A motion is an affine-linear transformation of the form &lt;math&gt;\beta(x)=Ox+b&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;b\in\R^n&lt;/math&gt; and orthogonal linear component &lt;math&gt;O&lt;/math&gt;, i.e., a rotation, reflection, or translation in space.)
* Normalizedness: &lt;math&gt;\mu([0,1]^n)=1&lt;/math&gt;
}}

However, Hausdorff, Banach and Tarski were able to prove that such a measure cannot be found:
* The volume problem is unsolvable for the &lt;math&gt;\R^p&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math&gt;p\geq3&lt;/math&gt;. (Hausdorff, 1914)
* The volume problem is solvable for the &lt;math&gt;\R^1&lt;/math&gt; and the &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt;, but it is not uniquely solvable. (Banach, 1923)

The first case looks somewhat paradox: we would expect such a volume naturally to exist (why should subsets of the &lt;math&gt;\R^p&lt;/math&gt; for&lt;math&gt;p\geq3&lt;/math&gt;  do not have a volume?) However, this is not the case! Building on Hausdorff's result, Banach and Tarski showed the following theorem, which is also known as reflecting the &quot;Banach-Tarski paradox&quot;:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Satz
 |titel=Theorem of Banach and Tarski (1924)
 |satz=
Let &lt;math&gt;p\geq3&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;A,B\subseteq\R^p&lt;/math&gt; be bounded sets with nonempty interior. Then there are sets &lt;math&gt;C_1,\dots,C_n\subseteq\R^p&lt;/math&gt; and motions &lt;math&gt;\beta_1,\dots,\beta_n&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; is the disjoint union of sets &lt;math&gt;C_1, \dots , C_n&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is the disjoint union of the sets &lt;math&gt;\beta_1(C_1),\dots,\beta_n(C_n)&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

This theorem makes vividly clear that the volume problem on the &lt;math&gt;\R^p&lt;/math&gt; cannot be solvable for &lt;math&gt;p\geq3&lt;/math&gt;. The implications would be absurd: it follows from the theorem that a sphere (think of a pea or an orange) can be suitably divided into finitely many parts and assembled into a sphere the size of the sun. (Of course, this does not work in real life, simply because physical bodies are not continuous sets of points, but are composed of atoms. The quantities of such a decomposition are extremely complex and can best be illustrated as &quot;point clouds&quot;, which in general cannot be stated explicitly).


{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Warnung|
Although the volume problem is intractable for &lt;math&gt;p\geq3&lt;/math&gt;, not all volume-measuring functions make problems if we want to define it on the whole power set. It depends on the desired properties of the measurement function and on the basic set under consideration whether this is possible. For the volume problem, we only chose too strong requirements: it is the invariance of motion that causes difficulties for &lt;math&gt;p\geq3&lt;/math&gt;. However, for &quot;simpler&quot; measurement functions, it may well be possible to define them on the whole power set. An example is the measurement function over a set &lt;math&gt;\Omega&lt;/math&gt; which is constant zero. Also, reducing the base set &lt;math&gt;\Omega&lt;/math&gt; may make our life easier.
}}

=== Rings of sets ===
So, in general, we cannot hope to define an additive set function on the whole power set. This makes it necessary to think more carefully about the set system &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;, which is to serve as the domain of definition of volume-measuring functions. Mathematicians spent some considerable time on defining classes of such set systems and therefore, the literature on measure theory provides a whole zoo of such set systems: Semi-rings, rings, &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt;-rings (pronounced &quot;sigma-rings&quot;), algebras, &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt;-algebras, Dynkin systems, monotone classes, ... You may find an overview [[Math for Non-Geeks: Overview: Objects in Measure Theory|in this article]]

Intuitively, the domain &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; of an additive (and subadditive) volume-measuring function should be stable under the following set operations: the disjoint union of finitely many sets &quot;&lt;math&gt;\cup&lt;/math&gt;&quot; and its counterpart, forming differences of sets &quot;&lt;math&gt;\setminus&lt;/math&gt;&quot;. 
Moreover, if one has the difference operation available, one can make arbitrary unions &quot;artificially&quot; disjoint: if &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; are (not necessarily disjoint) sets, then &lt;math&gt;A\cup B = A \uplus (B\setminus A)&lt;/math&gt;, where the two united sets on the right-hand side of the equation are again in &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;. So one can forget about disjointness and speak of arbitrary finite unions. Finally, to exclude trivial cases, we require &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}\neq\emptyset&lt;/math&gt; and can now define:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=Ring of sets
 |definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;\Omega&lt;/math&gt; be a set. A set system &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}\subseteq\mathcal{P}(\Omega)&lt;/math&gt; is called ''ring of sets'' (or ''ring'' for short) if:
# &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}\neq\emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;A,B\in\mathcal{R}\implies A\cup B\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math&gt;A,B\in\mathcal{R}\implies A\setminus B\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Hinweis|
* For every ring &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math&gt;\emptyset\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;: By condition 1 there is at least one element &lt;math&gt;A\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;, and by 3 it also holds that &lt;math&gt;\emptyset=(A\setminus A)\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;.
* In point 2, we can use induction to extend the stability of the set system from 2 to any finite number of sets.
}}

=== Examples for rings of sets ===
Over a base set &lt;math&gt;\Omega&lt;/math&gt; there are always the two rings &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}=\{\emptyset\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}=\{\emptyset, \Omega\}&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Countable subsets
 |beispiel=
The system &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}=\{A\subseteq\R\mid A\text{ countable}\}&lt;/math&gt; of countable subsets of &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; is a ring:
# Since the empty set is countable, &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; is nonempty.
# If &lt;math&gt;A,B\subseteq\R&lt;/math&gt; are two countable sets, then their union is also countable, so &lt;math&gt;A\cup B\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; holds.
# If &lt;math&gt;A,B\subseteq\R&lt;/math&gt; are countable, then because &lt;math&gt;A\setminus B\subseteq A&lt;/math&gt; their difference is also countable and &lt;math&gt;A\setminus B\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; holds.
}}

This is already an example containing a lot of sets. Especially, for finite &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;, the ring &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; can be chosen to be all the power set &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{C})&lt;/math&gt;. For base sets with infinitely many points, such as &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C} = \N&lt;/math&gt;, one can also easily construct rings:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Finite subsets
 |beispiel=
The set system &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}=\{A\subseteq\N\mid A\text{ finite}\}&lt;/math&gt; of finite subsets of &lt;math&gt;\N&lt;/math&gt; is a ring:
# The empty set is finite, so &lt;math&gt;\emptyset\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; is nonempty.
# If &lt;math&gt;A,B\subseteq\N&lt;/math&gt; are finite, then so is their union, i.e., &lt;math&gt;A\cup B\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;.
# If &lt;math&gt;A,B\subseteq\N&lt;/math&gt; are finite, then because of &lt;math&gt;A\setminus B\subseteq A&lt;/math&gt; so is their difference, i..e, &lt;math&gt;A\setminus B\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

Another important example of a ring in case &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C} = \R^n&lt;/math&gt; is the following:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Ring of cuboids
 |beispiel=
[[File:Ringe.svg|thumb|300px|Some cuboids in &lt;math&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; (in 2D, cuboids are just rectangles)]]
Consider the set system

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mathcal{Q}=\left\{\prod_{k=1}^nI_k\mid I_k\subseteq\R\text{ interval}\right\}\subseteq\R^n&lt;/math&gt;}}

of the axis-parallel cuboids in &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt;. (The intervals in the product may be open, half-open, or closed.) The ''ring of cuboids'' in &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt; is defined as the ring ''generated'' by &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{Q}&lt;/math&gt;, that is, the smallest ring containing &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{Q}&lt;/math&gt;. Its elements are so-called cuboids, i.e. finite unions of axis-parallel cuboids in &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt;. One can specify this ring explicitly: It is the intersection of all set rings over &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt; containing the cuboids &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{Q}&lt;/math&gt;. (Compare also the article on [[Math for Non-Geeks: Generated sigma-algebras|generated &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt;-algebras]].)
}}

== Volumes on rings ==
We have now found some properties that a volume-measuring functions should satisfy in order to meaningfully describe the measurement of an extensive quantity: non-negativity, subadditivity (especially monotonicity) and additivity. As natural domains of definition of such functions we just defined rings.

=== Additivity is sufficient on rings ===
Above, we noticed that from the additivity of a volume-measuring function, the subadditivity does ''not'' follow in general. And not even its monotonicity - at least not if nothing else is known about the domain of definition &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt;. But if the set system &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{C}&lt;/math&gt; is a ring, then the monotonicity and the subadditivity already follow from the additivity and non-negativity of the volume-measuring function. The reason is that by cut-stability of the set system, one can easily make unions &quot;artificially&quot; disjoint and thus exploit the property of additivity. When proving this statement, it is clever to first show the somewhat simpler property of monotonicity and then subadditivity.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Satz
 |titel=Additive, non-negative functions defined on rings of sets are monotone
 |satz=
Let &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; be a ring over the base set &lt;math&gt;\Omega&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;\mu:\mathcal{P}(\Omega)\supseteq\mathcal{R}\rightarrow[0,\infty]&lt;/math&gt; be an additive and nonnegative function (on sets). Then &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; is monotone.

 |beweis=
Let &lt;math&gt;A,B\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; be such that &lt;math&gt;A\subseteq B&lt;/math&gt;. The idea is to determine the &quot;more&quot; of &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; over &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;: Since &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; is a ring, &lt;math&gt;B\setminus A\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; and it due to additivity,

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu(B)=\mu((B\setminus A)\uplus A)=\mu(B\setminus A)+\mu(A)\geq\mu(A),&lt;/math&gt;}}

where in the last step we exploited the non-negativity of &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt;.

}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Satz
 |titel=Additive,non-negative functions defined on rings of sets are sub-additive
 |satz=
Using the notion of the previous theorem, &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; is subadditive.

 |beweis=
Let &lt;math&gt;A,B_1,\dots,B_n\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; be such that  &lt;math&gt;A\subseteq\bigcup_{i=1}^nB_i&lt;/math&gt;. We make the union of &lt;math&gt;B_i&lt;/math&gt; &quot;artificially&quot; disjoint:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\bigcup_{i=1}^nB_i=\biguplus_{i=1}^nB_i'\text{, where } B_i':= B_i\setminus\left(\biguplus_{k=1}^{i-1}B_k'\right)&lt;/math&gt;}}

Thus, each &lt;math&gt;B_i'&lt;/math&gt; is formed by taking out all the elements already contained in the sets &lt;math&gt;B_1,\dots,B_{i-1}&lt;/math&gt;. Note that the &lt;math&gt;B_i'&lt;/math&gt; are also in the ring &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;, as it is stable under difference and union.

Thus &lt;math&gt;B_i'\subseteq B_i&lt;/math&gt; also holds for all &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt; and it follows from additivity and the (already proven) monotonicity of &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt;:


{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu(A)\leq\mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^nB_i\right)=\mu\left(\biguplus_{i=1}^nB_i'\right)=\sum_{i=1}^n\mu(B_i')\leq\sum_{i=1}^n\mu(B_i).&lt;/math&gt;}}
}}

=== Definition ===
Thus, one can characterize the monotonicity and subadditivity of a volume-measuring function defined on a ring by its non-negativity and additivity alone. So we can now summarize all the properties that a measurement function should possess in the following definition:

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition
 |titel=Volume on a ring
 |definition=
Let &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; be a ring over the set &lt;math&gt;\Omega&lt;/math&gt;. A nonnegative function &lt;math&gt;\mu:\mathcal{R}\to[0,\infty]&lt;/math&gt; is called ''volume function'' on &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; (or ''volume'', for short) if:
# &lt;math&gt;\mu(\emptyset)=0&lt;/math&gt;,
# &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; is additive.
We call the value &lt;math&gt;\mu(A)&lt;/math&gt; of a set &lt;math&gt;A\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; the volume of &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

The condition &lt;math&gt;\mu(\emptyset)=0&lt;/math&gt; makes intuitive sense and also serves to exclude the pathological case &lt;math&gt;\mu\equiv\infty&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Hinweis|
Sometimes, volumes are defined on other set systems, for example on so-called ''semi-rings'' or ''algebras''.
}}

=== Examples ===
{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=
 |anker=counting measure
 |beispiel=
Let &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}=\{A\subseteq\N\mid A\text{ finite}\}&lt;/math&gt; be the ring of all finite subsets of &lt;math&gt;\N&lt;/math&gt; and let &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; be the function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu(A):=|A|&lt;/math&gt;}}

which counts the number of elements of a set &lt;math&gt;A\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;. Contents:
* The empty set contains no elements, so &lt;math&gt;\mu(\emptyset)=0&lt;/math&gt;.
* Let &lt;math&gt;A,B\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; be disjoint. Because of disjointness, the number of elements in the union is the sum of the number of elements in &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; and it holds that &lt;math&gt;\mu(A\uplus B)=|A\uplus B|=|A|+|B|=\mu(A)+\mu(B)&lt;/math&gt;.
One can also consider this volume on the entire power set &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{P}(\N)&lt;/math&gt;. Then one only has to consider that the additivity holds even if one or both of the disjoint sets contain infinitely many elements.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=
 |beispiel=
For any subset &lt;math&gt;A\in\mathcal{P}(\N)&lt;/math&gt;, we define

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu(A):=\begin{cases}0,\text{ if }A\text{ finite,}\\ \infty\text{ else.}\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;}}

This is a volume on &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{P}(\N)&lt;/math&gt;:
* The empty set is finite, so &lt;math&gt;\mu(\emptyset)=0&lt;/math&gt;.
* If &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; are disjoint, then &lt;math&gt;\mu(A\uplus B)=0=\mu(A)+\mu(B)&lt;/math&gt; if the sets are both finite. If either or both sets are infinite, additivity also holds: if w.l.o.g. &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; is infinite, then &lt;math&gt;\mu(A\uplus B)=\infty=\infty+\mu(B)=\mu(A)+\mu(B)&lt;/math&gt;.
}}

A particularly important example is the so-called ''elementary geometric volume'':

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Beispiel
 |titel=Geometric volume of cuboids
 |beispiel=
We already know the ring &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; of [[Math for Non-Geeks: Volumes on rings#Example:Ring of cuboids|cuboids]], whose elements are finite unions of axis-parallel cuboids in &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt;. (An axis-parallel cuboid in &lt;math&gt;\R^n&lt;/math&gt; is a product &lt;math&gt;I_1\times\dots\times I_n&lt;/math&gt; of intervals, each open, half-open, or closed.) One can show that any such cuboid can be written as a ''disjoint'' union of cuboids.

One can show that the function so defined is a volume on the ring of cuboid bodies &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;. This includes showing that &lt;math&gt;\lambda&lt;/math&gt; is well-defined, so that the value &lt;math&gt;\lambda(F)&lt;/math&gt; does not depend on the chosen decomposition of the cuboid &lt;math&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; into disjoint cuboids.
}}

=== Further properties of volumes ===
We collect properties of volumes. In the following, let &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; be a ring (in particular closed under differences and finite unions) and let &lt;math&gt;\mu\colon\mathcal{R}\to[0,\infty]&lt;/math&gt; be a volume.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Satz
 |titel=Subtractivity
 |satz=
Volumes are ''subtractive'': Let &lt;math&gt;A,B\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\mu(A)&lt;\infty&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;A\subseteq B&lt;/math&gt;. Then &lt;math&gt;\mu(B\setminus A)=\mu(B)-\mu(A)&lt;/math&gt; holds.

 |beweis=
By additivity, &lt;math&gt;\mu(B)=\mu((B\setminus A) \uplus A)=\mu(B\setminus A)+\mu(A)&lt;/math&gt; holds. Because of &lt;math&gt;\mu(A)&lt;\infty&lt;/math&gt; we can subtract &lt;math&gt;\mu(A)&lt;/math&gt; on both sides of the equation and get the result.
}}

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Warnung|One cannot do without the condition &lt;math&gt;\mu(A)&lt;\infty&lt;/math&gt;! If &lt;math&gt;\mu(A)=\infty&lt;/math&gt; holds, one gets the undefined expression &lt;math&gt;\mu(B)-\mu(A)=\infty-\infty&lt;/math&gt;. This cannot be sensibly defined. For example, if &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; is the elementary geometric volume on &lt;math&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; that assigns to each interval its length, then for &lt;math&gt;A=B=\R&lt;/math&gt; the value &quot;&lt;math&gt;\infty-\infty&lt;/math&gt;&quot; is &lt;math&gt;=\mu(B\setminus A)=0&lt;/math&gt;. But for &lt;math&gt;A=(-\infty,0]&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;B=\R&lt;/math&gt; one gets &quot;&lt;math&gt;\infty-\infty&lt;/math&gt;&quot;&lt;math&gt;=\mu(B\setminus A)=\infty&lt;/math&gt;.}}

Another property of finite volumes (i.e. &lt;math&gt;\mu(A)&lt;\infty&lt;/math&gt; for all sets &lt;math&gt;A\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;) is the so-called ''inclusion-exclusion principle''. It is important in probability theory (where &lt;math&gt;\mu(A)\le 1 &lt;\infty&lt;/math&gt;), and traces the volumes of a union of sets to a sum of volumes of intersections. Note that for a ring &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;A,B\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;, we also have &lt;math&gt;A\cap B=A\setminus(A\setminus B)\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; . Finite intersections of sets from &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt; thus lie again in &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Satz
 |titel=Inclusion-exclusion-Principle
 |satz=
Let the content &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; be finite and let &lt;math&gt;A_1,A_2,\dots,A_n\in\mathcal{R}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;n\in\N&lt;/math&gt;. Then

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i\right)=\sum_{k=1}^n (-1)^{k-1}\sum_{1\leq i_1&lt;\dots&lt;i_k\leq n}\mu(A_{i_1}\cap\dots\cap A_{i_k}).&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis=
What does this formula even mean? We first make clear what it means for small &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;:

[[File:A12 set.svg|thumb|For &lt;math&gt; n=2 &lt;/math&gt; sets]]

*For &lt;math&gt;n=1&lt;/math&gt; we have 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu(A_1) = \mu(A_1)&lt;/math&gt;.}}
OK, this is obvious.

*For &lt;math&gt;n=2&lt;/math&gt; we have 

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu(A_1 \cup A_2) = \mu(A_1) + \mu(A_2) - \mu(A_1 \cap A_2)&lt;/math&gt;.}}

So the formula tells us: if we want to calculate the volume of a union, we first add the measures (=areas) of &lt;math&gt;A_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;A_2&lt;/math&gt;. However, we have counted the overlap &lt;math&gt;A_1 \cap A_2&lt;/math&gt; &quot;twice&quot; and must subtract it again.

[[File:A123 set.svg|thumb|For &lt;math&gt; n=3 &lt;/math&gt; sets]]

*For &lt;math&gt;n=3&lt;/math&gt; we have 
 
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu(A_1 \cup A_2 \cup A_3) = \mu(A_1) + \mu(A_2) + \mu(A_3) - \mu(A_1 \cap A_2) - \mu(A_1 \cap A_3) - \mu(A_2 \cap A_3) + \mu(A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_3)&lt;/math&gt;.}}

A slightly more complicated case: We add, first all 3 measures. Here, the &quot;double overlap areas&quot; &lt;math&gt;A_1 \cap A_2 \setminus A_3&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;A_1 \cap A_3 \setminus A_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;A_2 \cap A_3 \setminus A_1&lt;/math&gt; were counted twice. The &quot;triple overlap area&quot; &lt;math&gt;\mu(A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_3)&lt;/math&gt; even three times! Subtracting the three &quot;double-overlaps&quot; &lt;math&gt;mu(A_i \cap A_k)&lt;/math&gt; removes the duplication in the &lt;math&gt;A_1 \cap A_2 \setminus A_3&lt;/math&gt;. But the measure of &lt;math&gt;A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_3&lt;/math&gt; has been subtracted three times, that is, once too many. So we have to add it back at the end.

Here an induction over &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; begins to appear: The step in &lt;math&gt;n=3&lt;/math&gt; can be generalized to higher &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;. Our induction can then simply be started with &lt;math&gt;n=1&lt;/math&gt;.

{{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Vollständige Induktion
|aussageform=
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i\right)=\sum_{k=1}^n (-1)^{k-1}\sum_{1\leq i_1&lt;\dots&lt;i_k\leq n}\mu(A_{i_1}\cap\dots\cap A_{i_k}).&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |induktionsanfang=
For &lt;math&gt;n=1&lt;/math&gt; we obviously have &lt;math&gt;\mu(A_1) = \mu(A_1)&lt;/math&gt;.

 |induktionsvoraussetzung=
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^{n-1} A_i\right) = \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} (-1)^{k-1}\sum_{1\leq i_1&lt;\dots&lt;i_k\leq n-1}\mu(A_{i_1}\cap\dots\cap A_{i_k}).&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |induktionsbehauptung=
{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i\right) = \sum_{k=1}^n (-1)^{k-1}\sum_{1\leq i_1&lt;\dots&lt;i_k\leq n}\mu(A_{i_1}\cap\dots\cap A_{i_k}).&lt;/math&gt;}}

 |beweis_induktionsschritt=
In the step &lt;math&gt;n-1 \to n&lt;/math&gt;, the measure &lt;math&gt;\mu(A_n)&lt;/math&gt; must be added to the union on the left-hand side - but minus the sets that are already included. So we have

[[File:A123n.svg|thumb|Graphical depiction of the induction step]]

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i\right) = \mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^{n-1} A_i\right) + \mu(A_n) - \mu\left( A_n \cap \bigcup_{i=1}^{n-1} A_i \right).&lt;/math&gt;}}

To the first term on the right &lt;math&gt;\mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^{n-1} A_i\right)&lt;/math&gt; (corresponding to the 3 circles in the figure) we can apply the induction assumption, because the union goes only up to &lt;math&gt;n-1&lt;/math&gt;:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^{n-1} A_i\right) = \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} (-1)^{k-1}\sum_{1\leq i_1&lt;\dots&lt;i_k\leq n-1}\mu(A_{i_1}\cap\dots\cap A_{i_k}).&lt;/math&gt;}}

In the third term on the right (corresponding to the red area in the figure), it makes no difference whether we intersect &lt;math&gt;A_n&lt;/math&gt; with the whole union, or first intersect all sets individually and then take the union. In both cases, everything outside &lt;math&gt;A_n&lt;/math&gt; is &quot;cut away&quot; from the union:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt; \mu\left( A_n \cap \bigcup_{i=1}^{n-1} A_i \right) =  \mu\left( \bigcup_{i=1}^{n-1} (A_n \cap  A_i) \right) = \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} (-1)^{k-1}\sum_{1\leq i_1&lt;\dots&lt;i_k\leq n-1}\mu(A_{i_1}\cap\dots\cap A_{i_k} \cap A_n).&lt;/math&gt;}}

Substituting the first and third terms on the right yields:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i\right) = \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} (-1)^{k-1}\sum_{1\leq i_1&lt;\dots&lt;i_k\leq n-1}\mu(A_{i_1}\cap\dots\cap A_{i_k}) + \mu(A_n) - \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} (-1)^{k-1}\sum_{1\leq i_1&lt;\dots&lt;i_k\leq n-1}\mu(A_{i_1}\cap\dots\cap A_{i_k} \cap A_n).&lt;/math&gt;}}

What does the complicated expression on the right-hand side mean? And does it actually correspond to the induction assertion? The right-hand side consists of 3 sums, whose summands already have the desired form from the induction assertion (including the correct signs).
* The first term now contains all summands in which &lt;math&gt;A_n&lt;/math&gt; does not occur.
* The second term &lt;math&gt;A_n&lt;/math&gt; contains all summands in which &lt;math&gt;A_n&lt;/math&gt; but no other &lt;math&gt;A_i&lt;/math&gt; occurs.
* The third term contains all summands in which &lt;math&gt;A_n&lt;/math&gt; and at least one other &lt;math&gt;A_i&lt;/math&gt; occurs.

So, in total, we have covered each summand from the induction assertion exactly once. This is because each summand contains either &lt;math&gt;A_n&lt;/math&gt; or not and either one of the terms &lt;math&gt;A_1,...,A_{n-1}&lt;/math&gt; or not. So

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;\mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i\right) = \sum_{k=1}^n (-1)^{k-1}\sum_{1\leq i_1&lt;\dots&lt;i_k\leq n}\mu(A_{i_1}\cap\dots\cap A_{i_k}).&lt;/math&gt;}}

which establishes the induction assertion.
}}

}}


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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Nd5</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* 4. Nd5!? · Naroditsky variation */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2192" sha1="jj4d70oi9d690mgys5aivqhy1hvfkrh" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Naroditsky variation
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C47]]
|parent=[[../|Four knights game]]}}
== 4. Nd5!? · Naroditsky variation ==

This is a tactical sideline. White undefends their e4 pawn. 

If Black accepts the gambit, [[/4...Nxe4|'''4...Nxe4''']], the line 5. d4 exd4 6. Bd3 has transposed into a line in the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4/5. Nd5|Belgrade gambit]]. 

This is a cunning move-order trick: through transposition, White has reached the same position as in the Belgrade gambit (after 4. d4 exd4 5. Nd5) where Black has played 5...Nxe4!? instead of the more critical 5...Nb4! or the main line 5...Be7, a quiet move that avoids complications. 

In this line, White gives up two pawns but gets compensation in the form of activity and sets some traps for the unwary. 

There are several reasonable ways to decline the gambit, including [[/4...Be7|'''4...Be7''']]. White can then defend their pawn, either with 5. d3, accepting their king's bishop will be passive, or with the extraordinary-looking manoeuvre 5. Bd3!: White can then play c3, Bc2, and perhaps still play d4.  

=== History ===

4. Nd5 was a blitz favourite of [[w:Daniel Naroditsky|Daniel Naroditsky]]. Following Naroditsky's death, [[w:Hikaru Nakamura|Hikaru Nakamura]] played it in memoriam against [[w:Magnus Carlsen|Magnus Carlsen]] in the &quot;Clutch Chess: Champions Showdown&quot; invitational and called for the line to be known as the &quot;Naroditsky variation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=2992674 Nakamura v Carlsen, 2025. Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_3j36MEyaA &quot;FIREWORKS VS GUKESH &amp; FABI!!&quot;] (Youtube, game analysis by Hikaru Nakamura)&lt;/ref&gt; Under this title it was added to the [[w:Chess.com|Chess.com]] and [[w:Lichess|Lichess]] opening books by November 2025 and February 2026 respectively.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chess.com/openings/Four-Knights-Game-Naroditsky-Variation Four Knights Game: Naroditsky Variation, Chess.com]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://lichess.org/changelog Changelog.] Lichess.org.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Theory table ==
{{ChessTable}}

{{ChessMid}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
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      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
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      <comment>/* Former factories */</comment>
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      <text bytes="133831" sha1="kke4t1ecaa8xmsmax2it8jum0ghcgl4" xml:space="preserve">{{user sandbox}}
{{tmbox|type=notice|text=This is a sandbox page, a place for experimenting with Wikibooks.}}

This is a history of Chrysler factories that are being or have been used to produce cars, vans, SUVs, trucks, and automobile components. 

For '''Chrysler brand''' only: Plant code in 1955-1957 was not indicated if it was made in the home plant in Michigan but if it was made in a different plant, then it was indicated by a letter in the 4th position of the serial number.

For '''cars''': Plant code in 1958 was not indicated if it was made in the home plant in Michigan but if it was made in a different plant, then it was indicated by a letter in the 4th position of the serial number. Plant code was the number in the 4th position of the 10-digit serial number for 1959-1965. Plant code was the number in the 7th position of the 13-digit serial number for 1966-1967. Plant code was the letter in the 7th position of the 13-digit serial number for 1968-1980.

Canadian-built cars had the plant code as the number in the 5th position of the 11-digit serial number for 1965.

For '''trucks''': The first digit of the 7-digit sequence number (4th position overall of the 10-digit serial number) indicated which plant built the truck for 1967-1968. Plant code was the number in the 4th position of the 10-digit serial number for 1969. Plant code was the letter in the 7th position of the 13-digit serial number for 1970-1980.

Canadian-built models used a different system for VINs until 1968, when Chrysler of Canada adopted the same system as the US. Plant code for trucks was the number in the 5th position of the 10-digit serial number for 1961-1967.

All models from 1981 on have the plant code in the 11th position as per standardized VIN regulations.

For '''AMC passenger cars from 1966-1967''': Plant code is indicated by the letter in the 3rd position of the 13-digit vehicle number. If the 3rd letter is a K, then it was made in Kenosha, WI. If the 3rd letter is a B, then it was made in Brampton, ON, Canada. [Note: Some early 1966 models used the 1965-style serial numbers.]

For '''AMC passenger cars from 1968 through 1980''': Plant code is indicated by the 8th digit (the first of the sequential serial number) of the 13-digit vehicle number. 1-6 is Kenosha, WI and 7-9 is Brampton, ON, Canada.

For '''Canadian-built Jeeps built by AMC Canada for 1979-1980''': Plant code is indicated by the 8th digit (the first of the sequential serial number) of the 13-digit vehicle number. It was made in Canada if it's either an 8 (1979) or a 7 (1980). All other Jeeps from 1980 and earlier were made in Toledo. 

All models from 1981 on have the plant code in the 11th position as per standardized VIN regulations.

==Current factories== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Current Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| D (1968-),&lt;br&gt; 4 (1966-1967)
| [[w:Belvidere Assembly|Belvidere Assembly]] 
| [[w:Belvidere, Illinois|Belvidere, Illinois]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1965
| Feb. 2023
| 
| Located at 3000 West Chrysler Drive. '''Belvidere Satellite Stamping Plant''' adjoins the main assembly plant. Began production on July 7, 1965. The first vehicle produced was a 1966 Plymouth Fury four-door. In 1972, the Chrysler Town and Country station wagon was added to the Belvidere plant. In 1977, the plant was converted to build front-wheel drive subcompacts. Production of the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon began on December 5, 1977. All L-body derivatives were made at Belvidere through 1987. In 1987, Belvidere was converted to build Chrysler's midsize, fwd C-body sedans. Belvidere then switched back to building small cars and began production of the Neon on November 10, 1993. Belvidere built the last Plymouth, a silver 2001 Neon LX on June 28, 2001. Neon production ended in September 2005. Dodge Caliber began production in January 2006, followed by Jeep Compass in June 2006 and Jeep Patriot in December 2006. Caliber ended production on December 19, 2011. Dodge Dart began production on April 30, 2012, and ended on October 4, 2016. Compass and Patriot production ended on December 23, 2016. Jeep Cherokee production began on June 1, 2017 and ended on February 28, 2023. Belvidere was then idled. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1966-1974), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1975–1977|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1975-1977), [[w:Dodge Monaco|Dodge Monaco]] (1966-1976), [[w:Dodge Royal Monaco#1977 (Royal Monaco)|Dodge Royal Monaco]] (1977), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1966-1973), [[w:Chrysler Newport|Chrysler Newport]] (1977), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1973-1977), [[w:Dodge Omni|Dodge Omni]] (1978-1987), [[w:Plymouth Horizon|Plymouth Horizon]] (1978-1987), [[w:Dodge Omni 024|Dodge Omni 024]] (1979-1980), [[w:Plymouth Horizon TC3|Plymouth Horizon TC3]] (1979-1980), [[w:Dodge Omni 024|Dodge 024]] (1981-1982), [[w:Plymouth Horizon TC3|Plymouth TC3]] (1981-1982), [[w:Dodge Charger (1981)|Dodge Charger]] (1983-1987), [[w:Plymouth Turismo|Plymouth Turismo]] (1983-1987), [[w:Dodge Rampage|Dodge Rampage]] (1982-1984),  [[w:Plymouth Scamp|Plymouth Scamp]] (1983), [[w:Dodge Dynasty|Dodge Dynasty]] (1988-1993), [[w:Chrysler Dynasty|Chrysler Dynasty]] (Canada: 1988-1993), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1988–1993|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1988-1993), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue#1990–1993: New Yorker Fifth Avenue|Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue]] (1990-1993), [[w:Chrysler Imperial#1990–1993|Chrysler Imperial]] (1990-1993), [[w:Dodge Neon|Dodge Neon]] (1995-2005), [[w:Plymouth Neon|Plymouth Neon]] (1995-2001), Chrysler Neon (Canada: 2000-02),&lt;br&gt; Dodge SX 2.0 (Canada: 2003-05),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Caliber|Dodge Caliber]] (2007-2012), [[w:Jeep Compass#First generation (MK49; 2006)|Jeep Compass]] (2007-2017), [[w:Jeep Patriot|Jeep Patriot]] (2007-2017), [[w:Dodge Dart (PF)|Dodge Dart]] (2013-2016), [[w:Jeep Cherokee (KL)|Jeep Cherokee]] (2017-2023)
|-
| H (1989-),&lt;br&gt; A (1988)
| [[w:Brampton Assembly|Brampton Assembly]] (Formerly Bramalea Assembly)
| [[w:Brampton|Brampton]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1987
| Dec. 2023
| 
| Located at 2000 Williams Parkway East. Factory was built by AMC and Renault. The plant was acquired by Chrysler as part of its takeover of AMC. Began production on September 28, 1987. Plant was originally known as Bramalea Assembly. Plant was renamed Brampton Assembly in 1992 after Chrysler closed and sold the old AMC plant on Kennedy Road in Brampton. The attached '''Brampton Satellite Stamping Plant''' was added in December 1991 and was built for the launch of the Chrysler LH platform. On December 17, 1991, Eagle Premier and Dodge Monaco production ended. Production of the Chrysler LH platform cars began in June 1992. Production switched to the rear-wheel drive Chrysler LX platform cars in January 2004. The Chrysler 300 was also built for export to mainland Europe as the Lancia Thema from 2011-2014. Production ended on December 22, 2023 and the plant was idled. Last vehicle off the line was a Pitch-Black 2023 Dodge Challenger Demon 170. 7,147,888 vehicles were produced through 2023.&lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Eagle Premier|Eagle Premier]] (1988-1992), [[w:Dodge Monaco#Fifth generation (1990–1992)|Dodge Monaco]] (1990-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Intrepid|Dodge Intrepid]] (1993-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Intrepid|Chrysler Intrepid]] (Canada: 1993-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Concorde|Chrysler Concorde]] (1993-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Vision|Eagle Vision]] (1993-1997),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1994–1996|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1994-1996),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LHS|Chrysler LHS]] (1994-1997, 1999-2001),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 300M|Chrysler 300M]] (1999-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 300|Chrysler 300]] (2005-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Magnum#Chrysler LX platform (2005–2008)|Dodge Magnum]] (2005-2008),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Charger (2006)|Dodge Charger]] (2006-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Challenger (2008)|Dodge Challenger]] (2008-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Lancia Thema#Second generation (2011–2014)|Lancia Thema]] (For export: 2011-2014)
|-
| C
| [[w:Jefferson North Assembly|Detroit Assembly Complex – Jefferson]] / Jefferson North Assembly Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1992
| 
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee|Jeep Grand Cherokee]] (1993-), [[w:Dodge Durango#WD|Dodge Durango]] (2011-)
| Located at 2101 Conner Street. Jefferson North replaced the previous Jefferson Assembly plant that closed in 1990 and was demolished in 1991. Jefferson North is across the street from the old Jefferson Assembly plant, on the north side of Jefferson Ave. Jefferson North was built on the site of Chrysler's old Kercheval Avenue Body Plant, which, in 1955, had been connected to the old Jefferson Assembly plant by a bridge crossing over Jefferson Ave. The Jefferson North plant site also absorbed what had been the axle plant and service parts buildings of the old [[w:Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson]] plant, which were located at Connor St. and Vernor Hwy. The main Hudson plant is now the parking lot on the corner of Jefferson Ave. and Connor St. After 2017, the Jefferson North plant complex also absorbed the site of the former Budd Co. body- &amp; parts-making plant at Connor St. and Charlevoix Avenue, which had previously belonged to the Liberty Motor Car Co. The Budd plant extended north on Connor from Charlevoix most of the way to Mack Ave. Since the nearby Mack Ave. Assembly Plant began operations in 2021, the 2 plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex. Jefferson North began production on January 14, 1992 with the original Grand Cherokee (ZJ). The 2nd gen. Grand Cherokee began production on July 17, 1998. The 3rd gen. Grand Cherokee began production on July 26, 2004 followed by the Jeep Commander on July 18, 2005. The 4th gen. Grand Cherokee began production on May 10, 2010 followed by the Dodge Durango on December 14, 2010. The 5th gen. Grand Cherokee began production in May 2022. The 4xe plug-in hybrid version of the Grand Cherokee began production at Jefferson North in March 2023. On Aug. 13, 2013, Jefferson North built its 5 millionth vehicle, a silver 2014 Grand Cherokee Overland. On May 25, 2016, Jefferson North built its 6 millionth vehicle, a Granite Crystal (silvery gray) 2016 Grand Cherokee 75th anniversary Edition.&lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Commander (XK)|Jeep Commander]] (2006-2010),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)#Grand Cherokee WK (2022)|Jeep Grand Cherokee WK]] (2022)&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee 4xe]] (2023-2025)
|-
| 8
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack]] / Mack Ave. Assembly Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2021
| 
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee L]] (2021-), [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee]] (2022-)
| Located at 4000 St. Jean Avenue. The Mack Avenue Assembly Plant is built on the site of the former Mack Ave. Engine Plants I &amp; II, the New Mack Assembly Plant, &amp; the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The two plants that comprised the former Mack Avenue Engine Complex were converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021. Production began in March 2021 with the 3-row Grand Cherokee L. The 2-row Grand Cherokee followed in the fall of 2021. The 4xe plug-in hybrid version of the Grand Cherokee began production at Mack Ave. in August 2022. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee 4xe]] (2022-2025)
|-
|
| [[w:Dundee Engine Plant|Dundee Engine Plant]] (Formerly [[W:Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance|GEMA]]) 
| [[w:Dundee, Michigan|Dundee, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2005
| 
| [[w:Prince engine#1.6-litre turbocharged (PSA)|1.6L turbo PSA/BMW Prince EP6CDTX Hybrid I4]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:FCA Global Medium Engine|2.0L turbo Hurricane4 EVO I4 (GME-T4 EVO)]],&lt;br&gt; Engine components
| Located at 5800 North Ann Arbor Road. Plant was originally part of the the Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance, a 3-way engine manufacturing joint venture between DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, and Hyundai. The North Plant launched in October 2005, followed by the South Plant in November 2006. The plant began with production of the I4 World Gasoline Engine, which was developed by the Global Engine Alliance, a 3-way engine development joint venture between DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, and Hyundai. Originally, the plant was envisioned as supplying engines to Mitsubishi and Hyundai as well as Chrysler however the plant only ever supplied engines to Chrysler. Mitsubishi and Hyundai each set up engine production at their own engine plants. On August 31, 2009, Chrysler bought Mitsubishi’s and Hyundai’s stakes in the group and now wholly owns both the Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance and its primary engine-building plant in Dundee, Michigan. In January 2012, the plant was renamed Dundee Engine Plant. Production of the Fiat 1.4-liter FIRE I4 engine began in November 2010. The Tigershark engine, an evolution of the World engine, began production in 2012 for the 2.0L and in May 2013 for the 2.4L. Tigershark engine production ended on March 16, 2023. In November 2019, the Pentastar V6 began production at Dundee, moving from the Mack Ave. Engine Plant in Detroit, which was to be converted into a vehicle assembly plant. The Pentastar V6 ended production at Dundee on August 18, 2023. In 2025, Dundee began making a North American-spec version of the European-developed Prince engine for the 2026 Jeep Cherokee Hybrid. &lt;br&gt; Past engines: [[w:World Gasoline Engine|1.8L/2.0L/2.4L/2.4L Turbo I4 World Gasoline Engine]], [[w:World Gasoline Engine#Tigershark|2.0L/2.4L I4 Tigershark Engine]], [[w:FIRE engine|Fiat 1.4L/1.4L Turbo FIRE MultiAir I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|Chrysler 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine]] 
|-
| 
| Etobicoke Casting Plant
| [[w:Etobicoke|Etobicoke District]], [[w:Toronto|Toronto]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1964
| 
| Aluminum die castings, Engine and Transmission Components
| Located at 15 Brown's Line. Etobicoke used to be a separate city but became part of Toronto in 1998. Factory was originally built in 1942 by the Canadian government and operated by Alcan Aluminum, which used it to make molds for military aircraft parts during World War II. It produced precision aircraft parts and other high quality aluminum castings. The aluminum foundry was purchased by Chrysler in April 1964 from Alcan Aluminum. The plant was expanded in 1965 and 1998. Etobicoke Casting is making oil pans for the 1.6 liter turbo I4 in the 2026 Jeep Cherokee.
|-
|
| [[w:Indiana Transmission#Indiana Transmission I|Indiana Transmission Plant I]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1998
| 
| [[w:ZF 9HP transmission|948TE 9-speed auto.]] transmission, Gear machining and final assembly of electric drive modules
| Located at 3660 North U.S. Highway 931. RFE transmission production ended in January 2025. More than 8 million RFE transmissions were produced at Indiana Transmission Plant I. Production of the nine-speed transmission began in May 2013. The 9-speed is built under license from [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]]. &lt;br&gt; Past transmissions:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler RFE transmission|Chrysler RFE 4-/5-/6-speed auto. trans.]]
|-
|
| [[w:Kokomo Casting|Kokomo Casting Plant]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1965
| 
| Aluminum parts for automotive components, transmission and transaxle cases; engine block castings
| Located at 1001 East Boulevard. Kokomo Casting is the world’s largest die-cast facility. Plant was expanded in 1969, 1986, 1995 and 1997. Over 18 million four-speed transmission cases were made at Kokomo Casting from 1988 through July 2014. Kokomo Casting started making nine-speed transmission cases in 2013. Kokomo Casting is making engine blocks for the 1.6 liter turbo I4 in the 2026 Jeep Cherokee. Kokomo Casting is making gearbox covers for the electric drive modules made at the Indiana Transmission Plant. 
|-
|
| [[w:Kokomo Engine Plant|Kokomo Engine Plant]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2022 (as Kokomo Engine)
| 
| [[w:FCA Global Medium Engine|2.0L turbo GME-T4 I4]]
| Located at 3360 North U.S. Highway 931. Plant was previously known as Indiana Transmission Plant II, which built automatic transmissions and transmission components from 2003-2019, when it was idled. Starting in 2020, the plant was converted to engine production. Engine production began in late February 2022. 
|-
|
| [[w:Kokomo Transmission|Kokomo Transmission Plant]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1956
| 
| [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|850RE]] 8-speed auto. transmission,&lt;br&gt; [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|880RE]] 8-speed auto. transmission,&lt;br&gt; Machining of engine block castings and transmission components,&lt;br&gt; Machined components for the &lt;br&gt; 9-speed auto. transmission
| Located at 2401 South Reed Road. On October 9, 2020, Kokomo Transmission built its last 41TE 4-speed auto. transmission, assembling more than 17 million 4-speed auto. transmissions since production began in 1988. Kokomo Transmission began building 6-speed auto. transmissions in 2006. Production of the eight-speed automatic transmission began in September 2012. The 8-speed is built under license from [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]]. On August 8, 2023, Kokomo Transmission built its 6 millionth 8-speed transmission. Kokomo Transmission is machining gearbox covers for the electric drive modules made at the Indiana Transmission Plant. &lt;br&gt; Past transmissions: &lt;br&gt;[[w:TorqueFlite|TorqueFlite 3-/4-speed auto. trans.]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ultradrive|Ultradrive (TE/AE/LE/RLE/TES/TEA)&lt;br&gt; 4-/6-speed auto. trans.]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|845RE]] 8-speed auto. transmission,&lt;br&gt; SI-EVT trans. (eFlite) for Pacifica Hybrid
|-
| 
| [[w:Saltillo Engine Plant#South Engine Plant|Saltillo North Engine Plant]] 
| [[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1981
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Hemi engine#Third generation: 2003–present|5.7L/6.4L/6.2L supercharged Hemi V8]], [[w:Stellantis Hurricane engine|Chrysler 3.0L twin-turbo Hurricane GME-T6 I6]]
|  Production began on May 8, 1981. Hemi V8 production began in June 2002 with the 5.7L. Production of the supercharged 6.2L Hellcat Hemi V8 began in the third quarter of 2014. Tigershark I4 production began in the first quarter of 2014. &lt;br&gt; Past engines: [[w:Chrysler 2.2 &amp; 2.5 engine|2.2L, 2.5L &quot;K-car&quot; I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler 1.8, 2.0 &amp; 2.4 engine|2.0L, 2.4L, 2.4L Turbo I4 &quot;Neon engine&quot;]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:World Gasoline Engine#2.4_2|2.4L Tigershark I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler Hemi engine#6.1|6.1L Hemi V8]]
|-
| 
| [[w:Saltillo Engine Plant#South Engine Plant|Saltillo South Engine Plant]] 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 2010
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|Chrysler 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine]]
| Plant opened on October 29, 2010. The plant has produced over 6 million Pentastar V6 engines. &lt;br&gt; Past engines: Chrysler 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine (EH3) for Pacifica Plug-in Hybrid
|-
| 
| Saltillo Stamping Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1997
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including Body panels
| Part of the Saltillo Truck Assembly Complex.
|-
| G
| Saltillo Truck Assembly Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1995
| 
| [[w:Ram Heavy Duty (fifth generation)|Ram HD pickup &amp; chassis cab]] (2019-)
|  Production began in 1995. As of 2025, also known as Saltillo Truck Heavy Duty Plant. &lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1995-2012),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 pickup]] (2013-2018),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 Classic pickup]] (2019-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram HD pickup &amp; chassis cab]] (2013-2018), [[w:Sterling Bullet|Sterling Truck Bullet]] (2008-2009)
|-
| 4
| Saltillo Truck Extension Assembly Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 2025
| 
| [[w:Ram 1500 (DT)|Ram 1500]] (DT) (2025-)
| Also known as Saltillo Truck Light Duty Plant. 2 new buildings were constructed for the new light duty plant. Production began in May 2025. Initially, production was for export but production for the domestic Mexican market began in February 2026. The plant also includes a seat assembly line, the first Stellantis plant in North America to integrate this process into its own production chain.
|-
| E
| Saltillo Van Assembly Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 2013
| 
| [[w:Ram ProMaster|Ram ProMaster]] (2014-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram ProMaster#E-Ducato and Ram ProMaster EV (2024)|Ram ProMaster EV]] (2024-)
| Production started in July 2013. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Fiat Ducato|Fiat Ducato]] (Export to Brazil/Argentina: 2018-2022)
|-
| N
| [[w:Sterling Heights Assembly|Sterling Heights Assembly Plant]] 
| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1984
| 
| [[w:Ram 1500 (DT)|Ram 1500]] (DT) (2019-)
| Located at 38111 Van Dyke Ave. The plant was originally built by the US Navy as a jet engine plant in 1953. It was called Naval Industrial Reserve Aircraft Plant and was owned by the US Navy. When the jet engine project was cancelled, the plant was transferred to the US Army, which contracted with Chrysler to build missiles at the plant, which was now known as the Michigan Ordinance Missile Plant. Chrysler began production of the PGM-11 Redstone missile at the Sterling Heights plant on September 27, 1954. The final Redstone was built in 1961. Chrysler also built the PGM-19 Jupiter missile at Sterling Heights from 1958-December 1960. Chrysler also built the first stage of the Saturn I rocket at the Sterling Heights plant. Chrysler vacated the Michigan Army Missile Plant at the end of 1969. Meanwhile, LTV Corp. (previously Ling-Temco-Vought) built the MGM-52 Lance missile at the Sterling Heights plant. The Army turned the plant over to the state of Michigan, which was then sold it to Volkswagen in 1980. VW converted the plant to automotive production and intended to make the Jetta there but VW's US sales declined and VW never ended up building anything there. VW then sold the plant to Chrysler in 1983. Chrysler LeBaron GTS and Dodge Lancer production began in September 1984 and ended on April 7, 1989. Shadow and Sundance production began on August 25, 1986 and ended on March 9, 1994. The Dodge Daytona was also moved from St. Louis to Sterling Heights in 1991 and was produced there through February 26, 1993. Chrysler then built a succession of midsize cars at Sterling Heights from June 1994. During Chrysler's bankruptcy in 2009, Sterling Heights Assembly was initially left behind in &quot;old Chrysler&quot; and was supposed to close by December 2010 but during 2010, &quot;new Chrysler&quot; changed its mind and bought the plant from &quot;old Chrysler&quot; for $20 million. The 2011 Chrysler 200 and Dodge Avenger sedans began production on December 6, 2010 followed by the Chrysler 200 Convertible in February 2011. The Chrysler 200 Convertible was also built for export to Europe as the Lancia Flavia from March 2012. The 2nd gen. Chrysler 200 sedan began production on March 14, 2014 and ended on December 2, 2016. The plant was then idled for a lengthy retooling to build body-on-frame pickups and began production of the new generation DT-series Ram 1500 in March 2018. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Dodge Lancer#1985–1989: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1985-1989), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#1985–1989 LeBaron GTS|Chrysler LeBaron GTS (H-body)]] (1985-1989), [[w:Plymouth Sundance|Plymouth Sundance]] (1987-1994), [[w:Dodge Shadow|Dodge Shadow]] (1987-1994), [[w:Dodge Daytona|Dodge Daytona]] (1992-1993), [[w:Chrysler Daytona|Chrysler Daytona]] (Canada: 1992-1993), [[w:Chrysler Cirrus|Chrysler Cirrus]] (1995-2000), [[w:Dodge Stratus|Dodge Stratus]] sedan (1995-2006), [[w:Plymouth Breeze|Plymouth Breeze]] (1996-2000), [[w:Chrysler Sebring|Chrysler Sebring]] sedan (2001-2010), [[w:Chrysler Sebring|Chrysler Sebring]]  convertible (2001-2006, 2008-2010), [[w:Dodge Avenger#Dodge Avenger sedan (2008–2014)|Dodge Avenger]] sedan (2008-2014), [[w:Chrysler 200|Chrysler 200]] sedan (2011-2017), [[w:Chrysler 200|Chrysler 200]] convertible (2011-2014), [[w:Chrysler 200#Lancia Flavia|Lancia Flavia]] (For export: 2012-2014)  
|-
| 
| Sterling Stamping Plant
| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1965
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including hoods, roofs, liftgates, side apertures, fenders, and floorpans
| Located at 35777 Van Dyke Ave. This plant is a separate facility but is located next door to the Sterling Heights Assembly Plant. Sterling Stamping is the largest stamping plant in the world. Sterling Stamping supplies stampings to many Chrysler assembly plants, not only Sterling Heights Assembly. The first stampings were produced in January 1965. 
|-
| W
| [[w:Toledo Complex|Toledo Assembly Complex - Toledo North Assembly Plant]] 
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2001
| 
| [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Jeep Wrangler (JL)]] (2018-)
| Located at 4400 Chrysler Drive. Toledo North first built the Jeep Liberty, which began in April 2001. Dodge Nitro production began in August 2006 and ended on December 16, 2011. The 2nd gen. Jeep Liberty began production in July 2007. Jeep Liberty ended production on August 16, 2012. Toledo North then closed for retooling to build the all-new 2014 Cherokee. The Jeep Cherokee began production at Toledo North on June 24, 2013 and ended on April 6, 2017. The Cherokee was then moved to Belvidere Assembly. Toledo North was then retooled to build the Jeep Wrangler, which began on November 15th, 2017. The 4xe plug-in hybrid version of the Wrangler began production in December 2020. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Jeep Liberty|Jeep Liberty]] (2002-2012), [[w:Dodge Nitro|Dodge Nitro]] (2007-2011),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Cherokee (KL)|Jeep Cherokee]] (2014-2017),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Jeep Wrangler 4xe (JL)]] (2021-2025)
|-
| L
| [[w:Toledo Complex|Toledo Assembly Complex - Toledo Supplier Park Plant]] (South plant)
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2001
| 
| [[w:Jeep Gladiator (JT)|Jeep Gladiator]] (2020-)
| Located along Stickney Ave. The Toledo Supplier Park Plant is built on the site of the former Stickney Ave. plant that became part of Chrysler in 1987 as part of the acquisition of AMC. That plant was acquired by Kaiser Jeep in 1964 from Autolite and was built in 1942. The Toledo Supplier Park Plant includes body and chassis operations in partnership with Kuka and Hyundai Mobis, respectively. The paint shop was originally run in partnership with Magna but Chrysler took over the paint operation in the first quarter of 2011. The Toledo Supplier Park Plant began Wrangler production in August 2006. Wrangler production ended on April 27, 2018. Gladiator pickup production began in March 2019. &lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JK)|Jeep Wrangler (JK)]] (2007-2017),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JK)#2018 model year update|Jeep Wrangler JK]] (2018)
|-
| 
| [[w:Toledo Machining|Toledo Machining Plant]] 
| [[w:Perrysburg, Ohio|Perrysburg, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1966
| 
| Steering Columns,&lt;br&gt; Torque Converters for 8-spd. rwd and 9-spd. fwd auto. transmissions
| Located at 8000 Chrysler Drive. Production began in 1966 and the plant was expanded in 1969. &lt;br&gt; Past products: Power Electronics module for Wrangler 4xe PHEV
|-
| T,&lt;br&gt; V (1985 only)
| [[w:Toluca Car Assembly|Toluca Car Assembly]] 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1968
| 
| [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass (MP)]] (2017-), [[w:Jeep Wagoneer S|Jeep Wagoneer S EV]]&lt;br&gt; (2024-2025, 2027-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Cherokee (KM)|Jeep Cherokee (KM)]] (2026-), [[w:Jeep Recon|Jeep Recon EV]] (2026-)
| Originally part of Fabricas Automex, Chrysler's affiliate in Mexico. In 1968, Fabricas Automex was 45% owned by Chrysler. In December 1971, Chrysler increased its stake to 90.5% and changed the Mexican company's name to Chrysler de Mexico. Chrysler later bought another 8.8% stake, taking its total to 99.3%. Began production on December 9, 1968. An adjacent supplier park was opened in 2007. Journey production began in early 2008. PT Cruiser production ended on July 9, 2010. Fiat 500 production began in December 2010. Journey production ended in December 2020. Jeep Compass production began on January 16, 2017. &lt;br&gt; Past models: &lt;br&gt;  Mexico only: Dodge Dart (rwd), Dodge Dart K, Dodge Dart E, Chrysler Valiant Volaré (rwd), Chrysler Valiant Volaré K, Chrysler Valiant Volaré E, [[w:Dodge Magnum#First generation|Dodge Magnum]] [rwd] (1981-1982), [[w:Dodge Magnum#Second generation|Dodge Magnum 400/Magnum]] [fwd] (1983-1988), [[w:Chrysler Phantom|Chrysler Phantom]], [[w:Chrysler Shadow|Chrysler Shadow]], [[w:Chrysler Spirit|Chrysler Spirit]] &lt;br&gt; Export to US: [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] (1984-1989), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] (1984-1989), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron coupe]] (1987-1989, 1992), [[w:Dodge Shadow|Dodge Shadow]] (1988, 1991-1994), [[w:Plymouth Sundance|Plymouth Sundance]] (1988, 1992-1994), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation sedan (1990–1994)|Chrysler LeBaron sedan]] (1990-1994), [[w:Dodge Spirit|Dodge Spirit]] (1991-1995), [[w:Plymouth Acclaim|Plymouth Acclaim]] (1991-1995), [[w:Dodge Neon#First generation (1994)|Dodge Neon]] (1995-1999), [[w:Plymouth Neon#First generation (1994)|Plymouth Neon]] (1995-1999), [[w:Chrysler Sebring#Convertible (1996–2000)|Chrysler Sebring Convertible]] (1996-2000), [[w:Chrysler PT Cruiser|Chrysler PT Cruiser]] (2001-10), [[w:Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey]] (2009-2020),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] (2012-2019), [[w:Fiat 500 (2007)#Fiat 500e (2013)|Fiat 500e]] (2013-2019)&lt;br&gt; Export to Brazil/Europe/Australia:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Freemont|Fiat Freemont]] (2011-2016)
|-
| 
| Toluca Stamping Plant 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1994
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including Body panels
| Part of the Toluca Assembly Complex.
|-
| 
| [[w:Trenton Engine Complex|Trenton Engine South Plant]] 
| [[w:Trenton, Michigan|Trenton, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2010
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|Chrysler Pentastar V6 engine]]
| Located at 2300 Van Horn Road. Production began in March 2010 with the 3.6L Pentastar V6. In 2022, Trenton South was upgraded with a flexible engine line that could build both the Classic and Upgrade versions of the 3.6L Pentastar V6. By the end of 2022, Pentastar Upgrade engine production moved from Trenton North to Trenton South and the older North plant ended production.
|-
| 
| Warren Stamping Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1949
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including roofs, tailgates, side apertures, fenders, and floorpans
| Located at 22800 Mound Road. This plant is a separate facility but is located next door to the Warren Truck Assembly Plant. The plant was expanded in 1952, 1964, 1965, and 1986. Warren Stamping supplies stampings to many Chrysler assembly plants, not only Warren Truck Assembly.
|-
| S (1970-), 1 (1967-1969),&lt;br&gt; 2 (For A-series)
| Warren Truck Assembly Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1938
| 
| [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Grand Wagoneer]] (2022-), [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Grand Wagoneer L]] (2023-)
| Located at 21500 Mound Road. Formerly known as the Dodge City Truck Plant. Also referred to as Warren Truck #1 in the 1970's when there were 2 other truck plants nearby. Began production in October 1938. The Mitsubishi Raider began production in September 2005 and ended on June 11, 2009. Dodge Dakota production ended on August 23, 2011. Full-size Jeep SUV production began in 2021. Ram 1500 Classic production ended in October 2024, ending production of Dodge/Ram trucks at Warren after 86 years. &lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge T-, V-, W-Series|Dodge T-, V-, W-Series]] (1939-1947), Dodge military trucks, [[w:Dodge Power Wagon#Civilian 1-ton Power Wagon &quot;Military-Type&quot;, Flat Fender Style&quot; (1945-1978)|Dodge Power Wagon]] (1946-1968), [[w:Dodge B series#Pickup truck|Dodge B series]] (1948-1953),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge C series|Dodge C series]] (1954-1960),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Town Panel and Town Wagon|Dodge Town Panel/Town Wagon]] (1954-66), [[w:Dodge D series|Dodge D/W series]] (1961-1980), [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1981-2012), [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 pickup]] (2013-2018), [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 Classic pickup]] (2019-24), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1977-1978, 1981-1985), [[w:Plymouth Trailduster|Plymouth Trailduster]] (1977-1978, 1981), [[w:Dodge M-series chassis|Dodge M-series chassis]] (1968-1979),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge A100|Dodge A100/A108]] (1964-1970),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Dakota|Dodge Dakota]] (1987-2011),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Raider|Mitsubishi Raider]] (2006-2009),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Wagoneer]] (2022-2025),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Wagoneer L]] (2023-2025),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fargo Trucks|Fargo Trucks]] (For export)
|-
| R (1968-),&lt;br&gt; 9 (1959-1967)
| [[w:Windsor Assembly|Windsor Assembly]] 
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1929
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Pacifica (minivan)|Chrysler Pacifica (minivan)]] (2017-), [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Sixth generation (2020–present)|Chrysler Voyager]] (2020-2026), Chrysler Grand Caravan (Canada: 2021-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Charger (2024)|Dodge Charger]] (2024-)
| Located at 2199 Chrysler Centre. Today's Windsor Assembly Plant was originally Windsor Plant 3 or Windsor Car Assembly Plant. Before the 1965 US-Canada Auto Pact, Windsor Assembly made most of the cars sold by Chrysler Canada, including some unique-to-Canada variations. On June 10, 1983, Windsor ended rwd car production and was converted to build fwd minivans. Windsor began building minivans on October 7, 1983. For the first 2 generations of Chrysler minivans, Windsor only built the SWB models. For the 3rd generation, Windsor built both SWB and LWB models. For the 4th generation, Windsor only built LWB models. The minivan-based Pacifica SUV began production in January 2003 and  ended production on November 23, 2007. Production of the VW Routan began in August 2008. Production of the Ram C/V began on August 31, 2011, and ended in early 2015. Pacifica minivan production began on February 29, 2016 followed by the PHEV version on December 1, 2016. Town &amp; Country production ended on March 21, 2016 while Dodge Grand Caravan production ended on August 21, 2020. Production of the electric Charger Daytona began in December 2024 followed by the gas-powered Charger Sixpack in December 2025. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Chrysler Imperial|Chrysler Imperial]] (1929-1937) [https://www.web.imperialclub.info/registry/vin_decode.htm#1931-54], [[w:Dodge Kingsway|Dodge Kingsway]] (Canada: 1940-41, 1951-52), [[w:Dodge Regent|Dodge Regent]] (Canada: 1951-1959), [[w:Dodge Crusader|Dodge Crusader]] (Canada: 1951-1958), [[w:Dodge Mayfair|Dodge Mayfair]] (Canada: 1953-1959), [[w:Dodge Viscount|Dodge Viscount]] (Canada: 1959), [[w:Dodge Custom Royal|Dodge Custom Royal]] (1959), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1961), [[w:DeSoto Firedome|DeSoto Firedome]] (1959), [[w:Chrysler Windsor|Chrysler Windsor]] (1957-1966), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga|Chrysler Saratoga]] (1959-1963), [[w:Chrysler 300 non-letter series|Chrysler Saratoga 300]] (1964-1965), [[w:Chrysler Newport#1961–1964|Chrysler Newport]] (1961-1963), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1963-64, 1966), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959-1964), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959-1970), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960, 1964-1969), Dodge 220 (Canada: 1963), [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1965), [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge Monaco|Dodge Monaco]] (1967-1968), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#Canada (1960–1966)|Valiant]] (Canada: 1960-1966), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda#First generation (1964–1966)|Valiant Barracuda]] (Canada: 1964-1965), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1970-1974), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1970), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1966, 1970-1975), [[w:Plymouth Satellite#Third generation (1971–1974)|Plymouth Satellite]] (1972-1974),  [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1971), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner#Second generation (1971–1974)|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1971-1974), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)#Fourth generation|Dodge Charger]] (1975-1978), [[w:Dodge Magnum#US and Canada (1978–1979)|Dodge Magnum]] (1978-1979), [[w:Chrysler Cordoba|Chrysler Cordoba]] (1975-1983), [[w:Dodge Mirada|Dodge Mirada]] (1980-1983), [[w:Imperial (automobile)#Sixth generation (1981–1983)|Imperial]] (1981-1983), [[w:Chrysler Newport#1979–1981|Chrysler Newport]] (1979), [[w:Dodge Diplomat|Dodge Diplomat]] (1981-1983), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1982–1989|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1982-83), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle]] (Canada: 1981-1982), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle Salon]] (Canada: 1983), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#First generation (1977–1981)|Chrysler LeBaron]] (1981), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1982|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1982), [[w:Chrysler Fifth Avenue#1982–1989: The M-body years|Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue]] (1983), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Voyager]] (1984-'00), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Grand Voyager]] (1996-2000), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Caravan]] (1984-2000), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Grand Caravan]] (1996-2020), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (2001-2016), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Voyager]] (2000), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Grand Voyager]] (2000), [[w:Chrysler minivans (S)#Cargo van|Dodge Mini Ram Van]] (1984-1988), [[w:Chrysler minivans (RT)#2011 revision|Ram C/V]] (2012-2015), [[w:Volkswagen Routan|Volkswagen Routan]] (2009-14), [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Lancia Voyager|Lancia Voyager]] (For export: 2012-2015), [[w:Chrysler Pacifica (crossover)|Chrysler Pacifica (SUV)]] (2004-2008)
|-
| 
| CpK Interior Products, Inc. - Belleville Operations
| [[w:Belleville, Ontario|Belleville]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 2010 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| Components for Automotive Interiors
| Located at 134 River Rd. Formed in 2010 as a subsidiary of Chrysler through the buyout of 3 Collins and Aikman plants in Canada after  Collins and Aikman went bankrupt.
|-
| 
| CpK Interior Products, Inc. - Guelph Operations
| [[w:Guelph|Guelph]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 2010 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| Components for Automotive Interiors
| Located at 500 Laird Rd. Formed in 2010 as a subsidiary of Chrysler through the buyout of 3 Collins and Aikman plants in Canada after  Collins and Aikman went bankrupt.
|-
| 
| CpK Interior Products, Inc. -&lt;br&gt; Port Hope Operations
| [[w:Port Hope, Ontario|Port Hope]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 2010 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| Components for Automotive Interiors
| Located at 128 Peter St. Formed in 2010 as a subsidiary of Chrysler through the buyout of 3 Collins and Aikman plants in Canada after  Collins and Aikman went bankrupt.
|-
| 4
| Arab American Vehicles Company (AAV)
| [[w:Cairo|Cairo]]
| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]
| 1978 (production began) &lt;br&gt; 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee L]] (2025-), [[w:Citroën C4#Third generation (C41; 2020)|Citroën C4X]] (2025-)
| Arab American Vehicles Company is a joint venture between the [[w:Arab Organization for Industrialization|Arab Organization for Industrialization]], which holds 51%, and Stellantis, which holds the other 49%. AAV was originally established in 1977 as a joint venture  with [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]] to produce Jeeps. Production began in 1978. It became part of Chrysler when Chrysler bought AMC in 1987. It continued to be a part of subsequent corporate entities DaimlerChrysler, Chrysler LLC, Chrysler Group LLC, [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]], and [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]]. Production of the Jeep J8, a light military vehicle based on the JK Wrangler, began on November 13, 2008. Jeep Grand Cherokee L production began in September 2024. Citroen C4X production began in April 2025. AAV has also produced vehicles for other automakers including Toyota. Toyota Fortuner SUV production began in April 2012. &lt;br&gt; Past models: Jeep CJ6, Jeep Wagoneer (SJ), Jeep AM720 military vehicle, [[w:Jeep Wrangler (YJ)|Jeep Wrangler (YJ)]], [[w:Jeep Wrangler (TJ)|Jeep TJL]], [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JK)#Military Jeep J8 (2007–present)|Jeep J8]] (2008-2019),  [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]], [[w:Jeep Liberty (KJ)|Jeep Cherokee (KJ)]], [[w:Jeep Liberty (KK)|Jeep Cherokee (KK)]], [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)|Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)]]
|}

==Current non-Chrysler FCA/Stellantis Factories Making Chrysler Group Vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Current Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| Y (700),&lt;br&gt; 9 (ProMaster Rapid),&lt;br&gt; 3 (Vision)
| Betim Plant
| [[w:Betim|Betim]], [[w:Minas Gerais|Minas Gerais]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 1973
| 
| [[w:RAM 700|RAM 700]] (2015-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:ProMaster Rapid|Ram V700 Rapid]] (Peru)&lt;br&gt; Related models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Strada|Fiat Strada]] ('99-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Fiorino#Latin America (2013–present)|Fiat Fiorino]] ('14-)
| Fiat plant. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Vision|Dodge Vision]] (Mexico: 2015-2018),&lt;br&gt; [[w:ProMaster Rapid|Ram ProMaster Rapid]] (Mexico: '18-'24)
|-
| U
| Cordoba Plant
| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]]
| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]]
| 1995
| 
| [[w:Peugeot Landtrek|Ram Dakota]] (2026-)
| Fiat plant.
|-
| F
| [[w:FCA India Automobiles|FCA India Automobiles Private Limited]]
| [[w:Ranjangaon|Ranjangaon]], [[w:Pune district|Pune district]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| [[w:India|India]]
| 1997
| 
| [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Jeep Wrangler (JL)]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Meridian|Jeep Meridian/Commander]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee]]
| Originally established as a 50/50 joint venture between Fiat and [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] called Fiat India Automobiles Private Limited. On June 1, 2017, Jeep Compass production began in India, the first Jeep built in India under its own brand. The JL-series Wrangler began to be assembled in India in 2021. The Jeep Meridian began production in May 2022. The Meridian is also exported to Japan as the Commander. The Jeep Grand Cherokee began assembly in India in November 2022. 
|-
| K
| Goiana Plant
| [[w:Goiana|Goiana]], [[w:Pernambuco|Pernambuco]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 2015
|
| [[w:Jeep Renegade|Jeep Renegade]], [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Commander (2022)|Jeep Commander]], [[w:Ram Rampage|Ram Rampage]]&lt;br&gt; Related models: [[w:Fiat Toro|Fiat Toro]]
| [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] plant. Production at Goiana began with the Jeep Renegade in February 2015. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models: [[w:Ram 1000|Ram 1000]]
|-
| P
| Melfi Plant (formerly SATA = Società Automobilistica Tecnologie Avanzate [Advanced Technologies Automotive Company])
| [[w:Melfi|Melfi]], [[w:Province of Potenza|Province of Potenza]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1993
|
| [[w:Jeep Compass#Third generation (J4U; 2025)|Jeep Compass (J4U)]]&lt;br&gt; (Europe: '26-)
| Fiat plant. Jeep production began at Melfi in 2014 with the Renegade. Renegade production at Melfi ended on October 17, 2025. Production of the 3rd gen. Compass began on October 29, 2025. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Renegade|Jeep Renegade]] (US/Can.: '15-'23, Europe: '15-'25),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass (MP)]] (Europe: '20-'25) &lt;br&gt; Related models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat 500X|Fiat 500X]] (US/Can.: '16-'23,&lt;br&gt; Europe: '15-'24)
|-
| B
| Porto Real Plant
| [[w:Porto Real|Porto Real]], [[w:Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro state]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 2000
|
| [[w:Jeep Avenger|Jeep Avenger]]
| PSA plant. The Jeep Avenger is the first Jeep to be made in a former PSA plant. 
|-
| U (2027-), 6 (2015-2022)
| [[w:Tofaş|Tofaş]]
| [[w:Bursa|Bursa]]
| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]
| 1971
|
| [[w:Citroën Jumpy#Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]] (2027-)
| Originally a Fiat joint venture, it is now 37.8% owned by Stellantis, 37.8% owned by [[w:Koç Holding|Koç Holding]], and 24.3% publicly traded on the Istanbul Stock Exchange. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models: &lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Doblò#Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]] (2015-2022),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Neon#Third generation (2016)|Dodge Neon]]&lt;br&gt; (Mexico &amp; Middle East: 2017-2020),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Fiorino#Europe (2007–2024)|Ram V700 City]] (Chile: 2018-2023)
|-
| J,&lt;br&gt; 5 (Ypsilon)
| Tychy Plant
| [[w:Tychy|Tychy]], [[w:Silesian Voivodeship|Silesian Voivodeship]]
| [[w:Poland|Poland]]
| 1975
|
| [[w:Jeep Avenger|Jeep Avenger]]
| Fiat plant. Production began in September 1975 when the plant was owned by Polish automaker [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych|FSM]], which built Fiat-based models. Fiat took over FSM in 1992. Fiat subsequently became [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] and then Stellantis. Jeep Avenger production began on January 31, 2023. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Ypsilon|Chrysler Ypsilon]] (UK/Ireland/Japan)
|}

==Current partner factories making Chrysler Group vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Current Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 1
| GAC Hangzhou plant
| [[w:Hangzhou|Hangzhou]], [[w:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2021 (production began for Chrysler)
|
| [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey]] (Mexico: 2022-)
| [[w:GAC Group|GAC]] plant. 
|-
| 3
| GAC Yichang plant
| [[w:Yichang|Yichang]], [[w:Hubei|Hubei]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2024 (production began for Chrysler)
|
| [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude]] (Mexico: 2025-)
| [[w:GAC Group|GAC]] plant. 
|-
| 5
| Shenzhen Baoneng Motor Co., Ltd.
| [[w:Shenzhen|Shenzhen]], [[w:Guangdong|Guangdong]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2024 (production began for Chrysler)
|
| [[w:Peugeot Landtrek|Ram 1200]] (Mexico: 2025-)
| [[w:Baoneng Group#Automotive business|Shenzhen Baoneng Motor Co., Ltd.]] plant. 
|}

==Former factories== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Closed
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
|
| Ajax Trim plant
| [[w:Ajax, Ontario|Ajax]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1953, 1964 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2003
| Automotive Soft Trim Components, Seat Cushion and Seatback Covers, Foam-in-place Covers
| Built in 1953 by Canadian Automotive Trim. Purchased by Chrysler in 1964. Closed by December 2003.
|-
| J (1989-1992),&lt;br&gt; B (1981-1988),&lt;br&gt; 7-8 (1966-1980),&lt;br&gt; T (1958-1966) 
| [[w:Brampton Assembly (AMC)|AMC Brampton Assembly]]
| [[w:Brampton|Brampton]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]] 
| 1961,&lt;br&gt; 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1992
| [[w:Jeep Wrangler (YJ)|Jeep Wrangler (YJ)]] (1987-92), [[w:Jeep CJ#CJ-5|Jeep CJ-5]] (1979-1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep CJ#CJ-7|Jeep CJ-7]] (1979-1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC Eagle|AMC Eagle]] (1981-1987), [[w:AMC Eagle|Eagle Wagon]] (1988), [[w:AMC Concord|AMC Concord]] (1978, 1981-1983), [[w:AMC Spirit|AMC Spirit]] (1983), [[w:AMC Hornet|AMC Hornet]] (1970-77), [[w:AMC Gremlin|AMC Gremlin]] (1970-1978),&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC Rebel|AMC Rebel]] (1968-1970), [[w:Rambler Rebel#Fifth generation|Rambler Rebel]] (1967), [[w:Rambler Classic|Rambler Classic]] (1961-1966),&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC Ambassador|AMC Ambassador]] (1966-1968), [[w:AMC Ambassador|Rambler Ambassador]] ('63-'65), [[w:Rambler American|Rambler American]] (1962-68), [[w:Rambler American|AMC Rambler]] (1969)
| [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]] plant. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Located at at the corner of Kennedy Road South and Steeles Avenue East. Production began on January 26, 1961 with the Rambler Classic. This was the last plant to produce AMC vehicles. Eagle Wagon (formerly AMC Eagle) ended production on December 11, 1987. Production ended in April 1992 and Jeep Wrangler production was moved to Toledo, OH. Buildings on the west side of the plant were demolished in 2005 and buildings on the east side were demolished in 2007. A Lowe's and a Wal-Mart now occupy some of the former plant site.
|-
| 3
| Campo Largo Assembly
| [[w:Campo Largo, Paraná|Campo Largo]], [[w:Paraná (state)|Paraná (state)]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 1998
| 2001
| [[w:Dodge Dakota#Second generation (1997–2004)|Dodge Dakota]]
| Plant built vehicles in cooperation with suppliers.
|-
| V
| [[w:Conner Avenue Assembly|Conner Avenue Assembly]] 
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1996
| 2017
| [[w:Dodge Viper|Dodge Viper]] &lt;br&gt; GTS: '96, &lt;br&gt; All models: &lt;br&gt; '97-'06, '08-'10, '13-'17, [[w:Plymouth Prowler|Plymouth Prowler]]&lt;br&gt; ('97, '99-'01),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Prowler|Chrysler Prowler]] ('01-'02),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Viper engine|8.0L/8.3L/8.4L aluminum &lt;br&gt; Viper V10 engine]] &lt;br&gt;(5/01-2017)
| Actually located at 20000 Connor Street. The plant was originally built in 1966 to make spark plugs by Champion. After Champion was bought by Cooper Industries in 1990, the plant was closed. It remained empty until Chrysler bought it in 1995. Viper production was moved to the Connor Avenue plant from the New Mack plant beginning with the GTS coupe for 1996, followed by the RT/10 roadster for 1997. Prowler production began in May 1997 and ended on February 15, 2002. Production of the Viper's aluminum V10 engine was moved to Connor Avenue, where it was built alongside the Viper itself, in May 2001 from the Mound Road Engine Plant, which closed in 2002. Viper production ended on July 2, 2010 and the plant was dormant until production restarted in December 2012. Production ended on Aug. 31, 2017. In 2018, the plant was renamed Connor Center, a meeting and display space that will showcase Chrysler’s concept and historic vehicle collection.
|-
| 2
| Cordoba Assembly
| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]]
| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]]
| 1997
| 2001
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ)|Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ)]] (1997-1998), [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ)|Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ)]] (1999-2001), [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]] (1998-01)
| Opened in the 2nd quarter of 1997, building the Jeep Grand Cherokee. Jeep Cherokee production was added in 1998. 
|-
|E
| [[w:Diamond-Star Motors|Diamond-Star Motors/Mitsubishi Motors Manufacturing America/Mitsubishi Motors North America Manufacturing Division]]
| [[w:Normal, Illinois|Normal, Illinois]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1988
| 2005 (end of Chrysler production)/&lt;br&gt; 2015 (end of Mitsubishi production)
| [[w:Plymouth Laser|Plymouth Laser]] (1990-1994),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Talon|Eagle Talon]] (1990-1998),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Summit#First generation (1989–1992)|Eagle Summit 4-d]] (1991-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Avenger#Dodge Avenger Coupe (1995–2000)|Dodge Avenger]] (1995-2000),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Stratus#Stratus coupe (2001–2005)|Dodge Stratus Coupe]]&lt;br&gt; (2001-2005),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Sebring|Chrysler Sebring Coupe]]&lt;br&gt; (1995-2005),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Mitsubishi Eclipse|Mitsubishi Eclipse]] (1990-2012),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Mirage#Third generation (1987)|Mirage sedan]] (1991-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Galant|Galant]] (1994-2012),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Endeavor|Endeavor]] (2004-2011),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi ASX#First generation (GA; 2010)|Outlander Sport/RVR]] (2013-15)
| Originally established as Diamond-Star Motors, a 50/50 joint venture between Chrysler and Mitsubishi which assembled both Chrysler and Mitsubishi vehicles. Production began in September 1988. In October 1991, Chrysler sold its 50% stake in the plant to Mitsubishi but production for Chrysler continued under contract. On May 24, 1993, production of the Mitsubishi Galant began at the Diamond-Star plant. In July 1995, the plant was renamed Mitsubishi Motors Manufacturing America. In January 2002, the plant was renamed Mitsubishi Motors North America Manufacturing Division. In January 2003, production of the Mitsubishi Endeavor began, the first SUV built at the Mitsubishi plant. In February 2005, production of vehicles for Chrysler ended. All further production was only of Mitsubishi-branded vehicles. In mid-2012, the plant began producing the Mitsubishi Outlander Sport. The Outlander Sport is sold as the RVR in Canada. On November 30, 2015, vehicle production ended. The Mitsubishi plant produced 3,283,549 vehicles. The plant continued to produce replacement parts until May 2016, when the plant closed completely. In June 2016, the plant was sold to liquidation firm Maynards Industries. In January 2017, EV startup [[w:Rivian|Rivian Automotive]] bought the former Mitsubishi plant. Rivian began production at the Normal, IL plant in September 2021 with the [[w:Rivian R1T|R1T]] electric pickup.
|-
| U
| [[w:Eurostar Automobilwerk|Eurostar]] - Chrysler Graz Assembly
| [[w:Graz|Graz]], [[w:Styria|Styria]]
| [[w:Austria|Austria]]
| 1991
| 2002
| [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Voyager/Grand Voyager]] (1992-2002), [[w:Chrysler PT Cruiser|Chrysler PT Cruiser]] (2002)
| Originally, a 50/50 joint venture between Chrysler and Steyr-Daimler-Puch founded in 1990. The Eurostar plant is next to the Steyr Fahrzeugtechnik plant solely owned by Steyr-Daimler-Puch. Production of the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans began in October 1991. This was the 2nd generation Chrysler minivan. The 3rd generation began production on September 25, 1995. In 1996, production of right-hand drive minivans began. The 4th generation began production in January 2001. Production of the PT Cruiser began in July 2001 on the same line as the Voyager minivans. In 1999, DaimlerChrysler bought the 50% stake in Eurostar held by Steyr-Daimler-Puch Fahrzeugtechnik, now majority owned by Magna International, making Eurostar a subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler. DaimlerChrysler sold 100% of Eurostar to Magna Steyr in July 2002. PT Cruiser production in Austria ended and was consolidated in Toluca, Mexico. Production of the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans moved next door to the main Magna Steyr plant for 2003. Magna International had acquired a majority holding of 66.8% in Steyr-Daimler-Puch in 1998 and acquired the rest by 2002 when it was renamed Magna Steyr. 
|-
| 3 (1959),&lt;br&gt; E (1958)
| Evansville Assembly
| [[w:Evansville, Indiana|Evansville, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1919, 1928 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1959 
| Graham Brothers trucks (through 1932),&lt;br&gt; Dodge Brothers trucks &lt;br&gt; (through 1932),&lt;br&gt; Plymouth cars (1936-1958),&lt;br&gt; Dodge cars (1937-1938),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1959), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959)
| Located at 1625 N. Garvin St. Built in 1919 by Graham Brothers Truck Company to build trucks. In 1925, Dodge Brothers bought a controlling 51% stake in Graham Brothers and then bought the rest in 1926, completely merging the 2 companies. This gave Dodge Brothers plants in Evansville, IN and Stockton, CA. Dodge Brothers was bought by the Chrysler Corporation on July 31, 1928. At that point, trucks with a Dodge Brothers nameplate were rated as a half-ton; larger rated trucks were sold under the Graham Brothers name. On January 1, 1929, the Graham Brothers brand was eliminated, and all trucks produced became Dodge trucks. In 1932, Chrysler closed the Evansville plant due to the Great Depression. In 1935, as the economy improved, Chrysler reopened the Evansville plant and renovated and expanded it. It began building Plymouth cars for 1936. Dodge cars were also built for 1937 and 1938. During World War II, the plant became the Evansville Ordinance Plant, which produced more than 3.26 billion ammunition  cartridges - about 96% of all the .45 automatic ammunition produced for all the armed forces. The Evansville Ordinance Plant also rebuilt 1,600 Sherman tanks and 4,000 military trucks. After the war ended, Plymouth car production resumed. However, in the early 1950s, during the Korean War, the Evansville plant retooled and dedicated about a third of its space and manpower to building 60-foot aluminum hulls for Grumman  UF-1 Albatross air-sea rescue planes for the Navy and Coast Guard. Evansville built its 1 millionth Plymouth in March 1953. The plant was closed in 1959 and was replaced by the larger, more modern St. Louis plant in Fenton, MO, which had access to more railroad lines for shipping than Evansville did. 
|-
| 
| Evansville Stamping
| [[w:Evansville, Indiana|Evansville, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1935, 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1959 
| Body panel stampings
| Opened by Briggs Manufacturing Company when Chrysler reopened Evansville Assembly in 1935 to build Plymouth cars. One of the plants Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing in 1953. Made body panels for the nearby Evansville Assembly plant. Closed when Evansville Assembly closed in 1959.
|-
| B (1968-1980),&lt;br&gt; 2 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 2 (1959)
| [[w:Dodge Main|Hamtramck Assembly (Dodge Main)]]
| [[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1911,&lt;br&gt; 1928 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1980 
| Dodge (1914-1958),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Coronet#Fourth generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Coronet]] (1959),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Royal#Third generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Royal]] (1959),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Custom Royal|Dodge Custom Royal]] (1959), [[w:DeSoto Firesweep|DeSoto Firesweep]] (1957-1959),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Matador|Dodge Matador]] (1960),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960-1964),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1964),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1975), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1970-1975), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1969, 1972-1975), [[w:Dodge_Dart#1971|Dodge Dart Demon]] (1971-1972),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)|Dodge Charger]] (1967-1969), [[w:Dodge Charger Daytona#First generation (1969)|Dodge Charger Daytona]] ('69), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda|Plymouth Barracuda]] (1964-74), [[w:Dodge Challenger (1970)|Dodge Challenger]] (1970-1974), [[w:Dodge Aspen|Dodge Aspen]] (1976-1980), [[w:Plymouth Volaré|Plymouth Volaré]] (1976-1980),&lt;br&gt; Engines, Foundry
| Located at 7900 Joseph Campau Ave. This plant predated Dodge being part of Chrysler Corp. On November 4, 1914, the first Dodge Brothers passenger car was produced at the Hamtramck plant. Prior to that, Dodge Brothers made components for other automakers, primarily Ford. The Hamtramck plant was fully vertically integrated, capable of building almost every part needed to build a complete car. Dodge Brothers was bought by the Chrysler Corporation on July 31, 1928. Even after the Chrysler takeover, Hamtramck remained Dodge's home plant. From the early 1950s, various operations were automated or moved to other plants and Hamtramck became more of an assembly plant by the early 1960s. Closed January 4, 1980. Last vehicle built was a Silver Metallic 1980 Dodge Aspen R/T 2-door. 13,943,221 vehicles were produced at the plant. Demolished in 1981. Replaced by the General Motors Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly Plant (Factory Zero), which opened in 1985. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Highland Park Chrysler Plant|Highland Park Plant]]
| [[w:Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1909,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1960s (end of manufacturing)
| Maxwell cars (1910-1925), Chrysler Series 50 (1926-27), Chrysler Series 52 (1928), Plymouth Model Q (1929), Chrysler Series 60 (1927), Chrysler Series 62 (1928), DeSoto Series K (1929-1930), DeSoto Series CK (1930), DeSoto Series CF (1930), Fargo Trucks (1928-1930) &lt;br&gt; Parts including fluid coupling and torque converter for [[w:Fluid Drive|Fluid Drive]]
| Located at at 12000 Chrysler Service Drive (formerly Chrysler Drive). Originally, this was [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]]'s main plant. However, before Maxwell Motor Co.'s formation, parts of the site was used by several car and truck manufacturers: Grabowsky Power Wagon Company used 1 building, Brush Runabout Co. used another building, and Gray Motor Co. owned another building. Gray only used the western 1/3 of the building so they leased the middle third to Alden- Sampson Truck Co. and the eastern third to Maxwell-Briscoe Motor Co. All these companies, along with several others, combined under the [[w:United States Motor Company|United States Motor Company]] in 1910. In 1913, United States Motor Company collapsed and Maxwell was the only surviving part. The U.S. Motor Co. assets were purchased by Walter Flanders, who reorganized the company as the Maxwell Motor Co. Maxwell hired Walter P. Chrysler to turn the company around in 1921 after its finances deteriorated in the post-World War I recession in 1920. In early 1921, Maxwell Motor Co. was liquidated and replaced by Maxwell Motor Corp. with Walter P. Chrysler as Chairman. On December 7, 1922, Maxwell took over the bankrupt Chalmers including its Jefferson Ave. plant. Chrysler brand cars began to be produced in 1924 at the Jefferson Ave. plant. Chalmers was discontinued in late 1923 with the last cars being 1924 models. Maxwell production ended in May 1925 at Highland Park. Maxwell Motor Corp. was reorganized into the Chrysler Corporation on June 6, 1925. The 1925 Maxwell was reworked into an entry-level, 4-cylinder Chrysler model for 1926-1928 built at Highland Park and was then reworked again into the first Plymouth in 1928, also built at Highland Park. Plymouth production was moved to the new Lynch Road Assembly plant in 1929 and DeSoto production also moved to the new Lynch Road Assembly plant in 1931. Highland Park still built parts but it no longer built vehicles. Highland Park was used more for design,  engineering, and management and served as Chrysler Corporation's headquarters through 1996. During the 1990's, Chrysler moved to its current headquarters at the Chrysler Technology Center in Auburn Hills. Much of the site has been demolished though Chrysler still has a small presence at the site with the FCA Detroit Office Warehouse. Other parts of the site are now occupied by several automotive suppliers including Magna, Valeo, Mobis, Avancez, and Yanfeng.
|-
|
| [[w:Indiana Transmission#Indiana Transmission Plant II|Indiana Transmission Plant II]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2003 (as Indiana Transmission Plant II)
| 2019 (as Indiana Transmission Plant II)
| [[w:W5A580|Mercedes W5A580 (A580) &lt;br&gt; 5-speed auto. trans.]], Transmission components
| Located at 3360 North U.S. Highway 931. Plant was originally known as Indiana Transmission Plant II, which built automatic transmissions and transmission components from 2003-2019, when it was idled. Production began in November 2003. 5-speed auto. trans. production ended in August 2018 while production of components for the 8-speed auto. transmission ended in the fall of 2019. Starting in 2020, the plant was converted to engine production and is now known as Kokomo Engine Plant. Engine production began in late February 2022. 
|-
|
| Indianapolis Electrical Plant
| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953
| 1988
| Transmission plant: [[w:Chrysler PowerFlite transmission|Chrysler PowerFlite 2-speed auto. transmission]] &lt;br&gt; Electrical Plant: Alternators, distributors, starters, power steering units, voltage regulators, windshield wiper motors, and other electrical parts for cars
| Located at 2900 Shadeland Ave. Began making transmissions in 1953. In January 1959, Chrysler housed its new Electrical Division at the Shadeland Avenue plant, replacing transmission production. Became part of Chrysler's Acustar components subsidiary in 1987. Production ended on November 30, 1988 but shipping and other activities continued until March 1989 when the factory closed. Certain portions have been demolished and improvements were made to the remainder, which is now the Shadeland Business Center. 
|-
|
| [[w:Indianapolis Foundry|Indianapolis Foundry]] - Naomi Street plant
| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1946 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1970's
| Engine blocks
| Located at 1535 Naomi Street. Purchased from American Foundry Company in 1946. Operated as a subsidiary of Chrysler Corp. called American Foundry Co. until 1959, when it was merged into Chrysler Corp. Kept operating even after the Tibbs Ave. plant was launched. This location is now Wilco Gutter Supply. 
|-
|
| [[w:Indianapolis Foundry|Indianapolis Foundry]] - Tibbs Avenue plant
| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1950 
| 2005
| Engine heads and blocks and other components
| Located at 1100 S. Tibbs Avenue. Operated as a subsidiary of Chrysler Corp. called American Foundry Co. until 1959, when it was merged into Chrysler Corp. Production ended on September 30, 2005 and the facility closed. Demolished in 2006. 
|-
| C (1968-1990),&lt;br&gt; 3 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 1 (1959)
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Jefferson#Jefferson Avenue Assembly|Jefferson Avenue Assembly]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1908,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1990
| [[w:Chrysler Six|Chrysler Series 70 (B-70)]] (1924-1925), [[w:Chrysler Six|Chrysler Series 70 (G-70)]] (1926-1927), [[w:Chrysler Six|Chrysler Series 72]] (1928), [[w:Chrysler Royal|Chrysler Royal]] (1933, 1937-1950), DeSoto SD (1933), Chrysler Airflow (1934-1937), Chrysler Airstream (1935-36), [[w:Chrysler (brand)|Chrysler brand]] (1937-1958), Desoto Airflow (1934-1936), DeSoto Airstream (1935-1936), [[w:Chrysler Imperial|Chrysler Imperial]] (1926-1942, 1946-1954), [[w:Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]] (1955-1958, 1962-1975), [[w:Chrysler 300 letter series|Chrysler 300 letter series]] (1959-1965), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1959-1978), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga|Chrysler Saratoga]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chrysler Windsor|Chrysler Windsor]] (1959-1961), [[w:Chrysler Newport|Chrysler Newport]] (1961-1978), [[w:Chrysler 300 non-letter series|Chrysler 300 Sport Series]] (1962-1971), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1968-1972), [[w:DeSoto Firedome|DeSoto Firedome]] (1959), [[w:DeSoto Fireflite|DeSoto Fireflite]] (1959-1960), [[w:DeSoto Adventurer|DeSoto Adventurer]] (1959-1960), [[w:DeSoto (automobile)#1961|DeSoto]] (1961), [[w:Dodge Matador|Dodge Matador]] (1960), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1965-1966), [[w:Dodge D series|Dodge D/W series]] (1979-1980), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1979-1980), [[w:Plymouth Trailduster|Plymouth Trailduster]] (1979-1980), [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] (1981-1989), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] (1981-1989), [[w:Dodge 400|Dodge 400]] 4-d (1982-1983), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron|Chrysler LeBaron]] 4-d (1982-1984), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1983–1988|Chrysler New Yorker (E-body)]] (1983-1987), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1983–1988|Chrysler New Yorker Turbo (E-body)]] (1988), [[w:Dodge 600|Dodge 600]] 4-d (1983-1988), [[w:Chrysler E-Class|Chrysler E-Class]] (1983-1984), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle]] (US: 1985-1988), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle]] 4-d (Canada: 1983-1988), [[w:Dodge Omni|Dodge Omni]] (1989-1990), [[w:Plymouth Horizon|Plymouth Horizon]] (1989-1990),&lt;br&gt; Engines
| Located at 12200 East Jefferson Ave. Plant was originally opened by [[w:Chalmers Automobile|Chalmers Motor Co.]]. After falling on hard times, Chalmers agreed in 1917 to build cars for [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Co.]] at the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit. In exchange, Chalmers cars would be sold through Maxwell dealers. After having its own financial problems, Maxwell stopped producing cars at the Chalmers plant in 1921. Maxwell hired Walter P. Chrysler to turn the company around in 1921. In early 1921, Maxwell Motor Co. was liquidated and replaced by Maxwell Motor Corp. with Walter P. Chrysler as Chairman. On December 7, 1922, Maxwell took over the bankrupt Chalmers including the Jefferson Ave. plant. Chrysler brand cars began to be produced in 1924. Chalmers was discontinued in late 1923 with the last cars being 1924 models. Maxwell production ended in May 1925. Maxwell Motor Corp. was reorganized into the Chrysler Corporation on June 6, 1925. The 1925 Maxwell was reworked into an entry-level, 4-cylinder Chrysler model for 1926-1928 and was then reworked again into the first Plymouth in 1928. The Jefferson Ave. plant was the home plant of the Chrysler brand through 1978. It was also the home plant for the spin-off Imperial brand except for 1959-1961, when Imperial had its own exclusive plant on Warren Ave. in Dearborn. By the time it ended production on February 2, 1990, Jefferson Ave. Assembly had built 8,310,107 vehicles. Demolished in 1991. Replaced by the Jefferson North plant built across Jefferson Ave. from the old plant, where the Kercheval Body Plant used to be. The Jefferson North plant opened in January 1992.
|-
| W (1987-1989 Chrysler M-body) &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; [K for 1981-1983 AMC and 1983-1987 Renault],&lt;br&gt; 0-6 (1966-1980 AMC)
| Kenosha I Assembly
| [[w:Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1988
| [[w:Chrysler Fifth Avenue#1982–1989: The M-body years|Chrysler Fifth Avenue]]&lt;br&gt; (1987-1989),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Diplomat#Second generation (1980)|Dodge Diplomat]] (1987-1989), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1982–1989|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1987-89), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle Salon]] (Canada: 1987-1989)
| This was the Kenosha Main Plant of [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]]. The Kenosha plant was the oldest still operating automobile factory in the world when it ended vehicle production in December 1988. It first built automobiles in 1902 for the Thomas B. Jeffery Company under the Rambler brand. The factory was purchased in 1900 from the Sterling Bicycle Co., which built it in 1895. In 1914, the Thomas B. Jeffery Company rebranded its vehicles under the Jeffery brand. In 1916, the Thomas B. Jeffery Company was bought by Charles Nash and renamed Nash Motors. Kenosha produced Nash vehicles from 1917-1957. Kenosha also produced Nash's entry-level Lafayette brand from 1934-1936. After Nash merged with Hudson to form American Motors in 1954, Kenosha also produced Hudson vehicles from 1955-1957. Kenosha then produced vehicles under the Rambler brand for AMC from 1958-1968 and under the AMC brand from 1966-1983. Kenosha also produced the Alliance for AMC shareholder Renault for 1983-1987 along with the Encore for 1984-1986 and the GTA for 1987. Chrysler signed a deal with AMC in September 1986 to utilize surplus capacity at AMC's Kenosha plant to build Chrysler's trio of rwd M-body sedans beginning in February 1987. Chrysler did not have any capacity left in its own plants to continue building the M-body sedans. The St. Louis North plant that had been building the M-body sedans had been converted to build the extended length minivans. This deal led to Chrysler's acquisition of AMC, announced in March 1987. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Vehicle production ended in December 1988 and the M-bodies were discontinued. The site continued building engines until 2010. The plant has since been demolished.
|-
| Y
| Kenosha II Assembly
| [[w:Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1988
| [[w:Dodge Omni|Dodge Omni]] (1988-1989), [[w:Plymouth Horizon|Plymouth Horizon]] (1988-1989)
| This was the Kenosha Lakefront Plant of [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]], located on the shore of Lake Michigan. This property was originally a Simmons mattress manufacturing plant from 1870 to 1960. AMC bought it in 1960 to manufacture and paint auto bodies. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. In September 1987, production of the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon began. Production was moved to Kenosha from Chrysler's Belvidere, IL plant, which was being converted to build Chrysler's C-body sedans (Dynasty/New Yorker). Closed in December 1988. Omni &amp; Horizon production then moved to the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit. Demolished in 1990. In 1994, the City of Kenosha purchased the property for $1. The property was subsequently cleaned up and redeveloped into the HarborPark area, which includes a park and open space, a public museum, residential housing, and a marina. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Kenosha Engine|Kenosha Engine Plant]]
| [[w:Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2010
| [[w:AMC straight-4 engine|AMC straight-4 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC straight-6 engine|AMC straight-6 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC V8 engine|AMC V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LH engine|Chrysler 2.7L DOHC V6]], [[w:Chrysler SOHC V6 engine#3.5|Chrysler 3.5L SOHC V6]]
| Located at 5555 30th Avenue. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Vehicle production ended in December 1988 at the adjacent assembly plant but the site continued building engines until 2010. After the Chrysler buyout, the plant kept building the AMC 5.9L V8 for the SJ Jeep Grand Wagoneer through 1991, the AMC 2.5L I4 through 2002 for Jeeps and the Dodge Dakota, the AMC 4.2L I6 through 1990 for the Jeep Wrangler, and the AMC 4.0L I6 through 2006 for various Jeeps ('06 Wrangler was the last to use the 4.0L). Chrysler started building its own 2.7L V6 at Kenosha in 1997 and its own 3.5L V6 in 2003. Engine production ended in October 2010 and the plant closed. Demolished in 2012-2013.
|-
|
| Kercheval Body Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1920,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1990
| Automobile Bodies
| Located at 12265 E Jefferson Ave., across Jefferson Ave. from Chrysler's Jefferson Ave. Assembly Plant, which had originally been the Chalmers plant. The assembly plant was on the south side of Jefferson Ave. while the body plant was on the north side. The plant was called Kercheval because the north side of the plant was bordered by Kercheval Ave. The plant was built in 1920 by Wadsworth Manufacturing Co. to replace a previous plant on the same site that burned down in 1919. That fire had also damaged the Chalmers plant across the street. In November 1920, Wadsworth Manufacturing was sold to American Motor Body Co., a division of the American Can Co. On July 1, 1923, American Motor Body Co. became American Motor Body Corp., run by Charles M. Schwab. On September 4, 1925, Chrysler Corp. bought the Detroit plant of the American Motor Body Corp. to quickly increase its manufacturing capacity. In 1955, Kercheval Body Plant was connected to the Jefferson Assembly plant by a bridge crossing over Jefferson Ave. Previously, bodies made at Kercheval had to be transported by truck across Jefferson Ave. to the assembly plant. The plant closed in Feb. 1990, at the same time the Jefferson Ave. Assembly Plant closed. The Kercheval plant was demolished and Chrysler built the new Jefferson North Assembly Plant on the site of the former Kercheval Body Plant, on the north side of Jefferson Ave. 
|-
|
| Kokomo - Home Ave. plant
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1937
| 1969
| Manual Transmissions (1937-1955), Aluminum die casting (1955-1969)
| Located at 1105 S. Home Ave. Chrysler bought this plant in 1937. This was Chrysler's first plant in Kokomo. It had previously belonged to the [[w:Haynes Automobile Company|Haynes Automobile Co.]], which went out of business in 1925. The plant had been dormant since then. 5,124,211 manual transmissions were built here from 1937-1955. Transmission production then shifted to a new plant about a mile southeast on South Reed Road. The Home Ave. plant then became an aluminum die casting plant until 1969, when that operation shifted to the new Kokomo Casting plant on East Boulevard. Chrysler subsequently sold this plant. The facility was last used by Warren's Auto Parts, an auto salvage yard, which closed in 2020 after nearly 50 years. It is currently empty though still standing as of 2025. 
|-
| M
| [[w:Lago Alberto Assembly|Lago Alberto Assembly]]
| [[w:Nuevo Polanco|Nuevo Polanco district]], [[w:Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo borough]], [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1938
| 2002
| &lt;br&gt; Past models: &lt;br&gt;  Mexico only: Dodge Savoy, Dodge Dart, Dodge 330, Dodge 440, Chrysler Valiant (1963-1969), Valiant Barracuda (1965-1969), Dodge Coronet, [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1981-02), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger#Second generation (1981–1993)|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1986-96), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger#Third generation (1999–2001)|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1999-01) &lt;br&gt; Export to US:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ramcharger#Second generation (1981–1993)|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1986-93), [[w:Dodge Ram#First generation (1981; D/W)|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1990-93), [[w:Dodge Ram#Second generation (1994; BR/BE)|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1994-02)
| Located at 320 Lago Alberto Street. Originally part of Fabricas Automex, Chrysler's affiliate in Mexico. In 1968, Fabricas Automex was 45% owned by Chrysler. In December 1971, Chrysler increased its stake to 90.5% and changed the Mexican company's name to Chrysler de Mexico. Chrysler later bought another 8.8% stake, taking its total to 99.3%. Lago Alberto began exporting to the US with the 1986 Dodge Ramcharger, sourced exclusively from Mexico. The Lago Alberto plant was closed in 2002 and Mexican pickup production was consolidated in the newer, more modern Saltillo plant. 
|-
| E (1968-1971),&lt;br&gt; 5 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 4 (1959),&lt;br&gt; L (1958),&lt;br&gt; L (1955-1957 Chrysler brand)
| [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly|Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly]]
| [[w:Commerce, California|City of Commerce, California]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1932
| 1971
| Plymouth (1946-1958), Dodge (1946-1953, 1955-1958), [[w:Dodge Power Wagon#Civilian 1-ton Power Wagon &quot;Military-Type&quot;, Flat Fender Style&quot; (1945-1978)|Dodge Power Wagon]] (1946-1949), DeSoto Deluxe/Custom (1948-1952), DeSoto Powermaster Six (1953-1954), DeSoto Firedome (1952-57), DeSoto Fireflite (1955-1957), DeSoto Firesweep (1957-1958), Chrysler Windsor (1948-1958), Chrysler Royal (1949-1950), Chrysler Saratoga (1951-1952, 1957-1958), Chrysler New Yorker (1953-1958), [[w:Chrysler Windsor|Chrysler Windsor]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga|Chrysler Saratoga]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1959-60), [[w:DeSoto Firesweep|DeSoto Firesweep]] (1959), [[w:Dodge Coronet#Fourth generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Coronet]] (1957-1959), [[w:Dodge Custom Royal|Dodge Custom Royal]] (1958-1959), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962), [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960-1964), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1959), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1958-1964), [[w:Plymouth Suburban|Plymouth Suburban wagon]] (1959-1961), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1958-1959, 1963-1964), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1971), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1970-1971), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1971), [[w:Dodge Dart#1971|Dodge Dart Demon]] (1971), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda|Plymouth Barracuda]] (1964-1966, 1970), [[w:Dodge Challenger (1970)|Dodge Challenger]] (1970), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Intermediate series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1965-70), [[w:Plymouth Satellite|Plymouth Satellite]] (1965-1971), [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1967-1971), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1968-1971), [[w:Dodge Coronet|Dodge Coronet]] (1965-1971), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)|Dodge Charger]] (1971), [[w:Dodge Super Bee|Dodge Super Bee]] (1968-1971)
| Located at 5800 South Eastern Avenue and Slauson Avenue in Maywood, now part of City of Commerce. Across the street from the [[w:Maywood Assembly|Ford Maywood Assembly plant (Los Angeles Assembly plant No. 1)]]. 
|-
| A (1968-1981),&lt;br&gt; 1 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 6 (1959)
| [[w:Lynch Road Assembly|Lynch Road Assembly]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1929
| 1981
| Plymouth (1929-1958), DeSoto (1931-1932), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959-64), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (59-61), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959-1964), [[w:Plymouth Suburban|Plymouth Suburban wagon]] (59-61), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Intermediate series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (62-70), [[w:Plymouth Satellite|Plymouth Satellite]] (1965-1970, 1973-1974), [[w:Plymouth Fury#Seventh generation (1975–1978)|Plymouth Fury]] (1975-1978), [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1967-1970), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1968-1970, 1973, 1975), [[w:Plymouth Superbird|Plymouth Road Runner Superbird]] (1970), [[w:Dodge Coronet|Dodge Coronet]] (1965-1976), [[w:Dodge Monaco#Fourth generation (1977–1978)|Dodge Monaco]] (1977-1978), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)#1966|Dodge Charger]] (1966), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)#Third generation|Dodge Charger]] (1971-1974), [[w:Dodge Super Bee|Dodge Super Bee]] (1968-1971),  [[w:Chrysler Newport#1979–1981|Chrysler Newport]] (1979-81), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1979–1981|Chrysler New Yorker]] (79-81), [[w:Dodge St. Regis|Dodge St. Regis]] (1979-81), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1980–1981|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (80-81),&lt;br&gt; Engines
| Located at 6334 Lynch Road. This was originally Plymouth's home plant. At the time it opened in 1929, Lynch Road was the largest single story auto plant in the world. DeSoto production was transferred from Highland Park to Lynch Road in 1931. In June 1932, DeSoto production was moved to the Jefferson Ave. plant when the DeSoto brand moved up in the brand hierarchy to between Dodge and Chrysler. Previously, DeSoto was between Plymouth and Dodge. During World War II, Lynch Road made tank transmissions, truck parts, and uranium enrichment diffusers for the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Oak Ridge, TN to produce enriched uranium for the atomic bomb. For 1965, Lynch Road began to focus on production of Plymouth and Dodge intermediate models. For 1979, Lynch Road was switched to build Chrysler's R-body full-size cars for all 3 Chrysler car brands. Production ended on April 3, 1981 and the factory closed. Last car produced was a white Plymouth Gran Fury police car. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|Mack Ave. Engine Plant I]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1998
| 2019
| [[w:Chrysler PowerTech engine#4.7|4.7L PowerTech SOHC V8]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|3.0L/3.2L/3.6L Pentastar V6]]
| Located at 4000 St. Jean Avenue. Mack Ave. Engine Plant I was built on the site of the former New Mack Assembly Plant and the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The first engine was built in 1998. 4.7L V8 engine production ended in April 2013. Pentastar V6 engine production ended in 2019. The 2 engine plants were subsequently converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North Assembly plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021.
|-
| 
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|Mack Ave. Engine Plant II]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2000
| 2012
| [[w:Chrysler PowerTech engine#3.7 EKG|3.7L PowerTech SOHC 90° V6]]
| Located at 4500 St. Jean Avenue. Mack Ave. Engine Plant II was built next to the Mack Ave. Engine Plant I, which had been built on the site of the former New Mack Assembly Plant and the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The first engine was built in November 2000. Production ended in September 2012. The 2 engine plants were subsequently converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North Assembly plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021.
|-
|
| Mack Ave. Stamping Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1979
| Stampings
| Chrysler acquired the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The plant was originally built in 1916 by the Michigan Stamping Company, which was taken over by Briggs Manufacturing in 1923. The plant was closed in 1979 and the site was basically abandoned. The city of Detroit bought the plant site in 1982 but was unable to find a purchaser or afford environmental remediation for the site and returned it to Chrysler. In 1990, Chrysler began cleanup and demolition of the old plant and built a new factory on the site, which became the New Mack Assembly Plant. The site later became the Mack Ave. Engine Complex and later, the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant, which is now part of the Detroit Assembly Complex.
|-
| 
| McGraw Stamping/McGraw Glass Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 19?
| 2003
| Oil pans, valve covers, and other small stampings,&lt;br&gt; Automotive Glass (1960-)
| Located at 9400 McGraw Ave. Was around the corner and behind the Wyoming Ave. DeSoto/Export plant. Originally, a stamping plant. In 1960, switched to making automotive glass. Used Safeguard brand. Glass was DOT# 21. Demolished. 
|-
|
| [[w:Mound Road Engine|Mound Road Engine Plant]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2002
| [[w:Chrysler A engine|Chrysler A V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine|Chrysler LA V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine#239 V6|3.9L 90° V6 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 8.0 L V10|8.0L iron Magnum V10 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Viper engine|8.0L aluminum Viper V10 engine]] (1992-5/01)
| Located at 20300 Mound Road. One of the plants Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. Chrysler used the plant to produce aircraft parts from 1953-1954 and then transferred the plant to Plymouth in 1954 to build its new A-series V8 engine for 1956 model year cars. Converted into an engine plant and enlarged by 71,000 sq. ft., it began building V8 engines for Plymouth in July 1955. Dodge later used the A engine from 1959 in the US in cars and trucks and Chrysler used the A engine from 1960 in the US. The plant was closed in 2002 and demolished in 2003. The land was then paved over and is now used as a storage lot for vehicles produced at the nearby Warren Truck Assembly Plant. Warren Truck Assembly is just to the north of where Mound Road Engine was. Mt. Elliott Tool and Die was located immediately to the south of the Mound Road Engine Plant on Outer Drive East.
|-
|
| [[w:Mount Elliott Tool and Die|Mount Elliott Tool and Die]]/Outer Drive Manufacturing Technology Center/Outer Drive Stamping
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1938, 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2018
| Stamping Dies, Checking Fixtures, Stamping Fixtures 
| Located at 3675 Outer Drive East. Built in 1938 by Briggs Manufacturing Company. One of the plants Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing in 1953. Chrysler renamed it Outer Drive Stamping. Stamping operations ended in 1983 and operations from the closed Vernor Tool &amp; Die plant were moved here. The plant was then renamed Outer Drive Manufacturing Technology Center. The plant now did tool and die work as well as pilot plant operations and engineering for new stamping technologies. Once the Chrysler Technology Center in Auburn Hills was built, Pilot Operations and Advanced Stamping Manufacturing Engineering moved there and the plant was renamed Mount Elliott Tool and Die. Operations at the plant ended in 2018 and the plant was sold to German automotive supplier Laepple Automotive in 2024. Laepple Automotive is producing stamped body parts at the plant. 
|-
| V
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|New Mack Assembly Plant]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1992
| 1995
| [[w:Dodge Viper|Dodge Viper RT/10]] (1992-96)
| Located at 4000 St. Jean Avenue. The New Mack Assembly Plant is built on the site of the former Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. Viper production began in May 1992 at the New Mack Assembly Plant. After ending production in 1995, New Mack Assembly was converted into the Mack Ave. Engine Plant I. A new addition was then built to create Mack Ave. Engine Plant II. The 2 engine plants were subsequently converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North Assembly plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021. 
|-
| F (1968-2009),&lt;br&gt; 6 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 5 (1959),&lt;br&gt; N (1958)
| [[w:Newark Assembly|Newark Assembly]]
| [[w:Newark, Delaware|Newark, Delaware]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1951,&lt;br&gt; 1957 (Automotive prod.)
| 2008
| Plymouth (1957-1958), Dodge (1958), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1958-1959, 1961), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959-1974), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959-1964), [[w:Dodge Coronet#Fourth generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Coronet]] (1958-1959), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960-1966), [[w:Dodge Monaco|Dodge Monaco]] (1965-1966, 1968), [[w:Chrysler Newport|Chrysler Newport]] (1965-1970), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1965-70), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (1941–1988)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1966-1967), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1964, 1974-1976), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1964, 1974-76), [[w:Dodge Aspen|Dodge Aspen]] (1976-1980), [[w:Plymouth Volare|Plymouth Volare]] (1976-1980), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#First generation (1977–1981)|Chrysler LeBaron (M-body)]] (1979-1980), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] sedan &amp; wagon (1981-1988), [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] sedan &amp; wagon (1981-1988), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Second generation (1982–1988)|Chrysler LeBaron (K-body)]] (sedan: 1984-1988, wagon: 1982-1988), [[w:Plymouth Acclaim|Plymouth Acclaim]] (1989-1995), [[w:Dodge Spirit|Dodge Spirit]] (1989-1995), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation sedan (1990–1994)|Chrysler LeBaron Sedan (A-body)]] (1990, 1993-1994), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga#1989–1995|Chrysler Saratoga]] (For export: 1990-1992), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron coupe (J-body)]] (1992-1993), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron convertible (J-body)]] (1992-1995), [[w:Dodge Intrepid#First generation (1993–1997)|Dodge Intrepid]] (1994-1996), [[w:Chrysler Intrepid#First generation (1993–1997)|Chrysler Intrepid]] (Canada: 1994-1995), [[w:Chrysler Concorde#First generation (1993–1997)|Chrysler Concorde]] (1995-1996), [[w:Dodge Durango#First generation (DN; 1998)|Dodge Durango (DN)]] (1998-2003), [[w:Dodge Durango#Second generation (HB; 2004)|Dodge Durango (HB)]] (2004-2009), [[w:Chrysler Aspen|Chrysler Aspen]] (2007-2009) 
| Chrysler began construction of the Delaware Tank Plant in January 1951 to build [[w:M48 Patton|M48 Patton]] tanks. Production began in April 1952. Production ended in May 1961 and the Tank Plant was closed in October 1961. Low rate initial production of the [[w:M60 tank|M60 tank]] was also done at the Newark plant in 1959 before production was moved to the [[w:Detroit Arsenal (Warren, Michigan)|Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant]] in Warren, MI in 1960. Conversion to automotive production began in 1956. Production of Plymouth and Dodge cars began on April 30, 1957. Production ended on December 19, 2008. Sold to the University of Delaware on October 24, 2009. Most of the plant was demolished in 2010-2011 except for the Administration Building near the front of the complex. The site is now the Science, Technology, and Advanced Research (STAR) campus. The old Chrysler Administration Building has been redesigned and is now being used by the College of Health Sciences. 
|-
| K
| [[w:Pillette Road Truck Assembly|Pillette Road Truck Assembly]]
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1976
| 2003
| [[w:Dodge Sportsman|Dodge Tradesman/Sportsman]] (1976-1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram Van|Dodge Ram Van]] (1981-2003), [[w:Dodge Ram Wagon|Dodge Ram Wagon]] (1981-'02), [[w:Plymouth Voyager#Full-size van (AB; 1974–1983)|Plymouth Voyager]] (1976-1983)
| Located at 2935 Pillette Road. Was originally Windsor Plant 6. The Pillette Road plant was located less than a mile away from Chryslers' main plant complex in Windsor. Production began in January 1976. Production ended on June 12, 2003. 2,309,399 units were built. Demolished in 2004. Part of the site is now the Grand Central Business Park. Another part was a logistics center serving Chrysler's Windsor Assembly Plant and operated by Syncreon. The Syncreon Automotive Windsor site closed in October 2022. The parts sorting and sequencing work done there was now going to be done in-house at Chrysler's Windsor Assembly Plant. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly#San Leandro Assembly|San Leandro Assembly]]
| [[w:San Leandro, California|San Leandro, California]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1948
| 1954
| Plymouth (1949-1954),&lt;br&gt; Dodge (1949-1954),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Power Wagon#Civilian 1-ton Power Wagon &quot;Military-Type&quot;, Flat Fender Style&quot; (1945-1978)|Dodge Power Wagon]] (1950-1954)
| Located at 1933 Davis St. Plant was originally run by Dodge Division. In 1953, San Leandro began to make its own car bodies. Closed in 1954 when Chrysler consolidated West Coast auto production at the Los Angeles plant. Used by International Harvester to build heavy-duty trucks from 1963 to 1975, replacing an earlier plant in Emeryville.  Now the Westgate Center, a shopping mall, and Gate510, a hub for entrepreneurs. 
|-
| B (1996-2009),&lt;br&gt; G (1968-1991),&lt;br&gt; 7 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 8 (1959)
| [[w:Saint Louis Assembly|St. Louis I Assembly]] - South plant
| [[w:Fenton, Missouri|Fenton, Missouri]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1959
| 2008
| [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1960-1964), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1960-1964), [[w:Plymouth Suburban|Plymouth Suburban wagon]] (1961), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962), [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1965, 1976), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1973-1976), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1965, 1973-1976), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda|Plymouth Barracuda]] (1964-1965),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Intermediate series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1965-1970), [[w:Plymouth Satellite|Plymouth Satellite]] (1965-1974), [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1967-1971), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1968-75), [[w:Plymouth Fury#Seventh generation (1975–1978)|Plymouth Fury]] (1975-1976), [[w:Dodge Coronet|Dodge Coronet]] (1965-1973, 75), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)|Dodge Charger]] (1968-1974), [[w:Dodge Super Bee|Dodge Super Bee]] (1968-1971), [[w:Dodge Diplomat|Dodge Diplomat]] (1977-1981), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#First generation (1977–1981)|Chrysler LeBaron (M-body)]] (1977-1981), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle (M-body)]] (Canada: 1978-1981), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] 2-d (1982-1986), [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] 2-d (1982-1986), [[w:Dodge 400|Dodge 400]] 2-d &amp; convertible (1982-1983), [[w:Dodge 600|Dodge 600]] 2-d &amp; convertible (1984-1986), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle]] 2-d (Canada: 1983-1986), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Second generation (1982–1988)|Chrysler LeBaron (K-body)]] (2-d &amp; convertible: 1982-1986), [[w:Chrysler Executive|Chrysler Executive]] (1983-1986), [[w:Dodge Daytona|Dodge Daytona]] (1984-1991), [[w:Chrysler Daytona|Chrysler Daytona]] (Canada: 1984-1991), [[w:Dodge Daytona#Chrysler Laser|Chrysler Laser]] (1984-1986), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron coupe/convertible (J-body)]] (1987-1991), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Voyager]] (1996-2000), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Grand Voyager]] (1996-2000), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Caravan]] (1996-2007), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Grand Caravan]] (1996-2009), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Voyager]] (2001-2003), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Grand Voyager]] (2000), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1996-2001, 2004-2007)
| Located at 1001 N. Hwy Dr. St. Louis South was idled in 1991. The Dodge Daytona was moved to Sterling Heights and the J-body Chrysler LeBaron was moved to Newark, DE. St. Louis South was reopened in 1995 to build minivans, which were moved from the St. Louis North plant. For the 3rd generation, St. Louis South built both SWB and LWB models. For the 4th generation, St. Louis South built all SWB models but also built some LWB models. Closed on October 31, 2008. Demolished in 2011. Site was sold in 2014 and is now the Fenton Logistics Park.
|-
| J (1996-2009),&lt;br&gt; X (1973-1995),&lt;br&gt; U (1970-1972),&lt;br&gt; 7 (1967-1969)
| [[w:Saint Louis Assembly|St. Louis II Assembly]] - North plant / Missouri Truck Assembly Plant
| [[w:Fenton, Missouri|Fenton, Missouri]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1966
| 2009
| [[w:Dodge D series|Dodge D/W series]] (1967-1973), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1974-1977), [[w:Plymouth Trail Duster|Plymouth Trail Duster]] (1974-76), [[w:Dodge Sportsman|Dodge Tradesman/Sportsman]] (1971-1980), [[w:Plymouth Voyager#Full-size van (AB; 1974–1983)|Plymouth Voyager]] (1975-1976, 1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1982–1989|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1984-1987), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle Salon]] (Canada: 1984-1987), [[w:Dodge Diplomat|Dodge Diplomat]] (1984-1987), [[w:Chrysler Fifth Avenue#1982–1989: The M-body years|Chrysler Fifth Avenue]] ('84-'87), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Grand Voyager]] (1987-1995), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Grand Caravan]] (1987-1995), [[w:Chrysler minivans (S)#Cargo van|Dodge Extended Mini Ram Van]] (1987-1988), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1990-1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1996-'09)
| Originally opened to build trucks as the Missouri Truck Assembly Plant. In 1980, the plant was idled. Plant was reopened in 1983 to build the rwd, M-body sedans, which were moved from Windsor, ON, Canada so that Windsor could be converted to build minivans. Plant was renamed St. Louis II Assembly. During 1987, the M-body sedans were moved to AMC's plant in Kenosha, WI so that St. Louis North could be converted to build the new LWB minivans. For the first 2 generations of Chrysler minivans, St. Louis North only built the LWB models. For 1996, minivan production moved to St. Louis South and the North plant was converted to build full-size pickups. Closed on July 10, 2009. Demolished in 2011. Site was sold in 2014 and is now the Fenton Logistics Park.
|-
| J (1970-1978),&lt;br&gt; 6 (1968-1969),&lt;br&gt; 9 (1961-1967)
| Tecumseh Road Truck Assembly / Windsor Truck Assembly Plant
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1916,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1978
| Maxwell (1924-1925),&lt;br&gt; Chrysler (1924-1929),&lt;br&gt; Dodge Trucks (1931-1960), &lt;br&gt; Dodge D-Series Trucks: &lt;br&gt; D100 (1961), D200 (1964), W200 (1965), W100 (1966), D100/W100 (1967), D200 (1970), D500 (1968),&lt;br&gt; D500/D600/D700/D800 &lt;br&gt; medium-duty trucks (1970-1972), D500/D600/W600/D700/D800 medium-duty trucks (1974-1977),&lt;br&gt; D100 (1978),&lt;br&gt; Fargo Trucks (1936-1972)
| Located at 300 Tecumseh Road East. Was originally Windsor Plant 1. Became part of Chrysler upon its founding in 1925. Was previously a Maxwell-Chalmers plant and was originally Maxwell's Canadian plant from 1916. Switched to building trucks in 1931 after Plant 3 opened in 1929. Closed in 1978. Became the Imperial Quality Assurance Centre from 1980-1983, doing extra quality control on the 1981-1983 Imperial built at the Windsor Assembly Plant (the car plant - Plant 3) about 1.5 miles east of Plant 1. The Imperial Quality Assurance Centre closed in 1983 when the Imperial was discontinued. Subsequently demolished. Is now the Plaza 300 shopping mall.
|-
|
| Tipton Transmission Plant
| [[w:Tipton, Indiana|Tipton, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2014
| 2023
| [[w:ZF 9HP transmission|948TE 9-speed auto.]] transmission, SI-EVT transmission
| Located at 5880 W. State Road 28. Originally, the plant was supposed to be a [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] plant focused on supplying Chrysler with dual-clutch transmissions. Chrysler withdrew from the deal in 2008 after a dispute over financing and sued Getrag. The 80% completed facility then sat dormant until Chrysler Group purchased the facility in February 2013 and completed construction. Production began in April 2014 with the ZF-designed 9-speed auto. transmission, built under license from ZF. Production ended in June 2023 and 9-speed production was consolidated into Indiana Transmission Plant I in Kokomo, IN. The SI-EVT transmission for the Pacifica Hybrid was moved to Kokomo Transmission Plant. Sold to IRH Manufacturing LLC in September 2024 to make solar cells.
|-
| L (1989-2001),&lt;br&gt; T (1981-1988)
| [[w:Toledo Complex#Parkway|Toledo Assembly #1 Plant]] - Jeep Parkway plant
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2001 (ended final assembly), 2006 (ended body assembly)
| [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]] (1984-01), [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)#Wagoneer|Jeep Wagoneer (XJ)]] (1984-90), [[w:Jeep Comanche|Jeep Comanche]] (1986-1992),&lt;br&gt; Bodies for vehicles made at Stickney Ave. plant &lt;br&gt; 
Models only made before Chrysler takeover: Willys Aero (1952-1955), Kaiser Manhattan (1954-1955), Jeep CJ (1946-1986), Jeep DJ, Jeep Jeepster (1948-1950), Jeep Jeepster Commando (1967-1971), Jeep Commando (1972-1973), Willys Jeep Station Wagon (1946-1964), Willys Jeep Truck (1947-1965), Jeep Gladiator (SJ) (1963-1971), Jeep J-series pickup, Jeep Wagoneer [SJ] (1963-1981), Jeep Cherokee [SJ] (1974-1981), Jeep Forward Control [FC] (1957-1965), Jeep FJ Fleetvan (1961-1975), Military Jeeps
| Located at 1000 Jeep Parkway. The John North Willys-owned Overland Automobile Co. purchased the plant in 1909 from Pope-Toledo, another early automaker. Overland Automobile Co. became Willys-Overland in 1912. Began building Jeeps in the 1940s. This was the original Jeep assembly plant. Willys-Overland was bought by Kaiser in 1953. Kaiser then sold its Willow Run plant in Ypsilanti, MI to GM and moved its production to the Willys plant in Toledo, OH. Kaiser and Willys production in the US ended in 1955 and Toledo focused on Jeep production going forward. Kaiser Jeep was sold to AMC in 1970. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Final assembly ended in 2001 when the XJ Cherokee ended production but painted body production continued until June 30, 2006, when the TJ Wrangler ended production. Production of the replacement JK Wrangler moved to the new Toledo Supplier Park plant a few miles away.  The Administration Building, used from 1915 through 1974, was imploded on April 14, 1979. A third of the plant was demolished in 2002 after final assembly ended including the Jeep Museum. The remainder was demolished in 2006-2007 after body production ended. One of the three large brick smokestacks was preserved and was dedicated in 2013 to the plant's history and workforce. A bronze plaque was mounted next to the smokestack, which still says &quot;Overland&quot; on it. Over 11 million vehicles were produced at the site, including military Jeeps during World War II. The site was sold to the Toledo-Lucas County Port Authority in 2010. The site has been redeveloped into the Overland Industrial Park. Dana Inc. and Detroit Manufacturing Systems are among the tenants in the Overland Industrial Park and those plants supply the current Jeep plants elsewhere in Toledo. All-Phase Electric Supply Co. is another tenant. 
|-
| P (1989-2006),&lt;br&gt; T (1981-1988)
| [[w:Toledo Complex#Stickney|Toledo Assembly #2 Plant]] - Jeep Stickney Ave. plant
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2006 
| [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)#1984: SJ and XJ|Jeep Grand Wagoneer (SJ)]]&lt;br&gt; (1984-1991),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (YJ)|Jeep Wrangler (YJ)]] (1993-95), [[w:Jeep Wrangler (TJ)|Jeep Wrangler (TJ)]] (1997-06)
Models only made before Chrysler takeover:&lt;br&gt; Jeep Wagoneer [SJ] (1981-1983), Jeep Cherokee [SJ] (1981-1983)
| Located at 4000 Stickney Ave. Originally opened in 1942 by the Electric Auto-Lite Co., a maker of spark plugs. Sold to Kaiser-Jeep in 1964, which used it as a machining and engine plant until 1981, when AMC converted it for vehicle production. AMC had taken over Kaiser Jeep in 1970. AMC built the SJ Wagoneer and Cherokee at the Stickney Ave. plant. Body assembly was done at an SJ- or later,  Wrangler-specific body shop at the Parkway plant while final assembly was at the Stickney Ave. plant. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Production ended in 2006 with the end of the TJ Wrangler. Production of the replacement JK Wrangler moved to the new Toledo Supplier Park plant built on the site of the old Stickney Ave. plant. 
|-
| W (1994-1996)
| [[w:Toledo Complex#Stickney|Toledo Assembly #3 Plant]] - Jeep Stickney Ave. plant
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1993
| 1996 
| [[w:Dodge Dakota#First generation (1987–1996)|Dodge Dakota]] (1994-1996)
| Body assembly was done at a Dakota-specific body shop at the Parkway plant while final assembly was at the Stickney Ave. plant.
|-
|
| Toluca Engine Plant 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| ?
| 2002
| [[w:Chrysler Slant-6 engine|Chrysler Slant-6 engine]], [[w:Chrysler LA engine|Chrysler LA V8 engine]]
| Closed in 2002
|-
|
| Toluca Transmission Plant 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| ?
| 2001
| Automatic Transmissions for fwd cars
| Closed in 2001
|-
| 
| [[w:Trenton Engine Complex|Trenton Engine North Plant]] 
| [[w:Trenton, Michigan|Trenton, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1952
| 2022
| [[w:Chrysler B engine|Chrysler B V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler B engine#RB engines|Chrysler RB V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Slant-6 engine|Chrysler Slant-6 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Volkswagen EA827 engine#1.7|VW 1.7L EA827 I4 engine]] (adding Chrysler parts to already built VW engines made in W. Germany),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 2.2 &amp; 2.5 engine|2.2L/2.5L &quot;K-car&quot; I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler 1.8, 2.0 &amp; 2.4 engine|1.8L, 2.0L I4 &quot;Neon engine&quot;]], [[w:Chrysler 3.3 &amp; 3.8 engines|3.3L/3.8L OHV V6]], [[w:Chrysler SOHC V6 engine|3.5L/3.2L/4.0L SOHC V6]], [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|3.2L/3.6L Pentastar V6 engine]], [[w:World Gasoline Engine#2.4_2|2.4L Tigershark I4]],&lt;br&gt; Engine components,&lt;br&gt; Air raid sirens
| Located at 2000 Van Horn Road. Trenton North began production in fall 1952 and was expanded in 1964, 1967, 1969, 1976, and 1977. At first, Trenton North began by making water pumps and air raid sirens but engines quickly followed. Trenton Engine North was Chrysler’s first dedicated engine factory in the US, separate from the assembly plants. On September 29, 1978, V8 production ended. Trenton North added Chrysler parts such as the intake and exhaust manifolds, water pump, ignition system and other major parts to already built VW 1.7L EA827 I4 engines imported from Salzgitter, W. Germany for use in the Omni/Horizon. Production of the 3.5L V6 moved to Kenosha Engine in 2003. Trenton North was idled in May 2011 when the 3.8 V6 ended production following the end of 3.3 &amp; 4.0 V6 engine production in 2010. Chrysler then announced in June 2011 it would use a fifth of the plant to make components for the Pentastar V6 being made at Trenton South. In January 2012, Trenton North began producing the 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine. Chrysler then installed a flexible production line that could build both the Pentastar V6 and the Tigershark I4. In May 2013, Trenton began producing the 3.2L Pentastar V6. Tigershark I4 production began late in 3rd quarter 2013. By the end of 2022, Pentastar Upgrade engine production moved from Trenton North to Trenton South and the older North plant ended production. Trenton North has been repurposed for warehousing and other non-manufacturing opportunities. 
|-
|
| [[w:Tritec engine|Tritec Motors Ltda.]] 
| [[w:Campo Largo, Paraná|Campo Largo, Paraná]] 
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 2000
| 2007
| [[w:Tritec engine|1.4L/1.6L/1.6L supercharged &lt;br&gt; Tritec I4 engine]] 
| Originally established in 1997 as a 50/50 joint venture between Chrysler and [[w:BMW|BMW]] to jointly develop the Tritec 4-cylinder engine and build it at a newly built, jointly owned plant in Brazil. At the time, BMW owned the [[w:Rover Group|Rover Group]], which was developing a new generation of the Mini and Rover worked with Chrysler to develop the Tritec engine that would power the new Mini. In 1998, Chrysler merged with Daimler-Benz, forming DaimlerChrysler. Production of the new engine began in January 2000. BMW broke up and sold off the Rover Group in 2000 but it retained the rights to the new generation Mini then under development and the 50% stake in Tritec Motors. BMW used all 3 versions of the engine in the new generation [[w:Mini Hatch#First generation (R50/52/53; 2001)|MINI]]. Chrysler used the normally aspirated 1.6L version of the engine in non-North American market versions of the [[w:Chrysler Neon#Second generation (2000)|Neon]] and the [[w:Chrysler PT Cruiser|PT Cruiser]]. The normally aspirated 1.6L engine was also supplied to Chinese automakers [[w:Chery|Chery]] and [[w:Lifan Group|Lifan]]. Tritec engine production ended in June 2007. On July 11, 2007, BMW sold its 50% stake in Tritec Motors to [[w:Chrysler#1998–2007: DaimlerChrysler|DaimlerChrysler]]'s Chrysler Group. BMW did not use the Tritec engine in any subsequent models. BMW jointly developed with [[w:PSA Group|PSA Peugeot Citroën]] a new engine called [[w:Prince engine|Prince]] for the [[w:Mini Hatch#Second generation (R56/57; 2006)|next generation Mini]], which launched as a 3-d hatch for 2007 and as a convertible for 2009. In March 2008, the plant and the rights to the engine design were sold to [[w:Fiat|Fiat]], which then updated the engine into the [[w:Fiat E.torQ engine|E.torQ engine]]. The E.torQ engine was offered in the same 1.6L displacement as the Tritec and was also enlarged to 1.7L (1747 cc), though the 1.7L was referred to as a 1.8L. The E.torQ engine was produced in the same plant as the Tritec engine by Fiat from 2010-2023. Became part of [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] upon its founding in 2014. Then became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] upon its founding in 2021 along with Fiat and Chrysler. Ironically, the E.torQ engine also ended up powering certain Chrysler Group models outside the US and Canada. It was used in the South American/European/Australian market Jeep Renegade and the Mexican and Middle East market 2017-2020 Dodge Neon, which was a rebadged Fiat Tipo made in Turkey. It was also used in the Mexican market Dodge Vision and Ram 700 and the South American market Ram 1000. The plant was closed in 2023, following the end of E.torQ engine production.
|-
|
| [[w:Twinsburg Stamping|Twinsburg Stamping]]
| [[w:Twinsburg, Ohio|Twinsburg, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1957
| 2010
| Stampings and assemblies
| Located at 2000 East Aurora Road. Opened in August 1957. Closed July 31, 2010. Sold in 2011. Demolished in 2012-2013. Now the Cornerstone Business Park.
|-
|
| Vernor Tool &amp; Die plant (South plant)
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953
| 1983
| Tooling &amp; Dies
| Located at 12026 E Vernor Highway. Operations moved to Mount Elliott Tool and Die. The former location seems to have been swallowed up by the Jefferson North Assembly plant.
|-
|
| Vernor Trim plant (North plant)
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953
| 1970's
| Trim
| Located at 12025 E Vernor Highway. The former location seems to have been swallowed up by the Jefferson North Assembly plant.
|-
| 4 (1960-1961),&lt;br&gt; 7 (1959)
| Warren Avenue Plant
| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1927,&lt;br&gt; 1950 (opened as part of Chrysler)
| 1960s
| DeSoto bodies (1950-1958), DeSoto engines &lt;br&gt; (1951-1958),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Imperial (automobile)#Second generation (1957–1966)|Imperial]] (1959-1961)
| Located at 8505 West Warren Avenue. This was previously the factory of Paige and Graham-Paige. Chrysler leased half the plant in 1941 to use for military production. Chrysler produced aircraft components for the [[w:Martin B-26 Marauder|B-26 Marauder]] (nose and center fuselage sections) and the [[w:Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29 Superfortress]] (the pressurized nose section, wing leading edges, and engine cowlings). The B-29 had a nose so large that trenches had to be dug in the floor and some of the bracing for the plant’s roof girders had to be removed to accommodate the aircraft. Chrysler bought the plant in 1947. Began building bodies for DeSoto in August 1950. Engine production began in 1951. Production of the Imperial brand moved here from the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit for 1959 in an attempt to give the Imperial brand its own, exclusive factory however sales weren't high enough to support its own plant so Imperial production moved back to the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit for 1962. Production of small parts followed for a few years as did export operations. The plant was later sold. Most of the plant has seen been demolished but the front building facing on Warren Ave. is still there and is now used as Corporate HQ by Shatila Food Products. The DeSoto logo, featuring a stylized image of Hernando de Soto, can still be seen at the top of the building above the front door. 
|-
| T (1970-), 2 (1966-1969),&lt;br&gt; 
| Warren Truck #2 Assembly Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1966
| 1975
| Dodge heavy-duty trucks
| Located at 6600 East 9 Mile Road, at the corner of Sherwood Ave and East 9 Mile Road. Closed in 1975 when Dodge exited the heavy-duty truck market. Site now belongs to Sundance Beverage Co., the parent of Everfresh Juice Co.
|-
| V (1971-1979)
| Warren Truck (Compact) #3 Assembly Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1970
| 1979
| [[w:Dodge Sportsman|Dodge Tradesman/Sportsman]] (1971-1979),&lt;br&gt;[[w:Plymouth Voyager#Full-size van (AB; 1974–1983)|Plymouth Voyager]] (1974-1979)
| Was located at 22000 Hoover Road between Toepfer Road and East 9 Mile Road however this address is no longer used. It's now 21900 Hoover Road. The property was purchased in 1937 by Divco (Detroit Industrial Vehicle Company), which opened a new factory on the site in 1939 to build delivery trucks. Divco's headquarters were also at this location but moved to Richmond, IN after Divco bought Wayne Works, Inc. in 1956. In 1968, delivery truck production was moved to Delaware, OH and in 1969, the factory was sold to Chrysler. Chrysler started building the new 1971 model &lt;br&gt; B-series vans there in 1970. Production seems to have ended in 1979. The buildings still seem intact as of 2025. Midwest Freight Systems and Sherwood Truck Repair occupy the site now.
|-
| 
| Windsor Engine Plant
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1938
| 1980
| [[w:Chrysler flathead engine#Straight-6|Chrysler flathead inline 6]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Slant-6 engine|Chrysler Slant-6 engine]], &lt;br&gt;[[w:Chrysler A engine|Chrysler A V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine|Chrysler LA V8 engine]]
| Was originally Windsor Plant 2. Located just to the south of Windsor Plant 3, the current minivan factory. Closed in August 1980. Built over 8 million engines. Windsor Assembly Plant (Plant 3) expanded onto the site of the old engine plant when it was being renovated for minivan production. 
|- 
|
| [[w:Detroit Assembly#LaSalle Factory/DeSoto Factory|Wyoming Ave. Assembly (DeSoto Wyoming Ave. plant)]] / Wyoming Export Plant
| [[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]
| United States
| 1936
| 1958 (Vehicle prod.),&lt;br&gt; 1980 (export operations)
| [[w:DeSoto (automobile)|DeSoto]] (1937-1958),&lt;br&gt; CKD Export (1960-1980)
| Located at 6000 Wyoming Avenue. Originally built to produce Liberty aircraft engines in World War I, opening in 1917. In 1919, was taken over by Saxon Motor Co., owned by Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Motor Co. GM bought the plant in 1926 and built the LaSalle there from 1927-1933. GM sold Wyoming Assembly to Chrysler in 1934, which then used it to build its DeSoto brand. Became DeSoto's home plant. During World War II, Chrysler built wing center sections for the [[w:Curtiss SB2C Helldiver|Curtiss SB2C Helldiver]] at the Wyoming Ave. plant. For 1959, DeSoto's models other than the Dodge-based Firesweep were moved to Chrysler's Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit. The Dodge-based Firesweep was already built at the Dodge plant in Hamtramck. This was done so that bodies and final assembly would be done in either a single facility or a pair of connected facilities. This was part of Chrysler's move to unibody construction for 1960 for all cars except Imperial. After the DeSoto brand was discontinued in late 1960, became Wyoming Export plant which was used to prepare vehicles for export. Plant closed in 1980. Plant was demolished in 1992. Site is now occupied by Comprehensive Logistics Inc.
|}

==Non-Chrysler FCA/Stellantis Factories Previously Making Chrysler Group Vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 1
| [[w:Fiat Cassino Plant|Cassino Plant]]
| [[w:Piedimonte San Germano|Piedimonte San Germano]], [[w:Province of Frosinone|Province of Frosinone]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1972
| 
| Past Chrysler Group models: [[w:Lancia Delta#|Chrysler Delta]] (UK/Ireland)
| Fiat plant. 
|-
| 3
| [[w:Alfa Romeo Pomigliano d'Arco plant|Pomigliano d'Arco plant]] (Giambattista Vico plant)
| [[w:Pomigliano d'Arco|Pomigliano d'Arco]], [[w:Metropolitan City of Naples|Metropolitan City of Naples]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1972
|
| Past Chrysler Group models: [[w:Dodge Hornet|Dodge Hornet]] (2023-2025). Related models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Alfa Romeo Tonale|Alfa Romeo Tonale]] (2023-)
| Originally, an Alfa Romeo plant. Oriiginally owned by Construction Industry Neapolitan Vehicles Alfa Romeo - Alfasud S.p.A., a joint venture between Alfa Romeo (88%), Finmeccanica (10%), and IRI (2%). In 1982, Alfasud S.p.A. was renamed Inca Investments. Alfa Romeo was taken over by Fiat in 1986. Fiat merged with Chrysler to form Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) in 2014. FCA merged with PSA Group to form Stellantis in 2021. 
|}

==Non-Chrysler Group DaimlerChrysler/Daimler AG Factories Previously Making Chrysler Group Vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 5
| Mercedes-Benz Plant Düsseldorf
| [[w:Düsseldorf|Düsseldorf]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]]
| [[w:Germany|Germany]]
| 1962
|
| [[w:Dodge Sprinter|Dodge Sprinter]] (2003-2009)
| Mercedes-Benz Plant. 
|-
| 9
| Mercedes-Benz Plant Ludwigsfelde
| [[w:Ludwigsfelde|Ludwigsfelde]], [[w:Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]
| [[w:Germany|Germany]]
| 1991 (Mercedes prod. began)
|
| [[w:Dodge Sprinter#Second generation (2006–2018, NCV3)|Dodge Sprinter]] chassis cab (2007-2009)
| Mercedes-Benz Plant. Originally established in 1936 by Daimler-Benz to make airplane engines. The plant was bombed by the US in 1945. After the war ended, what remained of the factory was dismantled and taken to the Soviet Union as reparations. On February 1, 1991, Mercedes-Benz took a 25% stake in the Ludwigsfelde plant, which had previously belonged to East German truckmaker VEB Automobilwerke. It became a 100% owned subsidiary of Mercedes-Benz on January 1, 1994. Sprinter production began in 2006. 
|}

==Former partner factories== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Prod. for Chrysler began
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Prod. for Chrysler ended
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 6
| [[w:China Motor Corporation|China Motor Corporation]]
| [[w:Yangmei District|Yangmei District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]]
| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]
| 2006
| 2007
| [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]]&lt;br&gt; (Taiwan: 2006-2007),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge 1000|Dodge 1000]] (Mexico: 2007-'10)
| China Motor Corporation plant. Built for Chrysler under license by China Motor Corporation of Taiwan. Production began April 18, 2006. 
|-
|
| [[w:Carrozzeria Ghia|Carrozzeria Ghia]] 
| [[w:Turin|Turin]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1957
| 1965
| [[w:Imperial (automobile)#Imperial Crown (1955–1965)|Imperial Crown Limousine]] (1957-1965) modified, painted limousine bodies and interiors
| 132 Imperial Crown Limousines were built by Ghia under contract for Chrysler between 1957 and 1965. The 1957-1959 models were based on modified 2-door hardtops with the more rigid chassis from the convertible. The 1960-1965 models were based on 4-door models. Ghia lengthened the frame and modified the bodywork and interiors to create the limousines. After producion ended in 1965, Ghia sold the tooling to Barreiros of Spain, which built another 10 Imperial Crown Limousines. Barreiros had been 35% owned by Chrysler since 1963. That was increased to 77% in 1967 and 100% in 1969.  
|-
| U
| [[w:Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor Co.]] - [[w:List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities#Ulsan Plant|Ulsan plant]]
| [[w:Ulsan|Ulsan]]
| [[w:South Korea|South Korea]]
| 2000
| 2014
| Mexico only: &lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Atos|Dodge Atos]] (2001-2012),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Dodge Verna|Dodge Verna]] (2004-06),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Dodge Attitude#First generation (MC; 2006)|Dodge Attitude (MC)]] (2007-'11), [[w:Dodge Attitude#Second generation (RB; 2011)|Dodge Attitude (RB)]] (2012-'14), [[w:Dodge H100|Dodge H100 truck]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Hyundai Starex#Second generation (TQ; 2007)|Dodge H100 Van/Wagon]]
| Rebadged Hyundai models sold as Dodges in Mexico. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai Motor India]]
| [[w:Chennai|Chennai]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| [[w:India|India]]
| 2011
| 2014
| Mexico only: &lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge i10|Dodge i10]] (2012-2014)
| Rebadged Hyundai model sold as a Dodge in Mexico. 
|-
| X
| [[w:Karmann|Karmann Osnabrück Assembly]]
| [[w:Osnabrück|Osnabrück]], [[w:Lower Saxony|Lower Saxony]]
| [[w:Germany|Germany]]
| 2003
| 2007
| [[w:Chrysler Crossfire|Chrysler Crossfire]] (2004-2008)
| Karmann plant. Built under contract for Chrysler. 
|-
| Y
| [[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]] / Steyr-Daimler-Puch - Chrysler Steyr Assembly
| [[w:Graz|Graz]], [[w:Styria|Styria]]
| [[w:Austria|Austria]]
| 1994
| 2010
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee|Jeep Grand Cherokee]]&lt;br&gt; (1995-2010),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Commander (XK)|Jeep Commander]] (2006-2010), [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Voyager/Grand Voyager]] (2003-2007),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 300#First generation (2005)|Chrysler 300C/300C Touring]] (2005-2010)
| Originally, a Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant. Magna International acquired a majority holding of 66.8% in Steyr-Daimler-Puch in 1998 and acquired the rest by 2002 when it was renamed Magna Steyr. Production of the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans moved from the Eurostar plant  next door to the main Magna Steyr plant for 2003. Chrysler minivan production in Austria ended on November 30, 2007. Built under contract for Chrysler. 
|-
| B
| [[w:Maserati|Maserati]] - [[w:Innocenti|Innocenti]] plant
| [[w:Lambrate|Lambrate district]], [[w:Milan|Milan]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1988
| 1990
| [[w:Chrysler TC by Maserati|Chrysler TC by Maserati]]&lt;br&gt; (1989-1991)
| Developed jointly by Chrysler and Maserati, the TC was built in Italy by Maserati at the Innocenti plant in Milan. Maserati and Innocenti were both owned by DeTomaso at the time. Chrysler bought a 5% stake in Maserati in 1984 and increased its stake to 15.6% in 1986. Production ended in 1990 due to low sales.
|-
| U
| Mitsubishi - Mizushima plant (Line 1)
| [[w:Kurashiki|Kurashiki]], [[w:Okayama Prefecture|Okayama Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1970s
| 1996
| [[w:Plymouth Champ|Plymouth Champ]] (1981-1982), [[w:Plymouth Colt|Plymouth Colt]] (1983-1994), [[w:Dodge Colt|Dodge Colt]] (1981-1994), [[w:Dodge Colt|Dodge/Plymouth Colt]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada only: 1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Summit|Eagle Summit]]&lt;br&gt; (4-d: 1989-1990, 1993-1996,&lt;br&gt; 3-d: 1991-1992, 2-d: 1993-96), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Plymouth Colt Vista]] (1993-94), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Eagle Summit Wagon]] (1993-96)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant.
|-
| Z
| Mitsubishi - Okazaki plant
| [[w:Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]], [[w:Aichi Prefecture|Aichi Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1983
| 1996
| [[w:Plymouth Conquest|Plymouth Conquest]] (1984-86), [[w:Dodge Conquest|Dodge Conquest]] (1984-1986), [[w:Chrysler Conquest|Chrysler Conquest]] (1987-1989), [[w:Dodge Colt Vista#Colt Vista|Dodge Colt Vista]] (1984-1991), [[w:Plymouth Colt Vista#Colt Vista|Plymouth Colt Vista]] (1984-91), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Plymouth Colt Vista]] (1992-94), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Eagle Summit Wagon]] (1992-96) [[w:Eagle Vista#Vista Wagon|Eagle Vista Wagon]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada: 1989-1991)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant.
|-
| Y (Line 1)&lt;br&gt;/&lt;br /&gt;P (Line 2)
| Mitsubishi - &lt;br&gt; Ooe plant &lt;br&gt; a.k.a. &lt;br&gt; Nagoya #1&lt;br&gt;/&lt;br&gt;Nagoya #2
| Ooe-cho, [[w:Minato-ku, Nagoya|Minato ward]], [[w:Nagoya|Nagoya]], [[w:Aichi Prefecture|Aichi Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1970s
| 1996
| VIN code Y:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Sapporo|Plymouth Sapporo]] (1981-1983), [[w:Dodge Challenger#Second generation (1978–1983)|Dodge Challenger]] (1981-1983), [[w:Plymouth Arrow Truck#Chrysler variants|Plymouth Arrow Truck]] ('81-'82), [[w:Dodge Ram 50|Dodge Ram 50]] (1981-1984), [[w:Dodge Stealth|Dodge Stealth]] (1991-1996)
VIN code P:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram 50|Dodge Ram 50]] (1985-1986), [[w:Dodge Ram 50#North America|Dodge Ram 50]] (1987-1993)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant. Closed in 2001. Sold to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and now used by its Aircraft, Defense &amp; Space Business Area.
|-
| J
| Mitsubishi -  Toyo Koki/Pajero Manufacturing Co., Ltd. plant
| [[w:Sakahogi, Gifu|Sakahogi]], [[w:Gifu Prefecture|Gifu Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1986
| 1989
| [[w:Dodge Raider|Dodge Raider]] (1987-1989)
|  Originally, a Toyo Koki Co. Ltd. plant. Opened in 1976. Built vehicles under contract for Mitsubishi. Mitsubishi Motors owned 35% of Toyo Koki and increased its stake to a majority in March 1995. The plant was then renamed Pajero Manufacturing Co., Ltd. in July 1995. In March 2003, Mitsubishi bought all the remaining shares in Pajero Manufacturing Co., Ltd., making it a wholly owned subsidiary. Closed in 2021. Sold to Daio Paper in 2022.
|-
| H (Attitude), 9 (1200)
| [[w:Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)|Mitsubishi Motors Thailand]]
| [[w:Laem Chabang|Laem Chabang]], [[w:Chonburi province|Chonburi province]]
| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]]
| 2014
| 2024
| [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]]&lt;br&gt; (Mexico: 2015-2024),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Triton#Fifth generation (KJ/KK/KL; 2014)|Ram 1200]]&lt;br&gt; (Middle East: 2017-2019)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant.  
|-
| ?
| [[w:MMC Automotriz|MMC Automotriz]]
| [[w:Barcelona, Venezuela|Barcelona]], [[w:Anzoátegui|Anzoátegui state]]
| [[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]
| 2002
| 2009
| [[w:Dodge Brisa|Dodge Brisa]]&lt;br&gt; ([[w:Hyundai Accent#First generation (X3; 1994)|2002-2005]]), ([[w:Hyundai Getz|2006-2009]])
| MMC Automotriz plant. Originally, MMC Automotriz was 49% owned by Consorcio Inversionista Fabril S.A. (CIF) of Venezuela and 42% owned by Nissho Iwai Corp. The remaining 9% of the company was owned by the Japan International Development Organization Ltd., a partnership between the government-financed Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund and 98 private companies. Nissho Iwai merged with Nichimen Corp. in 2004 to form Sojitz Corp. Sojitz later increased its stake in MMC Automotriz to 98%, with the other 2% still held by CIF. MMC Automotriz was sold to the the Sylca Group (also known as Yammine Group) in 2015. MMC Automotriz produced Mitsubishi vehicles and from 1996-2012, also produced Hyundai vehicles. The Dodge Brisa was produced for DaimlerChrysler as part of its cooperation with [[w:Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]. MMC Automotriz also produced Mitsubishi Fuso trucks. 
|-
| G
| [[w:Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)|MMC Sittipol Co., Ltd.]]
| [[w:Laem Chabang|Laem Chabang]], [[w:Chonburi province|Chonburi province]]
| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]]
| 1988
| 1992
| [[w:Plymouth Colt#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Plymouth Colt 100]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada: 1988-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Colt#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Dodge Colt 100]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada: 1988-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Vista|Eagle Vista]] (Canada: 1988-92)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant. MMC Sittipol is the predecessor company of Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand). These were the first vehicle exports from Thailand. 
|-
| 2
| [[w:Renault|Renault]] - [[w:Maubeuge Construction Automobile|Maubeuge plant]]
| [[w:Maubeuge|Maubeuge]]
| [[w:France|France]]
| 1987
| 1989
| [[w:Renault Medallion|Renault Medallion]] (1988),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Medallion|Eagle Medallion]] (1989)
| Renault plant. The Medallion was sold through Chrysler's Jeep-Eagle dealer network as a legacy of Chrysler's takeover of AMC from Renault.
|-
| 8,&lt;br&gt; 0
| [[w:Soueast|Soueast]]
| [[w:Fuzhou|Fuzhou]], [[w:Fujian|Fujian province]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2008
| 2010
| [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Voyager]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Caravan#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Dodge Caravan]]
| South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. plant. Built for Chrysler under license by South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.
|}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4632841</id>
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        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
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      <text bytes="133907" sha1="5x4esqmlz7o40by5ymf2ddohezc7n1g" xml:space="preserve">{{user sandbox}}
{{tmbox|type=notice|text=This is a sandbox page, a place for experimenting with Wikibooks.}}

This is a history of Chrysler factories that are being or have been used to produce cars, vans, SUVs, trucks, and automobile components. 

For '''Chrysler brand''' only: Plant code in 1955-1957 was not indicated if it was made in the home plant in Michigan but if it was made in a different plant, then it was indicated by a letter in the 4th position of the serial number.

For '''cars''': Plant code in 1958 was not indicated if it was made in the home plant in Michigan but if it was made in a different plant, then it was indicated by a letter in the 4th position of the serial number. Plant code was the number in the 4th position of the 10-digit serial number for 1959-1965. Plant code was the number in the 7th position of the 13-digit serial number for 1966-1967. Plant code was the letter in the 7th position of the 13-digit serial number for 1968-1980.

Canadian-built cars had the plant code as the number in the 5th position of the 11-digit serial number for 1965.

For '''trucks''': The first digit of the 7-digit sequence number (4th position overall of the 10-digit serial number) indicated which plant built the truck for 1967-1968. Plant code was the number in the 4th position of the 10-digit serial number for 1969. Plant code was the letter in the 7th position of the 13-digit serial number for 1970-1980.

Canadian-built models used a different system for VINs until 1968, when Chrysler of Canada adopted the same system as the US. Plant code for trucks was the number in the 5th position of the 10-digit serial number for 1961-1967.

All models from 1981 on have the plant code in the 11th position as per standardized VIN regulations.

For '''AMC passenger cars from 1966-1967''': Plant code is indicated by the letter in the 3rd position of the 13-digit vehicle number. If the 3rd letter is a K, then it was made in Kenosha, WI. If the 3rd letter is a B, then it was made in Brampton, ON, Canada. [Note: Some early 1966 models used the 1965-style serial numbers.]

For '''AMC passenger cars from 1968 through 1980''': Plant code is indicated by the 8th digit (the first of the sequential serial number) of the 13-digit vehicle number. 1-6 is Kenosha, WI and 7-9 is Brampton, ON, Canada.

For '''Canadian-built Jeeps built by AMC Canada for 1979-1980''': Plant code is indicated by the 8th digit (the first of the sequential serial number) of the 13-digit vehicle number. It was made in Canada if it's either an 8 (1979) or a 7 (1980). All other Jeeps from 1980 and earlier were made in Toledo. 

All models from 1981 on have the plant code in the 11th position as per standardized VIN regulations.

==Current factories== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Current Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| D (1968-),&lt;br&gt; 4 (1966-1967)
| [[w:Belvidere Assembly|Belvidere Assembly]] 
| [[w:Belvidere, Illinois|Belvidere, Illinois]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1965
| Feb. 2023
| 
| Located at 3000 West Chrysler Drive. '''Belvidere Satellite Stamping Plant''' adjoins the main assembly plant. Began production on July 7, 1965. The first vehicle produced was a 1966 Plymouth Fury four-door. In 1972, the Chrysler Town and Country station wagon was added to the Belvidere plant. In 1977, the plant was converted to build front-wheel drive subcompacts. Production of the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon began on December 5, 1977. All L-body derivatives were made at Belvidere through 1987. In 1987, Belvidere was converted to build Chrysler's midsize, fwd C-body sedans. Belvidere then switched back to building small cars and began production of the Neon on November 10, 1993. Belvidere built the last Plymouth, a silver 2001 Neon LX on June 28, 2001. Neon production ended in September 2005. Dodge Caliber began production in January 2006, followed by Jeep Compass in June 2006 and Jeep Patriot in December 2006. Caliber ended production on December 19, 2011. Dodge Dart began production on April 30, 2012, and ended on October 4, 2016. Compass and Patriot production ended on December 23, 2016. Jeep Cherokee production began on June 1, 2017 and ended on February 28, 2023. Belvidere was then idled. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1966-1974), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1975–1977|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1975-1977), [[w:Dodge Monaco|Dodge Monaco]] (1966-1976), [[w:Dodge Royal Monaco#1977 (Royal Monaco)|Dodge Royal Monaco]] (1977), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1966-1973), [[w:Chrysler Newport|Chrysler Newport]] (1977), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1973-1977), [[w:Dodge Omni|Dodge Omni]] (1978-1987), [[w:Plymouth Horizon|Plymouth Horizon]] (1978-1987), [[w:Dodge Omni 024|Dodge Omni 024]] (1979-1980), [[w:Plymouth Horizon TC3|Plymouth Horizon TC3]] (1979-1980), [[w:Dodge Omni 024|Dodge 024]] (1981-1982), [[w:Plymouth Horizon TC3|Plymouth TC3]] (1981-1982), [[w:Dodge Charger (1981)|Dodge Charger]] (1983-1987), [[w:Plymouth Turismo|Plymouth Turismo]] (1983-1987), [[w:Dodge Rampage|Dodge Rampage]] (1982-1984),  [[w:Plymouth Scamp|Plymouth Scamp]] (1983), [[w:Dodge Dynasty|Dodge Dynasty]] (1988-1993), [[w:Chrysler Dynasty|Chrysler Dynasty]] (Canada: 1988-1993), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1988–1993|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1988-1993), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue#1990–1993: New Yorker Fifth Avenue|Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue]] (1990-1993), [[w:Chrysler Imperial#1990–1993|Chrysler Imperial]] (1990-1993), [[w:Dodge Neon|Dodge Neon]] (1995-2005), [[w:Plymouth Neon|Plymouth Neon]] (1995-2001), Chrysler Neon (Canada: 2000-02),&lt;br&gt; Dodge SX 2.0 (Canada: 2003-05),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Caliber|Dodge Caliber]] (2007-2012), [[w:Jeep Compass#First generation (MK49; 2006)|Jeep Compass]] (2007-2017), [[w:Jeep Patriot|Jeep Patriot]] (2007-2017), [[w:Dodge Dart (PF)|Dodge Dart]] (2013-2016), [[w:Jeep Cherokee (KL)|Jeep Cherokee]] (2017-2023)
|-
| H (1989-),&lt;br&gt; A (1988)
| [[w:Brampton Assembly|Brampton Assembly]] (Formerly Bramalea Assembly)
| [[w:Brampton|Brampton]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1987
| Dec. 2023
| 
| Located at 2000 Williams Parkway East. Factory was built by AMC and Renault. The plant was acquired by Chrysler as part of its takeover of AMC. Began production on September 28, 1987. Plant was originally known as Bramalea Assembly. Plant was renamed Brampton Assembly in 1992 after Chrysler closed and sold the old AMC plant on Kennedy Road in Brampton. The attached '''Brampton Satellite Stamping Plant''' was added in December 1991 and was built for the launch of the Chrysler LH platform. On December 17, 1991, Eagle Premier and Dodge Monaco production ended. Production of the Chrysler LH platform cars began in June 1992. Production switched to the rear-wheel drive Chrysler LX platform cars in January 2004. The Chrysler 300 was also built for export to mainland Europe as the Lancia Thema from 2011-2014. Production ended on December 22, 2023 and the plant was idled. Last vehicle off the line was a Pitch-Black 2023 Dodge Challenger Demon 170. 7,147,888 vehicles were produced through 2023.&lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Eagle Premier|Eagle Premier]] (1988-1992), [[w:Dodge Monaco#Fifth generation (1990–1992)|Dodge Monaco]] (1990-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Intrepid|Dodge Intrepid]] (1993-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Intrepid|Chrysler Intrepid]] (Canada: 1993-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Concorde|Chrysler Concorde]] (1993-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Vision|Eagle Vision]] (1993-1997),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1994–1996|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1994-1996),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LHS|Chrysler LHS]] (1994-1997, 1999-2001),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 300M|Chrysler 300M]] (1999-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 300|Chrysler 300]] (2005-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Magnum#Chrysler LX platform (2005–2008)|Dodge Magnum]] (2005-2008),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Charger (2006)|Dodge Charger]] (2006-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Challenger (2008)|Dodge Challenger]] (2008-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Lancia Thema#Second generation (2011–2014)|Lancia Thema]] (For export: 2011-2014)
|-
| C
| [[w:Jefferson North Assembly|Detroit Assembly Complex – Jefferson]] / Jefferson North Assembly Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1992
| 
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee|Jeep Grand Cherokee]] (1993-), [[w:Dodge Durango#WD|Dodge Durango]] (2011-)
| Located at 2101 Conner Street. Jefferson North replaced the previous Jefferson Assembly plant that closed in 1990 and was demolished in 1991. Jefferson North is across the street from the old Jefferson Assembly plant, on the north side of Jefferson Ave. Jefferson North was built on the site of Chrysler's old Kercheval Avenue Body Plant, which, in 1955, had been connected to the old Jefferson Assembly plant by a bridge crossing over Jefferson Ave. The Jefferson North plant site also absorbed what had been the axle plant and service parts buildings of the old [[w:Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson]] plant, which were located at Connor St. and Vernor Hwy. The main Hudson plant is now the parking lot on the corner of Jefferson Ave. and Connor St. After 2017, the Jefferson North plant complex also absorbed the site of the former Budd Co. body- &amp; parts-making plant at Connor St. and Charlevoix Avenue, which had previously belonged to the Liberty Motor Car Co. The Budd plant extended north on Connor from Charlevoix most of the way to Mack Ave. Since the nearby Mack Ave. Assembly Plant began operations in 2021, the 2 plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex. Jefferson North began production on January 14, 1992 with the original Grand Cherokee (ZJ). The 2nd gen. Grand Cherokee began production on July 17, 1998. The 3rd gen. Grand Cherokee began production on July 26, 2004 followed by the Jeep Commander on July 18, 2005. The 4th gen. Grand Cherokee began production on May 10, 2010 followed by the Dodge Durango on December 14, 2010. The 5th gen. Grand Cherokee began production in May 2022. The 4xe plug-in hybrid version of the Grand Cherokee began production at Jefferson North in March 2023. On Aug. 13, 2013, Jefferson North built its 5 millionth vehicle, a silver 2014 Grand Cherokee Overland. On May 25, 2016, Jefferson North built its 6 millionth vehicle, a Granite Crystal (silvery gray) 2016 Grand Cherokee 75th anniversary Edition.&lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Commander (XK)|Jeep Commander]] (2006-2010),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)#Grand Cherokee WK (2022)|Jeep Grand Cherokee WK]] (2022)&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee 4xe]] (2023-2025)
|-
| 8
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack]] / Mack Ave. Assembly Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2021
| 
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee L]] (2021-), [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee]] (2022-)
| Located at 4000 St. Jean Avenue. The Mack Avenue Assembly Plant is built on the site of the former Mack Ave. Engine Plants I &amp; II, the New Mack Assembly Plant, &amp; the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The two plants that comprised the former Mack Avenue Engine Complex were converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021. Production began in March 2021 with the 3-row Grand Cherokee L. The 2-row Grand Cherokee followed in the fall of 2021. The 4xe plug-in hybrid version of the Grand Cherokee began production at Mack Ave. in August 2022. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee 4xe]] (2022-2025)
|-
|
| [[w:Dundee Engine Plant|Dundee Engine Plant]] (Formerly [[W:Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance|GEMA]]) 
| [[w:Dundee, Michigan|Dundee, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2005
| 
| [[w:Prince engine#1.6-litre turbocharged (PSA)|1.6L turbo PSA/BMW Prince EP6CDTX Hybrid I4]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:FCA Global Medium Engine|2.0L turbo Hurricane4 EVO I4 (GME-T4 EVO)]],&lt;br&gt; Engine components
| Located at 5800 North Ann Arbor Road. Plant was originally part of the the Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance, a 3-way engine manufacturing joint venture between DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, and Hyundai. The North Plant launched in October 2005, followed by the South Plant in November 2006. The plant began with production of the I4 World Gasoline Engine, which was developed by the Global Engine Alliance, a 3-way engine development joint venture between DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, and Hyundai. Originally, the plant was envisioned as supplying engines to Mitsubishi and Hyundai as well as Chrysler however the plant only ever supplied engines to Chrysler. Mitsubishi and Hyundai each set up engine production at their own engine plants. On August 31, 2009, Chrysler bought Mitsubishi’s and Hyundai’s stakes in the group and now wholly owns both the Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance and its primary engine-building plant in Dundee, Michigan. In January 2012, the plant was renamed Dundee Engine Plant. Production of the Fiat 1.4-liter FIRE I4 engine began in November 2010. The Tigershark engine, an evolution of the World engine, began production in 2012 for the 2.0L and in May 2013 for the 2.4L. Tigershark engine production ended on March 16, 2023. In November 2019, the Pentastar V6 began production at Dundee, moving from the Mack Ave. Engine Plant in Detroit, which was to be converted into a vehicle assembly plant. The Pentastar V6 ended production at Dundee on August 18, 2023. In 2025, Dundee began making a North American-spec version of the European-developed Prince engine for the 2026 Jeep Cherokee Hybrid. &lt;br&gt; Past engines: [[w:World Gasoline Engine|1.8L/2.0L/2.4L/2.4L Turbo I4 World Gasoline Engine]], [[w:World Gasoline Engine#Tigershark|2.0L/2.4L I4 Tigershark Engine]], [[w:FIRE engine|Fiat 1.4L/1.4L Turbo FIRE MultiAir I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|Chrysler 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine]] 
|-
| 
| Etobicoke Casting Plant
| [[w:Etobicoke|Etobicoke District]], [[w:Toronto|Toronto]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1964
| 
| Aluminum die castings, Engine and Transmission Components
| Located at 15 Brown's Line. Etobicoke used to be a separate city but became part of Toronto in 1998. Factory was originally built in 1942 by the Canadian government and operated by Alcan Aluminum, which used it to make molds for military aircraft parts during World War II. It produced precision aircraft parts and other high quality aluminum castings. The aluminum foundry was purchased by Chrysler in April 1964 from Alcan Aluminum. The plant was expanded in 1965 and 1998. Etobicoke Casting is making oil pans for the 1.6 liter turbo I4 in the 2026 Jeep Cherokee.
|-
|
| [[w:Indiana Transmission#Indiana Transmission I|Indiana Transmission Plant I]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1998
| 
| [[w:ZF 9HP transmission|948TE 9-speed auto.]] transmission, Gear machining and final assembly of electric drive modules
| Located at 3660 North U.S. Highway 931. RFE transmission production ended in January 2025. More than 8 million RFE transmissions were produced at Indiana Transmission Plant I. Production of the nine-speed transmission began in May 2013. The 9-speed is built under license from [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]]. &lt;br&gt; Past transmissions:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler RFE transmission|Chrysler RFE 4-/5-/6-speed auto. trans.]]
|-
|
| [[w:Kokomo Casting|Kokomo Casting Plant]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1965
| 
| Aluminum parts for automotive components, transmission and transaxle cases; engine block castings
| Located at 1001 East Boulevard. Kokomo Casting is the world’s largest die-cast facility. Plant was expanded in 1969, 1986, 1995 and 1997. Over 18 million four-speed transmission cases were made at Kokomo Casting from 1988 through July 2014. Kokomo Casting started making nine-speed transmission cases in 2013. Kokomo Casting is making engine blocks for the 1.6 liter turbo I4 in the 2026 Jeep Cherokee. Kokomo Casting is making gearbox covers for the electric drive modules made at the Indiana Transmission Plant. 
|-
|
| [[w:Kokomo Engine Plant|Kokomo Engine Plant]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2022 (as Kokomo Engine)
| 
| [[w:FCA Global Medium Engine|2.0L turbo GME-T4 I4]]
| Located at 3360 North U.S. Highway 931. Plant was previously known as Indiana Transmission Plant II, which built automatic transmissions and transmission components from 2003-2019, when it was idled. Starting in 2020, the plant was converted to engine production. Engine production began in late February 2022. 
|-
|
| [[w:Kokomo Transmission|Kokomo Transmission Plant]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1956
| 
| [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|850RE]] 8-speed auto. transmission,&lt;br&gt; [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|880RE]] 8-speed auto. transmission,&lt;br&gt; Machining of engine block castings and transmission components,&lt;br&gt; Machined components for the &lt;br&gt; 9-speed auto. transmission
| Located at 2401 South Reed Road. On October 9, 2020, Kokomo Transmission built its last 41TE 4-speed auto. transmission, assembling more than 17 million 4-speed auto. transmissions since production began in 1988. Kokomo Transmission began building 6-speed auto. transmissions in 2006. Production of the eight-speed automatic transmission began in September 2012. The 8-speed is built under license from [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]]. On August 8, 2023, Kokomo Transmission built its 6 millionth 8-speed transmission. Kokomo Transmission is machining gearbox covers for the electric drive modules made at the Indiana Transmission Plant. &lt;br&gt; Past transmissions: &lt;br&gt;[[w:TorqueFlite|TorqueFlite 3-/4-speed auto. trans.]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ultradrive|Ultradrive (TE/AE/LE/RLE/TES/TEA)&lt;br&gt; 4-/6-speed auto. trans.]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|845RE]] 8-speed auto. transmission,&lt;br&gt; SI-EVT trans. (eFlite) for Pacifica Hybrid
|-
| 
| [[w:Saltillo Engine Plant#South Engine Plant|Saltillo North Engine Plant]] 
| [[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1981
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Hemi engine#Third generation: 2003–present|5.7L/6.4L/6.2L supercharged Hemi V8]], [[w:Stellantis Hurricane engine|Chrysler 3.0L twin-turbo Hurricane GME-T6 I6]]
|  Production began on May 8, 1981. Hemi V8 production began in June 2002 with the 5.7L. Production of the supercharged 6.2L Hellcat Hemi V8 began in the third quarter of 2014. Tigershark I4 production began in the first quarter of 2014. &lt;br&gt; Past engines: [[w:Chrysler 2.2 &amp; 2.5 engine|2.2L, 2.5L &quot;K-car&quot; I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler 1.8, 2.0 &amp; 2.4 engine|2.0L, 2.4L, 2.4L Turbo I4 &quot;Neon engine&quot;]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:World Gasoline Engine#2.4_2|2.4L Tigershark I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler Hemi engine#6.1|6.1L Hemi V8]]
|-
| 
| [[w:Saltillo Engine Plant#South Engine Plant|Saltillo South Engine Plant]] 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 2010
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|Chrysler 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine]]
| Plant opened on October 29, 2010. The plant has produced over 6 million Pentastar V6 engines. &lt;br&gt; Past engines: Chrysler 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine (EH3) for Pacifica Plug-in Hybrid
|-
| 
| Saltillo Stamping Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1997
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including Body panels
| Part of the Saltillo Truck Assembly Complex.
|-
| G
| Saltillo Truck Assembly Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1995
| 
| [[w:Ram Heavy Duty (fifth generation)|Ram HD pickup &amp; chassis cab]] (2019-)
|  Production began in 1995. As of 2025, also known as Saltillo Truck Heavy Duty Plant. &lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1995-2012),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 pickup]] (2013-2018),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 Classic pickup]] (2019-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram HD pickup &amp; chassis cab]] (2013-2018), [[w:Sterling Bullet|Sterling Truck Bullet]] (2008-2009)
|-
| 4
| Saltillo Truck Extension Assembly Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 2025
| 
| [[w:Ram 1500 (DT)|Ram 1500]] (DT) (2025-)
| Also known as Saltillo Truck Light Duty Plant. 2 new buildings were constructed for the new light duty plant. Production began in May 2025. Initially, production was for export but production for the domestic Mexican market began in February 2026. The plant also includes a seat assembly line, the first Stellantis plant in North America to integrate this process into its own production chain.
|-
| E
| Saltillo Van Assembly Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 2013
| 
| [[w:Ram ProMaster|Ram ProMaster]] (2014-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram ProMaster#E-Ducato and Ram ProMaster EV (2024)|Ram ProMaster EV]] (2024-)
| Production started in July 2013. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Fiat Ducato|Fiat Ducato]] (Export to Brazil/Argentina: 2018-2022)
|-
| N
| [[w:Sterling Heights Assembly|Sterling Heights Assembly Plant]] 
| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1984
| 
| [[w:Ram 1500 (DT)|Ram 1500]] (DT) (2019-)
| Located at 38111 Van Dyke Ave. The plant was originally built by the US Navy as a jet engine plant in 1953. It was called Naval Industrial Reserve Aircraft Plant and was owned by the US Navy. When the jet engine project was cancelled, the plant was transferred to the US Army, which contracted with Chrysler to build missiles at the plant, which was now known as the Michigan Ordinance Missile Plant. Chrysler began production of the PGM-11 Redstone missile at the Sterling Heights plant on September 27, 1954. The final Redstone was built in 1961. Chrysler also built the PGM-19 Jupiter missile at Sterling Heights from 1958-December 1960. Chrysler also built the first stage of the Saturn I rocket at the Sterling Heights plant. Chrysler vacated the Michigan Army Missile Plant at the end of 1969. Meanwhile, LTV Corp. (previously Ling-Temco-Vought) built the MGM-52 Lance missile at the Sterling Heights plant. The Army turned the plant over to the state of Michigan, which was then sold it to Volkswagen in 1980. VW converted the plant to automotive production and intended to make the Jetta there but VW's US sales declined and VW never ended up building anything there. VW then sold the plant to Chrysler in 1983. Chrysler LeBaron GTS and Dodge Lancer production began in September 1984 and ended on April 7, 1989. Shadow and Sundance production began on August 25, 1986 and ended on March 9, 1994. The Dodge Daytona was also moved from St. Louis to Sterling Heights in 1991 and was produced there through February 26, 1993. Chrysler then built a succession of midsize cars at Sterling Heights from June 1994. During Chrysler's bankruptcy in 2009, Sterling Heights Assembly was initially left behind in &quot;old Chrysler&quot; and was supposed to close by December 2010 but during 2010, &quot;new Chrysler&quot; changed its mind and bought the plant from &quot;old Chrysler&quot; for $20 million. The 2011 Chrysler 200 and Dodge Avenger sedans began production on December 6, 2010 followed by the Chrysler 200 Convertible in February 2011. The Chrysler 200 Convertible was also built for export to Europe as the Lancia Flavia from March 2012. The 2nd gen. Chrysler 200 sedan began production on March 14, 2014 and ended on December 2, 2016. The plant was then idled for a lengthy retooling to build body-on-frame pickups and began production of the new generation DT-series Ram 1500 in March 2018. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Dodge Lancer#1985–1989: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1985-1989), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#1985–1989 LeBaron GTS|Chrysler LeBaron GTS (H-body)]] (1985-1989), [[w:Plymouth Sundance|Plymouth Sundance]] (1987-1994), [[w:Dodge Shadow|Dodge Shadow]] (1987-1994), [[w:Dodge Daytona|Dodge Daytona]] (1992-1993), [[w:Chrysler Daytona|Chrysler Daytona]] (Canada: 1992-1993), [[w:Chrysler Cirrus|Chrysler Cirrus]] (1995-2000), [[w:Dodge Stratus|Dodge Stratus]] sedan (1995-2006), [[w:Plymouth Breeze|Plymouth Breeze]] (1996-2000), [[w:Chrysler Sebring|Chrysler Sebring]] sedan (2001-2010), [[w:Chrysler Sebring|Chrysler Sebring]]  convertible (2001-2006, 2008-2010), [[w:Dodge Avenger#Dodge Avenger sedan (2008–2014)|Dodge Avenger]] sedan (2008-2014), [[w:Chrysler 200|Chrysler 200]] sedan (2011-2017), [[w:Chrysler 200|Chrysler 200]] convertible (2011-2014), [[w:Chrysler 200#Lancia Flavia|Lancia Flavia]] (For export: 2012-2014)  
|-
| 
| Sterling Stamping Plant
| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1965
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including hoods, roofs, liftgates, side apertures, fenders, and floorpans
| Located at 35777 Van Dyke Ave. This plant is a separate facility but is located next door to the Sterling Heights Assembly Plant. Sterling Stamping is the largest stamping plant in the world. Sterling Stamping supplies stampings to many Chrysler assembly plants, not only Sterling Heights Assembly. The first stampings were produced in January 1965. 
|-
| W
| [[w:Toledo Complex|Toledo Assembly Complex - Toledo North Assembly Plant]] 
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2001
| 
| [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Jeep Wrangler (JL)]] (2018-)
| Located at 4400 Chrysler Drive. Toledo North first built the Jeep Liberty, which began in April 2001. Dodge Nitro production began in August 2006 and ended on December 16, 2011. The 2nd gen. Jeep Liberty began production in July 2007. Jeep Liberty ended production on August 16, 2012. Toledo North then closed for retooling to build the all-new 2014 Cherokee. The Jeep Cherokee began production at Toledo North on June 24, 2013 and ended on April 6, 2017. The Cherokee was then moved to Belvidere Assembly. Toledo North was then retooled to build the Jeep Wrangler, which began on November 15th, 2017. The 4xe plug-in hybrid version of the Wrangler began production in December 2020. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Jeep Liberty|Jeep Liberty]] (2002-2012), [[w:Dodge Nitro|Dodge Nitro]] (2007-2011),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Cherokee (KL)|Jeep Cherokee]] (2014-2017),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Jeep Wrangler 4xe (JL)]] (2021-2025)
|-
| L
| [[w:Toledo Complex|Toledo Assembly Complex - Toledo Supplier Park Plant]] (South plant)
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2001
| 
| [[w:Jeep Gladiator (JT)|Jeep Gladiator]] (2020-)
| Located along Stickney Ave. The Toledo Supplier Park Plant is built on the site of the former Stickney Ave. plant that became part of Chrysler in 1987 as part of the acquisition of AMC. That plant was acquired by Kaiser Jeep in 1964 from Autolite and was built in 1942. The Toledo Supplier Park Plant includes body and chassis operations in partnership with Kuka and Hyundai Mobis, respectively. The paint shop was originally run in partnership with Magna but Chrysler took over the paint operation in the first quarter of 2011. The Toledo Supplier Park Plant began Wrangler production in August 2006. Wrangler production ended on April 27, 2018. Gladiator pickup production began in March 2019. &lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JK)|Jeep Wrangler (JK)]] (2007-2017),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JK)#2018 model year update|Jeep Wrangler JK]] (2018)
|-
| 
| [[w:Toledo Machining|Toledo Machining Plant]] 
| [[w:Perrysburg, Ohio|Perrysburg, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1966
| 
| Steering Columns,&lt;br&gt; Torque Converters for 8-spd. rwd and 9-spd. fwd auto. transmissions
| Located at 8000 Chrysler Drive. Production began in 1966 and the plant was expanded in 1969. &lt;br&gt; Past products: Power Electronics module for Wrangler 4xe PHEV
|-
| T,&lt;br&gt; V (1985 only)
| [[w:Toluca Car Assembly|Toluca Car Assembly]] 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1968
| 
| [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass (MP)]] (2017-), [[w:Jeep Wagoneer S|Jeep Wagoneer S EV]]&lt;br&gt; (2024-2025, 2027-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Cherokee (KM)|Jeep Cherokee (KM)]] (2026-), [[w:Jeep Recon|Jeep Recon EV]] (2026-)
| Originally part of Fabricas Automex, Chrysler's affiliate in Mexico. In 1968, Fabricas Automex was 45% owned by Chrysler. In December 1971, Chrysler increased its stake to 90.5% and changed the Mexican company's name to Chrysler de Mexico. Chrysler later bought another 8.8% stake, taking its total to 99.3%. Began production on December 9, 1968. An adjacent supplier park was opened in 2007. Journey production began in early 2008. PT Cruiser production ended on July 9, 2010. Fiat 500 production began in December 2010. Journey production ended in December 2020. Jeep Compass production began on January 16, 2017. &lt;br&gt; Past models: &lt;br&gt;  Mexico only: Dodge Dart (rwd), Dodge Dart K, Dodge Dart E, Chrysler Valiant Volaré (rwd), Chrysler Valiant Volaré K, Chrysler Valiant Volaré E, [[w:Dodge Magnum#First generation|Dodge Magnum]] [rwd] (1981-1982), [[w:Dodge Magnum#Second generation|Dodge Magnum 400/Magnum]] [fwd] (1983-1988), [[w:Chrysler Phantom|Chrysler Phantom]], [[w:Chrysler Shadow|Chrysler Shadow]], [[w:Chrysler Spirit|Chrysler Spirit]] &lt;br&gt; Export to US: [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] (1984-1989), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] (1984-1989), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron coupe]] (1987-1989, 1992), [[w:Dodge Shadow|Dodge Shadow]] (1988, 1991-1994), [[w:Plymouth Sundance|Plymouth Sundance]] (1988, 1992-1994), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation sedan (1990–1994)|Chrysler LeBaron sedan]] (1990-1994), [[w:Dodge Spirit|Dodge Spirit]] (1991-1995), [[w:Plymouth Acclaim|Plymouth Acclaim]] (1991-1995), [[w:Dodge Neon#First generation (1994)|Dodge Neon]] (1995-1999), [[w:Plymouth Neon#First generation (1994)|Plymouth Neon]] (1995-1999), [[w:Chrysler Sebring#Convertible (1996–2000)|Chrysler Sebring Convertible]] (1996-2000), [[w:Chrysler PT Cruiser|Chrysler PT Cruiser]] (2001-10), [[w:Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey]] (2009-2020),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] (2012-2019), [[w:Fiat 500 (2007)#Fiat 500e (2013)|Fiat 500e]] (2013-2019)&lt;br&gt; Export to Brazil/Europe/Australia:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Freemont|Fiat Freemont]] (2011-2016)
|-
| 
| Toluca Stamping Plant 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1994
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including Body panels
| Part of the Toluca Assembly Complex.
|-
| 
| [[w:Trenton Engine Complex|Trenton Engine South Plant]] 
| [[w:Trenton, Michigan|Trenton, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2010
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|Chrysler Pentastar V6 engine]]
| Located at 2300 Van Horn Road. Production began in March 2010 with the 3.6L Pentastar V6. In 2022, Trenton South was upgraded with a flexible engine line that could build both the Classic and Upgrade versions of the 3.6L Pentastar V6. By the end of 2022, Pentastar Upgrade engine production moved from Trenton North to Trenton South and the older North plant ended production.
|-
| 
| Warren Stamping Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1949
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including roofs, tailgates, side apertures, fenders, and floorpans
| Located at 22800 Mound Road. This plant is a separate facility but is located next door to the Warren Truck Assembly Plant. The plant was expanded in 1952, 1964, 1965, and 1986. Warren Stamping supplies stampings to many Chrysler assembly plants, not only Warren Truck Assembly.
|-
| S (1970-), 1 (1967-1969),&lt;br&gt; 2 (For A-series)
| Warren Truck Assembly Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1938
| 
| [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Grand Wagoneer]] (2022-), [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Grand Wagoneer L]] (2023-)
| Located at 21500 Mound Road. Formerly known as the Dodge City Truck Plant. Also referred to as Warren Truck #1 in the 1970's when there were 2 other truck plants nearby. Began production in October 1938. The Mitsubishi Raider began production in September 2005 and ended on June 11, 2009. Dodge Dakota production ended on August 23, 2011. Full-size Jeep SUV production began in 2021. Ram 1500 Classic production ended in October 2024, ending production of Dodge/Ram trucks at Warren after 86 years. &lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge T-, V-, W-Series|Dodge T-, V-, W-Series]] (1939-1947), Dodge military trucks, [[w:Dodge Power Wagon#Civilian 1-ton Power Wagon &quot;Military-Type&quot;, Flat Fender Style&quot; (1945-1978)|Dodge Power Wagon]] (1946-1968), [[w:Dodge B series#Pickup truck|Dodge B series]] (1948-1953),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge C series|Dodge C series]] (1954-1960),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Town Panel and Town Wagon|Dodge Town Panel/Town Wagon]] (1954-66), [[w:Dodge D series|Dodge D/W series]] (1961-1980), [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1981-2012), [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 pickup]] (2013-2018), [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 Classic pickup]] (2019-24), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1977-1978, 1981-1985), [[w:Plymouth Trailduster|Plymouth Trailduster]] (1977-1978, 1981), [[w:Dodge M-series chassis|Dodge M-series chassis]] (1968-1979),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge A100|Dodge A100/A108]] (1964-1970),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Dakota|Dodge Dakota]] (1987-2011),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Raider|Mitsubishi Raider]] (2006-2009),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Wagoneer]] (2022-2025),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Wagoneer L]] (2023-2025),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fargo Trucks|Fargo Trucks]] (For export)
|-
| R (1968-),&lt;br&gt; 9 (1959-1967)
| [[w:Windsor Assembly|Windsor Assembly]] 
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1929
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Pacifica (minivan)|Chrysler Pacifica (minivan)]] (2017-), [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Sixth generation (2020–present)|Chrysler Voyager]] (2020-2026), Chrysler Grand Caravan (Canada: 2021-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Charger (2024)|Dodge Charger]] (2024-)
| Located at 2199 Chrysler Centre. Today's Windsor Assembly Plant was originally Windsor Plant 3 or Windsor Car Assembly Plant. Before the 1965 US-Canada Auto Pact, Windsor Assembly made most of the cars sold by Chrysler Canada, including some unique-to-Canada variations. On June 10, 1983, Windsor ended rwd car production and was converted to build fwd minivans. Windsor began building minivans on October 7, 1983. For the first 2 generations of Chrysler minivans, Windsor only built the SWB models. For the 3rd generation, Windsor built both SWB and LWB models. For the 4th generation, Windsor only built LWB models. The minivan-based Pacifica SUV began production in January 2003 and  ended production on November 23, 2007. Production of the VW Routan began in August 2008. Production of the Ram C/V began on August 31, 2011, and ended in early 2015. Pacifica minivan production began on February 29, 2016 followed by the PHEV version on December 1, 2016. Town &amp; Country production ended on March 21, 2016 while Dodge Grand Caravan production ended on August 21, 2020. Production of the electric Charger Daytona began in December 2024 followed by the gas-powered Charger Sixpack in December 2025. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Chrysler Imperial|Chrysler Imperial]] (1929-1937) [https://www.web.imperialclub.info/registry/vin_decode.htm#1931-54], [[w:Dodge Kingsway|Dodge Kingsway]] (Canada: 1940-41, 1951-52), [[w:Dodge Regent|Dodge Regent]] (Canada: 1951-1959), [[w:Dodge Crusader|Dodge Crusader]] (Canada: 1951-1958), [[w:Dodge Mayfair|Dodge Mayfair]] (Canada: 1953-1959), [[w:Dodge Viscount|Dodge Viscount]] (Canada: 1959), [[w:Dodge Custom Royal|Dodge Custom Royal]] (1959), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1961), [[w:DeSoto Firedome|DeSoto Firedome]] (1959), [[w:Chrysler Windsor|Chrysler Windsor]] (1957-1966), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga|Chrysler Saratoga]] (1959-1963), [[w:Chrysler 300 non-letter series|Chrysler Saratoga 300]] (1964-1965), [[w:Chrysler Newport#1961–1964|Chrysler Newport]] (1961-1963), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1963-64, 1966), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959-1964), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959-1970), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960, 1964-1969), Dodge 220 (Canada: 1963), [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1965), [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge Monaco|Dodge Monaco]] (1967-1968), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#Canada (1960–1966)|Valiant]] (Canada: 1960-1966), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda#First generation (1964–1966)|Valiant Barracuda]] (Canada: 1964-1965), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1970-1974), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1970), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1966, 1970-1975), [[w:Plymouth Satellite#Third generation (1971–1974)|Plymouth Satellite]] (1972-1974),  [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1971), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner#Second generation (1971–1974)|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1971-1974), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)#Fourth generation|Dodge Charger]] (1975-1978), [[w:Dodge Magnum#US and Canada (1978–1979)|Dodge Magnum]] (1978-1979), [[w:Chrysler Cordoba|Chrysler Cordoba]] (1975-1983), [[w:Dodge Mirada|Dodge Mirada]] (1980-1983), [[w:Imperial (automobile)#Sixth generation (1981–1983)|Imperial]] (1981-1983), [[w:Chrysler Newport#1979–1981|Chrysler Newport]] (1979), [[w:Dodge Diplomat|Dodge Diplomat]] (1981-1983), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1982–1989|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1982-83), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle]] (Canada: 1981-1982), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle Salon]] (Canada: 1983), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#First generation (1977–1981)|Chrysler LeBaron]] (1981), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1982|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1982), [[w:Chrysler Fifth Avenue#1982–1989: The M-body years|Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue]] (1983), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Voyager]] (1984-'00), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Grand Voyager]] (1996-2000), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Caravan]] (1984-2000), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Grand Caravan]] (1996-2020), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (2001-2016), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Voyager]] (2000), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Grand Voyager]] (2000), [[w:Chrysler minivans (S)#Cargo van|Dodge Mini Ram Van]] (1984-1988), [[w:Chrysler minivans (RT)#2011 revision|Ram C/V]] (2012-2015), [[w:Volkswagen Routan|Volkswagen Routan]] (2009-14), [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Lancia Voyager|Lancia Voyager]] (For export: 2012-2015), [[w:Chrysler Pacifica (crossover)|Chrysler Pacifica (SUV)]] (2004-2008)
|-
| 
| CpK Interior Products, Inc. - Belleville Operations
| [[w:Belleville, Ontario|Belleville]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 2010 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| Components for Automotive Interiors
| Located at 134 River Rd. Formed in 2010 as a subsidiary of Chrysler through the buyout of 3 Collins and Aikman plants in Canada after  Collins and Aikman went bankrupt.
|-
| 
| CpK Interior Products, Inc. - Guelph Operations
| [[w:Guelph|Guelph]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 2010 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| Components for Automotive Interiors
| Located at 500 Laird Rd. Formed in 2010 as a subsidiary of Chrysler through the buyout of 3 Collins and Aikman plants in Canada after  Collins and Aikman went bankrupt.
|-
| 
| CpK Interior Products, Inc. -&lt;br&gt; Port Hope Operations
| [[w:Port Hope, Ontario|Port Hope]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 2010 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| Components for Automotive Interiors
| Located at 128 Peter St. Formed in 2010 as a subsidiary of Chrysler through the buyout of 3 Collins and Aikman plants in Canada after  Collins and Aikman went bankrupt.
|-
| 4
| Arab American Vehicles Company (AAV)
| [[w:Cairo|Cairo]]
| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]
| 1978 (production began) &lt;br&gt; 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee L]] (2025-), [[w:Citroën C4#Third generation (C41; 2020)|Citroën C4X]] (2025-)
| Arab American Vehicles Company is a joint venture between the [[w:Arab Organization for Industrialization|Arab Organization for Industrialization]], which holds 51%, and Stellantis, which holds the other 49%. AAV was originally established in 1977 as a joint venture  with [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]] to produce Jeeps. Production began in 1978. It became part of Chrysler when Chrysler bought AMC in 1987. It continued to be a part of subsequent corporate entities DaimlerChrysler, Chrysler LLC, Chrysler Group LLC, [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]], and [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]]. Production of the Jeep J8, a light military vehicle based on the JK Wrangler, began on November 13, 2008. Jeep Grand Cherokee L production began in September 2024. Citroen C4X production began in April 2025. AAV has also produced vehicles for other automakers including Toyota. Toyota Fortuner SUV production began in April 2012. &lt;br&gt; Past models: Jeep CJ6, Jeep Wagoneer (SJ), Jeep AM720 military vehicle, [[w:Jeep Wrangler (YJ)|Jeep Wrangler (YJ)]], [[w:Jeep Wrangler (TJ)|Jeep TJL]], [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JK)#Military Jeep J8 (2007–present)|Jeep J8]] (2008-2019),  [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]], [[w:Jeep Liberty (KJ)|Jeep Cherokee (KJ)]], [[w:Jeep Liberty (KK)|Jeep Cherokee (KK)]], [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)|Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)]]
|}

==Current non-Chrysler FCA/Stellantis Factories Making Chrysler Group Vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Current Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| Y (700),&lt;br&gt; 9 (ProMaster Rapid),&lt;br&gt; 3 (Vision)
| Betim Plant
| [[w:Betim|Betim]], [[w:Minas Gerais|Minas Gerais]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 1973
| 
| [[w:RAM 700|RAM 700]] (2015-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:ProMaster Rapid|Ram V700 Rapid]] (Peru)&lt;br&gt; Related models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Strada|Fiat Strada]] ('99-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Fiorino#Latin America (2013–present)|Fiat Fiorino]] ('14-)
| Fiat plant. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Vision|Dodge Vision]] (Mexico: 2015-2018),&lt;br&gt; [[w:ProMaster Rapid|Ram ProMaster Rapid]] (Mexico: '18-'24)
|-
| U
| Cordoba Plant
| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]]
| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]]
| 1995
| 
| [[w:Peugeot Landtrek|Ram Dakota]] (2026-)
| Fiat plant.
|-
| F
| [[w:FCA India Automobiles|FCA India Automobiles Private Limited]]
| [[w:Ranjangaon|Ranjangaon]], [[w:Pune district|Pune district]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| [[w:India|India]]
| 1997
| 
| [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Jeep Wrangler (JL)]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Meridian|Jeep Meridian/Commander]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee]]
| Originally established as a 50/50 joint venture between Fiat and [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] called Fiat India Automobiles Private Limited. On June 1, 2017, Jeep Compass production began in India, the first Jeep built in India under its own brand. The JL-series Wrangler began to be assembled in India in 2021. The Jeep Meridian began production in May 2022. The Meridian is also exported to Japan as the Commander. The Jeep Grand Cherokee began assembly in India in November 2022. 
|-
| K
| Goiana Plant
| [[w:Goiana|Goiana]], [[w:Pernambuco|Pernambuco]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 2015
|
| [[w:Jeep Renegade|Jeep Renegade]], [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Commander (2022)|Jeep Commander]], [[w:Ram Rampage|Ram Rampage]]&lt;br&gt; Related models: [[w:Fiat Toro|Fiat Toro]]
| [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] plant. Production at Goiana began with the Jeep Renegade in February 2015. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models: [[w:Ram 1000|Ram 1000]]
|-
| P
| Melfi Plant (formerly SATA = Società Automobilistica Tecnologie Avanzate [Advanced Technologies Automotive Company])
| [[w:Melfi|Melfi]], [[w:Province of Potenza|Province of Potenza]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1993
|
| [[w:Jeep Compass#Third generation (J4U; 2025)|Jeep Compass (J4U)]]&lt;br&gt; (Europe: '26-)
| Fiat plant. Jeep production began at Melfi in 2014 with the Renegade. Renegade production at Melfi ended on October 17, 2025. Production of the 3rd gen. Compass began on October 29, 2025. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Renegade|Jeep Renegade]] (US/Can.: '15-'23, Europe: '15-'25),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass (MP)]] (Europe: '20-'25) &lt;br&gt; Related models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat 500X|Fiat 500X]] (US/Can.: '16-'23,&lt;br&gt; Europe: '15-'24)
|-
| B
| Porto Real Plant
| [[w:Porto Real|Porto Real]], [[w:Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro state]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 2000
|
| [[w:Jeep Avenger|Jeep Avenger]]
| PSA plant. The Jeep Avenger is the first Jeep to be made in a former PSA plant. 
|-
| U (2027-), 6 (2015-2022)
| [[w:Tofaş|Tofaş]]
| [[w:Bursa|Bursa]]
| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]
| 1971
|
| [[w:Citroën Jumpy#Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]] (2027-)
| Originally a Fiat joint venture, it is now 37.8% owned by Stellantis, 37.8% owned by [[w:Koç Holding|Koç Holding]], and 24.3% publicly traded on the Istanbul Stock Exchange. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models: &lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Doblò#Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]] (2015-2022),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Neon#Third generation (2016)|Dodge Neon]]&lt;br&gt; (Mexico &amp; Middle East: 2017-2020),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Fiorino#Europe (2007–2024)|Ram V700 City]] (Chile: 2018-2023)
|-
| J,&lt;br&gt; 5 (Ypsilon)
| Tychy Plant
| [[w:Tychy|Tychy]], [[w:Silesian Voivodeship|Silesian Voivodeship]]
| [[w:Poland|Poland]]
| 1975
|
| [[w:Jeep Avenger|Jeep Avenger]]
| Fiat plant. Production began in September 1975 when the plant was owned by Polish automaker [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych|FSM]], which built Fiat-based models. Fiat took over FSM in 1992. Fiat subsequently became [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] and then Stellantis. Jeep Avenger production began on January 31, 2023. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Ypsilon|Chrysler Ypsilon]] (UK/Ireland/Japan)
|}

==Current partner factories making Chrysler Group vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Current Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 1
| GAC Hangzhou plant
| [[w:Hangzhou|Hangzhou]], [[w:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2021 (production began for Chrysler)
|
| [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey]] (Mexico: 2022-)
| [[w:GAC Group|GAC]] plant. 
|-
| 3
| GAC Yichang plant
| [[w:Yichang|Yichang]], [[w:Hubei|Hubei]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2024 (production began for Chrysler)
|
| [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude]] (Mexico: 2025-)
| [[w:GAC Group|GAC]] plant. 
|-
| 5
| Shenzhen Baoneng Motor Co., Ltd.
| [[w:Shenzhen|Shenzhen]], [[w:Guangdong|Guangdong]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2024 (production began for Chrysler)
|
| [[w:Peugeot Landtrek|Ram 1200]] (Mexico: 2025-)
| [[w:Baoneng Group#Automotive business|Shenzhen Baoneng Motor Co., Ltd.]] plant. 
|}

==Former factories== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Closed
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
|
| Ajax Trim plant
| [[w:Ajax, Ontario|Ajax]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1953, 1964 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2003
| Automotive Soft Trim Components, Seat Cushion and Seatback Covers, Foam-in-place Covers
| Built in 1953 by Canadian Automotive Trim. Purchased by Chrysler in 1964. Closed by December 2003.
|-
| J (1989-1992),&lt;br&gt; B (1981-1988),&lt;br&gt; 7-8 (1966-1980),&lt;br&gt; T (1958-1966) 
| [[w:Brampton Assembly (AMC)|AMC Brampton Assembly]]
| [[w:Brampton|Brampton]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]] 
| 1961,&lt;br&gt; 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1992
| [[w:Jeep Wrangler (YJ)|Jeep Wrangler (YJ)]] (1987-92), [[w:Jeep CJ#CJ-5|Jeep CJ-5]] (1979-1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep CJ#CJ-7|Jeep CJ-7]] (1979-1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC Eagle|AMC Eagle]] (1981-1987), [[w:AMC Eagle|Eagle Wagon]] (1988), [[w:AMC Concord|AMC Concord]] (1978, 1981-1983), [[w:AMC Spirit|AMC Spirit]] (1983), [[w:AMC Hornet|AMC Hornet]] (1970-77), [[w:AMC Gremlin|AMC Gremlin]] (1970-1978),&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC Rebel|AMC Rebel]] (1968-1970), [[w:Rambler Rebel#Fifth generation|Rambler Rebel]] (1967), [[w:Rambler Classic|Rambler Classic]] (1961-1966),&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC Ambassador|AMC Ambassador]] (1966-1968), [[w:AMC Ambassador|Rambler Ambassador]] ('63-'65), [[w:Rambler American|Rambler American]] (1962-68), [[w:Rambler American|AMC Rambler]] (1969)
| [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]] plant. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Located at at the corner of Kennedy Road South and Steeles Avenue East. Production began on January 26, 1961 with the Rambler Classic. This was the last plant to produce AMC vehicles. Eagle Wagon (formerly AMC Eagle) ended production on December 11, 1987. Production ended in April 1992 and Jeep Wrangler production was moved to Toledo, OH. Buildings on the west side of the plant were demolished in 2005 and buildings on the east side were demolished in 2007. A Lowe's and a Wal-Mart now occupy some of the former plant site.
|-
| 3
| Campo Largo Assembly
| [[w:Campo Largo, Paraná|Campo Largo]], [[w:Paraná (state)|Paraná (state)]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 1998
| 2001
| [[w:Dodge Dakota#Second generation (1997–2004)|Dodge Dakota]]
| Plant built vehicles in cooperation with suppliers.
|-
| V
| [[w:Conner Avenue Assembly|Conner Avenue Assembly]] 
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1996
| 2017
| [[w:Dodge Viper|Dodge Viper]] &lt;br&gt; GTS: '96, &lt;br&gt; All models: &lt;br&gt; '97-'06, '08-'10, '13-'17, [[w:Plymouth Prowler|Plymouth Prowler]]&lt;br&gt; ('97, '99-'01),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Prowler|Chrysler Prowler]] ('01-'02),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Viper engine|8.0L/8.3L/8.4L aluminum &lt;br&gt; Viper V10 engine]] &lt;br&gt;(5/01-2017)
| Actually located at 20000 Connor Street. The plant was originally built in 1966 to make spark plugs by Champion. After Champion was bought by Cooper Industries in 1990, the plant was closed. It remained empty until Chrysler bought it in 1995. Viper production was moved to the Connor Avenue plant from the New Mack plant beginning with the GTS coupe for 1996, followed by the RT/10 roadster for 1997. Prowler production began in May 1997 and ended on February 15, 2002. Production of the Viper's aluminum V10 engine was moved to Connor Avenue, where it was built alongside the Viper itself, in May 2001 from the Mound Road Engine Plant, which closed in 2002. Viper production ended on July 2, 2010 and the plant was dormant until production restarted in December 2012. Production ended on Aug. 31, 2017. In 2018, the plant was renamed Connor Center, a meeting and display space that will showcase Chrysler’s concept and historic vehicle collection.
|-
| 2
| Cordoba Assembly
| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]]
| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]]
| 1997
| 2001
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ)|Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ)]] (1997-1998), [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ)|Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ)]] (1999-2001), [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]] (1998-01)
| Opened in the 2nd quarter of 1997, building the Jeep Grand Cherokee. Jeep Cherokee production was added in 1998. 
|-
|E
| [[w:Diamond-Star Motors|Diamond-Star Motors/Mitsubishi Motors Manufacturing America/Mitsubishi Motors North America Manufacturing Division]]
| [[w:Normal, Illinois|Normal, Illinois]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1988
| 2005 (end of Chrysler production)/&lt;br&gt; 2015 (end of Mitsubishi production)
| [[w:Plymouth Laser|Plymouth Laser]] (1990-1994),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Talon|Eagle Talon]] (1990-1998),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Summit#First generation (1989–1992)|Eagle Summit 4-d]] (1991-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Avenger#Dodge Avenger Coupe (1995–2000)|Dodge Avenger]] (1995-2000),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Stratus#Stratus coupe (2001–2005)|Dodge Stratus Coupe]]&lt;br&gt; (2001-2005),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Sebring|Chrysler Sebring Coupe]]&lt;br&gt; (1995-2005),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Mitsubishi Eclipse|Mitsubishi Eclipse]] (1990-2012),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Mirage#Third generation (1987)|Mirage sedan]] (1991-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Galant|Galant]] (1994-2012),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Endeavor|Endeavor]] (2004-2011),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi ASX#First generation (GA; 2010)|Outlander Sport/RVR]] (2013-15)
| Originally established as Diamond-Star Motors, a 50/50 joint venture between Chrysler and Mitsubishi which assembled both Chrysler and Mitsubishi vehicles. Production began in September 1988. In October 1991, Chrysler sold its 50% stake in the plant to Mitsubishi but production for Chrysler continued under contract. On May 24, 1993, production of the Mitsubishi Galant began at the Diamond-Star plant. In July 1995, the plant was renamed Mitsubishi Motors Manufacturing America. In January 2002, the plant was renamed Mitsubishi Motors North America Manufacturing Division. In January 2003, production of the Mitsubishi Endeavor began, the first SUV built at the Mitsubishi plant. In February 2005, production of vehicles for Chrysler ended. All further production was only of Mitsubishi-branded vehicles. In mid-2012, the plant began producing the Mitsubishi Outlander Sport. The Outlander Sport is sold as the RVR in Canada. On November 30, 2015, vehicle production ended. The Mitsubishi plant produced 3,283,549 vehicles. The plant continued to produce replacement parts until May 2016, when the plant closed completely. In June 2016, the plant was sold to liquidation firm Maynards Industries. In January 2017, EV startup [[w:Rivian|Rivian Automotive]] bought the former Mitsubishi plant. Rivian began production at the Normal, IL plant in September 2021 with the [[w:Rivian R1T|R1T]] electric pickup.
|-
| U
| [[w:Eurostar Automobilwerk|Eurostar]] - Chrysler Graz Assembly
| [[w:Graz|Graz]], [[w:Styria|Styria]]
| [[w:Austria|Austria]]
| 1991
| 2002
| [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Voyager/Grand Voyager]] (1992-2002), [[w:Chrysler PT Cruiser|Chrysler PT Cruiser]] (2002)
| Originally, a 50/50 joint venture between Chrysler and Steyr-Daimler-Puch founded in 1990. The Eurostar plant is next to the Steyr Fahrzeugtechnik plant solely owned by Steyr-Daimler-Puch. Production of the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans began in October 1991. This was the 2nd generation Chrysler minivan. The 3rd generation began production on September 25, 1995. In 1996, production of right-hand drive minivans began. The 4th generation began production in January 2001. Production of the PT Cruiser began in July 2001 on the same line as the Voyager minivans. In 1999, DaimlerChrysler bought the 50% stake in Eurostar held by Steyr-Daimler-Puch Fahrzeugtechnik, now majority owned by Magna International, making Eurostar a subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler. DaimlerChrysler sold 100% of Eurostar to Magna Steyr in July 2002. PT Cruiser production in Austria ended and was consolidated in Toluca, Mexico. Production of the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans moved next door to the main Magna Steyr plant for 2003. Magna International had acquired a majority holding of 66.8% in Steyr-Daimler-Puch in 1998 and acquired the rest by 2002 when it was renamed Magna Steyr. 
|-
| 3 (1959),&lt;br&gt; E (1958)
| Evansville Assembly
| [[w:Evansville, Indiana|Evansville, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1919, 1928 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1959 
| Graham Brothers trucks (through 1932),&lt;br&gt; Dodge Brothers trucks &lt;br&gt; (through 1932),&lt;br&gt; Plymouth cars (1936-1958),&lt;br&gt; Dodge cars (1937-1938),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1959), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959)
| Located at 1625 N. Garvin St. Built in 1919 by Graham Brothers Truck Company to build trucks. In 1925, Dodge Brothers bought a controlling 51% stake in Graham Brothers and then bought the rest in 1926, completely merging the 2 companies. This gave Dodge Brothers plants in Evansville, IN and Stockton, CA. Dodge Brothers was bought by the Chrysler Corporation on July 31, 1928. At that point, trucks with a Dodge Brothers nameplate were rated as a half-ton; larger rated trucks were sold under the Graham Brothers name. On January 1, 1929, the Graham Brothers brand was eliminated, and all trucks produced became Dodge trucks. In 1932, Chrysler closed the Evansville plant due to the Great Depression. In 1935, as the economy improved, Chrysler reopened the Evansville plant and renovated and expanded it. It began building Plymouth cars for 1936. Dodge cars were also built for 1937 and 1938. During World War II, the plant became the Evansville Ordinance Plant, which produced more than 3.26 billion ammunition  cartridges - about 96% of all the .45 automatic ammunition produced for all the armed forces. The Evansville Ordinance Plant also rebuilt 1,600 Sherman tanks and 4,000 military trucks. After the war ended, Plymouth car production resumed. However, in the early 1950s, during the Korean War, the Evansville plant retooled and dedicated about a third of its space and manpower to building 60-foot aluminum hulls for Grumman  UF-1 Albatross air-sea rescue planes for the Navy and Coast Guard. Evansville built its 1 millionth Plymouth in March 1953. The plant was closed in 1959 and was replaced by the larger, more modern St. Louis plant in Fenton, MO, which had access to more railroad lines for shipping than Evansville did. 
|-
| 
| Evansville Stamping
| [[w:Evansville, Indiana|Evansville, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1935, 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1959 
| Body panel stampings
| Opened by Briggs Manufacturing Company when Chrysler reopened Evansville Assembly in 1935 to build Plymouth cars. One of the plants Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing in 1953. Made body panels for the nearby Evansville Assembly plant. Closed when Evansville Assembly closed in 1959.
|-
| B (1968-1980),&lt;br&gt; 2 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 2 (1959)
| [[w:Dodge Main|Hamtramck Assembly (Dodge Main)]]
| [[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1911,&lt;br&gt; 1928 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1980 
| Dodge (1914-1958),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Coronet#Fourth generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Coronet]] (1959),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Royal#Third generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Royal]] (1959),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Custom Royal|Dodge Custom Royal]] (1959), [[w:DeSoto Firesweep|DeSoto Firesweep]] (1957-1959),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Matador|Dodge Matador]] (1960),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960-1964),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1964),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1975), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1970-1975), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1969, 1972-1975), [[w:Dodge_Dart#1971|Dodge Dart Demon]] (1971-1972),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)|Dodge Charger]] (1967-1969), [[w:Dodge Charger Daytona#First generation (1969)|Dodge Charger Daytona]] ('69), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda|Plymouth Barracuda]] (1964-74), [[w:Dodge Challenger (1970)|Dodge Challenger]] (1970-1974), [[w:Dodge Aspen|Dodge Aspen]] (1976-1980), [[w:Plymouth Volaré|Plymouth Volaré]] (1976-1980),&lt;br&gt; Engines, Foundry
| Located at 7900 Joseph Campau Ave. This plant predated Dodge being part of Chrysler Corp. On November 4, 1914, the first Dodge Brothers passenger car was produced at the Hamtramck plant. Prior to that, Dodge Brothers made components for other automakers, primarily Ford. The Hamtramck plant was fully vertically integrated, capable of building almost every part needed to build a complete car. Dodge Brothers was bought by the Chrysler Corporation on July 31, 1928. Even after the Chrysler takeover, Hamtramck remained Dodge's home plant. From the early 1950s, various operations were automated or moved to other plants and Hamtramck became more of an assembly plant by the early 1960s. Closed January 4, 1980. Last vehicle built was a Silver Metallic 1980 Dodge Aspen R/T 2-door. 13,943,221 vehicles were produced at the plant. Demolished in 1981. Replaced by the General Motors Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly Plant (Factory Zero), which opened in 1985. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Highland Park Chrysler Plant|Highland Park Plant]]
| [[w:Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1909,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1960s (end of manufacturing)
| Maxwell cars (1910-1925), Chrysler Series 50 (1926-27), Chrysler Series 52 (1928), Plymouth Model Q (1929), Chrysler Series 60 (1927), Chrysler Series 62 (1928), DeSoto Series K (1929-1930), DeSoto Series CK (1930), DeSoto Series CF (1930), Fargo Trucks (1928-1930) &lt;br&gt; Parts including fluid coupling and torque converter for [[w:Fluid Drive|Fluid Drive]]
| Located at at 12000 Chrysler Service Drive (formerly Chrysler Drive). Originally, this was [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]]'s main plant. However, before Maxwell Motor Co.'s formation, parts of the site was used by several car and truck manufacturers: Grabowsky Power Wagon Company used 1 building, Brush Runabout Co. used another building, and Gray Motor Co. owned another building. Gray only used the western 1/3 of the building so they leased the middle third to Alden- Sampson Truck Co. and the eastern third to Maxwell-Briscoe Motor Co. All these companies, along with several others, combined under the [[w:United States Motor Company|United States Motor Company]] in 1910. In 1913, United States Motor Company collapsed and Maxwell was the only surviving part. The U.S. Motor Co. assets were purchased by Walter Flanders, who reorganized the company as the Maxwell Motor Co. Maxwell hired Walter P. Chrysler to turn the company around in 1921 after its finances deteriorated in the post-World War I recession in 1920. In early 1921, Maxwell Motor Co. was liquidated and replaced by Maxwell Motor Corp. with Walter P. Chrysler as Chairman. On December 7, 1922, Maxwell took over the bankrupt Chalmers including its Jefferson Ave. plant. Chrysler brand cars began to be produced in 1924 at the Jefferson Ave. plant. Chalmers was discontinued in late 1923 with the last cars being 1924 models. Maxwell production ended in May 1925 at Highland Park. Maxwell Motor Corp. was reorganized into the Chrysler Corporation on June 6, 1925. The 1925 Maxwell was reworked into an entry-level, 4-cylinder Chrysler model for 1926-1928 built at Highland Park and was then reworked again into the first Plymouth in 1928, also built at Highland Park. Plymouth production was moved to the new Lynch Road Assembly plant in 1929 and DeSoto production also moved to the new Lynch Road Assembly plant in 1931. Highland Park still built parts but it no longer built vehicles. Highland Park was used more for design,  engineering, and management and served as Chrysler Corporation's headquarters through 1996. During the 1990's, Chrysler moved to its current headquarters at the Chrysler Technology Center in Auburn Hills. Much of the site has been demolished though Chrysler still has a small presence at the site with the FCA Detroit Office Warehouse. Other parts of the site are now occupied by several automotive suppliers including Magna, Valeo, Mobis, Avancez, and Yanfeng.
|-
|
| [[w:Indiana Transmission#Indiana Transmission Plant II|Indiana Transmission Plant II]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2003 (as Indiana Transmission Plant II)
| 2019 (as Indiana Transmission Plant II)
| [[w:W5A580|Mercedes W5A580 (A580) &lt;br&gt; 5-speed auto. trans.]], Transmission components
| Located at 3360 North U.S. Highway 931. Plant was originally known as Indiana Transmission Plant II, which built automatic transmissions and transmission components from 2003-2019, when it was idled. Production began in November 2003. 5-speed auto. trans. production ended in August 2018 while production of components for the 8-speed auto. transmission ended in the fall of 2019. Starting in 2020, the plant was converted to engine production and is now known as Kokomo Engine Plant. Engine production began in late February 2022. 
|-
|
| Indianapolis Electrical Plant
| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953
| 1988
| Transmission plant: [[w:Chrysler PowerFlite transmission|Chrysler PowerFlite 2-speed auto. transmission]] &lt;br&gt; Electrical Plant: Alternators, distributors, starters, power steering units, voltage regulators, windshield wiper motors, and other electrical parts for cars
| Located at 2900 Shadeland Ave. Began making transmissions in 1953. In January 1959, Chrysler housed its new Electrical Division at the Shadeland Avenue plant, replacing transmission production. Became part of Chrysler's Acustar components subsidiary in 1987. Production ended on November 30, 1988 but shipping and other activities continued until March 1989 when the factory closed. Certain portions have been demolished and improvements were made to the remainder, which is now the Shadeland Business Center. 
|-
|
| [[w:Indianapolis Foundry|Indianapolis Foundry]] - Naomi Street plant
| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1946 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1970's
| Engine blocks
| Located at 1535 Naomi Street. Purchased from American Foundry Company in 1946. Operated as a subsidiary of Chrysler Corp. called American Foundry Co. until 1959, when it was merged into Chrysler Corp. Kept operating even after the Tibbs Ave. plant was launched. This location is now Wilco Gutter Supply. 
|-
|
| [[w:Indianapolis Foundry|Indianapolis Foundry]] - Tibbs Avenue plant
| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1950 
| 2005
| Engine heads and blocks and other components
| Located at 1100 S. Tibbs Avenue. Operated as a subsidiary of Chrysler Corp. called American Foundry Co. until 1959, when it was merged into Chrysler Corp. Production ended on September 30, 2005 and the facility closed. Demolished in 2006. 
|-
| C (1968-1990),&lt;br&gt; 3 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 1 (1959)
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Jefferson#Jefferson Avenue Assembly|Jefferson Avenue Assembly]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1908,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1990
| [[w:Chrysler Six|Chrysler Series 70 (B-70)]] (1924-1925), [[w:Chrysler Six|Chrysler Series 70 (G-70)]] (1926-1927), [[w:Chrysler Six|Chrysler Series 72]] (1928), [[w:Chrysler Royal|Chrysler Royal]] (1933, 1937-1950), DeSoto SD (1933), Chrysler Airflow (1934-1937), Chrysler Airstream (1935-36), [[w:Chrysler (brand)|Chrysler brand]] (1937-1958), Desoto Airflow (1934-1936), DeSoto Airstream (1935-1936), [[w:Chrysler Imperial|Chrysler Imperial]] (1926-1942, 1946-1954), [[w:Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]] (1955-1958, 1962-1975), [[w:Chrysler 300 letter series|Chrysler 300 letter series]] (1959-1965), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1959-1978), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga|Chrysler Saratoga]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chrysler Windsor|Chrysler Windsor]] (1959-1961), [[w:Chrysler Newport|Chrysler Newport]] (1961-1978), [[w:Chrysler 300 non-letter series|Chrysler 300 Sport Series]] (1962-1971), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1968-1972), [[w:DeSoto Firedome|DeSoto Firedome]] (1959), [[w:DeSoto Fireflite|DeSoto Fireflite]] (1959-1960), [[w:DeSoto Adventurer|DeSoto Adventurer]] (1959-1960), [[w:DeSoto (automobile)#1961|DeSoto]] (1961), [[w:Dodge Matador|Dodge Matador]] (1960), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1965-1966), [[w:Dodge D series|Dodge D/W series]] (1979-1980), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1979-1980), [[w:Plymouth Trailduster|Plymouth Trailduster]] (1979-1980), [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] (1981-1989), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] (1981-1989), [[w:Dodge 400|Dodge 400]] 4-d (1982-1983), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron|Chrysler LeBaron]] 4-d (1982-1984), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1983–1988|Chrysler New Yorker (E-body)]] (1983-1987), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1983–1988|Chrysler New Yorker Turbo (E-body)]] (1988), [[w:Dodge 600|Dodge 600]] 4-d (1983-1988), [[w:Chrysler E-Class|Chrysler E-Class]] (1983-1984), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle]] (US: 1985-1988), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle]] 4-d (Canada: 1983-1988), [[w:Dodge Omni|Dodge Omni]] (1989-1990), [[w:Plymouth Horizon|Plymouth Horizon]] (1989-1990),&lt;br&gt; Engines
| Located at 12200 East Jefferson Ave. Plant was originally opened by [[w:Chalmers Automobile|Chalmers Motor Co.]]. After falling on hard times, Chalmers agreed in 1917 to build cars for [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Co.]] at the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit. In exchange, Chalmers cars would be sold through Maxwell dealers. After having its own financial problems, Maxwell stopped producing cars at the Chalmers plant in 1921. Maxwell hired Walter P. Chrysler to turn the company around in 1921. In early 1921, Maxwell Motor Co. was liquidated and replaced by Maxwell Motor Corp. with Walter P. Chrysler as Chairman. On December 7, 1922, Maxwell took over the bankrupt Chalmers including the Jefferson Ave. plant. Chrysler brand cars began to be produced in 1924. Chalmers was discontinued in late 1923 with the last cars being 1924 models. Maxwell production ended in May 1925. Maxwell Motor Corp. was reorganized into the Chrysler Corporation on June 6, 1925. The 1925 Maxwell was reworked into an entry-level, 4-cylinder Chrysler model for 1926-1928 and was then reworked again into the first Plymouth in 1928. The Jefferson Ave. plant was the home plant of the Chrysler brand through 1978. It was also the home plant for the spin-off Imperial brand except for 1959-1961, when Imperial had its own exclusive plant on Warren Ave. in Dearborn. By the time it ended production on February 2, 1990, Jefferson Ave. Assembly had built 8,310,107 vehicles. Demolished in 1991. Replaced by the Jefferson North plant built across Jefferson Ave. from the old plant, where the Kercheval Body Plant used to be. The Jefferson North plant opened in January 1992.
|-
| W (1987-1989 Chrysler M-body) &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; [K for 1981-1983 AMC and 1983-1987 Renault],&lt;br&gt; 0-6 (1966-1980 AMC)
| Kenosha I Assembly
| [[w:Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1988
| [[w:Chrysler Fifth Avenue#1982–1989: The M-body years|Chrysler Fifth Avenue]]&lt;br&gt; (1987-1989),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Diplomat#Second generation (1980)|Dodge Diplomat]] (1987-1989), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1982–1989|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1987-89), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle Salon]] (Canada: 1987-1989)
| This was the Kenosha Main Plant of [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]]. The Kenosha plant was the oldest still operating automobile factory in the world when it ended vehicle production in December 1988. It first built automobiles in 1902 for the Thomas B. Jeffery Company under the Rambler brand. The factory was purchased in 1900 from the Sterling Bicycle Co., which built it in 1895. In 1914, the Thomas B. Jeffery Company rebranded its vehicles under the Jeffery brand. In 1916, the Thomas B. Jeffery Company was bought by Charles Nash and renamed Nash Motors. Kenosha produced Nash vehicles from 1917-1957. Kenosha also produced Nash's entry-level Lafayette brand from 1934-1936. After Nash merged with Hudson to form American Motors in 1954, Kenosha also produced Hudson vehicles from 1955-1957. Kenosha then produced vehicles under the Rambler brand for AMC from 1958-1968 and under the AMC brand from 1966-1983. Kenosha also produced the Alliance for AMC shareholder Renault for 1983-1987 along with the Encore for 1984-1986 and the GTA for 1987. Chrysler signed a deal with AMC in September 1986 to utilize surplus capacity at AMC's Kenosha plant to build Chrysler's trio of rwd M-body sedans beginning in February 1987. Chrysler did not have any capacity left in its own plants to continue building the M-body sedans. The St. Louis North plant that had been building the M-body sedans had been converted to build the extended length minivans. This deal led to Chrysler's acquisition of AMC, announced in March 1987. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Vehicle production ended in December 1988 and the M-bodies were discontinued. The site continued building engines until 2010. The plant has since been demolished.
|-
| Y
| Kenosha II Assembly
| [[w:Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1988
| [[w:Dodge Omni|Dodge Omni]] (1988-1989), [[w:Plymouth Horizon|Plymouth Horizon]] (1988-1989)
| This was the Kenosha Lakefront Plant of [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]], located on the shore of Lake Michigan. This property was originally a Simmons mattress manufacturing plant from 1870 to 1960. AMC bought it in 1960 to manufacture and paint auto bodies. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. In September 1987, production of the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon began. Production was moved to Kenosha from Chrysler's Belvidere, IL plant, which was being converted to build Chrysler's C-body sedans (Dynasty/New Yorker). Closed in December 1988. Omni &amp; Horizon production then moved to the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit. Demolished in 1990. In 1994, the City of Kenosha purchased the property for $1. The property was subsequently cleaned up and redeveloped into the HarborPark area, which includes a park and open space, a public museum, residential housing, and a marina. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Kenosha Engine|Kenosha Engine Plant]]
| [[w:Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2010
| [[w:AMC straight-4 engine|AMC straight-4 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC straight-6 engine|AMC straight-6 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC V8 engine|AMC V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LH engine|Chrysler 2.7L DOHC V6]], [[w:Chrysler SOHC V6 engine#3.5|Chrysler 3.5L SOHC V6]]
| Located at 5555 30th Avenue. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Vehicle production ended in December 1988 at the adjacent assembly plant but the site continued building engines until 2010. After the Chrysler buyout, the plant kept building the AMC 5.9L V8 for the SJ Jeep Grand Wagoneer through 1991, the AMC 2.5L I4 through 2002 for Jeeps and the Dodge Dakota, the AMC 4.2L I6 through 1990 for the Jeep Wrangler, and the AMC 4.0L I6 through 2006 for various Jeeps ('06 Wrangler was the last to use the 4.0L). Chrysler started building its own 2.7L V6 at Kenosha in 1997 and its own 3.5L V6 in 2003. Engine production ended in October 2010 and the plant closed. Demolished in 2012-2013.
|-
|
| Kercheval Body Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1920,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1990
| Automobile Bodies
| Located at 12265 E Jefferson Ave., across Jefferson Ave. from Chrysler's Jefferson Ave. Assembly Plant, which had originally been the Chalmers plant. The assembly plant was on the south side of Jefferson Ave. while the body plant was on the north side. The plant was called Kercheval because the north side of the plant was bordered by Kercheval Ave. The plant was built in 1920 by Wadsworth Manufacturing Co. to replace a previous plant on the same site that burned down in 1919. That fire had also damaged the Chalmers plant across the street. In November 1920, Wadsworth Manufacturing was sold to American Motor Body Co., a division of the American Can Co. On July 1, 1923, American Motor Body Co. became American Motor Body Corp., run by Charles M. Schwab. On September 4, 1925, Chrysler Corp. bought the Detroit plant of the American Motor Body Corp. to quickly increase its manufacturing capacity. In 1955, Kercheval Body Plant was connected to the Jefferson Assembly plant by a bridge crossing over Jefferson Ave. Previously, bodies made at Kercheval had to be transported by truck across Jefferson Ave. to the assembly plant. The plant closed in Feb. 1990, at the same time the Jefferson Ave. Assembly Plant closed. The Kercheval plant was demolished and Chrysler built the new Jefferson North Assembly Plant on the site of the former Kercheval Body Plant, on the north side of Jefferson Ave. 
|-
|
| Kokomo - Home Ave. plant
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1937
| 1969
| Manual Transmissions (1937-1955), Aluminum die casting (1955-1969)
| Located at 1105 S. Home Ave. Chrysler bought this plant in 1937. This was Chrysler's first plant in Kokomo. It had previously belonged to the [[w:Haynes Automobile Company|Haynes Automobile Co.]], which went out of business in 1925. The plant had been dormant since then. 5,124,211 manual transmissions were built here from 1937-1955. Transmission production then shifted to a new plant about a mile southeast on South Reed Road. The Home Ave. plant then became an aluminum die casting plant until 1969, when that operation shifted to the new Kokomo Casting plant on East Boulevard. Chrysler subsequently sold this plant. The facility was last used by Warren's Auto Parts, an auto salvage yard, which closed in 2020 after nearly 50 years. It is currently empty though still standing as of 2025. 
|-
| M
| [[w:Lago Alberto Assembly|Lago Alberto Assembly]]
| [[w:Nuevo Polanco|Nuevo Polanco district]], [[w:Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo borough]], [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1938
| 2002
| &lt;br&gt; Past models: &lt;br&gt;  Mexico only: Dodge Savoy, Dodge Dart, Dodge 330, Dodge 440, Chrysler Valiant (1963-1969), Valiant Barracuda (1965-1969), Dodge Coronet, [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1981-02), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger#Second generation (1981–1993)|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1986-96), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger#Third generation (1999–2001)|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1999-01) &lt;br&gt; Export to US:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ramcharger#Second generation (1981–1993)|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1986-93), [[w:Dodge Ram#First generation (1981; D/W)|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1990-93), [[w:Dodge Ram#Second generation (1994; BR/BE)|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1994-02)
| Located at 320 Lago Alberto Street. Originally part of Fabricas Automex, Chrysler's affiliate in Mexico. In 1968, Fabricas Automex was 45% owned by Chrysler. In December 1971, Chrysler increased its stake to 90.5% and changed the Mexican company's name to Chrysler de Mexico. Chrysler later bought another 8.8% stake, taking its total to 99.3%. Lago Alberto began exporting to the US with the 1986 Dodge Ramcharger, sourced exclusively from Mexico. The Lago Alberto plant was closed in 2002 and Mexican pickup production was consolidated in the newer, more modern Saltillo plant. 
|-
| E (1968-1971),&lt;br&gt; 5 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 4 (1959),&lt;br&gt; L (1958),&lt;br&gt; L (1955-1957 Chrysler brand)
| [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly|Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly]]
| [[w:Commerce, California|City of Commerce, California]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1932
| 1971
| Plymouth (1946-1958), Dodge (1946-1953, 1955-1958), [[w:Dodge Power Wagon#Civilian 1-ton Power Wagon &quot;Military-Type&quot;, Flat Fender Style&quot; (1945-1978)|Dodge Power Wagon]] (1946-1949), DeSoto Deluxe/Custom (1948-1952), DeSoto Powermaster Six (1953-1954), DeSoto Firedome (1952-57), DeSoto Fireflite (1955-1957), DeSoto Firesweep (1957-1958), Chrysler Windsor (1948-1958), Chrysler Royal (1949-1950), Chrysler Saratoga (1951-1952, 1957-1958), Chrysler New Yorker (1953-1958), [[w:Chrysler Windsor|Chrysler Windsor]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga|Chrysler Saratoga]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1959-60), [[w:DeSoto Firesweep|DeSoto Firesweep]] (1959), [[w:Dodge Coronet#Fourth generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Coronet]] (1957-1959), [[w:Dodge Custom Royal|Dodge Custom Royal]] (1958-1959), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962), [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960-1964), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1959), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1958-1964), [[w:Plymouth Suburban|Plymouth Suburban wagon]] (1959-1961), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1958-1959, 1963-1964), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1971), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1970-1971), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1971), [[w:Dodge Dart#1971|Dodge Dart Demon]] (1971), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda|Plymouth Barracuda]] (1964-1966, 1970), [[w:Dodge Challenger (1970)|Dodge Challenger]] (1970), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Intermediate series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1965-70), [[w:Plymouth Satellite|Plymouth Satellite]] (1965-1971), [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1967-1971), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1968-1971), [[w:Dodge Coronet|Dodge Coronet]] (1965-1971), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)|Dodge Charger]] (1971), [[w:Dodge Super Bee|Dodge Super Bee]] (1968-1971)
| Located at 5800 South Eastern Avenue and Slauson Avenue in Maywood, now part of City of Commerce. Across the street from the [[w:Maywood Assembly|Ford Maywood Assembly plant (Los Angeles Assembly plant No. 1)]]. 
|-
| A (1968-1981),&lt;br&gt; 1 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 6 (1959)
| [[w:Lynch Road Assembly|Lynch Road Assembly]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1929
| 1981
| Plymouth (1929-1958), DeSoto (1931-1932), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959-64), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (59-61), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959-1964), [[w:Plymouth Suburban|Plymouth Suburban wagon]] (59-61), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Intermediate series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (62-70), [[w:Plymouth Satellite|Plymouth Satellite]] (1965-1970, 1973-1974), [[w:Plymouth Fury#Seventh generation (1975–1978)|Plymouth Fury]] (1975-1978), [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1967-1970), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1968-1970, 1973, 1975), [[w:Plymouth Superbird|Plymouth Road Runner Superbird]] (1970), [[w:Dodge Coronet|Dodge Coronet]] (1965-1976), [[w:Dodge Monaco#Fourth generation (1977–1978)|Dodge Monaco]] (1977-1978), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)#1966|Dodge Charger]] (1966), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)#Third generation|Dodge Charger]] (1971-1974), [[w:Dodge Super Bee|Dodge Super Bee]] (1968-1971),  [[w:Chrysler Newport#1979–1981|Chrysler Newport]] (1979-81), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1979–1981|Chrysler New Yorker]] (79-81), [[w:Dodge St. Regis|Dodge St. Regis]] (1979-81), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1980–1981|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (80-81),&lt;br&gt; Engines
| Located at 6334 Lynch Road. This was originally Plymouth's home plant. At the time it opened in 1929, Lynch Road was the largest single story auto plant in the world. DeSoto production was transferred from Highland Park to Lynch Road in 1931. In June 1932, DeSoto production was moved to the Jefferson Ave. plant when the DeSoto brand moved up in the brand hierarchy to between Dodge and Chrysler. Previously, DeSoto was between Plymouth and Dodge. During World War II, Lynch Road made tank transmissions, truck parts, and uranium enrichment diffusers for the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Oak Ridge, TN to produce enriched uranium for the atomic bomb. For 1965, Lynch Road began to focus on production of Plymouth and Dodge intermediate models. For 1979, Lynch Road was switched to build Chrysler's R-body full-size cars for all 3 Chrysler car brands. Production ended on April 3, 1981 and the factory closed. Last car produced was a white Plymouth Gran Fury police car. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|Mack Ave. Engine Plant I]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1998
| 2019
| [[w:Chrysler PowerTech engine#4.7|4.7L PowerTech SOHC V8]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|3.0L/3.2L/3.6L Pentastar V6]]
| Located at 4000 St. Jean Avenue. Mack Ave. Engine Plant I was built on the site of the former New Mack Assembly Plant and the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The first engine was built in 1998. 4.7L V8 engine production ended in April 2013. Pentastar V6 engine production ended in 2019. The 2 engine plants were subsequently converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North Assembly plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021.
|-
| 
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|Mack Ave. Engine Plant II]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2000
| 2012
| [[w:Chrysler PowerTech engine#3.7 EKG|3.7L PowerTech SOHC 90° V6]]
| Located at 4500 St. Jean Avenue. Mack Ave. Engine Plant II was built next to the Mack Ave. Engine Plant I, which had been built on the site of the former New Mack Assembly Plant and the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The first engine was built in November 2000. Production ended in September 2012. The 2 engine plants were subsequently converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North Assembly plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021.
|-
|
| Mack Ave. Stamping Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1979
| Stampings
| Chrysler acquired the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The plant was originally built in 1916 by the Michigan Stamping Company, which was taken over by Briggs Manufacturing in 1923. The plant was closed in 1979 and the site was basically abandoned. The city of Detroit bought the plant site in 1982 but was unable to find a purchaser or afford environmental remediation for the site and returned it to Chrysler. In 1990, Chrysler began cleanup and demolition of the old plant and built a new factory on the site, which became the New Mack Assembly Plant. The site later became the Mack Ave. Engine Complex and later, the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant, which is now part of the Detroit Assembly Complex.
|-
| 
| McGraw Stamping/McGraw Glass Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 19?
| 2003
| Oil pans, valve covers, and other small stampings,&lt;br&gt; Automotive Glass (1960-)
| Located at 9400 McGraw Ave. Was around the corner and behind the Wyoming Ave. DeSoto/Export plant. Originally, a stamping plant. In 1960, switched to making automotive glass. Used Safeguard brand. Glass was DOT# 21. Demolished. 
|-
|
| [[w:Mound Road Engine|Mound Road Engine Plant]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2002
| [[w:Chrysler A engine|Chrysler A V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine|Chrysler LA V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine#239 V6|3.9L 90° V6 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 8.0 L V10|8.0L iron Magnum V10 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Viper engine|8.0L aluminum Viper V10 engine]] (1992-5/01)
| Located at 20300 Mound Road. One of the plants Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. Chrysler used the plant to produce aircraft parts from 1953-1954 and then transferred the plant to Plymouth in 1954 to build its new A-series V8 engine for 1956 model year cars. Converted into an engine plant and enlarged by 71,000 sq. ft., it began building V8 engines for Plymouth in July 1955. Dodge later used the A engine from 1959 in the US in cars and trucks and Chrysler used the A engine from 1960 in the US. The plant was closed in 2002 and demolished in 2003. The land was then paved over and is now used as a storage lot for vehicles produced at the nearby Warren Truck Assembly Plant. Warren Truck Assembly is just to the north of where Mound Road Engine was. Mt. Elliott Tool and Die was located immediately to the south of the Mound Road Engine Plant on Outer Drive East.
|-
|
| [[w:Mount Elliott Tool and Die|Mount Elliott Tool and Die]]/Outer Drive Manufacturing Technology Center/Outer Drive Stamping
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1938, 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2018
| Stamping Dies, Checking Fixtures, Stamping Fixtures 
| Located at 3675 Outer Drive East. Built in 1938 by Briggs Manufacturing Company. One of the plants Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing in 1953. Chrysler renamed it Outer Drive Stamping. Stamping operations ended in 1983 and operations from the closed Vernor Tool &amp; Die plant were moved here. The plant was then renamed Outer Drive Manufacturing Technology Center. The plant now did tool and die work as well as pilot plant operations and engineering for new stamping technologies. Once the Chrysler Technology Center in Auburn Hills was built, Pilot Operations and Advanced Stamping Manufacturing Engineering moved there and the plant was renamed Mount Elliott Tool and Die. Operations at the plant ended in 2018 and the plant was sold to German automotive supplier Laepple Automotive in 2024. Laepple Automotive is producing stamped body parts at the plant. 
|-
| V
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|New Mack Assembly Plant]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1992
| 1995
| [[w:Dodge Viper|Dodge Viper RT/10]] (1992-96)
| Located at 4000 St. Jean Avenue. The New Mack Assembly Plant is built on the site of the former Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. Viper production began in May 1992 at the New Mack Assembly Plant. After ending production in 1995, New Mack Assembly was converted into the Mack Ave. Engine Plant I. A new addition was then built to create Mack Ave. Engine Plant II. The 2 engine plants were subsequently converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North Assembly plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021. 
|-
| F (1968-2009),&lt;br&gt; 6 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 5 (1959),&lt;br&gt; N (1958)
| [[w:Newark Assembly|Newark Assembly]]
| [[w:Newark, Delaware|Newark, Delaware]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1951,&lt;br&gt; 1957 (Automotive prod.)
| 2008
| Plymouth (1957-1958), Dodge (1958), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1958-1959, 1961), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959-1974), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959-1964), [[w:Dodge Coronet#Fourth generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Coronet]] (1958-1959), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960-1966), [[w:Dodge Monaco|Dodge Monaco]] (1965-1966, 1968), [[w:Chrysler Newport|Chrysler Newport]] (1965-1970), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1965-70), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (1941–1988)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1966-1967), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1964, 1974-1976), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1964, 1974-76), [[w:Dodge Aspen|Dodge Aspen]] (1976-1980), [[w:Plymouth Volare|Plymouth Volare]] (1976-1980), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#First generation (1977–1981)|Chrysler LeBaron (M-body)]] (1979-1980), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] sedan &amp; wagon (1981-1988), [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] sedan &amp; wagon (1981-1988), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Second generation (1982–1988)|Chrysler LeBaron (K-body)]] (sedan: 1984-1988, wagon: 1982-1988), [[w:Plymouth Acclaim|Plymouth Acclaim]] (1989-1995), [[w:Dodge Spirit|Dodge Spirit]] (1989-1995), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation sedan (1990–1994)|Chrysler LeBaron Sedan (A-body)]] (1990, 1993-1994), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga#1989–1995|Chrysler Saratoga]] (For export: 1990-1992), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron coupe (J-body)]] (1992-1993), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron convertible (J-body)]] (1992-1995), [[w:Dodge Intrepid#First generation (1993–1997)|Dodge Intrepid]] (1994-1996), [[w:Chrysler Intrepid#First generation (1993–1997)|Chrysler Intrepid]] (Canada: 1994-1995), [[w:Chrysler Concorde#First generation (1993–1997)|Chrysler Concorde]] (1995-1996), [[w:Dodge Durango#First generation (DN; 1998)|Dodge Durango (DN)]] (1998-2003), [[w:Dodge Durango#Second generation (HB; 2004)|Dodge Durango (HB)]] (2004-2009), [[w:Chrysler Aspen|Chrysler Aspen]] (2007-2009) 
| Chrysler began construction of the Delaware Tank Plant in January 1951 to build [[w:M48 Patton|M48 Patton]] tanks. Production began in April 1952. Production ended in May 1961 and the Tank Plant was closed in October 1961. Low rate initial production of the [[w:M60 tank|M60 tank]] was also done at the Newark plant in 1959 before production was moved to the [[w:Detroit Arsenal (Warren, Michigan)|Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant]] in Warren, MI in 1960. Conversion to automotive production began in 1956. Production of Plymouth and Dodge cars began on April 30, 1957. Production ended on December 19, 2008. Sold to the University of Delaware on October 24, 2009. Most of the plant was demolished in 2010-2011 except for the Administration Building near the front of the complex. The site is now the Science, Technology, and Advanced Research (STAR) campus. The old Chrysler Administration Building has been redesigned and is now being used by the College of Health Sciences. 
|-
| K
| [[w:Pillette Road Truck Assembly|Pillette Road Truck Assembly]]
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1976
| 2003
| [[w:Dodge Sportsman|Dodge Tradesman/Sportsman]] (1976-1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram Van|Dodge Ram Van]] (1981-2003), [[w:Dodge Ram Wagon|Dodge Ram Wagon]] (1981-'02), [[w:Plymouth Voyager#Full-size van (AB; 1974–1983)|Plymouth Voyager]] (1976-1983)
| Located at 2935 Pillette Road. Was originally Windsor Plant 6. The Pillette Road plant was located less than a mile away from Chryslers' main plant complex in Windsor. Production began in January 1976. Production ended on June 12, 2003. 2,309,399 units were built. Demolished in 2004. Part of the site is now the Grand Central Business Park. Another part was a logistics center serving Chrysler's Windsor Assembly Plant and operated by Syncreon. The Syncreon Automotive Windsor site closed in October 2022. The parts sorting and sequencing work done there was now going to be done in-house at Chrysler's Windsor Assembly Plant. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly#San Leandro Assembly|San Leandro Assembly]]
| [[w:San Leandro, California|San Leandro, California]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1948
| 1954
| Plymouth (1949-1954),&lt;br&gt; Dodge (1949-1954),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Power Wagon#Civilian 1-ton Power Wagon &quot;Military-Type&quot;, Flat Fender Style&quot; (1945-1978)|Dodge Power Wagon]] (1950-1954)
| Located at 1933 Davis St. Plant was originally run by Dodge Division. In 1953, San Leandro began to make its own car bodies instead of sourcing them from Detroit and only doing final assembly locally. Closed in 1954 when Chrysler consolidated West Coast auto production at the Los Angeles plant. Used by International Harvester to build heavy-duty trucks from 1963 to 1975, replacing an earlier plant in Emeryville.  Now the Westgate Center, a shopping mall, and Gate510, a hub for entrepreneurs. 
|-
| B (1996-2009),&lt;br&gt; G (1968-1991),&lt;br&gt; 7 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 8 (1959)
| [[w:Saint Louis Assembly|St. Louis I Assembly]] - South plant
| [[w:Fenton, Missouri|Fenton, Missouri]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1959
| 2008
| [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1960-1964), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1960-1964), [[w:Plymouth Suburban|Plymouth Suburban wagon]] (1961), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962), [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1965, 1976), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1973-1976), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1965, 1973-1976), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda|Plymouth Barracuda]] (1964-1965),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Intermediate series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1965-1970), [[w:Plymouth Satellite|Plymouth Satellite]] (1965-1974), [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1967-1971), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1968-75), [[w:Plymouth Fury#Seventh generation (1975–1978)|Plymouth Fury]] (1975-1976), [[w:Dodge Coronet|Dodge Coronet]] (1965-1973, 75), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)|Dodge Charger]] (1968-1974), [[w:Dodge Super Bee|Dodge Super Bee]] (1968-1971), [[w:Dodge Diplomat|Dodge Diplomat]] (1977-1981), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#First generation (1977–1981)|Chrysler LeBaron (M-body)]] (1977-1981), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle (M-body)]] (Canada: 1978-1981), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] 2-d (1982-1986), [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] 2-d (1982-1986), [[w:Dodge 400|Dodge 400]] 2-d &amp; convertible (1982-1983), [[w:Dodge 600|Dodge 600]] 2-d &amp; convertible (1984-1986), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle]] 2-d (Canada: 1983-1986), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Second generation (1982–1988)|Chrysler LeBaron (K-body)]] (2-d &amp; convertible: 1982-1986), [[w:Chrysler Executive|Chrysler Executive]] (1983-1986), [[w:Dodge Daytona|Dodge Daytona]] (1984-1991), [[w:Chrysler Daytona|Chrysler Daytona]] (Canada: 1984-1991), [[w:Dodge Daytona#Chrysler Laser|Chrysler Laser]] (1984-1986), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron coupe/convertible (J-body)]] (1987-1991), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Voyager]] (1996-2000), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Grand Voyager]] (1996-2000), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Caravan]] (1996-2007), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Grand Caravan]] (1996-2009), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Voyager]] (2001-2003), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Grand Voyager]] (2000), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1996-2001, 2004-2007)
| Located at 1001 N. Hwy Dr. St. Louis South was idled in 1991. The Dodge Daytona was moved to Sterling Heights and the J-body Chrysler LeBaron was moved to Newark, DE. St. Louis South was reopened in 1995 to build minivans, which were moved from the St. Louis North plant. For the 3rd generation, St. Louis South built both SWB and LWB models. For the 4th generation, St. Louis South built all SWB models but also built some LWB models. Closed on October 31, 2008. Demolished in 2011. Site was sold in 2014 and is now the Fenton Logistics Park.
|-
| J (1996-2009),&lt;br&gt; X (1973-1995),&lt;br&gt; U (1970-1972),&lt;br&gt; 7 (1967-1969)
| [[w:Saint Louis Assembly|St. Louis II Assembly]] - North plant / Missouri Truck Assembly Plant
| [[w:Fenton, Missouri|Fenton, Missouri]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1966
| 2009
| [[w:Dodge D series|Dodge D/W series]] (1967-1973), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1974-1977), [[w:Plymouth Trail Duster|Plymouth Trail Duster]] (1974-76), [[w:Dodge Sportsman|Dodge Tradesman/Sportsman]] (1971-1980), [[w:Plymouth Voyager#Full-size van (AB; 1974–1983)|Plymouth Voyager]] (1975-1976, 1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1982–1989|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1984-1987), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle Salon]] (Canada: 1984-1987), [[w:Dodge Diplomat|Dodge Diplomat]] (1984-1987), [[w:Chrysler Fifth Avenue#1982–1989: The M-body years|Chrysler Fifth Avenue]] ('84-'87), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Grand Voyager]] (1987-1995), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Grand Caravan]] (1987-1995), [[w:Chrysler minivans (S)#Cargo van|Dodge Extended Mini Ram Van]] (1987-1988), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1990-1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1996-'09)
| Originally opened to build trucks as the Missouri Truck Assembly Plant. In 1980, the plant was idled. Plant was reopened in 1983 to build the rwd, M-body sedans, which were moved from Windsor, ON, Canada so that Windsor could be converted to build minivans. Plant was renamed St. Louis II Assembly. During 1987, the M-body sedans were moved to AMC's plant in Kenosha, WI so that St. Louis North could be converted to build the new LWB minivans. For the first 2 generations of Chrysler minivans, St. Louis North only built the LWB models. For 1996, minivan production moved to St. Louis South and the North plant was converted to build full-size pickups. Closed on July 10, 2009. Demolished in 2011. Site was sold in 2014 and is now the Fenton Logistics Park.
|-
| J (1970-1978),&lt;br&gt; 6 (1968-1969),&lt;br&gt; 9 (1961-1967)
| Tecumseh Road Truck Assembly / Windsor Truck Assembly Plant
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1916,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1978
| Maxwell (1924-1925),&lt;br&gt; Chrysler (1924-1929),&lt;br&gt; Dodge Trucks (1931-1960), &lt;br&gt; Dodge D-Series Trucks: &lt;br&gt; D100 (1961), D200 (1964), W200 (1965), W100 (1966), D100/W100 (1967), D200 (1970), D500 (1968),&lt;br&gt; D500/D600/D700/D800 &lt;br&gt; medium-duty trucks (1970-1972), D500/D600/W600/D700/D800 medium-duty trucks (1974-1977),&lt;br&gt; D100 (1978),&lt;br&gt; Fargo Trucks (1936-1972)
| Located at 300 Tecumseh Road East. Was originally Windsor Plant 1. Became part of Chrysler upon its founding in 1925. Was previously a Maxwell-Chalmers plant and was originally Maxwell's Canadian plant from 1916. Switched to building trucks in 1931 after Plant 3 opened in 1929. Closed in 1978. Became the Imperial Quality Assurance Centre from 1980-1983, doing extra quality control on the 1981-1983 Imperial built at the Windsor Assembly Plant (the car plant - Plant 3) about 1.5 miles east of Plant 1. The Imperial Quality Assurance Centre closed in 1983 when the Imperial was discontinued. Subsequently demolished. Is now the Plaza 300 shopping mall.
|-
|
| Tipton Transmission Plant
| [[w:Tipton, Indiana|Tipton, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2014
| 2023
| [[w:ZF 9HP transmission|948TE 9-speed auto.]] transmission, SI-EVT transmission
| Located at 5880 W. State Road 28. Originally, the plant was supposed to be a [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] plant focused on supplying Chrysler with dual-clutch transmissions. Chrysler withdrew from the deal in 2008 after a dispute over financing and sued Getrag. The 80% completed facility then sat dormant until Chrysler Group purchased the facility in February 2013 and completed construction. Production began in April 2014 with the ZF-designed 9-speed auto. transmission, built under license from ZF. Production ended in June 2023 and 9-speed production was consolidated into Indiana Transmission Plant I in Kokomo, IN. The SI-EVT transmission for the Pacifica Hybrid was moved to Kokomo Transmission Plant. Sold to IRH Manufacturing LLC in September 2024 to make solar cells.
|-
| L (1989-2001),&lt;br&gt; T (1981-1988)
| [[w:Toledo Complex#Parkway|Toledo Assembly #1 Plant]] - Jeep Parkway plant
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2001 (ended final assembly), 2006 (ended body assembly)
| [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]] (1984-01), [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)#Wagoneer|Jeep Wagoneer (XJ)]] (1984-90), [[w:Jeep Comanche|Jeep Comanche]] (1986-1992),&lt;br&gt; Bodies for vehicles made at Stickney Ave. plant &lt;br&gt; 
Models only made before Chrysler takeover: Willys Aero (1952-1955), Kaiser Manhattan (1954-1955), Jeep CJ (1946-1986), Jeep DJ, Jeep Jeepster (1948-1950), Jeep Jeepster Commando (1967-1971), Jeep Commando (1972-1973), Willys Jeep Station Wagon (1946-1964), Willys Jeep Truck (1947-1965), Jeep Gladiator (SJ) (1963-1971), Jeep J-series pickup, Jeep Wagoneer [SJ] (1963-1981), Jeep Cherokee [SJ] (1974-1981), Jeep Forward Control [FC] (1957-1965), Jeep FJ Fleetvan (1961-1975), Military Jeeps
| Located at 1000 Jeep Parkway. The John North Willys-owned Overland Automobile Co. purchased the plant in 1909 from Pope-Toledo, another early automaker. Overland Automobile Co. became Willys-Overland in 1912. Began building Jeeps in the 1940s. This was the original Jeep assembly plant. Willys-Overland was bought by Kaiser in 1953. Kaiser then sold its Willow Run plant in Ypsilanti, MI to GM and moved its production to the Willys plant in Toledo, OH. Kaiser and Willys production in the US ended in 1955 and Toledo focused on Jeep production going forward. Kaiser Jeep was sold to AMC in 1970. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Final assembly ended in 2001 when the XJ Cherokee ended production but painted body production continued until June 30, 2006, when the TJ Wrangler ended production. Production of the replacement JK Wrangler moved to the new Toledo Supplier Park plant a few miles away.  The Administration Building, used from 1915 through 1974, was imploded on April 14, 1979. A third of the plant was demolished in 2002 after final assembly ended including the Jeep Museum. The remainder was demolished in 2006-2007 after body production ended. One of the three large brick smokestacks was preserved and was dedicated in 2013 to the plant's history and workforce. A bronze plaque was mounted next to the smokestack, which still says &quot;Overland&quot; on it. Over 11 million vehicles were produced at the site, including military Jeeps during World War II. The site was sold to the Toledo-Lucas County Port Authority in 2010. The site has been redeveloped into the Overland Industrial Park. Dana Inc. and Detroit Manufacturing Systems are among the tenants in the Overland Industrial Park and those plants supply the current Jeep plants elsewhere in Toledo. All-Phase Electric Supply Co. is another tenant. 
|-
| P (1989-2006),&lt;br&gt; T (1981-1988)
| [[w:Toledo Complex#Stickney|Toledo Assembly #2 Plant]] - Jeep Stickney Ave. plant
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2006 
| [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)#1984: SJ and XJ|Jeep Grand Wagoneer (SJ)]]&lt;br&gt; (1984-1991),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (YJ)|Jeep Wrangler (YJ)]] (1993-95), [[w:Jeep Wrangler (TJ)|Jeep Wrangler (TJ)]] (1997-06)
Models only made before Chrysler takeover:&lt;br&gt; Jeep Wagoneer [SJ] (1981-1983), Jeep Cherokee [SJ] (1981-1983)
| Located at 4000 Stickney Ave. Originally opened in 1942 by the Electric Auto-Lite Co., a maker of spark plugs. Sold to Kaiser-Jeep in 1964, which used it as a machining and engine plant until 1981, when AMC converted it for vehicle production. AMC had taken over Kaiser Jeep in 1970. AMC built the SJ Wagoneer and Cherokee at the Stickney Ave. plant. Body assembly was done at an SJ- or later,  Wrangler-specific body shop at the Parkway plant while final assembly was at the Stickney Ave. plant. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Production ended in 2006 with the end of the TJ Wrangler. Production of the replacement JK Wrangler moved to the new Toledo Supplier Park plant built on the site of the old Stickney Ave. plant. 
|-
| W (1994-1996)
| [[w:Toledo Complex#Stickney|Toledo Assembly #3 Plant]] - Jeep Stickney Ave. plant
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1993
| 1996 
| [[w:Dodge Dakota#First generation (1987–1996)|Dodge Dakota]] (1994-1996)
| Body assembly was done at a Dakota-specific body shop at the Parkway plant while final assembly was at the Stickney Ave. plant.
|-
|
| Toluca Engine Plant 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| ?
| 2002
| [[w:Chrysler Slant-6 engine|Chrysler Slant-6 engine]], [[w:Chrysler LA engine|Chrysler LA V8 engine]]
| Closed in 2002
|-
|
| Toluca Transmission Plant 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| ?
| 2001
| Automatic Transmissions for fwd cars
| Closed in 2001
|-
| 
| [[w:Trenton Engine Complex|Trenton Engine North Plant]] 
| [[w:Trenton, Michigan|Trenton, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1952
| 2022
| [[w:Chrysler B engine|Chrysler B V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler B engine#RB engines|Chrysler RB V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Slant-6 engine|Chrysler Slant-6 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Volkswagen EA827 engine#1.7|VW 1.7L EA827 I4 engine]] (adding Chrysler parts to already built VW engines made in W. Germany),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 2.2 &amp; 2.5 engine|2.2L/2.5L &quot;K-car&quot; I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler 1.8, 2.0 &amp; 2.4 engine|1.8L, 2.0L I4 &quot;Neon engine&quot;]], [[w:Chrysler 3.3 &amp; 3.8 engines|3.3L/3.8L OHV V6]], [[w:Chrysler SOHC V6 engine|3.5L/3.2L/4.0L SOHC V6]], [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|3.2L/3.6L Pentastar V6 engine]], [[w:World Gasoline Engine#2.4_2|2.4L Tigershark I4]],&lt;br&gt; Engine components,&lt;br&gt; Air raid sirens
| Located at 2000 Van Horn Road. Trenton North began production in fall 1952 and was expanded in 1964, 1967, 1969, 1976, and 1977. At first, Trenton North began by making water pumps and air raid sirens but engines quickly followed. Trenton Engine North was Chrysler’s first dedicated engine factory in the US, separate from the assembly plants. On September 29, 1978, V8 production ended. Trenton North added Chrysler parts such as the intake and exhaust manifolds, water pump, ignition system and other major parts to already built VW 1.7L EA827 I4 engines imported from Salzgitter, W. Germany for use in the Omni/Horizon. Production of the 3.5L V6 moved to Kenosha Engine in 2003. Trenton North was idled in May 2011 when the 3.8 V6 ended production following the end of 3.3 &amp; 4.0 V6 engine production in 2010. Chrysler then announced in June 2011 it would use a fifth of the plant to make components for the Pentastar V6 being made at Trenton South. In January 2012, Trenton North began producing the 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine. Chrysler then installed a flexible production line that could build both the Pentastar V6 and the Tigershark I4. In May 2013, Trenton began producing the 3.2L Pentastar V6. Tigershark I4 production began late in 3rd quarter 2013. By the end of 2022, Pentastar Upgrade engine production moved from Trenton North to Trenton South and the older North plant ended production. Trenton North has been repurposed for warehousing and other non-manufacturing opportunities. 
|-
|
| [[w:Tritec engine|Tritec Motors Ltda.]] 
| [[w:Campo Largo, Paraná|Campo Largo, Paraná]] 
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 2000
| 2007
| [[w:Tritec engine|1.4L/1.6L/1.6L supercharged &lt;br&gt; Tritec I4 engine]] 
| Originally established in 1997 as a 50/50 joint venture between Chrysler and [[w:BMW|BMW]] to jointly develop the Tritec 4-cylinder engine and build it at a newly built, jointly owned plant in Brazil. At the time, BMW owned the [[w:Rover Group|Rover Group]], which was developing a new generation of the Mini and Rover worked with Chrysler to develop the Tritec engine that would power the new Mini. In 1998, Chrysler merged with Daimler-Benz, forming DaimlerChrysler. Production of the new engine began in January 2000. BMW broke up and sold off the Rover Group in 2000 but it retained the rights to the new generation Mini then under development and the 50% stake in Tritec Motors. BMW used all 3 versions of the engine in the new generation [[w:Mini Hatch#First generation (R50/52/53; 2001)|MINI]]. Chrysler used the normally aspirated 1.6L version of the engine in non-North American market versions of the [[w:Chrysler Neon#Second generation (2000)|Neon]] and the [[w:Chrysler PT Cruiser|PT Cruiser]]. The normally aspirated 1.6L engine was also supplied to Chinese automakers [[w:Chery|Chery]] and [[w:Lifan Group|Lifan]]. Tritec engine production ended in June 2007. On July 11, 2007, BMW sold its 50% stake in Tritec Motors to [[w:Chrysler#1998–2007: DaimlerChrysler|DaimlerChrysler]]'s Chrysler Group. BMW did not use the Tritec engine in any subsequent models. BMW jointly developed with [[w:PSA Group|PSA Peugeot Citroën]] a new engine called [[w:Prince engine|Prince]] for the [[w:Mini Hatch#Second generation (R56/57; 2006)|next generation Mini]], which launched as a 3-d hatch for 2007 and as a convertible for 2009. In March 2008, the plant and the rights to the engine design were sold to [[w:Fiat|Fiat]], which then updated the engine into the [[w:Fiat E.torQ engine|E.torQ engine]]. The E.torQ engine was offered in the same 1.6L displacement as the Tritec and was also enlarged to 1.7L (1747 cc), though the 1.7L was referred to as a 1.8L. The E.torQ engine was produced in the same plant as the Tritec engine by Fiat from 2010-2023. Became part of [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] upon its founding in 2014. Then became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] upon its founding in 2021 along with Fiat and Chrysler. Ironically, the E.torQ engine also ended up powering certain Chrysler Group models outside the US and Canada. It was used in the South American/European/Australian market Jeep Renegade and the Mexican and Middle East market 2017-2020 Dodge Neon, which was a rebadged Fiat Tipo made in Turkey. It was also used in the Mexican market Dodge Vision and Ram 700 and the South American market Ram 1000. The plant was closed in 2023, following the end of E.torQ engine production.
|-
|
| [[w:Twinsburg Stamping|Twinsburg Stamping]]
| [[w:Twinsburg, Ohio|Twinsburg, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1957
| 2010
| Stampings and assemblies
| Located at 2000 East Aurora Road. Opened in August 1957. Closed July 31, 2010. Sold in 2011. Demolished in 2012-2013. Now the Cornerstone Business Park.
|-
|
| Vernor Tool &amp; Die plant (South plant)
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953
| 1983
| Tooling &amp; Dies
| Located at 12026 E Vernor Highway. Operations moved to Mount Elliott Tool and Die. The former location seems to have been swallowed up by the Jefferson North Assembly plant.
|-
|
| Vernor Trim plant (North plant)
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953
| 1970's
| Trim
| Located at 12025 E Vernor Highway. The former location seems to have been swallowed up by the Jefferson North Assembly plant.
|-
| 4 (1960-1961),&lt;br&gt; 7 (1959)
| Warren Avenue Plant
| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1927,&lt;br&gt; 1950 (opened as part of Chrysler)
| 1960s
| DeSoto bodies (1950-1958), DeSoto engines &lt;br&gt; (1951-1958),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Imperial (automobile)#Second generation (1957–1966)|Imperial]] (1959-1961)
| Located at 8505 West Warren Avenue. This was previously the factory of Paige and Graham-Paige. Chrysler leased half the plant in 1941 to use for military production. Chrysler produced aircraft components for the [[w:Martin B-26 Marauder|B-26 Marauder]] (nose and center fuselage sections) and the [[w:Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29 Superfortress]] (the pressurized nose section, wing leading edges, and engine cowlings). The B-29 had a nose so large that trenches had to be dug in the floor and some of the bracing for the plant’s roof girders had to be removed to accommodate the aircraft. Chrysler bought the plant in 1947. Began building bodies for DeSoto in August 1950. Engine production began in 1951. Production of the Imperial brand moved here from the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit for 1959 in an attempt to give the Imperial brand its own, exclusive factory however sales weren't high enough to support its own plant so Imperial production moved back to the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit for 1962. Production of small parts followed for a few years as did export operations. The plant was later sold. Most of the plant has seen been demolished but the front building facing on Warren Ave. is still there and is now used as Corporate HQ by Shatila Food Products. The DeSoto logo, featuring a stylized image of Hernando de Soto, can still be seen at the top of the building above the front door. 
|-
| T (1970-), 2 (1966-1969),&lt;br&gt; 
| Warren Truck #2 Assembly Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1966
| 1975
| Dodge heavy-duty trucks
| Located at 6600 East 9 Mile Road, at the corner of Sherwood Ave and East 9 Mile Road. Closed in 1975 when Dodge exited the heavy-duty truck market. Site now belongs to Sundance Beverage Co., the parent of Everfresh Juice Co.
|-
| V (1971-1979)
| Warren Truck (Compact) #3 Assembly Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1970
| 1979
| [[w:Dodge Sportsman|Dodge Tradesman/Sportsman]] (1971-1979),&lt;br&gt;[[w:Plymouth Voyager#Full-size van (AB; 1974–1983)|Plymouth Voyager]] (1974-1979)
| Was located at 22000 Hoover Road between Toepfer Road and East 9 Mile Road however this address is no longer used. It's now 21900 Hoover Road. The property was purchased in 1937 by Divco (Detroit Industrial Vehicle Company), which opened a new factory on the site in 1939 to build delivery trucks. Divco's headquarters were also at this location but moved to Richmond, IN after Divco bought Wayne Works, Inc. in 1956. In 1968, delivery truck production was moved to Delaware, OH and in 1969, the factory was sold to Chrysler. Chrysler started building the new 1971 model &lt;br&gt; B-series vans there in 1970. Production seems to have ended in 1979. The buildings still seem intact as of 2025. Midwest Freight Systems and Sherwood Truck Repair occupy the site now.
|-
| 
| Windsor Engine Plant
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1938
| 1980
| [[w:Chrysler flathead engine#Straight-6|Chrysler flathead inline 6]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Slant-6 engine|Chrysler Slant-6 engine]], &lt;br&gt;[[w:Chrysler A engine|Chrysler A V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine|Chrysler LA V8 engine]]
| Was originally Windsor Plant 2. Located just to the south of Windsor Plant 3, the current minivan factory. Closed in August 1980. Built over 8 million engines. Windsor Assembly Plant (Plant 3) expanded onto the site of the old engine plant when it was being renovated for minivan production. 
|- 
|
| [[w:Detroit Assembly#LaSalle Factory/DeSoto Factory|Wyoming Ave. Assembly (DeSoto Wyoming Ave. plant)]] / Wyoming Export Plant
| [[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]
| United States
| 1936
| 1958 (Vehicle prod.),&lt;br&gt; 1980 (export operations)
| [[w:DeSoto (automobile)|DeSoto]] (1937-1958),&lt;br&gt; CKD Export (1960-1980)
| Located at 6000 Wyoming Avenue. Originally built to produce Liberty aircraft engines in World War I, opening in 1917. In 1919, was taken over by Saxon Motor Co., owned by Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Motor Co. GM bought the plant in 1926 and built the LaSalle there from 1927-1933. GM sold Wyoming Assembly to Chrysler in 1934, which then used it to build its DeSoto brand. Became DeSoto's home plant. During World War II, Chrysler built wing center sections for the [[w:Curtiss SB2C Helldiver|Curtiss SB2C Helldiver]] at the Wyoming Ave. plant. For 1959, DeSoto's models other than the Dodge-based Firesweep were moved to Chrysler's Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit. The Dodge-based Firesweep was already built at the Dodge plant in Hamtramck. This was done so that bodies and final assembly would be done in either a single facility or a pair of connected facilities. This was part of Chrysler's move to unibody construction for 1960 for all cars except Imperial. After the DeSoto brand was discontinued in late 1960, became Wyoming Export plant which was used to prepare vehicles for export. Plant closed in 1980. Plant was demolished in 1992. Site is now occupied by Comprehensive Logistics Inc.
|}

==Non-Chrysler FCA/Stellantis Factories Previously Making Chrysler Group Vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 1
| [[w:Fiat Cassino Plant|Cassino Plant]]
| [[w:Piedimonte San Germano|Piedimonte San Germano]], [[w:Province of Frosinone|Province of Frosinone]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1972
| 
| Past Chrysler Group models: [[w:Lancia Delta#|Chrysler Delta]] (UK/Ireland)
| Fiat plant. 
|-
| 3
| [[w:Alfa Romeo Pomigliano d'Arco plant|Pomigliano d'Arco plant]] (Giambattista Vico plant)
| [[w:Pomigliano d'Arco|Pomigliano d'Arco]], [[w:Metropolitan City of Naples|Metropolitan City of Naples]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1972
|
| Past Chrysler Group models: [[w:Dodge Hornet|Dodge Hornet]] (2023-2025). Related models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Alfa Romeo Tonale|Alfa Romeo Tonale]] (2023-)
| Originally, an Alfa Romeo plant. Oriiginally owned by Construction Industry Neapolitan Vehicles Alfa Romeo - Alfasud S.p.A., a joint venture between Alfa Romeo (88%), Finmeccanica (10%), and IRI (2%). In 1982, Alfasud S.p.A. was renamed Inca Investments. Alfa Romeo was taken over by Fiat in 1986. Fiat merged with Chrysler to form Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) in 2014. FCA merged with PSA Group to form Stellantis in 2021. 
|}

==Non-Chrysler Group DaimlerChrysler/Daimler AG Factories Previously Making Chrysler Group Vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 5
| Mercedes-Benz Plant Düsseldorf
| [[w:Düsseldorf|Düsseldorf]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]]
| [[w:Germany|Germany]]
| 1962
|
| [[w:Dodge Sprinter|Dodge Sprinter]] (2003-2009)
| Mercedes-Benz Plant. 
|-
| 9
| Mercedes-Benz Plant Ludwigsfelde
| [[w:Ludwigsfelde|Ludwigsfelde]], [[w:Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]
| [[w:Germany|Germany]]
| 1991 (Mercedes prod. began)
|
| [[w:Dodge Sprinter#Second generation (2006–2018, NCV3)|Dodge Sprinter]] chassis cab (2007-2009)
| Mercedes-Benz Plant. Originally established in 1936 by Daimler-Benz to make airplane engines. The plant was bombed by the US in 1945. After the war ended, what remained of the factory was dismantled and taken to the Soviet Union as reparations. On February 1, 1991, Mercedes-Benz took a 25% stake in the Ludwigsfelde plant, which had previously belonged to East German truckmaker VEB Automobilwerke. It became a 100% owned subsidiary of Mercedes-Benz on January 1, 1994. Sprinter production began in 2006. 
|}

==Former partner factories== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Prod. for Chrysler began
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Prod. for Chrysler ended
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 6
| [[w:China Motor Corporation|China Motor Corporation]]
| [[w:Yangmei District|Yangmei District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]]
| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]
| 2006
| 2007
| [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]]&lt;br&gt; (Taiwan: 2006-2007),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge 1000|Dodge 1000]] (Mexico: 2007-'10)
| China Motor Corporation plant. Built for Chrysler under license by China Motor Corporation of Taiwan. Production began April 18, 2006. 
|-
|
| [[w:Carrozzeria Ghia|Carrozzeria Ghia]] 
| [[w:Turin|Turin]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1957
| 1965
| [[w:Imperial (automobile)#Imperial Crown (1955–1965)|Imperial Crown Limousine]] (1957-1965) modified, painted limousine bodies and interiors
| 132 Imperial Crown Limousines were built by Ghia under contract for Chrysler between 1957 and 1965. The 1957-1959 models were based on modified 2-door hardtops with the more rigid chassis from the convertible. The 1960-1965 models were based on 4-door models. Ghia lengthened the frame and modified the bodywork and interiors to create the limousines. After producion ended in 1965, Ghia sold the tooling to Barreiros of Spain, which built another 10 Imperial Crown Limousines. Barreiros had been 35% owned by Chrysler since 1963. That was increased to 77% in 1967 and 100% in 1969.  
|-
| U
| [[w:Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor Co.]] - [[w:List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities#Ulsan Plant|Ulsan plant]]
| [[w:Ulsan|Ulsan]]
| [[w:South Korea|South Korea]]
| 2000
| 2014
| Mexico only: &lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Atos|Dodge Atos]] (2001-2012),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Dodge Verna|Dodge Verna]] (2004-06),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Dodge Attitude#First generation (MC; 2006)|Dodge Attitude (MC)]] (2007-'11), [[w:Dodge Attitude#Second generation (RB; 2011)|Dodge Attitude (RB)]] (2012-'14), [[w:Dodge H100|Dodge H100 truck]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Hyundai Starex#Second generation (TQ; 2007)|Dodge H100 Van/Wagon]]
| Rebadged Hyundai models sold as Dodges in Mexico. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai Motor India]]
| [[w:Chennai|Chennai]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| [[w:India|India]]
| 2011
| 2014
| Mexico only: &lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge i10|Dodge i10]] (2012-2014)
| Rebadged Hyundai model sold as a Dodge in Mexico. 
|-
| X
| [[w:Karmann|Karmann Osnabrück Assembly]]
| [[w:Osnabrück|Osnabrück]], [[w:Lower Saxony|Lower Saxony]]
| [[w:Germany|Germany]]
| 2003
| 2007
| [[w:Chrysler Crossfire|Chrysler Crossfire]] (2004-2008)
| Karmann plant. Built under contract for Chrysler. 
|-
| Y
| [[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]] / Steyr-Daimler-Puch - Chrysler Steyr Assembly
| [[w:Graz|Graz]], [[w:Styria|Styria]]
| [[w:Austria|Austria]]
| 1994
| 2010
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee|Jeep Grand Cherokee]]&lt;br&gt; (1995-2010),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Commander (XK)|Jeep Commander]] (2006-2010), [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Voyager/Grand Voyager]] (2003-2007),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 300#First generation (2005)|Chrysler 300C/300C Touring]] (2005-2010)
| Originally, a Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant. Magna International acquired a majority holding of 66.8% in Steyr-Daimler-Puch in 1998 and acquired the rest by 2002 when it was renamed Magna Steyr. Production of the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans moved from the Eurostar plant  next door to the main Magna Steyr plant for 2003. Chrysler minivan production in Austria ended on November 30, 2007. Built under contract for Chrysler. 
|-
| B
| [[w:Maserati|Maserati]] - [[w:Innocenti|Innocenti]] plant
| [[w:Lambrate|Lambrate district]], [[w:Milan|Milan]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1988
| 1990
| [[w:Chrysler TC by Maserati|Chrysler TC by Maserati]]&lt;br&gt; (1989-1991)
| Developed jointly by Chrysler and Maserati, the TC was built in Italy by Maserati at the Innocenti plant in Milan. Maserati and Innocenti were both owned by DeTomaso at the time. Chrysler bought a 5% stake in Maserati in 1984 and increased its stake to 15.6% in 1986. Production ended in 1990 due to low sales.
|-
| U
| Mitsubishi - Mizushima plant (Line 1)
| [[w:Kurashiki|Kurashiki]], [[w:Okayama Prefecture|Okayama Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1970s
| 1996
| [[w:Plymouth Champ|Plymouth Champ]] (1981-1982), [[w:Plymouth Colt|Plymouth Colt]] (1983-1994), [[w:Dodge Colt|Dodge Colt]] (1981-1994), [[w:Dodge Colt|Dodge/Plymouth Colt]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada only: 1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Summit|Eagle Summit]]&lt;br&gt; (4-d: 1989-1990, 1993-1996,&lt;br&gt; 3-d: 1991-1992, 2-d: 1993-96), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Plymouth Colt Vista]] (1993-94), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Eagle Summit Wagon]] (1993-96)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant.
|-
| Z
| Mitsubishi - Okazaki plant
| [[w:Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]], [[w:Aichi Prefecture|Aichi Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1983
| 1996
| [[w:Plymouth Conquest|Plymouth Conquest]] (1984-86), [[w:Dodge Conquest|Dodge Conquest]] (1984-1986), [[w:Chrysler Conquest|Chrysler Conquest]] (1987-1989), [[w:Dodge Colt Vista#Colt Vista|Dodge Colt Vista]] (1984-1991), [[w:Plymouth Colt Vista#Colt Vista|Plymouth Colt Vista]] (1984-91), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Plymouth Colt Vista]] (1992-94), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Eagle Summit Wagon]] (1992-96) [[w:Eagle Vista#Vista Wagon|Eagle Vista Wagon]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada: 1989-1991)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant.
|-
| Y (Line 1)&lt;br&gt;/&lt;br /&gt;P (Line 2)
| Mitsubishi - &lt;br&gt; Ooe plant &lt;br&gt; a.k.a. &lt;br&gt; Nagoya #1&lt;br&gt;/&lt;br&gt;Nagoya #2
| Ooe-cho, [[w:Minato-ku, Nagoya|Minato ward]], [[w:Nagoya|Nagoya]], [[w:Aichi Prefecture|Aichi Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1970s
| 1996
| VIN code Y:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Sapporo|Plymouth Sapporo]] (1981-1983), [[w:Dodge Challenger#Second generation (1978–1983)|Dodge Challenger]] (1981-1983), [[w:Plymouth Arrow Truck#Chrysler variants|Plymouth Arrow Truck]] ('81-'82), [[w:Dodge Ram 50|Dodge Ram 50]] (1981-1984), [[w:Dodge Stealth|Dodge Stealth]] (1991-1996)
VIN code P:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram 50|Dodge Ram 50]] (1985-1986), [[w:Dodge Ram 50#North America|Dodge Ram 50]] (1987-1993)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant. Closed in 2001. Sold to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and now used by its Aircraft, Defense &amp; Space Business Area.
|-
| J
| Mitsubishi -  Toyo Koki/Pajero Manufacturing Co., Ltd. plant
| [[w:Sakahogi, Gifu|Sakahogi]], [[w:Gifu Prefecture|Gifu Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1986
| 1989
| [[w:Dodge Raider|Dodge Raider]] (1987-1989)
|  Originally, a Toyo Koki Co. Ltd. plant. Opened in 1976. Built vehicles under contract for Mitsubishi. Mitsubishi Motors owned 35% of Toyo Koki and increased its stake to a majority in March 1995. The plant was then renamed Pajero Manufacturing Co., Ltd. in July 1995. In March 2003, Mitsubishi bought all the remaining shares in Pajero Manufacturing Co., Ltd., making it a wholly owned subsidiary. Closed in 2021. Sold to Daio Paper in 2022.
|-
| H (Attitude), 9 (1200)
| [[w:Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)|Mitsubishi Motors Thailand]]
| [[w:Laem Chabang|Laem Chabang]], [[w:Chonburi province|Chonburi province]]
| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]]
| 2014
| 2024
| [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]]&lt;br&gt; (Mexico: 2015-2024),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Triton#Fifth generation (KJ/KK/KL; 2014)|Ram 1200]]&lt;br&gt; (Middle East: 2017-2019)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant.  
|-
| ?
| [[w:MMC Automotriz|MMC Automotriz]]
| [[w:Barcelona, Venezuela|Barcelona]], [[w:Anzoátegui|Anzoátegui state]]
| [[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]
| 2002
| 2009
| [[w:Dodge Brisa|Dodge Brisa]]&lt;br&gt; ([[w:Hyundai Accent#First generation (X3; 1994)|2002-2005]]), ([[w:Hyundai Getz|2006-2009]])
| MMC Automotriz plant. Originally, MMC Automotriz was 49% owned by Consorcio Inversionista Fabril S.A. (CIF) of Venezuela and 42% owned by Nissho Iwai Corp. The remaining 9% of the company was owned by the Japan International Development Organization Ltd., a partnership between the government-financed Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund and 98 private companies. Nissho Iwai merged with Nichimen Corp. in 2004 to form Sojitz Corp. Sojitz later increased its stake in MMC Automotriz to 98%, with the other 2% still held by CIF. MMC Automotriz was sold to the the Sylca Group (also known as Yammine Group) in 2015. MMC Automotriz produced Mitsubishi vehicles and from 1996-2012, also produced Hyundai vehicles. The Dodge Brisa was produced for DaimlerChrysler as part of its cooperation with [[w:Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]. MMC Automotriz also produced Mitsubishi Fuso trucks. 
|-
| G
| [[w:Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)|MMC Sittipol Co., Ltd.]]
| [[w:Laem Chabang|Laem Chabang]], [[w:Chonburi province|Chonburi province]]
| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]]
| 1988
| 1992
| [[w:Plymouth Colt#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Plymouth Colt 100]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada: 1988-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Colt#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Dodge Colt 100]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada: 1988-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Vista|Eagle Vista]] (Canada: 1988-92)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant. MMC Sittipol is the predecessor company of Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand). These were the first vehicle exports from Thailand. 
|-
| 2
| [[w:Renault|Renault]] - [[w:Maubeuge Construction Automobile|Maubeuge plant]]
| [[w:Maubeuge|Maubeuge]]
| [[w:France|France]]
| 1987
| 1989
| [[w:Renault Medallion|Renault Medallion]] (1988),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Medallion|Eagle Medallion]] (1989)
| Renault plant. The Medallion was sold through Chrysler's Jeep-Eagle dealer network as a legacy of Chrysler's takeover of AMC from Renault.
|-
| 8,&lt;br&gt; 0
| [[w:Soueast|Soueast]]
| [[w:Fuzhou|Fuzhou]], [[w:Fujian|Fujian province]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2008
| 2010
| [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Voyager]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Caravan#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Dodge Caravan]]
| South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. plant. Built for Chrysler under license by South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.
|}</text>
      <sha1>5x4esqmlz7o40by5ymf2ddohezc7n1g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632842</id>
      <parentid>4632841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T22:28:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
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      <comment>/* Former factories */</comment>
      <origin>4632842</origin>
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      <text bytes="133909" sha1="5ru5j61ptr4hv91um3g4qtmkixmx5if" xml:space="preserve">{{user sandbox}}
{{tmbox|type=notice|text=This is a sandbox page, a place for experimenting with Wikibooks.}}

This is a history of Chrysler factories that are being or have been used to produce cars, vans, SUVs, trucks, and automobile components. 

For '''Chrysler brand''' only: Plant code in 1955-1957 was not indicated if it was made in the home plant in Michigan but if it was made in a different plant, then it was indicated by a letter in the 4th position of the serial number.

For '''cars''': Plant code in 1958 was not indicated if it was made in the home plant in Michigan but if it was made in a different plant, then it was indicated by a letter in the 4th position of the serial number. Plant code was the number in the 4th position of the 10-digit serial number for 1959-1965. Plant code was the number in the 7th position of the 13-digit serial number for 1966-1967. Plant code was the letter in the 7th position of the 13-digit serial number for 1968-1980.

Canadian-built cars had the plant code as the number in the 5th position of the 11-digit serial number for 1965.

For '''trucks''': The first digit of the 7-digit sequence number (4th position overall of the 10-digit serial number) indicated which plant built the truck for 1967-1968. Plant code was the number in the 4th position of the 10-digit serial number for 1969. Plant code was the letter in the 7th position of the 13-digit serial number for 1970-1980.

Canadian-built models used a different system for VINs until 1968, when Chrysler of Canada adopted the same system as the US. Plant code for trucks was the number in the 5th position of the 10-digit serial number for 1961-1967.

All models from 1981 on have the plant code in the 11th position as per standardized VIN regulations.

For '''AMC passenger cars from 1966-1967''': Plant code is indicated by the letter in the 3rd position of the 13-digit vehicle number. If the 3rd letter is a K, then it was made in Kenosha, WI. If the 3rd letter is a B, then it was made in Brampton, ON, Canada. [Note: Some early 1966 models used the 1965-style serial numbers.]

For '''AMC passenger cars from 1968 through 1980''': Plant code is indicated by the 8th digit (the first of the sequential serial number) of the 13-digit vehicle number. 1-6 is Kenosha, WI and 7-9 is Brampton, ON, Canada.

For '''Canadian-built Jeeps built by AMC Canada for 1979-1980''': Plant code is indicated by the 8th digit (the first of the sequential serial number) of the 13-digit vehicle number. It was made in Canada if it's either an 8 (1979) or a 7 (1980). All other Jeeps from 1980 and earlier were made in Toledo. 

All models from 1981 on have the plant code in the 11th position as per standardized VIN regulations.

==Current factories== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Current Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| D (1968-),&lt;br&gt; 4 (1966-1967)
| [[w:Belvidere Assembly|Belvidere Assembly]] 
| [[w:Belvidere, Illinois|Belvidere, Illinois]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1965
| Feb. 2023
| 
| Located at 3000 West Chrysler Drive. '''Belvidere Satellite Stamping Plant''' adjoins the main assembly plant. Began production on July 7, 1965. The first vehicle produced was a 1966 Plymouth Fury four-door. In 1972, the Chrysler Town and Country station wagon was added to the Belvidere plant. In 1977, the plant was converted to build front-wheel drive subcompacts. Production of the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon began on December 5, 1977. All L-body derivatives were made at Belvidere through 1987. In 1987, Belvidere was converted to build Chrysler's midsize, fwd C-body sedans. Belvidere then switched back to building small cars and began production of the Neon on November 10, 1993. Belvidere built the last Plymouth, a silver 2001 Neon LX on June 28, 2001. Neon production ended in September 2005. Dodge Caliber began production in January 2006, followed by Jeep Compass in June 2006 and Jeep Patriot in December 2006. Caliber ended production on December 19, 2011. Dodge Dart began production on April 30, 2012, and ended on October 4, 2016. Compass and Patriot production ended on December 23, 2016. Jeep Cherokee production began on June 1, 2017 and ended on February 28, 2023. Belvidere was then idled. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1966-1974), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1975–1977|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1975-1977), [[w:Dodge Monaco|Dodge Monaco]] (1966-1976), [[w:Dodge Royal Monaco#1977 (Royal Monaco)|Dodge Royal Monaco]] (1977), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1966-1973), [[w:Chrysler Newport|Chrysler Newport]] (1977), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1973-1977), [[w:Dodge Omni|Dodge Omni]] (1978-1987), [[w:Plymouth Horizon|Plymouth Horizon]] (1978-1987), [[w:Dodge Omni 024|Dodge Omni 024]] (1979-1980), [[w:Plymouth Horizon TC3|Plymouth Horizon TC3]] (1979-1980), [[w:Dodge Omni 024|Dodge 024]] (1981-1982), [[w:Plymouth Horizon TC3|Plymouth TC3]] (1981-1982), [[w:Dodge Charger (1981)|Dodge Charger]] (1983-1987), [[w:Plymouth Turismo|Plymouth Turismo]] (1983-1987), [[w:Dodge Rampage|Dodge Rampage]] (1982-1984),  [[w:Plymouth Scamp|Plymouth Scamp]] (1983), [[w:Dodge Dynasty|Dodge Dynasty]] (1988-1993), [[w:Chrysler Dynasty|Chrysler Dynasty]] (Canada: 1988-1993), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1988–1993|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1988-1993), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue#1990–1993: New Yorker Fifth Avenue|Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue]] (1990-1993), [[w:Chrysler Imperial#1990–1993|Chrysler Imperial]] (1990-1993), [[w:Dodge Neon|Dodge Neon]] (1995-2005), [[w:Plymouth Neon|Plymouth Neon]] (1995-2001), Chrysler Neon (Canada: 2000-02),&lt;br&gt; Dodge SX 2.0 (Canada: 2003-05),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Caliber|Dodge Caliber]] (2007-2012), [[w:Jeep Compass#First generation (MK49; 2006)|Jeep Compass]] (2007-2017), [[w:Jeep Patriot|Jeep Patriot]] (2007-2017), [[w:Dodge Dart (PF)|Dodge Dart]] (2013-2016), [[w:Jeep Cherokee (KL)|Jeep Cherokee]] (2017-2023)
|-
| H (1989-),&lt;br&gt; A (1988)
| [[w:Brampton Assembly|Brampton Assembly]] (Formerly Bramalea Assembly)
| [[w:Brampton|Brampton]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1987
| Dec. 2023
| 
| Located at 2000 Williams Parkway East. Factory was built by AMC and Renault. The plant was acquired by Chrysler as part of its takeover of AMC. Began production on September 28, 1987. Plant was originally known as Bramalea Assembly. Plant was renamed Brampton Assembly in 1992 after Chrysler closed and sold the old AMC plant on Kennedy Road in Brampton. The attached '''Brampton Satellite Stamping Plant''' was added in December 1991 and was built for the launch of the Chrysler LH platform. On December 17, 1991, Eagle Premier and Dodge Monaco production ended. Production of the Chrysler LH platform cars began in June 1992. Production switched to the rear-wheel drive Chrysler LX platform cars in January 2004. The Chrysler 300 was also built for export to mainland Europe as the Lancia Thema from 2011-2014. Production ended on December 22, 2023 and the plant was idled. Last vehicle off the line was a Pitch-Black 2023 Dodge Challenger Demon 170. 7,147,888 vehicles were produced through 2023.&lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Eagle Premier|Eagle Premier]] (1988-1992), [[w:Dodge Monaco#Fifth generation (1990–1992)|Dodge Monaco]] (1990-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Intrepid|Dodge Intrepid]] (1993-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Intrepid|Chrysler Intrepid]] (Canada: 1993-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Concorde|Chrysler Concorde]] (1993-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Vision|Eagle Vision]] (1993-1997),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1994–1996|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1994-1996),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LHS|Chrysler LHS]] (1994-1997, 1999-2001),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 300M|Chrysler 300M]] (1999-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 300|Chrysler 300]] (2005-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Magnum#Chrysler LX platform (2005–2008)|Dodge Magnum]] (2005-2008),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Charger (2006)|Dodge Charger]] (2006-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Challenger (2008)|Dodge Challenger]] (2008-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Lancia Thema#Second generation (2011–2014)|Lancia Thema]] (For export: 2011-2014)
|-
| C
| [[w:Jefferson North Assembly|Detroit Assembly Complex – Jefferson]] / Jefferson North Assembly Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1992
| 
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee|Jeep Grand Cherokee]] (1993-), [[w:Dodge Durango#WD|Dodge Durango]] (2011-)
| Located at 2101 Conner Street. Jefferson North replaced the previous Jefferson Assembly plant that closed in 1990 and was demolished in 1991. Jefferson North is across the street from the old Jefferson Assembly plant, on the north side of Jefferson Ave. Jefferson North was built on the site of Chrysler's old Kercheval Avenue Body Plant, which, in 1955, had been connected to the old Jefferson Assembly plant by a bridge crossing over Jefferson Ave. The Jefferson North plant site also absorbed what had been the axle plant and service parts buildings of the old [[w:Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson]] plant, which were located at Connor St. and Vernor Hwy. The main Hudson plant is now the parking lot on the corner of Jefferson Ave. and Connor St. After 2017, the Jefferson North plant complex also absorbed the site of the former Budd Co. body- &amp; parts-making plant at Connor St. and Charlevoix Avenue, which had previously belonged to the Liberty Motor Car Co. The Budd plant extended north on Connor from Charlevoix most of the way to Mack Ave. Since the nearby Mack Ave. Assembly Plant began operations in 2021, the 2 plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex. Jefferson North began production on January 14, 1992 with the original Grand Cherokee (ZJ). The 2nd gen. Grand Cherokee began production on July 17, 1998. The 3rd gen. Grand Cherokee began production on July 26, 2004 followed by the Jeep Commander on July 18, 2005. The 4th gen. Grand Cherokee began production on May 10, 2010 followed by the Dodge Durango on December 14, 2010. The 5th gen. Grand Cherokee began production in May 2022. The 4xe plug-in hybrid version of the Grand Cherokee began production at Jefferson North in March 2023. On Aug. 13, 2013, Jefferson North built its 5 millionth vehicle, a silver 2014 Grand Cherokee Overland. On May 25, 2016, Jefferson North built its 6 millionth vehicle, a Granite Crystal (silvery gray) 2016 Grand Cherokee 75th anniversary Edition.&lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Commander (XK)|Jeep Commander]] (2006-2010),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)#Grand Cherokee WK (2022)|Jeep Grand Cherokee WK]] (2022)&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee 4xe]] (2023-2025)
|-
| 8
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack]] / Mack Ave. Assembly Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2021
| 
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee L]] (2021-), [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee]] (2022-)
| Located at 4000 St. Jean Avenue. The Mack Avenue Assembly Plant is built on the site of the former Mack Ave. Engine Plants I &amp; II, the New Mack Assembly Plant, &amp; the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The two plants that comprised the former Mack Avenue Engine Complex were converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021. Production began in March 2021 with the 3-row Grand Cherokee L. The 2-row Grand Cherokee followed in the fall of 2021. The 4xe plug-in hybrid version of the Grand Cherokee began production at Mack Ave. in August 2022. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee 4xe]] (2022-2025)
|-
|
| [[w:Dundee Engine Plant|Dundee Engine Plant]] (Formerly [[W:Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance|GEMA]]) 
| [[w:Dundee, Michigan|Dundee, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2005
| 
| [[w:Prince engine#1.6-litre turbocharged (PSA)|1.6L turbo PSA/BMW Prince EP6CDTX Hybrid I4]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:FCA Global Medium Engine|2.0L turbo Hurricane4 EVO I4 (GME-T4 EVO)]],&lt;br&gt; Engine components
| Located at 5800 North Ann Arbor Road. Plant was originally part of the the Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance, a 3-way engine manufacturing joint venture between DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, and Hyundai. The North Plant launched in October 2005, followed by the South Plant in November 2006. The plant began with production of the I4 World Gasoline Engine, which was developed by the Global Engine Alliance, a 3-way engine development joint venture between DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, and Hyundai. Originally, the plant was envisioned as supplying engines to Mitsubishi and Hyundai as well as Chrysler however the plant only ever supplied engines to Chrysler. Mitsubishi and Hyundai each set up engine production at their own engine plants. On August 31, 2009, Chrysler bought Mitsubishi’s and Hyundai’s stakes in the group and now wholly owns both the Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance and its primary engine-building plant in Dundee, Michigan. In January 2012, the plant was renamed Dundee Engine Plant. Production of the Fiat 1.4-liter FIRE I4 engine began in November 2010. The Tigershark engine, an evolution of the World engine, began production in 2012 for the 2.0L and in May 2013 for the 2.4L. Tigershark engine production ended on March 16, 2023. In November 2019, the Pentastar V6 began production at Dundee, moving from the Mack Ave. Engine Plant in Detroit, which was to be converted into a vehicle assembly plant. The Pentastar V6 ended production at Dundee on August 18, 2023. In 2025, Dundee began making a North American-spec version of the European-developed Prince engine for the 2026 Jeep Cherokee Hybrid. &lt;br&gt; Past engines: [[w:World Gasoline Engine|1.8L/2.0L/2.4L/2.4L Turbo I4 World Gasoline Engine]], [[w:World Gasoline Engine#Tigershark|2.0L/2.4L I4 Tigershark Engine]], [[w:FIRE engine|Fiat 1.4L/1.4L Turbo FIRE MultiAir I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|Chrysler 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine]] 
|-
| 
| Etobicoke Casting Plant
| [[w:Etobicoke|Etobicoke District]], [[w:Toronto|Toronto]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1964
| 
| Aluminum die castings, Engine and Transmission Components
| Located at 15 Brown's Line. Etobicoke used to be a separate city but became part of Toronto in 1998. Factory was originally built in 1942 by the Canadian government and operated by Alcan Aluminum, which used it to make molds for military aircraft parts during World War II. It produced precision aircraft parts and other high quality aluminum castings. The aluminum foundry was purchased by Chrysler in April 1964 from Alcan Aluminum. The plant was expanded in 1965 and 1998. Etobicoke Casting is making oil pans for the 1.6 liter turbo I4 in the 2026 Jeep Cherokee.
|-
|
| [[w:Indiana Transmission#Indiana Transmission I|Indiana Transmission Plant I]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1998
| 
| [[w:ZF 9HP transmission|948TE 9-speed auto.]] transmission, Gear machining and final assembly of electric drive modules
| Located at 3660 North U.S. Highway 931. RFE transmission production ended in January 2025. More than 8 million RFE transmissions were produced at Indiana Transmission Plant I. Production of the nine-speed transmission began in May 2013. The 9-speed is built under license from [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]]. &lt;br&gt; Past transmissions:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler RFE transmission|Chrysler RFE 4-/5-/6-speed auto. trans.]]
|-
|
| [[w:Kokomo Casting|Kokomo Casting Plant]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1965
| 
| Aluminum parts for automotive components, transmission and transaxle cases; engine block castings
| Located at 1001 East Boulevard. Kokomo Casting is the world’s largest die-cast facility. Plant was expanded in 1969, 1986, 1995 and 1997. Over 18 million four-speed transmission cases were made at Kokomo Casting from 1988 through July 2014. Kokomo Casting started making nine-speed transmission cases in 2013. Kokomo Casting is making engine blocks for the 1.6 liter turbo I4 in the 2026 Jeep Cherokee. Kokomo Casting is making gearbox covers for the electric drive modules made at the Indiana Transmission Plant. 
|-
|
| [[w:Kokomo Engine Plant|Kokomo Engine Plant]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2022 (as Kokomo Engine)
| 
| [[w:FCA Global Medium Engine|2.0L turbo GME-T4 I4]]
| Located at 3360 North U.S. Highway 931. Plant was previously known as Indiana Transmission Plant II, which built automatic transmissions and transmission components from 2003-2019, when it was idled. Starting in 2020, the plant was converted to engine production. Engine production began in late February 2022. 
|-
|
| [[w:Kokomo Transmission|Kokomo Transmission Plant]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1956
| 
| [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|850RE]] 8-speed auto. transmission,&lt;br&gt; [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|880RE]] 8-speed auto. transmission,&lt;br&gt; Machining of engine block castings and transmission components,&lt;br&gt; Machined components for the &lt;br&gt; 9-speed auto. transmission
| Located at 2401 South Reed Road. On October 9, 2020, Kokomo Transmission built its last 41TE 4-speed auto. transmission, assembling more than 17 million 4-speed auto. transmissions since production began in 1988. Kokomo Transmission began building 6-speed auto. transmissions in 2006. Production of the eight-speed automatic transmission began in September 2012. The 8-speed is built under license from [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]]. On August 8, 2023, Kokomo Transmission built its 6 millionth 8-speed transmission. Kokomo Transmission is machining gearbox covers for the electric drive modules made at the Indiana Transmission Plant. &lt;br&gt; Past transmissions: &lt;br&gt;[[w:TorqueFlite|TorqueFlite 3-/4-speed auto. trans.]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ultradrive|Ultradrive (TE/AE/LE/RLE/TES/TEA)&lt;br&gt; 4-/6-speed auto. trans.]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|845RE]] 8-speed auto. transmission,&lt;br&gt; SI-EVT trans. (eFlite) for Pacifica Hybrid
|-
| 
| [[w:Saltillo Engine Plant#South Engine Plant|Saltillo North Engine Plant]] 
| [[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1981
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Hemi engine#Third generation: 2003–present|5.7L/6.4L/6.2L supercharged Hemi V8]], [[w:Stellantis Hurricane engine|Chrysler 3.0L twin-turbo Hurricane GME-T6 I6]]
|  Production began on May 8, 1981. Hemi V8 production began in June 2002 with the 5.7L. Production of the supercharged 6.2L Hellcat Hemi V8 began in the third quarter of 2014. Tigershark I4 production began in the first quarter of 2014. &lt;br&gt; Past engines: [[w:Chrysler 2.2 &amp; 2.5 engine|2.2L, 2.5L &quot;K-car&quot; I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler 1.8, 2.0 &amp; 2.4 engine|2.0L, 2.4L, 2.4L Turbo I4 &quot;Neon engine&quot;]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:World Gasoline Engine#2.4_2|2.4L Tigershark I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler Hemi engine#6.1|6.1L Hemi V8]]
|-
| 
| [[w:Saltillo Engine Plant#South Engine Plant|Saltillo South Engine Plant]] 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 2010
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|Chrysler 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine]]
| Plant opened on October 29, 2010. The plant has produced over 6 million Pentastar V6 engines. &lt;br&gt; Past engines: Chrysler 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine (EH3) for Pacifica Plug-in Hybrid
|-
| 
| Saltillo Stamping Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1997
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including Body panels
| Part of the Saltillo Truck Assembly Complex.
|-
| G
| Saltillo Truck Assembly Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1995
| 
| [[w:Ram Heavy Duty (fifth generation)|Ram HD pickup &amp; chassis cab]] (2019-)
|  Production began in 1995. As of 2025, also known as Saltillo Truck Heavy Duty Plant. &lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1995-2012),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 pickup]] (2013-2018),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 Classic pickup]] (2019-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram HD pickup &amp; chassis cab]] (2013-2018), [[w:Sterling Bullet|Sterling Truck Bullet]] (2008-2009)
|-
| 4
| Saltillo Truck Extension Assembly Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 2025
| 
| [[w:Ram 1500 (DT)|Ram 1500]] (DT) (2025-)
| Also known as Saltillo Truck Light Duty Plant. 2 new buildings were constructed for the new light duty plant. Production began in May 2025. Initially, production was for export but production for the domestic Mexican market began in February 2026. The plant also includes a seat assembly line, the first Stellantis plant in North America to integrate this process into its own production chain.
|-
| E
| Saltillo Van Assembly Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 2013
| 
| [[w:Ram ProMaster|Ram ProMaster]] (2014-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram ProMaster#E-Ducato and Ram ProMaster EV (2024)|Ram ProMaster EV]] (2024-)
| Production started in July 2013. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Fiat Ducato|Fiat Ducato]] (Export to Brazil/Argentina: 2018-2022)
|-
| N
| [[w:Sterling Heights Assembly|Sterling Heights Assembly Plant]] 
| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1984
| 
| [[w:Ram 1500 (DT)|Ram 1500]] (DT) (2019-)
| Located at 38111 Van Dyke Ave. The plant was originally built by the US Navy as a jet engine plant in 1953. It was called Naval Industrial Reserve Aircraft Plant and was owned by the US Navy. When the jet engine project was cancelled, the plant was transferred to the US Army, which contracted with Chrysler to build missiles at the plant, which was now known as the Michigan Ordinance Missile Plant. Chrysler began production of the PGM-11 Redstone missile at the Sterling Heights plant on September 27, 1954. The final Redstone was built in 1961. Chrysler also built the PGM-19 Jupiter missile at Sterling Heights from 1958-December 1960. Chrysler also built the first stage of the Saturn I rocket at the Sterling Heights plant. Chrysler vacated the Michigan Army Missile Plant at the end of 1969. Meanwhile, LTV Corp. (previously Ling-Temco-Vought) built the MGM-52 Lance missile at the Sterling Heights plant. The Army turned the plant over to the state of Michigan, which was then sold it to Volkswagen in 1980. VW converted the plant to automotive production and intended to make the Jetta there but VW's US sales declined and VW never ended up building anything there. VW then sold the plant to Chrysler in 1983. Chrysler LeBaron GTS and Dodge Lancer production began in September 1984 and ended on April 7, 1989. Shadow and Sundance production began on August 25, 1986 and ended on March 9, 1994. The Dodge Daytona was also moved from St. Louis to Sterling Heights in 1991 and was produced there through February 26, 1993. Chrysler then built a succession of midsize cars at Sterling Heights from June 1994. During Chrysler's bankruptcy in 2009, Sterling Heights Assembly was initially left behind in &quot;old Chrysler&quot; and was supposed to close by December 2010 but during 2010, &quot;new Chrysler&quot; changed its mind and bought the plant from &quot;old Chrysler&quot; for $20 million. The 2011 Chrysler 200 and Dodge Avenger sedans began production on December 6, 2010 followed by the Chrysler 200 Convertible in February 2011. The Chrysler 200 Convertible was also built for export to Europe as the Lancia Flavia from March 2012. The 2nd gen. Chrysler 200 sedan began production on March 14, 2014 and ended on December 2, 2016. The plant was then idled for a lengthy retooling to build body-on-frame pickups and began production of the new generation DT-series Ram 1500 in March 2018. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Dodge Lancer#1985–1989: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1985-1989), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#1985–1989 LeBaron GTS|Chrysler LeBaron GTS (H-body)]] (1985-1989), [[w:Plymouth Sundance|Plymouth Sundance]] (1987-1994), [[w:Dodge Shadow|Dodge Shadow]] (1987-1994), [[w:Dodge Daytona|Dodge Daytona]] (1992-1993), [[w:Chrysler Daytona|Chrysler Daytona]] (Canada: 1992-1993), [[w:Chrysler Cirrus|Chrysler Cirrus]] (1995-2000), [[w:Dodge Stratus|Dodge Stratus]] sedan (1995-2006), [[w:Plymouth Breeze|Plymouth Breeze]] (1996-2000), [[w:Chrysler Sebring|Chrysler Sebring]] sedan (2001-2010), [[w:Chrysler Sebring|Chrysler Sebring]]  convertible (2001-2006, 2008-2010), [[w:Dodge Avenger#Dodge Avenger sedan (2008–2014)|Dodge Avenger]] sedan (2008-2014), [[w:Chrysler 200|Chrysler 200]] sedan (2011-2017), [[w:Chrysler 200|Chrysler 200]] convertible (2011-2014), [[w:Chrysler 200#Lancia Flavia|Lancia Flavia]] (For export: 2012-2014)  
|-
| 
| Sterling Stamping Plant
| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1965
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including hoods, roofs, liftgates, side apertures, fenders, and floorpans
| Located at 35777 Van Dyke Ave. This plant is a separate facility but is located next door to the Sterling Heights Assembly Plant. Sterling Stamping is the largest stamping plant in the world. Sterling Stamping supplies stampings to many Chrysler assembly plants, not only Sterling Heights Assembly. The first stampings were produced in January 1965. 
|-
| W
| [[w:Toledo Complex|Toledo Assembly Complex - Toledo North Assembly Plant]] 
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2001
| 
| [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Jeep Wrangler (JL)]] (2018-)
| Located at 4400 Chrysler Drive. Toledo North first built the Jeep Liberty, which began in April 2001. Dodge Nitro production began in August 2006 and ended on December 16, 2011. The 2nd gen. Jeep Liberty began production in July 2007. Jeep Liberty ended production on August 16, 2012. Toledo North then closed for retooling to build the all-new 2014 Cherokee. The Jeep Cherokee began production at Toledo North on June 24, 2013 and ended on April 6, 2017. The Cherokee was then moved to Belvidere Assembly. Toledo North was then retooled to build the Jeep Wrangler, which began on November 15th, 2017. The 4xe plug-in hybrid version of the Wrangler began production in December 2020. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Jeep Liberty|Jeep Liberty]] (2002-2012), [[w:Dodge Nitro|Dodge Nitro]] (2007-2011),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Cherokee (KL)|Jeep Cherokee]] (2014-2017),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Jeep Wrangler 4xe (JL)]] (2021-2025)
|-
| L
| [[w:Toledo Complex|Toledo Assembly Complex - Toledo Supplier Park Plant]] (South plant)
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2001
| 
| [[w:Jeep Gladiator (JT)|Jeep Gladiator]] (2020-)
| Located along Stickney Ave. The Toledo Supplier Park Plant is built on the site of the former Stickney Ave. plant that became part of Chrysler in 1987 as part of the acquisition of AMC. That plant was acquired by Kaiser Jeep in 1964 from Autolite and was built in 1942. The Toledo Supplier Park Plant includes body and chassis operations in partnership with Kuka and Hyundai Mobis, respectively. The paint shop was originally run in partnership with Magna but Chrysler took over the paint operation in the first quarter of 2011. The Toledo Supplier Park Plant began Wrangler production in August 2006. Wrangler production ended on April 27, 2018. Gladiator pickup production began in March 2019. &lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JK)|Jeep Wrangler (JK)]] (2007-2017),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JK)#2018 model year update|Jeep Wrangler JK]] (2018)
|-
| 
| [[w:Toledo Machining|Toledo Machining Plant]] 
| [[w:Perrysburg, Ohio|Perrysburg, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1966
| 
| Steering Columns,&lt;br&gt; Torque Converters for 8-spd. rwd and 9-spd. fwd auto. transmissions
| Located at 8000 Chrysler Drive. Production began in 1966 and the plant was expanded in 1969. &lt;br&gt; Past products: Power Electronics module for Wrangler 4xe PHEV
|-
| T,&lt;br&gt; V (1985 only)
| [[w:Toluca Car Assembly|Toluca Car Assembly]] 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1968
| 
| [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass (MP)]] (2017-), [[w:Jeep Wagoneer S|Jeep Wagoneer S EV]]&lt;br&gt; (2024-2025, 2027-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Cherokee (KM)|Jeep Cherokee (KM)]] (2026-), [[w:Jeep Recon|Jeep Recon EV]] (2026-)
| Originally part of Fabricas Automex, Chrysler's affiliate in Mexico. In 1968, Fabricas Automex was 45% owned by Chrysler. In December 1971, Chrysler increased its stake to 90.5% and changed the Mexican company's name to Chrysler de Mexico. Chrysler later bought another 8.8% stake, taking its total to 99.3%. Began production on December 9, 1968. An adjacent supplier park was opened in 2007. Journey production began in early 2008. PT Cruiser production ended on July 9, 2010. Fiat 500 production began in December 2010. Journey production ended in December 2020. Jeep Compass production began on January 16, 2017. &lt;br&gt; Past models: &lt;br&gt;  Mexico only: Dodge Dart (rwd), Dodge Dart K, Dodge Dart E, Chrysler Valiant Volaré (rwd), Chrysler Valiant Volaré K, Chrysler Valiant Volaré E, [[w:Dodge Magnum#First generation|Dodge Magnum]] [rwd] (1981-1982), [[w:Dodge Magnum#Second generation|Dodge Magnum 400/Magnum]] [fwd] (1983-1988), [[w:Chrysler Phantom|Chrysler Phantom]], [[w:Chrysler Shadow|Chrysler Shadow]], [[w:Chrysler Spirit|Chrysler Spirit]] &lt;br&gt; Export to US: [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] (1984-1989), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] (1984-1989), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron coupe]] (1987-1989, 1992), [[w:Dodge Shadow|Dodge Shadow]] (1988, 1991-1994), [[w:Plymouth Sundance|Plymouth Sundance]] (1988, 1992-1994), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation sedan (1990–1994)|Chrysler LeBaron sedan]] (1990-1994), [[w:Dodge Spirit|Dodge Spirit]] (1991-1995), [[w:Plymouth Acclaim|Plymouth Acclaim]] (1991-1995), [[w:Dodge Neon#First generation (1994)|Dodge Neon]] (1995-1999), [[w:Plymouth Neon#First generation (1994)|Plymouth Neon]] (1995-1999), [[w:Chrysler Sebring#Convertible (1996–2000)|Chrysler Sebring Convertible]] (1996-2000), [[w:Chrysler PT Cruiser|Chrysler PT Cruiser]] (2001-10), [[w:Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey]] (2009-2020),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] (2012-2019), [[w:Fiat 500 (2007)#Fiat 500e (2013)|Fiat 500e]] (2013-2019)&lt;br&gt; Export to Brazil/Europe/Australia:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Freemont|Fiat Freemont]] (2011-2016)
|-
| 
| Toluca Stamping Plant 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1994
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including Body panels
| Part of the Toluca Assembly Complex.
|-
| 
| [[w:Trenton Engine Complex|Trenton Engine South Plant]] 
| [[w:Trenton, Michigan|Trenton, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2010
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|Chrysler Pentastar V6 engine]]
| Located at 2300 Van Horn Road. Production began in March 2010 with the 3.6L Pentastar V6. In 2022, Trenton South was upgraded with a flexible engine line that could build both the Classic and Upgrade versions of the 3.6L Pentastar V6. By the end of 2022, Pentastar Upgrade engine production moved from Trenton North to Trenton South and the older North plant ended production.
|-
| 
| Warren Stamping Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1949
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including roofs, tailgates, side apertures, fenders, and floorpans
| Located at 22800 Mound Road. This plant is a separate facility but is located next door to the Warren Truck Assembly Plant. The plant was expanded in 1952, 1964, 1965, and 1986. Warren Stamping supplies stampings to many Chrysler assembly plants, not only Warren Truck Assembly.
|-
| S (1970-), 1 (1967-1969),&lt;br&gt; 2 (For A-series)
| Warren Truck Assembly Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1938
| 
| [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Grand Wagoneer]] (2022-), [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Grand Wagoneer L]] (2023-)
| Located at 21500 Mound Road. Formerly known as the Dodge City Truck Plant. Also referred to as Warren Truck #1 in the 1970's when there were 2 other truck plants nearby. Began production in October 1938. The Mitsubishi Raider began production in September 2005 and ended on June 11, 2009. Dodge Dakota production ended on August 23, 2011. Full-size Jeep SUV production began in 2021. Ram 1500 Classic production ended in October 2024, ending production of Dodge/Ram trucks at Warren after 86 years. &lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge T-, V-, W-Series|Dodge T-, V-, W-Series]] (1939-1947), Dodge military trucks, [[w:Dodge Power Wagon#Civilian 1-ton Power Wagon &quot;Military-Type&quot;, Flat Fender Style&quot; (1945-1978)|Dodge Power Wagon]] (1946-1968), [[w:Dodge B series#Pickup truck|Dodge B series]] (1948-1953),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge C series|Dodge C series]] (1954-1960),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Town Panel and Town Wagon|Dodge Town Panel/Town Wagon]] (1954-66), [[w:Dodge D series|Dodge D/W series]] (1961-1980), [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1981-2012), [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 pickup]] (2013-2018), [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 Classic pickup]] (2019-24), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1977-1978, 1981-1985), [[w:Plymouth Trailduster|Plymouth Trailduster]] (1977-1978, 1981), [[w:Dodge M-series chassis|Dodge M-series chassis]] (1968-1979),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge A100|Dodge A100/A108]] (1964-1970),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Dakota|Dodge Dakota]] (1987-2011),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Raider|Mitsubishi Raider]] (2006-2009),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Wagoneer]] (2022-2025),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Wagoneer L]] (2023-2025),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fargo Trucks|Fargo Trucks]] (For export)
|-
| R (1968-),&lt;br&gt; 9 (1959-1967)
| [[w:Windsor Assembly|Windsor Assembly]] 
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1929
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Pacifica (minivan)|Chrysler Pacifica (minivan)]] (2017-), [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Sixth generation (2020–present)|Chrysler Voyager]] (2020-2026), Chrysler Grand Caravan (Canada: 2021-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Charger (2024)|Dodge Charger]] (2024-)
| Located at 2199 Chrysler Centre. Today's Windsor Assembly Plant was originally Windsor Plant 3 or Windsor Car Assembly Plant. Before the 1965 US-Canada Auto Pact, Windsor Assembly made most of the cars sold by Chrysler Canada, including some unique-to-Canada variations. On June 10, 1983, Windsor ended rwd car production and was converted to build fwd minivans. Windsor began building minivans on October 7, 1983. For the first 2 generations of Chrysler minivans, Windsor only built the SWB models. For the 3rd generation, Windsor built both SWB and LWB models. For the 4th generation, Windsor only built LWB models. The minivan-based Pacifica SUV began production in January 2003 and  ended production on November 23, 2007. Production of the VW Routan began in August 2008. Production of the Ram C/V began on August 31, 2011, and ended in early 2015. Pacifica minivan production began on February 29, 2016 followed by the PHEV version on December 1, 2016. Town &amp; Country production ended on March 21, 2016 while Dodge Grand Caravan production ended on August 21, 2020. Production of the electric Charger Daytona began in December 2024 followed by the gas-powered Charger Sixpack in December 2025. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Chrysler Imperial|Chrysler Imperial]] (1929-1937) [https://www.web.imperialclub.info/registry/vin_decode.htm#1931-54], [[w:Dodge Kingsway|Dodge Kingsway]] (Canada: 1940-41, 1951-52), [[w:Dodge Regent|Dodge Regent]] (Canada: 1951-1959), [[w:Dodge Crusader|Dodge Crusader]] (Canada: 1951-1958), [[w:Dodge Mayfair|Dodge Mayfair]] (Canada: 1953-1959), [[w:Dodge Viscount|Dodge Viscount]] (Canada: 1959), [[w:Dodge Custom Royal|Dodge Custom Royal]] (1959), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1961), [[w:DeSoto Firedome|DeSoto Firedome]] (1959), [[w:Chrysler Windsor|Chrysler Windsor]] (1957-1966), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga|Chrysler Saratoga]] (1959-1963), [[w:Chrysler 300 non-letter series|Chrysler Saratoga 300]] (1964-1965), [[w:Chrysler Newport#1961–1964|Chrysler Newport]] (1961-1963), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1963-64, 1966), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959-1964), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959-1970), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960, 1964-1969), Dodge 220 (Canada: 1963), [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1965), [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge Monaco|Dodge Monaco]] (1967-1968), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#Canada (1960–1966)|Valiant]] (Canada: 1960-1966), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda#First generation (1964–1966)|Valiant Barracuda]] (Canada: 1964-1965), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1970-1974), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1970), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1966, 1970-1975), [[w:Plymouth Satellite#Third generation (1971–1974)|Plymouth Satellite]] (1972-1974),  [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1971), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner#Second generation (1971–1974)|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1971-1974), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)#Fourth generation|Dodge Charger]] (1975-1978), [[w:Dodge Magnum#US and Canada (1978–1979)|Dodge Magnum]] (1978-1979), [[w:Chrysler Cordoba|Chrysler Cordoba]] (1975-1983), [[w:Dodge Mirada|Dodge Mirada]] (1980-1983), [[w:Imperial (automobile)#Sixth generation (1981–1983)|Imperial]] (1981-1983), [[w:Chrysler Newport#1979–1981|Chrysler Newport]] (1979), [[w:Dodge Diplomat|Dodge Diplomat]] (1981-1983), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1982–1989|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1982-83), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle]] (Canada: 1981-1982), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle Salon]] (Canada: 1983), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#First generation (1977–1981)|Chrysler LeBaron]] (1981), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1982|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1982), [[w:Chrysler Fifth Avenue#1982–1989: The M-body years|Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue]] (1983), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Voyager]] (1984-'00), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Grand Voyager]] (1996-2000), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Caravan]] (1984-2000), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Grand Caravan]] (1996-2020), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (2001-2016), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Voyager]] (2000), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Grand Voyager]] (2000), [[w:Chrysler minivans (S)#Cargo van|Dodge Mini Ram Van]] (1984-1988), [[w:Chrysler minivans (RT)#2011 revision|Ram C/V]] (2012-2015), [[w:Volkswagen Routan|Volkswagen Routan]] (2009-14), [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Lancia Voyager|Lancia Voyager]] (For export: 2012-2015), [[w:Chrysler Pacifica (crossover)|Chrysler Pacifica (SUV)]] (2004-2008)
|-
| 
| CpK Interior Products, Inc. - Belleville Operations
| [[w:Belleville, Ontario|Belleville]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 2010 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| Components for Automotive Interiors
| Located at 134 River Rd. Formed in 2010 as a subsidiary of Chrysler through the buyout of 3 Collins and Aikman plants in Canada after  Collins and Aikman went bankrupt.
|-
| 
| CpK Interior Products, Inc. - Guelph Operations
| [[w:Guelph|Guelph]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 2010 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| Components for Automotive Interiors
| Located at 500 Laird Rd. Formed in 2010 as a subsidiary of Chrysler through the buyout of 3 Collins and Aikman plants in Canada after  Collins and Aikman went bankrupt.
|-
| 
| CpK Interior Products, Inc. -&lt;br&gt; Port Hope Operations
| [[w:Port Hope, Ontario|Port Hope]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 2010 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| Components for Automotive Interiors
| Located at 128 Peter St. Formed in 2010 as a subsidiary of Chrysler through the buyout of 3 Collins and Aikman plants in Canada after  Collins and Aikman went bankrupt.
|-
| 4
| Arab American Vehicles Company (AAV)
| [[w:Cairo|Cairo]]
| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]
| 1978 (production began) &lt;br&gt; 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee L]] (2025-), [[w:Citroën C4#Third generation (C41; 2020)|Citroën C4X]] (2025-)
| Arab American Vehicles Company is a joint venture between the [[w:Arab Organization for Industrialization|Arab Organization for Industrialization]], which holds 51%, and Stellantis, which holds the other 49%. AAV was originally established in 1977 as a joint venture  with [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]] to produce Jeeps. Production began in 1978. It became part of Chrysler when Chrysler bought AMC in 1987. It continued to be a part of subsequent corporate entities DaimlerChrysler, Chrysler LLC, Chrysler Group LLC, [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]], and [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]]. Production of the Jeep J8, a light military vehicle based on the JK Wrangler, began on November 13, 2008. Jeep Grand Cherokee L production began in September 2024. Citroen C4X production began in April 2025. AAV has also produced vehicles for other automakers including Toyota. Toyota Fortuner SUV production began in April 2012. &lt;br&gt; Past models: Jeep CJ6, Jeep Wagoneer (SJ), Jeep AM720 military vehicle, [[w:Jeep Wrangler (YJ)|Jeep Wrangler (YJ)]], [[w:Jeep Wrangler (TJ)|Jeep TJL]], [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JK)#Military Jeep J8 (2007–present)|Jeep J8]] (2008-2019),  [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]], [[w:Jeep Liberty (KJ)|Jeep Cherokee (KJ)]], [[w:Jeep Liberty (KK)|Jeep Cherokee (KK)]], [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)|Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)]]
|}

==Current non-Chrysler FCA/Stellantis Factories Making Chrysler Group Vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Current Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| Y (700),&lt;br&gt; 9 (ProMaster Rapid),&lt;br&gt; 3 (Vision)
| Betim Plant
| [[w:Betim|Betim]], [[w:Minas Gerais|Minas Gerais]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 1973
| 
| [[w:RAM 700|RAM 700]] (2015-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:ProMaster Rapid|Ram V700 Rapid]] (Peru)&lt;br&gt; Related models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Strada|Fiat Strada]] ('99-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Fiorino#Latin America (2013–present)|Fiat Fiorino]] ('14-)
| Fiat plant. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Vision|Dodge Vision]] (Mexico: 2015-2018),&lt;br&gt; [[w:ProMaster Rapid|Ram ProMaster Rapid]] (Mexico: '18-'24)
|-
| U
| Cordoba Plant
| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]]
| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]]
| 1995
| 
| [[w:Peugeot Landtrek|Ram Dakota]] (2026-)
| Fiat plant.
|-
| F
| [[w:FCA India Automobiles|FCA India Automobiles Private Limited]]
| [[w:Ranjangaon|Ranjangaon]], [[w:Pune district|Pune district]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| [[w:India|India]]
| 1997
| 
| [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Jeep Wrangler (JL)]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Meridian|Jeep Meridian/Commander]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee]]
| Originally established as a 50/50 joint venture between Fiat and [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] called Fiat India Automobiles Private Limited. On June 1, 2017, Jeep Compass production began in India, the first Jeep built in India under its own brand. The JL-series Wrangler began to be assembled in India in 2021. The Jeep Meridian began production in May 2022. The Meridian is also exported to Japan as the Commander. The Jeep Grand Cherokee began assembly in India in November 2022. 
|-
| K
| Goiana Plant
| [[w:Goiana|Goiana]], [[w:Pernambuco|Pernambuco]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 2015
|
| [[w:Jeep Renegade|Jeep Renegade]], [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Commander (2022)|Jeep Commander]], [[w:Ram Rampage|Ram Rampage]]&lt;br&gt; Related models: [[w:Fiat Toro|Fiat Toro]]
| [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] plant. Production at Goiana began with the Jeep Renegade in February 2015. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models: [[w:Ram 1000|Ram 1000]]
|-
| P
| Melfi Plant (formerly SATA = Società Automobilistica Tecnologie Avanzate [Advanced Technologies Automotive Company])
| [[w:Melfi|Melfi]], [[w:Province of Potenza|Province of Potenza]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1993
|
| [[w:Jeep Compass#Third generation (J4U; 2025)|Jeep Compass (J4U)]]&lt;br&gt; (Europe: '26-)
| Fiat plant. Jeep production began at Melfi in 2014 with the Renegade. Renegade production at Melfi ended on October 17, 2025. Production of the 3rd gen. Compass began on October 29, 2025. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Renegade|Jeep Renegade]] (US/Can.: '15-'23, Europe: '15-'25),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass (MP)]] (Europe: '20-'25) &lt;br&gt; Related models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat 500X|Fiat 500X]] (US/Can.: '16-'23,&lt;br&gt; Europe: '15-'24)
|-
| B
| Porto Real Plant
| [[w:Porto Real|Porto Real]], [[w:Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro state]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 2000
|
| [[w:Jeep Avenger|Jeep Avenger]]
| PSA plant. The Jeep Avenger is the first Jeep to be made in a former PSA plant. 
|-
| U (2027-), 6 (2015-2022)
| [[w:Tofaş|Tofaş]]
| [[w:Bursa|Bursa]]
| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]
| 1971
|
| [[w:Citroën Jumpy#Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]] (2027-)
| Originally a Fiat joint venture, it is now 37.8% owned by Stellantis, 37.8% owned by [[w:Koç Holding|Koç Holding]], and 24.3% publicly traded on the Istanbul Stock Exchange. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models: &lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Doblò#Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]] (2015-2022),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Neon#Third generation (2016)|Dodge Neon]]&lt;br&gt; (Mexico &amp; Middle East: 2017-2020),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Fiorino#Europe (2007–2024)|Ram V700 City]] (Chile: 2018-2023)
|-
| J,&lt;br&gt; 5 (Ypsilon)
| Tychy Plant
| [[w:Tychy|Tychy]], [[w:Silesian Voivodeship|Silesian Voivodeship]]
| [[w:Poland|Poland]]
| 1975
|
| [[w:Jeep Avenger|Jeep Avenger]]
| Fiat plant. Production began in September 1975 when the plant was owned by Polish automaker [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych|FSM]], which built Fiat-based models. Fiat took over FSM in 1992. Fiat subsequently became [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] and then Stellantis. Jeep Avenger production began on January 31, 2023. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Ypsilon|Chrysler Ypsilon]] (UK/Ireland/Japan)
|}

==Current partner factories making Chrysler Group vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Current Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 1
| GAC Hangzhou plant
| [[w:Hangzhou|Hangzhou]], [[w:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2021 (production began for Chrysler)
|
| [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey]] (Mexico: 2022-)
| [[w:GAC Group|GAC]] plant. 
|-
| 3
| GAC Yichang plant
| [[w:Yichang|Yichang]], [[w:Hubei|Hubei]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2024 (production began for Chrysler)
|
| [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude]] (Mexico: 2025-)
| [[w:GAC Group|GAC]] plant. 
|-
| 5
| Shenzhen Baoneng Motor Co., Ltd.
| [[w:Shenzhen|Shenzhen]], [[w:Guangdong|Guangdong]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2024 (production began for Chrysler)
|
| [[w:Peugeot Landtrek|Ram 1200]] (Mexico: 2025-)
| [[w:Baoneng Group#Automotive business|Shenzhen Baoneng Motor Co., Ltd.]] plant. 
|}

==Former factories== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Closed
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
|
| Ajax Trim plant
| [[w:Ajax, Ontario|Ajax]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1953, 1964 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2003
| Automotive Soft Trim Components, Seat Cushion and Seatback Covers, Foam-in-place Covers
| Built in 1953 by Canadian Automotive Trim. Purchased by Chrysler in 1964. Closed by December 2003.
|-
| J (1989-1992),&lt;br&gt; B (1981-1988),&lt;br&gt; 7-8 (1966-1980),&lt;br&gt; T (1958-1966) 
| [[w:Brampton Assembly (AMC)|AMC Brampton Assembly]]
| [[w:Brampton|Brampton]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]] 
| 1961,&lt;br&gt; 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1992
| [[w:Jeep Wrangler (YJ)|Jeep Wrangler (YJ)]] (1987-92), [[w:Jeep CJ#CJ-5|Jeep CJ-5]] (1979-1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep CJ#CJ-7|Jeep CJ-7]] (1979-1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC Eagle|AMC Eagle]] (1981-1987), [[w:AMC Eagle|Eagle Wagon]] (1988), [[w:AMC Concord|AMC Concord]] (1978, 1981-1983), [[w:AMC Spirit|AMC Spirit]] (1983), [[w:AMC Hornet|AMC Hornet]] (1970-77), [[w:AMC Gremlin|AMC Gremlin]] (1970-1978),&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC Rebel|AMC Rebel]] (1968-1970), [[w:Rambler Rebel#Fifth generation|Rambler Rebel]] (1967), [[w:Rambler Classic|Rambler Classic]] (1961-1966),&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC Ambassador|AMC Ambassador]] (1966-1968), [[w:AMC Ambassador|Rambler Ambassador]] ('63-'65), [[w:Rambler American|Rambler American]] (1962-68), [[w:Rambler American|AMC Rambler]] (1969)
| [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]] plant. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Located at at the corner of Kennedy Road South and Steeles Avenue East. Production began on January 26, 1961 with the Rambler Classic. This was the last plant to produce AMC vehicles. Eagle Wagon (formerly AMC Eagle) ended production on December 11, 1987. Production ended in April 1992 and Jeep Wrangler production was moved to Toledo, OH. Buildings on the west side of the plant were demolished in 2005 and buildings on the east side were demolished in 2007. A Lowe's and a Wal-Mart now occupy some of the former plant site.
|-
| 3
| Campo Largo Assembly
| [[w:Campo Largo, Paraná|Campo Largo]], [[w:Paraná (state)|Paraná (state)]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 1998
| 2001
| [[w:Dodge Dakota#Second generation (1997–2004)|Dodge Dakota]]
| Plant built vehicles in cooperation with suppliers.
|-
| V
| [[w:Conner Avenue Assembly|Conner Avenue Assembly]] 
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1996
| 2017
| [[w:Dodge Viper|Dodge Viper]] &lt;br&gt; GTS: '96, &lt;br&gt; All models: &lt;br&gt; '97-'06, '08-'10, '13-'17, [[w:Plymouth Prowler|Plymouth Prowler]]&lt;br&gt; ('97, '99-'01),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Prowler|Chrysler Prowler]] ('01-'02),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Viper engine|8.0L/8.3L/8.4L aluminum &lt;br&gt; Viper V10 engine]] &lt;br&gt;(5/01-2017)
| Actually located at 20000 Connor Street. The plant was originally built in 1966 to make spark plugs by Champion. After Champion was bought by Cooper Industries in 1990, the plant was closed. It remained empty until Chrysler bought it in 1995. Viper production was moved to the Connor Avenue plant from the New Mack plant beginning with the GTS coupe for 1996, followed by the RT/10 roadster for 1997. Prowler production began in May 1997 and ended on February 15, 2002. Production of the Viper's aluminum V10 engine was moved to Connor Avenue, where it was built alongside the Viper itself, in May 2001 from the Mound Road Engine Plant, which closed in 2002. Viper production ended on July 2, 2010 and the plant was dormant until production restarted in December 2012. Production ended on Aug. 31, 2017. In 2018, the plant was renamed Connor Center, a meeting and display space that will showcase Chrysler’s concept and historic vehicle collection.
|-
| 2
| Cordoba Assembly
| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]]
| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]]
| 1997
| 2001
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ)|Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ)]] (1997-1998), [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ)|Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ)]] (1999-2001), [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]] (1998-01)
| Opened in the 2nd quarter of 1997, building the Jeep Grand Cherokee. Jeep Cherokee production was added in 1998. 
|-
|E
| [[w:Diamond-Star Motors|Diamond-Star Motors/Mitsubishi Motors Manufacturing America/Mitsubishi Motors North America Manufacturing Division]]
| [[w:Normal, Illinois|Normal, Illinois]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1988
| 2005 (end of Chrysler production)/&lt;br&gt; 2015 (end of Mitsubishi production)
| [[w:Plymouth Laser|Plymouth Laser]] (1990-1994),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Talon|Eagle Talon]] (1990-1998),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Summit#First generation (1989–1992)|Eagle Summit 4-d]] (1991-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Avenger#Dodge Avenger Coupe (1995–2000)|Dodge Avenger]] (1995-2000),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Stratus#Stratus coupe (2001–2005)|Dodge Stratus Coupe]]&lt;br&gt; (2001-2005),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Sebring|Chrysler Sebring Coupe]]&lt;br&gt; (1995-2005),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Mitsubishi Eclipse|Mitsubishi Eclipse]] (1990-2012),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Mirage#Third generation (1987)|Mirage sedan]] (1991-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Galant|Galant]] (1994-2012),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Endeavor|Endeavor]] (2004-2011),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi ASX#First generation (GA; 2010)|Outlander Sport/RVR]] (2013-15)
| Originally established as Diamond-Star Motors, a 50/50 joint venture between Chrysler and Mitsubishi which assembled both Chrysler and Mitsubishi vehicles. Production began in September 1988. In October 1991, Chrysler sold its 50% stake in the plant to Mitsubishi but production for Chrysler continued under contract. On May 24, 1993, production of the Mitsubishi Galant began at the Diamond-Star plant. In July 1995, the plant was renamed Mitsubishi Motors Manufacturing America. In January 2002, the plant was renamed Mitsubishi Motors North America Manufacturing Division. In January 2003, production of the Mitsubishi Endeavor began, the first SUV built at the Mitsubishi plant. In February 2005, production of vehicles for Chrysler ended. All further production was only of Mitsubishi-branded vehicles. In mid-2012, the plant began producing the Mitsubishi Outlander Sport. The Outlander Sport is sold as the RVR in Canada. On November 30, 2015, vehicle production ended. The Mitsubishi plant produced 3,283,549 vehicles. The plant continued to produce replacement parts until May 2016, when the plant closed completely. In June 2016, the plant was sold to liquidation firm Maynards Industries. In January 2017, EV startup [[w:Rivian|Rivian Automotive]] bought the former Mitsubishi plant. Rivian began production at the Normal, IL plant in September 2021 with the [[w:Rivian R1T|R1T]] electric pickup.
|-
| U
| [[w:Eurostar Automobilwerk|Eurostar]] - Chrysler Graz Assembly
| [[w:Graz|Graz]], [[w:Styria|Styria]]
| [[w:Austria|Austria]]
| 1991
| 2002
| [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Voyager/Grand Voyager]] (1992-2002), [[w:Chrysler PT Cruiser|Chrysler PT Cruiser]] (2002)
| Originally, a 50/50 joint venture between Chrysler and Steyr-Daimler-Puch founded in 1990. The Eurostar plant is next to the Steyr Fahrzeugtechnik plant solely owned by Steyr-Daimler-Puch. Production of the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans began in October 1991. This was the 2nd generation Chrysler minivan. The 3rd generation began production on September 25, 1995. In 1996, production of right-hand drive minivans began. The 4th generation began production in January 2001. Production of the PT Cruiser began in July 2001 on the same line as the Voyager minivans. In 1999, DaimlerChrysler bought the 50% stake in Eurostar held by Steyr-Daimler-Puch Fahrzeugtechnik, now majority owned by Magna International, making Eurostar a subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler. DaimlerChrysler sold 100% of Eurostar to Magna Steyr in July 2002. PT Cruiser production in Austria ended and was consolidated in Toluca, Mexico. Production of the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans moved next door to the main Magna Steyr plant for 2003. Magna International had acquired a majority holding of 66.8% in Steyr-Daimler-Puch in 1998 and acquired the rest by 2002 when it was renamed Magna Steyr. 
|-
| 3 (1959),&lt;br&gt; E (1958)
| Evansville Assembly
| [[w:Evansville, Indiana|Evansville, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1919, 1928 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1959 
| Graham Brothers trucks (through 1932),&lt;br&gt; Dodge Brothers trucks &lt;br&gt; (through 1932),&lt;br&gt; Plymouth cars (1936-1958),&lt;br&gt; Dodge cars (1937-1938),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1959), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959)
| Located at 1625 N. Garvin St. Built in 1919 by Graham Brothers Truck Company to build trucks. In 1925, Dodge Brothers bought a controlling 51% stake in Graham Brothers and then bought the rest in 1926, completely merging the 2 companies. This gave Dodge Brothers plants in Evansville, IN and Stockton, CA. Dodge Brothers was bought by the Chrysler Corporation on July 31, 1928. At that point, trucks with a Dodge Brothers nameplate were rated as a half-ton; larger rated trucks were sold under the Graham Brothers name. On January 1, 1929, the Graham Brothers brand was eliminated, and all trucks produced became Dodge trucks. In 1932, Chrysler closed the Evansville plant due to the Great Depression. In 1935, as the economy improved, Chrysler reopened the Evansville plant and renovated and expanded it. It began building Plymouth cars for 1936. Dodge cars were also built for 1937 and 1938. During World War II, the plant became the Evansville Ordinance Plant, which produced more than 3.26 billion ammunition  cartridges - about 96% of all the .45 automatic ammunition produced for all the armed forces. The Evansville Ordinance Plant also rebuilt 1,600 Sherman tanks and 4,000 military trucks. After the war ended, Plymouth car production resumed. However, in the early 1950s, during the Korean War, the Evansville plant retooled and dedicated about a third of its space and manpower to building 60-foot aluminum hulls for Grumman  UF-1 Albatross air-sea rescue planes for the Navy and Coast Guard. Evansville built its 1 millionth Plymouth in March 1953. The plant was closed in 1959 and was replaced by the larger, more modern St. Louis plant in Fenton, MO, which had access to more railroad lines for shipping than Evansville did. 
|-
| 
| Evansville Stamping
| [[w:Evansville, Indiana|Evansville, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1935, 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1959 
| Body panel stampings
| Opened by Briggs Manufacturing Company when Chrysler reopened Evansville Assembly in 1935 to build Plymouth cars. One of the plants Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing in 1953. Made body panels for the nearby Evansville Assembly plant. Closed when Evansville Assembly closed in 1959.
|-
| B (1968-1980),&lt;br&gt; 2 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 2 (1959)
| [[w:Dodge Main|Hamtramck Assembly (Dodge Main)]]
| [[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1911,&lt;br&gt; 1928 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1980 
| Dodge (1914-1958),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Coronet#Fourth generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Coronet]] (1959),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Royal#Third generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Royal]] (1959),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Custom Royal|Dodge Custom Royal]] (1959), [[w:DeSoto Firesweep|DeSoto Firesweep]] (1957-1959),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Matador|Dodge Matador]] (1960),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960-1964),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1964),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1975), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1970-1975), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1969, 1972-1975), [[w:Dodge_Dart#1971|Dodge Dart Demon]] (1971-1972),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)|Dodge Charger]] (1967-1969), [[w:Dodge Charger Daytona#First generation (1969)|Dodge Charger Daytona]] ('69), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda|Plymouth Barracuda]] (1964-74), [[w:Dodge Challenger (1970)|Dodge Challenger]] (1970-1974), [[w:Dodge Aspen|Dodge Aspen]] (1976-1980), [[w:Plymouth Volaré|Plymouth Volaré]] (1976-1980),&lt;br&gt; Engines, Foundry
| Located at 7900 Joseph Campau Ave. This plant predated Dodge being part of Chrysler Corp. On November 4, 1914, the first Dodge Brothers passenger car was produced at the Hamtramck plant. Prior to that, Dodge Brothers made components for other automakers, primarily Ford. The Hamtramck plant was fully vertically integrated, capable of building almost every part needed to build a complete car. Dodge Brothers was bought by the Chrysler Corporation on July 31, 1928. Even after the Chrysler takeover, Hamtramck remained Dodge's home plant. From the early 1950s, various operations were automated or moved to other plants and Hamtramck became more of an assembly plant by the early 1960s. Closed January 4, 1980. Last vehicle built was a Silver Metallic 1980 Dodge Aspen R/T 2-door. 13,943,221 vehicles were produced at the plant. Demolished in 1981. Replaced by the General Motors Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly Plant (Factory Zero), which opened in 1985. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Highland Park Chrysler Plant|Highland Park Plant]]
| [[w:Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1909,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1960s (end of manufacturing)
| Maxwell cars (1910-1925), Chrysler Series 50 (1926-27), Chrysler Series 52 (1928), Plymouth Model Q (1929), Chrysler Series 60 (1927), Chrysler Series 62 (1928), DeSoto Series K (1929-1930), DeSoto Series CK (1930), DeSoto Series CF (1930), Fargo Trucks (1928-1930) &lt;br&gt; Parts including fluid coupling and torque converter for [[w:Fluid Drive|Fluid Drive]]
| Located at at 12000 Chrysler Service Drive (formerly Chrysler Drive). Originally, this was [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]]'s main plant. However, before Maxwell Motor Co.'s formation, parts of the site was used by several car and truck manufacturers: Grabowsky Power Wagon Company used 1 building, Brush Runabout Co. used another building, and Gray Motor Co. owned another building. Gray only used the western 1/3 of the building so they leased the middle third to Alden- Sampson Truck Co. and the eastern third to Maxwell-Briscoe Motor Co. All these companies, along with several others, combined under the [[w:United States Motor Company|United States Motor Company]] in 1910. In 1913, United States Motor Company collapsed and Maxwell was the only surviving part. The U.S. Motor Co. assets were purchased by Walter Flanders, who reorganized the company as the Maxwell Motor Co. Maxwell hired Walter P. Chrysler to turn the company around in 1921 after its finances deteriorated in the post-World War I recession in 1920. In early 1921, Maxwell Motor Co. was liquidated and replaced by Maxwell Motor Corp. with Walter P. Chrysler as Chairman. On December 7, 1922, Maxwell took over the bankrupt Chalmers including its Jefferson Ave. plant. Chrysler brand cars began to be produced in 1924 at the Jefferson Ave. plant. Chalmers was discontinued in late 1923 with the last cars being 1924 models. Maxwell production ended in May 1925 at Highland Park. Maxwell Motor Corp. was reorganized into the Chrysler Corporation on June 6, 1925. The 1925 Maxwell was reworked into an entry-level, 4-cylinder Chrysler model for 1926-1928 built at Highland Park and was then reworked again into the first Plymouth in 1928, also built at Highland Park. Plymouth production was moved to the new Lynch Road Assembly plant in 1929 and DeSoto production also moved to the new Lynch Road Assembly plant in 1931. Highland Park still built parts but it no longer built vehicles. Highland Park was used more for design,  engineering, and management and served as Chrysler Corporation's headquarters through 1996. During the 1990's, Chrysler moved to its current headquarters at the Chrysler Technology Center in Auburn Hills. Much of the site has been demolished though Chrysler still has a small presence at the site with the FCA Detroit Office Warehouse. Other parts of the site are now occupied by several automotive suppliers including Magna, Valeo, Mobis, Avancez, and Yanfeng.
|-
|
| [[w:Indiana Transmission#Indiana Transmission Plant II|Indiana Transmission Plant II]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2003 (as Indiana Transmission Plant II)
| 2019 (as Indiana Transmission Plant II)
| [[w:W5A580|Mercedes W5A580 (A580) &lt;br&gt; 5-speed auto. trans.]], Transmission components
| Located at 3360 North U.S. Highway 931. Plant was originally known as Indiana Transmission Plant II, which built automatic transmissions and transmission components from 2003-2019, when it was idled. Production began in November 2003. 5-speed auto. trans. production ended in August 2018 while production of components for the 8-speed auto. transmission ended in the fall of 2019. Starting in 2020, the plant was converted to engine production and is now known as Kokomo Engine Plant. Engine production began in late February 2022. 
|-
|
| Indianapolis Electrical Plant
| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953
| 1988
| Transmission plant: [[w:Chrysler PowerFlite transmission|Chrysler PowerFlite 2-speed auto. transmission]] &lt;br&gt; Electrical Plant: Alternators, distributors, starters, power steering units, voltage regulators, windshield wiper motors, and other electrical parts for cars
| Located at 2900 Shadeland Ave. Began making transmissions in 1953. In January 1959, Chrysler housed its new Electrical Division at the Shadeland Avenue plant, replacing transmission production. Became part of Chrysler's Acustar components subsidiary in 1987. Production ended on November 30, 1988 but shipping and other activities continued until March 1989 when the factory closed. Certain portions have been demolished and improvements were made to the remainder, which is now the Shadeland Business Center. 
|-
|
| [[w:Indianapolis Foundry|Indianapolis Foundry]] - Naomi Street plant
| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1946 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1970's
| Engine blocks
| Located at 1535 Naomi Street. Purchased from American Foundry Company in 1946. Operated as a subsidiary of Chrysler Corp. called American Foundry Co. until 1959, when it was merged into Chrysler Corp. Kept operating even after the Tibbs Ave. plant was launched. This location is now Wilco Gutter Supply. 
|-
|
| [[w:Indianapolis Foundry|Indianapolis Foundry]] - Tibbs Avenue plant
| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1950 
| 2005
| Engine heads and blocks and other components
| Located at 1100 S. Tibbs Avenue. Operated as a subsidiary of Chrysler Corp. called American Foundry Co. until 1959, when it was merged into Chrysler Corp. Production ended on September 30, 2005 and the facility closed. Demolished in 2006. 
|-
| C (1968-1990),&lt;br&gt; 3 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 1 (1959)
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Jefferson#Jefferson Avenue Assembly|Jefferson Avenue Assembly]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1908,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1990
| [[w:Chrysler Six|Chrysler Series 70 (B-70)]] (1924-1925), [[w:Chrysler Six|Chrysler Series 70 (G-70)]] (1926-1927), [[w:Chrysler Six|Chrysler Series 72]] (1928), [[w:Chrysler Royal|Chrysler Royal]] (1933, 1937-1950), DeSoto SD (1933), Chrysler Airflow (1934-1937), Chrysler Airstream (1935-36), [[w:Chrysler (brand)|Chrysler brand]] (1937-1958), Desoto Airflow (1934-1936), DeSoto Airstream (1935-1936), [[w:Chrysler Imperial|Chrysler Imperial]] (1926-1942, 1946-1954), [[w:Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]] (1955-1958, 1962-1975), [[w:Chrysler 300 letter series|Chrysler 300 letter series]] (1959-1965), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1959-1978), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga|Chrysler Saratoga]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chrysler Windsor|Chrysler Windsor]] (1959-1961), [[w:Chrysler Newport|Chrysler Newport]] (1961-1978), [[w:Chrysler 300 non-letter series|Chrysler 300 Sport Series]] (1962-1971), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1968-1972), [[w:DeSoto Firedome|DeSoto Firedome]] (1959), [[w:DeSoto Fireflite|DeSoto Fireflite]] (1959-1960), [[w:DeSoto Adventurer|DeSoto Adventurer]] (1959-1960), [[w:DeSoto (automobile)#1961|DeSoto]] (1961), [[w:Dodge Matador|Dodge Matador]] (1960), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1965-1966), [[w:Dodge D series|Dodge D/W series]] (1979-1980), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1979-1980), [[w:Plymouth Trailduster|Plymouth Trailduster]] (1979-1980), [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] (1981-1989), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] (1981-1989), [[w:Dodge 400|Dodge 400]] 4-d (1982-1983), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron|Chrysler LeBaron]] 4-d (1982-1984), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1983–1988|Chrysler New Yorker (E-body)]] (1983-1987), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1983–1988|Chrysler New Yorker Turbo (E-body)]] (1988), [[w:Dodge 600|Dodge 600]] 4-d (1983-1988), [[w:Chrysler E-Class|Chrysler E-Class]] (1983-1984), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle]] (US: 1985-1988), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle]] 4-d (Canada: 1983-1988), [[w:Dodge Omni|Dodge Omni]] (1989-1990), [[w:Plymouth Horizon|Plymouth Horizon]] (1989-1990),&lt;br&gt; Engines
| Located at 12200 East Jefferson Ave. Plant was originally opened by [[w:Chalmers Automobile|Chalmers Motor Co.]]. After falling on hard times, Chalmers agreed in 1917 to build cars for [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Co.]] at the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit. In exchange, Chalmers cars would be sold through Maxwell dealers. After having its own financial problems, Maxwell stopped producing cars at the Chalmers plant in 1921. Maxwell hired Walter P. Chrysler to turn the company around in 1921. In early 1921, Maxwell Motor Co. was liquidated and replaced by Maxwell Motor Corp. with Walter P. Chrysler as Chairman. On December 7, 1922, Maxwell took over the bankrupt Chalmers including the Jefferson Ave. plant. Chrysler brand cars began to be produced in 1924. Chalmers was discontinued in late 1923 with the last cars being 1924 models. Maxwell production ended in May 1925. Maxwell Motor Corp. was reorganized into the Chrysler Corporation on June 6, 1925. The 1925 Maxwell was reworked into an entry-level, 4-cylinder Chrysler model for 1926-1928 and was then reworked again into the first Plymouth in 1928. The Jefferson Ave. plant was the home plant of the Chrysler brand through 1978. It was also the home plant for the spin-off Imperial brand except for 1959-1961, when Imperial had its own exclusive plant on Warren Ave. in Dearborn. By the time it ended production on February 2, 1990, Jefferson Ave. Assembly had built 8,310,107 vehicles. Demolished in 1991. Replaced by the Jefferson North plant built across Jefferson Ave. from the old plant, where the Kercheval Body Plant used to be. The Jefferson North plant opened in January 1992.
|-
| W (1987-1989 Chrysler M-body) &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; [K for 1981-1983 AMC and 1983-1987 Renault],&lt;br&gt; 0-6 (1966-1980 AMC)
| Kenosha I Assembly
| [[w:Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1988
| [[w:Chrysler Fifth Avenue#1982–1989: The M-body years|Chrysler Fifth Avenue]]&lt;br&gt; (1987-1989),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Diplomat#Second generation (1980)|Dodge Diplomat]] (1987-1989), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1982–1989|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1987-89), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle Salon]] (Canada: 1987-1989)
| This was the Kenosha Main Plant of [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]]. The Kenosha plant was the oldest still operating automobile factory in the world when it ended vehicle production in December 1988. It first built automobiles in 1902 for the Thomas B. Jeffery Company under the Rambler brand. The factory was purchased in 1900 from the Sterling Bicycle Co., which built it in 1895. In 1914, the Thomas B. Jeffery Company rebranded its vehicles under the Jeffery brand. In 1916, the Thomas B. Jeffery Company was bought by Charles Nash and renamed Nash Motors. Kenosha produced Nash vehicles from 1917-1957. Kenosha also produced Nash's entry-level Lafayette brand from 1934-1936. After Nash merged with Hudson to form American Motors in 1954, Kenosha also produced Hudson vehicles from 1955-1957. Kenosha then produced vehicles under the Rambler brand for AMC from 1958-1968 and under the AMC brand from 1966-1983. Kenosha also produced the Alliance for AMC shareholder Renault for 1983-1987 along with the Encore for 1984-1986 and the GTA for 1987. Chrysler signed a deal with AMC in September 1986 to utilize surplus capacity at AMC's Kenosha plant to build Chrysler's trio of rwd M-body sedans beginning in February 1987. Chrysler did not have any capacity left in its own plants to continue building the M-body sedans. The St. Louis North plant that had been building the M-body sedans had been converted to build the extended length minivans. This deal led to Chrysler's acquisition of AMC, announced in March 1987. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Vehicle production ended in December 1988 and the M-bodies were discontinued. The site continued building engines until 2010. The plant has since been demolished.
|-
| Y
| Kenosha II Assembly
| [[w:Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1988
| [[w:Dodge Omni|Dodge Omni]] (1988-1989), [[w:Plymouth Horizon|Plymouth Horizon]] (1988-1989)
| This was the Kenosha Lakefront Plant of [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]], located on the shore of Lake Michigan. This property was originally a Simmons mattress manufacturing plant from 1870 to 1960. AMC bought it in 1960 to manufacture and paint auto bodies. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. In September 1987, production of the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon began. Production was moved to Kenosha from Chrysler's Belvidere, IL plant, which was being converted to build Chrysler's C-body sedans (Dynasty/New Yorker). Closed in December 1988. Omni &amp; Horizon production then moved to the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit. Demolished in 1990. In 1994, the City of Kenosha purchased the property for $1. The property was subsequently cleaned up and redeveloped into the HarborPark area, which includes a park and open space, a public museum, residential housing, and a marina. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Kenosha Engine|Kenosha Engine Plant]]
| [[w:Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2010
| [[w:AMC straight-4 engine|AMC straight-4 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC straight-6 engine|AMC straight-6 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC V8 engine|AMC V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LH engine|Chrysler 2.7L DOHC V6]], [[w:Chrysler SOHC V6 engine#3.5|Chrysler 3.5L SOHC V6]]
| Located at 5555 30th Avenue. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Vehicle production ended in December 1988 at the adjacent assembly plant but the site continued building engines until 2010. After the Chrysler buyout, the plant kept building the AMC 5.9L V8 for the SJ Jeep Grand Wagoneer through 1991, the AMC 2.5L I4 through 2002 for Jeeps and the Dodge Dakota, the AMC 4.2L I6 through 1990 for the Jeep Wrangler, and the AMC 4.0L I6 through 2006 for various Jeeps ('06 Wrangler was the last to use the 4.0L). Chrysler started building its own 2.7L V6 at Kenosha in 1997 and its own 3.5L V6 in 2003. Engine production ended in October 2010 and the plant closed. Demolished in 2012-2013.
|-
|
| Kercheval Body Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1920,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1990
| Automobile Bodies
| Located at 12265 E Jefferson Ave., across Jefferson Ave. from Chrysler's Jefferson Ave. Assembly Plant, which had originally been the Chalmers plant. The assembly plant was on the south side of Jefferson Ave. while the body plant was on the north side. The plant was called Kercheval because the north side of the plant was bordered by Kercheval Ave. The plant was built in 1920 by Wadsworth Manufacturing Co. to replace a previous plant on the same site that burned down in 1919. That fire had also damaged the Chalmers plant across the street. In November 1920, Wadsworth Manufacturing was sold to American Motor Body Co., a division of the American Can Co. On July 1, 1923, American Motor Body Co. became American Motor Body Corp., run by Charles M. Schwab. On September 4, 1925, Chrysler Corp. bought the Detroit plant of the American Motor Body Corp. to quickly increase its manufacturing capacity. In 1955, Kercheval Body Plant was connected to the Jefferson Assembly plant by a bridge crossing over Jefferson Ave. Previously, bodies made at Kercheval had to be transported by truck across Jefferson Ave. to the assembly plant. The plant closed in Feb. 1990, at the same time the Jefferson Ave. Assembly Plant closed. The Kercheval plant was demolished and Chrysler built the new Jefferson North Assembly Plant on the site of the former Kercheval Body Plant, on the north side of Jefferson Ave. 
|-
|
| Kokomo - Home Ave. plant
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1937
| 1969
| Manual Transmissions (1937-1955), Aluminum die casting (1955-1969)
| Located at 1105 S. Home Ave. Chrysler bought this plant in 1937. This was Chrysler's first plant in Kokomo. It had previously belonged to the [[w:Haynes Automobile Company|Haynes Automobile Co.]], which went out of business in 1925. The plant had been dormant since then. 5,124,211 manual transmissions were built here from 1937-1955. Transmission production then shifted to a new plant about a mile southeast on South Reed Road. The Home Ave. plant then became an aluminum die casting plant until 1969, when that operation shifted to the new Kokomo Casting plant on East Boulevard. Chrysler subsequently sold this plant. The facility was last used by Warren's Auto Parts, an auto salvage yard, which closed in 2020 after nearly 50 years. It is currently empty though still standing as of 2025. 
|-
| M
| [[w:Lago Alberto Assembly|Lago Alberto Assembly]]
| [[w:Nuevo Polanco|Nuevo Polanco district]], [[w:Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo borough]], [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1938
| 2002
| &lt;br&gt; Past models: &lt;br&gt;  Mexico only: Dodge Savoy, Dodge Dart, Dodge 330, Dodge 440, Chrysler Valiant (1963-1969), Valiant Barracuda (1965-1969), Dodge Coronet, [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1981-02), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger#Second generation (1981–1993)|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1986-96), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger#Third generation (1999–2001)|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1999-01) &lt;br&gt; Export to US:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ramcharger#Second generation (1981–1993)|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1986-93), [[w:Dodge Ram#First generation (1981; D/W)|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1990-93), [[w:Dodge Ram#Second generation (1994; BR/BE)|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1994-02)
| Located at 320 Lago Alberto Street. Originally part of Fabricas Automex, Chrysler's affiliate in Mexico. In 1968, Fabricas Automex was 45% owned by Chrysler. In December 1971, Chrysler increased its stake to 90.5% and changed the Mexican company's name to Chrysler de Mexico. Chrysler later bought another 8.8% stake, taking its total to 99.3%. Lago Alberto began exporting to the US with the 1986 Dodge Ramcharger, sourced exclusively from Mexico. The Lago Alberto plant was closed in 2002 and Mexican pickup production was consolidated in the newer, more modern Saltillo plant. 
|-
| E (1968-1971),&lt;br&gt; 5 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 4 (1959),&lt;br&gt; L (1958),&lt;br&gt; L (1955-1957 Chrysler brand)
| [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly|Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly]]
| [[w:Commerce, California|City of Commerce, California]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1932
| 1971
| Plymouth (1946-1958), Dodge (1946-1953, 1955-1958), [[w:Dodge Power Wagon#Civilian 1-ton Power Wagon &quot;Military-Type&quot;, Flat Fender Style&quot; (1945-1978)|Dodge Power Wagon]] (1946-1949), DeSoto Deluxe/Custom (1948-1952), DeSoto Powermaster Six (1953-1954), DeSoto Firedome (1952-57), DeSoto Fireflite (1955-1957), DeSoto Firesweep (1957-1958), Chrysler Windsor (1948-1958), Chrysler Royal (1949-1950), Chrysler Saratoga (1951-1952, 1957-1958), Chrysler New Yorker (1953-1958), [[w:Chrysler Windsor|Chrysler Windsor]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga|Chrysler Saratoga]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1959-60), [[w:DeSoto Firesweep|DeSoto Firesweep]] (1959), [[w:Dodge Coronet#Fourth generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Coronet]] (1957-1959), [[w:Dodge Custom Royal|Dodge Custom Royal]] (1958-1959), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962), [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960-1964), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1959), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1958-1964), [[w:Plymouth Suburban|Plymouth Suburban wagon]] (1959-1961), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1958-1959, 1963-1964), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1971), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1970-1971), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1971), [[w:Dodge Dart#1971|Dodge Dart Demon]] (1971), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda|Plymouth Barracuda]] (1964-1966, 1970), [[w:Dodge Challenger (1970)|Dodge Challenger]] (1970), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Intermediate series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1965-70), [[w:Plymouth Satellite|Plymouth Satellite]] (1965-1971), [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1967-1971), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1968-1971), [[w:Dodge Coronet|Dodge Coronet]] (1965-1971), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)|Dodge Charger]] (1971), [[w:Dodge Super Bee|Dodge Super Bee]] (1968-1971)
| Located at 5800 South Eastern Avenue and Slauson Avenue in Maywood, now part of City of Commerce. Across the street from the [[w:Maywood Assembly|Ford Maywood Assembly plant (Los Angeles Assembly plant No. 1)]]. 
|-
| A (1968-1981),&lt;br&gt; 1 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 6 (1959)
| [[w:Lynch Road Assembly|Lynch Road Assembly]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1929
| 1981
| Plymouth (1929-1958), DeSoto (1931-1932), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959-64), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (59-61), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959-1964), [[w:Plymouth Suburban|Plymouth Suburban wagon]] (59-61), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Intermediate series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (62-70), [[w:Plymouth Satellite|Plymouth Satellite]] (1965-1970, 1973-1974), [[w:Plymouth Fury#Seventh generation (1975–1978)|Plymouth Fury]] (1975-1978), [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1967-1970), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1968-1970, 1973, 1975), [[w:Plymouth Superbird|Plymouth Road Runner Superbird]] (1970), [[w:Dodge Coronet|Dodge Coronet]] (1965-1976), [[w:Dodge Monaco#Fourth generation (1977–1978)|Dodge Monaco]] (1977-1978), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)#1966|Dodge Charger]] (1966), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)#Third generation|Dodge Charger]] (1971-1974), [[w:Dodge Super Bee|Dodge Super Bee]] (1968-1971),  [[w:Chrysler Newport#1979–1981|Chrysler Newport]] (1979-81), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1979–1981|Chrysler New Yorker]] (79-81), [[w:Dodge St. Regis|Dodge St. Regis]] (1979-81), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1980–1981|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (80-81),&lt;br&gt; Engines
| Located at 6334 Lynch Road. This was originally Plymouth's home plant. At the time it opened in 1929, Lynch Road was the largest single story auto plant in the world. DeSoto production was transferred from Highland Park to Lynch Road in 1931. In June 1932, DeSoto production was moved to the Jefferson Ave. plant when the DeSoto brand moved up in the brand hierarchy to between Dodge and Chrysler. Previously, DeSoto was between Plymouth and Dodge. During World War II, Lynch Road made tank transmissions, truck parts, and uranium enrichment diffusers for the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Oak Ridge, TN to produce enriched uranium for the atomic bomb. For 1965, Lynch Road began to focus on production of Plymouth and Dodge intermediate models. For 1979, Lynch Road was switched to build Chrysler's R-body full-size cars for all 3 Chrysler car brands. Production ended on April 3, 1981 and the factory closed. Last car produced was a white Plymouth Gran Fury police car. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|Mack Ave. Engine Plant I]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1998
| 2019
| [[w:Chrysler PowerTech engine#4.7|4.7L PowerTech SOHC V8]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|3.0L/3.2L/3.6L Pentastar V6]]
| Located at 4000 St. Jean Avenue. Mack Ave. Engine Plant I was built on the site of the former New Mack Assembly Plant and the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The first engine was built in 1998. 4.7L V8 engine production ended in April 2013. Pentastar V6 engine production ended in 2019. The 2 engine plants were subsequently converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North Assembly plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021.
|-
| 
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|Mack Ave. Engine Plant II]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2000
| 2012
| [[w:Chrysler PowerTech engine#3.7 EKG|3.7L PowerTech SOHC 90° V6]]
| Located at 4500 St. Jean Avenue. Mack Ave. Engine Plant II was built next to the Mack Ave. Engine Plant I, which had been built on the site of the former New Mack Assembly Plant and the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The first engine was built in November 2000. Production ended in September 2012. The 2 engine plants were subsequently converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North Assembly plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021.
|-
|
| Mack Ave. Stamping Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1979
| Stampings
| Chrysler acquired the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The plant was originally built in 1916 by the Michigan Stamping Company, which was taken over by Briggs Manufacturing in 1923. The plant was closed in 1979 and the site was basically abandoned. The city of Detroit bought the plant site in 1982 but was unable to find a purchaser or afford environmental remediation for the site and returned it to Chrysler. In 1990, Chrysler began cleanup and demolition of the old plant and built a new factory on the site, which became the New Mack Assembly Plant. The site later became the Mack Ave. Engine Complex and later, the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant, which is now part of the Detroit Assembly Complex.
|-
| 
| McGraw Stamping/McGraw Glass Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 19?
| 2003
| Oil pans, valve covers, and other small stampings,&lt;br&gt; Automotive Glass (1960-)
| Located at 9400 McGraw Ave. Was around the corner and behind the Wyoming Ave. DeSoto/Export plant. Originally, a stamping plant. In 1960, switched to making automotive glass. Used Safeguard brand. Glass was DOT# 21. Demolished. 
|-
|
| [[w:Mound Road Engine|Mound Road Engine Plant]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2002
| [[w:Chrysler A engine|Chrysler A V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine|Chrysler LA V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine#239 V6|3.9L 90° V6 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 8.0 L V10|8.0L iron Magnum V10 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Viper engine|8.0L aluminum Viper V10 engine]] (1992-5/01)
| Located at 20300 Mound Road. One of the plants Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. Chrysler used the plant to produce aircraft parts from 1953-1954 and then transferred the plant to Plymouth in 1954 to build its new A-series V8 engine for 1956 model year cars. Converted into an engine plant and enlarged by 71,000 sq. ft., it began building V8 engines for Plymouth in July 1955. Dodge later used the A engine from 1959 in the US in cars and trucks and Chrysler used the A engine from 1960 in the US. The plant was closed in 2002 and demolished in 2003. The land was then paved over and is now used as a storage lot for vehicles produced at the nearby Warren Truck Assembly Plant. Warren Truck Assembly is just to the north of where Mound Road Engine was. Mt. Elliott Tool and Die was located immediately to the south of the Mound Road Engine Plant on Outer Drive East.
|-
|
| [[w:Mount Elliott Tool and Die|Mount Elliott Tool and Die]]/Outer Drive Manufacturing Technology Center/Outer Drive Stamping
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1938, 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2018
| Stamping Dies, Checking Fixtures, Stamping Fixtures 
| Located at 3675 Outer Drive East. Built in 1938 by Briggs Manufacturing Company. One of the plants Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing in 1953. Chrysler renamed it Outer Drive Stamping. Stamping operations ended in 1983 and operations from the closed Vernor Tool &amp; Die plant were moved here. The plant was then renamed Outer Drive Manufacturing Technology Center. The plant now did tool and die work as well as pilot plant operations and engineering for new stamping technologies. Once the Chrysler Technology Center in Auburn Hills was built, Pilot Operations and Advanced Stamping Manufacturing Engineering moved there and the plant was renamed Mount Elliott Tool and Die. Operations at the plant ended in 2018 and the plant was sold to German automotive supplier Laepple Automotive in 2024. Laepple Automotive is producing stamped body parts at the plant. 
|-
| V
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|New Mack Assembly Plant]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1992
| 1995
| [[w:Dodge Viper|Dodge Viper RT/10]] (1992-96)
| Located at 4000 St. Jean Avenue. The New Mack Assembly Plant is built on the site of the former Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. Viper production began in May 1992 at the New Mack Assembly Plant. After ending production in 1995, New Mack Assembly was converted into the Mack Ave. Engine Plant I. A new addition was then built to create Mack Ave. Engine Plant II. The 2 engine plants were subsequently converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North Assembly plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021. 
|-
| F (1968-2009),&lt;br&gt; 6 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 5 (1959),&lt;br&gt; N (1958)
| [[w:Newark Assembly|Newark Assembly]]
| [[w:Newark, Delaware|Newark, Delaware]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1951,&lt;br&gt; 1957 (Automotive prod.)
| 2008
| Plymouth (1957-1958), Dodge (1958), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1958-1959, 1961), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959-1974), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959-1964), [[w:Dodge Coronet#Fourth generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Coronet]] (1958-1959), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960-1966), [[w:Dodge Monaco|Dodge Monaco]] (1965-1966, 1968), [[w:Chrysler Newport|Chrysler Newport]] (1965-1970), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1965-70), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (1941–1988)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1966-1967), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1964, 1974-1976), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1964, 1974-76), [[w:Dodge Aspen|Dodge Aspen]] (1976-1980), [[w:Plymouth Volare|Plymouth Volare]] (1976-1980), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#First generation (1977–1981)|Chrysler LeBaron (M-body)]] (1979-1980), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] sedan &amp; wagon (1981-1988), [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] sedan &amp; wagon (1981-1988), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Second generation (1982–1988)|Chrysler LeBaron (K-body)]] (sedan: 1984-1988, wagon: 1982-1988), [[w:Plymouth Acclaim|Plymouth Acclaim]] (1989-1995), [[w:Dodge Spirit|Dodge Spirit]] (1989-1995), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation sedan (1990–1994)|Chrysler LeBaron Sedan (A-body)]] (1990, 1993-1994), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga#1989–1995|Chrysler Saratoga]] (For export: 1990-1992), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron coupe (J-body)]] (1992-1993), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron convertible (J-body)]] (1992-1995), [[w:Dodge Intrepid#First generation (1993–1997)|Dodge Intrepid]] (1994-1996), [[w:Chrysler Intrepid#First generation (1993–1997)|Chrysler Intrepid]] (Canada: 1994-1995), [[w:Chrysler Concorde#First generation (1993–1997)|Chrysler Concorde]] (1995-1996), [[w:Dodge Durango#First generation (DN; 1998)|Dodge Durango (DN)]] (1998-2003), [[w:Dodge Durango#Second generation (HB; 2004)|Dodge Durango (HB)]] (2004-2009), [[w:Chrysler Aspen|Chrysler Aspen]] (2007-2009) 
| Chrysler began construction of the Delaware Tank Plant in January 1951 to build [[w:M48 Patton|M48 Patton]] tanks. Production began in April 1952. Production ended in May 1961 and the Tank Plant was closed in October 1961. Low rate initial production of the [[w:M60 tank|M60 tank]] was also done at the Newark plant in 1959 before production was moved to the [[w:Detroit Arsenal (Warren, Michigan)|Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant]] in Warren, MI in 1960. Conversion to automotive production began in 1956. Production of Plymouth and Dodge cars began on April 30, 1957. Production ended on December 19, 2008. Sold to the University of Delaware on October 24, 2009. Most of the plant was demolished in 2010-2011 except for the Administration Building near the front of the complex. The site is now the Science, Technology, and Advanced Research (STAR) campus. The old Chrysler Administration Building has been redesigned and is now being used by the College of Health Sciences. 
|-
| K
| [[w:Pillette Road Truck Assembly|Pillette Road Truck Assembly]]
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1976
| 2003
| [[w:Dodge Sportsman|Dodge Tradesman/Sportsman]] (1976-1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram Van|Dodge Ram Van]] (1981-2003), [[w:Dodge Ram Wagon|Dodge Ram Wagon]] (1981-'02), [[w:Plymouth Voyager#Full-size van (AB; 1974–1983)|Plymouth Voyager]] (1976-1983)
| Located at 2935 Pillette Road. Was originally Windsor Plant 6. The Pillette Road plant was located less than a mile away from Chryslers' main plant complex in Windsor. Production began in January 1976. Production ended on June 12, 2003. 2,309,399 units were built. Demolished in 2004. Part of the site is now the Grand Central Business Park. Another part was a logistics center serving Chrysler's Windsor Assembly Plant and operated by Syncreon. The Syncreon Automotive Windsor site closed in October 2022. The parts sorting and sequencing work done there was now going to be done in-house at Chrysler's Windsor Assembly Plant. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly#San Leandro Assembly|San Leandro Assembly]]
| [[w:San Leandro, California|San Leandro, California]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1948
| 1954
| Plymouth (1949-1954),&lt;br&gt; Dodge (1949-1954),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Power Wagon#Civilian 1-ton Power Wagon &quot;Military-Type&quot;, Flat Fender Style&quot; (1945-1978)|Dodge Power Wagon]] (1950-1954)
| Located at 1933 Davis St. Plant was originally run by Dodge Division. In 1953, San Leandro began to make its own car bodies instead of sourcing bodies from Detroit and only doing final assembly locally. Closed in 1954 when Chrysler consolidated West Coast auto production at the Los Angeles plant. Used by International Harvester to build heavy-duty trucks from 1963 to 1975, replacing an earlier plant in Emeryville.  Now the Westgate Center, a shopping mall, and Gate510, a hub for entrepreneurs. 
|-
| B (1996-2009),&lt;br&gt; G (1968-1991),&lt;br&gt; 7 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 8 (1959)
| [[w:Saint Louis Assembly|St. Louis I Assembly]] - South plant
| [[w:Fenton, Missouri|Fenton, Missouri]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1959
| 2008
| [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1960-1964), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1960-1964), [[w:Plymouth Suburban|Plymouth Suburban wagon]] (1961), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962), [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1965, 1976), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1973-1976), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1965, 1973-1976), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda|Plymouth Barracuda]] (1964-1965),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Intermediate series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1965-1970), [[w:Plymouth Satellite|Plymouth Satellite]] (1965-1974), [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1967-1971), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1968-75), [[w:Plymouth Fury#Seventh generation (1975–1978)|Plymouth Fury]] (1975-1976), [[w:Dodge Coronet|Dodge Coronet]] (1965-1973, 75), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)|Dodge Charger]] (1968-1974), [[w:Dodge Super Bee|Dodge Super Bee]] (1968-1971), [[w:Dodge Diplomat|Dodge Diplomat]] (1977-1981), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#First generation (1977–1981)|Chrysler LeBaron (M-body)]] (1977-1981), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle (M-body)]] (Canada: 1978-1981), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] 2-d (1982-1986), [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] 2-d (1982-1986), [[w:Dodge 400|Dodge 400]] 2-d &amp; convertible (1982-1983), [[w:Dodge 600|Dodge 600]] 2-d &amp; convertible (1984-1986), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle]] 2-d (Canada: 1983-1986), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Second generation (1982–1988)|Chrysler LeBaron (K-body)]] (2-d &amp; convertible: 1982-1986), [[w:Chrysler Executive|Chrysler Executive]] (1983-1986), [[w:Dodge Daytona|Dodge Daytona]] (1984-1991), [[w:Chrysler Daytona|Chrysler Daytona]] (Canada: 1984-1991), [[w:Dodge Daytona#Chrysler Laser|Chrysler Laser]] (1984-1986), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron coupe/convertible (J-body)]] (1987-1991), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Voyager]] (1996-2000), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Grand Voyager]] (1996-2000), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Caravan]] (1996-2007), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Grand Caravan]] (1996-2009), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Voyager]] (2001-2003), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Grand Voyager]] (2000), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1996-2001, 2004-2007)
| Located at 1001 N. Hwy Dr. St. Louis South was idled in 1991. The Dodge Daytona was moved to Sterling Heights and the J-body Chrysler LeBaron was moved to Newark, DE. St. Louis South was reopened in 1995 to build minivans, which were moved from the St. Louis North plant. For the 3rd generation, St. Louis South built both SWB and LWB models. For the 4th generation, St. Louis South built all SWB models but also built some LWB models. Closed on October 31, 2008. Demolished in 2011. Site was sold in 2014 and is now the Fenton Logistics Park.
|-
| J (1996-2009),&lt;br&gt; X (1973-1995),&lt;br&gt; U (1970-1972),&lt;br&gt; 7 (1967-1969)
| [[w:Saint Louis Assembly|St. Louis II Assembly]] - North plant / Missouri Truck Assembly Plant
| [[w:Fenton, Missouri|Fenton, Missouri]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1966
| 2009
| [[w:Dodge D series|Dodge D/W series]] (1967-1973), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1974-1977), [[w:Plymouth Trail Duster|Plymouth Trail Duster]] (1974-76), [[w:Dodge Sportsman|Dodge Tradesman/Sportsman]] (1971-1980), [[w:Plymouth Voyager#Full-size van (AB; 1974–1983)|Plymouth Voyager]] (1975-1976, 1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1982–1989|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1984-1987), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle Salon]] (Canada: 1984-1987), [[w:Dodge Diplomat|Dodge Diplomat]] (1984-1987), [[w:Chrysler Fifth Avenue#1982–1989: The M-body years|Chrysler Fifth Avenue]] ('84-'87), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Grand Voyager]] (1987-1995), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Grand Caravan]] (1987-1995), [[w:Chrysler minivans (S)#Cargo van|Dodge Extended Mini Ram Van]] (1987-1988), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1990-1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1996-'09)
| Originally opened to build trucks as the Missouri Truck Assembly Plant. In 1980, the plant was idled. Plant was reopened in 1983 to build the rwd, M-body sedans, which were moved from Windsor, ON, Canada so that Windsor could be converted to build minivans. Plant was renamed St. Louis II Assembly. During 1987, the M-body sedans were moved to AMC's plant in Kenosha, WI so that St. Louis North could be converted to build the new LWB minivans. For the first 2 generations of Chrysler minivans, St. Louis North only built the LWB models. For 1996, minivan production moved to St. Louis South and the North plant was converted to build full-size pickups. Closed on July 10, 2009. Demolished in 2011. Site was sold in 2014 and is now the Fenton Logistics Park.
|-
| J (1970-1978),&lt;br&gt; 6 (1968-1969),&lt;br&gt; 9 (1961-1967)
| Tecumseh Road Truck Assembly / Windsor Truck Assembly Plant
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1916,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1978
| Maxwell (1924-1925),&lt;br&gt; Chrysler (1924-1929),&lt;br&gt; Dodge Trucks (1931-1960), &lt;br&gt; Dodge D-Series Trucks: &lt;br&gt; D100 (1961), D200 (1964), W200 (1965), W100 (1966), D100/W100 (1967), D200 (1970), D500 (1968),&lt;br&gt; D500/D600/D700/D800 &lt;br&gt; medium-duty trucks (1970-1972), D500/D600/W600/D700/D800 medium-duty trucks (1974-1977),&lt;br&gt; D100 (1978),&lt;br&gt; Fargo Trucks (1936-1972)
| Located at 300 Tecumseh Road East. Was originally Windsor Plant 1. Became part of Chrysler upon its founding in 1925. Was previously a Maxwell-Chalmers plant and was originally Maxwell's Canadian plant from 1916. Switched to building trucks in 1931 after Plant 3 opened in 1929. Closed in 1978. Became the Imperial Quality Assurance Centre from 1980-1983, doing extra quality control on the 1981-1983 Imperial built at the Windsor Assembly Plant (the car plant - Plant 3) about 1.5 miles east of Plant 1. The Imperial Quality Assurance Centre closed in 1983 when the Imperial was discontinued. Subsequently demolished. Is now the Plaza 300 shopping mall.
|-
|
| Tipton Transmission Plant
| [[w:Tipton, Indiana|Tipton, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2014
| 2023
| [[w:ZF 9HP transmission|948TE 9-speed auto.]] transmission, SI-EVT transmission
| Located at 5880 W. State Road 28. Originally, the plant was supposed to be a [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] plant focused on supplying Chrysler with dual-clutch transmissions. Chrysler withdrew from the deal in 2008 after a dispute over financing and sued Getrag. The 80% completed facility then sat dormant until Chrysler Group purchased the facility in February 2013 and completed construction. Production began in April 2014 with the ZF-designed 9-speed auto. transmission, built under license from ZF. Production ended in June 2023 and 9-speed production was consolidated into Indiana Transmission Plant I in Kokomo, IN. The SI-EVT transmission for the Pacifica Hybrid was moved to Kokomo Transmission Plant. Sold to IRH Manufacturing LLC in September 2024 to make solar cells.
|-
| L (1989-2001),&lt;br&gt; T (1981-1988)
| [[w:Toledo Complex#Parkway|Toledo Assembly #1 Plant]] - Jeep Parkway plant
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2001 (ended final assembly), 2006 (ended body assembly)
| [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]] (1984-01), [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)#Wagoneer|Jeep Wagoneer (XJ)]] (1984-90), [[w:Jeep Comanche|Jeep Comanche]] (1986-1992),&lt;br&gt; Bodies for vehicles made at Stickney Ave. plant &lt;br&gt; 
Models only made before Chrysler takeover: Willys Aero (1952-1955), Kaiser Manhattan (1954-1955), Jeep CJ (1946-1986), Jeep DJ, Jeep Jeepster (1948-1950), Jeep Jeepster Commando (1967-1971), Jeep Commando (1972-1973), Willys Jeep Station Wagon (1946-1964), Willys Jeep Truck (1947-1965), Jeep Gladiator (SJ) (1963-1971), Jeep J-series pickup, Jeep Wagoneer [SJ] (1963-1981), Jeep Cherokee [SJ] (1974-1981), Jeep Forward Control [FC] (1957-1965), Jeep FJ Fleetvan (1961-1975), Military Jeeps
| Located at 1000 Jeep Parkway. The John North Willys-owned Overland Automobile Co. purchased the plant in 1909 from Pope-Toledo, another early automaker. Overland Automobile Co. became Willys-Overland in 1912. Began building Jeeps in the 1940s. This was the original Jeep assembly plant. Willys-Overland was bought by Kaiser in 1953. Kaiser then sold its Willow Run plant in Ypsilanti, MI to GM and moved its production to the Willys plant in Toledo, OH. Kaiser and Willys production in the US ended in 1955 and Toledo focused on Jeep production going forward. Kaiser Jeep was sold to AMC in 1970. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Final assembly ended in 2001 when the XJ Cherokee ended production but painted body production continued until June 30, 2006, when the TJ Wrangler ended production. Production of the replacement JK Wrangler moved to the new Toledo Supplier Park plant a few miles away.  The Administration Building, used from 1915 through 1974, was imploded on April 14, 1979. A third of the plant was demolished in 2002 after final assembly ended including the Jeep Museum. The remainder was demolished in 2006-2007 after body production ended. One of the three large brick smokestacks was preserved and was dedicated in 2013 to the plant's history and workforce. A bronze plaque was mounted next to the smokestack, which still says &quot;Overland&quot; on it. Over 11 million vehicles were produced at the site, including military Jeeps during World War II. The site was sold to the Toledo-Lucas County Port Authority in 2010. The site has been redeveloped into the Overland Industrial Park. Dana Inc. and Detroit Manufacturing Systems are among the tenants in the Overland Industrial Park and those plants supply the current Jeep plants elsewhere in Toledo. All-Phase Electric Supply Co. is another tenant. 
|-
| P (1989-2006),&lt;br&gt; T (1981-1988)
| [[w:Toledo Complex#Stickney|Toledo Assembly #2 Plant]] - Jeep Stickney Ave. plant
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2006 
| [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)#1984: SJ and XJ|Jeep Grand Wagoneer (SJ)]]&lt;br&gt; (1984-1991),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (YJ)|Jeep Wrangler (YJ)]] (1993-95), [[w:Jeep Wrangler (TJ)|Jeep Wrangler (TJ)]] (1997-06)
Models only made before Chrysler takeover:&lt;br&gt; Jeep Wagoneer [SJ] (1981-1983), Jeep Cherokee [SJ] (1981-1983)
| Located at 4000 Stickney Ave. Originally opened in 1942 by the Electric Auto-Lite Co., a maker of spark plugs. Sold to Kaiser-Jeep in 1964, which used it as a machining and engine plant until 1981, when AMC converted it for vehicle production. AMC had taken over Kaiser Jeep in 1970. AMC built the SJ Wagoneer and Cherokee at the Stickney Ave. plant. Body assembly was done at an SJ- or later,  Wrangler-specific body shop at the Parkway plant while final assembly was at the Stickney Ave. plant. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Production ended in 2006 with the end of the TJ Wrangler. Production of the replacement JK Wrangler moved to the new Toledo Supplier Park plant built on the site of the old Stickney Ave. plant. 
|-
| W (1994-1996)
| [[w:Toledo Complex#Stickney|Toledo Assembly #3 Plant]] - Jeep Stickney Ave. plant
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1993
| 1996 
| [[w:Dodge Dakota#First generation (1987–1996)|Dodge Dakota]] (1994-1996)
| Body assembly was done at a Dakota-specific body shop at the Parkway plant while final assembly was at the Stickney Ave. plant.
|-
|
| Toluca Engine Plant 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| ?
| 2002
| [[w:Chrysler Slant-6 engine|Chrysler Slant-6 engine]], [[w:Chrysler LA engine|Chrysler LA V8 engine]]
| Closed in 2002
|-
|
| Toluca Transmission Plant 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| ?
| 2001
| Automatic Transmissions for fwd cars
| Closed in 2001
|-
| 
| [[w:Trenton Engine Complex|Trenton Engine North Plant]] 
| [[w:Trenton, Michigan|Trenton, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1952
| 2022
| [[w:Chrysler B engine|Chrysler B V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler B engine#RB engines|Chrysler RB V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Slant-6 engine|Chrysler Slant-6 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Volkswagen EA827 engine#1.7|VW 1.7L EA827 I4 engine]] (adding Chrysler parts to already built VW engines made in W. Germany),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 2.2 &amp; 2.5 engine|2.2L/2.5L &quot;K-car&quot; I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler 1.8, 2.0 &amp; 2.4 engine|1.8L, 2.0L I4 &quot;Neon engine&quot;]], [[w:Chrysler 3.3 &amp; 3.8 engines|3.3L/3.8L OHV V6]], [[w:Chrysler SOHC V6 engine|3.5L/3.2L/4.0L SOHC V6]], [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|3.2L/3.6L Pentastar V6 engine]], [[w:World Gasoline Engine#2.4_2|2.4L Tigershark I4]],&lt;br&gt; Engine components,&lt;br&gt; Air raid sirens
| Located at 2000 Van Horn Road. Trenton North began production in fall 1952 and was expanded in 1964, 1967, 1969, 1976, and 1977. At first, Trenton North began by making water pumps and air raid sirens but engines quickly followed. Trenton Engine North was Chrysler’s first dedicated engine factory in the US, separate from the assembly plants. On September 29, 1978, V8 production ended. Trenton North added Chrysler parts such as the intake and exhaust manifolds, water pump, ignition system and other major parts to already built VW 1.7L EA827 I4 engines imported from Salzgitter, W. Germany for use in the Omni/Horizon. Production of the 3.5L V6 moved to Kenosha Engine in 2003. Trenton North was idled in May 2011 when the 3.8 V6 ended production following the end of 3.3 &amp; 4.0 V6 engine production in 2010. Chrysler then announced in June 2011 it would use a fifth of the plant to make components for the Pentastar V6 being made at Trenton South. In January 2012, Trenton North began producing the 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine. Chrysler then installed a flexible production line that could build both the Pentastar V6 and the Tigershark I4. In May 2013, Trenton began producing the 3.2L Pentastar V6. Tigershark I4 production began late in 3rd quarter 2013. By the end of 2022, Pentastar Upgrade engine production moved from Trenton North to Trenton South and the older North plant ended production. Trenton North has been repurposed for warehousing and other non-manufacturing opportunities. 
|-
|
| [[w:Tritec engine|Tritec Motors Ltda.]] 
| [[w:Campo Largo, Paraná|Campo Largo, Paraná]] 
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 2000
| 2007
| [[w:Tritec engine|1.4L/1.6L/1.6L supercharged &lt;br&gt; Tritec I4 engine]] 
| Originally established in 1997 as a 50/50 joint venture between Chrysler and [[w:BMW|BMW]] to jointly develop the Tritec 4-cylinder engine and build it at a newly built, jointly owned plant in Brazil. At the time, BMW owned the [[w:Rover Group|Rover Group]], which was developing a new generation of the Mini and Rover worked with Chrysler to develop the Tritec engine that would power the new Mini. In 1998, Chrysler merged with Daimler-Benz, forming DaimlerChrysler. Production of the new engine began in January 2000. BMW broke up and sold off the Rover Group in 2000 but it retained the rights to the new generation Mini then under development and the 50% stake in Tritec Motors. BMW used all 3 versions of the engine in the new generation [[w:Mini Hatch#First generation (R50/52/53; 2001)|MINI]]. Chrysler used the normally aspirated 1.6L version of the engine in non-North American market versions of the [[w:Chrysler Neon#Second generation (2000)|Neon]] and the [[w:Chrysler PT Cruiser|PT Cruiser]]. The normally aspirated 1.6L engine was also supplied to Chinese automakers [[w:Chery|Chery]] and [[w:Lifan Group|Lifan]]. Tritec engine production ended in June 2007. On July 11, 2007, BMW sold its 50% stake in Tritec Motors to [[w:Chrysler#1998–2007: DaimlerChrysler|DaimlerChrysler]]'s Chrysler Group. BMW did not use the Tritec engine in any subsequent models. BMW jointly developed with [[w:PSA Group|PSA Peugeot Citroën]] a new engine called [[w:Prince engine|Prince]] for the [[w:Mini Hatch#Second generation (R56/57; 2006)|next generation Mini]], which launched as a 3-d hatch for 2007 and as a convertible for 2009. In March 2008, the plant and the rights to the engine design were sold to [[w:Fiat|Fiat]], which then updated the engine into the [[w:Fiat E.torQ engine|E.torQ engine]]. The E.torQ engine was offered in the same 1.6L displacement as the Tritec and was also enlarged to 1.7L (1747 cc), though the 1.7L was referred to as a 1.8L. The E.torQ engine was produced in the same plant as the Tritec engine by Fiat from 2010-2023. Became part of [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] upon its founding in 2014. Then became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] upon its founding in 2021 along with Fiat and Chrysler. Ironically, the E.torQ engine also ended up powering certain Chrysler Group models outside the US and Canada. It was used in the South American/European/Australian market Jeep Renegade and the Mexican and Middle East market 2017-2020 Dodge Neon, which was a rebadged Fiat Tipo made in Turkey. It was also used in the Mexican market Dodge Vision and Ram 700 and the South American market Ram 1000. The plant was closed in 2023, following the end of E.torQ engine production.
|-
|
| [[w:Twinsburg Stamping|Twinsburg Stamping]]
| [[w:Twinsburg, Ohio|Twinsburg, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1957
| 2010
| Stampings and assemblies
| Located at 2000 East Aurora Road. Opened in August 1957. Closed July 31, 2010. Sold in 2011. Demolished in 2012-2013. Now the Cornerstone Business Park.
|-
|
| Vernor Tool &amp; Die plant (South plant)
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953
| 1983
| Tooling &amp; Dies
| Located at 12026 E Vernor Highway. Operations moved to Mount Elliott Tool and Die. The former location seems to have been swallowed up by the Jefferson North Assembly plant.
|-
|
| Vernor Trim plant (North plant)
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953
| 1970's
| Trim
| Located at 12025 E Vernor Highway. The former location seems to have been swallowed up by the Jefferson North Assembly plant.
|-
| 4 (1960-1961),&lt;br&gt; 7 (1959)
| Warren Avenue Plant
| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1927,&lt;br&gt; 1950 (opened as part of Chrysler)
| 1960s
| DeSoto bodies (1950-1958), DeSoto engines &lt;br&gt; (1951-1958),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Imperial (automobile)#Second generation (1957–1966)|Imperial]] (1959-1961)
| Located at 8505 West Warren Avenue. This was previously the factory of Paige and Graham-Paige. Chrysler leased half the plant in 1941 to use for military production. Chrysler produced aircraft components for the [[w:Martin B-26 Marauder|B-26 Marauder]] (nose and center fuselage sections) and the [[w:Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29 Superfortress]] (the pressurized nose section, wing leading edges, and engine cowlings). The B-29 had a nose so large that trenches had to be dug in the floor and some of the bracing for the plant’s roof girders had to be removed to accommodate the aircraft. Chrysler bought the plant in 1947. Began building bodies for DeSoto in August 1950. Engine production began in 1951. Production of the Imperial brand moved here from the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit for 1959 in an attempt to give the Imperial brand its own, exclusive factory however sales weren't high enough to support its own plant so Imperial production moved back to the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit for 1962. Production of small parts followed for a few years as did export operations. The plant was later sold. Most of the plant has seen been demolished but the front building facing on Warren Ave. is still there and is now used as Corporate HQ by Shatila Food Products. The DeSoto logo, featuring a stylized image of Hernando de Soto, can still be seen at the top of the building above the front door. 
|-
| T (1970-), 2 (1966-1969),&lt;br&gt; 
| Warren Truck #2 Assembly Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1966
| 1975
| Dodge heavy-duty trucks
| Located at 6600 East 9 Mile Road, at the corner of Sherwood Ave and East 9 Mile Road. Closed in 1975 when Dodge exited the heavy-duty truck market. Site now belongs to Sundance Beverage Co., the parent of Everfresh Juice Co.
|-
| V (1971-1979)
| Warren Truck (Compact) #3 Assembly Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1970
| 1979
| [[w:Dodge Sportsman|Dodge Tradesman/Sportsman]] (1971-1979),&lt;br&gt;[[w:Plymouth Voyager#Full-size van (AB; 1974–1983)|Plymouth Voyager]] (1974-1979)
| Was located at 22000 Hoover Road between Toepfer Road and East 9 Mile Road however this address is no longer used. It's now 21900 Hoover Road. The property was purchased in 1937 by Divco (Detroit Industrial Vehicle Company), which opened a new factory on the site in 1939 to build delivery trucks. Divco's headquarters were also at this location but moved to Richmond, IN after Divco bought Wayne Works, Inc. in 1956. In 1968, delivery truck production was moved to Delaware, OH and in 1969, the factory was sold to Chrysler. Chrysler started building the new 1971 model &lt;br&gt; B-series vans there in 1970. Production seems to have ended in 1979. The buildings still seem intact as of 2025. Midwest Freight Systems and Sherwood Truck Repair occupy the site now.
|-
| 
| Windsor Engine Plant
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1938
| 1980
| [[w:Chrysler flathead engine#Straight-6|Chrysler flathead inline 6]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Slant-6 engine|Chrysler Slant-6 engine]], &lt;br&gt;[[w:Chrysler A engine|Chrysler A V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine|Chrysler LA V8 engine]]
| Was originally Windsor Plant 2. Located just to the south of Windsor Plant 3, the current minivan factory. Closed in August 1980. Built over 8 million engines. Windsor Assembly Plant (Plant 3) expanded onto the site of the old engine plant when it was being renovated for minivan production. 
|- 
|
| [[w:Detroit Assembly#LaSalle Factory/DeSoto Factory|Wyoming Ave. Assembly (DeSoto Wyoming Ave. plant)]] / Wyoming Export Plant
| [[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]
| United States
| 1936
| 1958 (Vehicle prod.),&lt;br&gt; 1980 (export operations)
| [[w:DeSoto (automobile)|DeSoto]] (1937-1958),&lt;br&gt; CKD Export (1960-1980)
| Located at 6000 Wyoming Avenue. Originally built to produce Liberty aircraft engines in World War I, opening in 1917. In 1919, was taken over by Saxon Motor Co., owned by Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Motor Co. GM bought the plant in 1926 and built the LaSalle there from 1927-1933. GM sold Wyoming Assembly to Chrysler in 1934, which then used it to build its DeSoto brand. Became DeSoto's home plant. During World War II, Chrysler built wing center sections for the [[w:Curtiss SB2C Helldiver|Curtiss SB2C Helldiver]] at the Wyoming Ave. plant. For 1959, DeSoto's models other than the Dodge-based Firesweep were moved to Chrysler's Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit. The Dodge-based Firesweep was already built at the Dodge plant in Hamtramck. This was done so that bodies and final assembly would be done in either a single facility or a pair of connected facilities. This was part of Chrysler's move to unibody construction for 1960 for all cars except Imperial. After the DeSoto brand was discontinued in late 1960, became Wyoming Export plant which was used to prepare vehicles for export. Plant closed in 1980. Plant was demolished in 1992. Site is now occupied by Comprehensive Logistics Inc.
|}

==Non-Chrysler FCA/Stellantis Factories Previously Making Chrysler Group Vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 1
| [[w:Fiat Cassino Plant|Cassino Plant]]
| [[w:Piedimonte San Germano|Piedimonte San Germano]], [[w:Province of Frosinone|Province of Frosinone]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1972
| 
| Past Chrysler Group models: [[w:Lancia Delta#|Chrysler Delta]] (UK/Ireland)
| Fiat plant. 
|-
| 3
| [[w:Alfa Romeo Pomigliano d'Arco plant|Pomigliano d'Arco plant]] (Giambattista Vico plant)
| [[w:Pomigliano d'Arco|Pomigliano d'Arco]], [[w:Metropolitan City of Naples|Metropolitan City of Naples]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1972
|
| Past Chrysler Group models: [[w:Dodge Hornet|Dodge Hornet]] (2023-2025). Related models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Alfa Romeo Tonale|Alfa Romeo Tonale]] (2023-)
| Originally, an Alfa Romeo plant. Oriiginally owned by Construction Industry Neapolitan Vehicles Alfa Romeo - Alfasud S.p.A., a joint venture between Alfa Romeo (88%), Finmeccanica (10%), and IRI (2%). In 1982, Alfasud S.p.A. was renamed Inca Investments. Alfa Romeo was taken over by Fiat in 1986. Fiat merged with Chrysler to form Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) in 2014. FCA merged with PSA Group to form Stellantis in 2021. 
|}

==Non-Chrysler Group DaimlerChrysler/Daimler AG Factories Previously Making Chrysler Group Vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 5
| Mercedes-Benz Plant Düsseldorf
| [[w:Düsseldorf|Düsseldorf]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]]
| [[w:Germany|Germany]]
| 1962
|
| [[w:Dodge Sprinter|Dodge Sprinter]] (2003-2009)
| Mercedes-Benz Plant. 
|-
| 9
| Mercedes-Benz Plant Ludwigsfelde
| [[w:Ludwigsfelde|Ludwigsfelde]], [[w:Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]
| [[w:Germany|Germany]]
| 1991 (Mercedes prod. began)
|
| [[w:Dodge Sprinter#Second generation (2006–2018, NCV3)|Dodge Sprinter]] chassis cab (2007-2009)
| Mercedes-Benz Plant. Originally established in 1936 by Daimler-Benz to make airplane engines. The plant was bombed by the US in 1945. After the war ended, what remained of the factory was dismantled and taken to the Soviet Union as reparations. On February 1, 1991, Mercedes-Benz took a 25% stake in the Ludwigsfelde plant, which had previously belonged to East German truckmaker VEB Automobilwerke. It became a 100% owned subsidiary of Mercedes-Benz on January 1, 1994. Sprinter production began in 2006. 
|}

==Former partner factories== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Prod. for Chrysler began
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Prod. for Chrysler ended
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 6
| [[w:China Motor Corporation|China Motor Corporation]]
| [[w:Yangmei District|Yangmei District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]]
| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]
| 2006
| 2007
| [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]]&lt;br&gt; (Taiwan: 2006-2007),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge 1000|Dodge 1000]] (Mexico: 2007-'10)
| China Motor Corporation plant. Built for Chrysler under license by China Motor Corporation of Taiwan. Production began April 18, 2006. 
|-
|
| [[w:Carrozzeria Ghia|Carrozzeria Ghia]] 
| [[w:Turin|Turin]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1957
| 1965
| [[w:Imperial (automobile)#Imperial Crown (1955–1965)|Imperial Crown Limousine]] (1957-1965) modified, painted limousine bodies and interiors
| 132 Imperial Crown Limousines were built by Ghia under contract for Chrysler between 1957 and 1965. The 1957-1959 models were based on modified 2-door hardtops with the more rigid chassis from the convertible. The 1960-1965 models were based on 4-door models. Ghia lengthened the frame and modified the bodywork and interiors to create the limousines. After producion ended in 1965, Ghia sold the tooling to Barreiros of Spain, which built another 10 Imperial Crown Limousines. Barreiros had been 35% owned by Chrysler since 1963. That was increased to 77% in 1967 and 100% in 1969.  
|-
| U
| [[w:Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor Co.]] - [[w:List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities#Ulsan Plant|Ulsan plant]]
| [[w:Ulsan|Ulsan]]
| [[w:South Korea|South Korea]]
| 2000
| 2014
| Mexico only: &lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Atos|Dodge Atos]] (2001-2012),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Dodge Verna|Dodge Verna]] (2004-06),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Dodge Attitude#First generation (MC; 2006)|Dodge Attitude (MC)]] (2007-'11), [[w:Dodge Attitude#Second generation (RB; 2011)|Dodge Attitude (RB)]] (2012-'14), [[w:Dodge H100|Dodge H100 truck]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Hyundai Starex#Second generation (TQ; 2007)|Dodge H100 Van/Wagon]]
| Rebadged Hyundai models sold as Dodges in Mexico. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai Motor India]]
| [[w:Chennai|Chennai]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| [[w:India|India]]
| 2011
| 2014
| Mexico only: &lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge i10|Dodge i10]] (2012-2014)
| Rebadged Hyundai model sold as a Dodge in Mexico. 
|-
| X
| [[w:Karmann|Karmann Osnabrück Assembly]]
| [[w:Osnabrück|Osnabrück]], [[w:Lower Saxony|Lower Saxony]]
| [[w:Germany|Germany]]
| 2003
| 2007
| [[w:Chrysler Crossfire|Chrysler Crossfire]] (2004-2008)
| Karmann plant. Built under contract for Chrysler. 
|-
| Y
| [[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]] / Steyr-Daimler-Puch - Chrysler Steyr Assembly
| [[w:Graz|Graz]], [[w:Styria|Styria]]
| [[w:Austria|Austria]]
| 1994
| 2010
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee|Jeep Grand Cherokee]]&lt;br&gt; (1995-2010),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Commander (XK)|Jeep Commander]] (2006-2010), [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Voyager/Grand Voyager]] (2003-2007),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 300#First generation (2005)|Chrysler 300C/300C Touring]] (2005-2010)
| Originally, a Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant. Magna International acquired a majority holding of 66.8% in Steyr-Daimler-Puch in 1998 and acquired the rest by 2002 when it was renamed Magna Steyr. Production of the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans moved from the Eurostar plant  next door to the main Magna Steyr plant for 2003. Chrysler minivan production in Austria ended on November 30, 2007. Built under contract for Chrysler. 
|-
| B
| [[w:Maserati|Maserati]] - [[w:Innocenti|Innocenti]] plant
| [[w:Lambrate|Lambrate district]], [[w:Milan|Milan]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1988
| 1990
| [[w:Chrysler TC by Maserati|Chrysler TC by Maserati]]&lt;br&gt; (1989-1991)
| Developed jointly by Chrysler and Maserati, the TC was built in Italy by Maserati at the Innocenti plant in Milan. Maserati and Innocenti were both owned by DeTomaso at the time. Chrysler bought a 5% stake in Maserati in 1984 and increased its stake to 15.6% in 1986. Production ended in 1990 due to low sales.
|-
| U
| Mitsubishi - Mizushima plant (Line 1)
| [[w:Kurashiki|Kurashiki]], [[w:Okayama Prefecture|Okayama Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1970s
| 1996
| [[w:Plymouth Champ|Plymouth Champ]] (1981-1982), [[w:Plymouth Colt|Plymouth Colt]] (1983-1994), [[w:Dodge Colt|Dodge Colt]] (1981-1994), [[w:Dodge Colt|Dodge/Plymouth Colt]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada only: 1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Summit|Eagle Summit]]&lt;br&gt; (4-d: 1989-1990, 1993-1996,&lt;br&gt; 3-d: 1991-1992, 2-d: 1993-96), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Plymouth Colt Vista]] (1993-94), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Eagle Summit Wagon]] (1993-96)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant.
|-
| Z
| Mitsubishi - Okazaki plant
| [[w:Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]], [[w:Aichi Prefecture|Aichi Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1983
| 1996
| [[w:Plymouth Conquest|Plymouth Conquest]] (1984-86), [[w:Dodge Conquest|Dodge Conquest]] (1984-1986), [[w:Chrysler Conquest|Chrysler Conquest]] (1987-1989), [[w:Dodge Colt Vista#Colt Vista|Dodge Colt Vista]] (1984-1991), [[w:Plymouth Colt Vista#Colt Vista|Plymouth Colt Vista]] (1984-91), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Plymouth Colt Vista]] (1992-94), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Eagle Summit Wagon]] (1992-96) [[w:Eagle Vista#Vista Wagon|Eagle Vista Wagon]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada: 1989-1991)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant.
|-
| Y (Line 1)&lt;br&gt;/&lt;br /&gt;P (Line 2)
| Mitsubishi - &lt;br&gt; Ooe plant &lt;br&gt; a.k.a. &lt;br&gt; Nagoya #1&lt;br&gt;/&lt;br&gt;Nagoya #2
| Ooe-cho, [[w:Minato-ku, Nagoya|Minato ward]], [[w:Nagoya|Nagoya]], [[w:Aichi Prefecture|Aichi Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1970s
| 1996
| VIN code Y:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Sapporo|Plymouth Sapporo]] (1981-1983), [[w:Dodge Challenger#Second generation (1978–1983)|Dodge Challenger]] (1981-1983), [[w:Plymouth Arrow Truck#Chrysler variants|Plymouth Arrow Truck]] ('81-'82), [[w:Dodge Ram 50|Dodge Ram 50]] (1981-1984), [[w:Dodge Stealth|Dodge Stealth]] (1991-1996)
VIN code P:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram 50|Dodge Ram 50]] (1985-1986), [[w:Dodge Ram 50#North America|Dodge Ram 50]] (1987-1993)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant. Closed in 2001. Sold to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and now used by its Aircraft, Defense &amp; Space Business Area.
|-
| J
| Mitsubishi -  Toyo Koki/Pajero Manufacturing Co., Ltd. plant
| [[w:Sakahogi, Gifu|Sakahogi]], [[w:Gifu Prefecture|Gifu Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1986
| 1989
| [[w:Dodge Raider|Dodge Raider]] (1987-1989)
|  Originally, a Toyo Koki Co. Ltd. plant. Opened in 1976. Built vehicles under contract for Mitsubishi. Mitsubishi Motors owned 35% of Toyo Koki and increased its stake to a majority in March 1995. The plant was then renamed Pajero Manufacturing Co., Ltd. in July 1995. In March 2003, Mitsubishi bought all the remaining shares in Pajero Manufacturing Co., Ltd., making it a wholly owned subsidiary. Closed in 2021. Sold to Daio Paper in 2022.
|-
| H (Attitude), 9 (1200)
| [[w:Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)|Mitsubishi Motors Thailand]]
| [[w:Laem Chabang|Laem Chabang]], [[w:Chonburi province|Chonburi province]]
| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]]
| 2014
| 2024
| [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]]&lt;br&gt; (Mexico: 2015-2024),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Triton#Fifth generation (KJ/KK/KL; 2014)|Ram 1200]]&lt;br&gt; (Middle East: 2017-2019)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant.  
|-
| ?
| [[w:MMC Automotriz|MMC Automotriz]]
| [[w:Barcelona, Venezuela|Barcelona]], [[w:Anzoátegui|Anzoátegui state]]
| [[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]
| 2002
| 2009
| [[w:Dodge Brisa|Dodge Brisa]]&lt;br&gt; ([[w:Hyundai Accent#First generation (X3; 1994)|2002-2005]]), ([[w:Hyundai Getz|2006-2009]])
| MMC Automotriz plant. Originally, MMC Automotriz was 49% owned by Consorcio Inversionista Fabril S.A. (CIF) of Venezuela and 42% owned by Nissho Iwai Corp. The remaining 9% of the company was owned by the Japan International Development Organization Ltd., a partnership between the government-financed Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund and 98 private companies. Nissho Iwai merged with Nichimen Corp. in 2004 to form Sojitz Corp. Sojitz later increased its stake in MMC Automotriz to 98%, with the other 2% still held by CIF. MMC Automotriz was sold to the the Sylca Group (also known as Yammine Group) in 2015. MMC Automotriz produced Mitsubishi vehicles and from 1996-2012, also produced Hyundai vehicles. The Dodge Brisa was produced for DaimlerChrysler as part of its cooperation with [[w:Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]. MMC Automotriz also produced Mitsubishi Fuso trucks. 
|-
| G
| [[w:Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)|MMC Sittipol Co., Ltd.]]
| [[w:Laem Chabang|Laem Chabang]], [[w:Chonburi province|Chonburi province]]
| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]]
| 1988
| 1992
| [[w:Plymouth Colt#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Plymouth Colt 100]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada: 1988-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Colt#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Dodge Colt 100]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada: 1988-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Vista|Eagle Vista]] (Canada: 1988-92)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant. MMC Sittipol is the predecessor company of Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand). These were the first vehicle exports from Thailand. 
|-
| 2
| [[w:Renault|Renault]] - [[w:Maubeuge Construction Automobile|Maubeuge plant]]
| [[w:Maubeuge|Maubeuge]]
| [[w:France|France]]
| 1987
| 1989
| [[w:Renault Medallion|Renault Medallion]] (1988),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Medallion|Eagle Medallion]] (1989)
| Renault plant. The Medallion was sold through Chrysler's Jeep-Eagle dealer network as a legacy of Chrysler's takeover of AMC from Renault.
|-
| 8,&lt;br&gt; 0
| [[w:Soueast|Soueast]]
| [[w:Fuzhou|Fuzhou]], [[w:Fujian|Fujian province]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2008
| 2010
| [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Voyager]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Caravan#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Dodge Caravan]]
| South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. plant. Built for Chrysler under license by South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.
|}</text>
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{{tmbox|type=notice|text=This is a sandbox page, a place for experimenting with Wikibooks.}}

This is a history of Chrysler factories that are being or have been used to produce cars, vans, SUVs, trucks, and automobile components. 

For '''Chrysler brand''' only: Plant code in 1955-1957 was not indicated if it was made in the home plant in Michigan but if it was made in a different plant, then it was indicated by a letter in the 4th position of the serial number.

For '''cars''': Plant code in 1958 was not indicated if it was made in the home plant in Michigan but if it was made in a different plant, then it was indicated by a letter in the 4th position of the serial number. Plant code was the number in the 4th position of the 10-digit serial number for 1959-1965. Plant code was the number in the 7th position of the 13-digit serial number for 1966-1967. Plant code was the letter in the 7th position of the 13-digit serial number for 1968-1980.

Canadian-built cars had the plant code as the number in the 5th position of the 11-digit serial number for 1965.

For '''trucks''': The first digit of the 7-digit sequence number (4th position overall of the 10-digit serial number) indicated which plant built the truck for 1967-1968. Plant code was the number in the 4th position of the 10-digit serial number for 1969. Plant code was the letter in the 7th position of the 13-digit serial number for 1970-1980.

Canadian-built models used a different system for VINs until 1968, when Chrysler of Canada adopted the same system as the US. Plant code for trucks was the number in the 5th position of the 10-digit serial number for 1961-1967.

All models from 1981 on have the plant code in the 11th position as per standardized VIN regulations.

For '''AMC passenger cars from 1966-1967''': Plant code is indicated by the letter in the 3rd position of the 13-digit vehicle number. If the 3rd letter is a K, then it was made in Kenosha, WI. If the 3rd letter is a B, then it was made in Brampton, ON, Canada. [Note: Some early 1966 models used the 1965-style serial numbers.]

For '''AMC passenger cars from 1968 through 1980''': Plant code is indicated by the 8th digit (the first of the sequential serial number) of the 13-digit vehicle number. 1-6 is Kenosha, WI and 7-9 is Brampton, ON, Canada.

For '''Canadian-built Jeeps built by AMC Canada for 1979-1980''': Plant code is indicated by the 8th digit (the first of the sequential serial number) of the 13-digit vehicle number. It was made in Canada if it's either an 8 (1979) or a 7 (1980). All other Jeeps from 1980 and earlier were made in Toledo. 

All models from 1981 on have the plant code in the 11th position as per standardized VIN regulations.

==Current factories== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Current Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| D (1968-),&lt;br&gt; 4 (1966-1967)
| [[w:Belvidere Assembly|Belvidere Assembly]] 
| [[w:Belvidere, Illinois|Belvidere, Illinois]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1965
| Feb. 2023
| 
| Located at 3000 West Chrysler Drive. '''Belvidere Satellite Stamping Plant''' adjoins the main assembly plant. Began production on July 7, 1965. The first vehicle produced was a 1966 Plymouth Fury four-door. In 1972, the Chrysler Town and Country station wagon was added to the Belvidere plant. In 1977, the plant was converted to build front-wheel drive subcompacts. Production of the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon began on December 5, 1977. All L-body derivatives were made at Belvidere through 1987. In 1987, Belvidere was converted to build Chrysler's midsize, fwd C-body sedans. Belvidere then switched back to building small cars and began production of the Neon on November 10, 1993. Belvidere built the last Plymouth, a silver 2001 Neon LX on June 28, 2001. Neon production ended in September 2005. Dodge Caliber began production in January 2006, followed by Jeep Compass in June 2006 and Jeep Patriot in December 2006. Caliber ended production on December 19, 2011. Dodge Dart began production on April 30, 2012, and ended on October 4, 2016. Compass and Patriot production ended on December 23, 2016. Jeep Cherokee production began on June 1, 2017 and ended on February 28, 2023. Belvidere was then idled. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1966-1974), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1975–1977|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1975-1977), [[w:Dodge Monaco|Dodge Monaco]] (1966-1976), [[w:Dodge Royal Monaco#1977 (Royal Monaco)|Dodge Royal Monaco]] (1977), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1966-1973), [[w:Chrysler Newport|Chrysler Newport]] (1977), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1973-1977), [[w:Dodge Omni|Dodge Omni]] (1978-1987), [[w:Plymouth Horizon|Plymouth Horizon]] (1978-1987), [[w:Dodge Omni 024|Dodge Omni 024]] (1979-1980), [[w:Plymouth Horizon TC3|Plymouth Horizon TC3]] (1979-1980), [[w:Dodge Omni 024|Dodge 024]] (1981-1982), [[w:Plymouth Horizon TC3|Plymouth TC3]] (1981-1982), [[w:Dodge Charger (1981)|Dodge Charger]] (1983-1987), [[w:Plymouth Turismo|Plymouth Turismo]] (1983-1987), [[w:Dodge Rampage|Dodge Rampage]] (1982-1984),  [[w:Plymouth Scamp|Plymouth Scamp]] (1983), [[w:Dodge Dynasty|Dodge Dynasty]] (1988-1993), [[w:Chrysler Dynasty|Chrysler Dynasty]] (Canada: 1988-1993), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1988–1993|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1988-1993), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue#1990–1993: New Yorker Fifth Avenue|Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue]] (1990-1993), [[w:Chrysler Imperial#1990–1993|Chrysler Imperial]] (1990-1993), [[w:Dodge Neon|Dodge Neon]] (1995-2005), [[w:Plymouth Neon|Plymouth Neon]] (1995-2001), Chrysler Neon (Canada: 2000-02),&lt;br&gt; Dodge SX 2.0 (Canada: 2003-05),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Caliber|Dodge Caliber]] (2007-2012), [[w:Jeep Compass#First generation (MK49; 2006)|Jeep Compass]] (2007-2017), [[w:Jeep Patriot|Jeep Patriot]] (2007-2017), [[w:Dodge Dart (PF)|Dodge Dart]] (2013-2016), [[w:Jeep Cherokee (KL)|Jeep Cherokee]] (2017-2023)
|-
| H (1989-),&lt;br&gt; A (1988)
| [[w:Brampton Assembly|Brampton Assembly]] (Formerly Bramalea Assembly)
| [[w:Brampton|Brampton]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1987
| Dec. 2023
| 
| Located at 2000 Williams Parkway East. Factory was built by AMC and Renault. The plant was acquired by Chrysler as part of its takeover of AMC. Began production on September 28, 1987. Plant was originally known as Bramalea Assembly. Plant was renamed Brampton Assembly in 1992 after Chrysler closed and sold the old AMC plant on Kennedy Road in Brampton. The attached '''Brampton Satellite Stamping Plant''' was added in December 1991 and was built for the launch of the Chrysler LH platform. On December 17, 1991, Eagle Premier and Dodge Monaco production ended. Production of the Chrysler LH platform cars began in June 1992. Production switched to the rear-wheel drive Chrysler LX platform cars in January 2004. The Chrysler 300 was also built for export to mainland Europe as the Lancia Thema from 2011-2014. Production ended on December 22, 2023 and the plant was idled. Last vehicle off the line was a Pitch-Black 2023 Dodge Challenger Demon 170. 7,147,888 vehicles were produced through 2023.&lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Eagle Premier|Eagle Premier]] (1988-1992), [[w:Dodge Monaco#Fifth generation (1990–1992)|Dodge Monaco]] (1990-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Intrepid|Dodge Intrepid]] (1993-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Intrepid|Chrysler Intrepid]] (Canada: 1993-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Concorde|Chrysler Concorde]] (1993-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Vision|Eagle Vision]] (1993-1997),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1994–1996|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1994-1996),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LHS|Chrysler LHS]] (1994-1997, 1999-2001),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 300M|Chrysler 300M]] (1999-2004),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 300|Chrysler 300]] (2005-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Magnum#Chrysler LX platform (2005–2008)|Dodge Magnum]] (2005-2008),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Charger (2006)|Dodge Charger]] (2006-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Challenger (2008)|Dodge Challenger]] (2008-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Lancia Thema#Second generation (2011–2014)|Lancia Thema]] (For export: 2011-2014)
|-
| C
| [[w:Jefferson North Assembly|Detroit Assembly Complex – Jefferson]] / Jefferson North Assembly Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1992
| 
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee|Jeep Grand Cherokee]] (1993-), [[w:Dodge Durango#WD|Dodge Durango]] (2011-)
| Located at 2101 Conner Street. Jefferson North replaced the previous Jefferson Assembly plant that closed in 1990 and was demolished in 1991. Jefferson North is across the street from the old Jefferson Assembly plant, on the north side of Jefferson Ave. Jefferson North was built on the site of Chrysler's old Kercheval Avenue Body Plant, which, in 1955, had been connected to the old Jefferson Assembly plant by a bridge crossing over Jefferson Ave. The Jefferson North plant site also absorbed what had been the axle plant and service parts buildings of the old [[w:Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson]] plant, which were located at Connor St. and Vernor Hwy. The main Hudson plant is now the parking lot on the corner of Jefferson Ave. and Connor St. After 2017, the Jefferson North plant complex also absorbed the site of the former Budd Co. body- &amp; parts-making plant at Connor St. and Charlevoix Avenue, which had previously belonged to the Liberty Motor Car Co. The Budd plant extended north on Connor from Charlevoix most of the way to Mack Ave. Since the nearby Mack Ave. Assembly Plant began operations in 2021, the 2 plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex. Jefferson North began production on January 14, 1992 with the original Grand Cherokee (ZJ). The 2nd gen. Grand Cherokee began production on July 17, 1998. The 3rd gen. Grand Cherokee began production on July 26, 2004 followed by the Jeep Commander on July 18, 2005. The 4th gen. Grand Cherokee began production on May 10, 2010 followed by the Dodge Durango on December 14, 2010. The 5th gen. Grand Cherokee began production in May 2022. The 4xe plug-in hybrid version of the Grand Cherokee began production at Jefferson North in March 2023. On Aug. 13, 2013, Jefferson North built its 5 millionth vehicle, a silver 2014 Grand Cherokee Overland. On May 25, 2016, Jefferson North built its 6 millionth vehicle, a Granite Crystal (silvery gray) 2016 Grand Cherokee 75th anniversary Edition.&lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Commander (XK)|Jeep Commander]] (2006-2010),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)#Grand Cherokee WK (2022)|Jeep Grand Cherokee WK]] (2022)&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee 4xe]] (2023-2025)
|-
| 8
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack]] / Mack Ave. Assembly Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2021
| 
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee L]] (2021-), [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee]] (2022-)
| Located at 4000 St. Jean Avenue. The Mack Avenue Assembly Plant is built on the site of the former Mack Ave. Engine Plants I &amp; II, the New Mack Assembly Plant, &amp; the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The two plants that comprised the former Mack Avenue Engine Complex were converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021. Production began in March 2021 with the 3-row Grand Cherokee L. The 2-row Grand Cherokee followed in the fall of 2021. The 4xe plug-in hybrid version of the Grand Cherokee began production at Mack Ave. in August 2022. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee 4xe]] (2022-2025)
|-
|
| [[w:Dundee Engine Plant|Dundee Engine Plant]] (Formerly [[W:Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance|GEMA]]) 
| [[w:Dundee, Michigan|Dundee, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2005
| 
| [[w:Prince engine#1.6-litre turbocharged (PSA)|1.6L turbo PSA/BMW Prince EP6CDTX Hybrid I4]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:FCA Global Medium Engine|2.0L turbo Hurricane4 EVO I4 (GME-T4 EVO)]],&lt;br&gt; Engine components
| Located at 5800 North Ann Arbor Road. Plant was originally part of the the Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance, a 3-way engine manufacturing joint venture between DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, and Hyundai. The North Plant launched in October 2005, followed by the South Plant in November 2006. The plant began with production of the I4 World Gasoline Engine, which was developed by the Global Engine Alliance, a 3-way engine development joint venture between DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, and Hyundai. Originally, the plant was envisioned as supplying engines to Mitsubishi and Hyundai as well as Chrysler however the plant only ever supplied engines to Chrysler. Mitsubishi and Hyundai each set up engine production at their own engine plants. On August 31, 2009, Chrysler bought Mitsubishi’s and Hyundai’s stakes in the group and now wholly owns both the Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance and its primary engine-building plant in Dundee, Michigan. In January 2012, the plant was renamed Dundee Engine Plant. Production of the Fiat 1.4-liter FIRE I4 engine began in November 2010. The Tigershark engine, an evolution of the World engine, began production in 2012 for the 2.0L and in May 2013 for the 2.4L. Tigershark engine production ended on March 16, 2023. In November 2019, the Pentastar V6 began production at Dundee, moving from the Mack Ave. Engine Plant in Detroit, which was to be converted into a vehicle assembly plant. The Pentastar V6 ended production at Dundee on August 18, 2023. In 2025, Dundee began making a North American-spec version of the European-developed Prince engine for the 2026 Jeep Cherokee Hybrid. &lt;br&gt; Past engines: [[w:World Gasoline Engine|1.8L/2.0L/2.4L/2.4L Turbo I4 World Gasoline Engine]], [[w:World Gasoline Engine#Tigershark|2.0L/2.4L I4 Tigershark Engine]], [[w:FIRE engine|Fiat 1.4L/1.4L Turbo FIRE MultiAir I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|Chrysler 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine]] 
|-
| 
| Etobicoke Casting Plant
| [[w:Etobicoke|Etobicoke District]], [[w:Toronto|Toronto]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1964
| 
| Aluminum die castings, Engine and Transmission Components
| Located at 15 Brown's Line. Etobicoke used to be a separate city but became part of Toronto in 1998. Factory was originally built in 1942 by the Canadian government and operated by Alcan Aluminum, which used it to make molds for military aircraft parts during World War II. It produced precision aircraft parts and other high quality aluminum castings. The aluminum foundry was purchased by Chrysler in April 1964 from Alcan Aluminum. The plant was expanded in 1965 and 1998. Etobicoke Casting is making oil pans for the 1.6 liter turbo I4 in the 2026 Jeep Cherokee.
|-
|
| [[w:Indiana Transmission#Indiana Transmission I|Indiana Transmission Plant I]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1998
| 
| [[w:ZF 9HP transmission|948TE 9-speed auto.]] transmission, Gear machining and final assembly of electric drive modules
| Located at 3660 North U.S. Highway 931. RFE transmission production ended in January 2025. More than 8 million RFE transmissions were produced at Indiana Transmission Plant I. Production of the nine-speed transmission began in May 2013. The 9-speed is built under license from [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]]. &lt;br&gt; Past transmissions:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler RFE transmission|Chrysler RFE 4-/5-/6-speed auto. trans.]]
|-
|
| [[w:Kokomo Casting|Kokomo Casting Plant]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1965
| 
| Aluminum parts for automotive components, transmission and transaxle cases; engine block castings
| Located at 1001 East Boulevard. Kokomo Casting is the world’s largest die-cast facility. Plant was expanded in 1969, 1986, 1995 and 1997. Over 18 million four-speed transmission cases were made at Kokomo Casting from 1988 through July 2014. Kokomo Casting started making nine-speed transmission cases in 2013. Kokomo Casting is making engine blocks for the 1.6 liter turbo I4 in the 2026 Jeep Cherokee. Kokomo Casting is making gearbox covers for the electric drive modules made at the Indiana Transmission Plant. 
|-
|
| [[w:Kokomo Engine Plant|Kokomo Engine Plant]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2022 (as Kokomo Engine)
| 
| [[w:FCA Global Medium Engine|2.0L turbo GME-T4 I4]]
| Located at 3360 North U.S. Highway 931. Plant was previously known as Indiana Transmission Plant II, which built automatic transmissions and transmission components from 2003-2019, when it was idled. Starting in 2020, the plant was converted to engine production. Engine production began in late February 2022. 
|-
|
| [[w:Kokomo Transmission|Kokomo Transmission Plant]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1956
| 
| [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|850RE]] 8-speed auto. transmission,&lt;br&gt; [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|880RE]] 8-speed auto. transmission,&lt;br&gt; Machining of engine block castings and transmission components,&lt;br&gt; Machined components for the &lt;br&gt; 9-speed auto. transmission
| Located at 2401 South Reed Road. On October 9, 2020, Kokomo Transmission built its last 41TE 4-speed auto. transmission, assembling more than 17 million 4-speed auto. transmissions since production began in 1988. Kokomo Transmission began building 6-speed auto. transmissions in 2006. Production of the eight-speed automatic transmission began in September 2012. The 8-speed is built under license from [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]]. On August 8, 2023, Kokomo Transmission built its 6 millionth 8-speed transmission. Kokomo Transmission is machining gearbox covers for the electric drive modules made at the Indiana Transmission Plant. &lt;br&gt; Past transmissions: &lt;br&gt;[[w:TorqueFlite|TorqueFlite 3-/4-speed auto. trans.]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ultradrive|Ultradrive (TE/AE/LE/RLE/TES/TEA)&lt;br&gt; 4-/6-speed auto. trans.]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|845RE]] 8-speed auto. transmission,&lt;br&gt; SI-EVT trans. (eFlite) for Pacifica Hybrid
|-
| 
| [[w:Saltillo Engine Plant#South Engine Plant|Saltillo North Engine Plant]] 
| [[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1981
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Hemi engine#Third generation: 2003–present|5.7L/6.4L/6.2L supercharged Hemi V8]], [[w:Stellantis Hurricane engine|Chrysler 3.0L twin-turbo Hurricane GME-T6 I6]]
|  Production began on May 8, 1981. Hemi V8 production began in June 2002 with the 5.7L. Production of the supercharged 6.2L Hellcat Hemi V8 began in the third quarter of 2014. Tigershark I4 production began in the first quarter of 2014. &lt;br&gt; Past engines: [[w:Chrysler 2.2 &amp; 2.5 engine|2.2L, 2.5L &quot;K-car&quot; I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler 1.8, 2.0 &amp; 2.4 engine|2.0L, 2.4L, 2.4L Turbo I4 &quot;Neon engine&quot;]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:World Gasoline Engine#2.4_2|2.4L Tigershark I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler Hemi engine#6.1|6.1L Hemi V8]]
|-
| 
| [[w:Saltillo Engine Plant#South Engine Plant|Saltillo South Engine Plant]] 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 2010
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|Chrysler 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine]]
| Plant opened on October 29, 2010. The plant has produced over 6 million Pentastar V6 engines. &lt;br&gt; Past engines: Chrysler 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine (EH3) for Pacifica Plug-in Hybrid
|-
| 
| Saltillo Stamping Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1997
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including Body panels
| Part of the Saltillo Truck Assembly Complex.
|-
| G
| Saltillo Truck Assembly Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1995
| 
| [[w:Ram Heavy Duty (fifth generation)|Ram HD pickup &amp; chassis cab]] (2019-)
|  Production began in 1995. As of 2025, also known as Saltillo Truck Heavy Duty Plant. &lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1995-2012),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 pickup]] (2013-2018),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 Classic pickup]] (2019-2023),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram HD pickup &amp; chassis cab]] (2013-2018), [[w:Sterling Bullet|Sterling Truck Bullet]] (2008-2009)
|-
| 4
| Saltillo Truck Extension Assembly Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 2025
| 
| [[w:Ram 1500 (DT)|Ram 1500]] (DT) (2025-)
| Also known as Saltillo Truck Light Duty Plant. 2 new buildings were constructed for the new light duty plant. Production began in May 2025. Initially, production was for export but production for the domestic Mexican market began in February 2026. The plant also includes a seat assembly line, the first Stellantis plant in North America to integrate this process into its own production chain.
|-
| E
| Saltillo Van Assembly Plant 
| [[w:Saltillo|Saltillo]], [[w:Coahuila|Coahuila]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 2013
| 
| [[w:Ram ProMaster|Ram ProMaster]] (2014-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Ram ProMaster#E-Ducato and Ram ProMaster EV (2024)|Ram ProMaster EV]] (2024-)
| Production started in July 2013. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Fiat Ducato|Fiat Ducato]] (Export to Brazil/Argentina: 2018-2022)
|-
| N
| [[w:Sterling Heights Assembly|Sterling Heights Assembly Plant]] 
| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1984
| 
| [[w:Ram 1500 (DT)|Ram 1500]] (DT) (2019-)
| Located at 38111 Van Dyke Ave. The plant was originally built by the US Navy as a jet engine plant in 1953. It was called Naval Industrial Reserve Aircraft Plant and was owned by the US Navy. When the jet engine project was cancelled, the plant was transferred to the US Army, which contracted with Chrysler to build missiles at the plant, which was now known as the Michigan Ordinance Missile Plant. Chrysler began production of the PGM-11 Redstone missile at the Sterling Heights plant on September 27, 1954. The final Redstone was built in 1961. Chrysler also built the PGM-19 Jupiter missile at Sterling Heights from 1958-December 1960. Chrysler also built the first stage of the Saturn I rocket at the Sterling Heights plant. Chrysler vacated the Michigan Army Missile Plant at the end of 1969. Meanwhile, LTV Corp. (previously Ling-Temco-Vought) built the MGM-52 Lance missile at the Sterling Heights plant. The Army turned the plant over to the state of Michigan, which was then sold it to Volkswagen in 1980. VW converted the plant to automotive production and intended to make the Jetta there but VW's US sales declined and VW never ended up building anything there. VW then sold the plant to Chrysler in 1983. Chrysler LeBaron GTS and Dodge Lancer production began in September 1984 and ended on April 7, 1989. Shadow and Sundance production began on August 25, 1986 and ended on March 9, 1994. The Dodge Daytona was also moved from St. Louis to Sterling Heights in 1991 and was produced there through February 26, 1993. Chrysler then built a succession of midsize cars at Sterling Heights from June 1994. During Chrysler's bankruptcy in 2009, Sterling Heights Assembly was initially left behind in &quot;old Chrysler&quot; and was supposed to close by December 2010 but during 2010, &quot;new Chrysler&quot; changed its mind and bought the plant from &quot;old Chrysler&quot; for $20 million. The 2011 Chrysler 200 and Dodge Avenger sedans began production on December 6, 2010 followed by the Chrysler 200 Convertible in February 2011. The Chrysler 200 Convertible was also built for export to Europe as the Lancia Flavia from March 2012. The 2nd gen. Chrysler 200 sedan began production on March 14, 2014 and ended on December 2, 2016. The plant was then idled for a lengthy retooling to build body-on-frame pickups and began production of the new generation DT-series Ram 1500 in March 2018. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Dodge Lancer#1985–1989: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1985-1989), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#1985–1989 LeBaron GTS|Chrysler LeBaron GTS (H-body)]] (1985-1989), [[w:Plymouth Sundance|Plymouth Sundance]] (1987-1994), [[w:Dodge Shadow|Dodge Shadow]] (1987-1994), [[w:Dodge Daytona|Dodge Daytona]] (1992-1993), [[w:Chrysler Daytona|Chrysler Daytona]] (Canada: 1992-1993), [[w:Chrysler Cirrus|Chrysler Cirrus]] (1995-2000), [[w:Dodge Stratus|Dodge Stratus]] sedan (1995-2006), [[w:Plymouth Breeze|Plymouth Breeze]] (1996-2000), [[w:Chrysler Sebring|Chrysler Sebring]] sedan (2001-2010), [[w:Chrysler Sebring|Chrysler Sebring]]  convertible (2001-2006, 2008-2010), [[w:Dodge Avenger#Dodge Avenger sedan (2008–2014)|Dodge Avenger]] sedan (2008-2014), [[w:Chrysler 200|Chrysler 200]] sedan (2011-2017), [[w:Chrysler 200|Chrysler 200]] convertible (2011-2014), [[w:Chrysler 200#Lancia Flavia|Lancia Flavia]] (For export: 2012-2014)  
|-
| 
| Sterling Stamping Plant
| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1965
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including hoods, roofs, liftgates, side apertures, fenders, and floorpans
| Located at 35777 Van Dyke Ave. This plant is a separate facility but is located next door to the Sterling Heights Assembly Plant. Sterling Stamping is the largest stamping plant in the world. Sterling Stamping supplies stampings to many Chrysler assembly plants, not only Sterling Heights Assembly. The first stampings were produced in January 1965. 
|-
| W
| [[w:Toledo Complex|Toledo Assembly Complex - Toledo North Assembly Plant]] 
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2001
| 
| [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Jeep Wrangler (JL)]] (2018-)
| Located at 4400 Chrysler Drive. Toledo North first built the Jeep Liberty, which began in April 2001. Dodge Nitro production began in August 2006 and ended on December 16, 2011. The 2nd gen. Jeep Liberty began production in July 2007. Jeep Liberty ended production on August 16, 2012. Toledo North then closed for retooling to build the all-new 2014 Cherokee. The Jeep Cherokee began production at Toledo North on June 24, 2013 and ended on April 6, 2017. The Cherokee was then moved to Belvidere Assembly. Toledo North was then retooled to build the Jeep Wrangler, which began on November 15th, 2017. The 4xe plug-in hybrid version of the Wrangler began production in December 2020. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Jeep Liberty|Jeep Liberty]] (2002-2012), [[w:Dodge Nitro|Dodge Nitro]] (2007-2011),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Cherokee (KL)|Jeep Cherokee]] (2014-2017),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Jeep Wrangler 4xe (JL)]] (2021-2025)
|-
| L
| [[w:Toledo Complex|Toledo Assembly Complex - Toledo Supplier Park Plant]] (South plant)
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2001
| 
| [[w:Jeep Gladiator (JT)|Jeep Gladiator]] (2020-)
| Located along Stickney Ave. The Toledo Supplier Park Plant is built on the site of the former Stickney Ave. plant that became part of Chrysler in 1987 as part of the acquisition of AMC. That plant was acquired by Kaiser Jeep in 1964 from Autolite and was built in 1942. The Toledo Supplier Park Plant includes body and chassis operations in partnership with Kuka and Hyundai Mobis, respectively. The paint shop was originally run in partnership with Magna but Chrysler took over the paint operation in the first quarter of 2011. The Toledo Supplier Park Plant began Wrangler production in August 2006. Wrangler production ended on April 27, 2018. Gladiator pickup production began in March 2019. &lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JK)|Jeep Wrangler (JK)]] (2007-2017),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JK)#2018 model year update|Jeep Wrangler JK]] (2018)
|-
| 
| [[w:Toledo Machining|Toledo Machining Plant]] 
| [[w:Perrysburg, Ohio|Perrysburg, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1966
| 
| Steering Columns,&lt;br&gt; Torque Converters for 8-spd. rwd and 9-spd. fwd auto. transmissions
| Located at 8000 Chrysler Drive. Production began in 1966 and the plant was expanded in 1969. &lt;br&gt; Past products: Power Electronics module for Wrangler 4xe PHEV
|-
| T,&lt;br&gt; V (1985 only)
| [[w:Toluca Car Assembly|Toluca Car Assembly]] 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1968
| 
| [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass (MP)]] (2017-), [[w:Jeep Wagoneer S|Jeep Wagoneer S EV]]&lt;br&gt; (2024-2025, 2027-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Cherokee (KM)|Jeep Cherokee (KM)]] (2026-), [[w:Jeep Recon|Jeep Recon EV]] (2026-)
| Originally part of Fabricas Automex, Chrysler's affiliate in Mexico. In 1968, Fabricas Automex was 45% owned by Chrysler. In December 1971, Chrysler increased its stake to 90.5% and changed the Mexican company's name to Chrysler de Mexico. Chrysler later bought another 8.8% stake, taking its total to 99.3%. Began production on December 9, 1968. An adjacent supplier park was opened in 2007. Journey production began in early 2008. PT Cruiser production ended on July 9, 2010. Fiat 500 production began in December 2010. Journey production ended in December 2020. Jeep Compass production began on January 16, 2017. &lt;br&gt; Past models: &lt;br&gt;  Mexico only: Dodge Dart (rwd), Dodge Dart K, Dodge Dart E, Chrysler Valiant Volaré (rwd), Chrysler Valiant Volaré K, Chrysler Valiant Volaré E, [[w:Dodge Magnum#First generation|Dodge Magnum]] [rwd] (1981-1982), [[w:Dodge Magnum#Second generation|Dodge Magnum 400/Magnum]] [fwd] (1983-1988), [[w:Chrysler Phantom|Chrysler Phantom]], [[w:Chrysler Shadow|Chrysler Shadow]], [[w:Chrysler Spirit|Chrysler Spirit]] &lt;br&gt; Export to US: [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] (1984-1989), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] (1984-1989), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron coupe]] (1987-1989, 1992), [[w:Dodge Shadow|Dodge Shadow]] (1988, 1991-1994), [[w:Plymouth Sundance|Plymouth Sundance]] (1988, 1992-1994), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation sedan (1990–1994)|Chrysler LeBaron sedan]] (1990-1994), [[w:Dodge Spirit|Dodge Spirit]] (1991-1995), [[w:Plymouth Acclaim|Plymouth Acclaim]] (1991-1995), [[w:Dodge Neon#First generation (1994)|Dodge Neon]] (1995-1999), [[w:Plymouth Neon#First generation (1994)|Plymouth Neon]] (1995-1999), [[w:Chrysler Sebring#Convertible (1996–2000)|Chrysler Sebring Convertible]] (1996-2000), [[w:Chrysler PT Cruiser|Chrysler PT Cruiser]] (2001-10), [[w:Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey]] (2009-2020),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] (2012-2019), [[w:Fiat 500 (2007)#Fiat 500e (2013)|Fiat 500e]] (2013-2019)&lt;br&gt; Export to Brazil/Europe/Australia:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Freemont|Fiat Freemont]] (2011-2016)
|-
| 
| Toluca Stamping Plant 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1994
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including Body panels
| Part of the Toluca Assembly Complex.
|-
| 
| [[w:Trenton Engine Complex|Trenton Engine South Plant]] 
| [[w:Trenton, Michigan|Trenton, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2010
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|Chrysler Pentastar V6 engine]]
| Located at 2300 Van Horn Road. Production began in March 2010 with the 3.6L Pentastar V6. In 2022, Trenton South was upgraded with a flexible engine line that could build both the Classic and Upgrade versions of the 3.6L Pentastar V6. By the end of 2022, Pentastar Upgrade engine production moved from Trenton North to Trenton South and the older North plant ended production.
|-
| 
| Warren Stamping Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1949
| 
| Stampings and assemblies including roofs, tailgates, side apertures, fenders, and floorpans
| Located at 22800 Mound Road. This plant is a separate facility but is located next door to the Warren Truck Assembly Plant. The plant was expanded in 1952, 1964, 1965, and 1986. Warren Stamping supplies stampings to many Chrysler assembly plants, not only Warren Truck Assembly.
|-
| S (1970-), 1 (1967-1969),&lt;br&gt; 2 (For A-series)
| Warren Truck Assembly Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1938
| 
| [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Grand Wagoneer]] (2022-), [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Grand Wagoneer L]] (2023-)
| Located at 21500 Mound Road. Formerly known as the Dodge City Truck Plant. Also referred to as Warren Truck #1 in the 1970's when there were 2 other truck plants nearby. Began production in October 1938. The Mitsubishi Raider began production in September 2005 and ended on June 11, 2009. Dodge Dakota production ended on August 23, 2011. Full-size Jeep SUV production began in 2021. Ram 1500 Classic production ended in October 2024, ending production of Dodge/Ram trucks at Warren after 86 years. &lt;br&gt; Past models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge T-, V-, W-Series|Dodge T-, V-, W-Series]] (1939-1947), Dodge military trucks, [[w:Dodge Power Wagon#Civilian 1-ton Power Wagon &quot;Military-Type&quot;, Flat Fender Style&quot; (1945-1978)|Dodge Power Wagon]] (1946-1968), [[w:Dodge B series#Pickup truck|Dodge B series]] (1948-1953),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge C series|Dodge C series]] (1954-1960),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Town Panel and Town Wagon|Dodge Town Panel/Town Wagon]] (1954-66), [[w:Dodge D series|Dodge D/W series]] (1961-1980), [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1981-2012), [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 pickup]] (2013-2018), [[w:Ram pickup#Fourth generation (2009; DS)|Ram 1500 Classic pickup]] (2019-24), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1977-1978, 1981-1985), [[w:Plymouth Trailduster|Plymouth Trailduster]] (1977-1978, 1981), [[w:Dodge M-series chassis|Dodge M-series chassis]] (1968-1979),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge A100|Dodge A100/A108]] (1964-1970),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Dakota|Dodge Dakota]] (1987-2011),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Raider|Mitsubishi Raider]] (2006-2009),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Wagoneer]] (2022-2025),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (WS)|Jeep Wagoneer L]] (2023-2025),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fargo Trucks|Fargo Trucks]] (For export)
|-
| R (1968-),&lt;br&gt; 9 (1959-1967)
| [[w:Windsor Assembly|Windsor Assembly]] 
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1929
| 
| [[w:Chrysler Pacifica (minivan)|Chrysler Pacifica (minivan)]] (2017-), [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Sixth generation (2020–present)|Chrysler Voyager]] (2020-2026), Chrysler Grand Caravan (Canada: 2021-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Charger (2024)|Dodge Charger]] (2024-)
| Located at 2199 Chrysler Centre. Today's Windsor Assembly Plant was originally Windsor Plant 3 or Windsor Car Assembly Plant. Before the 1965 US-Canada Auto Pact, Windsor Assembly made most of the cars sold by Chrysler Canada, including some unique-to-Canada variations. On June 10, 1983, Windsor ended rwd car production and was converted to build fwd minivans. Windsor began building minivans on October 7, 1983. For the first 2 generations of Chrysler minivans, Windsor only built the SWB models. For the 3rd generation, Windsor built both SWB and LWB models. For the 4th generation, Windsor only built LWB models. The minivan-based Pacifica SUV began production in January 2003 and  ended production on November 23, 2007. Production of the VW Routan began in August 2008. Production of the Ram C/V began on August 31, 2011, and ended in early 2015. Pacifica minivan production began on February 29, 2016 followed by the PHEV version on December 1, 2016. Town &amp; Country production ended on March 21, 2016 while Dodge Grand Caravan production ended on August 21, 2020. Production of the electric Charger Daytona began in December 2024 followed by the gas-powered Charger Sixpack in December 2025. &lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Chrysler Imperial|Chrysler Imperial]] (1929-1937) [https://www.web.imperialclub.info/registry/vin_decode.htm#1931-54], [[w:Dodge Kingsway|Dodge Kingsway]] (Canada: 1940-41, 1951-52), [[w:Dodge Regent|Dodge Regent]] (Canada: 1951-1959), [[w:Dodge Crusader|Dodge Crusader]] (Canada: 1951-1958), [[w:Dodge Mayfair|Dodge Mayfair]] (Canada: 1953-1959), [[w:Dodge Viscount|Dodge Viscount]] (Canada: 1959), [[w:Dodge Custom Royal|Dodge Custom Royal]] (1959), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1961), [[w:DeSoto Firedome|DeSoto Firedome]] (1959), [[w:Chrysler Windsor|Chrysler Windsor]] (1957-1966), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga|Chrysler Saratoga]] (1959-1963), [[w:Chrysler 300 non-letter series|Chrysler Saratoga 300]] (1964-1965), [[w:Chrysler Newport#1961–1964|Chrysler Newport]] (1961-1963), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1963-64, 1966), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959-1964), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959-1970), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960, 1964-1969), Dodge 220 (Canada: 1963), [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1965), [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge Monaco|Dodge Monaco]] (1967-1968), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#Canada (1960–1966)|Valiant]] (Canada: 1960-1966), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda#First generation (1964–1966)|Valiant Barracuda]] (Canada: 1964-1965), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1970-1974), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1970), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1966, 1970-1975), [[w:Plymouth Satellite#Third generation (1971–1974)|Plymouth Satellite]] (1972-1974),  [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1971), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner#Second generation (1971–1974)|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1971-1974), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)#Fourth generation|Dodge Charger]] (1975-1978), [[w:Dodge Magnum#US and Canada (1978–1979)|Dodge Magnum]] (1978-1979), [[w:Chrysler Cordoba|Chrysler Cordoba]] (1975-1983), [[w:Dodge Mirada|Dodge Mirada]] (1980-1983), [[w:Imperial (automobile)#Sixth generation (1981–1983)|Imperial]] (1981-1983), [[w:Chrysler Newport#1979–1981|Chrysler Newport]] (1979), [[w:Dodge Diplomat|Dodge Diplomat]] (1981-1983), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1982–1989|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1982-83), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle]] (Canada: 1981-1982), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle Salon]] (Canada: 1983), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#First generation (1977–1981)|Chrysler LeBaron]] (1981), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1982|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1982), [[w:Chrysler Fifth Avenue#1982–1989: The M-body years|Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue]] (1983), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Voyager]] (1984-'00), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Grand Voyager]] (1996-2000), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Caravan]] (1984-2000), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Grand Caravan]] (1996-2020), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (2001-2016), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Voyager]] (2000), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Grand Voyager]] (2000), [[w:Chrysler minivans (S)#Cargo van|Dodge Mini Ram Van]] (1984-1988), [[w:Chrysler minivans (RT)#2011 revision|Ram C/V]] (2012-2015), [[w:Volkswagen Routan|Volkswagen Routan]] (2009-14), [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Lancia Voyager|Lancia Voyager]] (For export: 2012-2015), [[w:Chrysler Pacifica (crossover)|Chrysler Pacifica (SUV)]] (2004-2008)
|-
| 
| CpK Interior Products, Inc. - Belleville Operations
| [[w:Belleville, Ontario|Belleville]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 2010 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| Components for Automotive Interiors
| Located at 134 River Rd. Formed in 2010 as a subsidiary of Chrysler through the buyout of 3 Collins and Aikman plants in Canada after  Collins and Aikman went bankrupt.
|-
| 
| CpK Interior Products, Inc. - Guelph Operations
| [[w:Guelph|Guelph]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 2010 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| Components for Automotive Interiors
| Located at 500 Laird Rd. Formed in 2010 as a subsidiary of Chrysler through the buyout of 3 Collins and Aikman plants in Canada after  Collins and Aikman went bankrupt.
|-
| 
| CpK Interior Products, Inc. -&lt;br&gt; Port Hope Operations
| [[w:Port Hope, Ontario|Port Hope]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 2010 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| Components for Automotive Interiors
| Located at 128 Peter St. Formed in 2010 as a subsidiary of Chrysler through the buyout of 3 Collins and Aikman plants in Canada after  Collins and Aikman went bankrupt.
|-
| 4
| Arab American Vehicles Company (AAV)
| [[w:Cairo|Cairo]]
| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]
| 1978 (production began) &lt;br&gt; 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee L]] (2025-), [[w:Citroën C4#Third generation (C41; 2020)|Citroën C4X]] (2025-)
| Arab American Vehicles Company is a joint venture between the [[w:Arab Organization for Industrialization|Arab Organization for Industrialization]], which holds 51%, and Stellantis, which holds the other 49%. AAV was originally established in 1977 as a joint venture  with [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]] to produce Jeeps. Production began in 1978. It became part of Chrysler when Chrysler bought AMC in 1987. It continued to be a part of subsequent corporate entities DaimlerChrysler, Chrysler LLC, Chrysler Group LLC, [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]], and [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]]. Production of the Jeep J8, a light military vehicle based on the JK Wrangler, began on November 13, 2008. Jeep Grand Cherokee L production began in September 2024. Citroen C4X production began in April 2025. AAV has also produced vehicles for other automakers including Toyota. Toyota Fortuner SUV production began in April 2012. &lt;br&gt; Past models: Jeep CJ6, Jeep Wagoneer (SJ), Jeep AM720 military vehicle, [[w:Jeep Wrangler (YJ)|Jeep Wrangler (YJ)]], [[w:Jeep Wrangler (TJ)|Jeep TJL]], [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JK)#Military Jeep J8 (2007–present)|Jeep J8]] (2008-2019),  [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]], [[w:Jeep Liberty (KJ)|Jeep Cherokee (KJ)]], [[w:Jeep Liberty (KK)|Jeep Cherokee (KK)]], [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)|Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)]]
|}

==Current non-Chrysler FCA/Stellantis Factories Making Chrysler Group Vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Current Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| Y (700),&lt;br&gt; 9 (ProMaster Rapid),&lt;br&gt; 3 (Vision)
| Betim Plant
| [[w:Betim|Betim]], [[w:Minas Gerais|Minas Gerais]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 1973
| 
| [[w:RAM 700|RAM 700]] (2015-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:ProMaster Rapid|Ram V700 Rapid]] (Peru)&lt;br&gt; Related models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Strada|Fiat Strada]] ('99-),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Fiorino#Latin America (2013–present)|Fiat Fiorino]] ('14-)
| Fiat plant. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Vision|Dodge Vision]] (Mexico: 2015-2018),&lt;br&gt; [[w:ProMaster Rapid|Ram ProMaster Rapid]] (Mexico: '18-'24)
|-
| U
| Cordoba Plant
| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]]
| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]]
| 1995
| 
| [[w:Peugeot Landtrek|Ram Dakota]] (2026-)
| Fiat plant.
|-
| F
| [[w:FCA India Automobiles|FCA India Automobiles Private Limited]]
| [[w:Ranjangaon|Ranjangaon]], [[w:Pune district|Pune district]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| [[w:India|India]]
| 1997
| 
| [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Jeep Wrangler (JL)]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Meridian|Jeep Meridian/Commander]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee#Fifth generation (WL; 2021)|Jeep Grand Cherokee]]
| Originally established as a 50/50 joint venture between Fiat and [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] called Fiat India Automobiles Private Limited. On June 1, 2017, Jeep Compass production began in India, the first Jeep built in India under its own brand. The JL-series Wrangler began to be assembled in India in 2021. The Jeep Meridian began production in May 2022. The Meridian is also exported to Japan as the Commander. The Jeep Grand Cherokee began assembly in India in November 2022. 
|-
| K
| Goiana Plant
| [[w:Goiana|Goiana]], [[w:Pernambuco|Pernambuco]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 2015
|
| [[w:Jeep Renegade|Jeep Renegade]], [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Commander (2022)|Jeep Commander]], [[w:Ram Rampage|Ram Rampage]]&lt;br&gt; Related models: [[w:Fiat Toro|Fiat Toro]]
| [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] plant. Production at Goiana began with the Jeep Renegade in February 2015. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models: [[w:Ram 1000|Ram 1000]]
|-
| P
| Melfi Plant (formerly SATA = Società Automobilistica Tecnologie Avanzate [Advanced Technologies Automotive Company])
| [[w:Melfi|Melfi]], [[w:Province of Potenza|Province of Potenza]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1993
|
| [[w:Jeep Compass#Third generation (J4U; 2025)|Jeep Compass (J4U)]]&lt;br&gt; (Europe: '26-)
| Fiat plant. Jeep production began at Melfi in 2014 with the Renegade. Renegade production at Melfi ended on October 17, 2025. Production of the 3rd gen. Compass began on October 29, 2025. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Renegade|Jeep Renegade]] (US/Can.: '15-'23, Europe: '15-'25),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Compass#Second generation (MP/552; 2016)|Jeep Compass (MP)]] (Europe: '20-'25) &lt;br&gt; Related models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat 500X|Fiat 500X]] (US/Can.: '16-'23,&lt;br&gt; Europe: '15-'24)
|-
| B
| Porto Real Plant
| [[w:Porto Real|Porto Real]], [[w:Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro state]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 2000
|
| [[w:Jeep Avenger|Jeep Avenger]]
| PSA plant. The Jeep Avenger is the first Jeep to be made in a former PSA plant. 
|-
| U (2027-), 6 (2015-2022)
| [[w:Tofaş|Tofaş]]
| [[w:Bursa|Bursa]]
| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]
| 1971
|
| [[w:Citroën Jumpy#Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]] (2027-)
| Originally a Fiat joint venture, it is now 37.8% owned by Stellantis, 37.8% owned by [[w:Koç Holding|Koç Holding]], and 24.3% publicly traded on the Istanbul Stock Exchange. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models: &lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Doblò#Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]] (2015-2022),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Neon#Third generation (2016)|Dodge Neon]]&lt;br&gt; (Mexico &amp; Middle East: 2017-2020),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Fiat Fiorino#Europe (2007–2024)|Ram V700 City]] (Chile: 2018-2023)
|-
| J,&lt;br&gt; 5 (Ypsilon)
| Tychy Plant
| [[w:Tychy|Tychy]], [[w:Silesian Voivodeship|Silesian Voivodeship]]
| [[w:Poland|Poland]]
| 1975
|
| [[w:Jeep Avenger|Jeep Avenger]]
| Fiat plant. Production began in September 1975 when the plant was owned by Polish automaker [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych|FSM]], which built Fiat-based models. Fiat took over FSM in 1992. Fiat subsequently became [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] and then Stellantis. Jeep Avenger production began on January 31, 2023. &lt;br&gt; Past Chrysler Group models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Ypsilon|Chrysler Ypsilon]] (UK/Ireland/Japan)
|}

==Current partner factories making Chrysler Group vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Current Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 1
| GAC Hangzhou plant
| [[w:Hangzhou|Hangzhou]], [[w:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2021 (production began for Chrysler)
|
| [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey]] (Mexico: 2022-)
| [[w:GAC Group|GAC]] plant. 
|-
| 3
| GAC Yichang plant
| [[w:Yichang|Yichang]], [[w:Hubei|Hubei]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2024 (production began for Chrysler)
|
| [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude]] (Mexico: 2025-)
| [[w:GAC Group|GAC]] plant. 
|-
| 5
| Shenzhen Baoneng Motor Co., Ltd.
| [[w:Shenzhen|Shenzhen]], [[w:Guangdong|Guangdong]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2024 (production began for Chrysler)
|
| [[w:Peugeot Landtrek|Ram 1200]] (Mexico: 2025-)
| [[w:Baoneng Group#Automotive business|Shenzhen Baoneng Motor Co., Ltd.]] plant. 
|}

==Former factories== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Closed
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
|
| Ajax Trim plant
| [[w:Ajax, Ontario|Ajax]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1953, 1964 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2003
| Automotive Soft Trim Components, Seat Cushion and Seatback Covers, Foam-in-place Covers
| Built in 1953 by Canadian Automotive Trim. Purchased by Chrysler in 1964. Closed by December 2003.
|-
| J (1989-1992),&lt;br&gt; B (1981-1988),&lt;br&gt; 7-8 (1966-1980),&lt;br&gt; T (1958-1966) 
| [[w:Brampton Assembly (AMC)|AMC Brampton Assembly]]
| [[w:Brampton|Brampton]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]] 
| 1961,&lt;br&gt; 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1992
| [[w:Jeep Wrangler (YJ)|Jeep Wrangler (YJ)]] (1987-92), [[w:Jeep CJ#CJ-5|Jeep CJ-5]] (1979-1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep CJ#CJ-7|Jeep CJ-7]] (1979-1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC Eagle|AMC Eagle]] (1981-1987), [[w:AMC Eagle|Eagle Wagon]] (1988), [[w:AMC Concord|AMC Concord]] (1978, 1981-1983), [[w:AMC Spirit|AMC Spirit]] (1983), [[w:AMC Hornet|AMC Hornet]] (1970-77), [[w:AMC Gremlin|AMC Gremlin]] (1970-1978),&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC Rebel|AMC Rebel]] (1968-1970), [[w:Rambler Rebel#Fifth generation|Rambler Rebel]] (1967), [[w:Rambler Classic|Rambler Classic]] (1961-1966),&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC Ambassador|AMC Ambassador]] (1966-1968), [[w:AMC Ambassador|Rambler Ambassador]] ('63-'65), [[w:Rambler American|Rambler American]] (1962-68), [[w:Rambler American|AMC Rambler]] (1969)
| [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]] plant. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Located at at the corner of Kennedy Road South and Steeles Avenue East. Production began on January 26, 1961 with the Rambler Classic. This was the last plant to produce AMC vehicles. Eagle Wagon (formerly AMC Eagle) ended production on December 11, 1987. Production ended in April 1992 and Jeep Wrangler production was moved to Toledo, OH. Buildings on the west side of the plant were demolished in 2005 and buildings on the east side were demolished in 2007. A Lowe's and a Wal-Mart now occupy some of the former plant site.
|-
| 3
| Campo Largo Assembly
| [[w:Campo Largo, Paraná|Campo Largo]], [[w:Paraná (state)|Paraná (state)]]
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 1998
| 2001
| [[w:Dodge Dakota#Second generation (1997–2004)|Dodge Dakota]]
| Plant built vehicles in cooperation with suppliers.
|-
| V
| [[w:Conner Avenue Assembly|Conner Avenue Assembly]] 
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1996
| 2017
| [[w:Dodge Viper|Dodge Viper]] &lt;br&gt; GTS: '96, &lt;br&gt; All models: &lt;br&gt; '97-'06, '08-'10, '13-'17, [[w:Plymouth Prowler|Plymouth Prowler]]&lt;br&gt; ('97, '99-'01),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Prowler|Chrysler Prowler]] ('01-'02),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Viper engine|8.0L/8.3L/8.4L aluminum &lt;br&gt; Viper V10 engine]] &lt;br&gt;(5/01-2017)
| Actually located at 20000 Connor Street. The plant was originally built in 1966 to make spark plugs by Champion. After Champion was bought by Cooper Industries in 1990, the plant was closed. It remained empty until Chrysler bought it in 1995. Viper production was moved to the Connor Avenue plant from the New Mack plant beginning with the GTS coupe for 1996, followed by the RT/10 roadster for 1997. Prowler production began in May 1997 and ended on February 15, 2002. Production of the Viper's aluminum V10 engine was moved to Connor Avenue, where it was built alongside the Viper itself, in May 2001 from the Mound Road Engine Plant, which closed in 2002. Viper production ended on July 2, 2010 and the plant was dormant until production restarted in December 2012. Production ended on Aug. 31, 2017. In 2018, the plant was renamed Connor Center, a meeting and display space that will showcase Chrysler’s concept and historic vehicle collection.
|-
| 2
| Cordoba Assembly
| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]]
| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]]
| 1997
| 2001
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ)|Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ)]] (1997-1998), [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ)|Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ)]] (1999-2001), [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]] (1998-01)
| Opened in the 2nd quarter of 1997, building the Jeep Grand Cherokee. Jeep Cherokee production was added in 1998. 
|-
|E
| [[w:Diamond-Star Motors|Diamond-Star Motors/Mitsubishi Motors Manufacturing America/Mitsubishi Motors North America Manufacturing Division]]
| [[w:Normal, Illinois|Normal, Illinois]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1988
| 2005 (end of Chrysler production)/&lt;br&gt; 2015 (end of Mitsubishi production)
| [[w:Plymouth Laser|Plymouth Laser]] (1990-1994),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Talon|Eagle Talon]] (1990-1998),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Summit#First generation (1989–1992)|Eagle Summit 4-d]] (1991-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Avenger#Dodge Avenger Coupe (1995–2000)|Dodge Avenger]] (1995-2000),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Stratus#Stratus coupe (2001–2005)|Dodge Stratus Coupe]]&lt;br&gt; (2001-2005),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Sebring|Chrysler Sebring Coupe]]&lt;br&gt; (1995-2005),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Mitsubishi Eclipse|Mitsubishi Eclipse]] (1990-2012),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Mirage#Third generation (1987)|Mirage sedan]] (1991-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Galant|Galant]] (1994-2012),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Endeavor|Endeavor]] (2004-2011),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi ASX#First generation (GA; 2010)|Outlander Sport/RVR]] (2013-15)
| Originally established as Diamond-Star Motors, a 50/50 joint venture between Chrysler and Mitsubishi which assembled both Chrysler and Mitsubishi vehicles. Production began in September 1988. In October 1991, Chrysler sold its 50% stake in the plant to Mitsubishi but production for Chrysler continued under contract. On May 24, 1993, production of the Mitsubishi Galant began at the Diamond-Star plant. In July 1995, the plant was renamed Mitsubishi Motors Manufacturing America. In January 2002, the plant was renamed Mitsubishi Motors North America Manufacturing Division. In January 2003, production of the Mitsubishi Endeavor began, the first SUV built at the Mitsubishi plant. In February 2005, production of vehicles for Chrysler ended. All further production was only of Mitsubishi-branded vehicles. In mid-2012, the plant began producing the Mitsubishi Outlander Sport. The Outlander Sport is sold as the RVR in Canada. On November 30, 2015, vehicle production ended. The Mitsubishi plant produced 3,283,549 vehicles. The plant continued to produce replacement parts until May 2016, when the plant closed completely. In June 2016, the plant was sold to liquidation firm Maynards Industries. In January 2017, EV startup [[w:Rivian|Rivian Automotive]] bought the former Mitsubishi plant. Rivian began production at the Normal, IL plant in September 2021 with the [[w:Rivian R1T|R1T]] electric pickup.
|-
| U
| [[w:Eurostar Automobilwerk|Eurostar]] - Chrysler Graz Assembly
| [[w:Graz|Graz]], [[w:Styria|Styria]]
| [[w:Austria|Austria]]
| 1991
| 2002
| [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Voyager/Grand Voyager]] (1992-2002), [[w:Chrysler PT Cruiser|Chrysler PT Cruiser]] (2002)
| Originally, a 50/50 joint venture between Chrysler and Steyr-Daimler-Puch founded in 1990. The Eurostar plant is next to the Steyr Fahrzeugtechnik plant solely owned by Steyr-Daimler-Puch. Production of the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans began in October 1991. This was the 2nd generation Chrysler minivan. The 3rd generation began production on September 25, 1995. In 1996, production of right-hand drive minivans began. The 4th generation began production in January 2001. Production of the PT Cruiser began in July 2001 on the same line as the Voyager minivans. In 1999, DaimlerChrysler bought the 50% stake in Eurostar held by Steyr-Daimler-Puch Fahrzeugtechnik, now majority owned by Magna International, making Eurostar a subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler. DaimlerChrysler sold 100% of Eurostar to Magna Steyr in July 2002. PT Cruiser production in Austria ended and was consolidated in Toluca, Mexico. Production of the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans moved next door to the main Magna Steyr plant for 2003. Magna International had acquired a majority holding of 66.8% in Steyr-Daimler-Puch in 1998 and acquired the rest by 2002 when it was renamed Magna Steyr. 
|-
| 3 (1959),&lt;br&gt; E (1958)
| Evansville Assembly
| [[w:Evansville, Indiana|Evansville, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1919, 1928 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1959 
| Graham Brothers trucks (through 1932),&lt;br&gt; Dodge Brothers trucks &lt;br&gt; (through 1932),&lt;br&gt; Plymouth cars (1936-1958),&lt;br&gt; Dodge cars (1937-1938),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1959), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959)
| Located at 1625 N. Garvin St. Built in 1919 by Graham Brothers Truck Company to build trucks. In 1925, Dodge Brothers bought a controlling 51% stake in Graham Brothers and then bought the rest in 1926, completely merging the 2 companies. This gave Dodge Brothers plants in Evansville, IN and Stockton, CA. Dodge Brothers was bought by the Chrysler Corporation on July 31, 1928. At that point, trucks with a Dodge Brothers nameplate were rated as a half-ton; larger rated trucks were sold under the Graham Brothers name. On January 1, 1929, the Graham Brothers brand was eliminated, and all trucks produced became Dodge trucks. In 1932, Chrysler closed the Evansville plant due to the Great Depression. In 1935, as the economy improved, Chrysler reopened the Evansville plant and renovated and expanded it. It began building Plymouth cars for 1936. Dodge cars were also built for 1937 and 1938. During World War II, the plant became the Evansville Ordinance Plant, which produced more than 3.26 billion ammunition  cartridges - about 96% of all the .45 automatic ammunition produced for all the armed forces. The Evansville Ordinance Plant also rebuilt 1,600 Sherman tanks and 4,000 military trucks. After the war ended, Plymouth car production resumed. However, in the early 1950s, during the Korean War, the Evansville plant retooled and dedicated about a third of its space and manpower to building 60-foot aluminum hulls for Grumman  UF-1 Albatross air-sea rescue planes for the Navy and Coast Guard. Evansville built its 1 millionth Plymouth in March 1953. The plant was closed in 1959 and was replaced by the larger, more modern St. Louis plant in Fenton, MO, which had access to more railroad lines for shipping than Evansville did. 
|-
| 
| Evansville Stamping
| [[w:Evansville, Indiana|Evansville, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1935, 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1959 
| Body panel stampings
| Opened by Briggs Manufacturing Company when Chrysler reopened Evansville Assembly in 1935 to build Plymouth cars. One of the plants Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing in 1953. Made body panels for the nearby Evansville Assembly plant. Closed when Evansville Assembly closed in 1959.
|-
| B (1968-1980),&lt;br&gt; 2 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 2 (1959)
| [[w:Dodge Main|Hamtramck Assembly (Dodge Main)]]
| [[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1911,&lt;br&gt; 1928 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1980 
| Dodge (1914-1958),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Coronet#Fourth generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Coronet]] (1959),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Royal#Third generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Royal]] (1959),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Custom Royal|Dodge Custom Royal]] (1959), [[w:DeSoto Firesweep|DeSoto Firesweep]] (1957-1959),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Matador|Dodge Matador]] (1960),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960-1964),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1964),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1975), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1970-1975), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1969, 1972-1975), [[w:Dodge_Dart#1971|Dodge Dart Demon]] (1971-1972),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)|Dodge Charger]] (1967-1969), [[w:Dodge Charger Daytona#First generation (1969)|Dodge Charger Daytona]] ('69), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda|Plymouth Barracuda]] (1964-74), [[w:Dodge Challenger (1970)|Dodge Challenger]] (1970-1974), [[w:Dodge Aspen|Dodge Aspen]] (1976-1980), [[w:Plymouth Volaré|Plymouth Volaré]] (1976-1980),&lt;br&gt; Engines, Foundry
| Located at 7900 Joseph Campau Ave. This plant predated Dodge being part of Chrysler Corp. On November 4, 1914, the first Dodge Brothers passenger car was produced at the Hamtramck plant. Prior to that, Dodge Brothers made components for other automakers, primarily Ford. The Hamtramck plant was fully vertically integrated, capable of building almost every part needed to build a complete car. Dodge Brothers was bought by the Chrysler Corporation on July 31, 1928. Even after the Chrysler takeover, Hamtramck remained Dodge's home plant. From the early 1950s, various operations were automated or moved to other plants and Hamtramck became more of an assembly plant by the early 1960s. Closed January 4, 1980. Last vehicle built was a Silver Metallic 1980 Dodge Aspen R/T 2-door. 13,943,221 vehicles were produced at the plant. Demolished in 1981. Replaced by the General Motors Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly Plant (Factory Zero), which opened in 1985. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Highland Park Chrysler Plant|Highland Park Plant]]
| [[w:Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1909,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1960s (end of manufacturing)
| Maxwell cars (1910-1925), Chrysler Series 50 (1926-27), Chrysler Series 52 (1928), Plymouth Model Q (1929), Chrysler Series 60 (1927), Chrysler Series 62 (1928), DeSoto Series K (1929-1930), DeSoto Series CK (1930), DeSoto Series CF (1930), Fargo Trucks (1928-1930) &lt;br&gt; Parts including fluid coupling and torque converter for [[w:Fluid Drive|Fluid Drive]]
| Located at at 12000 Chrysler Service Drive (formerly Chrysler Drive). Originally, this was [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]]'s main plant. However, before Maxwell Motor Co.'s formation, parts of the site was used by several car and truck manufacturers: Grabowsky Power Wagon Company used 1 building, Brush Runabout Co. used another building, and Gray Motor Co. owned another building. Gray only used the western 1/3 of the building so they leased the middle third to Alden- Sampson Truck Co. and the eastern third to Maxwell-Briscoe Motor Co. All these companies, along with several others, combined under the [[w:United States Motor Company|United States Motor Company]] in 1910. In 1913, United States Motor Company collapsed and Maxwell was the only surviving part. The U.S. Motor Co. assets were purchased by Walter Flanders, who reorganized the company as the Maxwell Motor Co. Maxwell hired Walter P. Chrysler to turn the company around in 1921 after its finances deteriorated in the post-World War I recession in 1920. In early 1921, Maxwell Motor Co. was liquidated and replaced by Maxwell Motor Corp. with Walter P. Chrysler as Chairman. On December 7, 1922, Maxwell took over the bankrupt Chalmers including its Jefferson Ave. plant. Chrysler brand cars began to be produced in 1924 at the Jefferson Ave. plant. Chalmers was discontinued in late 1923 with the last cars being 1924 models. Maxwell production ended in May 1925 at Highland Park. Maxwell Motor Corp. was reorganized into the Chrysler Corporation on June 6, 1925. The 1925 Maxwell was reworked into an entry-level, 4-cylinder Chrysler model for 1926-1928 built at Highland Park and was then reworked again into the first Plymouth in 1928, also built at Highland Park. Plymouth production was moved to the new Lynch Road Assembly plant in 1929 and DeSoto production also moved to the new Lynch Road Assembly plant in 1931. Highland Park still built parts but it no longer built vehicles. Highland Park was used more for design,  engineering, and management and served as Chrysler Corporation's headquarters through 1996. During the 1990's, Chrysler moved to its current headquarters at the Chrysler Technology Center in Auburn Hills. Much of the site has been demolished though Chrysler still has a small presence at the site with the FCA Detroit Office Warehouse. Other parts of the site are now occupied by several automotive suppliers including Magna, Valeo, Mobis, Avancez, and Yanfeng.
|-
|
| [[w:Indiana Transmission#Indiana Transmission Plant II|Indiana Transmission Plant II]]
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2003 (as Indiana Transmission Plant II)
| 2019 (as Indiana Transmission Plant II)
| [[w:W5A580|Mercedes W5A580 (A580) &lt;br&gt; 5-speed auto. trans.]], Transmission components
| Located at 3360 North U.S. Highway 931. Plant was originally known as Indiana Transmission Plant II, which built automatic transmissions and transmission components from 2003-2019, when it was idled. Production began in November 2003. 5-speed auto. trans. production ended in August 2018 while production of components for the 8-speed auto. transmission ended in the fall of 2019. Starting in 2020, the plant was converted to engine production and is now known as Kokomo Engine Plant. Engine production began in late February 2022. 
|-
|
| Indianapolis Electrical Plant
| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953
| 1988
| Transmission plant: [[w:Chrysler PowerFlite transmission|Chrysler PowerFlite 2-speed auto. transmission]] &lt;br&gt; Electrical Plant: Alternators, distributors, starters, power steering units, voltage regulators, windshield wiper motors, and other electrical parts for cars
| Located at 2900 Shadeland Ave. Began making transmissions in 1953. In January 1959, Chrysler housed its new Electrical Division at the Shadeland Avenue plant, replacing transmission production. Became part of Chrysler's Acustar components subsidiary in 1987. Production ended on November 30, 1988 but shipping and other activities continued until March 1989 when the factory closed. Certain portions have been demolished and improvements were made to the remainder, which is now the Shadeland Business Center. 
|-
|
| [[w:Indianapolis Foundry|Indianapolis Foundry]] - Naomi Street plant
| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1946 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1970's
| Engine blocks
| Located at 1535 Naomi Street. Purchased from American Foundry Company in 1946. Operated as a subsidiary of Chrysler Corp. called American Foundry Co. until 1959, when it was merged into Chrysler Corp. Kept operating even after the Tibbs Ave. plant was launched. This location is now Wilco Gutter Supply. 
|-
|
| [[w:Indianapolis Foundry|Indianapolis Foundry]] - Tibbs Avenue plant
| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1950 
| 2005
| Engine heads and blocks and other components
| Located at 1100 S. Tibbs Avenue. Operated as a subsidiary of Chrysler Corp. called American Foundry Co. until 1959, when it was merged into Chrysler Corp. Production ended on September 30, 2005 and the facility closed. Demolished in 2006. 
|-
| C (1968-1990),&lt;br&gt; 3 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 1 (1959)
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Jefferson#Jefferson Avenue Assembly|Jefferson Avenue Assembly]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1908,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1990
| [[w:Chrysler Six|Chrysler Series 70 (B-70)]] (1924-1925), [[w:Chrysler Six|Chrysler Series 70 (G-70)]] (1926-1927), [[w:Chrysler Six|Chrysler Series 72]] (1928), [[w:Chrysler Royal|Chrysler Royal]] (1933, 1937-1950), DeSoto SD (1933), Chrysler Airflow (1934-1937), Chrysler Airstream (1935-36), [[w:Chrysler (brand)|Chrysler brand]] (1937-1958), Desoto Airflow (1934-1936), DeSoto Airstream (1935-1936), [[w:Chrysler Imperial|Chrysler Imperial]] (1926-1942, 1946-1954), [[w:Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]] (1955-1958, 1962-1975), [[w:Chrysler 300 letter series|Chrysler 300 letter series]] (1959-1965), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1959-1978), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga|Chrysler Saratoga]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chrysler Windsor|Chrysler Windsor]] (1959-1961), [[w:Chrysler Newport|Chrysler Newport]] (1961-1978), [[w:Chrysler 300 non-letter series|Chrysler 300 Sport Series]] (1962-1971), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1968-1972), [[w:DeSoto Firedome|DeSoto Firedome]] (1959), [[w:DeSoto Fireflite|DeSoto Fireflite]] (1959-1960), [[w:DeSoto Adventurer|DeSoto Adventurer]] (1959-1960), [[w:DeSoto (automobile)#1961|DeSoto]] (1961), [[w:Dodge Matador|Dodge Matador]] (1960), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1965-1966), [[w:Dodge D series|Dodge D/W series]] (1979-1980), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1979-1980), [[w:Plymouth Trailduster|Plymouth Trailduster]] (1979-1980), [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] (1981-1989), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] (1981-1989), [[w:Dodge 400|Dodge 400]] 4-d (1982-1983), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron|Chrysler LeBaron]] 4-d (1982-1984), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1983–1988|Chrysler New Yorker (E-body)]] (1983-1987), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1983–1988|Chrysler New Yorker Turbo (E-body)]] (1988), [[w:Dodge 600|Dodge 600]] 4-d (1983-1988), [[w:Chrysler E-Class|Chrysler E-Class]] (1983-1984), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle]] (US: 1985-1988), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle]] 4-d (Canada: 1983-1988), [[w:Dodge Omni|Dodge Omni]] (1989-1990), [[w:Plymouth Horizon|Plymouth Horizon]] (1989-1990),&lt;br&gt; Engines
| Located at 12200 East Jefferson Ave. Plant was originally opened by [[w:Chalmers Automobile|Chalmers Motor Co.]]. After falling on hard times, Chalmers agreed in 1917 to build cars for [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Co.]] at the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit. In exchange, Chalmers cars would be sold through Maxwell dealers. After having its own financial problems, Maxwell stopped producing cars at the Chalmers plant in 1921. Maxwell hired Walter P. Chrysler to turn the company around in 1921. In early 1921, Maxwell Motor Co. was liquidated and replaced by Maxwell Motor Corp. with Walter P. Chrysler as Chairman. On December 7, 1922, Maxwell took over the bankrupt Chalmers including the Jefferson Ave. plant. Chrysler brand cars began to be produced in 1924. Chalmers was discontinued in late 1923 with the last cars being 1924 models. Maxwell production ended in May 1925. Maxwell Motor Corp. was reorganized into the Chrysler Corporation on June 6, 1925. The 1925 Maxwell was reworked into an entry-level, 4-cylinder Chrysler model for 1926-1928 and was then reworked again into the first Plymouth in 1928. The Jefferson Ave. plant was the home plant of the Chrysler brand through 1978. It was also the home plant for the spin-off Imperial brand except for 1959-1961, when Imperial had its own exclusive plant on Warren Ave. in Dearborn. By the time it ended production on February 2, 1990, Jefferson Ave. Assembly had built 8,310,107 vehicles. Demolished in 1991. Replaced by the Jefferson North plant built across Jefferson Ave. from the old plant, where the Kercheval Body Plant used to be. The Jefferson North plant opened in January 1992.
|-
| W (1987-1989 Chrysler M-body) &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; [K for 1981-1983 AMC and 1983-1987 Renault],&lt;br&gt; 0-6 (1966-1980 AMC)
| Kenosha I Assembly
| [[w:Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1988
| [[w:Chrysler Fifth Avenue#1982–1989: The M-body years|Chrysler Fifth Avenue]]&lt;br&gt; (1987-1989),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Diplomat#Second generation (1980)|Dodge Diplomat]] (1987-1989), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1982–1989|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1987-89), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle Salon]] (Canada: 1987-1989)
| This was the Kenosha Main Plant of [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]]. The Kenosha plant was the oldest still operating automobile factory in the world when it ended vehicle production in December 1988. It first built automobiles in 1902 for the Thomas B. Jeffery Company under the Rambler brand. The factory was purchased in 1900 from the Sterling Bicycle Co., which built it in 1895. In 1914, the Thomas B. Jeffery Company rebranded its vehicles under the Jeffery brand. In 1916, the Thomas B. Jeffery Company was bought by Charles Nash and renamed Nash Motors. Kenosha produced Nash vehicles from 1917-1957. Kenosha also produced Nash's entry-level Lafayette brand from 1934-1936. After Nash merged with Hudson to form American Motors in 1954, Kenosha also produced Hudson vehicles from 1955-1957. Kenosha then produced vehicles under the Rambler brand for AMC from 1958-1968 and under the AMC brand from 1966-1983. Kenosha also produced the Alliance for AMC shareholder Renault for 1983-1987 along with the Encore for 1984-1986 and the GTA for 1987. Chrysler signed a deal with AMC in September 1986 to utilize surplus capacity at AMC's Kenosha plant to build Chrysler's trio of rwd M-body sedans beginning in February 1987. Chrysler did not have any capacity left in its own plants to continue building the M-body sedans. The St. Louis North plant that had been building the M-body sedans had been converted to build the extended length minivans. This deal led to Chrysler's acquisition of AMC, announced in March 1987. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Vehicle production ended in December 1988 and the M-bodies were discontinued. The site continued building engines until 2010. The plant has since been demolished.
|-
| Y
| Kenosha II Assembly
| [[w:Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1988
| [[w:Dodge Omni|Dodge Omni]] (1988-1989), [[w:Plymouth Horizon|Plymouth Horizon]] (1988-1989)
| This was the Kenosha Lakefront Plant of [[w:American Motors Corporation|AMC]], located on the shore of Lake Michigan. This property was originally a Simmons mattress manufacturing plant from 1870 to 1960. AMC bought it in 1960 to manufacture and paint auto bodies. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. In September 1987, production of the Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon began. Production was moved to Kenosha from Chrysler's Belvidere, IL plant, which was being converted to build Chrysler's C-body sedans (Dynasty/New Yorker). Closed in December 1988. Omni &amp; Horizon production then moved to the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit. Demolished in 1990. In 1994, the City of Kenosha purchased the property for $1. The property was subsequently cleaned up and redeveloped into the HarborPark area, which includes a park and open space, a public museum, residential housing, and a marina. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Kenosha Engine|Kenosha Engine Plant]]
| [[w:Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha, Wisconsin]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2010
| [[w:AMC straight-4 engine|AMC straight-4 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC straight-6 engine|AMC straight-6 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:AMC V8 engine|AMC V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LH engine|Chrysler 2.7L DOHC V6]], [[w:Chrysler SOHC V6 engine#3.5|Chrysler 3.5L SOHC V6]]
| Located at 5555 30th Avenue. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Vehicle production ended in December 1988 at the adjacent assembly plant but the site continued building engines until 2010. After the Chrysler buyout, the plant kept building the AMC 5.9L V8 for the SJ Jeep Grand Wagoneer through 1991, the AMC 2.5L I4 through 2002 for Jeeps and the Dodge Dakota, the AMC 4.2L I6 through 1990 for the Jeep Wrangler, and the AMC 4.0L I6 through 2006 for various Jeeps ('06 Wrangler was the last to use the 4.0L). Chrysler started building its own 2.7L V6 at Kenosha in 1997 and its own 3.5L V6 in 2003. Engine production ended in October 2010 and the plant closed. Demolished in 2012-2013.
|-
|
| Kercheval Body Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1920,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1990
| Automobile Bodies
| Located at 12265 E Jefferson Ave., across Jefferson Ave. from Chrysler's Jefferson Ave. Assembly Plant, which had originally been the Chalmers plant. The assembly plant was on the south side of Jefferson Ave. while the body plant was on the north side. The plant was called Kercheval because the north side of the plant was bordered by Kercheval Ave. The plant was built in 1920 by Wadsworth Manufacturing Co. to replace a previous plant on the same site that burned down in 1919. That fire had also damaged the Chalmers plant across the street. In November 1920, Wadsworth Manufacturing was sold to American Motor Body Co., a division of the American Can Co. On July 1, 1923, American Motor Body Co. became American Motor Body Corp., run by Charles M. Schwab. On September 4, 1925, Chrysler Corp. bought the Detroit plant of the American Motor Body Corp. to quickly increase its manufacturing capacity. In 1955, Kercheval Body Plant was connected to the Jefferson Assembly plant by a bridge crossing over Jefferson Ave. Previously, bodies made at Kercheval had to be transported by truck across Jefferson Ave. to the assembly plant. The plant closed in Feb. 1990, at the same time the Jefferson Ave. Assembly Plant closed. The Kercheval plant was demolished and Chrysler built the new Jefferson North Assembly Plant on the site of the former Kercheval Body Plant, on the north side of Jefferson Ave. 
|-
|
| Kokomo - Home Ave. plant
| [[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1937
| 1969
| Manual Transmissions (1937-1955), Aluminum die casting (1955-1969)
| Located at 1105 S. Home Ave. Chrysler bought this plant in 1937. This was Chrysler's first plant in Kokomo. It had previously belonged to the [[w:Haynes Automobile Company|Haynes Automobile Co.]], which went out of business in 1925. The plant had been dormant since then. 5,124,211 manual transmissions were built here from 1937-1955. Transmission production then shifted to a new plant about a mile southeast on South Reed Road. The Home Ave. plant then became an aluminum die casting plant until 1969, when that operation shifted to the new Kokomo Casting plant on East Boulevard. Chrysler subsequently sold this plant. The facility was last used by Warren's Auto Parts, an auto salvage yard, which closed in 2020 after nearly 50 years. It is currently empty though still standing as of 2025. 
|-
| M
| [[w:Lago Alberto Assembly|Lago Alberto Assembly]]
| [[w:Nuevo Polanco|Nuevo Polanco district]], [[w:Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo borough]], [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| 1938
| 2002
| &lt;br&gt; Past models: &lt;br&gt;  Mexico only: Dodge Savoy, Dodge Dart, Dodge 330, Dodge 440, Chrysler Valiant (1963-1969), Valiant Barracuda (1965-1969), Dodge Coronet, [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1981-02), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger#Second generation (1981–1993)|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1986-96), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger#Third generation (1999–2001)|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1999-01) &lt;br&gt; Export to US:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ramcharger#Second generation (1981–1993)|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1986-93), [[w:Dodge Ram#First generation (1981; D/W)|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1990-93), [[w:Dodge Ram#Second generation (1994; BR/BE)|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1994-02)
| Located at 320 Lago Alberto Street. Originally part of Fabricas Automex, Chrysler's affiliate in Mexico. In 1968, Fabricas Automex was 45% owned by Chrysler. In December 1971, Chrysler increased its stake to 90.5% and changed the Mexican company's name to Chrysler de Mexico. Chrysler later bought another 8.8% stake, taking its total to 99.3%. Lago Alberto began exporting to the US with the 1986 Dodge Ramcharger, sourced exclusively from Mexico. The Lago Alberto plant was closed in 2002 and Mexican pickup production was consolidated in the newer, more modern Saltillo plant. 
|-
| E (1968-1971),&lt;br&gt; 5 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 4 (1959),&lt;br&gt; L (1958),&lt;br&gt; L (1955-1957 Chrysler brand)
| [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly|Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly]]
| [[w:Commerce, California|City of Commerce, California]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1932
| 1971
| Plymouth (1946-1958), Dodge (1946-1953, 1955-1958), [[w:Dodge Power Wagon#Civilian 1-ton Power Wagon &quot;Military-Type&quot;, Flat Fender Style&quot; (1945-1978)|Dodge Power Wagon]] (1946-1949), DeSoto Deluxe/Custom (1948-1952), DeSoto Powermaster Six (1953-1954), DeSoto Firedome (1952-57), DeSoto Fireflite (1955-1957), DeSoto Firesweep (1957-1958), Chrysler Windsor (1948-1958), Chrysler Royal (1949-1950), Chrysler Saratoga (1951-1952, 1957-1958), Chrysler New Yorker (1953-1958), [[w:Chrysler Windsor|Chrysler Windsor]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga|Chrysler Saratoga]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1959-60), [[w:DeSoto Firesweep|DeSoto Firesweep]] (1959), [[w:Dodge Coronet#Fourth generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Coronet]] (1957-1959), [[w:Dodge Custom Royal|Dodge Custom Royal]] (1958-1959), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962), [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960-1964), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1959), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1958-1964), [[w:Plymouth Suburban|Plymouth Suburban wagon]] (1959-1961), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1958-1959, 1963-1964), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1971), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1970-1971), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1971), [[w:Dodge Dart#1971|Dodge Dart Demon]] (1971), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda|Plymouth Barracuda]] (1964-1966, 1970), [[w:Dodge Challenger (1970)|Dodge Challenger]] (1970), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Intermediate series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1965-70), [[w:Plymouth Satellite|Plymouth Satellite]] (1965-1971), [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1967-1971), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1968-1971), [[w:Dodge Coronet|Dodge Coronet]] (1965-1971), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)|Dodge Charger]] (1971), [[w:Dodge Super Bee|Dodge Super Bee]] (1968-1971)
| Located at 5800 South Eastern Avenue and Slauson Avenue in Maywood, now part of City of Commerce. Across the street from the [[w:Maywood Assembly|Ford Maywood Assembly plant (Los Angeles Assembly plant No. 1)]]. 
|-
| A (1968-1981),&lt;br&gt; 1 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 6 (1959)
| [[w:Lynch Road Assembly|Lynch Road Assembly]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1929
| 1981
| Plymouth (1929-1958), DeSoto (1931-1932), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959-64), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (59-61), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959-1964), [[w:Plymouth Suburban|Plymouth Suburban wagon]] (59-61), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Intermediate series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (62-70), [[w:Plymouth Satellite|Plymouth Satellite]] (1965-1970, 1973-1974), [[w:Plymouth Fury#Seventh generation (1975–1978)|Plymouth Fury]] (1975-1978), [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1967-1970), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1968-1970, 1973, 1975), [[w:Plymouth Superbird|Plymouth Road Runner Superbird]] (1970), [[w:Dodge Coronet|Dodge Coronet]] (1965-1976), [[w:Dodge Monaco#Fourth generation (1977–1978)|Dodge Monaco]] (1977-1978), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)#1966|Dodge Charger]] (1966), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)#Third generation|Dodge Charger]] (1971-1974), [[w:Dodge Super Bee|Dodge Super Bee]] (1968-1971),  [[w:Chrysler Newport#1979–1981|Chrysler Newport]] (1979-81), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker#1979–1981|Chrysler New Yorker]] (79-81), [[w:Dodge St. Regis|Dodge St. Regis]] (1979-81), [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1980–1981|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (80-81),&lt;br&gt; Engines
| Located at 6334 Lynch Road. This was originally Plymouth's home plant. At the time it opened in 1929, Lynch Road was the largest single story auto plant in the world. DeSoto production was transferred from Highland Park to Lynch Road in 1931. In June 1932, DeSoto production was moved to the Jefferson Ave. plant when the DeSoto brand moved up in the brand hierarchy to between Dodge and Chrysler. Previously, DeSoto was between Plymouth and Dodge. During World War II, Lynch Road made tank transmissions, truck parts, and uranium enrichment diffusers for the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Oak Ridge, TN to produce enriched uranium for the atomic bomb. For 1965, Lynch Road began to focus on production of Plymouth and Dodge intermediate models. For 1979, Lynch Road was switched to build Chrysler's R-body full-size cars for all 3 Chrysler car brands. Production ended on April 3, 1981 and the factory closed. Last car produced was a white Plymouth Gran Fury police car. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|Mack Ave. Engine Plant I]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1998
| 2019
| [[w:Chrysler PowerTech engine#4.7|4.7L PowerTech SOHC V8]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|3.0L/3.2L/3.6L Pentastar V6]]
| Located at 4000 St. Jean Avenue. Mack Ave. Engine Plant I was built on the site of the former New Mack Assembly Plant and the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The first engine was built in 1998. 4.7L V8 engine production ended in April 2013. Pentastar V6 engine production ended in 2019. The 2 engine plants were subsequently converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North Assembly plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021.
|-
| 
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|Mack Ave. Engine Plant II]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2000
| 2012
| [[w:Chrysler PowerTech engine#3.7 EKG|3.7L PowerTech SOHC 90° V6]]
| Located at 4500 St. Jean Avenue. Mack Ave. Engine Plant II was built next to the Mack Ave. Engine Plant I, which had been built on the site of the former New Mack Assembly Plant and the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The first engine was built in November 2000. Production ended in September 2012. The 2 engine plants were subsequently converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North Assembly plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021.
|-
|
| Mack Ave. Stamping Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1979
| Stampings
| Chrysler acquired the Mack Ave. Stamping Plant from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. The plant was originally built in 1916 by the Michigan Stamping Company, which was taken over by Briggs Manufacturing in 1923. The plant was closed in 1979 and the site was basically abandoned. The city of Detroit bought the plant site in 1982 but was unable to find a purchaser or afford environmental remediation for the site and returned it to Chrysler. In 1990, Chrysler began cleanup and demolition of the old plant and built a new factory on the site, which became the New Mack Assembly Plant. The site later became the Mack Ave. Engine Complex and later, the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant, which is now part of the Detroit Assembly Complex.
|-
| 
| McGraw Stamping/McGraw Glass Plant
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 19?
| 2003
| Oil pans, valve covers, and other small stampings,&lt;br&gt; Automotive Glass (1960-)
| Located at 9400 McGraw Ave. Was around the corner and behind the Wyoming Ave. DeSoto/Export plant. Originally, a stamping plant. In 1960, switched to making automotive glass. Used Safeguard brand. Glass was DOT# 21. Demolished. 
|-
|
| [[w:Mound Road Engine|Mound Road Engine Plant]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2002
| [[w:Chrysler A engine|Chrysler A V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine|Chrysler LA V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine#239 V6|3.9L 90° V6 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 8.0 L V10|8.0L iron Magnum V10 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Viper engine|8.0L aluminum Viper V10 engine]] (1992-5/01)
| Located at 20300 Mound Road. One of the plants Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. Chrysler used the plant to produce aircraft parts from 1953-1954 and then transferred the plant to Plymouth in 1954 to build its new A-series V8 engine for 1956 model year cars. Converted into an engine plant and enlarged by 71,000 sq. ft., it began building V8 engines for Plymouth in July 1955. Dodge later used the A engine from 1959 in the US in cars and trucks and Chrysler used the A engine from 1960 in the US. The plant was closed in 2002 and demolished in 2003. The land was then paved over and is now used as a storage lot for vehicles produced at the nearby Warren Truck Assembly Plant. Warren Truck Assembly is just to the north of where Mound Road Engine was. Mt. Elliott Tool and Die was located immediately to the south of the Mound Road Engine Plant on Outer Drive East.
|-
|
| [[w:Mount Elliott Tool and Die|Mount Elliott Tool and Die]]/Outer Drive Manufacturing Technology Center/Outer Drive Stamping
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1938, 1953 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2018
| Stamping Dies, Checking Fixtures, Stamping Fixtures 
| Located at 3675 Outer Drive East. Built in 1938 by Briggs Manufacturing Company. One of the plants Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing in 1953. Chrysler renamed it Outer Drive Stamping. Stamping operations ended in 1983 and operations from the closed Vernor Tool &amp; Die plant were moved here. The plant was then renamed Outer Drive Manufacturing Technology Center. The plant now did tool and die work as well as pilot plant operations and engineering for new stamping technologies. Once the Chrysler Technology Center in Auburn Hills was built, Pilot Operations and Advanced Stamping Manufacturing Engineering moved there and the plant was renamed Mount Elliott Tool and Die. Operations at the plant ended in 2018 and the plant was sold to German automotive supplier Laepple Automotive in 2024. Laepple Automotive is producing stamped body parts at the plant. 
|-
| V
| [[w:Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack|New Mack Assembly Plant]]
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1992
| 1995
| [[w:Dodge Viper|Dodge Viper RT/10]] (1992-96)
| Located at 4000 St. Jean Avenue. The New Mack Assembly Plant is built on the site of the former Mack Ave. Stamping Plant that Chrysler acquired from Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1953. Viper production began in May 1992 at the New Mack Assembly Plant. After ending production in 1995, New Mack Assembly was converted into the Mack Ave. Engine Plant I. A new addition was then built to create Mack Ave. Engine Plant II. The 2 engine plants were subsequently converted into a single vehicle assembly plant and a new paint shop was built to create the Mack Ave. Assembly Plant. The Mack Ave. and the Jefferson North Assembly plants have operated as the Detroit Assembly Complex since 2021. 
|-
| F (1968-2009),&lt;br&gt; 6 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 5 (1959),&lt;br&gt; N (1958)
| [[w:Newark Assembly|Newark Assembly]]
| [[w:Newark, Delaware|Newark, Delaware]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1951,&lt;br&gt; 1957 (Automotive prod.)
| 2008
| Plymouth (1957-1958), Dodge (1958), [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1958-1959, 1961), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1959-1974), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1959-1964), [[w:Dodge Coronet#Fourth generation (1957–1959)|Dodge Coronet]] (1958-1959), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962), [[w:Dodge Polara|Dodge Polara]] (1960-1966), [[w:Dodge Monaco|Dodge Monaco]] (1965-1966, 1968), [[w:Chrysler Newport|Chrysler Newport]] (1965-1970), [[w:Chrysler New Yorker|Chrysler New Yorker]] (1965-70), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (1941–1988)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1966-1967), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1964, 1974-1976), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1964, 1974-76), [[w:Dodge Aspen|Dodge Aspen]] (1976-1980), [[w:Plymouth Volare|Plymouth Volare]] (1976-1980), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#First generation (1977–1981)|Chrysler LeBaron (M-body)]] (1979-1980), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] sedan &amp; wagon (1981-1988), [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] sedan &amp; wagon (1981-1988), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Second generation (1982–1988)|Chrysler LeBaron (K-body)]] (sedan: 1984-1988, wagon: 1982-1988), [[w:Plymouth Acclaim|Plymouth Acclaim]] (1989-1995), [[w:Dodge Spirit|Dodge Spirit]] (1989-1995), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation sedan (1990–1994)|Chrysler LeBaron Sedan (A-body)]] (1990, 1993-1994), [[w:Chrysler Saratoga#1989–1995|Chrysler Saratoga]] (For export: 1990-1992), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron coupe (J-body)]] (1992-1993), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron convertible (J-body)]] (1992-1995), [[w:Dodge Intrepid#First generation (1993–1997)|Dodge Intrepid]] (1994-1996), [[w:Chrysler Intrepid#First generation (1993–1997)|Chrysler Intrepid]] (Canada: 1994-1995), [[w:Chrysler Concorde#First generation (1993–1997)|Chrysler Concorde]] (1995-1996), [[w:Dodge Durango#First generation (DN; 1998)|Dodge Durango (DN)]] (1998-2003), [[w:Dodge Durango#Second generation (HB; 2004)|Dodge Durango (HB)]] (2004-2009), [[w:Chrysler Aspen|Chrysler Aspen]] (2007-2009) 
| Chrysler began construction of the Delaware Tank Plant in January 1951 to build [[w:M48 Patton|M48 Patton]] tanks. Production began in April 1952. Production ended in May 1961 and the Tank Plant was closed in October 1961. Low rate initial production of the [[w:M60 tank|M60 tank]] was also done at the Newark plant in 1959 before production was moved to the [[w:Detroit Arsenal (Warren, Michigan)|Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant]] in Warren, MI in 1960. Conversion to automotive production began in 1956. Production of Plymouth and Dodge cars began on April 30, 1957. Production ended on December 19, 2008. Sold to the University of Delaware on October 24, 2009. Most of the plant was demolished in 2010-2011 except for the Administration Building near the front of the complex. The site is now the Science, Technology, and Advanced Research (STAR) campus. The old Chrysler Administration Building has been redesigned and is now being used by the College of Health Sciences. 
|-
| K
| [[w:Pillette Road Truck Assembly|Pillette Road Truck Assembly]]
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1976
| 2003
| [[w:Dodge Sportsman|Dodge Tradesman/Sportsman]] (1976-1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram Van|Dodge Ram Van]] (1981-2003), [[w:Dodge Ram Wagon|Dodge Ram Wagon]] (1981-'02), [[w:Plymouth Voyager#Full-size van (AB; 1974–1983)|Plymouth Voyager]] (1976-1983)
| Located at 2935 Pillette Road. Was originally Windsor Plant 6. The Pillette Road plant was located less than a mile away from Chryslers' main plant complex in Windsor. Production began in January 1976. Production ended on June 12, 2003. 2,309,399 units were built. Demolished in 2004. Part of the site is now the Grand Central Business Park. Another part was a logistics center serving Chrysler's Windsor Assembly Plant and operated by Syncreon. The Syncreon Automotive Windsor site closed in October 2022. The parts sorting and sequencing work done there was now going to be done in-house at Chrysler's Windsor Assembly Plant. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly#San Leandro Assembly|San Leandro Assembly]]
| [[w:San Leandro, California|San Leandro, California]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1948
| 1954
| Plymouth (1949-1954),&lt;br&gt; Dodge (1949-1954),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Power Wagon#Civilian 1-ton Power Wagon &quot;Military-Type&quot;, Flat Fender Style&quot; (1945-1978)|Dodge Power Wagon]] (1950-1954)
| Located at 1933 Davis St. Plant was originally run by Dodge Division. In 1953, San Leandro began to make its own car bodies instead of sourcing bodies from Detroit and only doing final assembly locally. Closed in 1954 when Chrysler consolidated West Coast auto production at the Los Angeles plant. Used by International Harvester to build heavy-duty trucks from 1963 to 1975, replacing an earlier plant in Emeryville.  Now the Westgate Center, a shopping mall, and Gate510, a hub for entrepreneurs. 
|-
| B (1996-2009),&lt;br&gt; G (1968-1991),&lt;br&gt; 7 (1960-1967),&lt;br&gt; 8 (1959)
| [[w:Saint Louis Assembly|St. Louis I Assembly]] - South plant
| [[w:Fenton, Missouri|Fenton, Missouri]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1959
| 2008
| [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Full-size series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Fury|Plymouth Fury]] (1960-1964), [[w:Plymouth Savoy|Plymouth Savoy]] (1960-1964), [[w:Plymouth Suburban|Plymouth Suburban wagon]] (1961), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (full-size)]] (1960-1962), [[w:Dodge 330|Dodge 330]] (1963-1964), [[w:Dodge 440|Dodge 440]] (1963-1964), [[w:Plymouth Valiant#First generation (1960–1962)|Valiant]] (1960), [[w:Plymouth Valiant|Plymouth Valiant]] (1961-1965, 1976), [[w:Plymouth Duster|Plymouth Duster]] (1973-1976), [[w:Dodge Lancer#1961–1962: Lancer|Dodge Lancer]] (1961-1962), [[w:Dodge Dart|Dodge Dart (compact)]] (1963-1965, 1973-1976), [[w:Plymouth Barracuda|Plymouth Barracuda]] (1964-1965),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Belvedere#Intermediate series|Plymouth Belvedere]] (1965-1970), [[w:Plymouth Satellite|Plymouth Satellite]] (1965-1974), [[w:Plymouth GTX|Plymouth GTX]] (1967-1971), [[w:Plymouth Road Runner|Plymouth Road Runner]] (1968-75), [[w:Plymouth Fury#Seventh generation (1975–1978)|Plymouth Fury]] (1975-1976), [[w:Dodge Coronet|Dodge Coronet]] (1965-1973, 75), [[w:Dodge Charger (1966)|Dodge Charger]] (1968-1974), [[w:Dodge Super Bee|Dodge Super Bee]] (1968-1971), [[w:Dodge Diplomat|Dodge Diplomat]] (1977-1981), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#First generation (1977–1981)|Chrysler LeBaron (M-body)]] (1977-1981), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle (M-body)]] (Canada: 1978-1981), [[w:Plymouth Reliant|Plymouth Reliant]] 2-d (1982-1986), [[w:Dodge Aries|Dodge Aries]] 2-d (1982-1986), [[w:Dodge 400|Dodge 400]] 2-d &amp; convertible (1982-1983), [[w:Dodge 600|Dodge 600]] 2-d &amp; convertible (1984-1986), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle|Plymouth Caravelle]] 2-d (Canada: 1983-1986), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Second generation (1982–1988)|Chrysler LeBaron (K-body)]] (2-d &amp; convertible: 1982-1986), [[w:Chrysler Executive|Chrysler Executive]] (1983-1986), [[w:Dodge Daytona|Dodge Daytona]] (1984-1991), [[w:Chrysler Daytona|Chrysler Daytona]] (Canada: 1984-1991), [[w:Dodge Daytona#Chrysler Laser|Chrysler Laser]] (1984-1986), [[w:Chrysler LeBaron#Third generation coupe/convertible (1987–1995)|Chrysler LeBaron coupe/convertible (J-body)]] (1987-1991), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Voyager]] (1996-2000), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Grand Voyager]] (1996-2000), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Caravan]] (1996-2007), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Grand Caravan]] (1996-2009), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Voyager]] (2001-2003), [[w:Chrysler Voyager|Chrysler Grand Voyager]] (2000), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1996-2001, 2004-2007)
| Located at 1001 N. Hwy Dr. All 1970 Dodge Chargers were made here. St. Louis South was idled in 1991. The Dodge Daytona was moved to Sterling Heights and the J-body Chrysler LeBaron was moved to Newark, DE. St. Louis South was reopened in 1995 to build minivans, which were moved from the St. Louis North plant. For the 3rd generation, St. Louis South built both SWB and LWB models. For the 4th generation, St. Louis South built all SWB models but also built some LWB models. Closed on October 31, 2008. Demolished in 2011. Site was sold in 2014 and is now the Fenton Logistics Park.
|-
| J (1996-2009),&lt;br&gt; X (1973-1995),&lt;br&gt; U (1970-1972),&lt;br&gt; 7 (1967-1969)
| [[w:Saint Louis Assembly|St. Louis II Assembly]] - North plant / Missouri Truck Assembly Plant
| [[w:Fenton, Missouri|Fenton, Missouri]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1966
| 2009
| [[w:Dodge D series|Dodge D/W series]] (1967-1973), [[w:Dodge Ramcharger|Dodge Ramcharger]] (1974-1977), [[w:Plymouth Trail Duster|Plymouth Trail Duster]] (1974-76), [[w:Dodge Sportsman|Dodge Tradesman/Sportsman]] (1971-1980), [[w:Plymouth Voyager#Full-size van (AB; 1974–1983)|Plymouth Voyager]] (1975-1976, 1980),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Gran Fury#1982–1989|Plymouth Gran Fury]] (1984-1987), [[w:Plymouth Caravelle#Canada|Plymouth Caravelle Salon]] (Canada: 1984-1987), [[w:Dodge Diplomat|Dodge Diplomat]] (1984-1987), [[w:Chrysler Fifth Avenue#1982–1989: The M-body years|Chrysler Fifth Avenue]] ('84-'87), [[w:Plymouth Voyager|Plymouth Grand Voyager]] (1987-1995), [[w:Dodge Caravan|Dodge Grand Caravan]] (1987-1995), [[w:Chrysler minivans (S)#Cargo van|Dodge Extended Mini Ram Van]] (1987-1988), [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]] (1990-1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram|Dodge Ram pickup]] (1996-'09)
| Originally opened to build trucks as the Missouri Truck Assembly Plant. In 1980, the plant was idled. Plant was reopened in 1983 to build the rwd, M-body sedans, which were moved from Windsor, ON, Canada so that Windsor could be converted to build minivans. Plant was renamed St. Louis II Assembly. During 1987, the M-body sedans were moved to AMC's plant in Kenosha, WI so that St. Louis North could be converted to build the new LWB minivans. For the first 2 generations of Chrysler minivans, St. Louis North only built the LWB models. For 1996, minivan production moved to St. Louis South and the North plant was converted to build full-size pickups. Closed on July 10, 2009. Demolished in 2011. Site was sold in 2014 and is now the Fenton Logistics Park.
|-
| J (1970-1978),&lt;br&gt; 6 (1968-1969),&lt;br&gt; 9 (1961-1967)
| Tecumseh Road Truck Assembly / Windsor Truck Assembly Plant
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1916,&lt;br&gt; 1925 (became part of Chrysler)
| 1978
| Maxwell (1924-1925),&lt;br&gt; Chrysler (1924-1929),&lt;br&gt; Dodge Trucks (1931-1960), &lt;br&gt; Dodge D-Series Trucks: &lt;br&gt; D100 (1961), D200 (1964), W200 (1965), W100 (1966), D100/W100 (1967), D200 (1970), D500 (1968),&lt;br&gt; D500/D600/D700/D800 &lt;br&gt; medium-duty trucks (1970-1972), D500/D600/W600/D700/D800 medium-duty trucks (1974-1977),&lt;br&gt; D100 (1978),&lt;br&gt; Fargo Trucks (1936-1972)
| Located at 300 Tecumseh Road East. Was originally Windsor Plant 1. Became part of Chrysler upon its founding in 1925. Was previously a Maxwell-Chalmers plant and was originally Maxwell's Canadian plant from 1916. Switched to building trucks in 1931 after Plant 3 opened in 1929. Closed in 1978. Became the Imperial Quality Assurance Centre from 1980-1983, doing extra quality control on the 1981-1983 Imperial built at the Windsor Assembly Plant (the car plant - Plant 3) about 1.5 miles east of Plant 1. The Imperial Quality Assurance Centre closed in 1983 when the Imperial was discontinued. Subsequently demolished. Is now the Plaza 300 shopping mall.
|-
|
| Tipton Transmission Plant
| [[w:Tipton, Indiana|Tipton, Indiana]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 2014
| 2023
| [[w:ZF 9HP transmission|948TE 9-speed auto.]] transmission, SI-EVT transmission
| Located at 5880 W. State Road 28. Originally, the plant was supposed to be a [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] plant focused on supplying Chrysler with dual-clutch transmissions. Chrysler withdrew from the deal in 2008 after a dispute over financing and sued Getrag. The 80% completed facility then sat dormant until Chrysler Group purchased the facility in February 2013 and completed construction. Production began in April 2014 with the ZF-designed 9-speed auto. transmission, built under license from ZF. Production ended in June 2023 and 9-speed production was consolidated into Indiana Transmission Plant I in Kokomo, IN. The SI-EVT transmission for the Pacifica Hybrid was moved to Kokomo Transmission Plant. Sold to IRH Manufacturing LLC in September 2024 to make solar cells.
|-
| L (1989-2001),&lt;br&gt; T (1981-1988)
| [[w:Toledo Complex#Parkway|Toledo Assembly #1 Plant]] - Jeep Parkway plant
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2001 (ended final assembly), 2006 (ended body assembly)
| [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)|Jeep Cherokee (XJ)]] (1984-01), [[w:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)#Wagoneer|Jeep Wagoneer (XJ)]] (1984-90), [[w:Jeep Comanche|Jeep Comanche]] (1986-1992),&lt;br&gt; Bodies for vehicles made at Stickney Ave. plant &lt;br&gt; 
Models only made before Chrysler takeover: Willys Aero (1952-1955), Kaiser Manhattan (1954-1955), Jeep CJ (1946-1986), Jeep DJ, Jeep Jeepster (1948-1950), Jeep Jeepster Commando (1967-1971), Jeep Commando (1972-1973), Willys Jeep Station Wagon (1946-1964), Willys Jeep Truck (1947-1965), Jeep Gladiator (SJ) (1963-1971), Jeep J-series pickup, Jeep Wagoneer [SJ] (1963-1981), Jeep Cherokee [SJ] (1974-1981), Jeep Forward Control [FC] (1957-1965), Jeep FJ Fleetvan (1961-1975), Military Jeeps
| Located at 1000 Jeep Parkway. The John North Willys-owned Overland Automobile Co. purchased the plant in 1909 from Pope-Toledo, another early automaker. Overland Automobile Co. became Willys-Overland in 1912. Began building Jeeps in the 1940s. This was the original Jeep assembly plant. Willys-Overland was bought by Kaiser in 1953. Kaiser then sold its Willow Run plant in Ypsilanti, MI to GM and moved its production to the Willys plant in Toledo, OH. Kaiser and Willys production in the US ended in 1955 and Toledo focused on Jeep production going forward. Kaiser Jeep was sold to AMC in 1970. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Final assembly ended in 2001 when the XJ Cherokee ended production but painted body production continued until June 30, 2006, when the TJ Wrangler ended production. Production of the replacement JK Wrangler moved to the new Toledo Supplier Park plant a few miles away.  The Administration Building, used from 1915 through 1974, was imploded on April 14, 1979. A third of the plant was demolished in 2002 after final assembly ended including the Jeep Museum. The remainder was demolished in 2006-2007 after body production ended. One of the three large brick smokestacks was preserved and was dedicated in 2013 to the plant's history and workforce. A bronze plaque was mounted next to the smokestack, which still says &quot;Overland&quot; on it. Over 11 million vehicles were produced at the site, including military Jeeps during World War II. The site was sold to the Toledo-Lucas County Port Authority in 2010. The site has been redeveloped into the Overland Industrial Park. Dana Inc. and Detroit Manufacturing Systems are among the tenants in the Overland Industrial Park and those plants supply the current Jeep plants elsewhere in Toledo. All-Phase Electric Supply Co. is another tenant. 
|-
| P (1989-2006),&lt;br&gt; T (1981-1988)
| [[w:Toledo Complex#Stickney|Toledo Assembly #2 Plant]] - Jeep Stickney Ave. plant
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1987 (became part of Chrysler)
| 2006 
| [[w:Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)#1984: SJ and XJ|Jeep Grand Wagoneer (SJ)]]&lt;br&gt; (1984-1991),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Wrangler (YJ)|Jeep Wrangler (YJ)]] (1993-95), [[w:Jeep Wrangler (TJ)|Jeep Wrangler (TJ)]] (1997-06)
Models only made before Chrysler takeover:&lt;br&gt; Jeep Wagoneer [SJ] (1981-1983), Jeep Cherokee [SJ] (1981-1983)
| Located at 4000 Stickney Ave. Originally opened in 1942 by the Electric Auto-Lite Co., a maker of spark plugs. Sold to Kaiser-Jeep in 1964, which used it as a machining and engine plant until 1981, when AMC converted it for vehicle production. AMC had taken over Kaiser Jeep in 1970. AMC built the SJ Wagoneer and Cherokee at the Stickney Ave. plant. Body assembly was done at an SJ- or later,  Wrangler-specific body shop at the Parkway plant while final assembly was at the Stickney Ave. plant. Became part of Chrysler in the 1987 buyout of AMC. Production ended in 2006 with the end of the TJ Wrangler. Production of the replacement JK Wrangler moved to the new Toledo Supplier Park plant built on the site of the old Stickney Ave. plant. 
|-
| W (1994-1996)
| [[w:Toledo Complex#Stickney|Toledo Assembly #3 Plant]] - Jeep Stickney Ave. plant
| [[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1993
| 1996 
| [[w:Dodge Dakota#First generation (1987–1996)|Dodge Dakota]] (1994-1996)
| Body assembly was done at a Dakota-specific body shop at the Parkway plant while final assembly was at the Stickney Ave. plant.
|-
|
| Toluca Engine Plant 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| ?
| 2002
| [[w:Chrysler Slant-6 engine|Chrysler Slant-6 engine]], [[w:Chrysler LA engine|Chrysler LA V8 engine]]
| Closed in 2002
|-
|
| Toluca Transmission Plant 
| [[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]]
| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]]
| ?
| 2001
| Automatic Transmissions for fwd cars
| Closed in 2001
|-
| 
| [[w:Trenton Engine Complex|Trenton Engine North Plant]] 
| [[w:Trenton, Michigan|Trenton, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1952
| 2022
| [[w:Chrysler B engine|Chrysler B V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler B engine#RB engines|Chrysler RB V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Slant-6 engine|Chrysler Slant-6 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Volkswagen EA827 engine#1.7|VW 1.7L EA827 I4 engine]] (adding Chrysler parts to already built VW engines made in W. Germany),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 2.2 &amp; 2.5 engine|2.2L/2.5L &quot;K-car&quot; I4 engine]], [[w:Chrysler 1.8, 2.0 &amp; 2.4 engine|1.8L, 2.0L I4 &quot;Neon engine&quot;]], [[w:Chrysler 3.3 &amp; 3.8 engines|3.3L/3.8L OHV V6]], [[w:Chrysler SOHC V6 engine|3.5L/3.2L/4.0L SOHC V6]], [[w:Chrysler Pentastar engine|3.2L/3.6L Pentastar V6 engine]], [[w:World Gasoline Engine#2.4_2|2.4L Tigershark I4]],&lt;br&gt; Engine components,&lt;br&gt; Air raid sirens
| Located at 2000 Van Horn Road. Trenton North began production in fall 1952 and was expanded in 1964, 1967, 1969, 1976, and 1977. At first, Trenton North began by making water pumps and air raid sirens but engines quickly followed. Trenton Engine North was Chrysler’s first dedicated engine factory in the US, separate from the assembly plants. On September 29, 1978, V8 production ended. Trenton North added Chrysler parts such as the intake and exhaust manifolds, water pump, ignition system and other major parts to already built VW 1.7L EA827 I4 engines imported from Salzgitter, W. Germany for use in the Omni/Horizon. Production of the 3.5L V6 moved to Kenosha Engine in 2003. Trenton North was idled in May 2011 when the 3.8 V6 ended production following the end of 3.3 &amp; 4.0 V6 engine production in 2010. Chrysler then announced in June 2011 it would use a fifth of the plant to make components for the Pentastar V6 being made at Trenton South. In January 2012, Trenton North began producing the 3.6L Pentastar V6 engine. Chrysler then installed a flexible production line that could build both the Pentastar V6 and the Tigershark I4. In May 2013, Trenton began producing the 3.2L Pentastar V6. Tigershark I4 production began late in 3rd quarter 2013. By the end of 2022, Pentastar Upgrade engine production moved from Trenton North to Trenton South and the older North plant ended production. Trenton North has been repurposed for warehousing and other non-manufacturing opportunities. 
|-
|
| [[w:Tritec engine|Tritec Motors Ltda.]] 
| [[w:Campo Largo, Paraná|Campo Largo, Paraná]] 
| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]]
| 2000
| 2007
| [[w:Tritec engine|1.4L/1.6L/1.6L supercharged &lt;br&gt; Tritec I4 engine]] 
| Originally established in 1997 as a 50/50 joint venture between Chrysler and [[w:BMW|BMW]] to jointly develop the Tritec 4-cylinder engine and build it at a newly built, jointly owned plant in Brazil. At the time, BMW owned the [[w:Rover Group|Rover Group]], which was developing a new generation of the Mini and Rover worked with Chrysler to develop the Tritec engine that would power the new Mini. In 1998, Chrysler merged with Daimler-Benz, forming DaimlerChrysler. Production of the new engine began in January 2000. BMW broke up and sold off the Rover Group in 2000 but it retained the rights to the new generation Mini then under development and the 50% stake in Tritec Motors. BMW used all 3 versions of the engine in the new generation [[w:Mini Hatch#First generation (R50/52/53; 2001)|MINI]]. Chrysler used the normally aspirated 1.6L version of the engine in non-North American market versions of the [[w:Chrysler Neon#Second generation (2000)|Neon]] and the [[w:Chrysler PT Cruiser|PT Cruiser]]. The normally aspirated 1.6L engine was also supplied to Chinese automakers [[w:Chery|Chery]] and [[w:Lifan Group|Lifan]]. Tritec engine production ended in June 2007. On July 11, 2007, BMW sold its 50% stake in Tritec Motors to [[w:Chrysler#1998–2007: DaimlerChrysler|DaimlerChrysler]]'s Chrysler Group. BMW did not use the Tritec engine in any subsequent models. BMW jointly developed with [[w:PSA Group|PSA Peugeot Citroën]] a new engine called [[w:Prince engine|Prince]] for the [[w:Mini Hatch#Second generation (R56/57; 2006)|next generation Mini]], which launched as a 3-d hatch for 2007 and as a convertible for 2009. In March 2008, the plant and the rights to the engine design were sold to [[w:Fiat|Fiat]], which then updated the engine into the [[w:Fiat E.torQ engine|E.torQ engine]]. The E.torQ engine was offered in the same 1.6L displacement as the Tritec and was also enlarged to 1.7L (1747 cc), though the 1.7L was referred to as a 1.8L. The E.torQ engine was produced in the same plant as the Tritec engine by Fiat from 2010-2023. Became part of [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] upon its founding in 2014. Then became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] upon its founding in 2021 along with Fiat and Chrysler. Ironically, the E.torQ engine also ended up powering certain Chrysler Group models outside the US and Canada. It was used in the South American/European/Australian market Jeep Renegade and the Mexican and Middle East market 2017-2020 Dodge Neon, which was a rebadged Fiat Tipo made in Turkey. It was also used in the Mexican market Dodge Vision and Ram 700 and the South American market Ram 1000. The plant was closed in 2023, following the end of E.torQ engine production.
|-
|
| [[w:Twinsburg Stamping|Twinsburg Stamping]]
| [[w:Twinsburg, Ohio|Twinsburg, Ohio]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1957
| 2010
| Stampings and assemblies
| Located at 2000 East Aurora Road. Opened in August 1957. Closed July 31, 2010. Sold in 2011. Demolished in 2012-2013. Now the Cornerstone Business Park.
|-
|
| Vernor Tool &amp; Die plant (South plant)
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953
| 1983
| Tooling &amp; Dies
| Located at 12026 E Vernor Highway. Operations moved to Mount Elliott Tool and Die. The former location seems to have been swallowed up by the Jefferson North Assembly plant.
|-
|
| Vernor Trim plant (North plant)
| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1953
| 1970's
| Trim
| Located at 12025 E Vernor Highway. The former location seems to have been swallowed up by the Jefferson North Assembly plant.
|-
| 4 (1960-1961),&lt;br&gt; 7 (1959)
| Warren Avenue Plant
| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1927,&lt;br&gt; 1950 (opened as part of Chrysler)
| 1960s
| DeSoto bodies (1950-1958), DeSoto engines &lt;br&gt; (1951-1958),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Imperial (automobile)#Second generation (1957–1966)|Imperial]] (1959-1961)
| Located at 8505 West Warren Avenue. This was previously the factory of Paige and Graham-Paige. Chrysler leased half the plant in 1941 to use for military production. Chrysler produced aircraft components for the [[w:Martin B-26 Marauder|B-26 Marauder]] (nose and center fuselage sections) and the [[w:Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29 Superfortress]] (the pressurized nose section, wing leading edges, and engine cowlings). The B-29 had a nose so large that trenches had to be dug in the floor and some of the bracing for the plant’s roof girders had to be removed to accommodate the aircraft. Chrysler bought the plant in 1947. Began building bodies for DeSoto in August 1950. Engine production began in 1951. Production of the Imperial brand moved here from the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit for 1959 in an attempt to give the Imperial brand its own, exclusive factory however sales weren't high enough to support its own plant so Imperial production moved back to the Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit for 1962. Production of small parts followed for a few years as did export operations. The plant was later sold. Most of the plant has seen been demolished but the front building facing on Warren Ave. is still there and is now used as Corporate HQ by Shatila Food Products. The DeSoto logo, featuring a stylized image of Hernando de Soto, can still be seen at the top of the building above the front door. 
|-
| T (1970-), 2 (1966-1969),&lt;br&gt; 
| Warren Truck #2 Assembly Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1966
| 1975
| Dodge heavy-duty trucks
| Located at 6600 East 9 Mile Road, at the corner of Sherwood Ave and East 9 Mile Road. Closed in 1975 when Dodge exited the heavy-duty truck market. Site now belongs to Sundance Beverage Co., the parent of Everfresh Juice Co.
|-
| V (1971-1979)
| Warren Truck (Compact) #3 Assembly Plant
| [[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]
| [[w:United States|United States]]
| 1970
| 1979
| [[w:Dodge Sportsman|Dodge Tradesman/Sportsman]] (1971-1979),&lt;br&gt;[[w:Plymouth Voyager#Full-size van (AB; 1974–1983)|Plymouth Voyager]] (1974-1979)
| Was located at 22000 Hoover Road between Toepfer Road and East 9 Mile Road however this address is no longer used. It's now 21900 Hoover Road. The property was purchased in 1937 by Divco (Detroit Industrial Vehicle Company), which opened a new factory on the site in 1939 to build delivery trucks. Divco's headquarters were also at this location but moved to Richmond, IN after Divco bought Wayne Works, Inc. in 1956. In 1968, delivery truck production was moved to Delaware, OH and in 1969, the factory was sold to Chrysler. Chrysler started building the new 1971 model &lt;br&gt; B-series vans there in 1970. Production seems to have ended in 1979. The buildings still seem intact as of 2025. Midwest Freight Systems and Sherwood Truck Repair occupy the site now.
|-
| 
| Windsor Engine Plant
| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]
| [[w:Canada|Canada]]
| 1938
| 1980
| [[w:Chrysler flathead engine#Straight-6|Chrysler flathead inline 6]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler Slant-6 engine|Chrysler Slant-6 engine]], &lt;br&gt;[[w:Chrysler A engine|Chrysler A V8 engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler LA engine|Chrysler LA V8 engine]]
| Was originally Windsor Plant 2. Located just to the south of Windsor Plant 3, the current minivan factory. Closed in August 1980. Built over 8 million engines. Windsor Assembly Plant (Plant 3) expanded onto the site of the old engine plant when it was being renovated for minivan production. 
|- 
|
| [[w:Detroit Assembly#LaSalle Factory/DeSoto Factory|Wyoming Ave. Assembly (DeSoto Wyoming Ave. plant)]] / Wyoming Export Plant
| [[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]
| United States
| 1936
| 1958 (Vehicle prod.),&lt;br&gt; 1980 (export operations)
| [[w:DeSoto (automobile)|DeSoto]] (1937-1958),&lt;br&gt; CKD Export (1960-1980)
| Located at 6000 Wyoming Avenue. Originally built to produce Liberty aircraft engines in World War I, opening in 1917. In 1919, was taken over by Saxon Motor Co., owned by Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Motor Co. GM bought the plant in 1926 and built the LaSalle there from 1927-1933. GM sold Wyoming Assembly to Chrysler in 1934, which then used it to build its DeSoto brand. Became DeSoto's home plant. During World War II, Chrysler built wing center sections for the [[w:Curtiss SB2C Helldiver|Curtiss SB2C Helldiver]] at the Wyoming Ave. plant. For 1959, DeSoto's models other than the Dodge-based Firesweep were moved to Chrysler's Jefferson Ave. plant in Detroit. The Dodge-based Firesweep was already built at the Dodge plant in Hamtramck. This was done so that bodies and final assembly would be done in either a single facility or a pair of connected facilities. This was part of Chrysler's move to unibody construction for 1960 for all cars except Imperial. After the DeSoto brand was discontinued in late 1960, became Wyoming Export plant which was used to prepare vehicles for export. Plant closed in 1980. Plant was demolished in 1992. Site is now occupied by Comprehensive Logistics Inc.
|}

==Non-Chrysler FCA/Stellantis Factories Previously Making Chrysler Group Vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 1
| [[w:Fiat Cassino Plant|Cassino Plant]]
| [[w:Piedimonte San Germano|Piedimonte San Germano]], [[w:Province of Frosinone|Province of Frosinone]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1972
| 
| Past Chrysler Group models: [[w:Lancia Delta#|Chrysler Delta]] (UK/Ireland)
| Fiat plant. 
|-
| 3
| [[w:Alfa Romeo Pomigliano d'Arco plant|Pomigliano d'Arco plant]] (Giambattista Vico plant)
| [[w:Pomigliano d'Arco|Pomigliano d'Arco]], [[w:Metropolitan City of Naples|Metropolitan City of Naples]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1972
|
| Past Chrysler Group models: [[w:Dodge Hornet|Dodge Hornet]] (2023-2025). Related models:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Alfa Romeo Tonale|Alfa Romeo Tonale]] (2023-)
| Originally, an Alfa Romeo plant. Oriiginally owned by Construction Industry Neapolitan Vehicles Alfa Romeo - Alfasud S.p.A., a joint venture between Alfa Romeo (88%), Finmeccanica (10%), and IRI (2%). In 1982, Alfasud S.p.A. was renamed Inca Investments. Alfa Romeo was taken over by Fiat in 1986. Fiat merged with Chrysler to form Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) in 2014. FCA merged with PSA Group to form Stellantis in 2021. 
|}

==Non-Chrysler Group DaimlerChrysler/Daimler AG Factories Previously Making Chrysler Group Vehicles== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Opened
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Idled
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 5
| Mercedes-Benz Plant Düsseldorf
| [[w:Düsseldorf|Düsseldorf]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]]
| [[w:Germany|Germany]]
| 1962
|
| [[w:Dodge Sprinter|Dodge Sprinter]] (2003-2009)
| Mercedes-Benz Plant. 
|-
| 9
| Mercedes-Benz Plant Ludwigsfelde
| [[w:Ludwigsfelde|Ludwigsfelde]], [[w:Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]
| [[w:Germany|Germany]]
| 1991 (Mercedes prod. began)
|
| [[w:Dodge Sprinter#Second generation (2006–2018, NCV3)|Dodge Sprinter]] chassis cab (2007-2009)
| Mercedes-Benz Plant. Originally established in 1936 by Daimler-Benz to make airplane engines. The plant was bombed by the US in 1945. After the war ended, what remained of the factory was dismantled and taken to the Soviet Union as reparations. On February 1, 1991, Mercedes-Benz took a 25% stake in the Ludwigsfelde plant, which had previously belonged to East German truckmaker VEB Automobilwerke. It became a 100% owned subsidiary of Mercedes-Benz on January 1, 1994. Sprinter production began in 2006. 
|}

==Former partner factories== 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|VIN
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Name
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|City/state
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Prod. for Chrysler began
! style=&quot;width:10px;&quot;|Prod. for Chrysler ended
! style=&quot;width:260px;&quot;|Products
! style=&quot;width:370px;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Comments
|-
| 6
| [[w:China Motor Corporation|China Motor Corporation]]
| [[w:Yangmei District|Yangmei District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]]
| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]
| 2006
| 2007
| [[w:Chrysler Town &amp; Country (minivan)#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Town &amp; Country]]&lt;br&gt; (Taiwan: 2006-2007),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge 1000|Dodge 1000]] (Mexico: 2007-'10)
| China Motor Corporation plant. Built for Chrysler under license by China Motor Corporation of Taiwan. Production began April 18, 2006. 
|-
|
| [[w:Carrozzeria Ghia|Carrozzeria Ghia]] 
| [[w:Turin|Turin]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1957
| 1965
| [[w:Imperial (automobile)#Imperial Crown (1955–1965)|Imperial Crown Limousine]] (1957-1965) modified, painted limousine bodies and interiors
| 132 Imperial Crown Limousines were built by Ghia under contract for Chrysler between 1957 and 1965. The 1957-1959 models were based on modified 2-door hardtops with the more rigid chassis from the convertible. The 1960-1965 models were based on 4-door models. Ghia lengthened the frame and modified the bodywork and interiors to create the limousines. After producion ended in 1965, Ghia sold the tooling to Barreiros of Spain, which built another 10 Imperial Crown Limousines. Barreiros had been 35% owned by Chrysler since 1963. That was increased to 77% in 1967 and 100% in 1969.  
|-
| U
| [[w:Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor Co.]] - [[w:List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities#Ulsan Plant|Ulsan plant]]
| [[w:Ulsan|Ulsan]]
| [[w:South Korea|South Korea]]
| 2000
| 2014
| Mexico only: &lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Atos|Dodge Atos]] (2001-2012),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Dodge Verna|Dodge Verna]] (2004-06),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Dodge Attitude#First generation (MC; 2006)|Dodge Attitude (MC)]] (2007-'11), [[w:Dodge Attitude#Second generation (RB; 2011)|Dodge Attitude (RB)]] (2012-'14), [[w:Dodge H100|Dodge H100 truck]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Hyundai Starex#Second generation (TQ; 2007)|Dodge H100 Van/Wagon]]
| Rebadged Hyundai models sold as Dodges in Mexico. 
|-
| 
| [[w:Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai Motor India]]
| [[w:Chennai|Chennai]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| [[w:India|India]]
| 2011
| 2014
| Mexico only: &lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge i10|Dodge i10]] (2012-2014)
| Rebadged Hyundai model sold as a Dodge in Mexico. 
|-
| X
| [[w:Karmann|Karmann Osnabrück Assembly]]
| [[w:Osnabrück|Osnabrück]], [[w:Lower Saxony|Lower Saxony]]
| [[w:Germany|Germany]]
| 2003
| 2007
| [[w:Chrysler Crossfire|Chrysler Crossfire]] (2004-2008)
| Karmann plant. Built under contract for Chrysler. 
|-
| Y
| [[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]] / Steyr-Daimler-Puch - Chrysler Steyr Assembly
| [[w:Graz|Graz]], [[w:Styria|Styria]]
| [[w:Austria|Austria]]
| 1994
| 2010
| [[w:Jeep Grand Cherokee|Jeep Grand Cherokee]]&lt;br&gt; (1995-2010),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Jeep Commander (XK)|Jeep Commander]] (2006-2010), [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Voyager/Grand Voyager]] (2003-2007),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chrysler 300#First generation (2005)|Chrysler 300C/300C Touring]] (2005-2010)
| Originally, a Steyr-Daimler-Puch plant. Magna International acquired a majority holding of 66.8% in Steyr-Daimler-Puch in 1998 and acquired the rest by 2002 when it was renamed Magna Steyr. Production of the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager minivans moved from the Eurostar plant  next door to the main Magna Steyr plant for 2003. Chrysler minivan production in Austria ended on November 30, 2007. Built under contract for Chrysler. 
|-
| B
| [[w:Maserati|Maserati]] - [[w:Innocenti|Innocenti]] plant
| [[w:Lambrate|Lambrate district]], [[w:Milan|Milan]]
| [[w:Italy|Italy]]
| 1988
| 1990
| [[w:Chrysler TC by Maserati|Chrysler TC by Maserati]]&lt;br&gt; (1989-1991)
| Developed jointly by Chrysler and Maserati, the TC was built in Italy by Maserati at the Innocenti plant in Milan. Maserati and Innocenti were both owned by DeTomaso at the time. Chrysler bought a 5% stake in Maserati in 1984 and increased its stake to 15.6% in 1986. Production ended in 1990 due to low sales.
|-
| U
| Mitsubishi - Mizushima plant (Line 1)
| [[w:Kurashiki|Kurashiki]], [[w:Okayama Prefecture|Okayama Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1970s
| 1996
| [[w:Plymouth Champ|Plymouth Champ]] (1981-1982), [[w:Plymouth Colt|Plymouth Colt]] (1983-1994), [[w:Dodge Colt|Dodge Colt]] (1981-1994), [[w:Dodge Colt|Dodge/Plymouth Colt]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada only: 1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Summit|Eagle Summit]]&lt;br&gt; (4-d: 1989-1990, 1993-1996,&lt;br&gt; 3-d: 1991-1992, 2-d: 1993-96), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Plymouth Colt Vista]] (1993-94), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Eagle Summit Wagon]] (1993-96)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant.
|-
| Z
| Mitsubishi - Okazaki plant
| [[w:Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]], [[w:Aichi Prefecture|Aichi Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1983
| 1996
| [[w:Plymouth Conquest|Plymouth Conquest]] (1984-86), [[w:Dodge Conquest|Dodge Conquest]] (1984-1986), [[w:Chrysler Conquest|Chrysler Conquest]] (1987-1989), [[w:Dodge Colt Vista#Colt Vista|Dodge Colt Vista]] (1984-1991), [[w:Plymouth Colt Vista#Colt Vista|Plymouth Colt Vista]] (1984-91), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Plymouth Colt Vista]] (1992-94), [[w:Mitsubishi RVR#North America|Eagle Summit Wagon]] (1992-96) [[w:Eagle Vista#Vista Wagon|Eagle Vista Wagon]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada: 1989-1991)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant.
|-
| Y (Line 1)&lt;br&gt;/&lt;br /&gt;P (Line 2)
| Mitsubishi - &lt;br&gt; Ooe plant &lt;br&gt; a.k.a. &lt;br&gt; Nagoya #1&lt;br&gt;/&lt;br&gt;Nagoya #2
| Ooe-cho, [[w:Minato-ku, Nagoya|Minato ward]], [[w:Nagoya|Nagoya]], [[w:Aichi Prefecture|Aichi Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1970s
| 1996
| VIN code Y:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Plymouth Sapporo|Plymouth Sapporo]] (1981-1983), [[w:Dodge Challenger#Second generation (1978–1983)|Dodge Challenger]] (1981-1983), [[w:Plymouth Arrow Truck#Chrysler variants|Plymouth Arrow Truck]] ('81-'82), [[w:Dodge Ram 50|Dodge Ram 50]] (1981-1984), [[w:Dodge Stealth|Dodge Stealth]] (1991-1996)
VIN code P:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Ram 50|Dodge Ram 50]] (1985-1986), [[w:Dodge Ram 50#North America|Dodge Ram 50]] (1987-1993)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant. Closed in 2001. Sold to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and now used by its Aircraft, Defense &amp; Space Business Area.
|-
| J
| Mitsubishi -  Toyo Koki/Pajero Manufacturing Co., Ltd. plant
| [[w:Sakahogi, Gifu|Sakahogi]], [[w:Gifu Prefecture|Gifu Prefecture]] 
| [[w:Japan|Japan]]
| 1986
| 1989
| [[w:Dodge Raider|Dodge Raider]] (1987-1989)
|  Originally, a Toyo Koki Co. Ltd. plant. Opened in 1976. Built vehicles under contract for Mitsubishi. Mitsubishi Motors owned 35% of Toyo Koki and increased its stake to a majority in March 1995. The plant was then renamed Pajero Manufacturing Co., Ltd. in July 1995. In March 2003, Mitsubishi bought all the remaining shares in Pajero Manufacturing Co., Ltd., making it a wholly owned subsidiary. Closed in 2021. Sold to Daio Paper in 2022.
|-
| H (Attitude), 9 (1200)
| [[w:Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)|Mitsubishi Motors Thailand]]
| [[w:Laem Chabang|Laem Chabang]], [[w:Chonburi province|Chonburi province]]
| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]]
| 2014
| 2024
| [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]]&lt;br&gt; (Mexico: 2015-2024),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Mitsubishi Triton#Fifth generation (KJ/KK/KL; 2014)|Ram 1200]]&lt;br&gt; (Middle East: 2017-2019)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant.  
|-
| ?
| [[w:MMC Automotriz|MMC Automotriz]]
| [[w:Barcelona, Venezuela|Barcelona]], [[w:Anzoátegui|Anzoátegui state]]
| [[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]
| 2002
| 2009
| [[w:Dodge Brisa|Dodge Brisa]]&lt;br&gt; ([[w:Hyundai Accent#First generation (X3; 1994)|2002-2005]]), ([[w:Hyundai Getz|2006-2009]])
| MMC Automotriz plant. Originally, MMC Automotriz was 49% owned by Consorcio Inversionista Fabril S.A. (CIF) of Venezuela and 42% owned by Nissho Iwai Corp. The remaining 9% of the company was owned by the Japan International Development Organization Ltd., a partnership between the government-financed Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund and 98 private companies. Nissho Iwai merged with Nichimen Corp. in 2004 to form Sojitz Corp. Sojitz later increased its stake in MMC Automotriz to 98%, with the other 2% still held by CIF. MMC Automotriz was sold to the the Sylca Group (also known as Yammine Group) in 2015. MMC Automotriz produced Mitsubishi vehicles and from 1996-2012, also produced Hyundai vehicles. The Dodge Brisa was produced for DaimlerChrysler as part of its cooperation with [[w:Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]. MMC Automotriz also produced Mitsubishi Fuso trucks. 
|-
| G
| [[w:Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)|MMC Sittipol Co., Ltd.]]
| [[w:Laem Chabang|Laem Chabang]], [[w:Chonburi province|Chonburi province]]
| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]]
| 1988
| 1992
| [[w:Plymouth Colt#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Plymouth Colt 100]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada: 1988-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Colt#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Dodge Colt 100]]&lt;br&gt; (Canada: 1988-1992),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Vista|Eagle Vista]] (Canada: 1988-92)
| Mitsubishi Motors plant. MMC Sittipol is the predecessor company of Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand). These were the first vehicle exports from Thailand. 
|-
| 2
| [[w:Renault|Renault]] - [[w:Maubeuge Construction Automobile|Maubeuge plant]]
| [[w:Maubeuge|Maubeuge]]
| [[w:France|France]]
| 1987
| 1989
| [[w:Renault Medallion|Renault Medallion]] (1988),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Eagle Medallion|Eagle Medallion]] (1989)
| Renault plant. The Medallion was sold through Chrysler's Jeep-Eagle dealer network as a legacy of Chrysler's takeover of AMC from Renault.
|-
| 8,&lt;br&gt; 0
| [[w:Soueast|Soueast]]
| [[w:Fuzhou|Fuzhou]], [[w:Fujian|Fujian province]]
| [[w:China|China]]
| 2008
| 2010
| [[w:Chrysler Voyager#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Chrysler Voyager]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Dodge Caravan#Fourth generation (2001–2007)|Dodge Caravan]]
| South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. plant. Built for Chrysler under license by South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.
|}</text>
      <sha1>fkr557bqlux4ur92lw7gch5fh4j0oqv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Porsche/VIN Codes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>481968</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632843</id>
      <parentid>4632647</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T22:55:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Position 5, Engine: */</comment>
      <origin>4632843</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14261" sha1="aqu6nzrmfqotenrxpfutjn69ciaeq7t" xml:space="preserve">===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WP0 - Porsche passenger car
* WP1 - Porsche SUV

===Position 4, Body Style:===
'''718 / 911:'''
* A = Coupe
* B = Targa (911)
* C = Cabriolet
'''Panamera / Taycan:'''
* A = sedan (SWB)
* B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan)
* C = Sport Turismo
'''Macan / Cayenne:'''
* A = SUV (wagon)
* B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe)

===Position 5, Engine:===
'''Boxster/Cayman:'''

Type 981:
*A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster -'16), 275 hp (Cayman -'16)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S -'16), 325 hp (Cayman S -'16)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS -'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS -'16)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder -'16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 -'16)

'''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' (Type 982)
*A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25)
*B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25)
*B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19)
*D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23)
*E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25)

'''911:'''
Type 991.1:
*A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera -'16, Carrera 4 -'16, Targa 4 -'16)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S -'16, Carrera 4S -'16, Targa 4S -'16)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS -'16, Carrera 4 GTS -'16, Targa 4 GTS -'16)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo -'16)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S -'16)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS -'16, 911 R '16)

Type 991.2:
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19)
*E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19)

Type 992:
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24)
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24)
*H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24)
*B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26)
*G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23)
*D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25)
*D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25)
*D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24)

'''Panamera:'''
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20)
*J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23)
*A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-)
*E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23)
*E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23)
*K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23)
*C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23)
*F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-)

'''Taycan:'''
*A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24)
*A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-)
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-)
*E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-)

'''Macan:'''
*A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21)
*A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-)
*B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18)
*B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21)
*G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-)
*G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18)
*G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21)
*F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-)
*F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18)
*F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18)
*F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21)

'''Macan Electric:'''
*D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-)
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-)
*E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-)

'''Cayenne:'''

958 or 92A:
*A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '16-'18)
*B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '16-'18)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '16-'18)
*D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '16-'18)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18)
*F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel -'16)

9YA/9YB:
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23)
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23)
*L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-)
*N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23)
*M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-)
*K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23)
*K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-)

'''Cayenne Electric:'''
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-)

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*1 = Seat Belts only
*2 =  Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags)

===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
!VIN Pos. 7-8
!Complete Vehicle Type Code
!Model
!Type
|-
|92
|924
|924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|93
|931
|924 Turbo (1981-1982)
|931
|-
|92
|924
|924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|94
|944
|944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine)
|944
|-
|95
|951
|944 Turbo (1986-1989 &amp; 1990 in Canada)
|951
|-
|96
|968
|968 (1992-1995)
|968
|-
|92
|928
|928 (1981-1995)
|928
|-
|98
|986
|Boxster (1997-2004)
|986
|-
|98
|987
|Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009)
|987
|-
|A8
|A87
|Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012)
|987
|-
|A8
|A81
|Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016)
|981
|-
|A8
|A82
|718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025)
|982
|-
|91
|911
|911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine)
|911
|-
|93
|930
|911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo)
|930
|-
|96
|964
|911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo)
|964
|-
|99
|993
|911 (1995-1998)
|993
|-
|99
|996
|911 (1999-2004)
|996
|-
|99
|997
|911 (2005-2009)
|997
|-
|A9
|A97
|911 (2010-2012)
|997
|-
|A9
|A91
|911 (2013-2019)
|991
|-
|A9
|A92
|911 (2020-)
|992
|-
|98
|980
|Carrera GT (2004-2005)
|980
|-
|A1
|A18
|918 Spyder (2015)
|918
|-
|A7
|A70
|Panamera (2010-2016)
|970
|-
|A7
|A71
|Panamera (2017-2023)
|971
|-
|YA
|
|Panamera (2024-)
|976
|-
|Y1
|Y1A
|Taycan (2020-)
|9J1 or &lt;br&gt; Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo)
|-
|A5
|A5B
|Macan (2015-)
|95B
|-
|XA
|
|Macan Electric (2024-)
|XAB
|-
|9P
|9PA
|Cayenne (2003-2009)
|9PA
|-
|AP
|APA
|Cayenne (2010)
|9PA
|-
|A2
|A2A
|Cayenne (2011-2018)
|92A
|-
|AY
|AYA
|Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-)
|9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe)
|-
|X1
|
|Cayenne Electric (2026-)
|E4
|}

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* S:    Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany
* L:    Leipzig, Germany
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-)
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25)
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944)
* U:    Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12)

===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code===
Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 12
!VIN Pos. 12
!Complete Vehicle Type Code
!Model
!Type
|-
|4
|924
|924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|1
|931
|924 Turbo (1981-1982)
|931
|-
|4
|924
|924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|4
|944
|944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine)
|944
|-
|1
|951
|944 Turbo (1986-1989 &amp; 1990 in Canada)
|951
|-
|8
|968
|968 (1992-1995)
|968
|-
|8
|928
|928 (1981-1995)
|928
|-
|6
|986
|Boxster (1997-2004)
|986
|-
|7
|987
|Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009)
|987
|-
|7
|A87
|Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012)
|987
|-
|1
|A81
|Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016)
|981
|-
|2
|A82
|718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025)
|982
|-
|1
|911
|911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine)
|911
|-
|0
|930
|911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo)
|930
|-
|4
|964
|911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo)
|964
|-
|3
|993
|911 (1995-1998)
|993
|-
|6
|996
|911 (1999-2004)
|996
|-
|7
|997
|911 (2005-2009)
|997
|-
|7
|A97
|911 (2010-2012)
|997
|-
|1
|A91
|911 (2013-2019)
|991
|-
|2
|A92
|911 (2020-)
|992
|-
|0
|980
|Carrera GT (2004-2005)
|980
|-
|8
|A18
|918 Spyder (2015)
|918
|-
|0
|A70
|Panamera (2010-2016)
|970
|-
|1
|A71
|Panamera (2017-2023)
|971
|-
|A
|Y1A
|Taycan (2020-)
|9J1 or &lt;br&gt; Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo)
|-
|B
|A5B
|Macan (2015-)
|95B
|-
|A
|9PA
|Cayenne (2003-2009)
|9PA
|-
|A
|APA
|Cayenne (2010)
|9PA
|-
|A
|A2A
|Cayenne (2011-2018)
|92A
|-
|A
|AYA
|Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-)
|9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe)
|}

'''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number'''

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>aqu6nzrmfqotenrxpfutjn69ciaeq7t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632844</id>
      <parentid>4632843</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T22:58:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Position 5, Engine: */</comment>
      <origin>4632844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14261" sha1="if68plsg68i1isgoazfiioimpyrbq6f" xml:space="preserve">===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WP0 - Porsche passenger car
* WP1 - Porsche SUV

===Position 4, Body Style:===
'''718 / 911:'''
* A = Coupe
* B = Targa (911)
* C = Cabriolet
'''Panamera / Taycan:'''
* A = sedan (SWB)
* B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan)
* C = Sport Turismo
'''Macan / Cayenne:'''
* A = SUV (wagon)
* B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe)

===Position 5, Engine:===
'''Boxster/Cayman:'''

Type 981:
*A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster -'16), 275 hp (Cayman -'16)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S -'16), 325 hp (Cayman S -'16)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS -'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS -'16)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder -'16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 -'16)

'''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' (Type 982)
*A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25)
*B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25)
*B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19)
*D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23)
*E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25)

'''911:'''

Type 991.1:
*A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera -'16, Carrera 4 -'16, Targa 4 -'16)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S -'16, Carrera 4S -'16, Targa 4S -'16)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS -'16, Carrera 4 GTS -'16, Targa 4 GTS -'16)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo -'16)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S -'16)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16)

Type 991.2:
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19)
*E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19)

Type 992:
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24)
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24)
*H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24)
*B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26)
*G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23)
*D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25)
*D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25)
*D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24)

'''Panamera:'''
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20)
*J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23)
*A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-)
*E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23)
*E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23)
*K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23)
*C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23)
*F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-)

'''Taycan:'''
*A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24)
*A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-)
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-)
*E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-)

'''Macan:'''
*A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21)
*A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-)
*B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18)
*B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21)
*G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-)
*G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18)
*G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21)
*F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-)
*F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18)
*F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18)
*F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21)

'''Macan Electric:'''
*D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-)
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-)
*E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-)

'''Cayenne:'''

958 or 92A:
*A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '16-'18)
*B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '16-'18)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '16-'18)
*D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '16-'18)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18)
*F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel -'16)

9YA/9YB:
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23)
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23)
*L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-)
*N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23)
*M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-)
*K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23)
*K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-)

'''Cayenne Electric:'''
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-)

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*1 = Seat Belts only
*2 =  Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags)

===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
!VIN Pos. 7-8
!Complete Vehicle Type Code
!Model
!Type
|-
|92
|924
|924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|93
|931
|924 Turbo (1981-1982)
|931
|-
|92
|924
|924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|94
|944
|944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine)
|944
|-
|95
|951
|944 Turbo (1986-1989 &amp; 1990 in Canada)
|951
|-
|96
|968
|968 (1992-1995)
|968
|-
|92
|928
|928 (1981-1995)
|928
|-
|98
|986
|Boxster (1997-2004)
|986
|-
|98
|987
|Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009)
|987
|-
|A8
|A87
|Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012)
|987
|-
|A8
|A81
|Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016)
|981
|-
|A8
|A82
|718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025)
|982
|-
|91
|911
|911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine)
|911
|-
|93
|930
|911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo)
|930
|-
|96
|964
|911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo)
|964
|-
|99
|993
|911 (1995-1998)
|993
|-
|99
|996
|911 (1999-2004)
|996
|-
|99
|997
|911 (2005-2009)
|997
|-
|A9
|A97
|911 (2010-2012)
|997
|-
|A9
|A91
|911 (2013-2019)
|991
|-
|A9
|A92
|911 (2020-)
|992
|-
|98
|980
|Carrera GT (2004-2005)
|980
|-
|A1
|A18
|918 Spyder (2015)
|918
|-
|A7
|A70
|Panamera (2010-2016)
|970
|-
|A7
|A71
|Panamera (2017-2023)
|971
|-
|YA
|
|Panamera (2024-)
|976
|-
|Y1
|Y1A
|Taycan (2020-)
|9J1 or &lt;br&gt; Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo)
|-
|A5
|A5B
|Macan (2015-)
|95B
|-
|XA
|
|Macan Electric (2024-)
|XAB
|-
|9P
|9PA
|Cayenne (2003-2009)
|9PA
|-
|AP
|APA
|Cayenne (2010)
|9PA
|-
|A2
|A2A
|Cayenne (2011-2018)
|92A
|-
|AY
|AYA
|Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-)
|9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe)
|-
|X1
|
|Cayenne Electric (2026-)
|E4
|}

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* S:    Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany
* L:    Leipzig, Germany
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-)
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25)
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944)
* U:    Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12)

===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code===
Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 12
!VIN Pos. 12
!Complete Vehicle Type Code
!Model
!Type
|-
|4
|924
|924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|1
|931
|924 Turbo (1981-1982)
|931
|-
|4
|924
|924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|4
|944
|944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine)
|944
|-
|1
|951
|944 Turbo (1986-1989 &amp; 1990 in Canada)
|951
|-
|8
|968
|968 (1992-1995)
|968
|-
|8
|928
|928 (1981-1995)
|928
|-
|6
|986
|Boxster (1997-2004)
|986
|-
|7
|987
|Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009)
|987
|-
|7
|A87
|Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012)
|987
|-
|1
|A81
|Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016)
|981
|-
|2
|A82
|718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025)
|982
|-
|1
|911
|911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine)
|911
|-
|0
|930
|911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo)
|930
|-
|4
|964
|911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo)
|964
|-
|3
|993
|911 (1995-1998)
|993
|-
|6
|996
|911 (1999-2004)
|996
|-
|7
|997
|911 (2005-2009)
|997
|-
|7
|A97
|911 (2010-2012)
|997
|-
|1
|A91
|911 (2013-2019)
|991
|-
|2
|A92
|911 (2020-)
|992
|-
|0
|980
|Carrera GT (2004-2005)
|980
|-
|8
|A18
|918 Spyder (2015)
|918
|-
|0
|A70
|Panamera (2010-2016)
|970
|-
|1
|A71
|Panamera (2017-2023)
|971
|-
|A
|Y1A
|Taycan (2020-)
|9J1 or &lt;br&gt; Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo)
|-
|B
|A5B
|Macan (2015-)
|95B
|-
|A
|9PA
|Cayenne (2003-2009)
|9PA
|-
|A
|APA
|Cayenne (2010)
|9PA
|-
|A
|A2A
|Cayenne (2011-2018)
|92A
|-
|A
|AYA
|Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-)
|9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe)
|}

'''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number'''

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>if68plsg68i1isgoazfiioimpyrbq6f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632847</id>
      <parentid>4632844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T23:25:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Position 5, Engine: */</comment>
      <origin>4632847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14740" sha1="naqd9zj7suo1hnmvt17g3sq04b7z7pv" xml:space="preserve">===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:===  
* WP0 - Porsche passenger car
* WP1 - Porsche SUV

===Position 4, Body Style:===
'''718 / 911:'''
* A = Coupe
* B = Targa (911)
* C = Cabriolet
'''Panamera / Taycan:'''
* A = sedan (SWB)
* B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan)
* C = Sport Turismo
'''Macan / Cayenne:'''
* A = SUV (wagon)
* B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe)

===Position 5, Engine:===
'''Boxster/Cayman:'''

Type 981:
*A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster -'16), 275 hp (Cayman -'16)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S -'16), 325 hp (Cayman S -'16)
*B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS -'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS -'16)
*C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder -'16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 -'16)

'''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' (Type 982)
*A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25)
*B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25)
*B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19)
*D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23)
*E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25)

'''911:'''

Type 991.1:
*A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera -'16, Carrera 4 -'16, Targa 4 -'16)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S -'16, Carrera 4S -'16, Targa 4S -'16)
*B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS -'16, Carrera 4 GTS -'16, Targa 4 GTS -'16)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo -'16)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S -'16)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16)

Type 991.2:
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19)
*D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19)
*E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19)

Type 992:
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24)
*A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24)
*H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24)
*B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26)
*G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23)
*D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25)
*D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25)
*D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-)
*C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26)
*F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24)

'''Panamera:'''

Type 970:
*A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 -'16)
*D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid -'16)
*B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S -'16)
*F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS -'16)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo -'16)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S -'16)

Type 971 &amp; 976:
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20)
*J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23)
*A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-)
*E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23)
*E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23)
*K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23)
*C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23)
*F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-)

'''Taycan:'''
*A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24)
*A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-)
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-)
*E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-)

'''Macan:'''
*A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21)
*A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-)
*B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18)
*B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21)
*G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-)
*G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18)
*G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21)
*F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-)
*F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18)
*F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18)
*F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21)

'''Macan Electric:'''
*D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-)
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-)
*B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-)
*E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-)
*C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-)

'''Cayenne:'''

958 or 92A:
*A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '16-'18)
*B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '16-'18)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '16-'18)
*D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '16-'18)
*C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18)
*F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel -'16)

9YA/9YB:
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23)
*A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23)
*E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-)
*B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23)
*L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-)
*N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23)
*G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-)
*F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23)
*H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23)
*M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-)
*K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23)
*K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-)

'''Cayenne Electric:'''
*A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-)
*D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-)

===Position 6, Restraint Systems:===
*1 = Seat Belts only
*2 =  Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags)

===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
!VIN Pos. 7-8
!Complete Vehicle Type Code
!Model
!Type
|-
|92
|924
|924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|93
|931
|924 Turbo (1981-1982)
|931
|-
|92
|924
|924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|94
|944
|944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine)
|944
|-
|95
|951
|944 Turbo (1986-1989 &amp; 1990 in Canada)
|951
|-
|96
|968
|968 (1992-1995)
|968
|-
|92
|928
|928 (1981-1995)
|928
|-
|98
|986
|Boxster (1997-2004)
|986
|-
|98
|987
|Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009)
|987
|-
|A8
|A87
|Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012)
|987
|-
|A8
|A81
|Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016)
|981
|-
|A8
|A82
|718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025)
|982
|-
|91
|911
|911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine)
|911
|-
|93
|930
|911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo)
|930
|-
|96
|964
|911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo)
|964
|-
|99
|993
|911 (1995-1998)
|993
|-
|99
|996
|911 (1999-2004)
|996
|-
|99
|997
|911 (2005-2009)
|997
|-
|A9
|A97
|911 (2010-2012)
|997
|-
|A9
|A91
|911 (2013-2019)
|991
|-
|A9
|A92
|911 (2020-)
|992
|-
|98
|980
|Carrera GT (2004-2005)
|980
|-
|A1
|A18
|918 Spyder (2015)
|918
|-
|A7
|A70
|Panamera (2010-2016)
|970
|-
|A7
|A71
|Panamera (2017-2023)
|971
|-
|YA
|
|Panamera (2024-)
|976
|-
|Y1
|Y1A
|Taycan (2020-)
|9J1 or &lt;br&gt; Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo)
|-
|A5
|A5B
|Macan (2015-)
|95B
|-
|XA
|
|Macan Electric (2024-)
|XAB
|-
|9P
|9PA
|Cayenne (2003-2009)
|9PA
|-
|AP
|APA
|Cayenne (2010)
|9PA
|-
|A2
|A2A
|Cayenne (2011-2018)
|92A
|-
|AY
|AYA
|Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-)
|9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe)
|-
|X1
|
|Cayenne Electric (2026-)
|E4
|}

===Position 9, Check Digit===
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]]

===Position 10, Model Year: ===                      
[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]]

===Position 11, Production Plant:===
* S:    Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany
* L:    Leipzig, Germany
* D:    Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-)
* K:    Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25)
* N:    Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944)
* U:    Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12)

===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code===
Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 12
!VIN Pos. 12
!Complete Vehicle Type Code
!Model
!Type
|-
|4
|924
|924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|1
|931
|924 Turbo (1981-1982)
|931
|-
|4
|924
|924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine)
|924
|-
|4
|944
|944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine)
|944
|-
|1
|951
|944 Turbo (1986-1989 &amp; 1990 in Canada)
|951
|-
|8
|968
|968 (1992-1995)
|968
|-
|8
|928
|928 (1981-1995)
|928
|-
|6
|986
|Boxster (1997-2004)
|986
|-
|7
|987
|Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009)
|987
|-
|7
|A87
|Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012)
|987
|-
|1
|A81
|Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016)
|981
|-
|2
|A82
|718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025)
|982
|-
|1
|911
|911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine)
|911
|-
|0
|930
|911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo)
|930
|-
|4
|964
|911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo)
|964
|-
|3
|993
|911 (1995-1998)
|993
|-
|6
|996
|911 (1999-2004)
|996
|-
|7
|997
|911 (2005-2009)
|997
|-
|7
|A97
|911 (2010-2012)
|997
|-
|1
|A91
|911 (2013-2019)
|991
|-
|2
|A92
|911 (2020-)
|992
|-
|0
|980
|Carrera GT (2004-2005)
|980
|-
|8
|A18
|918 Spyder (2015)
|918
|-
|0
|A70
|Panamera (2010-2016)
|970
|-
|1
|A71
|Panamera (2017-2023)
|971
|-
|A
|Y1A
|Taycan (2020-)
|9J1 or &lt;br&gt; Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo)
|-
|B
|A5B
|Macan (2015-)
|95B
|-
|A
|9PA
|Cayenne (2003-2009)
|9PA
|-
|A
|APA
|Cayenne (2010)
|9PA
|-
|A
|A2A
|Cayenne (2011-2018)
|92A
|-
|A
|AYA
|Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-)
|9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe)
|}

'''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number'''

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>User talk:~2026-22598-75</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>482557</id>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author about page tagging</comment>
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      <text bytes="1557" sha1="ek1vr2jfxagfd1hw3bo87dlpyjqh138" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm Kingofnuthin, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;subpage of nonexistent book&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:Kingofnuthin|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: lime&quot;&gt;kingofnuthin&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: teal&quot;&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;]]) 14:17, 12 April 2026 (UTC)
==[[:History Books]]==
{{tmbox|type=delete|text='''&amp;#126;2026-22598-75, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#History Books|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] &quot;[[:History Books|History Books]]&quot;.'''&lt;br /&gt;You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)}}</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>3371989</id>
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      <comment>Making [[WB:Requests for deletion|deletion request]]</comment>
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__NOTOC__
{{stub}}

This book discusses historical figures and major events in history.</text>
      <sha1>h42nza31q9kdxjmu62ve1189gsml1na</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
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      <comment>Making [[WB:Requests for deletion|deletion request]]</comment>
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{{Delete|1=Spam}}
= Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum =

== Introduction ==
This book is created by Taskin Ahmed Kayum to introduce beginners to the basics of music production. It is designed as a simple and practical learning guide.

== About the Author ==
Taskin Ahmed Kayum is a musical artist and composer from Bangladesh. He creates and shares music through various digital platforms.

== Chapter 1: What is Music Production ==
Music production is the process of creating, recording, editing, and mixing audio to produce a complete track.

== Chapter 2: Tools Needed ==
To start music production, you need:
* A computer or laptop
* A Digital Audio Workstation (DAW)
* Headphones or speakers

== Chapter 3: Basic Techniques ==
Some basic techniques include:
* Beat making
* Sound design
* Mixing and mastering

== Chapter 4: Publishing Music ==
Music can be published on platforms like Spotify, Apple Music, and YouTube to reach a global audience.

== Conclusion ==
This guide helps beginners understand the fundamentals of music production and start creating their own music.

[[Category:Music]]
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Music production]]</text>
      <sha1>od0v58jo1qvlo7dbj4tjlmyp8kntilh</sha1>
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        <id>3441010</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>No longer under speedy deletion.</comment>
      <origin>4632805</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1191" sha1="2aag2xydobvqv454igrsujqutuvhjxd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Rfd|example=false}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
= Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum =

== Introduction ==
This book is created by Taskin Ahmed Kayum to introduce beginners to the basics of music production. It is designed as a simple and practical learning guide.

== About the Author ==
Taskin Ahmed Kayum is a musical artist and composer from Bangladesh. He creates and shares music through various digital platforms.

== Chapter 1: What is Music Production ==
Music production is the process of creating, recording, editing, and mixing audio to produce a complete track.

== Chapter 2: Tools Needed ==
To start music production, you need:
* A computer or laptop
* A Digital Audio Workstation (DAW)
* Headphones or speakers

== Chapter 3: Basic Techniques ==
Some basic techniques include:
* Beat making
* Sound design
* Mixing and mastering

== Chapter 4: Publishing Music ==
Music can be published on platforms like Spotify, Apple Music, and YouTube to reach a global audience.

== Conclusion ==
This guide helps beginners understand the fundamentals of music production and start creating their own music.

[[Category:Music]]
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Music production]]</text>
      <sha1>2aag2xydobvqv454igrsujqutuvhjxd</sha1>
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    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2026/April</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ArchiverBot</username>
        <id>1227662</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bot: Archiving 2 threads from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]]</comment>
      <origin>4632894</origin>
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      <text bytes="4650" sha1="e3fy5dbesh6o103vbhklogeiktywzrt" xml:space="preserve">{{talk archive}}

== Edit request for protected page ==

Hi, could an admin edit [[Template:Cite map]] and change ''&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN {{{isbn}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' into ''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn:{{{isbn}}}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' ? The old magic links are deprecated and will one day be removed from the software. [[User:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[User talk:Jcb|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jcb|contribs]]) 11:56, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:Are there active admins at this project? [[User:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[User talk:Jcb|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jcb|contribs]]) 12:54, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:: {{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:37, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Thank you! [[User:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[User talk:Jcb|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jcb|contribs]]) 13:52, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
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:{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:31, 11 April 2026 (UTC)
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      <sha1>e3fy5dbesh6o103vbhklogeiktywzrt</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Conan/sandbox/Multitasking</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>482816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632906</id>
      <parentid>4632236</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T11:40:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>46022</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4632906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="38538" sha1="6d1r1x8ebg6rrmmms5iqng9tmoa2cj4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

{| style=&quot;width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5pc&quot;
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffc&quot; |multitasking
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#eeb&quot; |[[#Execution|execution]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#dda&quot; |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9&quot; |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#bb8&quot; |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aa8&quot; |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]]
|- style=&quot;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#997&quot; |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]]
|}

Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system.
As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources.
Each CPU executes a single task at a time.
However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish.
For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one.
The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''.

== Execution ==

⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable.
This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}}

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}.
Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent.
It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone).

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates.

Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} returns PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id.
A process can contain many threads.
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id.
Which internally is historically called PID.
⚠️ Warning: confusion.
User space PID ≠ kernel space PID.
{{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}.
For a single thread process all these IDs are equal.

High-resolution delays:
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_nanosleep}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_nanosleep}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_clock_nanosleep}}

Wait for a signal:
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pause}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_pause}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sigsuspend}}

See [[The Linux Kernel/Processes|Processes]] for process creation and termination.

=== Inter-process communication ===
Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data.
Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances.
Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms:

Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations):

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces

🔧 TODO:
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signal}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigwaitinfo}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}}

{{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}}


: [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}}
: {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}}
: {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}}
: Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}}
: Sys V IPC:
:: Message queues
:: Semaphores
:: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}}


📖 References
: {{w|Inter-process communication}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}

== Threads or tasks ==

In Linux kernel &quot;thread&quot; and &quot;task&quot; are almost synonyms.

⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}}
::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}}
:{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess.
::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wakes a thread
::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &amp;ndash; parent kernel thread and the creator of all other kernel threads.
Dequeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}.
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kthread}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread}} &amp;ndash; invokes {{The Linux Kernel/id|threadfn}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_on_node}} &amp;ndash; enqueues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} into {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}}

==Scheduler==

The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time.
It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process.

Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}.
The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next.
To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue.
When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute.
Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated.

Since version 6.6 the Linux kernel uses the {{w|Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling}} (EEVDF) algorithm within the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS) framework.
EEVDF replaced the earlier pick-next-task logic while the CFS infrastructure &amp;mdash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}, the red-black tree, load balancing, and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} &amp;mdash; remains.
CFS was the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system.
CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called &quot;fair queuing&quot; originally invented for packet networks.
The CFS scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue.
Choosing a task can be done in constant time, but reinserting a task after it has run requires O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}.

In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues.
Instead, a red-black tree implements a &quot;timeline&quot; of future task execution.
Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices).
This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example.

Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called &quot;sleeper fairness&quot;, which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue.
This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it.

The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are scheduler specific structures, entitled {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}.
These are derived from the general &lt;tt&gt;task_struct&lt;/tt&gt; process descriptor, with added scheduler elements.
These nodes are indexed by processor execution time in nanoseconds.
A maximum execution time is also calculated for each process.
This time is based upon the idea that an &quot;ideal processor&quot; would equally share processing power amongst all processes.
Thus, the maximum execution time is the time the process has been waiting to run, divided by the total number of processes, or in other words, the maximum execution time is the time the process would have expected to run on an &quot;ideal processor&quot;.

With EEVDF, each task has a time slice ({{The Linux Kernel/id|sysctl_sched_base_slice}}, default 0.7ms) that determines its request length.
EEVDF computes a virtual deadline for each task: vd_i = ve_i + r_i/w_i, where ve_i is the eligible time, r_i is the request size, and w_i is the weight (determined by nice value).
The scheduler picks the eligible task with the earliest virtual deadline via {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}}.

The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies).
The CFS/EEVDF scheduler handles {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} (aka SCHED_OTHER).
The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later.
Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the &quot;normal&quot; &amp;mdash;i.e.
non realtime&amp;mdash; classes.
The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call.

Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.&lt;ref name=&quot;malte&quot; &gt;
Malte Skarupke.
[https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ &quot;Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is&quot;].
&lt;/ref&gt;


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &amp;ndash;  priority of running processes
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &amp;ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &amp;ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &amp;ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &amp;ndash; the main scheduler API
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}}


⚙️ Internals

:{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function.
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}} &amp;ndash; core of EEVDF
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 


🛠️ Utilities

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}}
: [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz]


📖 References

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|EEVDF Scheduler|scheduler/sched-eevdf.html}}
::: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-EEVDF An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux LWN]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Delaying and scheduling routines|driver-api/basics.html#delaying-and-scheduling-routines}}
: CFS
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}}
:: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN]
:: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler]
:: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}}


📚 Further reading about the scheduler
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing]
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools]


=== Preemption ===

Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task.
This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness.
In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks.
Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput.

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable}} &amp;ndash; decrement the preempt counter
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} &amp;ndash; increment the preempt counter
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable_no_resched}} &amp;ndash; decrement, but do not immediately preempt
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_check_resched}} &amp;ndash; if needed, reschedule
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_count}} &amp;ndash; return the preempt counter
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &amp;ndash; no forced preemption for servers
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &amp;ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &amp;ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &amp;ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]]
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt

=== Wait queues ===
A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens.
They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things.
In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then.


⚲ API

{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}}

{{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock.

Waiting for simple events:

: Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context
: Wait alternatives:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc
👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}.

Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases:

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}}
: [https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/handling-wait-queues.html Handling wait queues]


=== Real-time ===

{{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/Real-time}}

== Synchronization ==
Thread {{w|Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization}} is defined as a  mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex).
When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes.
If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads.

=== User space synchronization ===

==== POSIX Timers ====

⚲ APIs
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} – creates a POSIX timer
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_settime}} – starts or modifies a timer
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_gettime}} – retrieves the remaining time of a timer
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_delete}} – deletes a POSIX timer
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} – suspends execution for a specified time

⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/posix-timers.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/posix-timers.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-timers.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-cpu-timers.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_cpu_timer_set}} – function setting up CPU timers


==== Futex ====

A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for &quot;Fast User space muTex&quot;) is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables.

A futex consists of a kernel space ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in user space.
Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in user space (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue).
A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases.


The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has a more operations for more specialized cases.

: WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep.
: WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''.


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}}

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex.c}}

📖 References
: {{w|Futex}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}}

==== File locking ====
⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}}


==== Semaphore ====

💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}''

⚲ API 
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}}


⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}}

=== Kernel space synchronization ===

For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks.


==== Read-Copy-Update ====

Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm.
Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead.
However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers.

💾 ''History: RCU was added to Linux in October 2002. Since then, there are thousandths uses of the RCU API within the kernel including the networking protocol stacks and the memory-management system. The implementation of RCU in version 2.6 of the Linux kernel is among the better-known RCU implementations.''


⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small:

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete.


For example, consider the following sequence of events:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
!CPU 0
!CPU 1
!CPU 2
|-
|1.
|rcu_read_lock()
|
|
|-
|2.
|
|enters synchronize_rcu()
|
|-
|3.
|
|
| rcu_read_lock()
|-
|4.
|rcu_read_unlock()
|
|
|-
|5.
|
|exits synchronize_rcu()
|
|-
|6.
|
|
|rcu_read_unlock()
|}
[[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]]
:Since &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt;'s overhead must also be quite small.

:Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture.  Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU.  The value returned by &lt;code&gt;rcu_dereference&lt;/code&gt; is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section.  As with &lt;code&gt;rcu_assign_pointer&lt;/code&gt;, an important function of &lt;code&gt;rcu_dereference&lt;/code&gt; is to document which pointers are protected by RCU.

The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of &lt;code&gt;rcu_read_lock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;rcu_read_unlock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;call_rcu&lt;/code&gt; invocations in order to determine when (1) &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; invocations may return to their callers and (2) &lt;code&gt;call_rcu&lt;/code&gt; callbacks may be invoked.
Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs.

⚲ API 
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=rcu_nocbs%5B rcu_nocbs] &amp;ndash; no-callback CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization]


📚 Further reading
: [https://lpc.events/event/18/contributions/1906/attachments/1590/3302/LPC-2024-Vienna.pdf Reduce synchronize_rcu() latency]

==== Sleeping locks ====

===== Mutexes =====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constrains, more easy to debug then semaphore
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks.
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}}


💾 ''Historical''
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}}
: [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events]

==== per CPU local lock ==== 

On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}.
On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}.
Any changes applied to spinlock_t also apply to local_lock.


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}}
:: etc


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#local-lock}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel]


💾 ''History: Prior to kernel version 2.6, Linux disabled interrupt to implement short critical sections.''
''Since version 2.6 and later, Linux is fully preemptive.''

==== Spinning locks ====

===== {{w|Spinlock}}s =====

a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop (&quot;spin&quot;) while repeatedly checking if the lock is available.
Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting.
Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or &quot;goes to sleep&quot;.

Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods.
However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling.
👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list.

Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}).
Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels.


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bit_spinlock.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}}


📖 References
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] 
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks]

===== {{w|Seqlock}}s =====

A ''seqlock'' (short for &quot;sequential lock&quot;) is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines.
It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small.

It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation.
A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock.
The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers.
In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock.
Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data.
If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed.
If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read.
In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after.

💾 ''History: The semantics stabilized as of version 2.5.59, and they are present in the 2.6.x stable kernel series. The seqlocks were developed by Stephen Hemminger  and originally called frlocks, based on earlier work by Andrea Arcangeli. The first implementation was in the x86-64 time code where it was needed to synchronize with user space where it was not possible to use a real lock.''


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}}

👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock]

==== Spinning or sleeping locks ====

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! !! normal !! on preempt RT
|-
| spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping
|-
| rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping
|-
| local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping
|}

==== Low level ====

The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior
when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &amp;ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes.
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &amp;ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &amp;ndash; generic barrier definitions
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &amp;ndash; force strict CPU ordering
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &amp;ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ...


📚 Further reading

: {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &amp;ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations
: {{w|Memory barrier}} &amp;ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations


==== ... ====

⚙️ Locking internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &amp;ndash; runtime locking correctness validator
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &amp;ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking


📖 Locking references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}}
::: 😴 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}}
:::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t
::: 😵‍💫 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}:
:::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks
:::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives]


=== Time ===

⚲ UAPI
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &amp;ndash; nanosecond resolution
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}}  &amp;ndash; microsecond resolution
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &amp;ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls
:: ...

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/delay.h}} &amp;ndash; busy-wait delay functions for timing control
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/clock.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_clock}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &amp;ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}}
: {{w|Year 2038 problem}}

{{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>6d1r1x8ebg6rrmmms5iqng9tmoa2cj4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maxima/Introduction By Example</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>482817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632806</id>
      <parentid>4632635</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T19:00:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>This page is a work in progress. Revising the contents of the entire page.</comment>
      <origin>4632806</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5081" sha1="p5ajh0f13iyt416menb09zhnotde1a0" xml:space="preserve">== Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use ==
The example that follows is presented for the pupose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works.

The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level.

Dynamic pressure q is calculated using the expression:

&lt;math&gt;q = 1/2 \rho V^2&lt;/math&gt;

Where:

* q = dynamic pressure (in pounds of force per square foot)
* ρ = air density at sea level = 0.0023769 slugs/ft³
* VTAS = true airspeed in knots (nautical miles per hour)
* V = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s).
Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI.

First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	q : 1/2*ρ*V^2;
(q)	(V^2*ρ)/2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i2)	ρ : 0.0023769;
(ρ)	0.0023769&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i3)	''q;
(%o3)	0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i6)	''q, VTAS = 200;
(%o6)	135.42178448367287
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named c as follows:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i7)	c : 0.0033855446120918224;
(c)	0.0033855446120918224&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Next, enter&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i8)	q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2;
(%o8)	q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i9)	q(200);
(%o9)	135.4217844836729
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. 
In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. 

The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: &lt;math&gt;\rho = P / (RT)&lt;/math&gt; where in British Engineering units:

* ρ ‒ is density in slugs/ft³
* P ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft²
* T ‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine)
* R ‒ is (for dry air) approximately 1716 ft²/(s²·°R)

===== Pressure =====
However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h.
&lt;math&gt;P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)}

&lt;/math&gt;
Where in British Engineering units (feet, degrees Rankine, pounds-force per square foot), the constants are:

* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; is Pressure in pounds per square foot  lbf/ft² 
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;P_0&lt;/math&gt; is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.4 lbf/ft²  or 14.696  lbf/in²
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; is (Universal Gas Constant) 1545.35 ft·lb
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0 &lt;/math&gt; is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.688 °R (15°C or 59°F)
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L&lt;/math&gt; is (Lapse Rate): 0.00356616 °R/ft 
* &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is 32.174 ft/s²
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is altitude in feet above sea level 

The exponent &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\frac{g}{R \cdot L}&lt;/math&gt; evaluates to approximately 5.25588

===== Temperature =====
&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = 518.688 - 0.00356616 \cdot h&lt;/math&gt; 

* 
* $T$: Temperature in °R 
* $h$: Altitude in feet. 
* 2116.4 Standard sea-level pressure 

Thus, the practical formulas in British Engineering units are:

&lt;math&gt;P = 2116.4\cdot(1-(6.87535 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.25588}&lt;/math&gt;   

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = 518.688 - 0.00356616 \cdot h&lt;/math&gt;

===== Density =====
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>p5ajh0f13iyt416menb09zhnotde1a0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632845</id>
      <parentid>4632806</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T23:07:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>This page is a work in progress. Revising the contents of the entire page.</comment>
      <origin>4632845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5094" sha1="jg4mytn9ba604twm6migkuxngrbhabz" xml:space="preserve">== Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use ==
The example that follows is presented for the pupose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works.

The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level.

Dynamic pressure q is calculated using the expression:

&lt;math&gt;q = 1/2 \rho V^2&lt;/math&gt;

Where:

* q = dynamic pressure (in pounds of force per square foot)
* ρ = air density at sea level = 0.0023769 slugs/ft³
* VTAS = true airspeed in knots (nautical miles per hour)
* V = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s).
Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI.

First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	q : 1/2*ρ*V^2;
(q)	(V^2*ρ)/2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i2)	ρ : 0.0023769;
(ρ)	0.0023769&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i3)	''q;
(%o3)	0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i6)	''q, VTAS = 200;
(%o6)	135.42178448367287
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named c as follows:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i7)	c : 0.0033855446120918224;
(c)	0.0033855446120918224&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Next, enter&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i8)	q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2;
(%o8)	q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i9)	q(200);
(%o9)	135.4217844836729
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. 
In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. 

The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: &lt;math&gt;\rho = P / (RT)&lt;/math&gt; where in British Engineering units:

* ρ ‒ is density in slugs/ft³
* P ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft²
* T ‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine)
* R ‒ is (for dry air) approximately 1716 ft²/(s²·°R)

===== Pressure =====
However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h.
&lt;math&gt;P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)}

&lt;/math&gt;
Where in British Engineering units (feet, degrees Rankine, pounds-force per square foot), the constants are:

* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; is Pressure in pounds per square foot  lbf/ft² 
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;P_0&lt;/math&gt; is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.4 lbf/ft²  or 14.696  lbf/in²
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; is (Universal Gas Constant) 1545.35 ft·lb
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0 &lt;/math&gt; is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.688 °R (15°C or 59°F)
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L&lt;/math&gt; is (Lapse Rate): 0.00356616 °R/ft 
* &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; is 32.174 ft/s²
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is altitude in feet above sea level 

The exponent &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\frac{g}{R \cdot L}&lt;/math&gt; evaluates to approximately 5.25588

===== Temperature =====
&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = 518.688 - 0.00356616 \cdot h&lt;/math&gt; 

* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; Temperature in °R 
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; Altitude in feet. 

Thus, the practical formulas in British Engineering units are:

&lt;math&gt;P = 2116.4\cdot(1-(6.87535 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.25588}&lt;/math&gt;   

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = 518.688 - 0.00356616 \cdot h&lt;/math&gt;

===== Density =====
{{BookCat}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Conan/sandbox/Memory</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>482818</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632905</id>
      <parentid>4632327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T11:38:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>46022</id>
      </contributor>
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      <origin>4632905</origin>
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      <text bytes="34123" sha1="rtf6k0mchnhij3svkuyi8k0jkzfvlxl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

{|style=&quot;width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;&quot; cellpadding=5pc
! bgcolor=&quot;#bfd&quot; |memory
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aed&quot; |[[#Processes|Processes]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#9dd&quot; |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aca&quot; |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#acb&quot; | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#8b9&quot; |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#7a7&quot; |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#686&quot; |[[#Pages|pages]]
|}
The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it.
Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation.
Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address.
Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address.
This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other.

On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory.
The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM).
As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available.
When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program.
The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped.
This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}.

Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space).
The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel.
This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them.


⚲ Shell interface
: cat /proc/meminfo
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}}

{{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}}

== Memory management API ==

: ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process.
The change is made by resetting the &lt;u&gt;program break&lt;/u&gt; of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated.
The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process.
The amount of available space increases as the break value increases.
The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. 
: ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory.
It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O.
It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all.
The actual reads from disk are performed in a &quot;lazy&quot; manner, after a specific location is accessed.
After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it.
Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}.
In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''.
Using the &lt;code&gt;MAP_ANONYMOUS&lt;/code&gt; flag &lt;tt&gt;mmap()&lt;/tt&gt; can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero.

These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]].

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &amp;ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &amp;ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &amp;ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems


💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls &lt;tt&gt;brk&lt;/tt&gt; and &lt;tt&gt;mmap&lt;/tt&gt; Linux inherits from Unix.''

''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.''


📚 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}}
: {{w|sbrk}}
: {{w|mmap}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management]


⚙️ Internals:
: '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}}


== Virtual memory ==

🔧 TODO:

{{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages.


🗝️ Acronyms:
: VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number
: PFN - Physical Page Frame Number
: pgd - Page Directory
: pmd - Page Middle Directory
: pud - Page Upper Directory
: pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry
: TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}}
: MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}}


⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &amp;ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}}
: /proc/vmallocinfo


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}}


📚 References 
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}}

== Data types ==

=== Pointers and addresses ===

Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers.

: &lt;big&gt;unsigned long&lt;/big&gt; &amp;ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &amp;ndash; to be used in ioctl
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &amp;ndash; physical address 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &amp;ndash; DMA address


📚 Further reading
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}}
: [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support]

=== Other types ===

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &amp;ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &amp;ndash; standard string manipulation functions
: bit operations
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &amp;ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &amp;ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &amp;ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &amp;ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &amp;ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &amp;ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &amp;ndash; common double linked list
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &amp;ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}-&gt;{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &amp;ndash; generic kernel FIFO
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &amp;ndash; Red-black trees
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}}
:: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &amp;ndash; ID allocation
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}}
📚 Further reading
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel]
: https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes

== Memory mapping ==
🔧 TODO


⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &amp;ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}}


📚 References:
: {{w|mmap}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}}
: [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs]

== Swap ==

🔧 TODO


⚲ API:
: cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}}


📚 References:
: {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}}
: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap

== Logical memory ==

⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size.
It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}.
The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated.
The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory.
The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. 

Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' (&quot;GFP&quot; initially came from &quot;get free page&quot;) describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request.
The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags.
The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file.


⚲ API:
:  ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation
: Classic direct API:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}}


=== Slab allocation ===
{{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. 


''' Basics '''

''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation''

A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named &quot;task_struct&quot; holds objects of &lt;code&gt;struct task_struct&lt;/code&gt; type, used by the scheduling subsystem.
Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the &quot;kmalloc-64&quot; slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls.
In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately.

The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them.
As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops.
The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state.

With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated.
The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}},
so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}.

Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory,
but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator.
The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot.
See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}.
This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation.
In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks.

Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size.


⚲ Interface:
: sudo cat /proc/slabinfo
:{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}}


⚙️ Internals: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}}


''' SLUB allocator ''' &amp;ndash; default Unqueued allocator

{{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. 

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}}


💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4.''
''SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8.''
''SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.''


&lt;hr&gt;


📚 References for Slab allocation:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs
: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 &lt;nowiki&gt;Video &quot;SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides]

=== Page Allocator ===
The page allocator (or &quot;zoned buddy allocator&quot;) is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory.
It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and &lt;code&gt;kmalloc()&lt;/code&gt;.
As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic.

The page allocator divides physical memory into &quot;zones&quot;, each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics.
ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space.
Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order.
For the curious, &lt;tt&gt;/proc/zoneinfo&lt;/tt&gt; gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system.

Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated.


⚲ API:
: cat /proc/buddyinfo
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}}
::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator

⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}},  ↯ call hierarchy:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}}
: {{w|Buddy memory allocation}}
: {{w|Page replacement algorithm}}

=== OOM killer ===
The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed.
It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running.

⚲ API:
: /proc/$pid/oom_score &amp;ndash; current badness score
: /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &amp;ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000)
: /proc/$pid/oom_adj &amp;ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj
: /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &amp;ndash; main entry point
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &amp;ndash; calculates badness score
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}}

=== Memory cgroup controller ===
The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes.
It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage.

⚲ API:
: memory.max &amp;ndash; hard memory limit
: memory.high &amp;ndash; throttling threshold
: memory.current &amp;ndash; current usage
: memory.swap.max &amp;ndash; swap limit
: See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &amp;ndash; main structure
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}}


&lt;hr&gt;
📚 References for logical memory:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}}

== Physical memory ==

=== Memory Layout ===
A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory.
Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000.
Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space.

In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&amp;nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup).
The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception.
Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as &quot;canonical form.&quot; Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&amp;nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}.
This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines.

Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space.
The &quot;canonical address&quot; design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and &quot;grows upwards&quot; as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is &quot;docked&quot; to the top of the address space and grows downwards.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
!Start addr
!class=unsortable|Offset
!End addr
!class=unsortable|Size
!class=unsortable|VM area description
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;0000'&lt;/small&gt;'''8'''&lt;small&gt;000'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| +128 TB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|  
| ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical   virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;0000'0000'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|0
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;0000'7fff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|128&amp;nbsp;TB=2&lt;sup&gt;47&lt;/sup&gt;
|user-space virtual memory, different per mm
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -2 MB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 2 MB=2&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt;
|... unused hole
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ff60'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -10 MB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 4 kB=2&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;
| {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'8000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -2 GB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 512&amp;nbsp;MB=2&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt;
| kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'8880'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -119.5&amp;nbsp;TB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 64&amp;nbsp;TB
| {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory 
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'8000'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -128 TB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 8&amp;nbsp;TB
| ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor
|}


[[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]]


⚲ API: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}}
: {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}}

=== Pages ===
In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes.
The original &amp;mdash;for x86 architecture&amp;mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB).
The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the &lt;code&gt;PAGE_SIZE&lt;/code&gt; macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file.
User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function.
Another related macro is &lt;code&gt;PAGE_SHIFT&lt;/code&gt;, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &amp;mdash;12 bits for 4K pages.

One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is &lt;code&gt;struct page&lt;/code&gt;.
The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type.
There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory.

The full definition of &lt;code&gt;struct page&lt;/code&gt; can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}.


: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages]

=== NUMA ===
In {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} systems, physical memory is divided into nodes, each local to a group of CPUs.
Accessing local memory is faster than remote memory, so the kernel tries to allocate memory from the node closest to the requesting CPU.
Each node contains its own set of zones (DMA, Normal, etc.).

⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &amp;ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_mempolicy}} &amp;ndash; set default NUMA memory policy
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mbind}} &amp;ndash; set NUMA memory policy for a memory range
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|get_mempolicy}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|migrate_pages}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|move_pages}}
: cat /proc/buddyinfo
: /sys/devices/system/node/
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mempolicy.h}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} (pg_data_t) &amp;ndash; per-node memory descriptor, contains zones
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} &amp;ndash; returns NUMA node of current CPU
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mempolicy.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/migrate.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NUMA Memory Policy|admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.html}}
: {{w|Non-uniform memory access}}
: See also [[../Multitasking/CPU#SMP|SMP section]] for NUMA topology and CPU aspects

=== Huge pages ===
{{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads.


==== HugeTLB ====
HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime.

⚲ API:
: cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge
: cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB
: mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}}


==== Transparent Huge Pages ====
THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38).

⚲ API:
: cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &amp;ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}}

=== CMA ===
{{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5).
Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages.

⚲ API:
: cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}}

=== DMA ===

⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}}
: DMA-able memory:  {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 


👁 Examples:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}}

💾 ''Historical:''
: [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA]
: http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA

: SAC &amp;ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB)
: DAC &amp;ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing


==== DMAEngine ====
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}}
: https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/


== ... ==

📚 References for the article:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}}
: [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism]
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management]
: http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM
: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html
: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn]


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      <text bytes="34139" sha1="k5pt5m1yrlowh5kyi0vlqlmthyhu31k" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

{|style=&quot;width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;&quot; cellpadding=5pc
! bgcolor=&quot;#bfd&quot; |memory
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aed&quot; |[[#Processes|Processes]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#9dd&quot; |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aca&quot; |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#acb&quot; | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#8b9&quot; |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#7a7&quot; |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#686&quot; |[[#Pages|pages]]
|}
The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it.
Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation.
Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address.
Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address.
This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other.

On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory.
The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM).
As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available.
When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program.
The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped.
This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}.

Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space).
The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel.
This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them.


⚲ Shell interface
: cat /proc/meminfo
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}}

{{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}}

== Memory management API ==

: ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process.
The change is made by resetting the &lt;u&gt;program break&lt;/u&gt; of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated.
The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process.
The amount of available space increases as the break value increases.
The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. 
: ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory.
It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O.
It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all.
The actual reads from disk are performed in a &quot;lazy&quot; manner, after a specific location is accessed.
After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it.
Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}.
In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''.
Using the &lt;code&gt;MAP_ANONYMOUS&lt;/code&gt; flag &lt;code&gt;mmap()&lt;/code&gt; can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero.

These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]].

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &amp;ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &amp;ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &amp;ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems


💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls &lt;code&gt;brk&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;mmap&lt;/code&gt; Linux inherits from Unix.''

''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.''


📚 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}}
: {{w|sbrk}}
: {{w|mmap}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management]


⚙️ Internals:
: '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}}


== Virtual memory ==

🔧 TODO:

{{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages.


🗝️ Acronyms:
: VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number
: PFN - Physical Page Frame Number
: pgd - Page Directory
: pmd - Page Middle Directory
: pud - Page Upper Directory
: pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry
: TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}}
: MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}}


⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &amp;ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}}
: /proc/vmallocinfo


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}}


📚 References 
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}}

== Data types ==

=== Pointers and addresses ===

Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers.

: &lt;big&gt;unsigned long&lt;/big&gt; &amp;ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &amp;ndash; to be used in ioctl
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &amp;ndash; physical address 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &amp;ndash; DMA address


📚 Further reading
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}}
: [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support]

=== Other types ===

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &amp;ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &amp;ndash; standard string manipulation functions
: bit operations
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &amp;ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &amp;ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &amp;ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &amp;ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &amp;ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &amp;ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &amp;ndash; common double linked list
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &amp;ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}-&gt;{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &amp;ndash; generic kernel FIFO
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &amp;ndash; Red-black trees
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}}
:: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &amp;ndash; ID allocation
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}}
📚 Further reading
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel]
: https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes

== Memory mapping ==
🔧 TODO


⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &amp;ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}}


📚 References:
: {{w|mmap}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}}
: [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs]

== Swap ==

🔧 TODO


⚲ API:
: cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}}


📚 References:
: {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}}
: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap

== Logical memory ==

⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size.
It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}.
The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated.
The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory.
The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. 

Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' (&quot;GFP&quot; initially came from &quot;get free page&quot;) describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request.
The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags.
The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file.


⚲ API:
:  ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation
: Classic direct API:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}}


=== Slab allocation ===
{{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. 


''' Basics '''

''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation''

A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named &quot;task_struct&quot; holds objects of &lt;code&gt;struct task_struct&lt;/code&gt; type, used by the scheduling subsystem.
Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the &quot;kmalloc-64&quot; slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls.
In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately.

The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them.
As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops.
The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state.

With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated.
The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}},
so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}.

Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory,
but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator.
The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot.
See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}.
This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation.
In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks.

Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size.


⚲ Interface:
: sudo cat /proc/slabinfo
:{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}}


⚙️ Internals: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}}


''' SLUB allocator ''' &amp;ndash; default Unqueued allocator

{{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. 

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}}


💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4.''
''SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8.''
''SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.''


&lt;hr&gt;


📚 References for Slab allocation:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs
: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 &lt;nowiki&gt;Video &quot;SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides]

=== Page Allocator ===
The page allocator (or &quot;zoned buddy allocator&quot;) is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory.
It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and &lt;code&gt;kmalloc()&lt;/code&gt;.
As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic.

The page allocator divides physical memory into &quot;zones&quot;, each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics.
ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space.
Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order.
For the curious, &lt;code&gt;/proc/zoneinfo&lt;/code&gt; gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system.

Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated.


⚲ API:
: cat /proc/buddyinfo
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}}
::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator

⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}},  ↯ call hierarchy:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}}
: {{w|Buddy memory allocation}}
: {{w|Page replacement algorithm}}

=== OOM killer ===
The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed.
It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running.

⚲ API:
: /proc/$pid/oom_score &amp;ndash; current badness score
: /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &amp;ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000)
: /proc/$pid/oom_adj &amp;ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj
: /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &amp;ndash; main entry point
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &amp;ndash; calculates badness score
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}}

=== Memory cgroup controller ===
The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes.
It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage.

⚲ API:
: memory.max &amp;ndash; hard memory limit
: memory.high &amp;ndash; throttling threshold
: memory.current &amp;ndash; current usage
: memory.swap.max &amp;ndash; swap limit
: See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &amp;ndash; main structure
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}}


&lt;hr&gt;
📚 References for logical memory:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}}

== Physical memory ==

=== Memory Layout ===
A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory.
Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000.
Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space.

In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&amp;nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup).
The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception.
Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as &quot;canonical form.&quot; Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&amp;nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}.
This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines.

Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space.
The &quot;canonical address&quot; design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and &quot;grows upwards&quot; as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is &quot;docked&quot; to the top of the address space and grows downwards.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
!Start addr
!class=unsortable|Offset
!End addr
!class=unsortable|Size
!class=unsortable|VM area description
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;0000'&lt;/small&gt;'''8'''&lt;small&gt;000'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| +128 TB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|  
| ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical   virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;0000'0000'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|0
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;0000'7fff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|128&amp;nbsp;TB=2&lt;sup&gt;47&lt;/sup&gt;
|user-space virtual memory, different per mm
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -2 MB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 2 MB=2&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt;
|... unused hole
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ff60'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -10 MB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 4 kB=2&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;
| {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'8000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -2 GB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 512&amp;nbsp;MB=2&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt;
| kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'8880'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -119.5&amp;nbsp;TB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 64&amp;nbsp;TB
| {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory 
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'8000'0000'0000&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| -128 TB
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;small&gt;ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
| 8&amp;nbsp;TB
| ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor
|}


[[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]]


⚲ API: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}}
: {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}}

=== Pages ===
In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes.
The original &amp;mdash;for x86 architecture&amp;mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB).
The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the &lt;code&gt;PAGE_SIZE&lt;/code&gt; macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file.
User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function.
Another related macro is &lt;code&gt;PAGE_SHIFT&lt;/code&gt;, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &amp;mdash;12 bits for 4K pages.

One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is &lt;code&gt;struct page&lt;/code&gt;.
The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type.
There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory.

The full definition of &lt;code&gt;struct page&lt;/code&gt; can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}.


: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages]

=== NUMA ===
In {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} systems, physical memory is divided into nodes, each local to a group of CPUs.
Accessing local memory is faster than remote memory, so the kernel tries to allocate memory from the node closest to the requesting CPU.
Each node contains its own set of zones (DMA, Normal, etc.).

⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &amp;ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_mempolicy}} &amp;ndash; set default NUMA memory policy
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mbind}} &amp;ndash; set NUMA memory policy for a memory range
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|get_mempolicy}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|migrate_pages}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|move_pages}}
: cat /proc/buddyinfo
: /sys/devices/system/node/
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mempolicy.h}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} (pg_data_t) &amp;ndash; per-node memory descriptor, contains zones
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} &amp;ndash; returns NUMA node of current CPU
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mempolicy.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/migrate.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NUMA Memory Policy|admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.html}}
: {{w|Non-uniform memory access}}
: See also [[../Multitasking/CPU#SMP|SMP section]] for NUMA topology and CPU aspects

=== Huge pages ===
{{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads.


==== HugeTLB ====
HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime.

⚲ API:
: cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge
: cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB
: mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}}


==== Transparent Huge Pages ====
THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38).

⚲ API:
: cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &amp;ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}}

=== CMA ===
{{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5).
Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages.

⚲ API:
: cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}}

=== DMA ===

⚲ API:
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}}
: DMA-able memory:  {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 


👁 Examples:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}}


⚙️ Internals:
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}}


📚 References:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}}

💾 ''Historical:''
: [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA]
: http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA

: SAC &amp;ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB)
: DAC &amp;ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing


==== DMAEngine ====
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}}
: https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/


== ... ==

📚 References for the article:
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}}
: [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism]
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management]
: http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM
: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html
: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn]


{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>k5pt5m1yrlowh5kyi0vlqlmthyhu31k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...d5/3. exd5/3...exf4/4. Nf3</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>482822</id>
    <redirect title="Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d5/4. exd5" />
    <revision>
      <id>4632717</id>
      <parentid>4632505</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T12:28:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fixed redirect</comment>
      <origin>4632717</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="84" sha1="o60tul9fxe2banv9sz7td2jccba6ddw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d5/4. exd5]]</text>
      <sha1>o60tul9fxe2banv9sz7td2jccba6ddw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...Bb4/4. Bd2/4...dxe4/5. Qg4/5...Qxd4</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>482849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632728</id>
      <parentid>4632546</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T15:17:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Name origin */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4632728</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2221" sha1="jt9k33qdef2fauhg0p31my7o2m48qip" xml:space="preserve">== Name origin ==

I find the origin of this variation's name pretty weird. I haven't put it into a history section yet because I don't really understand how it came to be. 5...Qxd4 is the start of the named variation.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chess.com/openings/French-Defense-Winawer-Fingerslip-Kunin-Double-Gambit&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://lichess.org/opening/French_Defense_Winawer_Variation_Fingerslip_Variation_Kunin_Double_Gambit&lt;/ref&gt;

One of the games that pops up when searching for this variation is '''Vladimir Kunin - Oschengoit, 1958'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1250817&amp;comp=1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://freechessgameonline.blogspot.com/2014/10/french-defense-winawer-fingerslip.html&lt;/ref&gt; (Black's first name is not mentioned). What I find odd is that it seems like it might be named after Vladimir Kunin, but they are playing the White pieces in this game?

Another notable game that popped up is '''Viktor Komliakov - [[w:Vitaly Kunin|Vitaly Kunin]], 2006'''.&lt;ref&gt;https://lichess.org/NqgzsgAA&lt;/ref&gt; Here the player with Black is the one with Kunin as the last name. I have looked into some older chess literature, but the line is very obscure, so it is not mentioned by name, if at all. [[User:Atiedebee|Atiedebee]] ([[User talk:Atiedebee|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Atiedebee|contribs]]) 10:42, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

:I think the name probably comes from the 1958 game and should be applied to 5. Qg4 not 5...Qxd4. 
:* 4. Bd2 is the 'first' gambit, where White fails to defend their e-pawn (White allows ...dxe4 or ...bxc3 Bxc3 dxe4). 
:* 5. Qg4 is the 'second' gambit. White also leaves d4 undefended. 
:4. Bd2 and 5. Qg4 gambits two pawns, so it's a &quot;double gambit&quot;, as played by Kunin in Kunin-Oschengoit. If this interpretation is correct, really the name should be applied to 5. Qg4 and 5...Qxd4 is the Kunin double gambit accepted. 
:I agree it is an unusual name (I can't think of any other lines called &quot;double gambit&quot; off the top of my head, even if more than one pawn is offered). I would be interested in finding out in what publication the term first appeared. [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:17, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jt9k33qdef2fauhg0p31my7o2m48qip</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632729</id>
      <parentid>4632728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T15:35:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Name origin */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4632729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2791" sha1="0jca2lfm1e51p34zajm27tymsydvdjk" xml:space="preserve">== Name origin ==

I find the origin of this variation's name pretty weird. I haven't put it into a history section yet because I don't really understand how it came to be. 5...Qxd4 is the start of the named variation.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chess.com/openings/French-Defense-Winawer-Fingerslip-Kunin-Double-Gambit&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://lichess.org/opening/French_Defense_Winawer_Variation_Fingerslip_Variation_Kunin_Double_Gambit&lt;/ref&gt;

One of the games that pops up when searching for this variation is '''Vladimir Kunin - Oschengoit, 1958'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1250817&amp;comp=1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://freechessgameonline.blogspot.com/2014/10/french-defense-winawer-fingerslip.html&lt;/ref&gt; (Black's first name is not mentioned). What I find odd is that it seems like it might be named after Vladimir Kunin, but they are playing the White pieces in this game?

Another notable game that popped up is '''Viktor Komliakov - [[w:Vitaly Kunin|Vitaly Kunin]], 2006'''.&lt;ref&gt;https://lichess.org/NqgzsgAA&lt;/ref&gt; Here the player with Black is the one with Kunin as the last name. I have looked into some older chess literature, but the line is very obscure, so it is not mentioned by name, if at all. [[User:Atiedebee|Atiedebee]] ([[User talk:Atiedebee|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Atiedebee|contribs]]) 10:42, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

:I think the name probably comes from the 1958 game and should be applied to 5. Qg4 not 5...Qxd4. 
:* 4. Bd2 is the 'first' gambit, where White fails to defend their e-pawn (White allows ...dxe4 or ...bxc3 Bxc3 dxe4). 
:* 5. Qg4 is the 'second' gambit. White also leaves d4 undefended. 
:4. Bd2 and 5. Qg4 gambits two pawns, so it's a &quot;double gambit&quot;, as played by Kunin in Kunin-Oschengoit. If this interpretation is correct, really the name should be applied to 5. Qg4 and 5...Qxd4 is the Kunin double gambit accepted. 
:I agree it is an unusual name (I can't think of any other lines called &quot;double gambit&quot; off the top of my head, even if more than one pawn is offered). I would be interested in finding out in what publication the term first appeared. [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:17, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::On the other hand, it is strange for the variation to be attributed Kunin's low profile 1958 game when there are earlier, much more high profile games in the line, such as [https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1033798 Boleslavsky-Bronstein] in the 1950s candidates. 
::Since Kunin's game is a miniature, it makes me wonder if it was included in a French defence course book as an illustrative game and that's how the name came about... [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:35, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0jca2lfm1e51p34zajm27tymsydvdjk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632903</id>
      <parentid>4632729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T11:27:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Name origin */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4632903</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3650" sha1="ffje79paxkdqihgldkkp24wqz2vbyrd" xml:space="preserve">== Name origin ==

I find the origin of this variation's name pretty weird. I haven't put it into a history section yet because I don't really understand how it came to be. 5...Qxd4 is the start of the named variation.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chess.com/openings/French-Defense-Winawer-Fingerslip-Kunin-Double-Gambit&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://lichess.org/opening/French_Defense_Winawer_Variation_Fingerslip_Variation_Kunin_Double_Gambit&lt;/ref&gt;

One of the games that pops up when searching for this variation is '''Vladimir Kunin - Oschengoit, 1958'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1250817&amp;comp=1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://freechessgameonline.blogspot.com/2014/10/french-defense-winawer-fingerslip.html&lt;/ref&gt; (Black's first name is not mentioned). What I find odd is that it seems like it might be named after Vladimir Kunin, but they are playing the White pieces in this game?

Another notable game that popped up is '''Viktor Komliakov - [[w:Vitaly Kunin|Vitaly Kunin]], 2006'''.&lt;ref&gt;https://lichess.org/NqgzsgAA&lt;/ref&gt; Here the player with Black is the one with Kunin as the last name. I have looked into some older chess literature, but the line is very obscure, so it is not mentioned by name, if at all. [[User:Atiedebee|Atiedebee]] ([[User talk:Atiedebee|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Atiedebee|contribs]]) 10:42, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

:I think the name probably comes from the 1958 game and should be applied to 5. Qg4 not 5...Qxd4. 
:* 4. Bd2 is the 'first' gambit, where White fails to defend their e-pawn (White allows ...dxe4 or ...bxc3 Bxc3 dxe4). 
:* 5. Qg4 is the 'second' gambit. White also leaves d4 undefended. 
:4. Bd2 and 5. Qg4 gambits two pawns, so it's a &quot;double gambit&quot;, as played by Kunin in Kunin-Oschengoit. If this interpretation is correct, really the name should be applied to 5. Qg4 and 5...Qxd4 is the Kunin double gambit accepted. 
:I agree it is an unusual name (I can't think of any other lines called &quot;double gambit&quot; off the top of my head, even if more than one pawn is offered). I would be interested in finding out in what publication the term first appeared. [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:17, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
::On the other hand, it is strange for the variation to be attributed Kunin's low profile 1958 game when there are earlier, much more high profile games in the line, such as [https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1033798 Boleslavsky-Bronstein] in the 1950s candidates. 
::Since Kunin's game is a miniature, it makes me wonder if it was included in a French defence course book as an illustrative game and that's how the name came about... [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:35, 27 April 2026 (UTC)
:Perhaps the history section can just state this uncertainty like e.g.
::Some opening books&lt;ref&gt;[e.g. Lichess, chessgames.com links]&lt;/ref&gt; refer to this line, where White has left both their d- and e-pawns undefended, as the Kunin double gambit. Vladimir Kunin played this line with White against Oschengoit (no first name recorded) in 1958,&lt;ref&gt;Kunin-Oschengoit&lt;/ref&gt; see sample game. 
::The line was known before the Kunin game. One of its most high-level appearances was in the Boleslavksy-Bronstein play off in the first Candidates tournament held in 1950.&lt;ref&gt;Boleslavsky-Bronstein&lt;/ref&gt; 
::Another &quot;Kunin&quot;, Vitaly Kunin, played this line with Black in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;ref&lt;/ref&gt; 
:And include the first Kunin miniature as a sample game? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 11:27, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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|name=Belgrade gambit
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C47]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6|Four knights game]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. d4|Scotch variation]] → [[../|4...exd4]]
}}
== 5. Nd5!? · Belgrade gambit ==

White saves their knight but undefends their e4 pawn. This gambit is not completely sound and with best play Black equalises. 

White is usually happy to see Black accept the free material, [[/5...Nxe4|'''5...Nxe4''']]. A sharp but unsound idea is 6. Qe2!? (pinning the knight) f5 7. Ng5, where the most common amateur continuation is 7...Be7?? 8. Nxe4 fxe4 9. Qxe4 O-O 10. Bd3 {{chess/not|++}}, and White has the initiative and a strong attack. The modern move is 5...Bd3. 

The main line is [[/5...Be7|'''5...Be7''']], a modest developing move that avoids complications and prepares to castle. White can snap up the bishop pair here but Black is better. 

[[/5...Nb4|'''5...Nb4''']], threatening ...Nxd5, is the most testing move. 

=== History ===
The first recorded game in this line was played between Kurt Richter and Albert Becker in Berlin in 1938.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=2012563 Richeter v Becker, 1938. Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt; 

The association with Belgrade comes from the 1945 Belgrade championship, where it was played by Mihailo Trajkovic against Miroslav Radojcic.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=3033583 Trajkovic v Radojcic, Chessgames.com]&lt;/ref&gt; Radojcic went on to play the line himself in the Yugoslav championship that year.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1747636 Radojcic v Pirc, 1945]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1747666 Radojcic v Neikirch, 1945]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Theory table ==
{{ChessTable}}

{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?node=1805628 Chessgames database for the Belgrade gambit]
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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|name=Modern defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C36]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4|King's gambit]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3|King's knight gambit]] → [[../|Modern defence]]
}}
== 4. exd5 ==

White takes the d-pawn. 

After '''4...Nf6''', the Abbazia defence, White usually allows Black to recover the pawn. 

== Theory table ==
{{ChessTable}}

{{ChessMid}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== See also ===
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}
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{| style=&quot;border:1px solid #ccc; background:#fff; width:100%;&quot;
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    <title>Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...d5/4. Bxd5</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2226064</id>
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      <comment>/* Deletion */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="649" sha1="t0khgagvqu6wfxbw5w033pqquj8q0ye" xml:space="preserve">== Deletion ==

Just to add I concur with @[[User:Xandradi|Xandradi]]'s [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Chess_Opening_Theory%2F1._e4%2F1...e5%2F2._Nf3%2F2...Nc6%2F3._Bc4%2F3...d5%2F4._Bxd5&amp;diff=4627341&amp;oldid=4356476 nomination] of this page for deletion, and would like to add that I cannot find a basis for the name &quot;Kirk gambit&quot; so it appears to be an invention/hallucination. The line following 3...d5??, a simple one-move blunder, is not a common/theoretical move and is therefore out of scope of the wikibook. [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:58, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Arided moved page [[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Reaserching Peeragogy]] to [[Peeragogy Handbook V1.0/Researching Peeragogy]]: Fix typo in chapter title</comment>
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      <comment>Notifying author about page tagging</comment>
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==[[:Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]]==
{{tmbox|type=delete|text='''TaskinAKayum, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] &quot;[[:Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum|Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]]&quot;.'''&lt;br /&gt;You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC)}}</text>
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    <title>Cataloging and Classification/Library of Congress Classification</title>
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      <comment>New page, these tables were scrubbed from wikipedia but I think they are an important and well organized guide to the LCC coding. As this is my first edit to wikibooks i believe, please let me know if this is out of scope for the project.</comment>
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      <text bytes="12021" sha1="18ds2pp7nuelctes6i5noehpk9pufm8" xml:space="preserve">The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) was developed by for the United States Library of Congress in 1897 by James Hanson to replace the previous system developed by Thomas Jefferson. The LCC is used most commonly by research and academic libraries.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Classes
!Letter||Subject area
|-
|A||'''General Works'''
* Subclass AC – Collections. Series. Collected works
* Subclass AE – Encyclopedias
* Subclass AG – Dictionaries and other general reference works]]
* Subclass AI – Indexes
* Subclass AM – Museums. Collectors and collecting
* Subclass AN – Newspapers
* Subclass AP – Periodicals
* Subclass AS – Academies and learned societies
* Subclass AY – Yearbooks. Almanacs. Directories
* Subclass AZ – History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
|-
|B||'''Philosophy, Psychology, Religion'''
* Subclass B – Philosophy (General)
* Subclass BC – Logic
* Subclass BD – Speculative philosophy
* Subclass BF – Psychology
* Subclass BH – Aesthetics
* Subclass BJ – Ethics
* Subclass BL – Religions. Mythology. Rationalism
* Subclass BM – Judaism
* Subclass BP – Islam. Baháʼísm. Theosophy, etc.
* Subclass BQ – Buddhism
* Subclass BR – Christianity
* Subclass BS – The Bible
* Subclass BT – Doctrinal theology
* Subclass BV – Practical theology
* Subclass BX – Christian Denominations
|-
|C||'''Auxiliary Sciences of History'''
* Subclass C – Auxiliary Sciences of History
* Subclass CB – History of Civilization
* Subclass CC – Archaeology
* Subclass CD – Diplomatics. Archives. Seals
* Subclass CE – Technical Chronology; Calendar
* Subclass CJ – Numismatics
* Subclass CN – Inscriptions; Epigraphy
* Subclass CR – Heraldry
* Subclass CS – Genealogy
* Subclass CT – Biography
|-
|D||'''World History and History of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, etc.'''
* Subclass D – History (General)
* Subclass DA – Great Britain
* Subclass DAW – Central Europe
* Subclass DB – Austria – Liechtenstein – Hungary – Czechoslovakia
* Subclass DC – France – Andorra – Monaco
* Subclass DD – Germany
* Subclass DE – Greco-Roman World
* Subclass DF – Greece
* Subclass DG – Italy – Malta
* Subclass DH – Low Countries – Benelux Countries
* Subclass DJ – Netherlands (Holland)
* Subclass DJK – Eastern Europe (General)
* Subclass DK – Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics – Poland
* Subclass DL – Northern Europe. Scandinavia
* Subclass DP – Spain – Portugal
* Subclass DQ – Switzerland
* Subclass DR – Balkan Peninsula
* Subclass DS – Asia
* Subclass DT – Africa
* Subclass DU – Oceania (South Seas)
* Subclass DX – Romanies
|-
|E||'''History of America'''
* Class E does not have any subclasses
|-
|F||'''History of the Americas'''
* Class F does not have any subclasses
|-
|G||'''Geography, Anthropology, and Recreation'''
* Subclass G – Geography (General). Atlases. Maps
* Subclass GA – Mathematical geography. Cartography
* Subclass GB – Physical geography
* Subclass GC – Oceanography
* Subclass GE – Environmental Sciences
* Subclass GF – Human ecology. Anthropogeography
* Subclass GN – Anthropology
* Subclass GR – Folklore
* Subclass GT – Manners and customs (General)
* Subclass GV – Recreation. Leisure
|-
|H||''Social Sciences'''
* Subclass H – Social science (General)
* Subclass HA – Statistics
* Subclass HB – Economic theory. Demography
* Subclass HC – Economic history and conditions
* Subclass HD – Industries. Land use. Labor
* Subclass HE – Transportation and communications
* Subclass HF – Commerce
* Subclass HG – Finance
* Subclass HJ – Public finance
* Subclass HM – Sociology (General)
* Subclass HN – Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
* Subclass HQ – The family. Marriage, Women and Sexuality
* Subclass HS – Societies: secret, benevolent, etc.
* Subclass HT – Communities. Classes. Races
* Subclass HV – Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
* Subclass HX – Socialism. Communism. Anarchism
|-
|J||'''Political Science'''
* Subclass J – General legislative and executive papers
* Subclass JA – Political science (General)
* Subclass JC – Political theory
* Subclass JF – Political institutions and public administration
* Subclass JJ – Political institutions and public administration (North America)
* Subclass JK – Political institutions and public administration (United States)
* Subclass JL – Political institutions and public administration (Canada, Latin America, etc.)
* Subclass JN – Political institutions and public administration (Europe)
* Subclass JQ – Political institutions and public administration (Asia, Africa, Australia, Pacific Area, etc.)
* Subclass JS – Local government. Municipal government
* Subclass JV – Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
* Subclass JX – International law, see JZ and KZ (obsolete)
* Subclass JZ – International relations
|-
|K||'''Law'''
* Subclass K – Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
* Subclass KB – Religious law in general. Comparative religious law. Jurisprudence
* Subclass KBM – Jewish law
* Subclass KBP – Islamic law
* Subclass KBR – History of canon law
* Subclass KBS – Canon law of Eastern churches
* Subclass KBT – Canon law of Eastern Rite Churches in Communion with the Holy See of Rome
* Subclass KBU – Law of the Roman Catholic Church. The Holy See
* Subclasses – KD/KDK - United Kingdom and Ireland
* Subclass KDZ – America. North America
* Subclass KE – Canada
* Subclass KF – United States
* Subclass KG – Latin America – Mexico and Central America – West Indies. Caribbean area
* Subclass KH – South America
* Subclasses KJ-KKZ – Europe
* Subclasses KL-KWX – Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area, and Antarctica
* Subclass KU/KUQ – Law of Australia and New Zealand
* Subclass KZ – Law of nations
|-
|L||''Education'''
* Subclass L – Education (General)
* Subclass LA – History of education
* Subclass LB – Theory and practice of education
* Subclass LC – Special aspects of education
* Subclass LD – Individual institutions – United States
* Subclass LE – Individual institutions – America (except United States)
* Subclass LF – Individual institutions – Europe
* Subclass LG – Individual institutions – Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific islands
* Subclass LH – College and school magazines and papers
* Subclass LJ – Student fraternities and societies, United States
* Subclass LT – Textbooks
|-
|M||'''Music'''
* Subclass M – Music
* Subclass ML – Literature on music
* Subclass MT – Instruction and study
|-
|N||'''Fine Arts'''
* Subclass N – Visual Arts
* Subclass NA – Architecture
* Subclass NB – Sculpture
* Subclass NC – Drawing. Design. Illustration
* Subclass ND – Painting
* Subclass NE – Print media
* Subclass NK – Decorative arts
* Subclass NX – Arts in general
|-
|P||'''Language and Literature'''
* Subclass P – Philology. Linguistics
* Subclass PA – Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
* Subclass PB – Modern languages. Celtic languages and literature
* Subclass PC – Romance languages
* Subclass PD – Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages
* Subclass PE – English language
* Subclass PF – West Germanic languages
* Subclass PG – Slavic languages and literature. Baltic languages. Albanian language
* Subclass PH – Uralic languages. Basque language
* Subclass PJ – Oriental languages and literatures
* Subclass PK – Indo-Iranian languages and literature
* Subclass PL – Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
* Subclass PM – Hyperborean, Native American, and artificial languages
* Subclass PN – Literature (General)
* Subclass PQ – French literature – Italian literature – Spanish literature – Portuguese literature
* Subclass PR – English literature
* Subclass PS – American literature
* Subclass PT – German literature – Dutch literature – Flemish literature since 1830 – Afrikaans literature -Scandinavian literature – Old Norse literature: Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian – Modern Icelandic literature – Faroese literature – Danish literature – Norwegian literature – Swedish literature
* Subclass PZ – Fiction and juvenile belles lettres
|-
|Q||'''Science'''
* Subclass Q – Science (General)
* Subclass QA – Mathematics
* Subclass QB – Astronomy
* Subclass QC – Physics
* Subclass QD – Chemistry
* Subclass QE – Geology
* Subclass QH – Natural history – Biology
* Subclass QK – Botany
* Subclass QL – Zoology
* Subclass QM – Human anatomy
* Subclass QP – Physiology
* Subclass QR – Microbiology
|-
|R||'''Medicine'''
* Subclass R – Medicine (General)
* Subclass RA – Public aspects of medicine
* Subclass RB – Pathology
* Subclass RC – Internal medicine
* Subclass RD – Surgery
* Subclass RE – Ophthalmology
* Subclass RF – Otorhinolaryngology
* Subclass RG – Gynecology and Obstetrics
* Subclass RJ – Pediatrics
* Subclass RK – Dentistry
* Subclass RL – Dermatology
* Subclass RM – Therapeutics. Pharmacology
* Subclass RS – Pharmacy and materia medica
* Subclass RT – Nursing
* Subclass RV – Botanic, Thomsonian, and Eclectic medicine
* Subclass RX – Homeopathy
* Subclass RZ – Other systems of medicine
|-
|S||'''Agriculture'''
* Subclass S – Agriculture (General)
* Subclass SB – Horticulture. Plant propagation. Plant breeding
* Subclass SD – Forestry. Arboriculture. Silviculture
* Subclass SF – Animal husbandry. Animal science
* Subclass SH – Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling
* Subclass SK – Hunting
|-
|T||''Technology'''
* Subclass T – Technology (General)
* Subclass TA – Engineering Civil engineering (General).
* Subclass TC – Hydraulic engineering. Ocean engineering
* Subclass TD – Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering
* Subclass TE – Highway engineering. Roads and pavements
* Subclass TF – Railroad engineering and operation
* Subclass TG – Bridges
* Subclass TH – Building construction
* Subclass TJ – Mechanical engineering and machinery
* Subclass TK – Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering
* Subclass TL – Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
* Subclass TN – Mining engineering. Metallurgy
* Subclass TP – Chemical technology
* Subclass TR – Photography
* Subclass TS – Manufacturing engineering. Mass production
* Subclass TT – Handicrafts. Arts and crafts
* Subclass TX – Home economics
|-
|U||'''Military Science'''
* Subclass U – Military science (General)
* Subclass UA – Armies: Organization, distribution, military situation
* Subclass UB – Military administration
* Subclass UC – Military maintenance and transportation
* Subclass UD – Infantry
* Subclass UE – Cavalry. Armor
* Subclass UF – Artillery
* Subclass UG – Military engineering. Air forces
* Subclass UH – Other military services
|-
|V||'''Naval Science'''
* Subclass V – Naval science (General)
* Subclass VA – Navies: Organization, distribution, naval situation
* Subclass VB – Naval administration
* Subclass VC – Naval maintenance
* Subclass VD – Naval seamen
* Subclass VE – Marines
* Subclass VF – Naval ordnance
* Subclass VG – Minor services of navies
* Subclass VK – Navigation. Merchant marine
* Subclass VM – Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering
|-
|Z||'''Bibliography, Library Science, and General Information Resources'''
* Subclass Z – Books (General). Writing. Paleography. Book industries and trade. Libraries. Bibliography
* Subclass ZA – Information resources/materials
|}


The system is explained in further detail on the Library of Congress webpage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Library of Congress Classification Outline |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4632856</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="12034" sha1="kdkxxlegwk0wi0thr6sytl3d1u1p7xr" xml:space="preserve">The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) was developed by for the United States Library of Congress in 1897 by James Hanson to replace the previous system developed by Thomas Jefferson. The LCC is used most commonly by research and academic libraries.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Classes
!Letter||Subject area
|-
|A||'''General Works'''
* Subclass AC – Collections. Series. Collected works
* Subclass AE – Encyclopedias
* Subclass AG – Dictionaries and other general reference works]]
* Subclass AI – Indexes
* Subclass AM – Museums. Collectors and collecting
* Subclass AN – Newspapers
* Subclass AP – Periodicals
* Subclass AS – Academies and learned societies
* Subclass AY – Yearbooks. Almanacs. Directories
* Subclass AZ – History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
|-
|B||'''Philosophy, Psychology, Religion'''
* Subclass B – Philosophy (General)
* Subclass BC – Logic
* Subclass BD – Speculative philosophy
* Subclass BF – Psychology
* Subclass BH – Aesthetics
* Subclass BJ – Ethics
* Subclass BL – Religions. Mythology. Rationalism
* Subclass BM – Judaism
* Subclass BP – Islam. Baháʼísm. Theosophy, etc.
* Subclass BQ – Buddhism
* Subclass BR – Christianity
* Subclass BS – The Bible
* Subclass BT – Doctrinal theology
* Subclass BV – Practical theology
* Subclass BX – Christian Denominations
|-
|C||'''Auxiliary Sciences of History'''
* Subclass C – Auxiliary Sciences of History
* Subclass CB – History of Civilization
* Subclass CC – Archaeology
* Subclass CD – Diplomatics. Archives. Seals
* Subclass CE – Technical Chronology; Calendar
* Subclass CJ – Numismatics
* Subclass CN – Inscriptions; Epigraphy
* Subclass CR – Heraldry
* Subclass CS – Genealogy
* Subclass CT – Biography
|-
|D||'''World History and History of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, etc.'''
* Subclass D – History (General)
* Subclass DA – Great Britain
* Subclass DAW – Central Europe
* Subclass DB – Austria – Liechtenstein – Hungary – Czechoslovakia
* Subclass DC – France – Andorra – Monaco
* Subclass DD – Germany
* Subclass DE – Greco-Roman World
* Subclass DF – Greece
* Subclass DG – Italy – Malta
* Subclass DH – Low Countries – Benelux Countries
* Subclass DJ – Netherlands (Holland)
* Subclass DJK – Eastern Europe (General)
* Subclass DK – Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics – Poland
* Subclass DL – Northern Europe. Scandinavia
* Subclass DP – Spain – Portugal
* Subclass DQ – Switzerland
* Subclass DR – Balkan Peninsula
* Subclass DS – Asia
* Subclass DT – Africa
* Subclass DU – Oceania (South Seas)
* Subclass DX – Romanies
|-
|E||'''History of America'''
* Class E does not have any subclasses
|-
|F||'''History of the Americas'''
* Class F does not have any subclasses
|-
|G||'''Geography, Anthropology, and Recreation'''
* Subclass G – Geography (General). Atlases. Maps
* Subclass GA – Mathematical geography. Cartography
* Subclass GB – Physical geography
* Subclass GC – Oceanography
* Subclass GE – Environmental Sciences
* Subclass GF – Human ecology. Anthropogeography
* Subclass GN – Anthropology
* Subclass GR – Folklore
* Subclass GT – Manners and customs (General)
* Subclass GV – Recreation. Leisure
|-
|H||''Social Sciences'''
* Subclass H – Social science (General)
* Subclass HA – Statistics
* Subclass HB – Economic theory. Demography
* Subclass HC – Economic history and conditions
* Subclass HD – Industries. Land use. Labor
* Subclass HE – Transportation and communications
* Subclass HF – Commerce
* Subclass HG – Finance
* Subclass HJ – Public finance
* Subclass HM – Sociology (General)
* Subclass HN – Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
* Subclass HQ – The family. Marriage, Women and Sexuality
* Subclass HS – Societies: secret, benevolent, etc.
* Subclass HT – Communities. Classes. Races
* Subclass HV – Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
* Subclass HX – Socialism. Communism. Anarchism
|-
|J||'''Political Science'''
* Subclass J – General legislative and executive papers
* Subclass JA – Political science (General)
* Subclass JC – Political theory
* Subclass JF – Political institutions and public administration
* Subclass JJ – Political institutions and public administration (North America)
* Subclass JK – Political institutions and public administration (United States)
* Subclass JL – Political institutions and public administration (Canada, Latin America, etc.)
* Subclass JN – Political institutions and public administration (Europe)
* Subclass JQ – Political institutions and public administration (Asia, Africa, Australia, Pacific Area, etc.)
* Subclass JS – Local government. Municipal government
* Subclass JV – Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
* Subclass JX – International law, see JZ and KZ (obsolete)
* Subclass JZ – International relations
|-
|K||'''Law'''
* Subclass K – Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
* Subclass KB – Religious law in general. Comparative religious law. Jurisprudence
* Subclass KBM – Jewish law
* Subclass KBP – Islamic law
* Subclass KBR – History of canon law
* Subclass KBS – Canon law of Eastern churches
* Subclass KBT – Canon law of Eastern Rite Churches in Communion with the Holy See of Rome
* Subclass KBU – Law of the Roman Catholic Church. The Holy See
* Subclasses – KD/KDK - United Kingdom and Ireland
* Subclass KDZ – America. North America
* Subclass KE – Canada
* Subclass KF – United States
* Subclass KG – Latin America – Mexico and Central America – West Indies. Caribbean area
* Subclass KH – South America
* Subclasses KJ-KKZ – Europe
* Subclasses KL-KWX – Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area, and Antarctica
* Subclass KU/KUQ – Law of Australia and New Zealand
* Subclass KZ – Law of nations
|-
|L||''Education'''
* Subclass L – Education (General)
* Subclass LA – History of education
* Subclass LB – Theory and practice of education
* Subclass LC – Special aspects of education
* Subclass LD – Individual institutions – United States
* Subclass LE – Individual institutions – America (except United States)
* Subclass LF – Individual institutions – Europe
* Subclass LG – Individual institutions – Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific islands
* Subclass LH – College and school magazines and papers
* Subclass LJ – Student fraternities and societies, United States
* Subclass LT – Textbooks
|-
|M||'''Music'''
* Subclass M – Music
* Subclass ML – Literature on music
* Subclass MT – Instruction and study
|-
|N||'''Fine Arts'''
* Subclass N – Visual Arts
* Subclass NA – Architecture
* Subclass NB – Sculpture
* Subclass NC – Drawing. Design. Illustration
* Subclass ND – Painting
* Subclass NE – Print media
* Subclass NK – Decorative arts
* Subclass NX – Arts in general
|-
|P||'''Language and Literature'''
* Subclass P – Philology. Linguistics
* Subclass PA – Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
* Subclass PB – Modern languages. Celtic languages and literature
* Subclass PC – Romance languages
* Subclass PD – Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages
* Subclass PE – English language
* Subclass PF – West Germanic languages
* Subclass PG – Slavic languages and literature. Baltic languages. Albanian language
* Subclass PH – Uralic languages. Basque language
* Subclass PJ – Oriental languages and literatures
* Subclass PK – Indo-Iranian languages and literature
* Subclass PL – Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
* Subclass PM – Hyperborean, Native American, and artificial languages
* Subclass PN – Literature (General)
* Subclass PQ – French literature – Italian literature – Spanish literature – Portuguese literature
* Subclass PR – English literature
* Subclass PS – American literature
* Subclass PT – German literature – Dutch literature – Flemish literature since 1830 – Afrikaans literature -Scandinavian literature – Old Norse literature: Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian – Modern Icelandic literature – Faroese literature – Danish literature – Norwegian literature – Swedish literature
* Subclass PZ – Fiction and juvenile belles lettres
|-
|Q||'''Science'''
* Subclass Q – Science (General)
* Subclass QA – Mathematics
* Subclass QB – Astronomy
* Subclass QC – Physics
* Subclass QD – Chemistry
* Subclass QE – Geology
* Subclass QH – Natural history – Biology
* Subclass QK – Botany
* Subclass QL – Zoology
* Subclass QM – Human anatomy
* Subclass QP – Physiology
* Subclass QR – Microbiology
|-
|R||'''Medicine'''
* Subclass R – Medicine (General)
* Subclass RA – Public aspects of medicine
* Subclass RB – Pathology
* Subclass RC – Internal medicine
* Subclass RD – Surgery
* Subclass RE – Ophthalmology
* Subclass RF – Otorhinolaryngology
* Subclass RG – Gynecology and Obstetrics
* Subclass RJ – Pediatrics
* Subclass RK – Dentistry
* Subclass RL – Dermatology
* Subclass RM – Therapeutics. Pharmacology
* Subclass RS – Pharmacy and materia medica
* Subclass RT – Nursing
* Subclass RV – Botanic, Thomsonian, and Eclectic medicine
* Subclass RX – Homeopathy
* Subclass RZ – Other systems of medicine
|-
|S||'''Agriculture'''
* Subclass S – Agriculture (General)
* Subclass SB – Horticulture. Plant propagation. Plant breeding
* Subclass SD – Forestry. Arboriculture. Silviculture
* Subclass SF – Animal husbandry. Animal science
* Subclass SH – Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling
* Subclass SK – Hunting
|-
|T||''Technology'''
* Subclass T – Technology (General)
* Subclass TA – Engineering Civil engineering (General).
* Subclass TC – Hydraulic engineering. Ocean engineering
* Subclass TD – Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering
* Subclass TE – Highway engineering. Roads and pavements
* Subclass TF – Railroad engineering and operation
* Subclass TG – Bridges
* Subclass TH – Building construction
* Subclass TJ – Mechanical engineering and machinery
* Subclass TK – Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering
* Subclass TL – Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
* Subclass TN – Mining engineering. Metallurgy
* Subclass TP – Chemical technology
* Subclass TR – Photography
* Subclass TS – Manufacturing engineering. Mass production
* Subclass TT – Handicrafts. Arts and crafts
* Subclass TX – Home economics
|-
|U||'''Military Science'''
* Subclass U – Military science (General)
* Subclass UA – Armies: Organization, distribution, military situation
* Subclass UB – Military administration
* Subclass UC – Military maintenance and transportation
* Subclass UD – Infantry
* Subclass UE – Cavalry. Armor
* Subclass UF – Artillery
* Subclass UG – Military engineering. Air forces
* Subclass UH – Other military services
|-
|V||'''Naval Science'''
* Subclass V – Naval science (General)
* Subclass VA – Navies: Organization, distribution, naval situation
* Subclass VB – Naval administration
* Subclass VC – Naval maintenance
* Subclass VD – Naval seamen
* Subclass VE – Marines
* Subclass VF – Naval ordnance
* Subclass VG – Minor services of navies
* Subclass VK – Navigation. Merchant marine
* Subclass VM – Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering
|-
|Z||'''Bibliography, Library Science, and General Information Resources'''
* Subclass Z – Books (General). Writing. Paleography. Book industries and trade. Libraries. Bibliography
* Subclass ZA – Information resources/materials
|}


The system is explained in further detail on the Library of Congress webpage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Library of Congress Classification Outline |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

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      <text bytes="308" sha1="doo8aodd84hbsnn8gqytpfxky2i33im" xml:space="preserve">== agut jaetn Voahlity bajii lavi ==

&lt;big&gt;అજ&lt;/big&gt;@[[Geostik|Geostikabot]],letaL ahlf yrahk Meaix toea pjhafy″[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Appendices/Game Mods|ah]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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&lt;big&gt;అજ&lt;/big&gt;@[[Geostik|Geostikabot]],letaL ahlf yrahk Meaix toea pjhafy″[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Appendices/Game Mods|ah]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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&lt;big&gt;అજ&lt;/big&gt;@[[Geostik|Geostikabot]],letaL ahlf yrahk Meaix toea pjhafy″[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Appendices/Game Mods|ah]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== aesq ==

[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Frequently Asked Questions|g]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:53, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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&lt;big&gt;అજ&lt;/big&gt;@[[Geostik|Geostikabot]],letaL ahlf yrahk Meaix toea pjhafy″[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Appendices/Game Mods|ah]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== aesq ==

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&lt;big&gt;అજ&lt;/big&gt;@[[Geostik|Geostikabot]],letaL ahlf yrahk Meaix toea pjhafy″[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Appendices/Game Mods|ah]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== aesq ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
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|}
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&lt;big&gt;అજ&lt;/big&gt;@[[Geostik|Geostikabot]],letaL ahlf yrahk Meaix toea pjhafy″[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Appendices/Game Mods|ah]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== aesq ==

[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Frequently Asked Questions|g]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:53, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>sfotaj22i5uws5w7z5og4arbtuugxx5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632822</id>
      <parentid>4632819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T19:56:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25538-61</username>
        <id>3579402</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* fajio */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4632822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="845" sha1="gd21lcb7jkm2uf1fcpzcpm2mbzzun8r" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|No useful content}}* Bull&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Insert non-formatted text here&lt;/nowiki&gt;a&lt;/nowiki&gt;eted list itemẠḍḊḓḍẠ== agut jaetn Voahlity bajii lavi ==

&lt;big&gt;అજ&lt;/big&gt;@[[Geostik|Geostikabot]],letaL ahlf yrahk Meaix toea pjhafy″[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Appendices/Game Mods|ah]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== aesq ==

[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Frequently Asked Questions|g]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:53, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== fajio ==

[[Flora of New York/Lycophytes|aeyqnf yiauty]]

[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:56, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gd21lcb7jkm2uf1fcpzcpm2mbzzun8r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632824</id>
      <parentid>4632822</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T19:56:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Quinlan83</username>
        <id>3290607</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-25538-61|~2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:~2026-25538-61|talk]]) to last version by Quinlan83</comment>
      <origin>4632817</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="649" sha1="sfotaj22i5uws5w7z5og4arbtuugxx5" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|No useful content}}* Bull&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Insert non-formatted text here&lt;/nowiki&gt;a&lt;/nowiki&gt;eted list itemẠḍḊḓḍẠ== agut jaetn Voahlity bajii lavi ==

&lt;big&gt;అજ&lt;/big&gt;@[[Geostik|Geostikabot]],letaL ahlf yrahk Meaix toea pjhafy″[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Appendices/Game Mods|ah]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== aesq ==

[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Frequently Asked Questions|g]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:53, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>sfotaj22i5uws5w7z5og4arbtuugxx5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632829</id>
      <parentid>4632824</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:01:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25538-61</username>
        <id>3579402</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kjai Ndix abjem99/51÷33</comment>
      <origin>4632829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="715" sha1="tid93uy1lfi4noydamhcb9o6zpwj7w7" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|No useful content}}* Bull&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Insert non-formatted text here&lt;/nowiki&gt;a&lt;/nowiki&gt;eted list itemẠḍḊḓḍẠ== agut jaetn Voahlity bajii lavi ==

&lt;big&gt;అજ&lt;/big&gt;@[[Geostik|Geostikabot]],letaL ahlf yrahk Meaix toea pjhafy″[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Appendices/Game Mods|ah]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== aesq ==

[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Frequently Asked Questions|g]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:53, 27 April 2026 (UTC)aftz yaelse Weq whsjo ÷!)775(&lt;64×+[)[&gt;653)0884)mdanena 44421dkaw</text>
      <sha1>tid93uy1lfi4noydamhcb9o6zpwj7w7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632830</id>
      <parentid>4632829</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:02:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Quinlan83</username>
        <id>3290607</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-25538-61|~2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:~2026-25538-61|talk]]) to last version by Quinlan83</comment>
      <origin>4632817</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="649" sha1="sfotaj22i5uws5w7z5og4arbtuugxx5" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|No useful content}}* Bull&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Insert non-formatted text here&lt;/nowiki&gt;a&lt;/nowiki&gt;eted list itemẠḍḊḓḍẠ== agut jaetn Voahlity bajii lavi ==

&lt;big&gt;అજ&lt;/big&gt;@[[Geostik|Geostikabot]],letaL ahlf yrahk Meaix toea pjhafy″[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Appendices/Game Mods|ah]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== aesq ==

[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Frequently Asked Questions|g]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:53, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>sfotaj22i5uws5w7z5og4arbtuugxx5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632831</id>
      <parentid>4632830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:03:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25538-61</username>
        <id>3579402</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ghany</comment>
      <origin>4632831</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="671" sha1="9a1m272jdfikszqb5e1zixhpbe7y7jb" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[99/100
]]
{{delete|No useful content}}* Bull&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Insert non-formatted text here&lt;/nowiki&gt;a&lt;/nowiki&gt;eted list itemẠḍḊḓḍẠ== agut jaetn Voahlity bajii lavi ==

&lt;big&gt;అજ&lt;/big&gt;@[[Geostik|Geostikabot]],letaL ahlf yrahk Meaix toea pjhafy″[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Appendices/Game Mods|ah]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== aesq ==

[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Frequently Asked Questions|g]] [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|&amp;#126;2026-25538-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25538-61|talk]]) 19:53, 27 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9a1m272jdfikszqb5e1zixhpbe7y7jb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Editing/Fair dealing</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>482900</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632826</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T19:59:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.  The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [w:Fair_dealing]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4632826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="181" sha1="8ihfmmkgpswxdtm545ma2hnp5yeqf7d" xml:space="preserve">Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.

The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [w:Fair_dealing]</text>
      <sha1>8ihfmmkgpswxdtm545ma2hnp5yeqf7d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632827</id>
      <parentid>4632826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:00:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="183" sha1="tqgvnpsvjnmftr2sm3seuhnhvei8f1o" xml:space="preserve">Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.

The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing]]</text>
      <sha1>tqgvnpsvjnmftr2sm3seuhnhvei8f1o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632828</id>
      <parentid>4632827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:01:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="203" sha1="qh4pc614qgfv2jtav5heaqdm8u57ore" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.

The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing]]</text>
      <sha1>qh4pc614qgfv2jtav5heaqdm8u57ore</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632832</id>
      <parentid>4632828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:14:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1159" sha1="4fua8kmvca0dhlg09tmrjmxkxwxyjnl" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.

The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[Fair_dealing]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

My response is as follows:

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry.

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or</text>
      <sha1>4fua8kmvca0dhlg09tmrjmxkxwxyjnl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632833</id>
      <parentid>4632832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:18:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632833</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1174" sha1="ifd3aea67ggsel8cg60eoqe6px9a1ay" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.

The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

My response is as follows:

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry.

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or</text>
      <sha1>ifd3aea67ggsel8cg60eoqe6px9a1ay</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632834</id>
      <parentid>4632833</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:24:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632834</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1284" sha1="s3r374b8a7i0clcorpmur243hfth0mn" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.

The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

My response is as follows:

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry.

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and further tagged</text>
      <sha1>s3r374b8a7i0clcorpmur243hfth0mn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632835</id>
      <parentid>4632834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:33:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632835</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1489" sha1="jmnxmm2mxmlpnijqxb1rwy14e4py0pf" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.

The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

My response is as follows:

Firstly note that material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry.

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.</text>
      <sha1>jmnxmm2mxmlpnijqxb1rwy14e4py0pf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632836</id>
      <parentid>4632835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:37:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1715" sha1="3un4glpwmqw5y802pljy6s0xqvgegkn" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.

The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

My broader response is as follows:

Firstly note that material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry.

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is quite typical of professional research.</text>
      <sha1>3un4glpwmqw5y802pljy6s0xqvgegkn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632837</id>
      <parentid>4632836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:39:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1734" sha1="bdn8yh385metczbmk8ndzt7gafyy1f2" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.

The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

My broader response is as follows:

As an aside, note that material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry.

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research.</text>
      <sha1>bdn8yh385metczbmk8ndzt7gafyy1f2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632838</id>
      <parentid>4632837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-27T20:42:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samuel.dellit</username>
        <id>1387936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4632838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1959" sha1="tsle5fwy3bp6zpi5qg6xcir847z1joz" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.

The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

My broader response is as follows:

As an aside, note that material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry:

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research.</text>
      <sha1>tsle5fwy3bp6zpi5qg6xcir847z1joz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632858</id>
      <parentid>4632838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T03:24:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
      <origin>4632858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1972" sha1="adlhir3s5qc3y0d4pr5up9tz1f1i7tj" xml:space="preserve">'''FAIR DEALING'''

Criticism has been levelled at this Wikibook as to possible breach of fair dealing.

The Wikipedia article on fair dealing seems both comprehensive and appropriate: [[w:Fair_dealing|Fair dealing]]

An exemplar of such criticism is as follows:

&quot;It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered &quot;fair dealing&quot; in an academic context.&quot; (This in respect of a few hundred article quotes in respect of radio station 2KY Sydney).

My broader response is as follows:

As an aside, note that material in Trove from radio magazines published prior to 1955 is in the public domain.

This Wikibook comprises mainly articles of two types: (1) specific radio stations and (2) specific individuals associated with the radio industry:

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies

* https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations

In respect of both these categories typical Wikibook articles will include transcriptions (with brief comments, text correction, minor reformatting and source attribution) of items in the National Library of Australia's Trove. For either radio stations or individuals Trove will have been searched for all references (typically thousands of hits) and all items tagged e.g. &quot;2KY - Sydney&quot; or &quot;Emil Robert Voigt&quot;. The most relevant articles will be transcribed (as time is available) and, if transcribed into a particular Wikibook article, further tagged as eg &quot;!Wikibooks 2KY&quot; or &quot;!Wikibooks Voigt&quot;.

Certainly, the selection of a few hundred Trove items out of tens of thousands of such items, is &quot;fair dealing&quot;, constituting less than 1% of available material. Actually it is almost a standard template for professional research.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>adlhir3s5qc3y0d4pr5up9tz1f1i7tj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Advanced Structural Analysis/Printable version</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>482901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632849</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T00:13:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TVBZ28</username>
        <id>3459605</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* A more appropriate title */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4632849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="714" sha1="o5hv105w2gith1m22t7o2w6qho3nqy2" xml:space="preserve">== A more appropriate title ==

I'm a retired university professor. The subjects I taught include FEA, Elasticity Theory, Continuum Mechanics and Structural Analysis (elementary as well as advanced). Judging from the outline of the proposed course, I'd suggest &quot;Advanced Stress Analysis&quot; or &quot;Elasticity Theory&quot; as being a more appropriate title. The subject Structural Analysis is commonly understood by Civil Engineers to include analysis methods for 2D and 3D frameworks of one-dimensional elements such as trusses and frames--classical as well as the computer-oriented matrix methods. [[User:TVBZ28|TVBZ28]] ([[User talk:TVBZ28|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TVBZ28|contribs]]) 00:13, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>o5hv105w2gith1m22t7o2w6qho3nqy2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Wikipedian12512</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>482902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632853</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T02:04:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikipedian12512</username>
        <id>3579190</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update 1.0</comment>
      <origin>4632853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="356" sha1="spk0e828qjzwgd2qbozk5b13w6nedke" xml:space="preserve">Hello! I have a Wikipedia account, and I’m really just here to use the cookbook for my own recipes. If I’m making something from here, I’ll try to add my experience with it.

Honestly, if you’re here, I’ve done something wrong. Hello to all of you (does wiki books have admins? I have no idea) constructive critics!

I like the vibe of WikiBooks.</text>
      <sha1>spk0e828qjzwgd2qbozk5b13w6nedke</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632854</id>
      <parentid>4632853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T02:05:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikipedian12512</username>
        <id>3579190</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update 1.001</comment>
      <origin>4632854</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="395" sha1="ljya03azx72hmdcnpha4w5mmmjjfztj" xml:space="preserve">Hello! I have a Wikipedia account, and I’m really just here to use the cookbook for my own recipes. If I’m making something from here, I’ll try to add my experience with it.

Honestly, if you’re here, I’ve done something wrong. Hello to all of you (does wiki books have admins? I have no idea) constructive critics!

I like the vibe of WikiBooks.

I’ll be reading through WikiJunior.</text>
      <sha1>ljya03azx72hmdcnpha4w5mmmjjfztj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632855</id>
      <parentid>4632854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T02:12:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikipedian12512</username>
        <id>3579190</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update 1.01</comment>
      <origin>4632855</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="659" sha1="m7o9rhdcplyfy76qsi1uef2sf2zkltb" xml:space="preserve">Hello! I have a Wikipedia account, and I’m really just here to use the cookbook for my own recipes. If I’m making something from here, I’ll try to add my experience with it.

Honestly, if you’re here, I’ve done something wrong. Hello to all of you (does wiki books have admins? I have no idea) constructive critics!

I like the vibe of WikiBooks.

I’ll be reading through WikiJunior. Actually, no I won’t. WikiJunior is, in my mind, on the lines of simple English Wikipedia: a good idea, but so underdeveloped that nobody in their right mind could call it a good way to learn about every single thing in existence. I’ll just use the cookbooks.</text>
      <sha1>m7o9rhdcplyfy76qsi1uef2sf2zkltb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:~2026-25851-41</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>482903</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632877</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T05:02:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>delete1 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]])</comment>
      <origin>4632877</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="923" sha1="c0p84cr3hac4h39gh99k0w0t4le9tl3" xml:space="preserve">

== 2026-04-28 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. Apologies for writing this in English, but I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25851-41|your recent contributions]] have been undone because you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to &lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;Wikibooks&lt;/span&gt; with an accurate [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thanks. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- Glow-delete1 @ 1777352530056.1s --&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>c0p84cr3hac4h39gh99k0w0t4le9tl3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Kevinsteinfeldt</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>482904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632878</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T05:08:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kevinsteinfeldt</username>
        <id>3579669</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{delete|Out of project scope &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;}}  &lt;/noinclude&gt;  –30 second silence–  take care of your body  soap troll ooh ooh  where are you why you home  got me right on the phone  are you there  are we there  idc  you shouldnt be alone  There  soapbox top  woo  fir  just know there is so much soapbox room  heres one thing you could trust yuh  why you home?  got me right on the phone  you shouldnt b...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4632878</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2591" sha1="bdsvxh84qh5x9x7jpi6xhxmrjahqquz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{delete|Out of project scope &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;}}

&lt;/noinclude&gt;

–30 second silence–

take care of your body

soap troll ooh ooh

where are you why you home

got me right on the phone

are you there

are we there

idc

you shouldnt be alone

There

soapbox top

woo

fir

just know there is so much soapbox room

heres one thing you could trust yuh

why you home?

got me right on the phone

you shouldnt be alone

–30 second silence–

–30 second silence–

ʎyrica

ʎea øø

&lt;sup&gt;ɲaz moné ɑddams&lt;/sup&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;ðecember øø ø00ɜ&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;#x3C;nowiki&amp;#x3E;flip flops&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;#x3C;/nowiki&amp;#x3E;&lt;/code&gt;

ɬaila ʋow ʋow ʍow

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;wiɡɡin out&lt;/math&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;watery&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

===== w =====
p

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;britneys pears&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sub&gt;britneys pears&lt;/sub&gt;

ʃoya

ɛl ʋaseo

ms cat &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;Texas&lt;/math&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

hanna shootinɡ ɡame bad ɡirls club

Twiliɡht

# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
REDIRECT
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/math&gt; [[paɡes]]

Liu 203 Success Facts - Everything bol.com

Li

&lt;code&gt;Computer code&lt;/code&gt;

== = ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:!_Header_text_!!_Header_text_!!_Header_text
&lt;/gallery&gt;
 =====
needful thinɡs(classy) &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;murder&lt;/math&gt;

cc

and shop

u

Lucy (Licy) Lui

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;cell phone&lt;/math&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Murder
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;stab&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/math&gt; hillaryduff

# REDIRECT [[movie]]

hilaryduff

===== 16 =====

=== Heading text ===
hilaryduff16

protector(mom)

amanda bynes

award(sisie) my scene hollywood lindsay lohan

ʃhenae Grimes

druɡs

ouch &lt;code&gt;ms cat&lt;/code&gt;

ariana butera(mexican)

ʃelena

(mexican)

jessicaalba.net private(mexican)

(mexican)   
&lt;small&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Caption text
!Header text
!Header text
!Header text
|-
|Example
|Example
|Example
|-
|Example
|Example
|Example
|-
|Example
|Example
|Example
|}
&lt;/small&gt;

private

private(bf)

cack

cack

ɛlias ɯatt

ɑndres

ø0ɨɨ ɨœœø

&lt;sub&gt;*&lt;/sub&gt;ø0ɨ0

&lt;code&gt;find more cacks&lt;/code&gt;

cack

ɛl ɛl ʋaseo

cack (blaxican)

Tracey ʃeptember ʃeptember

Kevin Prudente&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(wait)&lt;/math&gt;

niece

Kevin Prudente

spiral

ɛvies

Kevin Prudente

(clothes)

rosalie hale

ĸ (&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;'''ice queen'''&lt;/math&gt;) &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;&lt;/math&gt; Rosalie was born in 1915, and changed into a vampire, at the age of 18, in 1933

congrats evie (tracey)</text>
      <sha1>bdsvxh84qh5x9x7jpi6xhxmrjahqquz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632907</id>
      <parentid>4632878</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T11:45:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>46022</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4632907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2602" sha1="krb91qc90byg5rzyrl7alya4bfqgd3i" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{delete|Out of project scope &lt;small&gt;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]&lt;/small&gt;}}

&lt;/noinclude&gt;

–30 second silence–

take care of your body

soap troll ooh ooh

where are you why you home

got me right on the phone

are you there

are we there

idc

you shouldnt be alone

There

soapbox top

woo

fir

just know there is so much soapbox room

heres one thing you could trust yuh

why you home?

got me right on the phone

you shouldnt be alone

–30 second silence–

–30 second silence–

ʎyrica

ʎea øø

&lt;sup&gt;ɲaz moné ɑddams&lt;/sup&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;ðecember øø ø00ɜ&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;#x3C;nowiki&amp;#x3E;flip flops&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;#x3C;/nowiki&amp;#x3E;&lt;/code&gt;

ɬaila ʋow ʋow ʍow

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;wiɡɡin out&lt;/math&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;watery&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

===== w =====
p

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;britneys pears&lt;/math&gt;&lt;sub&gt;britneys pears&lt;/sub&gt;

ʃoya

ɛl ʋaseo

ms cat &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;Texas&lt;/math&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

hanna shootinɡ ɡame bad ɡirls club

Twiliɡht

# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
REDIRECT
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/math&gt; [[paɡes]]

Liu 203 Success Facts - Everything bol.com

Li

&lt;code&gt;Computer code&lt;/code&gt;

== = ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:!_Header_text_!!_Header_text_!!_Header_text
&lt;/gallery&gt;
 =====
needful thinɡs(classy) &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;murder&lt;/math&gt;

cc

and shop

u

Lucy (Licy) Lui

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;cell phone&lt;/math&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Murder
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;stab&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/math&gt; hillaryduff

# REDIRECT [[movie]]

hilaryduff

===== 16 =====

=== Heading text ===
hilaryduff16

protector(mom)

amanda bynes

award(sisie) my scene hollywood lindsay lohan

ʃhenae Grimes

druɡs

ouch &lt;code&gt;ms cat&lt;/code&gt;

ariana butera(mexican)

ʃelena

(mexican)

jessicaalba.net private(mexican)

(mexican)   

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+Caption text
!Header text
!Header text
!Header text
|-
|Example
|Example
|Example
|-
|Example
|Example
|Example
|-
|Example
|Example
|Example
|}

private

private(bf)

cack

cack

ɛlias ɯatt

ɑndres

ø0ɨɨ ɨœœø

&lt;sub&gt;*&lt;/sub&gt;ø0ɨ0

&lt;code&gt;find more cacks&lt;/code&gt;

cack

ɛl ɛl ʋaseo

cack (blaxican)

Tracey ʃeptember ʃeptember

Kevin Prudente&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(wait)&lt;/math&gt;

niece

Kevin Prudente

spiral

ɛvies

Kevin Prudente

(clothes)

rosalie hale

ĸ (&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;'''ice queen'''&lt;/math&gt;) &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;&lt;/math&gt; Rosalie was born in 1915, and changed into a vampire, at the age of 18, in 1933

congrats evie (tracey)</text>
      <sha1>krb91qc90byg5rzyrl7alya4bfqgd3i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Your username will be adjusted to &quot;Mutesstud&quot; due to technical restrictions</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>482906</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632883</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T06:48:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4632883</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="903" sha1="tmy9ypcqbo301huaf7d6p9ewkx7h1cf" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Google]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Out of scope&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Google|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:48, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>tmy9ypcqbo301huaf7d6p9ewkx7h1cf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632887</id>
      <parentid>4632883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T07:01:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4632887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1808" sha1="eou4n1mc9m9obzhdiv5jed61o5iyxox" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Google]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Out of scope&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Google|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:48, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Talk:Google]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Test page&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Google|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:01, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>eou4n1mc9m9obzhdiv5jed61o5iyxox</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4632889</id>
      <parentid>4632887</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T07:01:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4632889</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2723" sha1="n4g5rk1nijb5th3pbs6cvnp1fblyzx4" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Google]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Out of scope&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Google|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:48, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Talk:Google]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Test page&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Google|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:01, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:User talk:Google]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Test page&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[User talk:Google|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:01, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Degroot1/sandbox</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>482909</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632891</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T07:49:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Degroot1</username>
        <id>3579688</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The reader can know more detailed.</comment>
      <origin>4632891</origin>
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      <text bytes="246" sha1="b12yfjg5b2l7nf8kwwfsrzhu3dtpdiw" xml:space="preserve">'''De Groot Australia''' provides expert services as deceased estate lawyers Australia, assisting with probate, estate administration, and inheritance disputes with clarity and care. For more information: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://degroots.com.au/&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-28T10:47:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Marking for speedy deletion: Spam</comment>
      <origin>4632896</origin>
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'''De Groot Australia''' provides expert services as deceased estate lawyers Australia, assisting with probate, estate administration, and inheritance disputes with clarity and care. For more information: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://degroots.com.au/&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mggk0kh9d5zdhysooazzn74jh5lhqyl</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Degroot1/sandbox</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>482910</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4632892</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T07:56:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Degroot1</username>
        <id>3579688</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* deceased estate lawyers Australia */ new section</comment>
      <origin>4632892</origin>
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      <text bytes="422" sha1="f3dtg1y1jrg2v4tyhb0h92fjubiotvd" xml:space="preserve">== deceased estate lawyers Australia ==

'''De Groot Australia''' provides expert services as deceased estate lawyers Australia, assisting with probate, estate administration, and inheritance disputes with clarity and care. For more information: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://degroots.com.au/&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Degroot1|Degroot1]] ([[User talk:Degroot1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Degroot1|contribs]]) 07:56, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <parentid>4632892</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T10:47:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Marking for speedy deletion: Spam</comment>
      <origin>4632898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="475" sha1="ten7rrjj7gjqfseil3jadkc86k2gp0w" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Delete|example=false|Spam}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== deceased estate lawyers Australia ==

'''De Groot Australia''' provides expert services as deceased estate lawyers Australia, assisting with probate, estate administration, and inheritance disputes with clarity and care. For more information: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://degroots.com.au/&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Degroot1|Degroot1]] ([[User talk:Degroot1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Degroot1|contribs]]) 07:56, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Degroot1</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>4632897</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T10:47:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4632897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="925" sha1="gzivlmxzh3q5m3oys5hc7dlmchz06o1" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:User:Degroot1/sandbox]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spam&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[User talk:Degroot1/sandbox|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gzivlmxzh3q5m3oys5hc7dlmchz06o1</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4632899</id>
      <parentid>4632897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-28T10:47:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4632899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1855" sha1="j3iqy7pt8ax542wcv372qfqilcy24d3" xml:space="preserve">
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:User:Degroot1/sandbox]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spam&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[User talk:Degroot1/sandbox|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:User talk:Degroot1/sandbox]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spam&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[User talk:Degroot1/sandbox|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>j3iqy7pt8ax542wcv372qfqilcy24d3</sha1>
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